Ovid's Metamorphoses

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Book I

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Metamorphoses

Book I

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

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Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
Book I · Invocation

Invocation

1In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas
corpora; di, coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas)
adspirate meis primaque ab origine mundi
ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.
5Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum
unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,
quem dixere chaos: rudis indigestaque moles
nec quicquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem
non bene iunctarum discordia semina rerum.
10nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan,
nec nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe,
nec circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus
ponderibus librata suis, nec bracchia longo
margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite;
15utque aer, tellus illic et pontus et aether.
Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda,
lucis egens aer: nulli sua forma manebat,
obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno
frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis,
20mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus.
My soul is wrought to sing of forms transformed
to bodies new and strange! Immortal Gods
inspire my heart, for ye have changed yourselves
and all things you have changed! Oh lead my song
in smooth and measured strains, from olden days
when earth began to this completed time!
Before the ocean and the earth appeared—
before the skies had overspread them all—
the face of Nature in a vast expanse
was naught but Chaos uniformly waste.
It was a rude and undeveloped mass,
that nothing made except a ponderous weight;
and all discordant elements confused,
were there congested in a shapeless heap.
As yet the sun afforded earth no light,
nor did the moon renew her crescent horns;
the earth was not suspended in the air
exactly balanced by her heavy weight.
Not far along the margin of the shores
had Amphitrite stretched her lengthened arms,—
for all the land was mixed with sea and air.
The land was soft, the sea unfit to sail,
the atmosphere opaque, to naught was given
a proper form, in everything was strife,
and all was mingled in a seething mass—
with hot the cold parts strove, and wet with dry
and soft with hard, and weight with empty void.
The Primal Chaos

I want to speak about bodies changed into new forms. You, gods, since you are the ones who alter these, and all other things, inspire my attempt, and spin out a continuous thread of words, from the world's first origins to my own time.

Before there was earth or sea or the sky that covers everything, Nature appeared the same throughout the whole world: what we call chaos: a raw confused mass, nothing but inert matter, badly combined discordant atoms of things, confused in the one place. There was no Titan yet, shining his light on the world, or waxing Phoebe renewing her white horns, or the earth hovering in surrounding air balanced by her own weight, or watery Amphitrite stretching out her arms along the vast shores of the world. Though there was land and sea and air, it was unstable land, unswimmable water, air needing light. Nothing retained its shape, one thing obstructed another, because in the one body, cold fought with heat, moist with dry, soft with hard, and weight with weightless things.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'.

Περὶ τῆς Χάους, ὅπου μετεβλήθη εἰς τὰ τέσσαρα Στοιχεῖα.

ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ.

Ἡ Χάος, κατὰ τὸν Ἡσίοδον εἰς τὸ ποίημα τῆς Θεογονίας, ἦτον μία σύγχυσις, μία ἀδιάκριτος μάζα ἀπράγματος, τὰ ὁποῖα μετὰ ταῦτα ἐχωρίσθησαν εἰς τὴν τάξιν, ὁποὺ ἔχουσι τώρα· τὸ μὲν πῦρ, καὶ ὁ ἀήρ, ὡς ἐλαφρότερα τῶν ἄλλων σωμάτων, ἔλαβον τὴν θέσιν των εἰς τὸ ἄνω μέρος τοῦ παντός, ἡ δὲ γῆ, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ, ὡς βαρύτερα εἰς τὸ κατώτερον.

ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΝ.

Πρῶτα γὰρ ἦτον ἡ Γῆ, ἢ δὲ ἡ Θάλασσα, ἐπροτοῦ νὰ γίνῃ ὁ τὰ πάντα καλύπτων Οὐρανός, ἡ Φύσις τοῦ Παντὸς εἶχε μόνον μίαν μορφήν, ἡ δὲ ἦτον ἄλλο τι, εἰμὴ ἕνας σωρὸς ἀνείδεος, ἕνα μίγμα, τὸ ὁποῖον, μὲ ὅλον ὁποῦ περεῖχεν ὅλας τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν πραγμάτων, δὲν ἠδύνατο ὅμως νὰ βλαστήσῃ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τίποτε. Ὁ λαμπρὸς ὀφθαλμὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ὁποῦ δίδει τὸ φῶς εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, καὶ ἡ Σελήνη ἡ συχνάκις μεταβαλλομένη, δὲν ἦσαν τίποτε. Ἡ Γῆ ἐπειδομένη εἰς τὸν ἑαυτόν της, ἐσύρετο, ἢ ἐσπαρασσόμενη ἀπὸ τὸ ἴδιον της βάρος, χωρὶς νὰ κρέμαται εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον τώρα περικυκλώνεται. Ἡ Θάλασσα δὲν εἶχεν ἁπλώσει τὰς ἀγκάλας της, διὰ νὰ ἀγκαλιάσῃ, ἢ νὰ περιεργυρίσῃ πόσον μεγάλα μέρη τῆς Γῆς, ἀλλ' οὔτε ἦταν γῆ, οὔτε ἀνεῦρίσκετο ἢ ἀὴρ, ἢ ὕδωρ. Κατ' ἐκεῖνον λοιπὸν τὸν

Ἔτσι ἡ Γῆ δεν εἶχε καμμίας σταθερότητα, τὸ ὕδωρ ἦτον ἀπήκτον, ἢ ὁ ἀήρ ἦτον ἀκαθάρτος, καὶ ἀδιαφανής, καὶ οὐδὲ λόγῳ κανένα πράγμα ὅσα εἶχε μορφή. Κάθε πράγμα ἐγίνετο ἐμπόδιον εἰς τὸ ἄλλο, ἐπειδὴ εἰς ἕνα καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σῶμα ἐμάχετο τὸ θερμὸν μὲ τὴν ψυχρότητα, τὸ ξηρὸν μὲ τὴν ὑγρότητα, ἢ τὰ ὑγρότερα ἐμάχοντο μὲ τὰ ξηρότερα, ἢ ἔτσι ἐλάμβανον αἴτια ἢ τὰ ἐλαφρότερα νὰ φιλονεικῶ μὲ τὰ βαρύτερα. Ὁ Θεὸς ὅμως, ὁ Κύριος τῆς φύσεως κατέπαυσεν αὐτὰς τὰς διαφορὰς, ἐξεχωρίζοντας τὸν Οὐρανὸν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, τὴν δὲ γῆν ἀπὸ τὰ ὕδατα, ἢ τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὸν αἴθερα, δηλαδὴ ἀπὸ τὸ λεπτότατον, ἢ καθαρώτατον μέρος τοῦ ἀέρος.

Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ὅλα αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα ἐξεχωρίσθησαν, ὁψαίνοντες ἀπὸ τὸ σκότος, καὶ τὴν σύγχυσιν, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πρότερον ἦσαν καταβεβυθισμένα, ἐβάλθησαν καθ᾽ ἕνα ἐξεχωρισμένα· εἶχον ὅμως ἀναμεσόν τους κοινωνίαν, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Θεὸς ἔνδεσεν εἰς αὐτὰ φιλίαν ἢ εἰρήνην. Τὸ πῦρ λοιπὸν ὄντας φυσικὰ ἐλαφρότερον ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα σώματα, ἐξεχωρίσθη νὰ ἵσταται εἰς τὸ ἀνώτατον μέρος τοῦ παντός· ὁ ἀήρ, ὡς μετὰ τὸ πῦρ ἐλαφρότερος τῶν ἄλλων σωμάτων, διετάχθη νὰ ἔχνει ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸ πῦρ· ἡ δὲ γῆ ὡς στερεά, ἢ βαρύτερα, ἐστάθη εἰς τὸ κατώτατον μέρος, ὅπου ἡ ἰδία της βαρύτης τὴν ἐσταμάτησε, ἢ τὸ ὕδωρ περιεχύθη εἰς τὸ στερεὸν ἢ ἀπήκτον στοιχεῖον τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὁποίαν κατά τινα τρόπον τὴν περιέζωσαν.

ΑΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ

Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit.
Nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas,
et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum.
Quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo,
25dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit.
Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli
emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce:
proximus est aer illi levitate locoque:
densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit
30et pressa est gravitate sua: circumfluus umor
ultima possedit solidumque coercuit orbem.
But God, or kindly Nature, ended strife—
he cut the land from skies, the sea from land,
the heavens ethereal from material air;
and when were all evolved from that dark mass
he bound the fractious parts in tranquil peace.
The fiery element of convex heaven
leaped from the mass devoid of dragging weight,
and chose the summit arch to which the air
as next in quality was next in place.
The earth more dense attracted grosser parts
and moved by gravity sank underneath;
and last of all the wide surrounding waves
in deeper channels rolled around the globe.
And when this God —which one is yet unknown—
had carved asunder that discordant mass,
Separation of the elements

This conflict was ended by a god and a greater order of nature, since he split off the earth from the sky, and the sea from the land, and divided the transparent heavens from the dense air. When he had disentangled the elements, and freed them from the obscure mass, he fixed them in separate spaces in harmonious peace. The weightless fire, that forms the heavens, darted upwards to make its home in the furthest heights. Next came air in lightness and place. Earth, heavier than either of these, drew down the largest elements, and was compressed by its own weight. The surrounding water took up the last space and enclosed the solid world.

Εἰς σχεδίως κατ' ἀρχάς, ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἐφύτευσα νὰ ὁμιλήσω διὰ τὸ Χάος, ἐπειδὴ ὁ σκοπός τῆς Ἀλληγορείας τῶν εἶναι ἡ ἐξήγησις τῶν Μύθων, ὅτι τὸ μέρος τῆς Μεταμορφώσεων τοῦ Ὀβιδίου, ὅπου ἀναγιγνώσκεται μία τόσον εὔμορφη περιγραφὴ τῆς πλάσεως τοῦ Κόσμου, δὲν ἀρκεῖσκει νὰ συνδεδεμένη μὲ τοὺς Μύθους. Καὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, εἰς τὸ Χάος, ὡς τινες ἐπίστασις, ὡς πεῖν νὰ ὑποθέσῃ ὡς τοῦ Μουσαίου, αὐτὴ ἡ διήγησις, ὅπου ἡμεῖς ἀνεδιαλάβαμε εἰς τὸ Βιβλίον, δὲν εἶναι ὅλως Μῦθος, καὶ παλλάκι εἰς τὸν πολλὰ πίστευσον ὅτι ὁ Ὀβίδιος τὴν συμφωνίαν πολὺ εἶπε, διὰ τί ἀληθῶς πῶς ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὀνομάσῃ μεταμόρφωσιν ἐκείνο, ὅπου ἦ μόνον χρεισμὸς, ἢ μεταποίησις, καὶ ὄχι μεταβολὴ τῆς φύσεως, διὸ τὸ τῆς ἰδέας κατὰ τὸν Ἡσίοδον, τὸ Χάος ἦτον ἕνα μῖγμα ἀσαφῶν πραγμάτων, ἠμπόρησα μετὰ λόγου να εἰπωμεν πῶς ἦγινε μεταμόρφωσις, εἰς κατάστασιν, ὅπου δὲν ἦγινε μεταμόρφωσις, ἀλλὰ μόνον μία διαίρεσις, καὶ ἕνας χωρισμὸς ἑνὸς πράγματος ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο, ἢ πεῖν λοιπὸν νὰ πιστεύσωμεν ὅτι καὶ ὁ Ὀβίδιος μὲ ὄνομα Χάος εἴπωσε τὸ μηδέν. Τὸ αἴτιον δέ, ὅπου τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ τὸ ὀνομάσῃ μεταμόρφωσιν, δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο, παρὰ τὸ νὰ ἐννοήσῃ, ὅτι τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο ἔργον, ἡ πλάσις τοῦ Κόσμου ποῦ περίεσσε μὲ δίκαιον τρόπον νὰ ὀνομάσῃ διὰ τὴ μεταμορφώσεων εἰς Βιβλίον ποῦ εἶχεν, ὅπου ὀνοματοζόμενον τώρα Ποῦ, ἐξ ἐμοῦ μεταμόρφωσις: ἢ ἐκ ταύτου τὸν ἐπαμφοτέρισῃ ἡ ἀξιέπαινος αὐτοῦ συμπεριφορεύση ἀνάμεσα τὰ φιλοδοξία, ὅτι οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅσα ἐλάλησαν διὰ δοῦ παλαιοῦ, καὶ διὰ διδασκαλίαν, τῷ ὁποίας μειρακίοι ἐδιδάχθησαν ἁπλῶς, καθῶς τὸν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 5

ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἡμπόρευσιν δύσκολως νὰ λάβωσιν δι' αὐτοῦ ὅλα τὰ ἐφάγματα παντὸς Θεοῦ, ὡς τὶς ἔδωκε εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἀγαθήν, ἢ κακήν, ἢ ὡς τὶς τὰς κακὰς ἐργαγμένας ζωὰς τιμωρεῖ. Πρῶτον δὲ λέγει περὶ τῆς γενέσεως τοῦ Χάους, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον, κατὰ τοὺς Ποιητάς, ἐγίνεν ὁ Κόσμος, ἢ τὸ ὁποῖον ὑπῆρχε ἀπὸ αἰώνων, ἐκλήφθη κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τοῦ Ποιητοῦ, ἥτις δὲν συμφωνῇ κατὰ πάντα αὐτὴ ἡ γνώμη μὲ τὴν Θείαν Γραφήν, πλησιάζει ὅμως περισσότερον εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν, παρὰ ἐκείνη τῶν Δημοσθένη, ἢ ἄλλων Δημοσθένη, καὶ Ποιηταί. Πάντα τὸν Κόσμον καὶ λέγουσιν οἱ Ποιηταὶ βλέπειν δύω ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κόσμου, Θεὸν δηλαδὴ καὶ Χάος, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι οἱ ἐκλαμβάνοντες τὸ Χάος, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ Ὄντος (καθὼς ἀμφισβήτως ἦν αὐτὸ τὸ ἐννοούμενον) ἢ ἀντὶ τῆς ὕλης, δι' ἧς ὁ Θεὸς τὰ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παρήγαγε, κατὰ τὴν γνώμην δὲ παλαιῶν σοφῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, δὲν διαφέρει αὐτὴ ἡ γνώμη τόσον πολὺ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Παντός, ἢ τῆς Πλάσεως.

Περὶ τῆς Πλάσεως τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου. ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ.

Ἡ Μνήμη ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων ἐνεγράφη ὑπὸ τὰ ἄλλα Στοιχεῖα, ἵνα ἔπειτα ἐπλάσθη Ἄνθρωπος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔπρεπε νὰ εἶναι Κύριος της.

Ἀφοῦ ὁ Θεὸς ἐχώρισε τὰ μέρη ἐκεῖνα, ὁποῦ πρότερον ἦσαν μεμιγμένα, καὶ εἰς μεγάλην σύγχυσιν, καὶ ἔπλασε τὰ μέρη τοῦ Παντός, ἠθέλησε πρῶτον μὲν ἡ Γῆ νὰ λάβῃ σχῆμα σφαιροειδές, ἔπειτα ἔχυσε τὰς Θαλάσσας ἐπάνω τῆς γῆς, προστάζωντας τὰ νὰ φυσικῶς τρέχουν, καὶ νὰ συμπνέουν μὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τῶν ἀνέμων, καὶ

Sic ubi dispositam quisquis fuit ille deorum
congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit,
principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni
35parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis.
Tum freta diffudit rapidisque tumescere ventis
iussit et ambitae circumdare litora terrae.
Addidit et fontes et stagna inmensa lacusque
fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis,
40quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa,
in mare perveniunt partim campoque recepta
liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant.
Iussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles,
fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes.
45Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra
parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis,
sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem
cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.
Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu:
50nix tegit alta duas: totidem inter utrumque locavit
temperiemque dedit mixta cum frigore flamma.
had thus reduced it to its elements,
that every part should equally combine,
when time began He rounded out the earth
and moulded it to form a mighty globe.
Then poured He forth the deeps and gave command
that they should billow in the rapid winds,
that they should compass every shore of earth.
he also added fountains, pools and lakes,
and bound with shelving banks the slanting streams,
which partly are absorbed and partly join
the boundless ocean. Thus received amid
the wide expanse of uncontrolled waves,
they beat the shores instead of crooked banks.
At His command the boundless plains extend,
the valleys are depressed, the woods are clothed
in green, the stony mountains rise. And as
the heavens are intersected on the right
by two broad zones, by two that cut the left,
and by a fifth consumed with ardent heat,
with such a number did the careful God
mark off the compassed weight, and thus the earth
received as many climes.—Such heat consumes
the middle zone that none may dwell therein;
and two extremes are covered with deep snow;
and two are placed betwixt the hot and cold,
which mixed together give a temperate clime;
and over all the atmosphere suspends
The earth and sea. The five zones.

When whichever god it was had ordered and divided the mass, and collected it into separate parts, he first gathered the earth into a great ball so that it was uniform on all sides. Then he ordered the seas to spread and rise in waves in the flowing winds and pour around the coasts of the encircled land. He added springs and standing pools and lakes, and contained in shelving banks the widely separated rivers, some of which are swallowed by the earth itself, others of which reach the sea and entering the expanse of open waters beat against coastlines instead of riverbanks. He ordered the plains to extend, the valleys to subside, leaves to hide the trees, stony mountains to rise: and just as the heavens are divided into two zones to the north and two to the south, with a fifth and hotter between them, so the god carefully marked out the enclosed matter with the same number, and described as many regions on the earth. The equatorial zone is too hot to be habitable; the two poles are covered by deep snow; and he placed two regions between and gave them a temperate climate mixing heat and cold.�

εμποδίζοντας αυτόν από το νά υπερβαίνειν τάς όχθας των, αλλά νά στέκωνται μέσα είς τά συνορα, μέ τά οποία τάς περιώρισον. Εφρόντισε πλέον νά γενή νά βλα στήση χόρτος, καί είς μερικά μέρη πλέον εστόλισε μέ λίμνας μεγάλας· εφρόντισε νά φτιάχωσιν επάνωθεν οι ποταμοί, από τής οποίας μερικοί μέν νά χάνωνται, ή νά κατακλύζωνται από πλέον ιδίαν γήν, άλλοι δέ νά ευχαι ρίζωσιν είς πλέον μεγαλοπελάγαν άβυσσον τής θαλάσσας, ελευθερωμένοι από τάς όχθας, όπου τάς περιώριζαν ώ σάν είς μίαν φυλακήν. Εφρόντισε τάς πλάκας νά επταν θείν, ή τάς κοιλάδας νά βαθύνειν, τάς λόγγας νά γε μίσειν από φυτά, ή τάς πέτρας, ή τά όρη νά υψω θείν. Καί καθώς ο Ουρανός είναι διηρημένος από δύο Ζώνας δεξιά, ή δύο αριστερά, ή είς την μέσην είναι άλλη μία πέμπτη Ζώνη θερμοτέρα από τάς άλλας, κατά τον όμοιον τρόπον διαίρεσε ή γήν, ήτις είναι το κατοικητόν όλον αυτό τής Κτίσεως. Αφήκε δέ ακατοί κητας, τόσον αυτόν τον μεσαίαν τόπον, διά την ύπερ βολικήν καύσιν, όσον ή τάς δύο άλλας, οπού είναι είς πλέον άκραν διά πλέον μεγάλου κρύου. Είς τάς τόπους δέ, οπού είναι μεταξύ των ρηθέντων δύο, εσώρευσαν ά κραν συμμετριότητα, συγκεράννοντες πλέον καύσιν μέ το κρύος, μέ τέτοιον τρόπον, όπου ποτέ τό ένα νά μήν υπερβή το άλλο, διά νά ημπορή νά παρφορή ή γή. Ο άήρ, όπου διαδέχεται είς αυτούς τάς επαρχίας εί ναι μέν ελαφρότερος από πλέον γήν, καί από το ύδωρ, βαρύτερος δέ από το πυρ· καί αυτός ο τόπος εδιώρί σθη από τον Θεόν νά είναι ή σύναξις των κατεχνών, των συννέφων, ή των αεροπλανειών, τά οποία φοβερίζειν τάς ανθρώπους, καί τάς ενθυμίζουν πάντοτε, ότι είς τον Ουρανόν είναι μία άφθαστος Δυνατοσύνη, ή οποία δέν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 7

λει πολλάκις αἰωνίως τὰς ἀπιστίας, ἢ τὰ ἀμαρτήματα των. Ἐπέτρεψε δὲ ἢ εἰς τὰς ἀνέμους νὰ περιέρχωνται εἰς τὴν ἀέρα, ὄχι ὅμως ἀφοδριοθεῖς ὡς πάντοχοῦ, ἢ μὲ πάντελῆ ἐλευθερίαν· ἐπειδὴ αὐ πῶρα ὅτε καθόλου μεταχειρίζεται τὴν δύναμίν του ἐξαιρέσει μόνον εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον, ὅπου κυριαρχεῖ, μόλις ἠμπορῶμεν νὰ ἀντισταθῶμεν εἰς αὐτούς, ἄραγε δὲν ἤθελαν χαλάσῃ τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ δὲν ἤθελαν τὸν φέρῃ εἰς τὴν πρώτην του ἀκαταστασίαν, ἂν εἶχον τὸ ἐλεύθερον νὰ ἐξέχουν ὅλοι ὁμοῦ πάντοχοῦ, ἢ νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὰς δυνάμεις των ὁ εἰς τὰ ἔργα; Ὁ Εὖρος λοιπὸν ἐτραβήχθη κατὰ τὴν Ἀνατολήν, καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐξάπλωσε τὸ βασίλειόν του, εἰς τὴν Περσίαν δηλαδὴ καὶ Ἀραβίαν, καὶ σχεδὸν εἰς ὅλας τὰς ἀνατολικὰς χώρας. Ὁ Ζέφυρος ἐκατοίκησεν εἰς τὰ Δυτικὰ μέρη, ἐκεῖ ὅπου ὁ Ἥλιος κάθε βράδυ κρύπτεται, ἢ ἔκτισεν ἐκεῖ τὸ παλάτιόν του, ἢ ἔστησε τὸν Θρόνον του. Ὁ δὲ Σκυθικὸς Βορρέας ἐκυρίευσε τὴν Σκυθίαν, ἢ ὅλα τὰ Ἄρκτια μέρη. Ὁ Νότος δὲ πολυταῖον ὁ πατὴρ τῆς βροχῆς, ἐκάθη εἰς τὸ ἀντικρινὸν μέρος τοῦ Βορρέως, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὴν Μεσημβρίαν. Τὸν δὲ Οὐρανὸν ἐξετείμησεν ὁ Θεὸς εἰς τὸ ὑψηλὸν μέρος, σχηματίζοντάς τον ἀπὸ μίαν ὑγρὰν, ἀβαρῆ, ἢ πάσης γηΐνης ἀναθαρσίας ἄμοιρον ὕλην. Μόλις ἐβάλθησαν αὐτὰ τὰ σώματα εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν τάξιν, ὅπου εἴπαμεν, ἢ εὐθὺς ἤρχησαν τὰ ἄστρα, τὰ ὁποῖα πρότερον ἦσαν κερυμμένα, ἢ μεμιγμένα μὲ τὰ ἄλλα σώματα, νὰ φαίνωνται, καὶ νὰ λάμπωσιν εἰς τοὺς Οὐρανούς. Διὰ νὰ μὴ μείνῃ δὲ εἰς τὸ παν κανένα μέρος ἀκατοίκητον, οἱ μὲν Θεοὶ κατώκησαν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, τὰ ὄψεα ἐξαπλώθησαν εἰς τὰ νερὰ

Inminet his aer. Qui quanto est pondere terrae,
pondere aquae levior tanto est onerosior igni.
Illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes
55iussit et humanas motura tonitrua mentes
et cum fulminibus facientes fulgura ventos.
His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum
aera permisit: vix nunc obsistitur illis,
cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu,
60quin lanient mundum: tanta est discordia fratrum.
Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit
Persidaque et radiis iuga subdita matutinis;
vesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt,
proxima sunt Zephyro: Scythiam septemque triones
65horrifer invasit Boreas: contraria tellus
nubibus adsiduis pluviaque madescit ab Austro.
Haec super inposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem
with weight proportioned to the fiery sky,
exactly as the weight of earth compares
with weight of water.
And He ordered mist
to gather in the air and spread the clouds.
He fixed the thunders that disturb our souls,
and brought the lightning on destructive winds
that also waft the cold. Nor did the great
Artificer permit these mighty winds
to blow unbounded in the pathless skies,
but each discordant brother fixed in space,
although His power can scarce restrain their rage
to rend the universe. At His command
to far Aurora, Eurus took his way,
to Nabath, Persia, and that mountain range
first gilded by the dawn; and Zephyr's flight
was towards the evening star and peaceful shores,
warm with the setting sun; and Boreas
invaded Scythia and the northern snows;
and Auster wafted to the distant south
where clouds and rain encompass his abode.—
The four winds

Air overhangs them, heavier than fire by as much as water�s weight is lighter than earth. There he ordered the clouds and vapours to exist, and thunder to shake the minds of human beings, and winds that create lightning-bolts and flashes.

The world�s maker did not allow these, either, to possess the air indiscriminately; as it is they are scarcely prevented from tearing the world apart, each with its blasts steering a separate course: like the discord between brothers. Eurus, the east wind, drew back to the realms of Aurora, to Nabatea, Persia, and the heights under the morning light: Evening, and the coasts that cool in the setting sun, are close to Zephyrus, the west wind. Chill Boreas, the north wind, seized Scythia and the seven stars of the Plough: while the south wind, Auster, drenches the lands opposite with incessant clouds and rain. Above these he placed the transparent, weightless heavens free of the dross of earth.

Εἰς ἀναπλήρωσιν ὅμως τῆς μεγάλης τῆς Παντὸς ἀλειψίας, ἀπέλειπε τὸ σεβασμιώτερον, ἢ δ᾽ ὀξύτερον πνεῦμα, ὁπὸ ἐδύνατο νὰ κυβερνήση τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα. Διὰ νὰ ἔχη λοιπὸν αὐτῶν τῆς προστασίας, ἔγινεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, πλασθεὶς ἔστε ἀπὸ θείον σπόρον τῆ Πομπῆ τῆ Πάντος, ἔστε ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἡ ὁποία μὲ τὸ νὰ ἦτον ἀπόμι φορὰ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ὀλίγας εἶχε ξεχωρισθῆ ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἔχει ἀκόμι εἰς ἑαυτὴν μερικὰς τιμιωτέρας ἀναθυμιάσεις, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶχον ἱκανὴν δύναμιν, διὰ νὰ γεννηθῆ ἐξ αὐτῶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος. Ὁ Προμηθεὺς λοιπὸν ἀνακατώσας μερικὸν χῶμα μὲ νερὸν, ἔπλασε τὸν ἄνθρωπον καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσίν τῶν Θεῶν, ἢ ὄχι τῆς ἐπιλοίπων ζώων, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ κεφαλὴ κλίνει πρὸς τὴν γῆν, ἀλλὰ μὲ τὸ πρόσωπον ὑψωμένον πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἢ τοῦτο διὰ νὰ ἔχη πάντοτε τὸν νοῦν του προημλαμένον πρὸς τὸν Ποιητὴν του. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἡ ἄμορφος, ἢ ἀνείδεος γῆ, σῶμα βαρὺ, ἢ σκληρὸν οὖσα τὰ πρῶτον, μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄνθρωπον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔμελλε νὰ τὴν κατοικήση, ἢ νὰ εἶνε ἐξοχήν.

Ἀφ᾽ ἧς Ὀβίδιος ὡμίλησεν περὶ τοῦ Παντὸς τόσον καλὰ, ἠμποροῦμε μετὰ λόγου νὰ εἰπῶμεν πῶς ἐχρησίμευσεν εἰς τὴν πλάσιν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Διὰ τοῦ Προμηθέως ἢ ἔχουσες ἐκείνας ἀληθῶς τὰ πάρα τοῦ ἰδίου Θεοῦ. Τοῦτο ἐπικυροῦσι καὶ εἰς πολλῶν Παλαιῶν, οἱ ὁποῖοι Προμηθέα λέγοντες ἐννοοῦσαν ἢ ἦν, ὁπὸ προβλέπει τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ μάλιστα τὴν σοφίαν Πρόνοιαν, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν διοικεῖται τὸ σύμπαν τοῦ κόσμου. Καὶ ἅμα τῷ Προμηθέῳ, συντελεσθῇ τὴν πλάσιν παρεβλήθησαν. Ὁ Ὀράτιος εἰς τὸν ὕμνον τῆς γνώμον ὀρθῆν ὀνομάζει τὸν Προμηθέα θεῖον, καὶ μάλι

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 9

ποῦτα, καὶ τὴν Προσταγὴν αὐτῷ, δὲν ἠμποροῦσε αὐτὸς ὁ Νῶε, ἢ ἡ Προσταγὴν νὰ εἶναι ἀπὸ τὶ παρὰ ὁ Θεός. Ἰδὲ λοιπὸν τὶ λέγουσι ὁ Ὀβίδιος μὲ τὸν Προμηθέα, ὅπου ἔπλασε τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὑπὸ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὅπως τὸν εἰκόνισε κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα, ἢ ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ.

Οἱ Σοφοὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπίστευον ὅτι ὁ Κόσμος δὲν εἶναι αἴδιος, ἢ ὅτι ἔλαβεν ἀρχήν, ἠθέλησαν νὰ εἴπουν τὴν ἀρχήν του μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ Προμηθέως, ἢ μὲ τὴν κοσμογονίαν του κόσμου, καὶ ἡ πρώτη ἐμφάνησις τοῦ κοσμογονήθεν, καὶ ἐπλάσθη δι' ἀγνοίαν του, κατὰ ἐγὼ ἀποσκεπάζει τὰ Θεοῦ, ἢ ἡ ὁποία ἔμεινεν ἰλώδης, ἢ ξηρανθεῖσα ἐγέννησε κάποια μικρὰ σπέρματα, τὰ ὁποῖα θερμανθέντα ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμέραν ὑπὸ τῆς ζέσεως τοῦ Ἡλίου, καὶ ψυχρανθέντα τὴν νύκτα ὑπὸ τῆς δροσίας τῆς Σελήνης, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πολύπλοκα εἴδη ζώων. Κατὰ πάντων τὴν γνώμην ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγεννήθη ὑπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς σπέρματα, ὥστε τὶ ἀφ' ὧν πυρακάσας μέχρι μικροῦ χρόνου, ἐφράδευεν, καὶ ἐγίνησαν ἄνθρωποι. Ὕστερον πάντων ἡ γῆ ἐπυρακάθη σκληρὰ, ἔπαυσε ὑπὸ τὸ νὰ ἀναδίδῃ ζῶα, ἢ ἀνθρώπους, καὶ ἐπειδὴ μὲ ζῶα, ἢ οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐδυνήθησαν μὲ τὴν συνουσίαν μέσῃ. Τότε οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζων ἐξ ἔθους ἁπλῶς, ἢ δὲ ἰδέας εἶχον ὅτε τὸν γεωργικὸν, ὅτε ἄλλων τινὲ τεχνικὸν ἐπιτήδευμα· δὲν εἶχον ὅτε ἀρρωστίας, ὅτε θάνατον, ἀλλὰ πίπτοντες κατὰ γῆς, καὶ ἀγνοοῦντες τὸ συμβεβηκὸς, ὅτε τὶ κακοῦ ἢ ὄφελος ἔκειθεν, ὅπου ἐφάδθησαν, ἀπέθανον εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἐπίπτον.

Ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα μὲ νώτητα, ἢ καρύχης ἐπολεμοῦσαν μὲ τὰ

aethera nec quicquam terrenae faecis habentem.
Vix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis,
70cum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub illa,
sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo.
Neu regio foret ulla suis animalibus orba,
astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum,
cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae,
75terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer.
Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae
deerat adhuc et quod dominari in cetera posset.
Natus homo est, sive hunc divino semine fecit
ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo,
80sive recens tellus seductaque nuper ab alto
aethere cognati retinebat semina caeli;
quam satus Iapeto mixtam pluvialibus undis
finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum.
Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram,
85os homini sublime dedit, caelumque videre
iussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus.
Sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus
induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras.
and over these He fixed the liquid sky,
devoid of weight and free from earthly dross.
And scarcely had He separated these
and fixed their certain bounds, when all the stars,
which long were pressed and hidden in the mass,
began to gleam out from the plains of heaven,
and traversed, with the Gods, bright ether fields:
and lest some part might be bereft of life
the gleaming waves were filled with twinkling fish;
the earth was covered with wild animals;
the agitated air was filled with birds.
But one more perfect and more sanctified,
a being capable of lofty thought,
intelligent to rule, was wanting still
man was created! Did the Unknown God
designing then a better world make man
of seed divine? or did Prometheus
take the new soil of earth (that still contained
some godly element of Heaven's Life)
and use it to create the race of man;
first mingling it with water of new streams;
so that his new creation, upright man,
was made in image of commanding Gods?
On earth the brute creation bends its gaze,
but man was given a lofty countenance
and was commanded to behold the skies;
and with an upright face may view the stars:—
and so it was that shapeless clay put on
the form of man till then unknown to earth.
Humankind

He had barely separated out everything within fixed limits when the constellations that had been hidden for a long time in dark fog began to blaze out throughout the whole sky. And so that no region might lack its own animate beings, the stars and the forms of gods occupied the floor of heaven, the sea gave a home to the shining fish, earth took the wild animals, and the light air flying things.

�As yet there was no animal capable of higher thought that could be ruler of all the rest. Then Humankind was born. Either the creator god, source of a better world, seeded it from the divine, or the newborn earth just drawn from the highest heavens still contained fragments related to the skies, so that Prometheus, blending them with streams of rain, moulded them into an image of the all-controlling gods. While other animals look downwards at the ground, he gave human beings an upturned aspect, commanding them to look towards the skies, and, upright, raise their face to the stars. So the earth, that had been, a moment ago, uncarved and imageless, changed and assumed the unknown shapes of human beings.

ὑπὲρ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων ζῶον εἰς τὰ σπέρματα ἡ δὴ παραδόντα τῆς πῦρ σάρχος ἐ κηπήματα, αἱ ὁποῖαι ὦσαν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναι ψυχῆς τοῦ νοῦ ὅπουσαν σῆσα ἐ φωτία τοῦ πνεύματος, καὶ ὅτι μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν φωτίαν ὁ Προμηθεὺς ἐμψύχωσε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Τὸ ὅντι τί εἶναι ὁ ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς φιλοσοφίαν, ἐ μάθησιν λόγον ὄχι ἄλλο εἰ μὴ ἐκ χώματα, ὑπὸ ἔχοντα εἰκόνα ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶναι ἄνθρωπος.

Περὶ τῆς διαφέσεως τῶν Αἰώνων.

Ἀφοῦ ἤπειρεν ἡ διαίρεσις τῶν Αἰώνων εἰς τέσσαρας, ὁ πρῶτος Αἰὼν ὠνοματώθη Χρυσῆς, ὁ δεύτερος Ἀργυρῆς, ὁ τρίτος Χάλκινος, καὶ ὁ τέταρτος Σιδηροῦς, καὶ τὰ αἴτια τῶν ὀνομασιῶν αὐτῶν.

Ὁ πρῶτος Αἰὼν ἢ Καιρὸς ὠνομάσθη Χρυσῆς, ἐπειδὴ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν αἰῶνα οἱ ἄνθρωποι χωρὶς νὰ ἔχουν Κριτάς, μήτε νὰ βιάζωνται ἀπὸ Νόμους, ἐξ ἰδίας των φρονήσεως ἐφύλαττον πίστιν καὶ δικαιοσύνην, χωρὶς νὰ νομίζουσιν ἄλλο τι καλλίτερον, εἰμὴ τὴν ἁπλότητα, καὶ ἀκακίαν. Κόσμοι καὶ φόβοι τότε δὲν ἦσαν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εὑρίσκοντο κακοὶ ἄνθρωποι, διὰ τοῦτο δὲν ἦτον ἑτοιμασμένος τιμωρητής, μήτε νόμος, ὅπως νὰ τοὺς διορθώνῃ. Δὲν ἐφοβοῦντο τότε τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ Κριτοῦ, ὥστε ὁ Κόσμος δικαιούμενος, ἦτον χωρὶς Κριτὴν ἀσφαλὴς. Τότε τὰ μεγάλα δένδρα, ὅπως ὀνομάζονται Πίτυες, δὲν εἶχον κοπῆ, διὰ νὰ κατασκευασθῶσιν ἐξ αὐτῶν καράβια, μήτε ἀπὸ τὰ Βουνά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἦτον πολιτισμός, δὲν

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo,
90sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat.
Poena metusque aberant, nec verba minantia fixo
aere legebantur, nec supplex turba timebat
iudicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice tuti.
Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem,
95montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas,
nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant.
Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae;
non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
non galeae, non ensis erat: sine militis usu
100mollia securae peragebant otia gentes.
ipsa quoque inmunis rastroque intacta nec ullis
saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus;
contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis
arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant
105cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis
et quae deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes.
Ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris
mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores.
Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat,
110nec renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis;
flumina iam lactis, iam flumina nectaris ibant,
flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella.
First was the Golden Age. Then rectitude
spontaneous in the heart prevailed, and faith.
Avengers were not seen, for laws unframed
were all unknown and needless. Punishment
and fear of penalties existed not.
No harsh decrees were fixed on brazen plates.
No suppliant multitude the countenance
of Justice feared, averting, for they dwelt
without a judge in peace. Descended not
the steeps, shorn from its height, the lofty pine,
cleaving the trackless waves of alien shores,
nor distant realms were known to wandering men.
The towns were not entrenched for time of war;
they had no brazen trumpets, straight, nor horns
of curving brass, nor helmets, shields nor swords.
There was no thought of martial pomp —secure
a happy multitude enjoyed repose.
Then of her own accord the earth produced
a store of every fruit. The harrow touched
her not, nor did the plowshare wound
her fields. And man content with given food,
and none compelling, gathered arbute fruits
and wild strawberries on the mountain sides,
and ripe blackberries clinging to the bush,
and corners and sweet acorns on the ground,
down fallen from the spreading tree of Jove.
Eternal Spring! Soft breathing zephyrs soothed
and warmly cherished buds and blooms, produced
without a seed. The valleys though unplowed
gave many fruits; the fields though not renewed
white glistened with the heavy bearded wheat:
The Golden Age

This was the Golden Age that, without coercion, without laws, spontaneously nurtured the good and the true. There was no fear or punishment: there were no threatening words to be read, fixed in bronze, no crowd of suppliants fearing the judge�s face: they lived safely without protection. No pine tree felled in the mountains had yet reached the flowing waves to travel to other lands: human beings only knew their own shores. There were no steep ditches surrounding towns, no straight war-trumpets, no coiled horns, no swords and helmets. Without the use of armies, people passed their lives in gentle peace and security. The earth herself also, freely, without the scars of ploughs, untouched by hoes, produced everything from herself. Contented with food that grew without cultivation, they collected mountain strawberries and the fruit of the strawberry tree, wild cherries, blackberries clinging to the tough brambles, and acorns fallen from Jupiter�s spreading oak-tree. Spring was eternal, and gentle breezes caressed with warm air the flowers that grew without being seeded. Then the untilled earth gave of its produce and, without needing renewal, the fields whitened with heavy ears of corn. Sometimes rivers of milk flowed, sometimes streams of nectar, and golden honey trickled from the green holm oak.

δεν εἶχον κατεβῆ ἀνδμή εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν, διὰ νὰ ὑπάγειν νὰ ἰδῆν τόπον ἀγνώστον. Οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐμεῖνον τὸν καιρὸν δεν ἐγνώσειλον ἄλλα γῆ ἐκτὸς τῆς πατερνῆς των, ἢ αἱ χῶραι ἦσαν ἀπερίφρακτοι, μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν εἶχον φόβον νὰ πολεμηθῶσι. Σάλπιγγες, ἀσάλια, ἢ ἄλλα ὅπλα δεν ηὑρίσκοντο, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐνῷ διαφυλάττωσι μερικάς, ἀφανίζουν ἄλλας· ἀλλ' ἔχοντες ἀναμεταξύ των εἰρήνην οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ἔζησαν μὲ πᾶσαν ὑδοργίαν, χωρὶς νὰ χρειάζωνται τὴν ἰσχύν των ὅπλων. Ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησσε πλουσιοπαρόχως πᾶσαν παράγωγον, χωρὶς νὰ βιάζῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕνιον, ἢ ἀλέτρι, τὸ ὁποῖον τότε οἱ ἄνθρωποι δεν ἐμετακειρίζοντο, ὄντες ὀλιγαρκεσμένοι εἰς ἐκεῖνο, ὅπως ἡ γῆ ἐθελουσίως ἐβλάστανον, ἤγουν εἰς ἐκεῖνα, ὅπως ἐμάζωναν ἀπὸ τὰς Βάτους, καὶ εἰς τὸ βαλανίδι, ὅπου ἐπίπτει ἀπὸ τὰ δενδρα, καὶ μὲ αὐτὰς τὰς παραγωγὰς ἔκαμναν ὀψάρια ξεχασμάτια. Ἡ Ἄνοιξις ἦταν παντοτινή, ἢ ἡ θρασία τῆς πνοῆς τῶν Ζεφύρων περιέβαλπε τὴν ἁρμιότητα τῶν ἀνθέων, τὰ ὁποῖα χωρὶς νὰ σπαρῶσιν ἀπὸ τινα, ηὔξανον. Εὐθὺς ὅπως ἐθέριζον τὸ στάχυ, ἡ γῆ ἐκ δευτέρου ἐβλάστησσον ἄλλο νέον, χωρὶς νὰ ἐνοχληθῇ ὁ γεωργὸς ἐργαζόμενος τὴν γῆν. Παντακόθεν ἔρρεον ποταμοὶ πλήρεις γάλακτος, ἢ νέκταρος, ἢ τὰ δάση εἶχον δένδρα, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνετο νὰ ῥέῃ μέλι.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Αἰ εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ φανερώσωμε τὸ νόημα τῆς Μύθης ταύτης, μάλλον νομίζω νὰ μὴν εἶναι χρεία νὰ εἰπῶ παραπάνω τίποτες, ἐφόσον δὲν εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ καταληφθῇ τὸ νοῦ ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναγνώστας. Τὸ Μῦθος ὁ ἀκόλουθος εἶναι λοιπὸν νὰ παραστήσω. Τὸ

ξη, ότι το πλῆθος ἦν ανθρώπων πληθυσμένον, κατέπεσε κατ' ολίγον τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπλότητα καὶ ἀκακίας, καὶ τέλος πάντων κατήντησεν εἰς αὐτὴν τῆς ἐσχάτης φθορᾶς, ἡ ὁποία διαπλάθη εἰς ἅλα τὰ πράγματα· διότι πιστὸν εἶναι τὸ ἴδιωμα τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων, καὶ δὲν πράγμα τέλειον δηλαδὴ νὰ μὴ πέσῃ πολὺ κατρὸν εἰς τελειότητα, ὡς λέγει ἕνας Ποιητής. Οὕτως ἡ πρώτη ἀκακία, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζουν ὡς Θεοί, ἐκίνησθη ὁδηγούμενα ὑπὸ τὴν δυναστείαν, τῆς ὁποίας μετεχειρίσθη ἡ κακία κατ' αὐτῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Αὐτὸ εἶναι ἐκεῖνο, ὁπὸ οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἠθέλησαν νὰ φανερώσουν μὲ τὴν Μεταμόρφωσιν τῶν Αἰώνων, καὶ αὐτὸ πάντοτε τὸ βλέπομεν, καὶ θέλομεν νὰ κατηγορήσωμεν ὀλίγην διαφθορὰν τῶν παρόντων, καὶ ἀπεριγράπτον τῶν παραγμάτων. Ὁ πρῶτος λοιπὸν Αἰὼν ὠνομάσθη Χρυσὸς, ἤτοι ἂν μὲν τὶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ πᾶσα τὶς τοῦ κόσμου ἀνήμνησαν, καὶ δὲν ἐχρειάζετο πολιτισμὸς, οὐδὲ μῆ μεταξὺ τῶν κυμάτων, καὶ τῶν εὐνόμων. Ὠνομάσθη δὲ Ἡλικία, ἢ Αἰὼν Χρυσὸς, διὰ τὶ ὁ ἀὴρ ἦν τοῦ καθαρώτατος καὶ ἡ γῆ καρποφορωτάτη, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἡ Φύσις τότε εἶχε πολυστερῆ διάταξιν, ὡς νεωτέρα ὁποῦ ἦτον, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἔλειπον τότε αἱ πολυτέλειαι καὶ σωστείες, πὸς ὁποῖες βλέπομεν σήμερον εἰς ὅλα τὰ πράγματα. Βέβαια τὸ πρεσβύτερον μέρος τῶν ἀνθρώπων γνωρίζουν, καὶ δὲν τὸ μαρτυροῦν, πῶς δὲν ἐλερμίζοντο τίποτες, ἢ τὰ λαχιστὰ πολὺ ὀλίγον καλῶς, ὡς δὲν ἦσαν ὑπεράφανοι, καὶ ότι αὕτη ἡ πολυτέλεια καὶ φιλοδοξία, ὅπερ τοὺς κάνει νὰ φαντάζουν μεγάλοι, καὶ νὰ λατρεύωνται ὑπὸ πολλῶν, εἶναι ὁ δαίμων, ὅπου τοὺς ἐμφορεῖ, καὶ τοὺς πείθει ὅτι ἄφησαν τὴν ἁπλότητα, καὶ δὲν ἀγαπῶσιν ἄλλο εἰ μὴ τὴν σωστείας. Ποῦ δὲν κόπη πάχιον πάνακα, ἢ μήποτε ἢ μήπως παραμένουν καὶ ἐποίουν ὅτι χρόνος οὐδὲ αἱ δέξη χάνει ἐσὺν τὴν εἰσαγωγὴν αὕτη εἶναι ἕτερας πεινασμένον, ὁπὸ δὲν ἡμπορεῖ τίνα νὰ τὸ χερτάση, εἶναι μία χρυσέα βαθυπάλια, ὁπου δὲν ἡμπορεῖ νὰ γεμίσῃ ποτέ.

Postquam, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,
sub Iove mundus erat, subiit argentea proles,
115auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere.
Iuppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris
perque hiemes aestusque et inaequalis autumnos
et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum.
Tum primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus
120canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit.
Tum primum subiere domus (domus antra fuerunt
et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae).
Semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis
obruta sunt, pressique iugo gemuere iuvenci.
rivers flowed milk and nectar, and the trees,
the very oak trees, then gave honey of themselves.
When Saturn had been banished into night
and all the world was ruled by Jove supreme,
the Silver Age, though not so good as gold
but still surpassing yellow brass, prevailed.
Jove first reduced to years the Primal Spring,
by him divided into periods four,
unequal,—summer, autumn, winter, spring.—
then glowed with tawny heat the parched air,
or pendent icicles in winter froze
and man stopped crouching in crude caverns, while
he built his homes of tree rods, bark entwined.
Then were the cereals planted in long rows,
and bullocks groaned beneath the heavy yoke.
The Silver Age

When Saturn was banished to gloomy Tartarus, and Jupiter ruled the world, then came the people of the age of silver that is inferior to gold, more valuable than yellow bronze. Jupiter shortened spring�s first duration and made the year consist of four seasons, winter, summer, changeable autumn, and brief spring. Then parched air first glowed white scorched with the heat, and ice hung down frozen by the wind. Then houses were first made for shelter: before that homes had been made in caves, and dense thickets, or under branches fastened with bark. Then seeds of corn were first buried in the long furrows, and bullocks groaned, burdened under the yoke.

Καὶ καθὼς νὰ εἴπω ὅτι μόνον ὠνομάζετο ἐκείνη ἡ δευτέρα, μὲ τὸ ἀσήμι, ἣν ὁποίαν ὁ Κῦρος ἐδεσπόζατο, μετοικίσαντες καὶ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ τοὺς Χαλδαίους, ἢ Μήδους, εἰς τοὺς Πέρσας. Μὲ τὸ χάλκωμα, ἡ τρίτη, τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἣν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐπερίωσεν, εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν, ὑπάγοντας τοὺς Πέρσας. Ἡ μὲ τὸ σίδηρον, ἡ τετάρτη τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἢ ὁποία Ῥωμαίων, ἡ ὁποία ἐστάθη ἀναμφιβόλως ἡ ἰσχυροτέρα, ἢ ἡ πλέον φθοροποιός, εἰς τὸν ἀφανισμόν, ὅσα οἱ πόλεμοι ἐπαξεύρισκαν. Εἶναι λοιπὸν ἀληθέστατον, ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες, διὰ ὁποίους εἶχον μεγαλωτέραν ἐμπόδειαν μὲ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους, ἔμαθον παρ᾽ αὐτῶν τὴν ἱστορίαν τοῦ Δαυΐδ, καὶ τοῦ ἀγίου τοῦ Ναβουχοδονόσορος.

Δὲν εὕρομεν δὲ ἂν αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος τῶν τεσσάρων ἡλικιῶν τοῦ χρυσοῦ, ἢ ἀργύρου Αἰῶνος τοῦ Κόσμου, ἠμπορεῖ νὰ παραβαλλῇ ἢ μὲ τὰς τέσσαρας ἡλικίας τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸ τὸ χρυσοῦ σημαίνει τὴν ἀκακίαν, καθὼς ὁ Ὀβίδιος θέλει νὰ μᾶς βεβαιώσῃ· εἶναι δὲ γενεὰ φρόνιμα μὲ ἀθωοτέραν ἀκακίαν ὑπὸ τὴν Κρόνου· Ὀβίδιος τὸ αὐτὸ εἶχε καταστῆσαι ὑπὸ τὸ χρυσοῦ, ἂν ὑπάρχῃ ἡ γενεὰ ὀλίγον καταπτῶσα ὑπὸ τὴν μετάλλου· Καὶ τὸν ὁ χάλκος ἔτι εἶχεν εἰς τὴν δουλείαν ὑπὸ τὸ ἀσήμι· πάλιν δὲ εὕρομεν νὰ πλάκιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι σοβαρωτέρα ἡ γειότης· Καὶ πολὺ πάλιν τὸ σίδηρον εἶναι τὸ σκληρότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέταλλα, καὶ πλέον ὑποκεῖ μόχθον εἰς τὸ νὰ σκευάζῃ, ἔτσι ἢ τὸ γῆρας εἶναι ἡ ὑστάτη ἡλικία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἢ τοῦ Κόσμου ὁ ἀφθόρευτος· ἢ κατὰ τινὰ τρόπον ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ.

Περὶ τῆς διαιρέσεως τῆς τεσσάρων Καιρῶν τῆς Χρόνης.

Ὁ Ζεὺς ἀφ' οὗ ἀπεδίωξε τὸν Κρόνον

ἦλθεν ἡ ἀπάτη, προδοσία, βία, καὶ φιλαργυρία. Ὁ ναύτης ἐξέπλωσε τὰ πάντα εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ὅπως δὲ εἶχεν ἐγνώρισαν αὐτόν, καὶ τὰ δένδρα, ὅπου ἐδείσαντο πόσον καιρὸν εἰς τὰς κορυφὰς τῆς Πενᾶν, γενόμενα πλοῖα, παρεπόδησαν εἰς τὰ τερμώνα τῆς ἀγνώστων Θαλασσῶν, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἔγινον εἰς τὸν ἴδιον καιρὸν τὰ παιγνίδι ἢ θόρυβον. Ἤρχισαν ὕστερα τότοις νὰ διορίζουν συνόρα, μοιράζοντες τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ ἦτον προότερα κοινὴ, ὡς ὁ ἀήρ, ἢ τὸ φῶς τὰ Ἡλίου. Δὲν διχαειωδήσαν δὲ νὰ ζητήσουν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν σπέρματα, ἢ ἄλλα πράγματα ἀναγκαῖα, ἀλλ' ἤρχισαν νὰ γορεύουν ἕως τὰ εἰς τὰ ἐντόσθια της, ἀνάζοντες θησαυρούς, τὸ θέλημον τῆς ἐπιθυμίας μας, ἢ τὸν πόρον τῆς δυστυχίας μας, καὶ τῆς κακίας, τῆς ὁποίας θησαυρούς ἡ γῆ πρὶν εἶχε κεκρυμμένους εἰς τὰ βαθύτατα μέρη, διὰ νὰ μᾶς ἐλευθερώσῃ ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ, ὑστερῶντάς μας τὸν πόθον, ὅπου ἔχομεν εἰς αὐτούς. Μόλις ἄρθη ὁ σίδηρος, μόλις ἔλαμψε τὸ χρυσίον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι βλαβερώτερον ἀπὸ τὸν σίδηρον, ἢ ἐπικινδυνώτερον, ἢ δὶ αὐτὰ ἤρχισεν ἡ δικαιοσύνη νὰ φύγῃ, ἢ ὁ πόλεμος νὰ βλαστήσῃ, ὁ ὁποῖος μεταχειρίζεται ἢ τὸ ἕν ἢ τὸ ἄλλο, δηλαδὴ ἢ τὸν χρυσὸν, ἢ τὸν σίδηρον, ὁρμώμενος εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ αὐτὰ τὰ ἄρματα ἐμβαίνουν εἰς τὰ χέρια αἱματωμένα τῶν φιλοδόξων, ἢ τῆς τυράννου. Οὕτως οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζουν πλέον ἀπὸ ἁρπαγάς, ἢ κλεπτίας· οἱ φίλοι δὲν ἐμπιστεύουντο πλέον τοὺς φίλους των, μήτε ὁ πενθερὸς τὸν γαμβρόν του, καὶ δὲν ὑπῆν ἄλλο φράγμα ἀπανωτέρον ἀπὸ τὴν ὁμοίοιαν, καὶ φιλίαν τῶν ἀδελφῶν. Ὁ ἄνδρας ἐπιβουλεύεται τὴν γυναῖκά του, αὕτη δὲ τὸν ἄνδρα της· ἢ αἱ

125Tertia post illam successit aenea proles,
saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma,
non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro.
Protinus inrupit venae peioris in aevum
omne nefas: fugere pudor verumque fidesque;
130In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique
insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi.
Vela dabat ventis (nec adhuc bene noverat illos)
navita; quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis,
fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae,
135communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras
cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor.
Nec tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives
poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae:
quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris,
140effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum.
Iamque nocens ferrum ferroque nocentius aurum
prodierat: prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque,
sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma.
Vivitur ex rapto: non hospes ab hospite tutus,
145non socer a genero; fratrum quoque gratia rara est.
Inminet exitio vir coniugis, illa mariti;
lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae;
filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.
Victa iacet pietas, et virgo caede madentis,
150ultima caelestum terras Astraea reliquit.
The third Age followed, called The Age of Bronze,
when cruel people were inclined to arms
but not to impious crimes. And last of all
the ruthless and hard Age of Iron prevailed,
from which malignant vein great evil sprung;
and modesty and faith and truth took flight,
and in their stead deceits and snares and frauds
and violence and wicked love of gain,
succeeded.—Then the sailor spread his sails
to winds unknown, and keels that long had stood
on lofty mountains pierced uncharted waves.
Surveyors anxious marked with metes and bounds
the lands, created free as light and air:
nor need the rich ground furnish only crops,
and give due nourishment by right required,—
they penetrated to the bowels of earth
and dug up wealth, bad cause of all our ills,—
rich ores which long ago the earth had hid
and deep removed to gloomy Stygian caves:
and soon destructive iron and harmful gold
were brought to light; and War, which uses both,
came forth and shook with sanguinary grip
his clashing arms. Rapacity broke forth—
the guest was not protected from his host,
the father in law from his own son in law;
even brothers seldom could abide in peace.
The husband threatened to destroy his wife,
and she her husband: horrid step dames mixed
the deadly henbane: eager sons inquired
their fathers, ages. Piety was slain:
and last of all the virgin deity,
Astraea vanished from the blood-stained earth.
And lest ethereal heights should long remain
less troubled than the earth, the throne of Heaven
The Bronze Age

Third came the people of the bronze age, with fiercer natures, readier to indulge in savage warfare, but not yet vicious. The harsh iron age was last. Immediately every kind of wickedness erupted into this age of baser natures: truth, shame and honour vanished; in their place were fraud, deceit, and trickery, violence and pernicious desires. They set sails to the wind, though as yet the seamen had poor knowledge of their use, and the ships� keels that once were trees standing amongst high mountains, now leaped through uncharted waves. The land that was once common to all, as the light of the sun is, and the air, was marked out, to its furthest boundaries, by wary surveyors. Not only did they demand the crops and the food the rich soil owed them, but they entered the bowels of the earth, and excavating brought up the wealth it had concealed in Stygian shade, wealth that incites men to crime. And now harmful iron appeared, and gold more harmful than iron.�� War came, whose struggles employ both, waving clashing arms with bloodstained hands. They lived on plunder: friend was not safe with friend, relative with relative, kindness was rare between brothers. Husbands longed for the death of their wives, wives for the death of their husbands. Murderous stepmothers mixed deadly aconite, and sons inquired into their father�s years before their time. Piety was dead, and virgin Astraea, last of all the immortals to depart, herself abandoned the blood-drenched earth.

χια, τὰ δὲ πονηρὰ τέκνα νὰ μάχνωνται νὰ συντέμνουν τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς των. Σχεδὸν δὲν ἔμενεν εἰς τὴν γῆν μήτε ἀγάπη, μήτε πίστις, ἢ ἡ Δικαιοσύνη, ἡ ὁποία μόνη ἀπὸ τοὺς Θεοὺς διέτριβεν ἀκόμη μεταξὺ τῶν ἀν- θρώπων, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἀφίνουσα τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶδεν αἱματοβρεχομένην.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ὁ Μῦθος τοῦτος ἀναφέρεται εἰς τὴν Ἱστορίαν, διότι πιστεύουσιν εἰς ἐκείνους, οἱ ὁποῖοι λέγουν ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος ἦτον ὁ πρῶτος ἄνθρωπος, ἀπὸ ὁμοπάτριον Βασιλέα, ἀλλά τοῦ ὁποίου ἄλλοι λέγουν νά ἔμεινεν αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς κατηγορημένος νὰ βασιλεύσῃ εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, καὶ νὰ ἔλαβε πολλὰ παιδία, μεταξὺ τῶν ὁποίων ἦτον καὶ ὁ Ζεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἔβγαλεν ἐκ τοῦ Βασιλείου, ἁρπάζοντας δυναστικῶς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁλόκληρον, καὶ ἄλλοι λέγουν ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος Θεοκρατικὸς ἔκαμε παραίτησιν τοῦ θρόνου, μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ τοῦ κυβερνήσῃ διὰ αἰτίας τὰ γήρατά του. Ὅπως δὲ καὶ νὰ εἶναι, ἡμεῖς δὲν ἔχομεν ὑπόκρισιν νὰ διαλύσωμεν αὐτὴν τὴν διαφοράν, ὥστε νὰ ἀθωώσωμεν, ἢ νὰ καταδικάσωμεν τὸν Δία. Ἀλλὰ λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς πρῶτος παρατηρήσας τὰς μεταβολάς, ὅπως κάμνουσιν οἱ τέσσαρες καιροὶ τοῦ χρόνου, τῆς ἐδιδάξεως τὴν μέθοδον, ὅπως ὁ καθένας νὰ ἀρχῆται, ἢ νὰ τελειώνῃ, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον τῆς Μύθου ταύτης τῶν τεσσάρων καιρῶν. Προσέτι ἐφαντάσθησαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος νὰ ἐκρημνίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, διὰ αἰτίας τοῦ βάθους τοῦ ἀέρος, ὅπου ὑπολαμβάνεται ὅτι τὴν ἄβυσσον τοῦ Ἅδου. Βέβαια τοῦτο, ὁ Πλάτων εἶναι ὁ ὕστερος, ἢ πλέον ἐξακριβὴς ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἢ ἡ κίνησίς του πόσον εἶναι, ὅπως παρατήρησις ὅτι εἰς τὴν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 17

Book I · Giants

Giants

Neve foret terris securior arduus aether,
adfectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas
altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes.
Tum pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum
155fulmine et excussit subiectae Pelion Ossae.
Obruta mole sua cum corpora dira iacerent,
perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram
inmaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem,
et, ne nulla suae stirpis monimenta manerent,
160in faciem vertisse hominum. Sed et illa propago
contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis
et violenta fuit: scires e sanguine natos.
Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce,
ingemit et, facto nondum vulgata recenti,
165foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae,
ingentes animo et dignas Iove concipit iras,
conciliumque vocat: tenuit mora nulla vocatos.
Est via sublimis, caelo manifesta sereno:
lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso.
170Hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis
regalemque domum. Dextra laevaque deorum
atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis
(plebs habitat diversa locis): hac parte potentes
caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates.
175Hic locus est, quem, si verbis audacia detur,
haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli.
was threatened by the Giants; and they piled
mountain on mountain to the lofty stars.
But Jove, omnipotent, shot thunderbolts
through Mount Olympus, and he overturned
from Ossa huge, enormous Pelion.
And while these dreadful bodies lay overwhelmed
in their tremendous bulk, (so fame reports)
the Earth was reeking with the copious blood
of her gigantic sons; and thus replete
with moisture she infused the steaming gore
with life renewed. So that a monument
of such ferocious stock should be retained,
she made that offspring in the shape of man;
but this new race alike despised the Gods,
and by the greed of savage slaughter proved
a sanguinary birth.
When, from his throne
supreme, the Son of Saturn viewed their deeds,
he deeply groaned: and calling to his mind
the loathsome feast Lycaon had prepared,
a recent deed not common to report,
his soul conceived great anger —worthy Jove—
and he convened a council. No delay
detained the chosen Gods.
When skies are clear
a path is well defined on high, which men,
because so white, have named the Milky Way.
It makes a passage for the deities
and leads to mansions of the Thunder God,
to Jove's imperial home. On either side
of its wide way the noble Gods are seen,
inferior Gods in other parts abide,
but there the potent and renowned of Heaven
have fixed their homes.—It is a glorious place,
The giants

Rendering the heights of heaven no safer than the earth, they say the giants attempted to take the Celestial kingdom, piling mountains up to the distant stars. Then the all-powerful father of the gods hurled his bolt of lightning, fractured Olympus and threw Mount Pelion down from Ossa below. Her sons� dreadful bodies, buried by that mass, drenched Earth with streams of blood, and they say she warmed it to new life, so that a trace of her children might remain, transforming it into the shape of human beings. But these progeny also despising the gods were savage, violent, and eager for slaughter, so that you might know they were born from blood.

When Saturn�s son, the father of the gods, saw this from his highest citadel, he groaned, and recalling the vile feast at Lycaon�s table, so recent it was still unknown, his mind filled with a great anger fitting for Jupiter, and he called the gods to council, a summons that brooked no delay.

There is a high track, seen when the sky is clear, called the Milky Way, and known for its brightness. This way the gods pass to the palaces and halls of the mighty Thunderer. To right and left are the houses of the greater gods, doors open and crowded. The lesser gods live elsewhere. Here the powerful and distinguished have made their home. This is the place, if I were to be bold, I would not be afraid to call high heaven�s Palatine.

Περὶ γεννήσεως τοῦ Γιγάντων.

Οἱ Γίγαντες συμμαχοι ὑπὸ τῶν γῆς, ἐκήρυξαν πόλεμον κατὰ τῆς Οὐρανοῦ· ὁ δὲ Ζεὺς βλέποντες τὴν αὐθάδειαν των, τοὺς ἐκαταπάτησε με τὴς κεραυνῆς του, ἢ ὑπὸ τὸ αἷμα αὐτῶν ἔχυσεν ἀνθρώπους, ὄχι ὀλιγώτερον κακίστους ὑπὸ αὐτῆς.

Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴν ἤθελον ἔσται μήτε ὁ Οὐρανὸς ἀσφαλέστερος ἢ ἰσχυρότερος ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, οἱ Γίγαντες, οἱ υἱοὶ τῆς γῆς, ἐσκοπήθησαν νὰ τὸν πολεμήσουν, ἢ νὰ ἁρπάξουν τὴν Βασιλείαν του. Οὕτω λοιπὸν σωρεύοντες βουνὸν ἐπάνω εἰς βουνὸν, διὰ νὰ κάμουν σκάλαν, ὕψωσαν τοιοῦτον σωρόν, ὥστε πάντα ἦτον νὰ ἐγγίζουν εἰς τὰ ἄστρα. Ὁ Ζεὺς ὅμως ὁ ὕψιστος τῶν Θεῶν ἢ Βασιλεὺς, ἐν ῥοπῇ ὀφθαλμοῦ, ἐσύντριψε τὸν Ὄλυμπον τὸ βουνὸν τῆς Θεσσαλίας με τὸ ἀστροπελέκι, ἀναποδογύρισε τὸν Ὦσσαν, ὅπου εἶχαν βάλει ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ἄλλα βουνὰ, καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ φοβερὰ συντρίμματα τῶν βουνῶν ἐγίνηκαν τάφοι αὐτῆς τῆς αὐθάδειας ἀνθρώπων. Λέγουσι δὲ ὅτι ἡ Γῆ μεμολυσμένη ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῶν θορυβημένων παίδων της (τῶν ὁποίων τὰ μεγάλα σώματα ἔμειναν καταπιεσμένα ἀπὸ τὸ ἰδίων των βάρος) νὰ ἐμψυχώσῃ ἐκεῖνο τὸ αἷμα, ὅπερ ἦτον ἀκόμη ζεστὸν, ἢ τὸ μετέπλασεν εἰς ἀνθρωπίνην μορφὴν, διὰ νὰ μὴν ἤθελεν ἐξαλειφθῇ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ καινὴ γενεὰ, δὲν κατεφάνησε τοὺς Θεοὺς ὀλιγώτερον ἀπὸ τῆς Προγόνης της, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἤρχησε ἤδη αὐτὴ νὰ μεταχειρίζεται τὰς τυραννίας, ἤδη τοὺς φόνους, ὥστε ὅποιος τὴς ἤθελεν ἰδῇ, βέβαια ἠμποροῦσε νὰ εἴπῃ, ὅτι ἀπὸ αἷμα ἦσαν γεννημένοι.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Αὐτὸ ὁ Μῦθος ὑποδείχνει σαφῶς, ὅτι σκοπὸν ἔχει νὰ μᾶς φανερώση διὰ τῆς Γιγάντων μάχης τὴν ἀσέβειάν, ἢ φιλοδοξίαν, ὑπὸ τῆς ὁποίας οἱ μάχοι χρησιμοποιοῦν πόλεμον μὲ τὸν Θεόν, οἱ δόλιοι δὲ μὲ τὰς ἁγίας δυνάμεις τῆς Ἐξουσιάδος. Ὁ Μακρόβιος νομίζει, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες ἦσαν οἱ θεοὶ ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἀρνήθησαν τῆς τιμῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ μὲ ὅλην τὴν ἀσθένειάν των, νομίζοντα ὅτι ἡ διάδοχη τῆς δικῆς του ἦτον ἰδιότητος κ᾿ ἀπόδειξα τῆν τὸ αὐτὸ εἰπεῖ τὸ θέλησον τῆς θεότητος ἢ θεότης ὑπὸ τῆς θρησκείας καὶ νὰ τὸν ἀρνηθῆ. Ἄλλοι δὲ ἐνόμισαν νὰ γνωρίσουν ἐκεῖ μόνον τὴν φιλοδοξίαν καὶ ἀσέβειαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἁπλῶς τὴν κακὴν ζωήν, ἢ δηλαδὴ ὅλες τὰς ἀνθρώπους, οἱ ὁποῖοι κυβερνιῶνται ἀπὸ τὰ ἀκράπαστα πάθη, καὶ κάμνουν κάθε τρόπον νὰ θεσκεύωσιν τοῦ Θείου Νόμου ὅσον ἐναντιώμεται εἰς τὰς πολυμήτεις ὁρμὰς των. Λέγουσι ἀκόμη τοῦτο ὅτι εἶχον ποδόχεια ὀφίδη, διὰ νὰ μᾶς δείξουν ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι, ὁποὺ ὅλην τὴν Γιγάντων θεσμονίζονται, εἰς ὅλον τὸν φυσικὸν βίον δὲν ἐμπεριπατήσαν ποτὲ ὀρθῶς, ἤγουν ὅλως ἦσαν μετεχρυσμένοι ἀπὸ τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης, ἢ τῆς τιμῆς.

Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu,
celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno
terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque
180caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit.
Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit:
“Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius illa
tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat
inicere anguipedum captivo bracchia caelo.
185Nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno
corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum.
Nunc mihi, qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem,
perdendum est mortale genus: per flumina iuro
infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco!
190cuncta prius temptata: sed inmedicabile corpus
ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.
Sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae
faunique satyrique et monticolae silvani:
quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore,
195quas dedimus certe terras habitare sinamus.
An satis, o superi, tutos fore creditis illos,
cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque,
struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon?”
our most audacious verse might designate
the “Palace of High Heaven.” When the Gods
were seated, therefore, in its marble halls
the King of all above the throng sat high,
and leaning on his ivory scepter, thrice,
and once again he shook his awful locks,
wherewith he moved the earth, and seas and stars,—
and thus indignantly began to speak;
“The time when serpent footed giants strove
to fix their hundred arms on captive Heaven,
not more than this event could cause alarm
for my dominion of the universe.
Although it was a savage enemy,
yet warred we with a single source derived
of one. Now must I utterly destroy
this mortal race wherever Nereus roars
around the world. Yea, by the Infernal Streams
that glide through Stygian groves beneath the world,
I swear it. Every method has been tried.
The knife must cut immedicable wounds,
lest maladies infect untainted parts.
“Beneath my sway are demi gods and fauns,
nymphs, rustic deities, sylvans of the hills,
satyrs;—all these, unworthy Heaven's abodes,
we should at least permit to dwell on earth
which we to them bequeathed. What think ye, Gods,
is safety theirs when I, your sovereign lord,
the Thunder-bolt Controller, am ensnared
Jupiter threatens to destroy humankind

When the gods had taken their seats in the marble council chamber their king, sitting high above them, leaning on his ivory sceptre, shook his formidable mane three times and then a fourth, disturbing the earth, sea and stars. Then he opened his lips in indignation and spoke. �I was not more troubled than I am now concerning the world�s sovereignty than when each of the snake-footed giants prepared to throw his hundred arms around the imprisoned sky. Though they were fierce enemies, still their attack came in one body and from one source. Now I must destroy the human race, wherever Nereus sounds, throughout the world. I swear it by the infernal streams, that glide below the earth through the Stygian groves. All means should first be tried, but the incurable flesh must be excised by the knife, so that the healthy part is not infected. Mine are the demigods, the wild spirits, nymphs, fauns and satyrs, and sylvan deities of the hills. Since we have not yet thought them worth a place in heaven let us at least allow them to live in safety in the lands we have given them. Perhaps you gods believe they will be safe, even when Lycaon, known for his savagery, plays tricks against me, who holds the thunderbolt, and reigns over you.�

Οἱ Φυσικοὶ λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες σημαίνουσι τὰς ἀτμίδας, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὄντες κατεισμένοι εἰς τὰ ἀπλάγχνια τῆς γῆς, ζητοῦν πρὸς νὰ εὔρη, ἢ νὰ ἐλαφρωθοῦν. Διὰ ταῦτο πολλάκις συνέβησαν τὰ ὑψηλότατα ἄνη, ἢ σύννεφα, ἢ μετὴν βαβὴν ἢ δυσκολίαν ἄρουσιν εἰς τὰ σύννεφα μεγαλώτατα τμήματα τῆς ἀποθανούσης φλογὸς τοῦ διαζῶν μετ' αὐτῶν ἰσχυραμένης ἢ παρομοιάζωσιν αὐτῶν τοῦ Μύθου εἰς τὴν συγκαυσίαν, ἢ ἄγνητον δὲ καὶ ἀσθενεῖ, ὅτι ὁ χυμὸς ὑπόκαυστος, φέρουσι τὴν ἁρμονίαν των, ἠμπορῆ νὰ παρομοιασθῇ μὲ τῆς Γίγαντας, καὶ ὅτι αἱ ἀδυναίαι, ὅπου ἔφθονται ἡ μία μὲ τὴν ἄλλην, εἶναι τὰ ἄνη, τὰ ὁποῖα οἱ Γίγαντες ἐσώρευσαν. Ὁ Ζεύς, καὶ τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον κακοὺς σκοπούς, ὡς τὸ ἢ ἔβλεψε κατ᾿ αὐτῶν, εἶναι ἡ Ἰάπξις, τὸ ὑψηλὸν ἀστροπελέκι ὅτε ὁ Θεὸς ἐσκόρπισεν ἐναντίον εἰς τὰς Γίγαντας, ἠλῶν εἰς τὰς ἀτμίδας.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 19

Ἕνας ἄλλος εἶπε μὲ ἀσεβείστηκε μεγαλύτερε ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες εἶναι ἢ ἐκ τῶν ἠλιθίων Φιλοσόφων, οἱ τινες σφίζονταν νὰ μὴν δυνίσκωσι κακανένα πράγμα πόσον ὑψηλὸν, ὅπου αὐτοὶ νὰ μὴν εἶναι ἄξιοι νὰ τὸ ὑπεράλθουν, ἢ μὲ τὸ νὰ φανταζώνται ὅτι εἶναι αὐτοὶ μόνον σοφοὶ εἰς τὸν κόσμον, καὶ περὶ τούτου εἰς τὰ ἀποδείξεις.

Οι Γίγαντες λέγουν μετεχειρίσθησαν τινα ορη, ιδιόν να φθάσουν εις τον Ουρανόν, ή οι Φιλόσοφοι μετεχειριζόμενοι τα τρία μέρη της Φιλοσοφίας, ιδιόν να φθάσουν εις το υψηλότερον μέρος του Ουρανού, ή της Φύσεως, ή αφού υψώθησαν πολλά, επέσον εις την πλάνην, ήγουν εις την σύγχυσιν, ως τιμωρίαν της μεγάλης των ανεργείας.

Ένας άλλος βλέπων ένα Αστρολόγον, όπου έπεσεν εις λάκκον ωδοιπορούμενος τον Ουρανόν, ιδού, είπεν, ο Γίγας απόλαυσε την τιμωρίαν των Δελφών να φιλοσοφήση με αυτόν, ότι ολότελα ημπορεί να εφαρμοσθή ο ΜΥΘΟΣ των Γιγάντων εις την μεταξύ των Αστρολόγων.

Μυθολογεῖται πρὸς τινὸς, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ ἐπιχείρησις τῶν Γιγάντων κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, ἐγίνεν εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ἐπειδὴ εἰς τὰ πλεῖστα τὰ μέρη τῆς Θεσσαλίας, καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ κατεχρήσθη τῶν Θεῶν, εἰς οἱ Θεσσαλοὶ. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες ἐπῶς ὀνομαστόθησαν μᾶλλον διὰ τὸ ὕψος τῶν ὀρειμάτων των, παρὰ διὰ τὴν μεγαλόσητα τῶν σωμάτων των. Ὅμως εἶναι πολλοὶ, ὅσοι διισχυρίζονται ὅτι ἐλευθματίσαν ἄνθρωποι ἑνὸς πολλὰ μεγάλου ἀναστήματος, φοβερώτατοι, ἢ ἰσχυρότατοι. Τὸ ὅ,τι ἡ Ἄγιες ἦ που μία μεγάλη πόλις, πλησίον εἰς τὸ ὄρος Λίβανον, ἡ ὁποία ἐκλήθη πόλις τῶν Γιγάντων, διότι οἱ κάτοικοι της ἦσαν πολλὰ μεγαλήτεροι ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους. Λέγεσι δὲ νὰ εὕρον αὐτοὶ τὰ ὅπλα, τὰ ὁποῖα μετεχειρίσθησαν, ἔνθεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον ὑπὸ Ἀνατολῶν μέχρι Δυσμῶν. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ βεβαιώσωσιν περισσότερον ὅτι ἦσαν Γίγαντες, λέγουσιν ὅτι εὑρέθη εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν ἓν κογκύλιον ποιμένος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν τόσον μεγάλον, ὥστε μόλις τεσσαράκοντα βάσια ἐχώρουν ἀπὸ Οὐράνιος. Εἶδον εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν εἰς τὶ σπήλαιον τῆς Δημητριάδος Μυελὸν καὶ χάλκον ἁρμόνα τὰ ἄθ' ἁρμόνα σιαγόνα ἀνθρώπινον, ἦσαν τὸ μάκρος μιᾶς σπιθαμῆς, καὶ τεσσάρων δακτύλων, κατ' εὐθεῖαν, ὑπὸ πλὼ μία ἀρχὴ ἕως πλὼ ἄλλω, καὶ εἰκοσικτὼ ὀδόντες.

Confremuere omnes studiisque ardentibus ausum
200talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus inpia saevit
sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen,
attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae
humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis:
nec tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum est,
205quam fuit illa Iovi. Qui postquam voce manuque
murmura conpressit, tenuere silentia cuncti.
Substitit ut clamor pressus gravitate regentis,
Iuppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit:
“Ille quidem poenas, curam hanc dimittite, solvit.
210Quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo.
Contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures;
quam cupiens falsam summo delabor Olympo
et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras.
Longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum,
215enumerare: minor fuit ipsa infamia vero.
Maenala transieram latebris horrenda ferarum
et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei:
Arcadis hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni
ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem.
220Signa dedi venisse deum, vulgusque precari
coeperat: inridet primo pia vota Lycaon,
mox ait ”experiar deus hic, discrimine aperto,
an sit mortalis. Nec erit dubitabile verum.”
Nocte gravem somno necopina perdere morte
225me parat: haec illi placet experientia veri.
Nec contentus eo est: missi de gente Molossa
obsidis unius iugulum mucrone resolvit,
atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus
mollit aquis, partim subiecto torruit igni.
230Quod simul inposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma
in domino dignos everti tecta penates.
Territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris
exululat frustraque loqui conatur: ab ipso
conligit os rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis
235vertitur in pecudes et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet.
In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti:
fit lupus et veteris servat vestigia formae.
Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus,
idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago est.
240Occidit una domus. Sed non domus una perire
digna fuit: qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys.
In facinus iurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes
quas meruere pati (sic stat sententia) poenas.”
by fierce Lycaon?” Ardent in their wrath,
the astonished Gods demand revenge overtake
this miscreant; he who dared commit such crimes.
'Twas even thus when raged that impious band
to blot the Roman name in sacred blood
of Caesar, sudden apprehensive fears
of ruin absolute astonished man,
and all the world convulsed. Nor is the love
thy people bear to thee, Augustus, less
than these displayed to Jupiter whose voice
and gesture all the murmuring host restrained:
and as indignant clamour ceased, suppressed
by regnant majesty, Jove once again
broke the deep silence with imperial words;
“Dismiss your cares; he paid the penalty
however all the crime and punishment
now learn from this:—An infamous report
of this unholy age had reached my ears,
and wishing it were false, I sloped my course
from high Olympus, and—although a God—
disguised in human form I viewed the world.
It would delay us to recount the crimes
unnumbered, for reports were less than truth.
“I traversed Maenalus where fearful dens
abound, over Lycaeus, wintry slopes
of pine tree groves, across Cyllene steep;
and as the twilight warned of night's approach,
I stopped in that Arcadian tyrant's realms
and entered his inhospitable home:—
and when I showed his people that a God
had come, the lowly prayed and worshiped me,
but this Lycaon mocked their pious vows
and scoffing said; ‘A fair experiment
will prove the truth if this be god or man.’
and he prepared to slay me in the night,—
to end my slumbers in the sleep of death.
So made he merry with his impious proof;
but not content with this he cut the throat
of a Molossian hostage sent to him,
and partly softened his still quivering limbs
in boiling water, partly roasted them
on fires that burned beneath. And when this flesh
was served to me on tables, I destroyed
his dwelling and his worthless Household Gods,
with thunder bolts avenging. Terror struck
he took to flight, and on the silent plains
is howling in his vain attempts to speak;
he raves and rages and his greedy jaws,
desiring their accustomed slaughter, turn
against the sheep—still eager for their blood.
His vesture separates in shaggy hair,
his arms are changed to legs; and as a wolf
he has the same grey locks, the same hard face,
the same bright eyes, the same ferocious look.
“Thus fell one house, but not one house alone
deserved to perish; over all the earth
ferocious deeds prevail,—all men conspire
in evil. Let them therefore feel the weight
of dreadful penalties so justly earned,
Lycaon is turned into a wolf

All the gods murmured aloud and, zealously and eagerly, demanded punishment of the man who committed such actions. When the impious band of conspirators were burning to drown the name of Rome in Caesar�s blood, the human race was suddenly terrified by fear of just such a disaster, and the whole world shuddered with horror. Your subjects� loyalty is no less pleasing to you, Augustus, than theirs was to Jupiter. After he had checked their murmuring with voice and gesture, they were all silent. When the noise had subsided, quieted by his royal authority, Jupiter again broke the silence with these words: �Have no fear, he has indeed been punished, but I will tell you his crime, and what the penalty was. News of these evil times had reached my ears. Hoping it false I left Olympus�s heights, and travelled the earth, a god in human form. It would take too long to tell what wickedness I found everywhere. Those rumours were even milder than the truth. I had crossed Maenala, those mountains bristling with wild beasts� lairs, Cyllene, and the pinewoods of chill Lycaeus. Then, as the last shadows gave way to night, I entered the inhospitable house of the Arcadian king. I gave them signs that a god had come, and the people began to worship me. At first Lycaon ridiculed their piety, then exclaimed �I will prove by a straightforward test whether he is a god or a mortal. The truth will not be in doubt.� He planned to destroy me in the depths of sleep, unexpectedly, by night. That is how he resolved to prove the truth. Not satisfied with this he took a hostage sent by the Molossi, opened his throat with a knife, and made some of the still warm limbs tender in seething water, roasting others in the fire. No sooner were these placed on the table than I brought the roof down on the household gods, with my avenging flames, those gods worthy of such a master. He himself ran in terror, and reaching the silent fields howled aloud, frustrated of speech. Foaming at the mouth, and greedy as ever for killing, he turned against the sheep, still delighting in blood. His clothes became bristling hair, his arms became legs. He was a wolf, but kept some vestige of his former shape. There were the same grey hairs, the same violent face, the same glittering eyes, the same savage image. One house has fallen, but others deserve to also. Wherever the earth extends the avenging furies rule. You would think men were sworn to crime! Let them all pay the penalty they deserve, and quickly. That is my intent.�

μέται Σκαίρετου, ὡς ἐκείνο τῆς μελισσῶν. Ἔξω ὑπὸ αὐτὸ ἡ Ἀρκαδία ὠνομάσθη ποτὲ Γιγαντίς, ἔθει διατί τις τὰ συμπέρση, ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι, ὅπου ὠνομάσθησαν ἔπειτα Ἀρκάδες, ὠνομάζοντο κατὰ πρότερον Γίγαντες. Ὁ Νεμβρώδ, ὅπου ἔκτισε τὴν Βαβυλῶνα, ἦ ἀρχὴ ὠνομάσθη ποτὲ Γιγαντίς, καὶ ἔθει ἐκ φύσεως τὸν Γίγαντα, ἀπὸ γενεὰν κακοῦ μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμόν, κατὰ τινας ἐλήμψεν τὰ ὕψος τοῦ πέντε ἡμίσεος πήχης. Κατὰ δὲ τὸν Πόμπον, ἡμπορεῖ νὰ τις θαυμάση ὅτι νὰ ἐλήμψαν Γίγαντες, ἴσως νὰ ἀνευρίσκωνται καὶ τώρα εἰς κάμποσα μέρη.

Διὰ δὲ πῶν καὶ μὲν δὲν ἡμπορῶ νὰ εἶπῶ κάμποσα βέβαιον, διότι ἡ τοῦ Μώσε παράδοσις τῆς Ἱστορίας δὲν ἀρχίζει μεταγενέστερον ὑπὸ ἐκείνην τῶν Ποιημάτων. Ὁ Ἰώσηπος θέλει νὰ μᾶς βεβαιώση εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαϊκὴν Ἀρχαιολογίαν, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες νὰ ἐφημήθησαν ἀπὸ τὴν σύμμιξιν τῶν Δαιμόνων μὲ τὰς γυναίκας. Ὁ Λακτάντιος φαίνεται νὰ κλίνη εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην, καθὼς τὸ ὑποδεικνύει ἀπὸ τοῦ θείου Γραφὴν. Σεβῆρος ὁ Σουλπίκιος, ἤθελον ὅλοι οἱ Θεολόγοι νὰ νομίζουσιν ὅτι οἱ Ἄγγελοι ἠγάπησαν τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἴσως ὅτι τὰς ἐνυμφεύθησαν, καθὼς οἱ Γίγαντες ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν γάμον. Ἀλλὰ Ἱερὸς Αὐγουστῖνος, ἤ ὅλοι οἱ Θεολόγοι, ταῦτα ἀκριβώσαντες, ἀπέρριψαν δικαίως αὐτὴν τὴν ἕξιν ὁλωσδιόλου, ὥσαν εἰ τώρα φαίνεται εἰ δύο φράσματα ἐδόθησαν ἀφορμὴν τοῦ Μύθου τούτου.

Ἀγγέλοι τῶν Θεῶν οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐκρημνίσαν εἰς τὸν δεσμὸν τὸ πῦρος, ἢ ὕστερον ὁ Νεμβρώδ, διότι ἔκτισε πύργον ἐπὶ τοῦ ὁποίου ἔστη ἡ περιττὴ διαίτη τῶν ὀρνίθων καὶ τοῦ ὁποίου φυλάξαντος αὐτόν, εἰς μακρὸν καὶ εἰς τὸν Ὠκεανόν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲν πρέπει νὰ ἀμφιβάλλωμεν ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες

Περὶ τῆς Λυκάονος τῆς Τυραννίας, ὡς τῆς μετεμορφώθη εἰς λύκον.

Τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦ Λυκάονος, Ἄρχοντος ἢ Τυράννου ὑπὸ Ἀρκαδίας, ὑπόδειγμα πόσον αὐτὸ τὸ ἦθος ἦν ἀπάνθρωπον, καὶ ἤμαστον ἀδικίας· ὁ Ζεὺς ὀργισθεὶς διὰ τὰς συληροφορίας τοῦ ἱεροῦ, ἢ ὁ δύσκολος μὲ τοὺς ξένους ἀδίκως, ἢ τὸν μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Λύκον, τὸ ὁποῖον αὐτὸς εἶχε τὸ ὄνομα τῶν καρδίαν, ἢ τὰ ἰδιώματα.

Βλέπων τὰς ὁ Ζεὺς οὐρανόθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ μῖσος τῆς γῆς, ἀνεστέναξε μεγάλως, ἢ ἐνθυμούμενος τὸ θαυμαστόν συμπόσιον, ὁποῦ τοῦ εἶχον ἑτοιμάσει ὁ Λυκάων, ὠργίζη κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ, ἢ ἐσυνεκρότησε τὸ Συνέδριον τῶν Θεῶν, οἵ τινες κατὰ τὴν πρόσταγήν του δὲν ἔλειψαν νὰ ἔλθουν. Εἶναι δὲ ὁ δρόμος εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπομεν ὁπόταν ὅταν εἶναι ὁ ἀὴρ γαληνός, ἢ καθαρός· ὀνομάζεται δὲ Γαλαξίας διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του λαμπρότητα, καὶ ἀπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔρχονται οἱ Θεοὶ εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τοῦ Διός. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν οἱ πλέον ἐκλαμπροὶ τῶν Θεῶν ἀνοίγουσι τὰς θύρας τῶν οἰκημάτων των ἐκ δεξιῶν, ἢ ἐξ εὐωνύμων· ἐπειδὴ οἱ κατώτεροι ἔχουν τὴν κατοικίαν των εἰς ἄλλα μέρη, ἢ μόνον οἱ ὑψηλότεροι ἢ κρατιστότεροι κατοικοῦσιν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον. Αὐτὸς εἶναι ὁ τόπος, ὁποῦ, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται,

Book I · The Deluge

The Deluge

Dicta Iovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi
245adiciunt, alii partes adsensibus inplent.
Est tamen humani generis iactura dolori
omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae
forma futura, rogant, quis sit laturus in aras
tura, ferisne paret populandas tradere terras.
250Talia quaerentes (sibi enim fore cetera curae)
rex superum trepidare vetat subolemque priori
dissimilem populo promittit origine mira.
Iamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras:
sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether
255conciperet flammas longusque ardesceret axis:
esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus,
quo mare, quo tellus correptaque regia caeli
ardeat et mundi moles obsessa laboret.
Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum:
260poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis
perdere et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo.
Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris
et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes
emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis,
265terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum:
barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis;
fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque.
Utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit,
fit fragor: hinc densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi.
270Nuntia Iunonis varios induta colores
concipit Iris aquas alimentaque nubibus adfert.
Sternuntur segetes et deplorata coloni
vota iacent, longique perit labor inritus anni.
for such hath my unchanging will ordained.”
with exclamations some approved the words
of Jove and added fuel to his wrath,
while others gave assent: but all deplored
and questioned the estate of earth deprived
of mortals. Who could offer frankincense
upon the altars? Would he suffer earth
to be despoiled by hungry beasts of prey?
Such idle questions of the state of man
the King of Gods forbade, but granted soon
to people earth with race miraculous,
unlike the first.
And now his thunder bolts
would Jove wide scatter, but he feared the flames,
unnumbered, sacred ether might ignite
and burn the axle of the universe:
and he remembered in the scroll of fate,
there is a time appointed when the sea
and earth and Heavens shall melt, and fire destroy
the universe of mighty labour wrought.
Such weapons by the skill of Cyclops forged,
for different punishment he laid aside—
for straightway he preferred to overwhelm
the mortal race beneath deep waves and storms
from every raining sky. And instantly
he shut the Northwind in Aeolian caves,
and every other wind that might dispel
the gathering clouds. He bade the Southwind blow:—
the Southwind flies abroad with dripping wings,
concealing in the gloom his awful face:
the drenching rain descends from his wet beard
and hoary locks; dark clouds are on his brows
and from his wings and garments drip the dews:
his great hands press the overhanging clouds;
Jupiter invokes the floodwaters

When he had spoken, some of the gods encouraged Jupiter�s anger, shouting their approval of his words, while others consented silently. They were all saddened though at this destruction of the human species, and questioned what the future of the world would be free of humanity. Who would honour their altars with incense? Did he mean to surrender the world to the ravages of wild creatures? In answer the king of the gods calmed their anxiety, the rest would be his concern, and he promised them a people different from the first, of a marvellous creation.

Now he was ready to hurl his lightning-bolts at the whole world but feared that the sacred heavens might burst into flame from the fires below, and burn to the furthest pole: and he remembered that a time was fated to come when sea and land, and the untouched courts of the skies would ignite, and the troubled mass of the world be besieged by fire. So he set aside the weapons the Cyclopes forged, and resolved on a different punishment, to send down rain from the whole sky and drown humanity beneath the waves.

Straight away he shut up the north winds in Aeolus�s caves, with the gales that disperse the gathering clouds, and let loose the south wind, he who flies with dripping wings, his terrible aspect shrouded in pitch-black darkness. His beard is heavy with rain, water streams from his grey hair, mists wreathe his forehead, and his feathers and the folds of his robes distil the dew. When he crushes the hanging clouds in his outstretched hand there is a crash, and the dense vapours pour down rain from heaven. Iris, Juno�s messenger, dressed in the colours of the rainbow, gathers water and feeds it back to the clouds. The cornfields are flattened and saddening the farmers, the crops, the object of their prayers, are ruined, and the long year�s labour wasted.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'.

τας, εδυκατα τις να ονομάση Παλάτιον, καὶ Αὐλὴν τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἃ ἦτον συγχωρημένον να λάβῃ τινὰς μίαν τοιαύτως τόλμην. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ᾽ οὗ καθ᾽ ὅλας ἐκάθησεν εἰς τὸ θρόνον του, καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ὑψηλότερα ἀπὸ ὅλες, ἀπεμβάντας εἰς τὸ ἐλεφάντινον σκῆπτρόν του, ἐτίναξε ξεῖς καὶ τεσσαρες φορὰς τὰ νέφη τοῦ, καὶ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ σημεῖον, ὅπως ᾔδειχνε τὴν ὀργήν του, ἔσεισε τὸν Οὐρανόν, τὴν γῆν, καὶ τὴν Θάλασσαν, καὶ ἔπειτα μετὰ μεγάλης Θυμῆς, εἶπε τὰ ἑξῆς λόγια· "Τέτοιαν πίκραν ἔχω σήμερον, ὥστε παρομοίαν δὲν ἔλαβα ποτὲ, μήτε ὅταν οὔρμηκαν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν ἐκεῖνα τὰ τράπη μὲ ἑκατὸν χέτρας. Θέλουσι νὰ ἐξεδιώξουν, καὶ νὰ ὑποτάξῃν τὸν Οὐρανόν· διὰ τὶ ὅσον σκληρὸς ἢ ξομερὸς καὶ ἃ ἦτον ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἐχθρός, δέν με ἔτρεπε τόσον, ἐπειδὴ εἶχα νὰ πολεμήσω μὲ ἓν γένος ἀνθρώπων μόνον· τὸ ὁποῖον ἀφανίζοντας τὸ ἐτελείωνα ἡ μάχη· ἀλλὰ τὴν σήμερον ἔχω ἐχθροὺς εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς γῆς, ὅπου προσκυλώνει ὁ Ποσειδών, καὶ ἃ πας ἀφανίσω ὅλες, ἐκάθη ἡ ἀνθρώπινος φύσις. Μὲ ὅλον τὸ ἐγὼ ἀπεφάσισα νὰ τοὺς ἀφανίσω, καὶ ὁμνύω εἰς τὰ ποταμὲς, ὅπου ξέχει ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς, μεταξὺ τὰ σκότας τοῦ Ἅδου. Ὅμως πρῶτα θέλω δοκιμάσει κάθε φράγμα, ἢ ἐὰν ἡ πληγὴ εὑρεθῇ ἀνίατος, κρεῖάζεται τότε σίδηρον, διὰ νὰ μὴ φανώσῃ περισσότερον, ἢ νὰ μὴ γίνῃ αἴτιον τὸ σαπρὸν μέρος ἢ σαπίσῃ ἢ τὸ γερόν. Ἔχω εἰς τὴν γῆν Ἡμιθέας, Φαῦνας, ἢ Νύμφας, ἔχω Σατύρας, καὶ Σιλβανες, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη δὲν θέλομεν νὰ ἔλθουν νὰ λάβουν αὐτο

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 23

μὴ σκανδαλιστῆτε ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι νὰ ἦσαν βέβαιοι, καὶ ἐλεύθερος ἀπὸ κάθε κίνδυνον, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ὁ κατηραμένος Λυκάων, πόσον γνωστὸς διὰ τὴν σκληρότητά του, αὐθάδιασε νὰ ἐπιβουλευθῆ ἐμὲ, ὡς τις κρατῶ τὴν περίοδόν μου εἰς τὰς χεῖράς του, ἐμὲ τὸν κύριόν σας, ἐμὲ, τὸν ὁποῖον σεῖς γνωρίζετε Βασιλέα, ἢ Μονάρχην; Κάθε εἷς τῶν Θεῶν λαμβάνοντας ἀρκετὸν ζυμὸν ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν ὁμιλίαν, ἀποφάσισαν ὅλοι κοινῶς νὰ τιμωρήσουν τὸν ἔργον τόσον μιαρῆς, καὶ σκληρᾶς. Τοιοῦτον ὅπως ὅταν μερικοὶ κακοῦργοι ἐπάσχισαν συνεκδότως νὰ σβύσουν τὸ Ρωμαϊκὸν ὄνομα μὲ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἐτρόμαξεν ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος μὲ μίαν τοιαύτην ἀφανδότητον κατερρφωσιν, καὶ ὁ ζῆλος τῶν φίλων σου, ὦ μέγιστε Αὔγουστε, σὲ ἔφανε πόσον χρηστὸς, ὅσον ὁ ζῆλος τῶν Θεῶν ἔφανε ἀρεστὸς εἰς τὸν Δία· ὁ ὁποῖος ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἔκαμε νὰ παύσῃ ἡ σύγχυσις, καὶ νὰ γίνῃ ἡσυχία, καὶ σιωπὴ, ἀνέλαβε πάλιν τὸν λόγον καὶ εἶπε· Μὴ ἐμβαίνεσθε εἰς κόπον, ὦ Θεοί, ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ κακὸς ὑπέδοξε· ἀλλὰ πρέπον εἶναι νὰ σᾶς φανερώσω τὸ ἔγκλημά του, καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς ἐπουσίας του, καὶ τῆς τιμωρίας, ὁποῦ ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ λόγου μου. Ὅταν ἡ μεγάλη φήμη τῶν κακῶν, καὶ τῆς ἀνομίας τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἔφθασεν εἰς τὰ αὐτία μου, βέβαια ἐπεθύμησα νὰ φανῇ ψευδὴς αὐτὴ ἡ φήμη, καὶ κατέβηκα κάτω ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ γίνω αὐτόπτης, κρύπτοντας τὴν Θεότητά μου εἰς ἀνθρώπινον σχῆμα, περιῆλθον ὅλην τὴν γῆν. Ἂν ἤθελα νὰ σᾶς διηγήσω ὅσα ἐπαθήματα, καὶ ὅσας παρανομίας εἶδα εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἔπρεπε νὰ σᾶς κάμω μίαν διεξοδικὴν

Nec caelo contenta suo est Iovis ira, sed illum
275caeruleus frater iuvat auxiliaribus undis.
Convocat hic amnes. Qui postquam tecta tyranni
intravere sui, “non est hortamine longo
nunc” ait “utendum. Vires effundite vestras:
sic opus est! aperite domos ac mole remota
280fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas!”
Iusserat; hi redeunt ac fontibus ora relaxant
et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu.
Ipse tridente suo terram percussit: at illa
intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum.
285Exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos
cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque
tectaque cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris.
Siqua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto
indeiecta malo, culmen tamen altior huius
290unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres.
Iamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant:
omnia pontus erant; deerant quoque litora ponto.
loudly the thunders roll; the torrents pour;
Iris, the messenger of Juno, clad
in many coloured raiment, upward draws
the steaming moisture to renew the clouds.
The standing grain is beaten to the ground,
the rustic's crops are scattered in the mire,
and he bewails the long year's fruitless toil.
The wrath of Jove was not content with powers
that emanate from Heaven; he brought to aid
his azure brother, lord of flowing waves,
who called upon the Rivers and the Streams:
and when they entered his impearled abode,
Neptune, their ancient ruler, thus began;
“A long appeal is needless; pour ye forth
in rage of power; open up your fountains;
rush over obstacles; let every stream
pour forth in boundless floods.” Thus he commands,
and none dissenting all the River Gods
return, and opening up their fountains roll
tumultuous to the deep unfruitful sea.
The Flood

Jupiter�s anger is not satisfied with only his own aerial waters: his brother the sea-god helps him, with the ocean waves. He calls the rivers to council, and when they have entered their ruler�s house, says �Now is not the time for long speeches! Exert all your strength. That is what is needed. Throw open your doors, drain the dams, and loose the reins of all your streams!� Those are his commands. The rivers return and uncurb their fountains� mouths, and race an unbridled course to the sea.

Neptune himself strikes the ground with his trident, so that it trembles, and with that blow opens up channels for the waters. Overflowing, the rivers rush across the open plains, sweeping away at the same time not just orchards, flocks, houses and human beings, but sacred temples and their contents. Any building that has stood firm, surviving the great disaster undamaged, still has its roof drowned by the highest waves, and its towers buried below the flood.� And now the land and sea are not distinct, all is the sea, the sea without a shore.

πέρασε τὸ Μεγάλον ὄρος, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι γεμάτον ἀπὸ ἄγρια ζῶα, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο τῆς Κυλλήνου, καὶ τὰς πίτυας τῆς Λυκίας ὄρος, ἔφθασα εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, καὶ ἐμβῆκα τὸ ἐσώτερον εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τῆς Τυράννου ἐκείνης τῆς Ἐπαρχίας, δίδοντας πρότερον κάποια σημεῖα ὅτι ἔφθασεν ἕνας Θεός· εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα καταπλησθεὶς ὁ λαός, ἤρχισε νὰ προσεύχεται, καὶ νὰ μὲ παρακαλῇ· ἀλλ' ὁ Λυκάων ἤρχισε νὰ γελᾷ, ἐμπαίζοντας τὸν Θεόν, καὶ τὰς εὐχάς, ὁποὺ ἔκαμεν ὁ λαός. Θέλω δοκιμάσει, λέγει, ἂν οὗτος εἶναι Θεός, ἢ ἄνθρωπος, ἢ θέλω κάμη μίαν δοκιμήν, ἡ ὁποῖα θέλει λύσει ὅλας τὰς ἀμφιβολίας, καὶ θέλει δεῖξει ὅλην τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Καὶ οὕτως ἐσκεδάσθη νὰ μὲ φονεύσῃ ἐξάφνα κοιμώμενον, καὶ ἡ δοκιμή, ὁποὺ ἤθελε νὰ κάμῃ διὰ νὰ μὲ γνωρίσῃ ποῖος εἶμαι, ἦτον τοιαύτη· Ἔσφαξαν ἕθεν ἀπὸ ἐκείνους, ὁποὺ οἱ Μολοσσοὶ τοῦ εἶχον στείλει ὁμήρους, καὶ προστάξε νὰ μοῦ ἑτοιμασθῇ βραστὸν τὸ μέρος τοῦ κορμίου ἐκείνου τοῦ δυστυχοῦς νέου, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο ψητόν, μ' ὅλον ὅτι ἦταν ἀκόμη ζεστόν, καὶ ἐτρέμετο. Μόλις δὲ προσέταξε νὰ τὸ βάλουν εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, καὶ ἐγὼ προστάξα τὸ πῦρ νὰ κατακάψῃ ἐκεῖνον τὸν οἶκον, πρὸς τιμωρίαν τῆς οἰκοδεσπότου. Ἠμπορεῖτε νὰ σκεφθῆτε πόσον ζῆλον τῆς προξένησεν ἐκεῖνο τὸ συμβεβηκός. Φεύγει λοιπὸν ἔξω εἰς τὰς κάμπους, φωνάζει θέλοντας νὰ παρακαλεθῇ, ἀλλ' ἀντὶ νὰ λαλήσῃ ὠρύεται, κοπιάζοντας ματαίως νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον, καὶ οὕτω δὴ ἀπολαμβάνει ἀπὸ λόγου ποὺ ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ λύσσαν, ἐξασκῶντας εἰς τὰ ζῶα ἐκείνην τὴν αἱμοβόρον του ὄρεξιν, ὁποὺ εἶχον ἐπιθυμῶντας τοὺς φόνους, καθὼς

εἰς νὰ θέλη ἄλλω ἐοοίες. Τὰ ῥούχα του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἔιχας σαληρας, καὶ τὰ χέιειά του ἄγνια ποδδεια, καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω σωτόμως ἄγνιε Λύος, καὶ καθὼς εἶχε φρότερον ποιαύτηρ φύσιν, ἐφύλαξε καὶ τώρα εἰς τὴν νέαν του μορφὴν τὴν παλαιὰν του ἀπανθρωπίαν. Ἔχει λυσσότητα τὴν ἴδια, ὡς καὶ φρότερον, φαίνεται ἡ αὐτη ἀγρότης τὰ προσώπις του, καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ πῦρ εἰς τὰ ὁμμάτιά του· αὐτοῦ εἶναι πάντε ἡ εἰκὼν τῆς σκληρότητος.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Occupat hic collem, cumba sedet alter adunca
et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat,
295ille supra segetes aut mersae culmina villae
navigat, hic summa piscem deprendit in ulmo.
Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, ancora prato,
aut subiecta terunt curvae vineta carinae;
et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae,
300nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae.
Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque
Nereides, silvasque tenent delphines et altis
incursant ramis agitataque robora pulsant.
Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones,
305unda vehit tigres, nec vires fulminis apro,
crura nec ablato prosunt velocia cervo.
Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere possit,
in mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis.
Obruerat tumulos inmensa licentia ponti,
310pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus.
Maxima pars unda rapitur; quibus unda pepercit,
illos longa domant inopi ieiunia victu.
And Neptune with his trident smote the Earth,
which trembling with unwonted throes heaved up
the sources of her waters bare; and through
her open plains the rapid rivers rushed
resistless, onward bearing the waving grain,
the budding groves, the houses, sheep and men,—
and holy temples, and their sacred urns.
The mansions that remained, resisting vast
and total ruin, deepening waves concealed
and whelmed their tottering turrets in the flood
and whirling gulf. And now one vast expanse,
the land and sea were mingled in the waste
of endless waves—a sea without a shore.
One desperate man seized on the nearest hill;
another sitting in his curved boat,
plied the long oar where he was wont to plow;
another sailed above his grain, above
his hidden dwelling; and another hooked
a fish that sported in a leafy elm.
Perchance an anchor dropped in verdant fields,
or curving keels were pushed through tangled vines;
The world is drowned

There one man escapes to a hilltop, while another seated in his rowing boat pulls the oars over places where lately he was ploughing. One man sails over his cornfields or over the roof of his drowned farmhouse, while another man fishes in the topmost branches of an elm. Sometimes, by chance, an anchor embeds itself in a green meadow, or the curved boats graze the tops of vineyards. Where lately lean goats browsed shapeless seals play. The Nereids are astonished to see woodlands, houses and whole towns under the water. There are dolphins in the trees: disturbing the upper branches and stirring the oak-trees as they brush against them. Wolves swim among the sheep, and the waves carry tigers and tawny lions. The boar has no use for his powerful tusks, the deer for its quick legs, both are swept away together, and the circling bird, after a long search for a place to land, falls on tired wings into the water. The sea in unchecked freedom has buried the hills, and fresh waves beat against the mountaintops. The waters wash away most living things, and those the sea spares, lacking food, are defeated by slow starvation.

Ἅπως ὁ Μῦθος, ὥς τὸν σοφώτατα κάλλα, εἶναι μία καλὴ γενεσιλογία, ὅτι διδάσκει τοὺς Βασιλείας, καὶ Ἡγεμόνας νὰ μὴ κάμνουν τίποτε αὐθάδεια, καὶ χωρὶς καλῶν ἐξέτασιν. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς θέλοντας νὰ τιμωρήσῃ τὴν κακίαν, συναθροίζει τὸ συνέδριον ὅλων τῶν Θεῶν, ὅθεν νὰ βουλεύσῃ ἀπὸ τὴν τιμωρίαν των. Συναθροίζει δὲ ὄχι μόνον τοὺς μεγάλους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς μικροὺς, θέλοντας νὰ δείξῃ με ταῦτο ὅτι οἱ Αὐθέπται δὲν ὀφείλουν νὰ συμβουλεύωνται μόνον τοὺς μεγάλους Ἄρχοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πλέον ταπεινοτέρους ἀνθρώπους, καὶ ὅτι καθὼς ἦτον ἀρκετὸν εἰς αὐτοὺς τοὺς μικροὺς Θεοὺς νὰ εἶναι ἁπλῶς Θεοὶ, διὰ νὰ ἔχουσι τόπον εἰς τὸ Συμβούλιον τοῦ Διὸς, οὕτως εἶναι ἀρκετὸν εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὥς καὶ ταπεινοὺς, νὰ εἶναι μόνον τὸ δίκαιοι, διὰ νὰ ἔχουσι τόπον εἰς τὰ Συμβούλια τῶν Ἡγεμόνων. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί μυθολογεῖ, ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς παράγγειλεν ἅπαν τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ μάλιστα εἰς ἐκείνας, ὅπου ἡ φήμη λέγει δὲ τὰ μέγαλα ἀδικήματα, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων; Ταῦτα λογίζομαι, ὡς νομίζω, διὰ νὰ μάθουν οἱ Ἄρχοντες νὰ μὴ πιστεύουν ὅσα ἀκοῦν, καὶ νὰ θεωροῦν με τὰ ἴδια των ὀμμάτα τὰ

Πεῖ δὲ τὰ Λυκάονος εἶπας βέβαιον ὅτι ἐλέγχατίσε Βασιλεὺς ἦτον Ἀρκαδίας σκληρὸς καὶ ἀπάνθρωπος τόσον, ὡς καὶ φίλης, ἥμιστε συμμάχης ἐμφάνει. Ἡ γὰρ ἔπεμψε αὐτὸς, φῶτος παρέβη τὰς εἰσάκω χάξες ἐ διὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς, ὡπὸ γίνονται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλέισον μετάξὺ τῆς πο λυσέδης, ὡς ὑπὲρ τὰς παρέβη Δυσίάζωπης τῆ Διὸ τῆς ὀμήρης, ὅτι τὰ τὰ ἐξ ἰχον σείλη οἱ Μολοσοὶ εἰς εὐφγαιρον, καὶ ξήτως ὑπεπάξες αὐτὸ τὸ ἔσίος, ὅπε ἦτον ἀπλέξατον, ἴς εἰπολει τὰ ὑποτάχθη, ἔρ ῥέῦσθη ὅτι τὰς κατέπιει, ὡς ὁ Λύκος τὰ ἀφέβαιε· καὶ ὑπεῖθι ὄνο μάζετο Λυκάων, ἔλαβον ἐκ τήτῃ ἀφορμώμ οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ εἴσθω ἐ τι μεταμορφάθη εἰς Λύκον. Καὶ ἐπείδὴ δέν εἶναι φράγμα σκληρό τερον εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπον ἀπό αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἴτων ἀληστοῦ, ἐ κείνο ὁ πῶ εἶναι, γεμίζω ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος ἔδωκεν αἴτιας εἰς τὸ ῥητὸν, ὅπου λέγει. Homo homo mini Lupus, δηλαδὴ ἀνθρώπός ἀνθρώπῳ Λύκες, ἤ αὐτό τὸ ῥητὸν ἔδωκεν ἀφορμώμ τῷ Μύθῳ.

Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis,
terra ferax, dum terra fuit, sed tempore in illo
315pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum.
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,
nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes.
Hic ubi Deucalion (nam cetera texerat aequor)
cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit,
320Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant
fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat.
Non illo melior quisquam nec amantior aequi
vir fuit aut illa metuentior ulla deorum.
Iuppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem
325et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum,
et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam,
innocuos ambo, cultores numinis ambo,
nubila disiecit nimbisque aquilone remotis
et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris.
330Nec maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo
mulcet aquas rector pelagi supraque profundum
exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum
caeruleum Tritona vocat conchaeque sonanti
inspirare iubet fluctusque et flumina signo
335iam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi,
tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo,
bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto,
litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo.
Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba
340contigit et cecinit iussos inflata receptus,
omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis,
et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes.
Iam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes,
flumina subsidunt collesque exire videntur,
345surgit humus, crescunt loca decrescentibus undis,
postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae
ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum.
and where the gracile goat enjoyed the green,
unsightly seals reposed. Beneath the waves
were wondering Nereids, viewing cities, groves
and houses. Dolphins darting mid the trees,
meshed in the twisted branches, beat against
the shaken oak trees. There the sheep, affrayed,
swim with the frightened wolf, the surging waves
float tigers and lions: availeth naught
his lightning shock the wild boar, nor avails
the stag's fleet footed speed. The wandering bird,
seeking umbrageous groves and hidden vales,
with wearied pinion droops into the sea.
The waves increasing surge above the hills,
and rising waters dash on mountain tops.
Myriads by the waves are swept away,
and those the waters spare, for lack of food,
starvation slowly overcomes at last.
A fruitful land and fair but now submerged
beneath a wilderness of rising waves,
'Twixt Oeta and Aonia, Phocis lies,
where through the clouds Parnassus' summits twain
point upward to the stars, unmeasured height,
save which the rolling billows covered all:
there in a small and fragile boat, arrived,
Deucalion and the consort of his couch,
prepared to worship the Corycian Nymphs,
the mountain deities, and Themis kind,
who in that age revealed in oracles
the voice of fate. As he no other lived
so good and just, as she no other feared
the Gods.
When Jupiter beheld the globe
in ruin covered, swept with wasting waves,
and when he saw one man of myriads left,
one helpless woman left of myriads lone,
both innocent and worshiping the Gods,
he scattered all the clouds; he blew away
the great storms by the cold northwind.
Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha

Phocis, a fertile country when it was still land, separates Aonia from Oeta, though at that time it was part of the sea, a wide expanse of suddenly created water. There Mount Parnassus lifts its twin steep summits to the stars, its peaks above the clouds. When Deucalion and his wife landed here in their small boat, everywhere else being drowned by the waters, they worshipped the Corycian nymphs, the mountain gods, and the goddess of the oracles, prophetic Themis. No one was more virtuous or fonder of justice than he was, and no woman showed greater reverence for the gods. When Jupiter saw the earth covered with the clear waters, and that only one man was left of all those thousands of men, only one woman left of all those thousands of women, both innocent and both worshippers of the gods, he scattered the clouds and mist, with the north wind, and revealed the heavens to the earth and the earth to the sky.� It was no longer an angry sea, since the king of the oceans putting aside his three-pronged spear calmed the waves, and called sea-dark Triton, showing from the depths his shoulders thick with shells, to blow into his echoing conch and give the rivers and streams the signal to return. He lifted the hollow shell that coils from its base in broad spirals, that shell that filled with his breath in mid-ocean makes the eastern and the western shores sound. So now when it touched the god�s mouth, and dripping beard, and sounded out the order for retreat, it was heard by all the waters on earth and in the ocean, and all the waters hearing it were checked. Now the sea has shorelines, the brimming rivers keep to their channels, the floods subside, and hills appear. Earth rises, the soil increasing as the water ebbs, and finally the trees show their naked tops, the slime still clinging to their leaves.

Τέλος πάντων ἐλέγχεται μὲ τὸ τοῦ πλάσματος ἡ ἀσέβεια, ἀπιστία, ἢ ἡ ἄτιμος καὶ κακὴ ὑποδοχή, ὅπως κακῶν ἰδιούντες θεοὺς γῆν· ὁπλὰ τί εἶναι κακοῦ ἡ φιλοξενία· Λιτίσμος μὲ τὸ γραμμένον καθόλου, μᾶς ἀφ' ἀνθρώπης κοινωνίας, καὶ ἱματοποίησης τοὺς πόσον τὸν πολλὸν σχεδίας, ἐνόχου ὄντες τοῦ Ξενίου. Ὁ Τῆος Αἴσιος, ὁ Λογμὸν ὑπολέτας τῆς Ῥωμαίων σταν Ἰσραήλης, δείχνει εἰς ἕνα μέρος τῆς Συμποσίου τῷ πόσον ἐτίμιζε οἱ Παλαιοὶ τὴν φιλοξενίαν, λέγωντας ὅτι ἕνας κάποιος Βάδιος ἐκ τῆς Κάπαυς, ὅπου εἶχεν ἀκολούθησθη τὸν Ἄγιβα, ἠρνήθη δημοσίως ἐμπορέσθη εἰς τὰ δύο χρηστάυματα τῶν φιλοξενίαν, ὅπου

Ὅπως ἠφανίσθη ἐξ μόνον ἀσήτιον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅλα μόρον δὲν ἦτον ἄξιον ἀφανισμοῦ. Τὰ ἐγκλήματα, ἡδ αἱ τῆ Ἅδου Ἐρινύες ἀπλώνυν τὸ βασιλείόν των εἰς ὅλην τὴν γῆν, ὥστε ἠμπορέμεν νὰ εἰπώμεν ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὁρκίσθησαν νὰ μὴ γάμουν ἄλλο τι παρὰ ἀδικίας. Πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ ὑποφέρουν ὅλοι τὴν τιμωρίαν, τῆς ὁποίας ἔγιναν ἔνοχοι. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπεφάσισα· ἡδ ἤθελα κάμει μεγάλην ἀδικίαν, ἂν δὲν τοὺς ἐτιμώρια ὅλους κοινῶς, ἐπειδὴ ὅλοι εἶναι ἄξιοι νὰ τιμωρηθῶσι. Ἓν μέρος τῶν Θεῶν ἐπαίνεσε τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ τοῦ Διὸς, ἡδ τὴν ἐπαρακίνουσεν εἰς τοῦτο μάλιστα· τὸ δὲ ἄλλο μέρος ἐπέσενε τὴν γνώμην του, χωρὶς ὅμως νὰ τὸν παρακάμη καθὼς τὸ πρῶτον. Ὡστόσον δὲν ἦτον κανένας, ὅπου νὰ μὴ ἐστενοχωρήθη διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης γενεᾶς· ἰ λυπημένοι, ἐφώναξαν εἰς τὸν Δία, ποῖος εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς ἤθελε προσφέρῃ τὰ θυμιάματα εἰς τὰς βωμὰς των, ἰ τί ἤμελλε νὰ γείνῃ ἡ γῆ, χωρὶς νὰ ἔχῃ ἐνκατοίκους, ἡδ ἂν ἤθελε δώσει ἄδειαν εἰς τὰ ἄγρια ζῶα νὰ τὴν γυρίσουν; Ὁ Ζεῦς ὅμως, ἀφοῦ εἶχε τὴν φροντίδα ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, τοὺς ὑπάξεν ὅτι ἤθελε ξαναγεμίσει πάλιν τὴν γῆν με νέον λαὸν, ὅπου δὲν ἤθελε παρομοιάζει τὸν πρῶτον, τοῦ ὁποίου λαοῦ ἡ γέννησις νὰ εἶναι θαυμασιωτάτη. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ὁ Ζεῦς ἦτον ἕτοιμος νὰ ρίψῃ τοὺς κεραυνοὺς του εἰς ὅλην τὴν γῆν φοβούμενος ὅμως νὰ μήπως καῇ ὁ ἀὴρ ἀπὸ τὰς τόσας μεγάλας φλόγας, ἡδ

πὸ μέσω ἀπολεσθῇ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν πάντα τοῦτον, ἵνα γίνῃ ὁ ἀφανισμὸς παγκόσμιος, ἀλλάξε γνώμην· μάλιστα ἐνθυμούμενος ὅτι, κατὰ τὰ εἰρημένα, ἔμελλε μίαν ἡμέραν νὰ πάῃ ἡ γῆ, ἡ θάλασσα, ὁ οὐρανὸς, ἢ ὅτι αὕτη ἡ μεγάλη φωτιὰ ἤθελε βάλῃ εἰς κίνδυνον τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον, ἀφῆκε τὰ συνήθη του ὅπλα, τὰ ὁποῖα κατασκευάζονται ἀπὸ τοὺς Κύκλωπας. καὶ ἐσκέφθη νὰ μεταχειρισθῇ ἄλλην παιδείαν, δηλαδὴ νὰ ἀφανίσῃ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος μὲ τὰ νερά, προστάζων τες νὰ χυθῶν χείμαρροι ἀπὸ πᾶσαν μέρος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, διὰ νὰ τιμωρήσῃ τοὺς θνητούς. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἐσφάλισε τὸν Βορέαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια τοῦ Αἰόλου, ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνέμους, ὅσοι ξηραίνουν τὴν γῆν, ἢ σκορπίζουν τὰ σύννεφα, καὶ ἀφῆκεν ἐλεύθερον μόνον τὸν Νότον, ὁ ὁποῖος εὐθὺς ἐπέταξε μὲ τὰς ὑγρὰς του πτέρυγας, συσκοτισμένος ἀπὸ τὸ σκότος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔκρυβε τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπὸ τὸν Κόσμον. Ἦτον τὸ μέτωπόν του φορτωμένον σύννεφα, μὲ ρίζας ποὺ ἦσαν τόσαι ῥυάκες, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν του κατοικημένον μὲ κατεχῶνα, καὶ ἐξέβγαινον ἀπὸ τὰς πτέρυγάς του τόσοι ποταμοί, ὅσα ἦτον τὰ πτερά του. Ἀφοῦ ἐσύναξε τὰ σύννεφα, ὅπου ἦσαν σκορπισμένα εἰς διάφορα μέρη, καὶ τὰ ἔσφιξε μὲ τὰ ζωηρά του χέρια, ἔγινε μεγαλωτάτη βροχὴ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ἔχυθησαν ἐν ταὐτῷ μεγαλώτατοι ποταμοί, ὥστε ἐτρόμαξαν ὅλην γῆν. Ὡσαύτως ἡ ὑπηρέτρια τῆς Ἥρας, δηλαδὴ ἡ Ἶρις, ἐνδεδυμένη εἰς φόρεμα ποικιλόχροον, συνηθροίζες ὑδάτινα νερά, καὶ ἐφόρτωνεν εἰς τὰ σύννεφα. Τὰ σιτάλεια ἐδιασκορπίσθησαν, οἱ γεωργοὶ δακρυσμένοι ἔβλεπον τὰς κόπους των νὰ χάθωνται εἰς ὀλίγον διάστημα, καὶ ἐπροσέφερον εἰς μάτην δεήσεις πρὸς τοὺς Θεούς. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ζεὺς δὲν ἀ

Redditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vidit inanem
et desolatas agere alta silentia terras,
350Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis:
“O soror, o coniunx, o femina sola superstes,
quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,
deinde torus iunxit, nunc ipsa pericula iungunt,
terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus,
355nos duo turba sumus; possedit cetera pontus.
Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae
certa satis; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem.
Quis tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses,
nunc animus, miseranda, foret? quo sola timorem
360ferre modo posses? quo consolante doleres?
Namque ego (crede mihi) si te quoque pontus haberet,
te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet.
O utinam possim populos reparare paternis
artibus atque animas formatae infundere terrae!
365Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus
(sic visum superis) hominumque exempla manemus.”
Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari
numen et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes.
Nulla mora est: adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas,
370ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes.
Inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores
vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae
ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi
pallebant musco stabantque sine ignibus arae.
375Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque
pronus humi gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo
atque ita “si precibus” dixerunt “numina iustis
victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum,
dic, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri
380arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.”
Once more
the earth appeared to heaven and the skies
appeared to earth. The fury of the main
abated, for the Ocean ruler laid
his trident down and pacified the waves,
and called on azure Triton.—Triton arose
above the waving seas, his shoulders mailed
in purple shells.—He bade the Triton blow,
blow in his sounding shell, the wandering streams
and rivers to recall with signal known:
a hollow wreathed trumpet, tapering wide
and slender stemmed, the Triton took amain
and wound the pearly shell at midmost sea.
Betwixt the rising and the setting suns
the wildered notes resounded shore to shore,
and as it touched his lips, wet with the brine
beneath his dripping beard, sounded retreat:
and all the waters of the land and sea
obeyed. Their fountains heard and ceased to flow;
their waves subsided; hidden hills uprose;
emerged the shores of ocean; channels filled
with flowing streams; the soil appeared; the land
increased its surface as the waves decreased:
and after length of days the trees put forth,
with ooze on bending boughs, their naked tops.
And all the wasted globe was now restored,
but as he viewed the vast and silent world
Deucalion wept and thus to Pyrrha spoke;
“O sister! wife! alone of woman left!
My kindred in descent and origin!
Dearest companion of my marriage bed,
doubly endeared by deepening dangers borne,—
of all the dawn and eve behold of earth,
but you and I are left—for the deep sea
has kept the rest! And what prevents the tide
from overwhelming us? Remaining clouds
affright us. How could you endure your fears
if you alone were rescued by this fate,
and who would then console your bitter grief?
Oh be assured, if you were buried in the waves,
that I would follow you and be with you!
Oh would that by my father's art I might
restore the people, and inspire this clay
to take the form of man. Alas, the Gods
decreed and only we are living!”, Thus
Deucalion's plaint to Pyrrha;—and they wept.
And after he had spoken, they resolved
to ask the aid of sacred oracles,—
They ask Themis for help

The world was restored. But when Deucalion saw its emptiness, and the deep silence of the desolate lands, he spoke to Pyrrha, through welling tears. �Wife, cousin, sole surviving woman, joined to me by our shared race, our family origins, then by the marriage bed, and now joined to me in danger, we two are the people of all the countries seen by the setting and the rising sun, the sea took all the rest. Even now our lives are not guaranteed with certainty: the storm clouds still terrify my mind. How would you feel now, poor soul, if the fates had willed you to be saved, but not me? How could you endure your fear alone? Who would comfort your tears? Believe me, dear wife, if the sea had you, I would follow you, and the sea would have me too. If only I, by my father�s arts, could recreate earth�s peoples, and breathe life into the shaping clay! The human race remains in us. The gods willed it that we are the only examples of mankind left behind.� He spoke and they wept, resolving to appeal to the sky-god, and ask his help by sacred oracles. Immediately they went side by side to the springs of Cephisus that, though still unclear, flowed in its usual course. When they had sprinkled their heads and clothing with its watery libations, they traced their steps to the temple of the sacred goddess, whose pediments were green with disfiguring moss, her altars without fire. When they reached the steps of the sanctuary they fell forward together and lay prone on the ground, and kissing the cold rock with trembling lips, said �If the gods wills soften, appeased by the prayers of the just, if in this way their anger can be deflected, Themis tell us by what art the damage to our race can be repaired, and bring help, most gentle one, to this drowned world!�

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 29

Σημόν εἰς τὰ ἄρματα, ὅπως ὡρμήχθη εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν ὁ ἀδελφός του ἔρχεται εἰς βοήθειαν του μέ τὰ νερά του, ἡ ἐσυνάθροισεν ὅλης τῆς ποταμῆς, ἡ ἀφ' ἐτοῦ ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸ Παλάτιόν του, τῆς εἶπε· μὴ σοχαῖς ἐσθε σεῖς πῶρα ὅτι θέλετε δουλύειν τὸν Δία, ὄχι· ἀλλὰ θέλετε δουλύειν ἐμὲ τὸν αὐθέντην σας, ἡ κύριον. Δείξετε εἰς ὅλα τὰ μέρη τὶ δύναμι νὰ ἔχῃ ἡ ὁρμήσας ἡ βία· ἀνοίξατε τὰς πηγάς σας, συντρίψατε ὅλα τὰ ἐμπόδια, ὅπου σας χαλινώνουν, ἡ δώσετε εἰς τὰ νερά σας πᾶσαν ἐλευθερίαν. Λαμβάνοντες αὐτήν τὴν ἀφορμήν οἱ ποταμοί, ἔτρεξαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια των, ἡ μαθ' ὑσας, ἀνοίξαν τὰς πόρτας, ὅπου περιεπλήσιον τὰ νερά των· ἐσήλασαν ἀπὸ κάθε μέρος τὰ ἐμπόδια, ἡ τὰ φράγματα, ὅπου ἀντιστέκοντα εἰς τὸν Σιμόντων, ἡ μὲ βίαιον ξέξιμον, ἐρρίφθησαν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Τότε ὁ Ποσειδῶν κτυπώντας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὴν Τρίαιναν του, τὴν ἔκαμε μὲ τὸν φόβον τοῦ κτυπήματος ξεπέρασσα νὰ ἀνοίξῃ εἰς τὰ νερὰ νέας δρόμους. Οἱ ποταμοὶ ξεχειλίζοντες ἐχύθησαν εἰς τὰ κάμπα, ἡ ἥρπαξαν ἀδιαφόρως, ἡ τὰ δένδρα, ἡ τὰ φυτά, ἡ τὰ ζῶα, ἡ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἡ τὰ παλάτια, ἡ τοὺς Ναούς. Ἂν κάπου σπίτιον ἔμενεν ὀρθόν, ἡ ἂν ἐδυνήθη νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὴν βίαν τοιαύτου μεγάλου κακοῦ, αὐτὸ ἐσκεπάσθη ἀπὸ τὰ νερὰ. Δὺο ἐστήθησαν πύργοι τόσον ὑψηλοί, ὥστε νὰ μὴν ἐμβαπτίσθησαν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν φοβερὰν ἄβυσσον. Οὕτως ἡ γῆ, ἡ ἡ θάλασσα ἐσυγχύσθησαν ἀναμεταξύ των, χωρὶς νὰ εἶναι καμμία διαφορὰ ἀναμέσον εἰς τὰ δύω αὐτὰ στοιχεῖα. Ὅλη ἡ Οἰκουμένη ἦτον μία θάλασσα, ὅπου δὲν εἶχεν οὔτε λιμένα, οὔτε παραθαλάσσιον. Ἀπὸ τῆς

φυγῆς, ἄλλοι εἰς πλοῖα, μεταχειριζόμενοι τὸ μαστέπεϊ, ὅπου παρότερον μετεχειρίζοντο τὸ ἀλέτειο· ἄλλοι πάλιν ἐκολυμβοῦσαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ σπίτεια, ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τῶν σωστίων δένδρων, ὅπου ἦσαν βεβυθισμένα εἰς τὰ νερὰ, καὶ ἄλλοι ἀναβαίνοντες εἰς τὰ ὑψηλότερα δένδρα να ἐλευθερωθῇ, ἐπεὶ εὔρισκον ὁ τόπος· Ἂν κατὰ τύχην ἤθελε ρίψῃ τις τὴν ἄγκυραν, αὕτη ἐνέβαινεν εἰς τὰ λιβάδι, ἢ εἰς ἀμπέλι· καὶ τὰ πέρατα τῆς θαλάσσης ἀναπαύονται ἐκεῖ, ὅπου τὰ παρόβατα, ἢ τὰ γίδια ἐσυνήθιζαν να βόσκουν, καὶ να ἡσυχάζουν. Αἱ Νηρεΐδες ἀπορήσαν βλέψασαι ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ νερὰ δάση, πόλεις, καὶ οἰκήματα. Οἱ Δέλφινες περιπατήσαν εἰς τὰς δρῦς, ἢ φαίνονται οἱ Λύκοι να κολυμβοῦν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ παρόβατα. Τὸ νερὸν, ὅπου βασιλεύει εἰς πᾶν μέρος, φέρει τοὺς λέοντας, ἢ τὰς τίγρεις, ἢ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ ἀγριοχοίρου, δι᾽ οὐδὲν ὠφέλει τίποτε· ὁμοίως ἢ ἡ ταχύτης, ἢ ἐλαφρότης τῶν ἐλαφίων, τοὺς ὑποῦ παντάπασιν ἀνωφελῆς· ἢ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὰ πτηνὰ ἐξήτησαν πολλὸν καιρὸν τόπον, διὰ να ἀναπαυθοῦν, πίπτουσιν εἰς τὸ νερὸν ἀπὸ τὸν κόπον, καὶ πνίγουσιν. Τέλος πάντων αὐτὸ τὸ φοβερὸν ξεχείλισμα τῆς θαλάσσης ἔφθασεν ἕως εἰς τὰ ὑψηλότερα βουνὰ, τῆς ὁποίων τὰς κορυφὰς ἐδυσκολοῦντο οἱ ἄνεμοι να τὰς φθάσουν, τὰ δὲ κύματα χωρὶς δυσκολίαν τὰς ἐπλάκωσαν, εἰς τρόπον, ὥστε τὸ περισσότερον μέρος ἐκείνων, ὅπου ἐσκοπίζοντο εἰς τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν να εὕρουν καταφύγιον, ἔγιναν θῦμα, ἢ παίγνια τοῦ νερὸ, καὶ ἄλλοι, ὅπου τὰ νερὰ τοὺς ἀφύχησαν, ἐφθάρησαν ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖναν.

Mota dea est sortemque dedit: “Discedite templo
et velate caput cinctasque resolvite vestes
ossaque post tergum magnae iactate parentis.”
Obstipuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce
385Pyrrha prior iussisque deae parere recusat,
detque sibi veniam pavido rogat ore, pavetque
laedere iactatis maternas ossibus umbras.
Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris
verba datae sortis secum inter seque volutant.
390Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis
mulcet et “aut fallax” ait “est sollertia nobis,
aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent.
Magna parens terra est, lapides in corpore terrae
ossa reor dici; iacere hos post terga iubemur.”
395Coniugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est,
spes tamen in dubio est: adeo caelestibus ambo
diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit?
Discedunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt
et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt.
400Saxa (quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas?)
ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem
mollirique mora mollitaque ducere formam.
Mox ubi creverunt naturaque mitior illis
contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri
405forma potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepta,
non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.
Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco
et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum;
quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa;
410quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit;
inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa
missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum,
et de femineo reparata est femina iactu.
Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum
415et documenta damus qua simus origine nati.
and so they hastened to Cephissian waves
which rolled a turbid flood in channels known.
Thence when their robes and brows were sprinkled well,
they turned their footsteps to the goddess' fane:
its gables were befouled with reeking moss
and on its altars every fire was cold.
But when the twain had reached the temple steps
they fell upon the earth, inspired with awe,
and kissed the cold stone with their trembling lips,
and said; “If righteous prayers appease the Gods,
and if the wrath of high celestial powers
may thus be turned, declare, O Themis! whence
and what the art may raise humanity?
O gentle goddess help the dying world!”
Moved by their supplications, she replied;
“Depart from me and veil your brows; ungird
your robes, and cast behind you as you go,
the bones of your great mother.” Long they stood
in dumb amazement: Pyrrha, first of voice,
refused the mandate and with trembling lips
implored the goddess to forgive—she feared
to violate her mother's bones and vex
her sacred spirit. Often pondered they
the words involved in such obscurity,
repeating oft: and thus Deucalion
to Epimetheus' daughter uttered speech
of soothing import; “ Oracles are just
and urge not evil deeds, or naught avails
the skill of thought. Our mother is the Earth,
and I may judge the stones of earth are bones
that we should cast behind us as we go.”
And although Pyrrha by his words was moved
she hesitated to comply; and both amazed
doubted the purpose of the oracle,
but deemed no harm to come of trial. They,
descending from the temple, veiled their heads
and loosed their robes and threw some stones
behind them. It is much beyond belief,
were not receding ages witness, hard
and rigid stones assumed a softer form,
enlarging as their brittle nature changed
to milder substance,—till the shape of man
appeared, imperfect, faintly outlined first,
as marble statue chiseled in the rough.
The soft moist parts were changed to softer flesh,
the hard and brittle substance into bones,
the veins retained their ancient name. And now
the Gods supreme ordained that every stone
Deucalion threw should take the form of man,
and those by Pyrrha cast should woman's form
assume: so are we hardy to endure
and prove by toil and deeds from what we sprung.
The human race is re-created

The goddess was moved, and uttered oracular speech: �Leave the temple and with veiled heads and loosened clothes throw behind you the bones of your great mother!� For a long time they stand there, dumbfounded. Pyrrha is first to break the silence: she refuses to obey the goddess�s command. Her lips trembling she asks for pardon, fearing to offend her mother�s spirit by scattering her bones. Meanwhile they reconsider the dark words the oracle gave, and their uncertain meaning, turning them over and over in their minds. Then Prometheus�s son comforted Epimetheus�s daughter with quiet words: �Either this idea is wrong, or, since oracles are godly and never urge evil, our great mother must be the earth: I think the bones she spoke about are stones in the body of the earth. It is these we are told to throw behind us.�

Though the Titan�s daughter is stirred by her husband�s thoughts, still hope is uncertain: they are both so unsure of the divine promptings; but what harm can it do to try? They descended the steps, covered their heads and loosened their clothes, and threw the stones needed behind them. The stones, and who would believe it if it were not for ancient tradition, began to lose their rigidity and hardness, and after a while softened, and once softened acquired new form. Then after growing, and ripening in nature, a certain likeness to a human shape could be vaguely seen, like marble statues at first inexact and roughly carved. The earthy part, however, wet with moisture, turned to flesh; what was solid and inflexible mutated to bone; the veins stayed veins; and quickly, through the power of the gods, stones the man threw took on the shapes of men, and women were remade from those thrown by the woman.� So the toughness of our race, our ability to endure hard labour, and the proof we give of the source from which we are sprung.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 31

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Εις ὁ Μεταμορφώσεως Μῦθος ἴσχυει ἀφ' ἑκυθερίας ἠφ' Ἀρχόντων, ὁ παρὸν εἶναι ἀπὸ ἱερσίαν ὑλῶν κοινὸς ἠφ' ἀνθρώπων ἐπειδῆ καὶ εἰς τὰ γερὰ ἐκληθεῖσαν ἠ ἄρχοντες ἠ ἀρχόμενοι τὸν αὐτὸν κίνδυνον, παθῆ ἡ δύναμις ἠφ μεγάλων δεῖ τῆς ἐβοηθείας καταστοῦ ὑπὸ τὴν ἀδυναμείας ἠφ μικρῶν, μαεθόμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Μύθου ὅτι πάσῃ ὠφέλει ἀείποτε νὰ εἶναι τῆς Βασιλέως ἠ ἡ ὑποψίη ἁγνὴ τὰ Θεῷ, ἠ ὅτι οἱ μεγάλοι ἠ οἱ μικροὶ δέν ἀμφοτέρων νὰ ἀντίγνωσιν τὰ Θεῷ παντοθεν ὁ σκοπὸς τὸ εἶναι σαθὴν εἰς τὴν ὀργὴν τὸ εὑρεθῆ ται μὲς ἱασθετηον μὲ τὸ παράδειγμα τὰ Δευκαλίωνος ἠ τῆς Πύρρας, (οἱ ἱστορίας ἑτέρας, ἠ λαβέται ἠφ Θεῶν, κτίζοντες εἰς αὐτὴν μὲ ἠχ ἀνθρωποποίησον ὑπὸ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν) ὅτι μὲ ἐπ' ἀδωράτως, ἠ ἰσακισμο τῆς ζωῆς ὑποκτὰ κάθης πῆ δείαν κάει, ἠ δύσπασι νὰ φυλαχθῆ ὑπὸ τὴν παγκόσμιον παγκατία.

Πειστὸν εἶνει ἰδῶ νὰ ἀποδείξω ὅτι ἐξησμάτισαν πολλοὶ Δεύκαλίωνες ἐπειδὴ δὲν μᾶς ὠφελεῖ τὸ ἱξάρρουθον. Ὅσοι δὲ ἦξ τῶν τὸν Δεύκαλίωνα τῆ Κατακλυσμὸ μυσάθιον ὅτι ἦτον υἱὸς τῆ Προμηθέως, δηλαδὴ τῆς φρονήσεως, ἦ εἰς αὐτὸν ὑποδεῖξαι τὴν ὀδὺκίαισιν τῆ ἀνθρωπίνης Γενῆς καθὼς ὑποδεῖξα εἰς τὸν Προμηθέα ἡ πλάσις τὰ ἀνθρώπης ἐπειδὴ μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὶ ἐν χον Δημιουργὸν ἀπέδιδοτι, ἦ ἀζεροι τῆς ἀσφαλείας κατοίκησαν εἰς τὰς πέτρας, ἦ εἰς τὰ ἀγάλια δένδρα, ἦ Δεύκαλίων, καὶ ἡ κησαν εἰς τὰς πέτρας, ἦ εἰς τὰ ἀγάμησι τῆ Πύρρα, δηλαδὶ κάθεψησιν τῆς ζωῆς ἀνεζούντης τῆς ὑπὸ τῆς σκληρῆς κατακλίας, τῆς σωθέντων ἀνθρώπων ἦ ἐκ τούτης ἔλαβον αἴτιαν οἱ

Νῦν αὖ ἔστησαν, ὦ ἐ ψάλου δεῦ ἐφ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰς τὸ ἱερόν, εἰ γὰρ πόσον μεγάλως ὅσον τὸ ζῆ ὑπὸ τὰ μέρη τῆ Κόσμο. Ὁ Πλούταρχος τῷ μαρτυρεῖ, ὡς ὁ Λάσκαρος, λέγοντας ὅτι εὑρέθη τὸ σπειστέρῳ ὑπὸ τῆς Κιβώτου, ἡ ὁποία ἔφερε σημεῖον ὅτι ἀναχώρησαν τὰ ὕδατα.

Λέγοσι φῦός τῷ τοῖς ὅτι ὁ Δεύκαλίων, μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμόν, ἐσυμβουλεύθη τῷ Θέμιδα, ἦ δὲν ἔκαμε ἄλλο τί παρὰ ὅ, τί νὰ ἐσκανδάξει ἐκείνῳ, ὡς νὰ ἐλέγομεν ὅτι ἐσυμβουλεύθη τὸν λόγον, ἦ τὴν φύσιν, διὰ ἡ Θέμις ἄλλο δὲν δηλοῖ παρὰ τὸν Νόμον τῆς Φύσεως ἦ τῶν κείσιν τὰ ἰσος, ὅπως διδάσκει τὸν ἄνθρωπον νὰ πράττῃ ὅσα εἶναι συγχωρημένα (ἐπειδὴ ἡ λέξις Θέμις ἑλληνιστὶ σημαίνει τὸ δίκαιον, τὸ συγχωρημένον) ἦδε κατ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐξεμελιώθη ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη Κοινωνία.

Cetera diversis tellus animalia formis
sponte sua peperit, postquam vetus umor ab igne
percaluit solis, caenumque udaeque paludes
intumuere aestu, fecundaque semina rerum
420vivaci nutrita solo ceu matris in alvo
creverunt faciemque aliquam cepere morando.
Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros
Nilus et antiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo
aetherioque recens exarsit sidere limus,
425plurima cultores versis animalia glaebis
inveniunt, et in his quaedam modo coepta per ipsum
nascendi spatium, quaedam inperfecta suisque
trunca vident numeris; et eodem in corpore saepe
altera pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus.
430Quippe ubi temperiem sumpsere umorque calorque,
concipiunt, et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus;
cumque sit ignis aquae pugnax, vapor umidus omnes
res creat, et discors concordia fetibus apta est.
Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti
435solibus aetheriis altoque recanduit aestu,
edidit innumeras species, partimque figuras
rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit.
And after this the Earth spontaneous
produced the world of animals, when all
remaining moistures of the mirey fens
fermented in the sun, and fruitful seeds
in soils nutritious grew to shapes ordained.
So when the seven streamed Nile from oozy fields
returneth duly to her ancient bed,
the sun's ethereal rays impregn the slime,
that haply as the peasants turn the soil
they find strange animals unknown before:
some in the moment of their birth, and some
deprived of limbs, imperfect; often part
alive and part of slime inanimate
are fashioned in one body. Heat combined
with moisture so conceives and life results
from these two things. For though the flames may be
the foes of water, everything that lives
begins in humid vapour, and it seems
discordant concord is the means of life.
When Earth, spread over with diluvian ooze,
felt heat ethereal from the glowing sun,
unnumbered species to the light she gave,
and gave to being many an ancient form,
or monster new created. Unwilling she
created thus enormous Python.—Thou
unheard of serpent spread so far athwart
Other species are generated

Earth spontaneously created other diverse forms of animal life. After the remaining moisture had warmed in the sun�s fire, the wet mud of the marshlands swelled with heat, and the fertile seeds of things, nourished by life-giving soil as if in a mother�s womb, grew, and in time acquired a nature. So, when the seven-mouthed Nile retreats from the drowned fields and returns to its former bed, and the fresh mud boils in the sun, farmers find many creatures as they turn the lumps of earth. Amongst them they see some just spawned, on the edge of life, some with incomplete bodies and number of limbs, and often in the same matter one part is alive and the other is raw earth. In fact when heat and moisture are mixed they conceive, and from these two things the whole of life originates. And though fire and water fight each other, heat and moisture create everything, and this discordant union is suitable for growth. So when the earth muddied from the recent flood glowed again heated by the deep heaven-sent light of the sun she produced innumerable species, partly remaking previous forms, partly creating new monsters.

Περὶ τῆς ἀναπλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου Γένους ὑπὸ τῆς Δευκαλίωνος, καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Πύρρας.

Ὁ Δευκαλίων, καὶ Πύρρα ἡ γυνή, σώθέντες ἐκ τῆς γενικῆς, μιᾶς Κατακλυσμῆς, ἐγέμισαν πάλιν τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπους καὶ διάφορον ζῶον, διὰ τῆς συμβουλῆς τῆς Θεᾶς Θέμιδος.

Φωκὶς, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι μεταξὺ τῆς Ἀττικῆς, καὶ Βοιωτίας, ἦτον μία γῆ εὔκαρπος πρὸ τῆς Κατακλυσμῆς. ὕστερον δὲ ἐγίνε μέρος τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἤγουν πόντος ἀπέραντος διασημότατος, σκεπασμένος ἀπὸ νερά. Εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν Ἐπαρχίαν εἶναι βουνὸν χωρισμένον εἰς

δύο κορυφὰς ὑψηλοτέρας ἢ νεφῶν, ὀνομάζεται δὲ Παρνασσός. Εἰς αὐτὸς ἡας δύο κορυφάς, τῶν ὁποίων αἱ ἄκραι ἐφαίνοντο ὀλίγον, ἦτον πότε ὁ μόνος λιμνώ, ὁπόθ ἀβρίσκετο εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἐπειδὴ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα βουνὰ ἐσκεπάσθησαν ἀπὸ τὰ νερά· κἰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ μέρος ἐσώθην τὸ ζευγάρι τῆς Δευκαλίωνος, τῆς γῆς γυναικός τας, οἱ ὁποῖοι μόνον ἐλευθερώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν παγκόσμιον Κατακλυσμόν. Αὐτὸς ὁ Δευκαλίων ἦτον τόσον δίκαιος ἄνθρωπος, ὁπόθ ποτὲ δύο ἐφάνη εἰς τὸν Κόσμον παρόμοιος, εἰς τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ἁπλότητα, ἠθ ἀκακίαν, ἡ γυναῖκα ὡσαύτως ἦτον ἡ πλέον θερμὴ εἰς τὴν σεβασμίαν, κἰ λατρείαν τῶν Θεῶν. Βλέποντας λοιπὸν ὁ Ζεὺς ὅτι ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος κατεφθάρη, κἰ δὲν ἔμειναν παρὰ μόνον οἱ ἀνδρόγυνον ἄκακοι, κἰ Θεοσεβεῖς, ἐπροσέταξε τὸν Βορρᾶν νὰ διώξῃ τὰ σύννεφα, ἐλευθερώσαντας αὐτὸν τὸν βόρειον ἄνεμον ἀπὸ τὰ δεσμά, ὁπὸ τὸν ἔχει· ὁ ὁποῖος συνηθίζει νὰ καθαρίζῃ τὸν ἀέρα. Καὶ ἔτσι ἐπροσέταξε νὰ φανῇ ἡ γῆ, κἰ νὰ ἴδῃ τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς οὐρανός κἰ νὰ ἡμερώσῃ ἡ θάλασσα. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἀφήνοντας τὴν Τρίαιναν, ἐκάλεσε τὰ δυσμόρφα κύματα, κἰ ἐπροσέταξε τὸν Τρίτωνα νὰ σημάνῃ τὴν σάλπιγγά τας, κἰ νὰ ἀνακαλέσῃ τοὺς ποταμούς· ὁ ὁποῖος σημαίνοντας κατὰ τὴν προσταγὴν τῆς Κυρίας τας, χωρὶς νὰ χάσῃ καιρόν, ἀπὸ τὴν μέσην τῆς θαλάσσης, ἔκαμε νὰ ἀκουσθῇ εἰς ὅλα τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς ἡ προσταγὴ· ἡ ὁποία μόλις ἠκούσθη, κἰ Θεὸς ὑπεχώρησαν ὅλα τὰ νερὰ τῆς γῆς, κἰ τῆς θαλάσσης. Ἡ θάλασσα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον παντοῦ ἐξαπλωμένη, ἐσυμμαζώχθη κἰ περιεκλείσθη εἰς τὰ σύνορα τῆς, οἱ ποταμοὶ ἤρχισαν πάλιν νὰ τρέχουν εἰς τὰς αὐλακάς των, κἰ νὰ φαίνονται

Illa quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python,
tum genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens,
440terror eras: tantum spatii de monte tenebas.
Hunc deus arquitenens, et numquam talibus armis
ante nisi in dammis capreisque fugacibus usus,
mille gravem telis exhausta paene pharetra
perdidit effuso per vulnera nigra veneno.
445Neve operis famam posset delere vetustas,
instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos,
Pythia perdomitae serpentis nomine dictos.
Hic iuvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave
vicerat, aesculeae capiebat frondis honorem:
450nondum laurus erat, longoque decentia crine
tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus.
Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quem non
fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira.
Delius hunc, nuper victa serpente superbus,
455viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo
“quid” que “tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis?”
dixerat, “ista decent umeros gestamina nostros,
qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti,
qui modo pestifero tot iugera ventre prementem
460stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis.
Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores
inritare tua, nec laudes adsere nostras.”
Filius huic Veneris “figat tuus omnia, Phoebe,
te meus arcus:” ait “quantoque animalia cedunt
465cuncta deo tanto minor est tua gloria nostra.”
Dixit et eliso percussis aere pennis
inpiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce
eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra
diversorum operum: fugat hoc, facit illud amorem.
470Quod facit, auratum est et cuspide fulget acuta;
quod fugat, obtusum est et habet sub harundine plumbum.
Hoc deus in nympha Peneide fixit, at illo
the side of a vast mountain, didst fill with fear
the race of new created man. The God
that bears the bow (a weapon used till then
only to hunt the deer and agile goat)
destroyed the monster with a myriad darts,
and almost emptied all his quiver, till
envenomed gore oozed forth from livid wounds.
Lest in a dark oblivion time should hide
the fame of this achievement, sacred sports
he instituted, from the Python called
“The Pythian Games.” In these the happy youth
who proved victorious in the chariot race,
running and boxing, with an honoured crown
of oak leaves was enwreathed. The laurel then
was not created, wherefore Phoebus, bright
and godlike, beauteous with his flowing hair,
was wont to wreathe his brows with various leaves.
Daphne, the daughter of a River God
was first beloved by Phoebus, the great God
of glorious light. 'Twas not a cause of chance
but out of Cupid's vengeful spite that she
was fated to torment the lord of light.
For Phoebus, proud of Python's death, beheld
that impish god of Love upon a time
when he was bending his diminished bow,
and voicing his contempt in anger said;
“What, wanton boy, are mighty arms to thee,
great weapons suited to the needs of war?
The bow is only for the use of those
large deities of heaven whose strength may deal
wounds, mortal, to the savage beasts of prey;
and who courageous overcome their foes.—
it is a proper weapon to the use
of such as slew with arrows Python, huge,
whose pestilential carcase vast extent
covered. Content thee with the flames thy torch
enkindles (fires too subtle for my thought)
and leave to me the glory that is mine.”
to him, undaunted, Venus, son replied;
“O Phoebus, thou canst conquer all the world
with thy strong bow and arrows, but with this
small arrow I shall pierce thy vaunting breast!
And by the measure that thy might exceeds
the broken powers of thy defeated foes,
so is thy glory less than mine.” No more
he said, but with his wings expanded thence
flew lightly to Parnassus, lofty peak.
There, from his quiver he plucked arrows twain,
Phoebus kills the Python and sees Daphne

Indeed, though she would not have desired to, she then gave birth to you, great Python, covering so great an area of the mountain slopes, a snake not known before, a terror to the new race of men. The archer god, with lethal shafts that he had only used before on fleeing red deer and roe deer, with a thousand arrows, almost emptying his quiver, destroyed the creature, the venom running out from its black wounds. Then he founded the sacred Pythian games, celebrated by contests, named from the serpent he had conquered. There the young winners in boxing, in foot and chariot racing, were honoured with oak wreaths. There was no laurel as yet, so Phoebus crowned his temples, his handsome curling hair, with leaves of any tree.

�Phoebus�s first love was Daphne, daughter of Peneus, and not through chance but because of Cupid�s fierce anger. Recently the Delian god, exulting at his victory over the serpent, had seen him bending his tightly strung bow and said �Impudent boy, what are you doing with a man�s weapons? That one is suited to my shoulders, since I can hit wild beasts of a certainty, and wound my enemies, and not long ago destroyed with countless arrows the swollen Python that covered many acres with its plague-ridden belly. You should be intent on stirring the concealed fires of love with your burning brand, not laying claim to my glories!� Venus�s son replied �You may hit every other thing Phoebus, but my bow will strike you: to the degree that all living creatures are less than gods, by that degree is your glory less than mine.� He spoke, and striking the air fiercely with beating wings, he landed on the shady peak of Parnassus, and took two arrows with opposite effects from his full quiver: one kindles love, the other dispels it. The one that kindles is golden with a sharp glistening point, the one that dispels is blunt with lead beneath its shaft. With the second he transfixed Peneus�s daughter, but with the first he wounded Apollo piercing him to the marrow of his bones.

φορ με αὐτε̃ τὰ νερὰ ̓Αμφότες να ἡμπορόσα να ἀναπαιγίσιο το αὐθρώπινον γενος με̃ τον αὐτον ξόπον, οπ̃ε̃ ὁ πατήρ με̃ τὸ εἶχε κάμη εἰς τη̃ς ἀρχε̃ς. ̓Αμποτες να ἡμπορόσα να ἐλλογώσω χώμα συγκερασμενον με̃ ὕδωρ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸ ἤθελα πλάση̃ εἰν ἀνθρώπτε̃ς μορφή, ὥσαν ὁπ̃ε̃ μόνος ἀπέμεινα πώρα ἀπὸ ὄλον το ἀθρώπινον γενος̃, ἡ δεῖ εἶναι ἀλλ̃ος παρὰ ἡμε̃ς οἱ δύω, οἳ ὁποῖοι ἐμέναμες εἰς τον Κόσμον ὥσαν φανταλόματα, κ᾽ παραδε̃ιγματα τ̃ι ἀνθρώπ̃ε.

Αὕτα λέγωντας, κ᾽ δακρύων πηγάδες χύνοντες ἀμφόστεροι, ἀπεφάσισαν να παρακαλέσουν τὰς Θέας, κ᾽ μὲ ζήτησιν ἀπὸ τὰς μαντείας παρηγορείαν κ᾽ βοήθειαν. Κα᾽ οὕτως ἁμὰ ἀργοστόριντες περισσότερον, ἐπήγαν ὁμοῦ περιπατῶντες το μῆκρο τῆς ὄχθης τοῦ Κεφίσου ποταμοῦ, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ νερὰ δ᾽ ἦσαν ἀκόμη πόσον καθαρά, μὲ ὅλον ὅπ᾽ εἶχον ῥαντισθῇ εἰς τον τόποντας. Ἀπὸ τον ὁποῖον πέρνοντες νερόν, κ᾽ χύνοντες εἰς τὰς κεφαλὰς πάνω, κ᾽ εἰς τὰ ῥοῦχα πάνω, ἐπήγαν εἰς τον Ναὸν τῆς Θέμιδος, πρὸ ὁποίου ἡ εἴσοδος ἦτον ἀκόμη γεμάτη ἀπὸ λασπωμένον βρύον, ἡ θ᾽ αἱ τράπεζαι ὀρθαὶ, χωρεῖς να φαίνεται εἰς αὐτὲς κανένα σημεῖον Θυσίας. Εὐθὺς ὁπ᾽ ἐπάτησαν τὰς βασμίδας τοῦ Ναοῦ, ἔπεσαν καὶ γῆς κ᾽ οἱ δύω μακροφιλῶντες το ἔδαφος, κ᾽ προσευχόμενοι ἔλεγον πρὸς τὴν Θεὰν· „ αἱ ἡμπορῶν οἱ Θεοὶ να δυσώσηθῶσι μὲ προσευχὰς δικαίας, ἡ θ᾽ ὕβλαβεῖς, αἱ ὁ Θυμὸς των ἡμπορᾷ να παύσῃ, φανέρωσον μας, ὦ ἱερὰ Θέμις, πῶς δύναται να ἀναπαύσῃ τὸ ἀφανισθὲν γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων·

laesit Apollineas traiecta per ossa medullas.
Protinus alter amat, fugit altera nomen amantis
475silvarum tenebris captivarumque ferarum
exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes.
Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos.
Multi illam petiere, illa aversata petentes
inpatiens expersque viri nemora avia lustrat,
480nec quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia curat.
Saepe pater dixit “generum mihi, filia, debes,”
saepe pater dixit “debes mihi nata, nepotes:”
illa, velut crimen taedas exosa iugales,
pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore,
485inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis
“da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime,” dixit
“virginitate frui: dedit hoc pater ante Dianae.”
Ille quidem obsequitur, sed te decor iste quod optas
esse vetat. Votoque tuo tua forma repugnat:
490Phoebus amat visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes,
quodque cupit, sperat, suaque illum oracula fallunt.
Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,
ut facibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator
vel nimis admovit vel iam sub luce reliquit,
495sic deus in flammas abiit, sic pectore toto
uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem.
Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos
et “quid, si comantur?” ait. Videt igne micantes
sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non
500est vidisse satis; laudat digitosque manusque
bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos.
Siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura
illa levi neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit:
most curiously wrought of different art;
one love exciting, one repelling love.
The dart of love was glittering, gold and sharp,
the other had a blunted tip of lead;
and with that dull lead dart he shot the Nymph,
but with the keen point of the golden dart
he pierced the bone and marrow of the God.
Immediately the one with love was filled,
the other, scouting at the thought of love,
rejoiced in the deep shadow of the woods,
and as the virgin Phoebe (who denies
the joys of love and loves the joys of chase)
a maiden's fillet bound her flowing hair,—
and her pure mind denied the love of man.
Beloved and wooed she wandered silent paths,
for never could her modesty endure
the glance of man or listen to his love.
Her grieving father spoke to her, “Alas,
my daughter, I have wished a son in law,
and now you owe a grandchild to the joy
of my old age.” But Daphne only hung
her head to hide her shame. The nuptial torch
seemed criminal to her. She even clung,
caressing, with her arms around his neck,
and pled, “My dearest father let me live
a virgin always, for remember Jove
did grant it to Diana at her birth.”
But though her father promised her desire,
her loveliness prevailed against their will;
for, Phoebus when he saw her waxed distraught,
and filled with wonder his sick fancy raised
delusive hopes, and his own oracles
deceived him.—As the stubble in the field
flares up, or as the stacked wheat is consumed
by flames, enkindled from a spark or torch
the chance pedestrian may neglect at dawn;
so was the bosom of the god consumed,
and so desire flamed in his stricken heart.
He saw her bright hair waving on her neck;—
“How beautiful if properly arranged! ”
He saw her eyes like stars of sparkling fire,
her lips for kissing sweetest, and her hands
and fingers and her arms; her shoulders white
as ivory;—and whatever was not seen
more beautiful must be.
Swift as the wind
from his pursuing feet the virgin fled,
and neither stopped nor heeded as he called;

δύονται ἄλλη φύσιν μαλακωτέραν, ἐδύνατό τις νὰ διεκπείρη, εἰς αὐτὸς τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης μορφῆς· ἀλλ᾿ αὐτὴ ἡ μορφὴ δέν ἦτον πεπελεσμένη, ἰ ὡμοίαζες τὰ ἀγάλματα, ὅπως εἶναι μόνον χαραγμένα εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ἢ εἰς τὸ μάρμαρον. Τὸ τρυφερότερον, καὶ γεωδέστερον μέρος τῆς πέτρας, μετεβλήθη εἰς σάρκα, καὶ εἰς νεῦρα, τὸ δὲ σκληρότερον, ἔγινε κόκκαλα· ἐκεῖ δὲ ὅπως ἤσαν φλέβες εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ἔμειναν πάλιν φλέβες εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον· εἰς τρόπον ὅτι αἱ πέτραι, ὅπως ἐρρίφθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἔλαβον τὸ εἶδος τῶν μορφῶν τους, καὶ ἀναπλήσθησαν αἱ μὲν παρὰ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος τὸ γένος τῶν ἀνδρῶν· αἱ δὲ παρὰ τῆς Πύῤῥας τὸ γένος τῶν γυναικῶν. Τοῦτο εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον, ὅπου δεικνύεται τόση σκληρότης εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο ἔχουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τόσον δύσκολον καὶ σκληρότητα νὰ ὑποφέρουσιν τοὺς κόπους, ἢ τὰς παλαιψωχίας· Τέλος πάντων ἡμεῖς οἱ Ἴδιοι μαρτυροῦμεν μὲ τὴν σκληρότητα τῶν καρδιῶν μας ἀπὸ ποίαν ἀρχὴν κατάγομεθα.

Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ὡς τις ἐφόνευσε τὸν ὄφιν τὸν καλούμενον Πύθωνα, ὁποῦ ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τῆς λάσπης.

Ἀφ' ἑτάραξε τὰ ὕδατα τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ, ἐγεννήθη ὑπὸ τῆς λάσπης τῆς γῆς ὄφις καλούμενος Πύθων, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐφόνευσε μὲ τὰς σαΐττας του· καὶ διὰ μνήμην ἐκείνου μὴ ἐλθε κατακλυσμὸς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, κατ' ἐπιταγὴν τῆς Θεᾶς, ἀφ' οὗπερ ἐδόθησαν αἱ ἀγῶνες ὁ μὲν ὀνομάσθησαν Πύθιοι, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς αὐτὸς ἐπωνομάσθη Πύθιος, διότι περιέλαβεν ἐκείνο τὸ τέρας.

Ἡ γὰρ τῇ ῥοή τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ ἐγέννησεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ τὰ πλεῖστα ἔδνη τῶν ζώων· διότι ἀφ' οὗ ἡ φυσική της ὑγρασία ἐθερμάνθη ἀπὸ τὰς ἀκτίνας τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἡ λάσπη ἐφούσκωσεν ἀπὸ τὴν θερμότητα, οἱ ἀτμοί, ὁποὺ αὐτὴ ἔδιωχνεν εἰς τὸν κόλπον της, ἤρχησαν νὰ αὐξάνονται, ὡς εἰς τὰς κοιλίας τὰς μήτρας των, καὶ ἔλαβον διαφόρους μορφάς, καὶ τὰς διαφόρους δυνάμεις των. Οὕτως ὅταν ὁ Νεῖλος ποταμὸς ἀναχωρῇ ἀπὸ τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Αἰγύπτου εἰς τὸ συνηθισμένον του αὐλάκι, ἀφ' οὗ ἐθερμάνθη ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον ἡ λάσπη, ὁποὺ ἀφῆκεν μετὰ τὴν ἀναχώρησίν του, ὁ γεωργὸς ὀργάνοντας τὴν γῆν, εὑρίσκει ἀμέτρητον πλῆθος ζώων· καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ζῶα ἄλλα μὲν φαίνονται μόνον σχεδιασμένα καὶ ἀτελῆ, ἄλλα δὲ τελειότερα, ὅμως ἀποσπασμένα ἀπὸ πάντε

ρα μέλος τῆ σώματός πων, ἥ ἀβεῖσμορται συγχάνις μετεινά, ὅπις ζῆν ἥ πιχέντται ἀπό τό σῦ μέρος, ἥαὶ ἀπό τό ἄλλο εἶναι ἀπόμι χώματα· ἐπειδή ὅταν ἡ ὑρέστης ἥαὶ ἡ Θερμότης ἔλθουν εἰς κάποιαν συνχέρασιν, γίνονται ἄρκετα παρός κύησιν, ἥαὶ αὕταε εἶναι ἐκείναι αἱ δύο ἀρχαί, ἐκ τῆν ὁποίων γεννῶνται ὅλα τὰ ἐν τῶ Κόσμῳ. Καὶ ἀγκαλα ἡ φωτία, ἥ τό νερόν εἶναι φυσικά ἀντικέμενα, ἥ ἔχουσιν ἀναμεταξύτων παντοτινόν πόλεμον, ὅμως ἡ ὕγρά καῦσις συντείνει εἰς τλῶ γένησιν ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, ἥαὶ διά να εἰπῶ οὕτως ἡ ἀσύμφωτος ὁμόνοια τῶν τῆ δύο ἀντικειμένων, εἶναι ἡ αἰτία τῆς γενήσεως ὅλων ἐπείνων, ὅπε φεῦνονται εἰς τόν Κόσμον. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ οὖ ἡ γῆ, ἥτις εἶχε μέτρι ἀπαντάχε γεμάτη ἀπό τόν πηλόν ῆ κατεπλύσιμε, ἐθερμάνθη ἀπό πας ἀκτῖνας τῆ Ἡλίε, ἐγένησε πληθος ζῴων, διαφόρων εἰδῶν, χημάτιζσσα μερινα ὡς ἐπείνα, ὅπα ἔχον φυή προτέρεα, ἥ ἄλλα διαφορετικα, ἥ μὲ νέας μορφάς. Οὕτως ἐγένησε, ἥ μὴ θέλησα, τόν φοβερόν Πύθαν, τό μέγα ἥ φειμτόν πέρας τῆ κόσμου.

“Nympha, precor, Penei, mane! Non insequor hostis:
505nympha, mane! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem,
sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbae,
hostes quaeque suos: amor est mihi causa sequendi.
Me miserum! ne prona cadas indignave laedi
crura notent sentes et sim tibi causa doloris.
510Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt. Moderatius, oro,
curre fugamque inhibe; moderatius insequar ipse.
Cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola montis,
non ego sum pastor, non hic armenta gregesque
horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis
515quem fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus
et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit,
Iuppiter est genitor; per me quod eritque fuitque
estque patet; per me concordant carmina nervis.
Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta
520certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit.
Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem
dicor, et herbarum subiecta potentia nobis:
ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis
nec prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes.”
“O Nymph! O Daphne! I entreat thee stay,
it is no enemy that follows thee—
why, so the lamb leaps from the raging wolf,
and from the lion runs the timid faun,
and from the eagle flies the trembling dove,
all hasten from their natural enemy
but I alone pursue for my dear love.
Alas, if thou shouldst fall and mar thy face,
or tear upon the bramble thy soft thighs,
or should I prove unwilling cause of pain!
“The wilderness is rough and dangerous,
and I beseech thee be more careful—I
will follow slowly.—Ask of whom thou wilt,
and thou shalt learn that I am not a churl—
I am no mountain dweller of rude caves,
nor clown compelled to watch the sheep and goats;
and neither canst thou know from whom thy feet
fly fearful, or thou wouldst not leave me thus.
“The Delphic Land, the Pataraean Realm,
Claros and Tenedos revere my name,
and my immortal sire is Jupiter.
The present, past and future are through me
in sacred oracles revealed to man,
and from my harp the harmonies of sound
are borrowed by their bards to praise the Gods.
My bow is certain, but a flaming shaft
surpassing mine has pierced my heart—
untouched before. The art of medicine
is my invention, and the power of herbs;
but though the world declare my useful works
there is no herb to medicate my wound,
and all the arts that save have failed their lord.,”
Phoebus begs Daphne to yield to him

�Wait nymph, daughter of Peneus, I beg you! I who am chasing you am not your enemy. Nymph, Wait! This is the way a sheep runs from the wolf, a deer from the mountain lion, and a dove with fluttering wings flies from the eagle: everything flies from its foes, but it is love that is driving me to follow you! Pity me! I am afraid you might fall headlong or thorns undeservedly scar your legs and I be a cause of grief to you! These are rough places you run through. Slow down, I ask you, check your flight, and I too will slow. At least enquire whom it is you have charmed. I am no mountain man, no shepherd, no rough guardian of the herds and flocks. Rash girl, you do not know, you cannot realise, who you run from, and so you run. Delphi�s lands are mine, Claros and Tenedos, and Patara acknowledges me king. Jupiter is my father. Through me what was, what is, and what will be, are revealed. Through me strings sound in harmony, to song. My aim is certain, but an arrow truer than mine, has wounded my free heart! The whole world calls me the bringer of aid; medicine is my invention; my power is in herbs. But love cannot be healed by any herb, nor can the arts that cure others cure their lord!�

Αὐτό ἦτον ἕνας ὄφις ἀγνώστης μορφῆς, ἤ τόσον ὑπερβολικὲς μεγέθους, ὥστε ἐσκέπαζε μὲ τό σῶμα του ἕνα βουνόν. Κατά τούτου ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετεχειρίσθη τῆς σαΐτης του, τὴν ὁποίαν πρότερον δὲν εἶχε μετεχειρισθῆ παρὰ εἰς τὰ ἀγρίμια ζῷα, ἤ ἐλάφια. Ἀφ' ὧν δὲ πολεμώντας του ἀδείασον ὅλως τὴν σαΐτθηναν, τὸν ἐθάνατωσε τέλος πάντων μὲ ἀπείρους πληγάς, κάμνοντάς τον νὰ ξεράσῃ τὸ φαρμάκι του, ἤ τὴν ζωήν του· ὅθεν διὰ νὰ μὴ δυνηθῇ ὁ καιρὸς νὰ ἐξαλείψῃ τὴν ἐνθύμησιν ἑνὸς ἔργου τόσον ἐνδόξου, ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐθέσπισε τινὰ παιγνίδια, ἤ δημοσίους ἀγῶνας, ὅπου ὠνομάσθησαν Πύθιοι, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πύθωνος, κατὰ τοῦ ὁποίου ἐτόξευσε τὸ βέλος. Οἱ νέοι, ὅπου ἐλάμβανον τὴν νίκην εἰς αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἀγῶνας, ἤ μὲ τὸν πόδα, ἤ μὲ τὴν πάλην, ἤ μὲ τὸ τρέξιμον ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ἄλογα, ἤ ἁμάξια ἀξιόνοντο εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν εἰς τὰ στεφάνια ἀπὸ φύλλα βαλανιδιᾶς, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἦσαν ἀκόμη δάφναι, καὶ εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρὸν πᾶσαν εἶδος δένδρον ἦτον εὐάρεστον εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, διὰ νὰ στεφανώνῃ τὴν κεφαλήν του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Μετὰ τὴν κατάπαυσιν τῆς πλημμύρας τῆς Κασκελύσεως, μένοντα ἢ ἦτον ὀλίγον καιρὸν ὑγρὰ, ἐσηκώθησαν ἔτι αὐτῆ πολλὰ αὐτοσώματα σώματα, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐπεσκότησαν ἕως ὅτου ὁ Ἥλιος τὰς ἀφῄρεσε τὴν ὑγρίαν, ξηραίνοντας τὴν γῆν. Τοῦτο εἶναι ἐκεῖνο, ὅπως ἐννοεῖται μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Πύθωνος τοῦ φοβεροῦ ἐκείνου ὄφιος, ὅπου ἐφόνευσεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων· διότι Πύθων σημαίνει σήψιν, ἢ φθοράν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος ἀκορτίζει ἢ ἀφανίζει τὰς σήψεις ἢ ἀκαθαρσίας τῆς γῆς, ἀνάλογος ἀπὸ τὸ μέγα ἢ λαμπρὸν σῶμα διὰ ἀκτῖνα ὡσὰν παύει σαίτες, ἐνόμισαν ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὅστις εἶναι ὁ Ἥλιος, ἐφόνευσε μὲ τὰς σαίτες του Πύθωνα ὄφιν, διὰ τοῦ ὁποίου ἐγνώσθη μὲ ἀναδρομίσησις τῆς γῆς. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Πυθικοὶ ἀγῶνες ἐδόθησαν εἰς τιμὴν τῆς Μίξεως χθόνων ἐχαίρον εἰς τὴν Ἰδέαν τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ τοῦ Λεόντος. ὁ Πύθων ἢ παρὰ τὸ τῆς ἀνθρώπης, ἀγρίως ἀλλὰγῆς ἢ μέγας φονδὴς, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Δελφικὸς Ἀπόλλων ἐτιμώρησεν αὐστηρῶς· διότι λέγει ὁ Κικέρων νὰ ἐλογίσθησαν τέσσαρες Ἀπόλλωνες· πρῶτος ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀρχαῖος Ἀπόλλων, ὅπου ἦτον υἱὸς ὑπερατῆρος ἢ Δελφικὸς, ὁ δεύτερος, ὅπου ἦτον υἱὸς Κορύβαντος, ἢ ἔγεννήθη εἰς τὴν Κρήτην· ὁ τρίτος, υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ τῆς Λητοῦς,

525Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu
fugit cumque ipso verba inperfecta reliquit,
tum quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti,
obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes,
et levis inpulsos retro dabat aura capillos,
530auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra
perdere blanditias iuvenis deus, utque monebat
ipse Amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu.
Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo
vidit, et hic praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem:
535alter inhaesuro similis iam iamque tenere
sperat et extento stringit vestigia rostro,
alter in ambiguo est, an sit conprensus, et ipsis
morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit:
sic deus et virgo est hic spe celer, illa timore.
540Qui tamen insequitur pennis adiutus Amoris,
ocior est requiemque negat tergoque fugacis
inminet et crinem sparsum cervicibus adflat.
Viribus absumptis expalluit illa citaeque
victa labore fugae spectans Peneidas undas
545“fer pater” inquit “opem si flumina numen habetis.
qua nimium placui, tellus aut hisce vel istam,
quae facit ut laedar, mutando perde figuram.
Vix prece finita torpor gravis occupat artus:
mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro,
550in frondem crines, in ramos bracchia crescunt,
pes modo tam velox pigris radicibus haeret,
ora cacumen habet; remanet nitor unus in illa.
But even as he made his plaint, the Nymph
with timid footsteps fled from his approach,
and left him to his murmurs and his pain.
Lovely the virgin seemed as the soft wind
exposed her limbs, and as the zephyrs fond
fluttered amid her garments, and the breeze
fanned lightly in her flowing hair. She seemed
most lovely to his fancy in her flight;
and mad with love he followed in her steps,
and silent hastened his increasing speed.
As when the greyhound sees the frightened hare
flit over the plain:—With eager nose outstretched,
impetuous, he rushes on his prey,
and gains upon her till he treads her feet,
and almost fastens in her side his fangs;
but she, whilst dreading that her end is near,
is suddenly delivered from her fright;
so was it with the god and virgin: one
with hope pursued, the other fled in fear;
and he who followed, borne on wings of love,
permitted her no rest and gained on her,
until his warm breath mingled in her hair.
Her strength spent, pale and faint, with pleading eyes
she gazed upon her father's waves and prayed,
“Help me my father, if thy flowing streams
have virtue! Cover me, O mother Earth!
Destroy the beauty that has injured me,
or change the body that destroys my life.”
Before her prayer was ended, torpor seized
on all her body, and a thin bark closed
around her gentle bosom, and her hair
became as moving leaves; her arms were changed
to waving branches, and her active feet
as clinging roots were fastened to the ground—
her face was hidden with encircling leaves.—
Phoebus admired and loved the graceful tree,
(For still, though changed, her slender form remained)
and with his right hand lingering on the trunk
he felt her bosom throbbing in the bark.
He clung to trunk and branch as though to twine.
Daphne becomes the laurel bough

He would have said more as timid Pene�s ran, still lovely to see, leaving him with his words unfinished. The winds bared her body, the opposing breezes in her way fluttered her clothes, and the light airs threw her streaming hair behind her, her beauty enhanced by flight. But the young god could no longer waste time on further blandishments, urged on by Amor, he ran on at full speed. Like a hound of Gaul starting a hare in an empty field, that heads for its prey, she for safety: he, seeming about to clutch her, thinks now, or now, he has her fast, grazing her heels with his outstretched jaws, while she uncertain whether she is already caught, escaping his bite, spurts from the muzzle touching her. So the virgin and the god: he driven by desire, she by fear. He ran faster, Amor giving him wings, and allowed her no rest, hung on her fleeing shoulders, breathed on the hair flying round her neck. Her strength was gone, she grew pale, overcome by the effort of her rapid flight, and seeing Peneus�s waters near cried out �Help me father! If your streams have divine powers change me, destroy this beauty that pleases too well!� Her prayer was scarcely done when a heavy numbness seized her limbs, thin bark closed over her breast, her hair turned into leaves, her arms into branches, her feet so swift a moment ago stuck fast in slow-growing roots, her face was lost in the canopy. Only her shining beauty was left.

γαι ο αιτιος, και ο Θεος της Ιαχησης, ης ως ποιστος ειναι ο υπερτιμος Ιαϊος, η δ αφνησης τη νοσον η χωαι να παλλωμιδ με τον Μοϊον, επειδη ο Ηλιος καθδειξει τον αιτρα, και τις γιο, διδοντες τη ψυχη την διαλημη, οπα εχει να δεταπευει πες αρμοσιας, δει ημποροι τις να αιη ισι τα το σημα. οτι ηλιος ειναι νημπης του πατρα του Δαφνον, οπα νοηδαιον και τα αστρα του νμμον· οπο ολας πας αλας αιτης, οπα η Ιαχειη γνωαει ζει, η πολυχισον λεες εχει να γνωειχη·

Περι της Νυμφης Δαφνης, οπου μεταμορφωθη εις το Δεμδρον στω καλαμεμον·

Ο Απολλων γιγεται εραστης της Δαφνης Συγαξος του Πηναιου ποταμε, η οποια η δεν η ωρατερα κ αλειοτερα τη Νυμφων τε καρφ της· μη διαβεϊνδος δε να την κατοπειση οτε με παξηματι, ωστε με πας παρακλησεις τα απειρασιας να μειρυειειση την βιαν· ωστε η Δαφνη βλεπουσα οτι εκατερετο, και δει η τον πλεον εις κατασχειη να δερβαντηθη, εληπισε βοηθειαν απο του πατερα της, ο οποιος μετεβαλει αυτην εις δαφνη· διε να φυλαξη την παρθενειαν της.

Ω Δαφνη Συγαπτρ τα Πηναιος ποταμε, εφκηματισσω η φωραιη ωρατης, οπε ηγαπησου ο Θεος ο Απολλων· Αυτη δε η φαρος των Δαφνιλω αγαπη του Αποδλωνος δει ηπου συγηρον τι εργον, αλλ εποι κησις τα Θεε τα Ερωτος, τον οποιον επειπος αρο ολιγας ειχεν

2ο ΥΒΕΙΟΝ. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων ὑπερηφανευόμενος διὰ τὴν νίκην, ὁποῦ νεωστὶ εἶχε λάβει κατὰ τοῦ Πύθωνος, συναπαντῶντας τὸν Ἔρωτα, ὅστις ἔτεινε τὸ τόξον του, λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν οὕτως· „ὦ παιδάριον εἰς ἐσὲ δὲν εἶναι φαρέτρον νὰ μεταχειρίζεσθαι ὅπλα τοιοῦτον δυνατά· αὐτὰ δὲν εἶναι εἰς τὸν τύπον της, παρὰ μόνον ὅταν βαστῶνται εἰς τὰς ὤμους με, ἢ εἰς τὰς χεῖράς με. Ἐγὼ ἐγὼ μόνος εἶμαι ἄξιος νὰ τὰ μεταχειρίζωμαι, ὁποῦ ἰσχύω νὰ πληγώσω τὰ Θηρία, ὁποῦ ἠμπορῶ νὰ διαβάλω ἐναντίον ἑνὸς ἐχθροῦ, ἢ ὁποῦ τώρα νεωστὶ ἐθανάτωσα ἐκεῖνο τὸ φοβερὸν τέρας, τοῦ ὁποίου ἡ κοιλία γεμάτη φαρμάκη, ἐσκέπαζε τόσα πέλεθρα γῆς. Εὐχαριστῆσαι, τὸ παιδί με, νὰ βαστῆς εἰς τὸ χέρι σου μίαν λαμπάδα, ἥτις δύναται νὰ ἀνάψῃ ὀλίγην φλόγα, ἢ ὄχι τὰ ὅπλα, ὁποῦ εἶναι ἐδικῆς μου δόξα." Ὁ Ἔρως πληγωθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰ λόγια αὐτὰ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως· „ἂς πληγώσουν αἱ σαΐται σου πᾶσαν πρᾶγμα· αἱ ἐδικαί μου ὅμως θέλουν δυνηθῆ νὰ πληγώσουν τὴν καρδίαν σου, ἢ τότε θέλεις ὁμολογήσει τὴν δόξαν σου πόσον κατωτέραν τῆς ἐδικῆς μου, ὅσον διαφέρει τὸ ζῶον, ἀπὸ τὸν θεόν".

Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra
sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus
555conplexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis
oscula dat ligno: refugit tamen oscula lignum.
Cui deus “at quoniam coniunx mea non potes esse,
arbor eris certe” dixit “mea. Semper habebunt
te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae:
560tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta triumphum
vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas:
postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos
ante fores stabis mediamque tuebere quercum,
utque meum intonsis caput est iuvenale capillis,
565tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores.”
Finierat Paean: factis modo laurea ramis
adnuit utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen.
His form with hers, and fondly kissed the wood
that shrank from every kiss.
And thus the God;
“Although thou canst not be my bride, thou shalt
be called my chosen tree, and thy green leaves,
O Laurel! shall forever crown my brows,
be wreathed around my quiver and my lyre;
the Roman heroes shall be crowned with thee,
as long processions climb the Capitol
and chanting throngs proclaim their victories;
and as a faithful warden thou shalt guard
the civic crown of oak leaves fixed between
thy branches, and before Augustan gates.
And as my youthful head is never shorn,
so, also, shalt thou ever bear thy leaves
unchanging to thy glory.,”
Here the God,
Phoebus Apollo, ended his lament,
and unto him the Laurel bent her boughs,
so lately fashioned; and it seemed to him
her graceful nod gave answer to his love.
There is a grove in Thessaly, enclosed
Phoebus honours Daphne

Even like this Phoebus loved her and, placing his hand against the trunk, he felt her heart still quivering under the new bark. He clasped the branches as if they were parts of human arms, and kissed the wood. But even the wood shrank from his kisses, and the god said �Since you cannot be my bride, you must be my tree! Laurel, with you my hair will be wreathed, with you my lyre, with you my quiver. You will go with the Roman generals when joyful voices acclaim their triumph, and the Capitol witnesses their long processions. You will stand outside Augustus�s doorposts, a faithful guardian, and keep watch over the crown of oak between them. And just as my head with its uncropped hair is always young, so you also will wear the beauty of undying leaves.� Paean had done: the laurel bowed her newly made branches, and seemed to shake her leafy crown like a head giving consent.

Δ' εἶπε περισσότερον ἀπὸ αὐτά, ἢ ἀετὸς φίζοντας τοῦ ἀέρα με τὰς πτέρυγας του, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸ Παρ- νασσοῦ ὄρος, ὅπου μόλις ἔφθασεν, ἐβγαλεν ἀπὸ τῶν σαϊδήλιν τὴ δύο σαῖτα, τῶν ὁποίων αἱ ἐνέργειαι ἦ- σαν διαφορετικαί, διότι ἡ μία ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ διώχῃ τὸν ἔρωτα, ἡ δὲ ἄλλη νὰ τὸν γεννᾷ. Καὶ ἡ μὲν γεννῶσα τὸν ἔρωτα εἶναι περιχρυσωμένη, ἡ δὲ ἀκμὴ της κατακολλὰ ὀξεῖα, ἡ λαμπρά· ἡ ἄλλη δέ, ὅπε διώχνει τὸν ἔρωτα εἶναι

μως φεύγουσιν ἀπὸ τὰς ἐχθράς των· ἀλλ' ἐγὼ δὲν εἶ- μαι ἐχθρὸς, καὶ μόνον ὁ Ἔρως μὲ ἀναγκάζει νὰ σὲ διώκω. Τόσον ἀπέχω μάλιστα νὰ σὲ εὔχωμαι τὰ κακὰ, ὅσα δύναται νὰ σοῦ κάμῃ ἕνας ἐχθρὸς, ὅπου φοβοῦμαι διὰ ἐσένα, ὡραία Νύμφη· φοβοῦμαι μὴ πέσῃς, φεύγουσα τόσον ὀλιγώρως· κοίταξαι καλὰ κά- νενα ἀγκάθι νὰ μὴ σοῦ πληγώσῃ τὰ εὔμορφα χέ- ρια, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι ἄξια ἄλλης τύχης, καὶ γίνω οὕ- τως αἴτιος τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον θέλω νὰ φυ- λαχθῇς. Οἱ τόποι, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους φεύγουσα τρέ- χεις, εἶναι τραχεῖς· τρέχε σὲ παρακαλῶ ἐλαφρότε- ρα, ἡμέρωσον ὀλίγον τὴν φυγήν σου, καὶ θέλω σὲ ἀκολουθήσει καὶ ἐγὼ ἀργότερα. Ἂν δὲν θέλῃς νὰ σταθῇς, γύρισαι κἂν τὸ πρόσωπόν σου νὰ ἴδῃς εἰς ποῖον ἐφάνης ἀρεστὴ, καὶ ποῖος εἶναι ἐκεῖνος, ὅπου σὲ ἀγαπᾷ. Δὲν εἶναι ἤτοι κανένας ἄγροικος ἄνθρωπος, ἢ κανένας δυστυχὴς βοσκὸς, ὅπου καίεται σήμερον διὰ σέ. Δὲν ἰξεύρεις, ὦ ἀνόητη κόρη, ὅτι δὲν ἰ- ξεύρεις ἀπὸ ποῖον φεύγεις, καὶ μόνον φεύγεις διὰ τὶ δὲν γνωρίζεις τὸν κυνηγόν σου. Οἱ Δελφοὶ, ἡ Κλάρος, ἡ Τένεδος, τὰ Πάταρα μὲ γνωρίζουσι διὰ Βασιλέα των· ὁ μέγας Ζεὺς εἶναι πατήρ μου· δι' ἐ- μοῦ ἀνακαλύπτονται ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, καὶ τὰ μέλ- λοντα δι' ἐμοῦ γίνονται παρόντα εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Δι' ἐμοῦ ὅλος ὡραΐζεται ὁ Κόσμος, καὶ ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ ἐφευρετὴς τῆς μουσικῆς τέχνης. Ρίπτω σαΐτας, ὅπου δὲν ἀποτύχον ποτὲ, καὶ δὲν εὑρίσκονται ἰσχυρότερα βέλη ἀπὸ τὰ ἐδικά μου, εἰ μὴ ἐκεῖνο μό- νον, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον, εὔμορφη Δάφνη, σὺ μὲ ἐπλη-

Est nemus Haemoniae, praerupta quod undique claudit
silva: vocant Tempe. Per quae Peneus ab imo
570effusus Pindo spumosis volvitur undis,
deiectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos
nubila conducit summisque adspergine silvis
inpluit et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat.
Haec domus, haec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni
575amnis; in his residens facto de cautibus antro,
undis iura dabat nymphisque colentibus undas.
Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina primum,
nescia, gratentur consolenturne parentem,
populifer Sperchios et inrequietus Enipeus
580Apidanusque senex lenisque Amphrysos et Aeas,
moxque amnes alii, qui, qua tulit impetus illos,
in mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas.
Inachus unus abest imoque reconditus antro
fletibus auget aquas natamque miserrimus Io
585luget ut amissam. Nescit, vitane fruatur,
an sit apud manes; sed quam non invenit usquam.
on every side with crags, precipitous,—
on which a forest grows—and this is called
the Vale of Tempe—through this valley flows
the River Peneus, white with foaming waves,
that issue from the foot of Pindus, whence
with sudden fall up gather steamy clouds
that sprinkle mist upon the circling trees,
and far away with mighty roar resound.
It is the abode, the solitary home,
that mighty River loves, where deep in gloom
of rocky cavern, he resides and rules
the flowing waters and the water nymphs
abiding there. All rivers of that land
now hasten thither, doubtful to console
or flatter Daphne's parent: poplar crowned
Sperchios, swift Enipeus and the wild
Amphrysos, old Apidanus and Aeas,
with all their kindred streams that wandering maze
and wearied seek the ocean. Inachus
alone is absent, hidden in his cave
obscure, deepening his waters with his tears—
most wretchedly bewailing, for he deems
his daughter Io lost. If she may live
or roam a spirit in the nether shades
he dares not even guess but dreads
for Jove not long before had seen her while
returning from her father's stream, and said;
Inachus mourns for Io

There is a grove in Haemonia, closed in on every side by wooded cliffs. They call it Tempe. Through it the river Peneus rolls, with foaming waters, out of the roots of Pindus, and in its violent fall gathers clouds, driving the smoking mists along, raining down spray onto the tree tops, and deafening remoter places with its roar. Here is the house, the home, the innermost sanctuary of the great river. Seated here, in a rocky cavern, he laid down the law to the waters and the nymphs who lived in his streams. Here the rivers of his own country first met, unsure whether to console with or celebrate Daphne�s father: Spercheus among poplars, restless Enipeus, gentle Amphrysus, Aeas and ancient Apidanus; and then later all the others that, whichever way their force carries them, bring down their weary wandering waters to the sea. Only Inachus is missing, but hidden in the deepest cave he swells his stream with tears, and in utter misery laments his lost daughter, Io, not knowing if she is alive or among the shades. Since he cannot find her anywhere, he imagines her nowhere, and his heart fears worse than death.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 47

Βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τῆς πτέρυγας τοῦ ἔρωτος, τὴν κυνηγεῖ ὀλιγωρότερα παρὰ ὅπ' ἐκείνη ἐδύνατο νὰ φύγῃ· ἰδοὺ τὴν ἀφίνει νὰ ἀναπνύσῃ, ἐγγίζωντας παρ' ὀλίγον τὰ ῥάχη ης, κἱ ἀσφάζόμενος σχεδὸν τὰ μαλλιὰ ης. Τέλος παντὸς ἡ Δάφνη κεραυνωθεῖσα· ἤρχισε νὰ ἀλλάζῃ ὄμμα, κἱ αἰσθανομένη τὴν ἑαυτῆ ης νικημένην ἀπὸ τὸν κόπον τῆς φυγῆς, γνεύει τὰ ὄμματά ης κατὰ τὸ μέρος τοῦ Πηνειοῦ ποταμοῦ, πρὸς τὸν ὁποῖον λέγει αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια· ὦ πάτερ μου· ἂν οἱ ποταμοὶ εἶναι Θεοί, βοήθησόν μοι εἰς αὐτὸν τὴν ἀνάγκην· κἱ σὺ ὦ γῆ κατάπιέ με, ἢ τουλάχιστον ἀναίρεσαί με τ' ἀμέσως νὰ μεταβολῶ αὐτὴν τὴν δυστυχῆ ὡραιότητα, ὁποῦ εἶναι αἴτία ἐμὲ καταδιώκουν, καὶ μοῦ ἀποκτᾷ τοσοὺς ἐχθροὺς τῆς τιμῆς με. Μόλις ἔφθασε νὰ τελειώσῃ τὴν προσευχῆ ης, καὶ εὐθὺς ὕστερον βαθὺς ἐπεκάλυψεν ὅλα τὰ μέλη ης· τὸ σῶμά της ἐνδύθη μίαν ξηφεράν φλοῦδα, τὰ μαλλιὰ ης ἔγιναν φύλλα, τὰ χέρια ης ἀπλώθησαν εἰς κλῶνες, καὶ τὰ πόδιά της τὰ χθὲς ὀλίγες ἐλαφρότητα, ἐκόλλησαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, μεταλλαττόμενα εἰς ῥίζας. Τὸ πρόσωπόν ης ἔγινεν ἡ κορυφῆ τοῦ δένδρου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφύλαξε τὴν λαμπρότητά της, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὴν ἔρωτά του· ὅστις δὲν ἔπαυσε νὰ ἀγαπᾷ τὴν Δάφνην, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι αὐτὴ δὲν ἦτον ἄλλο παρὰ ἓν δένδρον· Ἀπλώνει λοιπὸν τὸ χέρι του εἰς τὸν κορμὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον τὸ σῶμά της μεταμορφώθη, καὶ αἰσθάνεται ἀκόμη τὴν καρδίαν ης νὰ κτυπᾷ, ὑποκάτω εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν φλοῦδα. Παρατηρεῖται· ἀπελπίζεται, ἀγκαλιάζει τὰς ὑλάδας, ὁποῦ ἦσαν πρότερον οἱ βραχίονες τῆς Δάφνης, ἀσπάζεται τὸ δένδρον, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ ἀποφεύγει τὰς ἀσπασμάς· καὶ τέλος πάλιν, λέγει, συμφίλατί με Δάφνη, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν

ἡμπορεῖς πλέον νὰ γίνης συμβίαιος, τελάχιστον θέλεις εἶσαι τὸ δένδρον με. Σύ, ὦ αειθαλὴς Δάφνη, θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε ὁ στεφανός με· σὺ θέλεις περικυκλῶν πάντοτε τὰ ἱλῶ λύραν με, καὶ τὸ φαρέτραν με· θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε τὸ πόλισμα τῶν Νυμφῶν, καὶ τῆς Νίκης. θέλεις συνοδεύῃ πάντα τὴς ἀνδρείας Στρατηγός, ἢ Ἡγεμόνας, οἱ ὁποῖοι θέλουσιν εἶναι ὑψῶσαι βαστάντες σε εἰς τὰ κεφαλὰ των, ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ θριαμβευτικόν ἁμάξιον, ἢ ἀναβαίνοντες μετὰ σέ εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον, θέλουν νὰ βάλῃ ὁλόγυρα μιᾶς δρυὸς ἐμφυτῶσει εἰς τὴν θύραν τῆς Παλατίης τῶν Αὐτοκρατόρων, ὥσαν τὴν πλέον πιστὴν των φύλακαν· ἢ καθὼς τὰ μαλλία με δὲν γηράσκουν ποτέ, ἀλλὰ θέλεν ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὰ χαρείας, καὶ τὰ σημεῖα μιᾶς ἀειθαλοῦς νεότητος, οὕτω καὶ τὰ φύλλα σε θέλεν ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὸν στολισμόν τῆς Ἀνοίξεως, καὶ θέλουν εἶναι πάντοτε ὡραῖσιμα, ἢ οἱ χειμῶνες, ἢ αἱ ἐποχαὶ δὲν θέλεν ἀποτολμήσῃ νὰ τὰ βλάψωσιν αἰωνίως. Μόλις ἐπαύσε νὰ λαλῇ, ἢ ἡ Δάφνη ἔκλινε τὸν κορμὸν, καὶ τοὺς κλάδους τῆς, καθὼς ἤθελε κάμῃ τῆς μὲ τὸ κεφάλι, δείχνουσα ὅτι εὐχαριστεῖτο ἐπεῖτε, ὥστε ὁ Ἀπόλλων τῆς ἀφοπρόσφερε.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

esse putat nusquam atque animo peiora veretur.
Viderat a patrio redeuntem Iuppiter illam
flumine et “o virgo Iove digna tuoque beatum
590nescio quem factura toro, pete” dixerat “umbras
altorum nemorum” (et nemorum monstraverat umbras),
“dum calet et medio sol est altissimus orbe.
Quodsi sola times latebras intrare ferarum,
praeside tuta deo nemorum secreta subibis,
595nec de plebe deo, sed qui caelestia magna
sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto.
Ne fuge me!”—fugiebat enim. Iam pascua Lernae
consitaque arboribus Lyrcea reliquerat arva,
cum deus inducta latas caligine terras
600occuluit tenuitque fugam rapuitque pudorem.
“O virgin, worthy of immortal Jove,
although some happy mortal's chosen bride,—
behold these shades of overhanging trees,
and seek their cool recesses while the sun
is glowing in the height of middle skies—”
and as he spoke he pointed out the groves—
“But should the dens of wild beasts frighten you,
with safety you may enter the deep woods,
conducted by a God—not with a God
of small repute, but in the care of him
who holds the heavenly scepter in his hand
and fulminates the trackless thunder bolts.—
forsake me not! ” For while he spoke she fled,
and swiftly left behind the pasture fields
of Lerna, and Lyrcea's arbours, where
the trees are planted thickly. But the God
called forth a heavy shadow which involved
the wide extended earth, and stopped her flight
and ravished in that cloud her chastity.
Meanwhile, the goddess Juno gazing down
Jupiter�s rape of Io

Jupiter first saw her returning from her father�s stream, and said �Virgin, worthy of Jupiter himself, who will make some unknown man happy when you share his bed, while it is hot and the sun is at the highest point of its arc, find shade in the deep woods! (and he showed her the woods� shade). But if you are afraid to enter the wild beasts� lairs, you can go into the remote woods in safety, protected by a god, and not by any lesser god, but by the one who holds the sceptre of heaven in his mighty hand, and who hurls the flickering bolts of lightning. Do not fly from me!� She was already in flight. She had left behind Lerna�s pastures, and the Lyrcean plain�s wooded fields, when the god hid the wide earth in a covering of fog, caught the fleeing girl, and raped her.

Φαίνεται ότι ἐξαίρεσιν αὐτό, ὁ Μῦθος εἰς τιμὴν τῶν σωφρόνων Παρθένων, ὅσαι προτιμῶσι νὰ χάσουν τὴν ζωήν τες, παρὰ τὴν τιμήν. Μᾶς δείχνει μὲ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Δάφνης, ἡ ὁποία ἀντέστη εἰς τὸν ἁμορφότερον θεόν, ὅτι δὲν ἡμπορεῖ καμμία δύναμις νὰ βιάση μίαν κόρην, ὅταν αὐτὴ δὲν θελήση. Μυθάζουσι δὲ ὅτι μεταμορφώθη εἰς δάφνην, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι δένδρον ἀειθαλές, διὰ νὰ διδάξη ὅλους ὅτι ἡ ἀνταμοιβὴ τῆς παρθενείας δὲν εἶναι μία δόξα πρόσκαιρος καὶ φθαρτή, ἀλλ' ἀείδιος. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὴν ἠγάπησε καὶ μετὰ τὴν μεταβολήν της, ὅταν διελάβη ἀπεγνωσμένος νὰ τὴν ὑπολαύση· τοῦτο ὑποδεικνύει ὅτι καὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἴδιοι, ὅσοι καταδέχονται τὴν τιμὴν τῆς παρθένου, μὴ ἔχοντες ἄλλον σκοπὸν παρὰ νὰ ἀρχήσωσι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν των, τὰς καὶ πάλιν τὰς δοξάζουν, ὅταν αὐταὶ ἰξεύρουν νὰ ἀντιστῶσι μὲ στερεότητα.

Λέγειασι δὲ ὅτι ἡ Δάφνη, δηλαδῆ ἡ δάφνη τὸ δένδρον, ἀγαπήθη ὑπὸ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφυσικὰ ὁ φῶσος τῆς Ἰατρῶν, καὶ τῆς Μαντέων, ἐπειδῆ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον τὸ μεταχειριζόμενοι κατάσχολα θερμὴ ἀποδείκνυται, καὶ χρησιμάθη διὰ τὴν μαντείαν. Εἶναι γνώμη ὅτι ὁ κοιμώμενος ἢ ὁ ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας σφάγων τῆς Νιόβης, καὶ ὁ βαθέως κατακλινόμενος, ἢ ὅτι βαθύνων ὑπὸ τὰ φύλλα ὑπαράττων ἢ τὸ πρόσωπόν του, βλέπει τινὰς ὀνείρατα ἀληθινά. Εἶναι ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἢ διὰ αὐτὴν τὴν αἰτίαν τε, ἢ διὰ τὴν θερμότητα, ὅπου ἔχει φυσικὰ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον, ἐπειδῆ τρίβοντες δύω ξύλα Δάφνης τὸ ἓν μὲ τὸ ἄλλο, ἀνάπτει φωτίαν, ὡς ὑπὸ τὸν σίδηρον, καὶ ὑπὸ τὰ πυροβόλα ἐργαλεῖα. Ὁ Πλίνιος λέγει ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον ἦτον εἰς μεγαλωτάτην τιμὴν εἰς τὰς Δελφούς, ὅπου ἐλάτρετο αὐτὸς ὁ μυθώδης Θεὸς, καὶ ὅπου ἦσαν σὺν ὑπὸ τὰ πλέον φημισμένα Μαντεῖα του.

Μυθώδευσαν ὅτι ἡ Δάφνη ἦτον θυγάτηρα τοῦ Πηνειοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐπειδῆ φυσικὰ αὐξάνει πληθυσμὸν Δαφνῶν εἰς τὰ παραποτάμια τῆς Θήβης ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι καὶ τῆς ὑποχθονίας ἐπὶ μετεχειρίσθη ἡ Ὥρα εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, εἰς τὴν Δάφνην, καὶ ἢ ἡ αὐτὴ κομβολογιθῆ, ἱστορίῳ ὅτι ὑποδέχνυται νὰ εὐχάριστο τὰς ἰδιωμάτων, ἢ τὰς διὰ

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'. ΙΒ'. ΙΓ'.

Περὶ τῆς Ἴους, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς δάμαλιν, τῆς Σύριγγος εἰς αὐλόν, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ Ἄργου, τεθέντων εἰς τὴν οὐρὰν τῆς παγωνῆς.

Ἡ Ἰὼ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἰνάχου ποταμοῦ ἀγαπᾶτο ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός, ὅστις τὴν ἐπίσκεπε μὲ τὰς παρακελεύσεις του· ἔπειτα διὰ νὰ τὴν φυλάξῃ ὑπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ Ἥρας, καὶ νὰ κρύψῃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, τὴν μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς δάμαλιν. Ἡ δὲ Ἥρα μετεμόρφωσε καὶ αὐτὴ τὸν Ἄργον εἰς παγώνιον, θέτουσα εἰς τὴν οὐράν του, τὰ ἑκατὸν μάτια τοῦ Ἄργου, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐφόνευσεν ὁ Ἑρμῆς. Εὕρεσις, καὶ κατασκευὴ τῆς σύριγγος.

Εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν εἶναι τόπος περιεκλεισμένος πανταχόθεν ἀπὸ δάση, ὁ ὁποῖος ὀνομάζεται Τέμπη, ἀφοῦ ὁ Πηνειὸς ποταμὸς καταβαίνοντας ἀπὸ τοῦ Πηλίου, κυλεῖ τὰ νερὰ του γεμάτα ἀπὸ ἀφρόν· καθὼς αὐτὰ πίπτουσιν ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ βράχου, φράζουσιν ἕνα ὁμίχλην καπνόν, ὁποῦ ῥαντίζει τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν δένδρων· τὸ δὲ πέσιμόν των κάμνει τόσον κτύπον, ὥστε εἰσακούεται εἰς ἐπέκεινα, οἱ τόποι εἶναι ἀρκετὰ ἀπομακρά, ὄχι μόνον εἰς τοὺς γείτονας. Ἐκεῖ εἶναι ὁ θρόνος, καὶ τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ μεγάλου αὐτοῦ ποταμοῦ· ἐκεῖ εἰς αὐλὴν σκεπασμένην ἢ περικυκλωμένην ἀπὸ σκοπέλους, δίδει τοὺς νόμους εἰς τὰ νερὰ τῆς ἐπικρατείας του, καὶ εἰς τὰς Νύμφας,

Interea medios Iuno despexit in agros
et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres
sub nitido mirata die, non fluminis illas
esse, nec umenti sensit tellure remitti;
605atque suus coniunx ubi sit circumspicit, ut quae
deprensi totiens iam nosset furta mariti.
Quem postquam caelo non repperit, “aut ego fallor,
aut ego laedor” ait, delapsaque ab aethere summo
constitit in terris nebulasque recedere iussit.
610Coniugis adventum praesenserat inque nitentem
Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille iuvencam.
Bos quoque formosa est. Speciem Saturnia vaccae,
quamquam invita, probat, nec non et cuius et unde
quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia quaerit.
615Iuppiter e terra genitam mentitur, ut auctor
desinat inquiri. Petit hanc Saturnia munus.
Quid faciat? crudele suos addicere amores,
non dare suspectum est. Pudor est qui suadeat illinc,
hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore;
620sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique
vacca negaretur, poterat non vacca videri.
on earth's expanse, with wonder saw the clouds
as dark as night enfold those middle fields
while day was bright above. She was convinced
the clouds were none composed of river mist
nor raised from marshy fens. Suspicious now,
from oft detected amours of her spouse,
she glanced around to find her absent lord,
and quite convinced that he was far from heaven,
she thus exclaimed; “This cloud deceives my mind,
or Jove has wronged me.” From the dome of heaven
she glided down and stood upon the earth,
and bade the clouds recede. But Jove had known
the coming of his queen. He had transformed
the lovely Io, so that she appeared
a milk white heifer—formed so beautiful
and fair that envious Juno gazed on her.
She queried: “Whose? what herd? what pasture fields?”
As if she guessed no knowledge of the truth.
And Jupiter, false hearted, said the cow
was earth begotten, for he feared his queen
might make inquiry of the owner's name.
Juno implored the heifer as a gift.—
what then was left the Father of the Gods?
'Twould be a cruel thing to sacrifice
his own beloved to a rival's wrath.
Although refusal must imply his guilt
the shame and love of her almost prevailed;
but if a present of such little worth
were now denied the sharer of his couch,
the partner of his birth, 'twould prove indeed
Jupiter transforms Io to a heifer

Meanwhile Juno looked down into the heart of Argos, surprised that rapid mists had created night in shining daylight. She knew they were not vapours from the river, or breath from the damp earth. She looked around to see where her husband was, knowing by now the intrigues of a spouse so often caught in the act. When she could not find him in the skies, she said �Either I am wrong, or being wronged� and gliding down from heaven�s peak, she stood on earth ordering the clouds to melt. Jupiter had a presage of his wife�s arrival and had changed Inachus�s daughter into a gleaming heifer. Even in that form she was beautiful. Saturnia approved the animal�s looks, though grudgingly, asking, then, whose she was, where from, what herd, as if she did not know. Jupiter, to stop all inquiry, lied, saying she had been born from the earth. Then Saturnia claimed her as a gift. What could he do? Cruel to sacrifice his love, but suspicious not to. Shame urges him to it, Amor urges not. Amor would have conquered Shame, but if he refused so slight a gift as a heifer to the companion of his race and bed, it might appear no heifer!

φας, ὅπου τὰ κατοικήσιν· Οἱ ποταμοί τῆ πόλη φῶροι ἐσυναδρόμισαν ἐπεί, ἀμφιβόλοι ἂν ἦλθον διὰ νὰ συγχαρῶν· ἢ νὰ παρηγορήσειν ἕνα πατέρα. Ὁ ποταμὸς καλούμενος Σπερχαῖος, ξεφανωμένος ἀπὸ αἰγέρειες, δὲν ἐλέησεν ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ ἦλθη· ὁ ἀμήσυχος Ἐνιπεὺς, ὁ γέρων Ἀπίδανος, καὶ ὁ γλυκὺς Ἄμβρυσος, ἦλθον καὶ αὐτοί· νὰ κάμουν τὸ χρέος των· καὶ ἐπεῖτα οἱ ἄλλοι ποταμοί, ἀπὸ ὁποιονδήποτε μέρος ἡ βία των τοὺς ἐδιώκει εἰς την Θάλασσαν, ὥσαν χερασμένοι ἀπὸ τῆς γύ- ρας, ὅπου ἐπήραν εἰς τὸν δρόμον της. Μόνος ὁ Ἴναχος δὲν ἦλθεν, ὤντας κεχυμμένος εἰς τὸ σπηλάσιόν του, ὅπως ηὔξανε τὰ νερά του με τὰ δάκρυα, ὅπως ἔχυνεν, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁμμάτια. Αὐτὸς ὁ ἄθλιος πατήρ· ἐπέλασε την στέρνησιν τῆς Συγμέλης του, τὴν ὁποίαν ἠγάπα ὑπερβολικὰ· Δὲν ἤξευρεν ἂν ἐζοῦσεν, ἢ ἂν ἀπέθανεν αὐτὴ ἡ κό- ρη του, καὶ δὲν ἐνόμιζε νὰ ζῇ πλέον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν τὴν ἦτον εἰς κανένα μέρος· καὶ τὰ ἁπλᾶ πράγματα, ὅπως ἐφοβεῖτο, τοῦ ἐφαίνοντο χειρότερα ἀπὸ τὸν Θάνατον.

Οἱ Θεοί, τούς ὁποίους ὁ Ζεὺς τῷ εἶχε συναπανήσει, ὅτε ἐγύρευσεν ἀπὸ τὸν πατέρα της, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχεν ὑπάγει διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐπισκεφθῇ, ἰδὼν αὐτὴν βλέποντας πῶς ὁ Ζεὺς ἀλησμόνησε πὼς εἶναι Θεός, ἰδὼν ἔγινε δοῦλος μιᾶς κόρης, ἰδὼν λέγει πρὸς· ὦ ἀξιοπότιμη, ἰδὼν ὡραῖα κόρη, ἥτις εἶσαι ἀξία διὰ κανένα Θεόν, ἰδὼν εἶσαι ἴσως ἀποφασισμένη διὰ κανένα κοινὸν ἄνθρωπον, τὸν ὁποῖον θέλεις κάμει εὐτυχέστατον, συζευγνυμένη μὲ αὐτόν, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος καίει τώρα τὸ μεσημέρι κατὰ πολλά, ἔμβα εἰς τὸν ἴσκιον κανενὸς δένδρου, ἕως νὰ περάσῃ τὸ καῦμα.

Paelice donata non protinus exuit omnem
diva metum timuitque Iovem et fuit anxia furti,
donec Arestoridae servandam tradidit Argo.
625Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat:
inde suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem,
cetera servabant atque in statione manebant.
Constiterat quocumque modo, spectabat ad Io:
ante oculos Io, quamvis aversus, habebat.
630Luce sinit pasci; cum sol tellure sub alta est,
claudit et indigno circumdat vincula collo.
frondibus arboreis et amara pascitur herba,
proque toro terrae non semper gramen habenti
incubat infelix limosaque flumina potat.
635Illa etiam supplex Argo cum bracchia vellet
tendere, non habuit, quae bracchia tenderet Argo,
et conata queri mugitus edidit ore
pertimuitque sonos propriaque exterrita voce est.
Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat,
640Inachidas ripas; novaque ut conspexit in unda
cornua, pertimuit seque exsternata refugit.
the earth born heifer other than she seemed—
and so he gave his mistress up to her.
Juno regardful of Jove's cunning art,
lest he might change her to her human form,
gave the unhappy heifer to the charge
of Argus, Aristorides, whose head
was circled with a hundred glowing eyes;
of which but two did slumber in their turn
whilst all the others kept on watch and guard.
Whichever way he stood his gaze was fixed
on Io—even if he turned away
his watchful eyes on Io still remained.
He let her feed by day; but when the sun
was under the deep world he shut her up,
and tied a rope around her tender neck.
She fed upon green leaves and bitter herbs
and on the cold ground slept—too often bare,
she could not rest upon a cushioned couch.
She drank the troubled waters. Hoping aid
she tried to stretch imploring arms to Argus,
but all in vain for now no arms remained;
the sound of bellowing was all she heard,
and she was frightened with her proper voice.
Where former days she loved to roam and sport,
she wandered by the banks of Inachus:
there imaged in the stream she saw her horns
and, startled, turned and fled. And Inachus
and all her sister Naiads knew her not,
although she followed them, they knew her not,
Juno claims Io and Argus guards her

Though her rival was given up the goddess did not abandon her fears at once, cautious of Jupiter and afraid of his trickery, until she had given Io into Argus�s keeping, that son of Arestor. Argus had a hundred eyes round his head, that took their rest two at a time in succession while the others kept watch and stayed on guard. Wherever he stood he was looking at Io, and had Io in front of his eyes when his back was turned. He let her graze in the light, but when the sun sank below the earth, he penned her, and fastened a rope round her innocent neck. She grazed on the leaves of trees and bitter herbs. She often lay on the bare ground, and the poor thing drank water from muddy streams. When she wished to stretch her arms out to Argus in supplication, she had no arms to stretch. Trying to complain, a lowing came from her mouth, and she was alarmed and frightened by the sound of her own voice. When she came to Inachus�s riverbanks where she often used to play and saw her gaping mouth and her new horns in the water, she grew frightened and fled terrified of herself.

ριὸς Θεοῦ, ὅπου βαστᾶ τὸ σκῆπτρον τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσιάζεις τὰς βροντάς. Μὴ φύγῃς, ὡραία Νύμφη· διότι ἐκείνη ἤρχισε νὰ φεύγῃ, καὶ ἴσον ὀπλιγώρα, ὥστε εἶχον ἀπεράσῃ τὰς βοσκὰς τῆς Λέρνης λίμνης, καὶ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας τὰς πεδιάδας. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς συσκοτίζοντας τὴν γῆν μὲ σκότος, ἐκρύψει αὐτὴν τὴν Νύμφην, καὶ ἐμποδίζοντας τὴν φυγήν της, ἔφθειρε τὴν παρθενίαν της. Ὡς πόσον ἡ Ἥρα ῥίψασα τὰ ὄμματα μεταξὺ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ βλέψασα τὴν αἴφνιδίον κατακτίαν, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε συστήσῃ μίαν τοιαύτην λαμπράν καὶ θαλυίαν ἡμέραν, κατέλαβεν εὐθύς ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς δὲν ἐχωρχετο οὔτε ἀπὸ τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις τοῦ νεροῦ, οὔτε ἀπὸ τὰς λεπτὰς ἀτμίδας τῆς γῆς. Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν ὑποπτευθήσασα διὰ τὸν ἄνδρα της τὸν Δία, ἤρχισε νὰ τὸν γυρεύῃ ἀπανταχοῦ, καὶ μεταχειρίζεται κάθε ἐπιμέλειαν, ἐπιθυμοῦσα νὰ μάθῃ μήπως κανένας ἔρως πάλιν τῆς ἀποπλανᾶ τὸν ἄνδρα της. Καὶ μὴν εὑρίσκουσα αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν· ἢ ἀπατῶμαι, εἶπεν, ἢ ἀτιμάζομαι· καὶ εὐθὺς καταβαίνει ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ προστάζει τὴν ὁμίχλην νὰ διαλυθῇ. Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Ζεὺς αἰσθανόμενος τὴν ἐρχομήν τῆς γυναικὸς του, μετεμόρφωσε τὴν Ἰὼ εἰς ἀγελάδα λευκήν, ἀφηνώντας της ὅμως κάποιόν τι ἀπὸ τὴν πρώτην της εὐμορφίαν. Ἡ οὖν ἀγελάδα ἦτον πόσον εὐμορφη, ὥστε ἡ Ἥρα καὶ ἐκείνως τὴν ἐπαίνεσε, καὶ ὡς νὰ μὴν ἤθελεν ἐννοήσῃ τὸ γιγνόμενον, ἡρώτησε πόθεν εἶναι αὐτὴ ἡ εὐμορφη ἀγελάδα, καὶ ποῖος τὴν ἔφερε· Ὁ Ζεὺς τῆς ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι εἶχε γεννηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς· καὶ μετεχειρίσθη τοῦτο τὸ ψεῦδος, διὰ νὰ ἀποκόψῃ κάθε

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 53

το επίστευσε, τὴ ζητεῖ τὴ αγελάδα, βιάζεται τό- σον, ὥστε αὐτὴ ἠθυ ὑπὲρ Θεὸς, δὲν ἤξευρε τί νὰ ἀπο- φασίση· νὰ ἀφήση τὸν ἐρωμένοι, τοῦ εἰς χέρας τῆς ἀντιτύπης, ἦτον σκληρόν· νὰ ἀρνηθῇ τὸν χάριν, ὑπο- πτον· ἀπὸ τὸ ἓν μέρος ἡ ἐντροπὴ τὸν. Βιάζει νὰ δώ- ση τὸ χάρισμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ ἔρως του λέγει τὸ ἐναντίον. Τέλος πάντων ὁ ἔρως ἤθελεν νικήση τὴν ἐντροπὴν, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀπόστασις οὐδὲ τοιαῦτα μικρὸ ζητήμα- τος τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς, ἢ ὁμῆς συμβίας, ἤθελε την πάρη νὰ λέγη εὔκολα ὅτι ἡ ἀγελάδα, ἦτον ἄλλο τι παρὰ ἀγελά- δα. Τὴν ἐχάρισε λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν Ἥραν, ἡ ὁποία φυλάτ- τουσα μὲ ὅλον τὸν τὸν φόβον τῆς, ἢ τὴν ζηλοτυπίαν τῆς, ὑπόπτως εἰς τὸν Δία, ἢ τὸ δῶρόν του τὸν ἐξευρω- ποῦσαν, ἕως οὗ τὴν ἐπαραδώκησε εἰς Ἄργον νὰ τὴν φυ- λάττῃ. Καὶ βέβαια αὐτὸς ὁ Ἄργος, ἦτον πολλὰ ἄξιος νὰ φυλάξη τὴν Ἰὼ, ἐπειδὴ εἶχον ἑκατὸν ὀμμάτια εἰς τὸ κεφάλι τῆς, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα δύω μόνον ἐκοιμῶντο, τὰ δὲ ἄλ- λα πάντα ἀγρυπνοῦσαν, ἢ ἐφυλάττον. Κατ αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον λοιπὸν ἔβλεπε τὴν Ἰὼ ὡς ἥθελε αὐτὴ ἐγύριζε νὰ πηγαίνῃ, ἢ ἄν καλὰ αὐτὸς νὰ ἐστρέφῃ τὴν ῥάχιν τοῦ, ὅ- μως εἶχε πάντοτε ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰ ὀμμάτια του αὐτὴν τὴν Ἰώ. Τὴν ἀφίνεν ὅλης τὴν ἡμέραν νὰ βόσκῃ, ἀλ- λὰ φθάνοντος νὰ δύσῃ ὁ Ἥλιος, τὴν ἐσφάλισε, δενόντας τὸν ἀτίμως. Δὲν τὴν ἐτρέφεν εἰμὴ φύλλα, ἢ χόρτα, δὲν τὴν ἐπλαγίαζον εἰμὴ εἰς τὸ χῶμα, δὲν τὴν ἐπό- τιζεν εἰμὴ νερὰ γεμάτα ἀπὸ λάσπην. Πολλάκις ἤθελε νὰ ἀπλώση χέρια πρὸς τὸν Ἄργον, πάχα διὰ νὰ τοῦ ζητήση παρηγοριὰν χάριν, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶχε χέρια, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορέση νὰ τὰ ἀπλώση πρὸς αὐτόν. Ὅταν δὲ ἤ- θελε νὰ παραπονῆται, ἐμύκατο, ἢ ἐφοβεῖτο αὐτὴ ἡ ἴ- δία τὸν

Naides ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse,
quae sit; at illa patrem sequitur sequiturque sorores
et patitur tangi seque admirantibus offert.
645Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas:
illa manus lambit patriisque dat oscula palmis
nec retinet lacrimas et, si modo verba sequantur,
oret opem nomenque suum casusque loquatur.
Littera pro verbis, quam pes in pulvere duxit,
650corporis indicium mutati triste peregit.
“Me miserum!” exclamat pater Inachus inque gementis
cornibus et niveae pendens cervice iuvencae
“me miserum!” ingeminat, “tune es quaesita per omnes
nata, mihi terras? tu non inventa reperta
655luctus eras levior. Retices nec mutua nostris
dicta refers, alto tantum suspiria ducis
pectore, quodque unum potes, ad mea verba remugis.
At tibi ego ignarus thalamos taedasque parabam,
spesque fuit generi mihi prima, secunda nepotum.
660De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus habendus.
Nec finire licet tantos mihi morte dolores,
sed nocet esse deum, praeclusaque ianua leti
aeternum nostros luctus extendit in aevum?”
Talia maerentem stellatus submovet Argus
665ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam
abstrahit. Ipse procul montis sublime cacumen
occupat, unde sedens partes speculatur in omnes.
although she suffered them to touch her sides
and praise her.
When the ancient Inachus
gathered sweet herbs and offered them to her,
she licked his hands, kissing her father's palms,
nor could she more restrain her falling tears.
If only words as well as tears would flow,
she might implore his aid and tell her name
and all her sad misfortune; but, instead,
she traced in dust the letters of her name
with cloven hoof; and thus her sad estate
was known.
“Ah wretched me! ” her father cried;
and as he clung around her horns and neck
repeated while she groaned, “Ah wretched me!
Art thou my daughter sought in every clime?
When lost I could not grieve for thee as now
that thou art found; thy sighs instead of words
heave up from thy deep breast, thy longings give
me answer. I prepared the nuptial torch
and bridal chamber, in my ignorance,
since my first hope was for a son in law;
and then I dreamed of children from the match:
but now the herd may furnish thee a mate,
and all thy issue of the herd must be.
Oh that a righteous death would end my grief!—
it is a dreadful thing to be a God!
Behold the lethal gate of death is shut
against me, and my growing grief must last
throughout eternity.”
While thus he moaned
came starry Argus there, and Io bore
from her lamenting father. Thence he led
his charge to other pastures; and removed
from her, upon a lofty mountain sat,
whence he could always watch her, undisturbed.
The sovereign god no longer could endure
Inachus finds Io and grieves for her

�� The naiads did not know her: Inachus himself did not know her, but she followed her father, followed her sisters, allowing herself to be petted, and offering herself to be admired. Old Inachus pulled some grasses and held them out to her: she licked her father�s hand and kissed his palm, could not hold back her tears, and if only words could have come she would have begged for help, telling her name and her distress. With letters drawn in the dust with her hoof, instead of words, she traced the sad story of her changed form. �Pity me!� said her father Inachus, clinging to the groaning heifer�s horns and snow-white neck, �Pity me!� he sighed; �Are you really my daughter I searched the wide world for? There was less sadness with you lost than found! Without speech, you do not answer in words to mine, only heave deep sighs from your breast, and all you can do is low in reply to me.� Unknowingly I was arranging marriage and a marriage-bed for you, hoping for a son-in-law first and then grandchildren. Now you must find a mate from the herd, and from the herd get you a son. I am not allowed by dying to end such sorrow; it is hard to be a god, the door of death closed to me, my grief goes on immortal for ever.� As he mourned, Argus with his star-like eyes drove her to distant pastures, dragging her out of her father�s arms. There, sitting at a distance he occupied a high peak of the mountain, where resting he could keep a watch on every side.

Now the king of the gods can no longer stand Phoronis�s great sufferings, and he calls his son, born of the shining Pleiad, and orders him to kill Argus. Mercury, quickly puts on his winged sandals, takes his sleep-inducing wand in his divine hand, and sets his cap on his head. Dressed like this the son of Jupiter touches down on the earth from his father�s stronghold. There he takes off his cap, and doffs his wings, only keeping his wand. Taking this, disguised as a shepherd, he drives she-goats, stolen on the way, through solitary lanes, and plays his reed pipe as he goes. Juno�s guard is captivated by this new sound. �You there, whoever you are� Argus calls �you could sit here beside me on this rock; there�s no better grass elsewhere for your flock, and you can see that the shade is fine for shepherds.�

The descendant of Atlas sits down, and passes the day in conversation, talking of many things, and playing on his reed pipe, trying to conquer those watching eyes. Argus however fights to overcome gentle sleep, and though he allows some of his eyes to close, the rest stay vigilant. He even asks, since the reed pipe has only just been invented, how it was invented.

τόσον ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐβόσκησε ἐπήγχε ἕως εἰς τὰς ὄχθας τοῦ πάχους τῆς ποταμοῦ, ὅπου ἦτον συμπεθισμένη νὰ πηγαίνῃ νὰ ξεδιψάσῃ, καὶ μόλις εἶδε τὴν μορφὴν της μέσα εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ τὰ κέρατα τῆς κεφαλῆς της, ἐτρόμαξεν. Αἱ Νάϊδες δὲν τὴν ἐγνώρισαν, οὐδὲ ὁ πατήρ της ὁμοίως· αὐτὴ ὅμως ἡ παλαίπωρος, ἡ ὁποία ἔχασε τὴν μορφήν της, δὲν ἔχασε τὸ λογικόν της, καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ πάντα τὸν πατέρα της, καὶ τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Ἄφινε νὰ τὴν ἐγγίξῃ, καὶ ἔτρεχε ἔμπροσθέν των ὡς διὰ νὰ εἰπῇ πρὸς ἐκείνους, ὅποι τὴν ἔβλεπον, θαυμάζοντες τὴν ὡμορφίαν της, νὰ παρχίσουν νὰ τὴν γνωρίσουν. Ὁ γέρων Ἴναχος, μὴ ἐξεύροντας ποία εἶναι, διὰ τὰ κλάδια ὅπου τὰ κόπτει, τῇ προσφέρει χορτάρια· ἐκείνη δὲ γλείφει, καὶ ἀσπάζεται τὰ χέρια τοῦ πατρὸς της, καὶ δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ κρατήσῃ τὰ δάκρυά της, καὶ ἂν ἠδύνατο νὰ λαλήσῃ, ἤθελε τοῦ ζητήσει βοήθειαν, καὶ νὰ εἰπῇ τὸ ὄνομά της, καὶ τὴν δυστυχίαν της. Τέλος πάντων, ἀντὶ τῆς λαλιᾶς, μεταχειρίζεται τὴν γραφήν, ἐγχαράττουσα εἰς τὴν ἄμμον μὲ τὸ ποδάρι της τὴν ἀξιοθρήνητον δυστυχίαν της, καὶ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέσον ἐφανέρωσε τὴν μεταβολήν της. ὦ οἴ μοι τοῦ παλαιπώρου, ἐφώναξεν ὁ πατήρ της, ἀγκαλιάζοντας τὸν λαιμὸν τῆς ἀγελάδος, σύ εἶσαι λοιπόν, ὦ θυγατερ, ὅπου πανταχῆ σὲ ἐγύρευσα, καὶ τώρα σὲ εὑρίσκω, ὥσαν καὶ νὰ μὴ σὲ εὕρισκον. Ἀλλοίμονον! ἡ λύπη μου εἶναι μεγαλητέρα τώρα ὅπου σὲ εὑρῆκα. Σύ δὲν μὲ ἀποκρίνεσαι, παρὰ μόνον ἀναστενάζεις, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅπου ἀγωνίζεσαι διὰ νὰ μοῦ ἀποκριθῇς, μυκᾶσαι, καὶ μὲ λυπᾶσαι. Ἐγὼ ἐφρόντιζα διὰ τὸν γάμον σου, καὶ ἤλπιζα γαμβροῦ, καὶ ἐγγόνια νὰ ἔχω ἀπὸ σὲ,

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 55

„ τὰ βόσκησιν εἰς τὰ παραποτάμια μέ, ἢ νὰ λάμψης „ παιδία, συνασθμιζόμενα μέ εἰς τὰ κοπάδια. Ἡ „ μεγαλειτέρα μέ δυστυχία εἶναι νὰ εἶμαι ἀθάνατος, ἢ „ δὲν ἡμπορῶ νὰ ἐλπίσω τὸν Θάνατον, ὡς θεραπείαν „ τῆς δυστυχίων μου. βλάπτει μέ τὸ νὰ εἶμαι Θεός, „ ἐπειδὴ αἱ λύπαι μέ θέλουν εἶναι καθὼς κἀγὼ „ ἀθάνατοι". Ἐν ᾧ ἐκεῖνος ἐπαραπονεῖτο οὕτως, ὁ Ἄργος ἥρπασε τὴν κόρην ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγκάλας τε, φέρωντάς την εἰς ἀπὸ μέρος νὰ βόσκη, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ την χάση ἀπὸ τὰ ὀμμάτια τε, ἀνέβη εἰς ἕνα βουνὸ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἔβλεπε παντaχόθεν. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς μὴν ἡμπορῶντας πλέον νὰ ὑποφέρη τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς παλαιτώρης ταύτης κόρης, ἐνέταξε τὸν Ἑρμῆν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐγέννησεν ἀπὸ μίαν τῶν Πλειάδων, ἢ τὸν ἐπαρὸς ἅξε νὰ φονεύση τὸν Ἄργον. Ὁ δὲ Ἑρμῆς προθύμως πέρνει τὸ σύνηθες τῆς κεφαλῆς τε κάλυμμα, βάνει τὰς πτέρυγας εἰς τὰ ποδάρια τε, λαμβάνει εἰς τὸ χέρι τε μίαν βέργαν, ἡ ὁποία ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ ἀποκοιμίζη, καὶ ἔτσι καταβαίνει ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν εἰς τὴν γῆν, ὁπόταν χωρὶς νὰ φανερωθῆ υἱὸς τε Διὸς, ἐνέβαλε τὰ πτερὰ, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τε πολίσματα, μὴ κρατῶντας ἄλλο, παρὰ τὴν βεργίτζαν, ἢ ὡσὰν νὰ ἦτον βοσκὸς, ἐφύλαττεν ἕνα νομάδι γίδια, ἢ βόσκοντάς τα, ἔπαιξε τὴν φλογέραν. Μόλις ἥκουσεν ὁ Ἄργος αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν μελωδίαν, διεφράχθη παρευθύς, ἢ „ὁποῖος καὶ ἂν ἔ- „σαι, τὸν φωνάζει, ἐλὰ νὰ καθίσης μαζή μέ ἐπάνω „εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πέτραν" δὲν εὑρίσκεται καλλιότερος „τόπος εἰς ὅλα τὰ μέρη" αὐτὸ ὁ ἴσκιος μάλιστα σέ „προσκαλεῖ, καὶ ἡ βοσκὴ αὕτη εἶναι ἐξαίρετος,". Ἐκάθισε λοιπὸν ὁ Ἑρμῆς κοντὰ τω, ἢ λέγει τω πολλάκατα διηγήματα

Nec superum rector mala tanta Phoronidos ultra
ferre potest natumque vocat, quem lucida partu
670Pleias enixa est, letoque det imperat Argum.
Parva mora est alas pedibus virgamque potenti
somniferam sumpsisse manu tegimenque capillis.
Haec ubi disposuit, patria Iove natus ab arce
desilit in terras. Illic tegimenque removit
675et posuit pennas, tantummodo virga retenta est.
Hac agit, ut pastor, per devia rura capellas,
dum venit, adductas et structis cantat avenis.
Voce nova captus custos Iunonius “at tu,
quisquis es, hoc poteras mecum considere saxo,”
680Argus ait, “neque enim pecori fecundior ullo
herba loco est, aptamque vides pastoribus umbram.”
Sedit Atlantiades et euntem multa loquendo
detinuit sermone diem iunctisque canendo
vincere harundinibus servantia lumina temptat.
685Ille tamen pugnat molles evincere somnos
et, quamvis sopor est oculorum parte receptus,
parte tamen vigilat. Quaerit quoque (namque reperta
fistula nuper erat), qua sit ratione reperta.
to witness Io's woes. He called his son,
whom Maia brightest of the Pleiades
brought forth, and bade him slay the star eyed guard,
argus. He seized his sleep compelling wand
and fastened waving wings on his swift feet,
and deftly fixed his brimmed hat on his head:—
lo, Mercury, the favoured son of Jove,
descending to the earth from heaven's plains,
put off his cap and wings,— though still retained
his wand with which he drove through pathless wilds
some stray she goats, and as a shepherd fared,
piping on oaten reeds melodious tunes.
Argus, delighted with the charming sound
of this new art began; “Whoever thou art,
sit with me on this stone beneath the trees
in cooling shade, whilst browse the tended flock
abundant herbs; for thou canst see the shade
is fit for shepherds.” Wherefore, Mercury
sat down beside the keeper and conversed
of various things—passing the laggard hours.—
then soothly piped he on the joined reeds
to lull those ever watchful eyes asleep;
but Argus strove his languor to subdue,
and though some drowsy eyes might slumber, still
were some that vigil kept. Again he spoke,
(for the pipes were yet a recent art)
“I pray thee tell what chance discovered these.”
To him the God, “ A famous Naiad dwelt
among the Hamadryads, on the cold

μὲ τὸ λάλημα τῆς φλογέρας, ἐπάχιξε νὰ τὸν ἀποποιήσιον, ἢ νὰ ἀλέσον ἐκεῖνα τὰ ὁμμάτια, ὁποῦ ἀργυπνήσαν πάντοτε εἰς φύλαξιν ἐκείνης, ὁποῦ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἤθελε νὰ ἐλευθερώση. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ἄργος ἐναντιέται εἰς τὸν ὕπνον, παχίζοντας νὰ τὸν νικήση, κ' ἂν ἐκοιμᾶτο ἀπὸ τὸ ἓν μέρος, ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ἀγρυπνοῦσε· κ' ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἐφόρησις τῆς φλογέρας ἦτον ἀκόμη νέα, ἔλαβε περιέργειαν νὰ μάθη πῶς ηὑρέθη, κ' ἠρώτησε περὶ τῆς τοῦ Ἑρμίου. Τότε ὁ Θεὸς ἔτσι, μεκρυμμένος, ὡς φανέρεται, εἰς μορφὴν βοσκοῦ, ἔτσι ἀπεκρίθη· ἦτον ποτὲ, λέγει, μία Νύμφη εἰς τὰ πέρειξ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας βουνὰ, τὴν ὁποῖαν ἀνόμαξον Σύριγγα, κ' ἡ ἀρετὴ τῆς τὴν ἔκαίνον ἐνδοξότερον ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας Νύμφας. Πολλάκις αὐτὴ ἐπειγέλα τὰς ἀποληθέντας αὐτῆς Σατύρας, κ' αὐθόρμως ἐναντιέστο εἰς τὰ πάθη ὅλων τῶν Θεῶν, ὅσοι κατοικοῦσιν εἰς τὰ δάση, κ' εἰς τὰς παιδιάδας. Αὐτὴ ἠκολούθη τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, κ' τὴν ἐμιμεῖτο εἰς κάθε πρᾶγμα, τόσον εἰς τὴν σωφροσύνην, ὅσον καὶ εἰς κάθε ἄλλην ἄσκησίν της. Ἐφόρει φορέματα ὅμοια μὲ ἐκεῖνα τῆς Θεᾶς, κ' πολλὰς ἀπάτησε νὰ τὴν θαρρῶσιν Ἄρτεμιν, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι τὸ τοξόδειμα τὸ νεράτιον διέφερε ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνο τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ὁποῦ ἦτον χρυσῆν, καὶ ὅμως ἀκόμη ἠμποροῦσε τινὰ νὰ γελαθῇ. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Πὰν τὴν ἐσυναπάντησεν, ἐπανερχόμενον ἀπὸ τὸ Λυκαῖον βουνὸν, κ' ἐξεφανωμένος ἀπὸ πίτυος κλάδος, καὶ τὴν συνηθείαι τε, τῆς εἶπε αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια· ὦ ὡραῖα Νύμφη, μὴν ἀντισέησαι εἰς τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, κ' εἰς τὸ πάθος ἑνὸς Θεοῦ ὁποῦ θέλει νὰ συζευχθῇ μαζή σε

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 57

χέσητα, ἰ ἄρχισεν αὐθὺς νὰ φεύγῃ πρὸς τὴν ἄκρον τὸ ποταμὸ Λάδανον· ἀλλὰ βλέποντα ὅτι τὸ νερὸν τὸ ποταμὸ τῆς ἐμποδίζε νὰ περάσῃ, παρεκάλεσε τὰς Νύμφας ἀδελφάς της νὰ τὴν μεταμορφώσουν· ὥστε θέλοντας ὁ Πὰν νὰ τὴν πιάσῃ, δὲν ἠγκάλιασεν ἄλλο τι παρὰ κάλαμα, ἀντὶ τὸ κορμῆς της. Αὐτὸς λοιπὸν ὁ ἐραστὴς ἀπαιτητὸς, ἀναστενάζει, θλίβεται, ἰ ἀπελπίζεται, ἰ ὁ ἄνεμος ἰ ἀναπνοὴ του ἀναπαύοντες με τὰ κάλαμα, ὅπου ἐκράτησαν, τὰ ἔκαμε νὰ ἐκδώσουν ἕνα λεπτὸν ἦχον, παρόμοιον με τὴν φωνὴν ὅπου ὕψε παραπονεῖται· ἰ ἐπειδὴ ὁνομάλθη ὁ Θεὸς τὴν γλυκύτητα ἐκείνου τὸ ἦχου, ὅπου ἐφαίνετο νὰ ἀπολαύνεται εἰς τὴν λύπην, ἐζήτησεν αὐθὺς τὸν τρόπον νὰ κάμῃ νὰ διατηρῆται πάντοτε αὐτὸ τὸ εἶδος τῆς διαλέξεως, ὅπου ἐνόμιζε νὰ ἔχῃ με τὴν Νύμφην του. ἰ διὰ νὰ φέρῃ εἰς ἐνέργειαν τὸ σκοπόν του, λαβὼν διάφορα κάλαμα μικρὰ ἰ μεγάλα, τὰ ἐσύναψεν ὁμοῦ, ἰ οὕτω κατεσκεύασεν αὐτὸ τὸ ὄργανον, ὅπου ὀνομάζεται Σύριγξ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς κόρης. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἤθελε νὰ ἀκολουθῇ τὴν ὁμιλίαν του, ἀλλὰ βλέποντας τὸν Ἄργον ἀγρυπνον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου, ἰ με τὰ ὁμμάτια του κλεισμένα, ἐσιώπησε, ἰ με τὴν ἐνέργειαν τῆς βέργας του, τὸν ἐβύθισεν εἰς βαθύτατον ὕπνον. Μετὰ τοῦτο τὸν ἔκοψε τὴν κεφαλὴν με ἁσπίδι κατεσκευασμένου ὡς δρεπάνι, ἰ τὴν ἔρριψε κάτω ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου οἱ δύο τους ἦσαν καθισμένοι. Οὕτως ἔχασες τὴν ζωήν, παλαίπορε Ἄργε, ἰ ἔσβησε τὸ φῶς, ὅπου εἶχες εἰς ὅπα τόσον μέγαν ἀριθμὸν ὁμμάτων ἀνοικτῶν, ἐσβέθη αὐθημερὸν αἰωνίως· ἰ τὰ ἑκατὸν σου ὁμμάτια ἡῦραν μίαν νύκ

δελτοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐκόλπησεν εἰς τὴν ἔραν οὖθ πελῆς, ὅπε τῆς εἶναι ποθενότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα (δηλαδὴ τὰ παγωνία) σολίζσσα τὴν ἔραν ις, ὥσαν με μικρηαέπιελια, ἢ ἄστα.

Tum deus “Arcadiae gelidis in montibus” inquit
690“inter hamadryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas
naias una fuit; nymphae Syringa vocabant.
Non semel et satyros eluserat illa sequentes
et quoscumque deos umbrosaque silva feraxque
rus habet. Ortygiam studiis ipsaque colebat
695virginitate deam. Ritu quoque cincta Dianae
falleret et posset credi Latonia, si non
corneus huic arcus, si non foret aureus illi.
Sic quoque fallebat. Redeuntem colle Lycaeo
Pan videt hanc pinuque caput praecinctus acuta
700talia verba refert”—restabat verba referre
et precibus spretis fugisse per avia nympham,
donec harenosi placidum Ladonis ad amnem
venerit. Hic illam cursum inpedientibus undis,
ut se mutarent liquidas orasse sorores,
705Panaque, cum prensam sibi iam Syringa putaret,
corpore pro nymphae calamos tenuisse palustres.
Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in harundine ventos
effecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti.
Arte nova vocisque deum dulcedine captum
710“hoc mihi concilium tecum” dixisse “manebit!“
atque ita disparibus calamis conpagine cerae
inter se iunctis nomen tenuisse puellae.
Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes
succubuisse oculos adopertaque lumina somno.
715Supprimit extemplo vocem firmatque soporem
languida permulcens medicata lumina virga.
Nec mora, falcato nutantem vulnerat ense
qua collo est confine caput, saxoque cruentum
deicit et maculat praeruptam sanguine rupem.
720Arge, iaces, quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas,
exstinctum est, centumque oculos nox occupat una.
Arcadian summit Nonacris, whose name
was Syrinx. Often she escaped the Gods,
that wandered in the groves of sylvan shades,
and often fled from Satyrs that pursued.
Vowing virginity, in all pursuits
she strove to emulate Diana's ways:
and as that graceful goddess wears her robe,
so Syrinx girded hers that one might well
believe Diana there. Even though her bow
were made of horn, Diana's wrought of gold,
vet might she well deceive.
“Now chanced it Pan.
Whose head was girt with prickly pines, espied
the Nymph returning from the Lycian Hill,
and these words uttered he: ”—But Mercury
refrained from further speech, and Pan's appeal
remains untold. If he had told it all,
the tale of Syrinx would have followed thus:—
but she despised the prayers of Pan, and fled
through pathless wilds until she had arrived
the placid Ladon's sandy stream, whose waves
prevented her escape. There she implored
her sister Nymphs to change her form: and Pan,
believing he had caught her, held instead
some marsh reeds for the body of the Nymph;
and while he sighed the moving winds began
to utter plaintive music in the reeds,
so sweet and voice like that poor Pan exclaimed;
“Forever this discovery shall remain
a sweet communion binding thee to me.”—
and this explains why reeds of different length,
when joined together by cementing wax,
derive the name of Syrinx from the maid.
Such words the bright god Mercury would say;
but now perceiving Argus' eyes were dimmed
in languorous doze, he hushed his voice and touched
the drooping eyelids with his magic wand,
compelling slumber. Then without delay
he struck the sleeper with his crescent sword,
where neck and head unite, and hurled his head,
blood dripping, down the rocks and rugged cliff.
Low lies Argus: dark is the light of all
his hundred eyes, his many orbed lights
extinguished in the universal gloom
that night surrounds; but Saturn's daughter spread
their glister on the feathers of her bird,
Mercury tells the story of Syrinx

So the god explained �On Arcadia�s cold mountain slopes among the wood nymphs, the hamadryads, of Mount Nonacris, one was the most celebrated: the nymphs called her Syrinx. She had often escaped from the satyrs chasing her, and from others of the demi-gods that live in shadowy woods and fertile fields. But she followed the worship of the Ortygian goddess in staying virgin. Her dress caught up like Diana she deceives the eye, and could be mistaken for Leto�s daughter, except that her bow is of horn, and the other�s is of gold. Even so she is deceptive. Pan, whose head is crowned with a wreath of sharp pine shoots, saw her, coming from Mount Lycaeus, and spoke to her.� Now Mercury still had to relate what Pan said, and how the nymph, despising his entreaties, ran through the wilds till she came to the calm waters of sandy Ladon; and how when the river stopped her flight she begged her sisters of the stream to change her; and how Pan, when he thought he now had Syrinx, found that instead of the nymph�s body he only held reeds from the marsh; and, while he sighed there, the wind in the reeds, moving, gave out a clear, plaintive sound. Charmed by this new art and its sweet tones the god said �This way of communing with you is still left to me� So unequal lengths of reed, joined together with wax, preserved the girl�s name.

About to tell all this, Cyllenian Mercury saw that every eye had succumbed and their light was lost in sleep. Quickly he stops speaking and deepens their rest, caressing those drowsy eyes with touches of his magic wand. Then straightaway he strikes the nodding head, where it joins the neck, with his curved sword, and sends it bloody down the rocks, staining the steep cliff. Argus, you are overthrown, the light of your many eyes is extinguished, and one dark sleeps under so many eyelids.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΔ'.

Περὶ τῆς Ἴδης, ἢ ὁποία ἐπεστράφησεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν μορφὴν τῆς.

Ἡ Ἴδα μαειώδης, καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς φαρμάκων ἐκπεπληγμένη, ξίησσα ὅλον τὸν ὕπνον, ποταγέι θέλει παντάπασι Δίος, ὅτε ἡ Ἤρα κατεκάησε ἀπὸ τὰς δύσσας τῶν ὑπερεύχης ἂν σχήματι μορφὴ ἑνὸς τοῦ περιπτόν, ἤγης Θέα τὸ δεινύατο ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἴτιδος.

Θαῦατος τὰ Ἄργια παρώργησε καθ' ὑπερβολὴν τὴν Ἤραν, τὸ ὁ θυμὸς τῆς δὲ ὑποφέρει νὰ ἀργοσπορησῇ ἡ ἐκδίκησις τῆς. ἄθεν ἔβαλε πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τῆς παλαιτώρου Ἰοῦ, ὅ, τι ἐομερώτερον ἔῃ φεικωδέστερον καὶ ἂν ἔχον αἱ τὰ Ἄδης Ἐρινύες, κἂ ἐτάραξε τὸν ψυχὴν κὶ παροῦσαν τῆς με ἀπόκρυπτον μανία, πρόσον, ὥστε δὴ τῆς ἄρπον δόαμὸς ἀνεσιν. Φάγει ἢ δυσυχία, χωρεὶς νὰ ἰξέδῃ πῇ φάγει. Ἔχει καθ' ὅλην τὴν γλῶ, κἂ δὴ ὑφείσται πόνον νὰ τὴν ἀναπαύσῃ· εἰς καθ' μέρος, ὅπου γνεῖες, ἡ Ἤρα τῆς παρασαίνει φαντάσματα.

κόσματα ξέρμα καὶ φόβε. Δὲν εἶχε μείγη πλέον εἰς τὸν Κόσμον παρὰ ὁ Νέλδος, ὅπου δὲν εἶχε γίνῃ ἀκόμη μάρτυρ ἀπὸ τὸν, καὶ ἡ θλίψεών της καὶ ἀφοῦ ὅπου ἐφθασεν εἰς τὰ παραποταμὰ της, ὡς ἦτον παρασμένον, ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰ γόνατα, καὶ σηκώνησα τὴν κεφαλὴν, ὅπως ἠμπορᾶσε ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, μὲ τὰ φωνὰς της, ἢ νὰ εἰπῶ κάλλιον μὲ τὰ θλιβερὰ μυκήσματά της, ἐπαραπονεῖτο εἰς τὸν Δία, ζητῶσα τὸ τέλος τῆς δυστυχημάτων της. Τότε αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς συσπαθήθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰ δάκρυα τῆς ἀλλαμπούρας κόρης, ἀγκάλασε τὴν Ἥραν, παρακαλώντας τὴν νὰ κατακύσῃ τὰ κακὰ, ὅπου μία ἀθῶος ἔπαχεν ἀπὸ τόσον καιρὸ. Μὴ φοβῇ, της λέγει, νὰ σὲ λυπήσῃ πλέον αὐτὴ ἡ κόρη. καὶ φορκίζωντας τῆς τὸ λόγον του, ἔκραξε τὰ νερὰ τῆς Στυγὸς πρὸς μαρτυρίαν τῆς ὑποσχέσεως του. Μόλις ἡ Ἥρα κατεπράννεν τὸν θυμόν της, καὶ ἡ Ἰὼ ἀνέλαβεν ἀφοῦ ἤθελε πρώτην μορφώσης, ὁμοιούμενη ἐκείνῳ ἀπὸ ἦτον προτέρα. Ἡ ἀγελαδινὴ εἰκὼν ἠφανίσθη, τὰ κέρατα πλέον δὲν ἐφαίνοντο, τὰ ὄμματα ἐμίκρυναν, τὸ στόμα ἐστένωσεν, οἱ βραχίονες, καὶ τὰ χέρια της ἦλθον πάλιν, καὶ ἡ ὁπλὴ τῶν ποδῶν της, ἔδωκε τόπον εἰς τὰς ὄνυχας· ἅπαλος πάντων δὲν εἶχε πάντελῶς κανένα σημεῖον δαμάλης καθὼς πρότερα, εἰ μὴ τὴν λευκότητα. Τὸ πρώτης, ὅπου ἀνέλαβε μορφὴν Νύμφης, ἐστηρίχθη ἐπάνω εἰς δύο ποδάρια. Ἐφοβεῖτο ὅμως ἀκόμη νὰ λαλήσῃ, συστελλομένη μὴ μυγκαλιζῇ, ἄθελα μὲ φόβον μέγαν ἄρχισε νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον. Τώρα σήμερον εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον τὴν προσκυνῶσιν ὡς Θεάν, ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἰσίδος· ἔχει δὲ πλῆθος ἀναρίθμητον Ἱερέων, οἱ ὁποῖοι εἶναι ἐνδεδυμένοι λινὰ φορέματα, καὶ ἡ δόξα της εἶναι κατὰ πολὺ μεγαλυτέρα

Excipit hos volucrisque suae Saturnia pennis
collocat et gemmis caudam stellantibus inplet.
Protinus exarsit nec tempora distulit irae
725horriferamque oculis animoque obiecit Erinyn
paelicis Argolicae stimulosque in pectore caecos
condidit et profugam per totum terruit orbem.
Ultimus inmenso restabas, Nile, labori.
Quem simul ac tetigit, positis in margine ripae
730procubuit genibus resupinoque ardua collo,
quos potuit solos, tollens ad sidera vultus
et gemitu et lacrimis et luctisono mugitu
cum Iove visa queri finemque orare malorum.
Coniugis ille suae conplexus colla lacertis,
735finiat ut poenas tandem, rogat “in” que “futurum
pone metus” inquit; “numquam tibi causa doloris
haec erit:” et Stygias iubet hoc audire paludes.
Ut lenita dea est, vultus capit illa priores
fitque quod ante fuit: fugiunt e corpore saetae,
740cornua decrescunt, fit luminis artior orbis,
contrahitur rictus, redeunt umerique manusque,
ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absumitur ungues:
de bove nil superest formae nisi candor in illa.
Officioque pedum nymphe contenta duorum
745erigitur metuitque loqui, ne more iuvencae
mugiat, et timide verba intermissa retemptat.
emblazoning its tail with starry gems.
Juno made haste, inflamed with towering rage,
to vent her wrath on Io; and she raised
in thought and vision of the Grecian girl
a dreadful Fury. Stings invisible,
and pitiless, she planted in her breast,
and drove her wandering throughout the globe.
The utmost limit of her laboured way,
O Nile, thou didst remain. Which, having reached,
and placed her tired knees on that river's edge,
she laid her there, and as she raised her neck
looked upward to the stars, and groaned and wept
and mournfully bellowed: trying thus to plead,
by all the means she had, that Jupiter
might end her miseries. Repentant Jove
embraced his consort, and entreated her
to end the punishment: “Fear not,” he said,
“For she shall trouble thee no more.” He spoke,
and called on bitter Styx to hear his oath.
And now imperial Juno, pacified,
permitted Io to resume her form,—
at once the hair fell from her snowy sides;
the horns absorbed, her dilate orbs decreased;
the opening of her jaws contracted; hands
appeared and shoulders; and each transformed hoof
became five nails. And every mark or form
that gave the semblance of a heifer changed,
except her fair white skin; and the glad Nymph
was raised erect and stood upon her feet.
But long the very thought of speech, that she
might bellow as a heifer, filled her mind
with terror, till the words so long forgot
for some sufficient cause were tried once more.
and since that time, the linen wearing throng
Io is returned to human form

Saturnia took his eyes and set them into the feathers of her own bird, and filled the tail with star-like jewels. Immediately she blazed with anger, and did not hold back from its consequences. She set a terrifying Fury in front of the eyes and mind of that �slut� from the Argolis, buried a tormenting restlessness in her breast, and drove her as a fugitive through the world. You, Nile, put an end to her immeasurable suffering. When she reached you, she fell forward onto her knees on the riverbank and turning back her long neck with her face upwards, in the only way she could, looked to the sky, and with groans and tears and sad lowing seemed to reproach Jupiter and beg him to end her troubles. Jupiter threw his arms round his wife�s neck and pleaded for an end to vengeance, saying �Do not fear, in future she will never be a source of pain� and he called the Stygian waters to witness his words.

As the goddess grows calmer, Io regains her previous appearance, and becomes what she once was. The rough hair leaves her body, the horns disappear, the great eyes grow smaller, the gaping mouth shrinks, the shoulders and hands return, and the hooves vanish, each hoof changing back into five nails. Nothing of the heifer is left except her whiteness. Able to stand on two feet she raises herself erect and fearing to speak in case she lows like a heifer, timidly attempts long neglected words.

τῷ συζύγῳ τοῦ Διός, ἢ τῆς Ἴρις, καὶ δι' αὐτῶν τῶν αἰτίαν νὰ τῷ ἔπεισε νὰ ἔλθῃ πλησίον εἰς ἐκείνας τῷ Μηθὸς του. Εἶναι δὲ βέβαιον ὅτι ὁ Ἔπαφος εἶχε εἰς τον καιρὸν τῷ Φαέθοντος, υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἤτοι τοῦ Ἡλίου, τῷ ὁποῖος Φαέθοντος ἦταν καὶ φίλος, ὅμοιοι ὄντες κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, καὶ ἀντολμίαν· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὁ Φαέθων δὲν ἤθελε νὰ εἶναι κατώτερος του εἰς τὰς τιμάς, ὑπεραιρόμενος κατὰ πολλὰ μὲ τὸ νὰ ἦτον υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ὁ Ἔπαφος μὴ ὑποφέροντας τὴν οἴησιν καὶ ὑπερηφάνειάν του, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὰς συνομιλίας, τῷ λέγει· „Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι δίδεις μεγάλην πίστιν εἰς τὰ „λόγια τῆς Μητρός σου εἰς κάθε πρᾶγμα, ὦ διασκέπτεσαι εἰς ἀμάρτωλον ὑψηλοφροσύνην διὰ τὴν ὑπόληψιν „τοῦ πατρός σου, ὁ ὁποῖος ποτὲ δὲν εἶδε τὴν Μητέρα „σου, παρὰ μόνον ὡς βλέπεις ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον". Εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια ἐρυθριῶντας ὁ Φαέθων, ἐχαλίνωσε τὸν θυμόν του διὰ τὴν ἐντροπήν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶχε σημεῖα, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορέσουν νὰ τὸν ἐγνωρίσουν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅτι ἦταν υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου· ὅθεν κρύπτοντας τὰς στενοχωρίας του, ἐπῆγεν εἰς τὴν Μητέρα του τὴν Κλυμένην νὰ τῆς εἰπῇ τὴν ἀτιμίαν, καὶ ὕβριν, ὅπερ ἔλαβε. „Ναὶ, „λέγει, ὦ μητέρ μου, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὰ παραπονέσματα, ἐγῶ ὅπερ τιμῶμαι πανταχῆ ὡς δυνατὸς, καὶ „εὔτολμος, ἔμεινα ἀναπολόγητος, καὶ ἦξ ἀπτήνα νὰ „ἀκούσω μίαν τοιαύτην φαρμακερὰν κατηγορίαν, χωρὶς „νὰ ἠμπορέσω νὰ ἀποκριθῶ. Ἐὰν λοιπὸν εἶναι ἀληθὲς ὅτι κατάγωμαι ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῶν Θεῶν, σὲ παρακαλῶ νὰ μὲ δώσῃς κάρενα σημεῖον, καὶ νὰ μὲ „δείξῃς ὅτι δύναμαι νὰ γίνω ἄξιος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ". Πρὸς τούτοις ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν παρακαλῇ, τὰ

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 61

χιλώση περισσότερον, καὶ τῶν ὁρμήζεται εἰς ἐκεῖνο ὅπως τῆς ὑπό ποῦθενότερον εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἤγουν διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην τὰ ἀνδρός μης, ἢ τῆς θυγατέρων μης, νὰ τὸν κάμψῃ νὰ γνωρίσῃ τὸν πατέρα τε. Εἶναι ἀδήλον ἄν ἐπαρακινήθη περισσότερον ἡ Κλυμένη ἀπὸ τὰς δεήσεις τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα, καὶ τὴν εὐθορυβὴν τῆς ὑποψίας, ὅπως ἠτίμαζε τὸ υἱόν της, καὶ αὐτὴν. Ὡς τόσον ὕψωσαν τὰ χέρια της πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἢ βλέψασα τὸν Ἥλιον, ὀμνύω σε, υἱέ μου, τὰ λέγει, εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ λαμπρότατον φῶς, τὸ βλέπον, ἢ ἀκούον ἡμᾶς, ὅτι εἶσαι γεγεννημένος ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἥλιον, ὅπως βλέπεις, καὶ ὅπου κυβερνᾷ ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον· Ἂν σοῦ λέγω πάντα ψεῦδος, ἂς σκοτίσῃ τὸ φῶς τε ἀπὸ ἐμὲ νὰ μὴ τὸ βλέπω πλέον, ἢ ὡς εἶναι αὕτη ἡ τελευταία ἡμέρα, ὅπως τὸν βλέπω τὰ ὀμμάτια μου. Τέλος πάντων, τὰ λέγει, δὲν σὲ εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ πηγαίνῃς εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τε νὰ τὸν ἴδῃς. Ὁ τόπος ὅπως ἐκεῖνος ἀνατέλλει δὲν εἶναι μακράν ἀπὸ τοῦτα τὰ μέρη. Ἂν ἔχῃς ἀρκετὰ μεγαλοψυχίαν, ὕπαγε μόνος σε νὰ τὸν εὕρῃς, καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν θέλεις μάθῃ τῶν ἀρχῶν τῆς γῆς σε. Εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ὁμιλίαν εὐφράνθη πολλὰ ὁ Φαέθων, καὶ δὲν ἐσκόπιζετο ἄλλο τι, παρὰ τὸ νὰ ἀναβῇ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν· καὶ ἀφοῦ ἀπερνώντας τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, ἢ τὰς Θερμοπύλας, ὅπου παῦσι τὴν Ἰνδίαν, ἦλθεν ταχέως εἰς τὸν Παλάτιον τοῦ πατρὸς του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Nunc dea linigera colitur celeberrima turba,
nunc Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem
creditur esse Iovis, perque urbes iuncta parenti
750templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis
Sole satus Phaethon. Quem quondam magna loquentem
nec sibi cedentem Phoeboque parente superbum
non tulit Inachides, “matri” que ait “omnia demens
credis et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi.”
755Erubuit Phaethon iramque pudore repressit
et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem;
“quo” que “magis doleas genetrix,” ait “ille ego liber,
ille ferox tacui. Pudet haec opprobria nobis
et dici potuisse et non potuisse refelli.
760At tu, si modo sum caelesti stirpe creatus,
ede notam tanti generis meque adsere caelo.”
Dixit et inplicuit materno bracchia collo
perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum
traderet oravit veri sibi signa parentis.
of Egypt have adored her as a God;
for they believe the seed of Jove prevailed;
and when her time was due she bore to him
a son called Epaphus; who also dwells
in temples with his mother in that land.
Now Phaethon, whose father was the Sun,
was equal to his rival, Epaphus,
in mind and years; and he was glad to boast
of wonders, nor would yield to Epaphus
for pride of Phoebus, his reputed sire.
Unable to endure it, Io's son
thus mocked him; “Poor, demented fellow, what
will you not credit if your mother speaks,
you are so puffed up with the fond conceit
of your imagined sire, the Lord of Day.”
shame crimsoned in his cheeks, but Phaethon
withholding rage, reported all the taunts
of Epaphus to Clymene his mother:
“'Twill grieve you, mother, I, the bold and free,
was silent; and it shames me to report
this dark reproach remains unchallenged. Oh,
if I am born of race divine, give proof
of that illustrious descent and claim
my right to Heaven.” Around his mother's neck
he drew his arms, and by the head of Merops,
and by his own, and by the nuptial torch
of his beloved sisters, he implored
Phaethon�s parentage

Now she is worshipped as a greatly honoured goddess by crowds of linen clad acolytes. In due time she bore a son, Epaphus, who shared the cities� temples with his mother, and was believed to have been conceived from mighty Jupiter�s seed. He had a friend, Phaethon, child of the Sun, equal to him in spirit and years, who once boasted proudly that Phoebus was his father, and refused to concede the claim, which Inachus�s grandson could not accept. �You are mad to believe all your mother says, and you have an inflated image of your father.� Phaethon reddened but, from shame, repressed his anger, and went to his mother Clymene with Inachus�s reproof. �To sadden you more, mother, I the free, proud, spirit was silent! I am ashamed that such a reproach can be spoken and not answered. But if I am born at all of divine stock, give me some proof of my high birth, and let me claim my divinity!� So saying he flung his arms round his mother�s neck, entreating her, by his own and her husband Merops�s life, and by his sisters� marriages, to reveal to him some true sign of his parentage.

Clymene, moved perhaps by Phaethon�s entreaties or more by anger at the words spoken, stretched both arms out to the sky and looking up at the sun�s glow said �By that brightness marked out by glittering rays, that sees us and hears us, I swear to you, my son, that you are the child of the Sun; of that being you see; you are the child of he who governs the world; if I lie, may he himself decline to look on me again, and may this be the last light to reach our eyes!� It is no great effort for you yourself to find your father�s house. The place he rises from is near our land. If you have it in mind to do so, go and ask the sun himself!� Immediately Phaethon, delighted at his mother�s words, imagining the heavens in his mind, darts off and crosses Ethiopia his people�s land, then India, land of those bathed in radiant fire, and with energy reaches the East.�

Φαίνεται μοι ότι ὑπέδειξε ὑβρέων ἡ τιμὴ ἀπὸ Ἰδης, ἐπειδὴ ἐσώδειγμα φον εἰδῶ ὅσα ἀεὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸν μειακὸν ἢ ὡς δὲ Ἰξαῦρα αὖ εἶναι καλλώτερον νὰ ἀύσκευεται τὸ ὄνομα τῆς εἰς τὸν Μῦθον· παρὰ εἰς τὰ Ἱστορείαν. Ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον μαρτυρεῖται ἐρώτησιν τοῦ Διός· ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς Ἱστορείας ὡς νέα πεφαρμηζὸν εἰς τὴν ἀσέληγειαν, ἡ ὁποία ἔσα κοινὴ πόρνη δέν δύγαειοιῶ δη νὰ ἀσχγυαίνῃ μόνον εἰς τὰν πάθδιάης, ἀλλ' ὕπηγε θ, εἰς ἄλας πόλεις θ γώρας, καθώς μὲς ὑποδείχνοιοι τὸ παξίδια, ὅσα ἐκαλύθο ὕπὸ ἐνὰ μερὸς εἰς ἀλὸ εἰς τῦ μακρυσο τῆμε τοὺς. Μὲ ὅλον τῷ τὸ ὁ Ἡρόδοτος λέγει ὅτι ἡ Ἰῷ Συγάμμή τὴν Ἱναγε βασιλέως τοῦ Ἀργείων πράγον ὕπο τῆς Φοίνικας, καὶ ἐφερδῆ εἰς ἡνμ Αἰγύπτου, ὅπα ἐσεῤῥώδον τὸν Δι πῆ, ἡ Ὤσνειις τοῦ ἴσκι βασίλέος, ὸ οποῖος ὕδῆλε νὰ ὀνομάσσῃ Ἶσις Ἄμμων, ὕὀπερ ἴον χρόνου ἐνέιτετο ἤτοι ὁ Ἀργείων παῖς καὶ ὁ Μῆθος ἄλλον δυκτυστημὸ οὗ Θέας τοῦ θύας ὅπε τεσδιμάδων εἰς τῶ Θεσσίνδίῳ, καὶ ἐνρῷκηῦσα ταν Ἰῷ ὑπὸ τὸ σφεμα τῆς Ἵσιδος, ἐμῦνδοόγηδῆ ὅτι αὐτὴ μετεμορφώδῆ εἰς σάρναι, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι Θέα τοῦ Αἰγυπτίαν. Προσέτησιν, ὅτι ἔσας ἀσθιαπος ὁνεμαόμηθος τῦ ἀληδέα Ἑρμης, Θέλοντας νὰ κυμεῦσῃ τὸ Βασιλέαν τοῦ Ἀργείων, ἐδαράμησε τὸν Βασιλέα ὁπορμαόμηθον Ἄργον φρόνιμον καὶ σεβόσμενον γέροντα· ἀλὰ μὴ δύμησης νὰ σελέσσοῦ τὸν σκοπόν τῆ. ἐ Κρεῖσέλε ὑπὸ τὴν Ἐκλάδα, ἐσῶδέφησόε τῖᾳ Ἵσιδα εἰς τὸ Βασίλειον τῆς Αἰγύπτη, καὶ ὅτι ἢ Ἶσις διδάσκαα τοῦ Αἰγυπτίης τῷ γεωργικὰ, καὶ ἀλλα ὠφέλιμα ἀφοῦμ

λόγευς, αλλα δεν ἰξέλιπο αι αρμόζει εδω να ῥηθουν. Ως τοσσον λέγσι τινες ότι οι κατοικοι τε τόπε θέλοντες να περάσουν αυτο το στενόν, κατσκέλασαν μόσικα κατάβια, τα οποία ετρόβουσαν οι θόες, ή εκ τότε ώνομάσθη Βόσφορος. Αλλα πάλιν διαχειλοντοι ότι ώνομάσθη ο τόπος Βόσφορος ύπο του ῥέθ, ότι καί ό Άργος Αίγύπτιος ἐσήλθε εις τον Ἴναχον Ποταμόν, Άργος, δέ αγναι- ρέθησε εις ζώον εις τήν Πελοπόννησον, ύστερον δέ απέρασε το μακρύτερον οι ἄνθρω- ποι ἐπακώ εἰν το κόσμῳ, με το ὁποῖον ἐπέρανα αὐτου το τόπον, ἐπηγοράθησαν να ώνομάσουν τον τόπον Βοσφόρου; με το να είδαν ἐκει ἀφοιου το ζώον αὐτο. Αυτη ώμως δλα είνοι ἔξω τα σκοποῦ μας. Τέλος πάντων ἐπεν τινες ότι αι συχναί ωδολογίασεις, ὁπα η Ἰώ ἔκανεν εις ἐκεῖνην σήν θάλασσαν, διά να γίνη γνωστή η ἀμορφία της εις τής τόπης αυτης, ἔγιναν αἰτία να ώνομασθη το πέλαγος. Ἴώ- νειον' αγκάλα είπαν ἄλλοι, ὁπα λέγσι να ἔλαβε το ὄνομα ἀπο κάπειον Ἴάνειον Ἱερεστίου, ή ὑπο τυς Ἴάνακα, ὁπα ἐκει ἐναυ- ἄγησαν; Αναφέροντο ἔτι δ αλλας αἰτίας, αλλα δεν θέλω επη ποια είνοι η ἀληθέστερα, ἔπειδη καθ ἐγώ ἐποθεσα να το μαθώ ὑπο τι- νος, τό ὕχι να το κείνω κατην τῆν γνώμην μου.

765Ambiguum, Clymene, precibus Phaethontis an ira
mota magis dicti sibi criminis utraque caelo
bracchia porrexit spectansque ad lumina solis
“per iubar hoc” inquit “radiis insigne coruscis,
nate, tibi iuro, quod nos auditque videtque,
770hoc te, quem spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbem,
Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum
se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris.
Nec longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates:
unde oritur, domus est terrae contermina nostrae.
775Si modo fert animus, gradere et scitabere ab ipso.”
Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris
dicta suae Phaethon et concipit aethera mente,
Aethiopasque suos positosque sub ignibus Indos
sidereis transit patriosque adit inpiger ortus.
for some true token of his origin.
Or moved by Phaethon's importuned words,
or by the grievous charge, who might declare?
She raised her arms to Heaven, and gazing full
upon the broad sun said; “I swear to you
by yonder orb, so radiant and bright,
which both beholds and hears us while we speak,
that you are his begotten son.—You are
the child of that great light which sways the world:
and if I have not spoken what is true,
let not mine eyes behold his countenance,
and let this fatal moment be the last
that I shall look upon the light of day!
Nor will it weary you, my son, to reach
your father's dwelling; for the very place
where he appears at dawn is near our land.
Go, if it please you, and the very truth
learn from your father.” Instantly sprang forth
exultant Phaethon. Overjoyed with words
so welcome, he imagined he could leap
and touch the skies. And so he passed his land
of Ethiopia, and the Indies, hot

Η δε Ἰώ καταφθάσασα εις Αἴγυπτον, ἄλλαξε ζωὴν εἰς ἀνθρωπίνην, εἶδεν ἐκεῖ τοσον σεμνὸς, ὁ σαφφορος, ὅσον τὸ πάροερον ἀσχημας· ὥστε εἰ ῥητέον, ὅτι ὠδεύσασα εἰς Αἴγυπτον ζῶον, ἔλαβεν ἐκεῖ τὴν ἀρχαίαν τῆς μορφῆς της ὁμορφιάν· διὰ τὶ δὲ, καὶ τι κτησθέντερον νὰ κάμῃ τὰς ἀνθρώπας ζῶον ἄναξε ὑπὸ τῶν κακῶν, καὶ πάλιν νὰ τὰς θερείῳ ἀπολύσας δεν εἶναι ἄλλο ἀξιώτερον νὰ τὸ πάθῃ τὰ τὰς φιλοσόφους δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο ἀξιώτερον. Ὁ Χριστιανισμὸς μας διδάσκει ὅτι παντὴ πε δύα εἶναι ἱκανὰ νὰ μᾶς κάμεν Ἁγίας, ἢ ἄκια τον πολιτισμὸν Θεὸς, καθὼς τὸ βλέπομεν παραδειγματικῶς εἰς τὴν Ἰώ, ἡ ὁποία ἐτιμήθη εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὡς Θεὰ, εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἴσιδος. Ἕως ἐδῶ ἐῤῥήθησαν

ρῶς, ὁ πλάττων ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς ᾖς ἐχχλείωε τὴν δάμαλιν, εἶδε τὶ ἂς ἡ Γῆ ἐθερμαίνετο πάντοτε ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν ζέσιν, ὁ ποῦ διὰ τὸ Θιὸς σημαίνεται, ὡς προέῤῥητα, δὲν ἐβλάστανε ποτὲ τι ποτε· ὁμοίως πάλιν, ἂς ἡ τοῦ Πανγαίου πάντοτε ἐπεὶ ἡ συγκερασκιὴν θέρμιστης εἰ βὰς ἀστία τῆς καρποφορίας.

Ἡ Ἥρα παρέδωκεν εἰς φυλακὴν, τὴν δάμαλιν τῷ Ἄργῳ, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶχεν, ὡς λέγουσιν, ἑκατὸν ὀμμάτια της, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα μέρη, ἐπειδὴ Πολ τῶν Θυμάτου ἀπ τῶν ἀέρων, οἱ ποῖοι μαχίταν τὴν δάμαλιν, ὅ τῶν σωφὲς εἰ πολὺ μὲ τὲς ἐπίῤῥοας εἰ τὴν καρποφορείαν τῆς γῆς.

Ἀλλὰ δέει ἐρωτήσαι τίς ἀναμφιβόλως, διὰ τί ὁ Ζεὺς προσάγει τὸν Ἑρμῆν νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν Ἄργον, ἐπειδὴ ὁ λόγος, καὶ ἡ κρίσις, ὁποῦ διὰ τὸν Ἑρμῆν σημαίνονται, ἔχει πολλὴν δύναμιν εἰς τὴν γεωργικήν, καὶ μὲ τὴν σοφίαν, καὶ ἐπιμελούμενοι, δωρίζουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέτρον τῆς θερμότητος, ὁποῦ εἶναι τὸ συμφέρον εἰς τὴν φύσιν ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, καθὼς γύρω τοῦ τρόπου νὰ κάμνει νὰ γίνωνται τοῦ ψύχματος ποτὲ τὸ ὑπερβολικὸν ἢ νὰ διψάσῃ τὰ αὔγά, χωρὶς τὴν βοήθειαν τῆς ὀργῆς.

Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ δάμαλις, ἐλευθερωθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ Ἄργου, ὤδευσεν ὅλην τὴν γῆν, ἢ ὅλας τὰς θαλάσσας, διὰ νὰ ἐτονίσῃ ὅτι μὲ τὸν κόπον, ἢ μὲ τὰς φροντίδας, τοῦ ὑπολόγου πάσχει νὰ γίνῃ δύσκολος καὶ δυστυχὴς τινα Ἐπανέρχεται εἰς τάδε πάθος, ἐπὴ εἰσῆλθεν νὰ τὰς κάμνει δύσκολες. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Κήσιμον ἀπὸ γεωργικῆς, ὁδεύουσα ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνος ὁ τόπος ἠκολούθησεν ὑπὸ ὅλας τὰς ἄλλες

κεῖσθαι κορυφής. Ἄλλ' ὅταν αὐξήσῃ τῆς ἠλικίας, ὁ Ζεύς στέλλει τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ἵνα θανατώσῃ τὸν Ἄργον· ἐπειδὴ τοῦτε ὁ ὀρθὸς λόγος εἶναι ἱκανώτερος ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη, ἢ ἐξαίρει νὰ τὰ κατακλύσματα. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Ἥρα ἐμπνέει εἰς τὴν Ἰὼ μίαν μανίαν, ὅπῃ τῆς παρατεῖ, ἢ βασανίζει ἢ αὐτὴ ἡ μανία ἄλλα δὲν πάντα οἱ ἐλεγχοι τῆς συνειδήσεως, ἢ ἡ λύπη ἐν διώγμασι ἔμερον ἐσχερειδημένη κατακοπῆς τῆς ψυχῆς· ἡ ἡγεμονία τέλος τοῦ ὑποτελέσματα ἀπὸ ἡμεῖς ἀναλαμβανόμεθα τὴν φὴν τὴν μορφὴν μας, δήλαδὴ γίνομεθα φρόνιμοι καὶ σωσετοί, ἀφ' ἃ γνωρίσκωμεν τὴν ματαίαν τῆς μετοδοξίας, καὶ τῆς παθῶν, ὅπε μας κατακιάκασιν.

Ὁ Μῦθος τῆς Σύριγγος, ἢ τῆ Πανδὶ ὑποβλέπει ὅλως τὴν Ἰστορίαν, ἢ ἔχιμε μὲ ἁπλῆς παρονομασίαν· διότι ὁ Πᾶν ἐπεικοματίζεται ὁ ἐφευρετὴς τὰ αὐλῷ, ὁπῦ ἑλληνιστὶ λέγεται καὶ Σύριγξ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς κατεσκέυασε τὸν πρῶτον αὐλὸν τῆ μὲ ὀκτὼ κάλαμι, ὅπῦ ἐλάβον ὑπὸ τὸν Ἀρκάντα ποταμὸν, ἐμυθολόγησαν ὅτι ἡ Σύριγξ ἡ τοῦ Λυγάσμῳ ἐκείνη τὰ ποίημα, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Πᾶν ἠθέλησε νὰ τὴν βιάσῃ· ἐπειδὴ ἡ διὰ κατασκευῆς τοῦ αὐλοῦ, ἔσχοδαι νὰ μετακυμέλῃ κάποια βία.

Τέλος τῆ πρώτη Βιβλίῳ.

Metamorphoses

Book II

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
Book II · PHAETON AND PHOEBUS

PHAETON AND PHOEBUS

1Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo:
cuius ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat,
argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae.
5Materiam superabat opus: nam Mulciber illic
aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras,
terrarumque orbem, caelumque quod inminet orbi.
Caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem
10Aegaeona suis inmania terga lacertis,
Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videtur,
pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos,
pisce vehi quaedam: facies non omnibus una,
non diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum.
15Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque
fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris.
Haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago
signaque sex foribus dextris totidemque sinistris.
Quo simul acclivi Clymeneia limite proles
20venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis,
protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus
consistitque procul: neque enim propiora ferebat
lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat
in solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis.
25A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus
Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae
Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona,
stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat,
stabat et Autumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis,
30et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos.
Glowing with gold, flaming with carbuncles
Now Jupiter had not revealed himself,
on stately columns raised, refulgent shone
nor laid aside the semblance of a bull,
until they stood upon the plains of Crete.
the palace of the Sun, with polished dome
of ivory gleaming, and with portals twain
But not aware of this, her father bade
of burnished silver. And the workmanship
her brother Cadmus search through all the world,
until he found his sister, and proclaimed
exceeded all the wealth of gems and gold;
for there had Mulciber engraved the seas
him doomed to exile if he found her not;—
thus was he good and wicked in one deed.
encircling middle earth; the round of earth,
When he had vainly wandered over the earth
and heaven impending over the land.
(for who can fathom the deceits of Jove?)
And there
amid the waves were azure deities:
Cadmus, the son of King Agenor, shunned
his country and his father's mighty wrath.
melodious Triton and elusive Proteus; there
But he consulted the famed oracles
Aegeaan pressing with his arms the backs.
of Phoebus, and enquired of them what land
Of monstrous whales; and Doris in the sea
and all her daughters; some amid the waves
might offer him a refuge and a home.
and others sitting on the bank to dry
And Phoebus answered him; “When on the plains
a heifer, that has never known the yoke,
their sea-green hair, and others borne about
by fishes. Each was made to show a fair
shall cross thy path go thou thy way with her,
and follow where she leads; and when she lies,
resemblance to her sisters—yet not one
appearance was assigned to all—they seemed
to rest herself upon the meadow green,
there shalt thou stop, as it will be a sign
as near alike as sisters should in truth.
And men and cities, woods and savage beasts,
for thee to build upon that plain the walls
and streams and nymphs, and sylvan deities
of a great city: and its name shall be
were carved upon the land; and over these
the City of Boeotia.”
Cadmus turned;
an image of the glittering sky was fixed;—
six signs were on the right, six on the left.
but hardly had descended from the cave,
Here when audacious Phaethon arrived
Castalian, ere he saw a heifer go
by steep ascending paths, without delay
unguarded, gentle-paced, without the scars
of labour on her neck. He followed close
he entered in the shining palace-gates
of his reputed parent, making haste
upon her steps (and silently adored
celestial Phoebus, author of his way)
to stand in his paternal presence. There,
till over the channel that Cephissus wears
unable to endure the dazzling light,
he forded to the fields of Panope
he waited at a distance.
Phoebus sat,
and even over to Boeotia.—
there stood the slow-paced heifer, and she raised
arrayed in royal purple, on a throne
that glittered with the purest emeralds.—
her forehead, broad with shapely horns, towards Heaven;
and as she filled the air with lowing, stretched
there to the left and right, Day, Month and Year,
time and the Hours, at equal distance stood;
her side upon the tender grass, and turned
her gaze on him who followed in her path.
and vernal Spring stood crowned with wreathed flowers;
and naked Summer stood with sheaves of wheat;
Cadmus gave thanks and kissed the foreign soil,
and Autumn stood besmeared with trodden grapes;
and offered salutation to the fields
and unexplored hills. Then he prepared
and icy Winter rough with hoary hair.
And from the midst, with orbs that view the world,
to make large sacrifice to Jupiter,
and ordered slaves to seek the living springs
Phoebus beheld the trembling youth, fear-struck,
in mute amazement, and he said; “Declare
whose waters in libation might be poured.
the reason of thy journey. What wilt thou
The Palace of the Sun

The palace of the Sun towered up with raised columns, bright with glittering gold, and gleaming bronze like fire. Shining ivory crowned the roofs, and the twin doors radiated light from polished silver. The work of art was finer than the material: on the doors Mulciber had engraved the waters that surround the earth�s centre, the earthly globe, and the overarching sky. The dark blue sea contains the gods, melodious Triton, shifting Proteus, Aegaeon crushing two huge whales together, his arms across their backs, and Doris with her daughters, some seen swimming, some sitting on rocks drying their sea-green hair, some riding the backs of fish. They are neither all alike, nor all different, just as sisters should be. The land shows men and towns, woods and creatures, rivers and nymphs and other rural gods. Above them was an image of the glowing sky, with six signs of the zodiac on the right hand door and the same number on the left.

As soon as Clymene�s son had climbed the steep path there, and entered the house of this parent of whose relationship to him he was uncertain, he immediately made his way into his father�s presence, but stopped some way off, unable to bear his light too close. Wearing a purple robe, Phoebus sat on a throne shining with bright emeralds. To right and left stood the Day, Month, and Year, the Century and the equally spaced Hours. Young Spring stood there circled with a crown of flowers, naked Summer wore a garland of ears of corn, Autumn was stained by the trodden grapes, and icy Winter had white, bristling hair.

The Sun, seated in the middle of them, looked at the boy, who was fearful of the strangeness of it all, with eyes that see everything, and said �What reason brings you here? What do you look for on these heights, Phaethon, son that no father need deny?� Phaethon replied �Universal light of the great world, Phoebus, father, if you let me use that name, if Clymene is not hiding some fault behind false pretence, give me proof father, so they will believe I am your true offspring, and take away this uncertainty from my mind!� He spoke, and his father removed the crown of glittering rays from his head and ordered him to come nearer. Embracing him, he said �It is not to be denied you are worthy to be mine, and Clymene has told you the truth of your birth. So that you can banish doubt, ask for any favour, so that I can grant it to you. May the Stygian lake, that my eyes have never seen, by which the gods swear, witness my promise.� Hardly had he settled back properly in his seat when the boy asked for his father�s chariot and the right to control his wing-footed horses for a day.

His father regretted his oath. Three times, and then a fourth, shaking his bright head, he said �Your words show mine were rash; if only it were right to retract my promise! I confess my boy I would only refuse you this one thing. It is right to dissuade you. What you want is unsafe. Phaethon you ask too great a favour, and one that is unfitting for your strength and boyish years. Your fate is mortal: it is not mortal what you ask. Unknowingly you aspire to more than the gods can share. Though each deity can please themselves, within what is allowed, no one except myself has the power to occupy the chariot of fire. Even the lord of mighty Olympus, who hurls terrifying lightning-bolts from his right hand, cannot drive this team, and who is greater than Jupiter?�

�The first part of the track is steep, and one that my fresh horses at dawn can hardly climb. In mid-heaven it is highest, where to look down on earth and sea often alarms even me, and makes my heart tremble with awesome fear. The last part of the track is downwards and needs sure control. Then even Tethys herself, who receives me in her submissive waves, is accustomed to fear that I might dive headlong. Moreover the rushing sky is constantly turning, and drags along the remote stars, and whirls them in rapid orbits.� I move the opposite way, and its momentum does not overcome me as it does all other things, and I ride contrary to its swift rotation. Suppose you are given the chariot. What will you do? Will you be able to counter the turning poles so that the swiftness of the skies does not carry you away? Perhaps you conceive in imagination that there are groves there and cities of the gods and temples with rich gifts. The way runs through ambush, and apparitions of wild beasts! Even if you keep your course, and do not steer awry, you must still avoid the horns of Taurus the Bull, Sagittarius the Haemonian Archer, raging Leo and the Lion�s jaw, Scorpio�s cruel pincers sweeping out to encircle you from one side, and Cancer�s crab-claws reaching out from the other. You will not easily rule those proud horses, breathing out through mouth and nostrils the fires burning in their chests. They scarcely tolerate my control when their fierce spirits are hot, and their necks resist the reins. Beware my boy, that I am not the source of a gift fatal to you, while something can still be done to set right your request!�

�No doubt, since you ask for a certain sign to give you confidence in being born of my blood, I give you that sure sign by fearing for you, and show myself a father by fatherly anxiety. Look at me. If only you could look into my heart, and see a father�s concern from within! Finally, look around you, at the riches the world holds, and ask for anything from all of the good things in earth, sea, and sky. I can refuse you nothing. Only this one thing I take exception to, which would truly be a punishment and not an honour. Phaethon, you ask for punishment as your reward! Why do you unknowingly throw your coaxing arms around my neck? Have no doubt! Whatever you ask will be given, I have sworn it by the Stygian streams, but make a wiser choice!�

The warning ended, but Phaethon still rejected his words, and pressed his purpose, blazing with desire to drive the chariot. So, as he had the right, his father led the youth to the high chariot, Vulcan�s work. It had an axle of gold, and a gold chariot pole, wheels with golden rims, and circles of silver spokes. Along the yoke chrysolites and gemstones, set in order, glowed with brilliance reflecting Phoebus�s own light.

Now while brave Phaethon is gazing in wonder at the workmanship, see, Aurora, awake in the glowing east, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star, vanish, and he, last of all, leaves his station in the sky.

When Titan saw his setting, as the earth and skies were reddening, and just as the crescent of the vanishing moon faded, he ordered the swift Hours to yoke his horses. The goddesses quickly obeyed his command, and led the team, sated with ambrosial food and breathing fire, out of the tall stables, and put on their ringing harness. Then the father rubbed his son�s face with a sacred ointment, and made it proof against consuming flames, and placed his rays amongst his hair, and foreseeing tragedy, and fetching up sighs from his troubled heart, said �If you can at least obey your father�s promptings, spare the whip, boy, and rein them in more strongly! They run swiftly of their own accord. It is a hard task to check their eagerness. And do not please yourself, taking a path straight through the five zones of heaven! The track runs obliquely in a wide curve, and bounded by the three central regions, avoids the southern pole and the Arctic north. This is your road, you will clearly see my wheel-marks, and so that heaven and earth receive equal warmth, do not sink down too far or heave the chariot into the upper air! Too high and you will scorch the roof of heaven: too low, the earth. The middle way is safest.

�Nor must you swerve too far right towards writhing Serpens, nor lead your wheels too far left towards sunken Ara. Hold your way between them! I leave the rest to Fortune, I pray she helps you, and takes better care of you than you do yourself. While I have been speaking, dewy night has touched her limit on Hesperus�s far western shore. We have no time for freedom! We are needed: Aurora, the dawn, shines, and the shadows are gone. Seize the reins in your hand, or if your mind can be changed, take my counsel, do not take my horses! While you can, while you still stand on solid ground, before unknowingly you take to the chariot you have unluckily chosen, let me light the world, while you watch in safety!

The boy has already taken possession of the fleet chariot, and stands proudly, and joyfully, takes the light reins in his hands, and thanks his unwilling father.

Meanwhile the sun�s swift horses, Pyro�s, Eo�s, Aethon, and the fourth, Phlegon, fill the air with fiery whinnying, and strike the bars with their hooves. When Tethys, ignorant of her grandson�s fate, pushed back the gate, and gave them access to the wide heavens, rushing out, they tore through the mists in the way with their hooves and, lifted by their wings, overtook the East winds rising from the same region. But the weight was lighter than the horses of the Sun could feel, and the yoke was free of its accustomed load. Just as curved-sided boats rock in the waves without their proper ballast, and being too light are unstable at sea, so the chariot, free of its usual burden, leaps in the air and rushes into the heights as though it were empty.

As soon as they feel this the team of four run wild and leave the beaten track, no longer running in their pre-ordained course. He was terrified, unable to handle the reins entrusted to him, not knowing where the track was, nor, if he had known, how to control the team. Then for the first time the chill stars of the Great and Little Bears, grew hot, and tried in vain to douse themselves in forbidden waters. And the Dragon, Draco, that is nearest to the frozen pole, never formidable before and sluggish with the cold, now glowed with heat, and took to seething with new fury. They say that you Boot�s also fled in confusion, slow as you are and hampered by the Plough.

When the unlucky Phaethon looked down from the heights of the sky at the earth far, far below he grew pale and his knees quaked with sudden fear, and his eyes were robbed of shadow by the excess light. Now he would rather he had never touched his father�s horses, and regrets knowing his true parentage and possessing what he asked for. Now he wants only to be called Merops�s son, as he is driven along like a ship in a northern gale, whose master lets go the ropes, and leaves her to prayer and the gods. What can he do? Much of the sky is now behind his back, but more is before his eyes. Measuring both in his mind, he looks ahead to the west he is not fated to reach and at times back to the east. Dazed he is ignorant how to act, and can neither grasp the reins nor has the power to loose them, nor can he change course by calling the horses by name. Also, alarmed, he sees the marvellous forms of huge creatures everywhere in the glowing sky. There is a place where Scorpio bends his pincers in twin arcs, and, with his tail and his curving arms stretched out to both sides, spreads his body and limbs over two star signs. When the boy saw this monster drenched with black and poisonous venom threatening to wound him with its arched sting, robbed of his wits by chilling horror, he dropped the reins.

When the horses feel the reins lying across their backs, after he has thrown them down, they veer off course and run unchecked through unknown regions of the air. Wherever their momentum takes them there they run, lawlessly, striking against the fixed stars in deep space and hurrying the chariot along remote tracks. Now they climb to the heights of heaven, now rush headlong down its precipitous slope, sweeping a course nearer to the earth. The Moon, amazed, sees her brother�s horses running below her own, and the boiling clouds smoke. The earth bursts into flame, in the highest regions first, opens in deep fissures and all its moisture dries up. The meadows turn white, the trees are consumed with all their leaves, and the scorched corn makes its own destruction. But I am bemoaning the lesser things. Great cities are destroyed with all their walls, and the flames reduce whole nations with all their peoples to ashes. The woodlands burn, with the hills. Mount Athos is on fire, Cilician Taurus, Tmolus, Oete and Ida, dry now once covered with fountains, and Helicon home of the Muses, and Haemus not yet linked with King Oeagrius�s name. Etna blazes with immense redoubled flames, the twin peaks of Parnassus, Eryx, Cynthus, Othrys, Rhodope fated at last to lose its snow, Mimas and Dindyma, Mycale and Cithaeron, ancient in rites. Its chilly climate cannot save Scythia. The Caucasus burn, and Ossa along with Pindus, and Olympos greater than either, and the lofty Alps and cloud-capped Apennines.

Then, truly, Phaethon sees the whole earth on fire. He cannot bear the violent heat, and he breathes the air as if from a deep furnace. He feels his chariot glowing white. He can no longer stand the ash and sparks flung out, and is enveloped in dense, hot smoke. He does not know where he is, or where he is going, swept along by the will of the winged horses.

It was then, so they believe, that the Ethiopians acquired their dark colour, since the blood was drawn to the surface of their bodies. Then Libya became a desert, the heat drying up her moisture. Then the nymphs with dishevelled hair wept bitterly for their lakes and fountains. Boeotia searches for Dirce�s rills, Argos for Amymone�s fountain, Corinth for the Pirenian spring. Nor are the rivers safe because of their wide banks. The Don turns to steam in mid-water, and old Peneus, and Mysian Caicus and swift-flowing Ismenus, Arcadian Erymanthus, Xanthus destined to burn again, golden Lycormas and Maeander playing in its watery curves, Thracian Melas and Laconian Eurotas. Babylonian Euphrates burns. Orontes burns and quick Thermodon, Ganges, Phasis, and Danube. Alpheus boils. Spercheos�s banks are on fire. The gold that the River Tagus carries is molten with the fires, and the swans for whose singing Maeonia�s riverbanks are famous, are scorched in Ca�ster�s� midst. The Nile fled in terror to the ends of the earth, and hid its head that remains hidden. Its seven mouths are empty and dust-filled, seven channels without a stream.

The same fate parches the Thracian rivers, Hebrus and Strymon, and the western rivers, Rhine, Rhone, Po and the Tiber who had been promised universal power. Everywhere the ground breaks apart, light penetrates through the cracks down into Tartarus, and terrifies the king of the underworld and his queen. The sea contracts and what was a moment ago wide sea is a parched expanse of sand. Mountains emerge from the water, and add to the scattered Cyclades. The fish dive deep, and the dolphins no longer dare to rise arcing above the water, as they have done, into the air. The lifeless bodies of seals float face upwards on the deep. They even say that Nereus himself, and Doris and her daughters drifted through warm caves. Three times Neptune tried to lift his fierce face and arms above the waters. Three times he could not endure the burning air.

Nevertheless, kindly Earth, surrounded as she was by sea, between the open waters and the dwindling streams that had buried themselves in their mother�s dark womb, lifted her smothered face. Putting her hand to her brow, and shaking everything with her mighty tremors, she sank back a little lower than she used to be, and spoke in a faint voice �If this pleases you, if I have deserved it, O king of the gods, why delay your lightning bolts? If it is right for me to die through the power of fire, let me die by your fire and let the doer of it lessen the pain of the deed! I can hardly open my lips to say these words� (the heat was choking her). Look at my scorched hair and the ashes in my eyes, the ashes over my face! Is this the honour and reward you give me for my fruitfulness and service, for carrying wounds from the curved plough and the hoe, for being worked throughout the year, providing herbage and tender grazing for the flocks, produce for the human race and incense to minister to you gods?

Even if you find me deserving of ruin, what have the waves done, why does your brother deserve this? Why are the waters that were his share by lot diminished and so much further from the sky? If neither regard for me or for your brother moves you pity at least your own heavens! Look around you on either side: both the poles are steaming! If the fire should melt them, your own palace will fall! Atlas himself is suffering, and can barely hold up the white-hot sky on his shoulders! If the sea and the land and the kingdom of the heavens are destroyed, we are lost in ancient chaos!� Save whatever is left from the flames, and think of our common interest!

So the Earth spoke, and unable to tolerate the heat any longer or speak any further, she withdrew her face into her depths closer to the caverns of the dead. But the all-powerful father of the gods climbs to the highest summit of heaven, from where he spreads his clouds over the wide earth, from where he moves the thunder and hurls his quivering lightning bolts, calling on the gods, especially on him who had handed over the sun chariot, to witness that, unless he himself helps, the whole world will be overtaken by a ruinous fate. Now he has no clouds to cover the earth, or rain to shower from the sky. He thundered, and balancing a lightning bolt in his right hand threw it from eye-level at the charioteer, removing him, at the same moment, from the chariot and from life, extinguishing fire with fierce fire. Thrown into confusion the horses, lurching in different directions, wrench their necks from the yoke and throw off the broken harness. Here the reins lie, there the axle torn from the pole, there the spokes of shattered wheels, and the fragments of the wrecked chariot are flung far and wide.

But Phaethon, flames ravaging his glowing hair, is hurled headlong, leaving a long trail in the air, as sometimes a star does in the clear sky, appearing to fall although it does not fall. Far from his own country, in a distant part of the world, the river god Eridanus takes him from the air, and bathes his smoke-blackened face. There the Italian nymphs consign his body, still smoking from that triple-forked flame, to the earth, and they also carve a verse in the rock:

HERE PHAETHON LIES WHO THE SUN�S JOURNEY MADE DARED ALL THOUGH HE BY WEAKNESS WAS BETRAYED

Now the father, pitiful, ill with grief, hid his face, and, if we can believe it, a whole day went by without the sun. But the fires gave light, so there was something beneficial amongst all that evil. But Clymene, having uttered whatever can be uttered at such misfortune, grieving and frantic and tearing her breast, wandered over the whole earth first looking for her son�s limbs, and then failing that his bones. She found his bones already buried however, beside the riverbank in a foreign country. Falling to the ground she bathed with tears the name she could read on the cold stone and warmed it against her naked breast. The Heliads, her daughters and the Sun�s, cry no less, and offer their empty tribute of tears to the dead, and, beating their breasts with their hands, they call for their brother night and day, and lie down on his tomb, though he cannot hear their pitiful sighs.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ.

Περὶ τῆς Φαέθοντος υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἡλίου, τῆς μεταμορφώσεως ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός.

Ὁ Φαέθων υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἢ τῆς Κλυμένης, ἠνάγκασεν εὑρεῖν τὸν πατέρα του διὰ συμβουλῆς τῆς μητέρας αὐτοῦ, ἥν τε Ἡλίος τὸν ἐγνώρισεν ὅτι ἦτο τούτου ὁ υἱός, ὁ τοῦ ὑψηλοῦ εἴσοδον ὅτι ἐὰν μή τι ἤθελεν εἶναι Θεὸς πατέρας του, τοῦ ἐξήτησε νὰ χάρῃ ἐὰν ἠδύνατο εἰς τὸ ἅρμα του, καὶ νὰ κυβερνήσῃ μίαν μόνην ἡμέραν τὸν ἡλιακὸν φῶς. Ὁ πατήρ του, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὴν ἀμφιβολίαν, καὶ πάσας ἀναγκαίας ἱκεσίας, τοῦ ἔδωκε τὸ ζήτημα του· ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων, μὴ ὢν ἱκανὸς νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τοῦ ἅρματος τὰ ἄλογα, ἤφησεν αὐτὰ νὰ κατακαύσωσιν ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Διὰ τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ζεὺς τὸν ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸν κεραυνόν του.

Τῷ Παλατίῳ τῆς Ἡλίου ἦτον κτισμένον ἐπάνω εἰς μεγαλοφρεπείας στύλης. Ἔλαμπεν ὅλον ἀπὸ τὸ χρυσάφι, ὁποὺ ἐφαίνετο εἰς ὅλα τὰ τὰ μέρη, ἢ τὰ χρύμπτινια, ἢ διαμάντια ἀντινοβολῆσαν ὡς φωτία. Ἦτον ἐλέφαντοσκευασμένον, ἢ αἱ Θύραι τὰ ἦσαν ἀσημένιαι· ἀλλὰ ἂν καὶ τὰ ὕλη του ἦτον πολύτιμος, ὅμως ἡ τέχνη ὑπερέβαινε τὴν ὕλην. Αἱ θάλασσαι, ὁποὺ περιεκύλησαν τὴν γῆν, ἦσαν ἐγκεχαραγμέναι διὰ χέρος τὸ κλυτοσκήνου Ἡφαίστου. Ἐφαίνετο ἡ σφαῖρα τῆς γῆς, ἢ ὁ οὐρανός, ὁποὺ τὴν περιεκύλει. Ἐφαίνοντο ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ νέρα, οἱ Θεοὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, ὁ Τρίτων, ὅστις κρατεῖ εἰς τὰς χείρας του μίαν κερατίνω σάλπιγγα, ὁ ἀμεταβλήτος Πρωτεὺς, ἢ ὁ ἰσχυρὸς Αἰγαίων, ὁποὺ ἀγκαλιάζει εὔκολα τὰ περιπώδεστα νῶτα. Ἐφαίνετο ἡ Δωρῖτις, ἢ αἱ Θυγατέρες της, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας μερικαὶ μὲν ἔπλεον κολυμβῶσαι, ἄλλαι δὲ ἐκάθοντο ἐπάνω εἰς μίαν πέτραν, ὅπου ἐξέπνυαν τὰ μαλλιὰ αὐτῶν, ἢ ἄλλαι ἐμβαλιακάδον ὀψάρια. Τὸ πρόσωπόν των, μὲ ὅλον ὁποὺ ἦτον διάφορον, εἶχεν ὅμως χαρακτῆρας, ὁποὺ τὰς ἔδειχνα ἀδελφάς. Παρεστάθη ἡ γῆ μὲ τὰς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ μὲ τὰς χώρας, ὁποὺ ἔχει, μὲ τὰ ζῶα, ὁποὺ τὴν κατοικοῦσι, καὶ τὰ δάση, ὁποὺ τὴν ξεστολίζουσιν. Ἐφαίνοντο οἱ ποταμοὶ, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ Νύμφαι των, ἢ τέλος ὅλοι οἱ ἐπίλοιποι Θεοὶ ἢ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἢ τῶν λόγγων· ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς αὐτὰ ὅλα ἡ λαμπρά εἶναι τῆς οὐρανῆς, ἢ τὰ δώδεκα ζώδια εἰς τον τόπον της, ἓξ εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ, ἢ ἓξ εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά. Εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ Παλάτιον ἐμβαίνοντας ὁ Φαέθων, ἠθέλησε νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς τὸν θρόνον τὰ πατρὸς του, τὸν ὁποῖον ἀπόμι δὲν ἐγνώρευε

Inde loco medius rerum novitate paventem
Sol oculis iuvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit
“quae” que “viae tibi causa? quid hac” ait “arce petisti,
progenies, Phaethon, haud infitianda parenti?”
35Ille refert “o lux inmensi publica mundi,
Phoebe pater, si das usum mihi nominis huius
nec falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat,
pignera da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago
credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.”
40Dixerat: at genitor circum caput omne micantes
deposuit radios propiusque accedere iussit;
amplexuque dato “nec tu meus esse negari
dignus es, et Clymene veros” ait “edidit ortus.
Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud
45me tribuente feras. Promissis testis adesto
dis iuranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.”
Vix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos
inque diem alipedum ius et moderamen equorum.
Paenituit iurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque
50concutiens inlustre caput “temeraria” dixit
vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret
non dare! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem.
Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas.
Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nec viribus istis
55munera conveniant nec tam puerilibus annis.
Sors tua mortalis, non est mortale quod optas.
Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere possit,
nescius adfectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit,
non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe
60me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi,
qui fera terribili iaculatur fulmina dextra,
non agat hos currus: et quid Iove maius habemus?
Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes
enitantur equi: medio est altissima caelo,
65unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre
fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus.
Ultima prona via est et eget moderamine certo:
tunc etiam quae me subiectis excipit undis,
ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri.
70Adde quod adsidua rapitur vertigine caelum
sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet.
Nitor in adversum, nec me, qui cetera, vincit
impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.
Finge datos currus: quid ages? poterisne rotatis
75obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis?
Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum
concipias animo delubraque ditia donis
esse? per insidias iter est formasque ferarum.
Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis,
80per tamen adversi gradieris cornua tauri
Haemoniosque arcus violentique ora leonis
saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo
scorpion atque aliter curvantem bracchia cancrum.
Nec tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,
85quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant,
in promptu regere est: vix me patiuntur, ubi acres
incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis.
At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,
nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.
90Scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas,
pignera certa petis? do pignera certa timendo
et patrio pater esse metu probor. Adspice vultus
ecce meos; utinamque oculos in pectora posses
inserere et patrias intus deprendere curas!
95Denique quidquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus,
eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque
posce bonis aliquid: nullam patiere repulsam.
Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena,
non honor est: poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis.
100Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis?
ne dubita, dabitur (Stygias iuravimus undas)
quodcumque optaris: sed tu sapientius opta.”
Finierat monitus: dictis tamen ille repugnat
propositumque premit flagratque cupidine currus.
105Ergo qua licuit genitor cunctatus ad altos
deducit iuvenem, Vulcania munera, currus.
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae
curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo;
per iuga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae
110clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo.
Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque
perspicit, ecce vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu
purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
atria. Diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
115Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exit.
Quem petere ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit
cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae,
iungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.
Iussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes,
120ambrosiae suco saturos, praesepibus altis
quadrupedes ducunt adduntque sonantia frena.
Tum pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati
contigit et rapidae fecit patientia flammae
imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus
125pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit:
“Si potes his saltem monitis parere parentis,
parce, puer, stimulis et fortius utere loris:
sponte sua properant; labor est inhibere volentes.
Nec tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus:
130sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes,
zonarumque trium contentus fine polumque
effugit australem iunctamque aquilonibus arcton.
Hac sit iter: manifesta rotae vestigia cernes.
Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores,
135nec preme nec summum molire per aethera currum.
Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis,
inferius terras: medio tutissimus ibis.
Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad anguem,
neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad aram:
140inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando,
quae iuvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto.
Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas
umida nox tetigit. Non est mora libera nobis:
poscimur: effulget tenebris aurora fugatis.
145Corripe lora manu, vel, si mutabile pectus
est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris,
dum potes et solidis etiamnunc sedibus adstas
dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes.
Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris!”
150Occupat ille levem iuvenali corpore currum,
statque super manibusque datas contingere habenas
gaudet et invito grates agit inde parenti.
Interea volucres Pyrois et Eous et Aethon,
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras
155flammiferis implent pedibusque repagula pulsant.
Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis
reppulit, et facta est inmensi copia caeli,
corripuere viam pedibusque per aera motis
obstantes scindunt nebulas pennisque levati
160praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros.
Sed leve pondus erat, nec quod cognoscere possent
Solis equi, solitaque iugum gravitate carebat;
utque labant curvae iusto sine pondere naves
perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur,
165sic onere adsueto vacuus dat in aera saltus
succutiturque alte similisque est currus inani.
Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt
quadriiugi spatium, nec quo prius ordine currunt.
Ipse pavet nec qua commissas flectat habenas,
170nec scit, qua sit iter; nec, si sciat, imperet illis.
Tum primum radiis gelidi caluere triones
et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingi,
quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima serpens,
frigore pigra prius nec formidabilis ulli,
175incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras.
Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote,
quamvis tardus eras et te tua plaustra tenebant.
Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras
infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque iacentes,
180palluit et subito genua intremuere timore,
suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae.
Et iam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos,
iam cognosse genus piget et valuisse rogando,
iam Meropis dici cupiens ita fertur, ut acta
185praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit
frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.
Quid faciat? multum caeli post terga relictum,
ante oculos plus est! animo metitur utrumque,
et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est,
190prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus:
quidque agat ignarus stupet et nec frena remittit
nec retinere valet nec nomina novit equorum.
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo
vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum.
195Est locus, in geminos ubi bracchia concavat arcus
scorpius et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis
porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum.
Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit,
200mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit.
Quae postquam summum tetigere iacentia tergum,
exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras
ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit,
hac sine lege ruunt altoque sub aethere fixis
205incursant stellis rapiuntque per avia currum.
Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque
praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur.
Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna
admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant;
210corripitur flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus
fissaque agit rimas et sucis aret ademptis.
Pabula canescunt, cum frondibus uritur arbor,
materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
Parva queror: magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes,
215cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes
in cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent,
ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete
et tum sicca, prius creberrima fontibus, Ide,
virgineusque Helicon et nondum Oeagrius Haemus;
220ardet in inmensum geminatis ignibus Aetna
Parnasusque biceps et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys,
et tandem nivibus Rhodope caritura, Mimasque
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron.
Nec prosunt Scythiae sua frigora: Caucasus ardet
225Ossaque cum Pindo maiorque ambobus Olympus
aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Appenninus.
Tum vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem
adspicit accensum nec tantos sustinet aestus,
ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda
230ore trahit currusque suos candescere sentit;
et neque iam cineres eiectatamque favillam
ferre potest calidoque involvitur undique fumo,
quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus
nescit et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.
235Sanguine tum credunt in corpora summa vocato
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem.
Tum facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu
arida, tum nymphae passis fontesque lacusque
deflevere comis: quaerit Boeotia Dircen,
240Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas.
Nec sortita loco distantes flumina ripas
tuta manent: mediis Tanais fumavit in undis
Peneusque senex Teuthranteusque Caicus
et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho
245arsurusque iterum Xanthus flavusque Lycormas,
quique recurvatis ludit Maeandrus in undis.
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas.
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes
Thermodonque citus Gangesque et Phasis et Hister.
250Aestuat Alpheus, ripae Spercheides ardent,
quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus aurum,
et quae Maeonias celebrabant carmine ripas
flumineae volucres, medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem
255occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet: ostia septem
pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles.
Fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat
Hesperiosque amnes Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque,
cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin.
260Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis
lumen et infernum terret cum coniuge regem.
Et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus harenae
quod modo pontus erat: quosque altum texerat aequor,
exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent.
265Ima petunt pisces, nec se super aequora curvi
tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras;
corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo
exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris.
270Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu
exserere ausus erat, ter non tulit aeris ignes.
Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,
inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes,
qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris,
275sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus
opposuitque manum fronti magnoque tremore
omnia concutiens paulum subsedit et infra
quam solet esse fuit, siccaque ita voce locuta est:
“Si placet hoc, meruique, quid o tua fulmina cessant,
280summe deum? liceat periturae viribus ignis
igne perire tuo clademque auctore levare.
Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo”
(presserat ora vapor): “tostos en adspice crines
inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae.
285Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem
officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri
rastrorumque fero totoque exerceor anno,
quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges,
humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro?
290Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse: quid undae,
quid meruit frater? cur illi tradita sorte
aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt?
Quodsi nec fratris nec te mea gratia tangit,
at caeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque,
295fumat uterque polus. Quos si vitiaverit ignis,
atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat
vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem.
Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli,
in chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,
300siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.”
Dixerat haec Tellus: neque enim tolerare vaporem
ulterius potuit nec dicere plura: suumque
rettulit os in se propioraque manibus antra.
At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum,
305qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato
interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,
unde solet nubes latis inducere terris,
unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina iactat.
Sed neque quas posset terris inducere nubes
310tunc habuit, nec quos caelo demitteret imbres.
Intonat et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure
misit in aurigam pariterque animaque rotisque
expulit et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.
Consternantur equi et saltu in contraria facto
315colla iugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt.
Illic frena iacent, illic temone revulsus
axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum,
sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.
At Phaethon rutilos flamma populante capillos,
320volvitur in praeceps longoque per aera tractu
fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno
etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.
Quem procul a patria diverso maximus orbe
excipit Eridanus fumantiaque abluit ora.
325Naïdes Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma
corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum:
HIC SITUS EST PHAETHON, CURRUS AURIGA PATERNI:
QUEM SI NON TENUIT, MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AUSIS.
Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro
330condiderat vultus: et, si modo credimus, unum
isse diem sine sole ferunt: incendia lumen
praebebant aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo.
At Clymene postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt
in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens
335et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem,
exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens
repperit (ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa!),
incubuitque loco nomenque in marmore lectum
perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit.
340Nec minus Heliades lugent et inania morti
munera dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis
non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas
nocte dieque vocant adsternunturque sepulcro.
There was an ancient grove, whose branching trees
in this my palace, Phaethon my child
had never known the desecrating ax,
beloved?”
where hidden in the undergrowth a cave,
And to him replied the youth;
with oziers bending round its low-formed arch,
was hollowed in the jutting rocks—deep-found
“O universal light of all the world,
my father Phoebus, if thy name be mine,
in the dark center of that hallowed grove—
beneath its arched roof a beauteous stream
if Clymene has not concealed her sin
beneath some pretext, give to me, my sire,
of water welled serene. Its gloom concealed
a dragon, sacred to the war-like Mars;
a token to declare thy fatherhood
which may establish my assured descent,
crested and gorgeous with radescent scales,
and eyes that sparkled as the glow of coals.
and leave no dark suspicions in our minds.”—
A deadly venom had puffed up his bulk,
then Phoebus from his shining brows cast down
and from his jaws he darted forth three tongues,
his circling rays; called Phaethon to him,
and as he held him to his breast replied;
and in a triple row his sharp teeth stood.
“O child most worthy of thy sire, the truth
Now those who ventured of the Tyrian race,
misfortuned followers of Cadmus, took
was told thee by thy mother; wherefore doubts
the path that led them to this grove; and when
to dissipate, consider thy desire,
they cast down-splashing in the springs an urn,
and ask of me that I may freely give:
the hidden dragon stretched his azure head
yea, let the Nether Lake, beyond our view,
(which is the oath of Gods inviolate)
out from the cavern's gloom, and vented forth
be witness to my word.”
terrific hissings. Horrified they dropped
their urns. A sudden trembling shook their knees;
When this was said
and their life-blood was ice within their veins.
the happy youth at once began to plead
command and guidance of his father's steeds,
The dragon wreathed his scales in rolling knots,
wing-footed, and his chariot for a day.
and with a spring, entwisted in great folds,
reared up his bulk beyond the middle rings,
But Phoebus much repented that he sware,
high in the air from whence was given his gaze
and thrice and four times shook his radiant head;
“Ah, would I might refuse my plighted word;
the extreme confines of the grove below.
A size prodigious, his enormous bulk,
and oh, that it were lawful to deny
if seen extended where was naught to hide,
the promised boon.—For I confess, O son,
would rival in its length the Serpent's folds,
this only I should keep from thee—and yet
'Tis lawful to dissuade. It is unsafe
involved betwixt the planes of the Twin Bears.
to satisfy thy will. It is a great
The terrified Phoenicians, whether armed
request, O Phaethon, which neither suits
for conflict, or in flight precipitate,
or whether held incapable from fear,
thy utmost strength nor tender years; for thou
art mortal, and thou hast aspired to things
he seized with sudden rage; stung them to death,
or crushed them in the grasp of crushing folds,
immortal. Ignorance has made thy thought
or blasted with the poison of his breath.
transcend the province of the Gods. I vaunt
no vain exploits; but only I can stand
High in the Heavens the sun small shadow made
when Cadmus, wondering what detained his men,
securely on the flame-fraught axle-tree:
even the Ruler of Olympian Gods,
prepared to follow them. Clothed in a skin
who hurls fierce lightnings with his great right hand,
torn from a lion, he was armed, complete,
may never dare to drive this chariot,
with lance of glittering steel; and with a dart:
and what art thou to equal mighty Jove?
but passing these he had a dauntless soul.
When he explored the grove and there beheld
“The opening path is steep and difficult,
the lifeless bodies, and above them stretched
for scarcely can the steeds, refreshed at dawn,
the vast victorious dragon licking up
climb up the steeps: and when is reached the height,
the blood that issued from their ghastly wounds;
extreme of midmost Heaven, and sea and earth
are viewed below, my trembling breast is filled
his red tongues dripping gore; then Cadmus filled
with rage and grief; “Behold, my faithful ones!
with fearful apprehensions: and requires
the last precipitous descent a sure
I will avenge your deaths or I will share it!”
command. Then, also, Tethys, who receives
He spoke; and lifted up a mill-stone huge,
in his right hand, and having poised it, hurled
me in her subject waves, is wont to fear
lest I should fall disastrous. And around
with a tremendous effort dealing such
the hastening sky revolves in constant whirl,
a blow would crush the strongest builded walls;
drawing the lofty stars with rapid twist.
yet neither did the dragon flinch the shock
“I struggle on. The force that overcomes
nor was he wounded, for his armour-scales,
fixed in his hard and swarthy hide, repelled
the heavenly bodies overwhelms me not,
and I am borne against that rapid globe.
the dreadful impact. Not the javelin thus,
so surely by his armoured skin was foiled,
Suppose the chariot thine: what canst thou do?
Canst thou drive straight against the twisted pole
for through the middle segment of his spine
and not be carried from the lofty path
the steel point pierced, and sank beneath the flesh,
deep in his entrails. Writhing in great pain
by the swift car? Art thou deceived to think
there may be groves and cities of the Gods,
he turned his head upon his bleeding back,
and costly temples wondrously endowed?
twisting the shaft, with force prodigious shook
it back and forth, and wrenched it from the wound;
“The journey is beset with dreadful snares
and shapes of savage animals. If thou
with difficulty wrenched it. But the steel
remained securely fastened in his bones.
shouldst hold upon thy way without mistake
yet must thy journey be through Taurus' horns,
Such agony but made increase of rage:
and through the Bow Haemonian, and the jaws
his throat was swollen with great knotted veins;
of the fierce Lion, and the cruel arms
a white froth gathered on his poisonous jaws;
the earth resounded with his rasping scales;
of Scorpion, bent throughout a vast expanse,—
and Cancer's curving arms reversely bent.
he breathed upon the grass a pestilence,
“It is no easy task for thee to rule
steaming mephitic from his Stygian mouth.
His body writhes up in tremendous gyres;
the mettled four-foot steeds, enflamed in fires
his folds, now straighter than a beam, untwist;
that kindle in their breasts, forth issuing
in breathings from their mouths and nostrils hot;—
he rushes forward on his vengeful foe,
I scarce restrain them, as their struggling necks
his great breast crushing the deep-rooted trees.
Small space gave Cadmus to the dragon's rage,
pull on the harness, when their heated fires
for by the lion's spoil he stood the shock,
are thus aroused.
“And, O my son, lest I
and thrusting in his adversary's jaws
the trusted lance gave check his mad career.
may be the author of a baneful gift,
Wild in his rage the dragon bit the steel
beware, and as the time permits recall
and fixed his teeth on the keen-biting point:
thy rash request. Forsooth thou hast besought
out from his poisoned palate streams of gore
undoubted signs of thy descent from me?
My fears for thee are certain signs that thou
spouted and stained the green with sanguine spray.
Yet slight the wound for he recoiled in time,
art of my race—by my paternal fears
'Tis manifest I am thy father. Lo!
and drew his wounded body from the spear;
Behold my countenance! and oh, that thou
by shrinking from the sharp steel saved his throat
couldst even pierce my bosom with thine eyes,
a mortal wound. But Cadmus as he pressed
and so discover my paternal cares!
the spear-point deeper in the serpent's throat,
“Look round thee on the treasured world's delights
pursued him till an oak-tree barred the way;
to this he fixed the dragon through the neck:
and ask the greatest blessing of the sky,
or sea or land, and thou shalt suffer no
the stout trunk bending with the monster's weight,
groaned at the lashing of his serpent tail.
repulse: but only this I must deplore,
which rightly named would be a penalty
and not an honour.—Thou hast made request
of punishment and not a gift indeed.
O witless boy! why dost thou hold my neck
with thy caressing arms? For, doubt it not,
as I have sworn it by the Stygian Waves,
whatever thou shalt wish, it shall be given—
but thou shouldst wish more wisely.”
While the brave victor gazed upon the bulk
enormous of his vanquished foe, a voice
was heard—from whence was difficult to know,
but surely heard—“Son of Agenor, why
art thou here standing by this carcase-worm,
for others shall behold thy body changed
into a serpent?” Terrified, amazed,
he lost his colour and his self-control;
his hair stood upright from the dreadful fright.
But lo, the hero's watchful Deity,
Minerva, from the upper realms of air
appeared before him. She commanded him
to sow the dragon's teeth in mellowed soil,
from which might spring another race of men.
And he obeyed: and as he plowed the land,
took care to scatter in the furrowed soil
the dragon's teeth; a seed to raise up man.
'Tis marvelous but true, when this was done
the clods began to move. A spear-point first
appeared above the furrows, followed next
by helmet-covered heads, nodding their cones;
their shoulders, breasts and arms weighted with spears;
and largely grew the shielded crop of men.—
so is it in the joyful theaters
when the gay curtains, rolling from the floor,
are upward drawn until the scene is shown,—
it seems as if the figures rise to view:
first we behold their faces, then we see
their bodies, and their forms by slow degrees
appear before us on the painted cloth.
Cadmus, affrighted by this host, prepared
to arm for his defence; but one of those
from earth created cried; “Arm not! Away
from civil wars!” And with his trenchant sword
he smote an earth-born brother, hand to hand;
even as the vanquished so the victor fell,
pierced by a dart some distant brother hurled;
and likewise he who cast that dart was slain:
both breathing forth their lives upon the air
so briefly theirs, expired together. All
as if demented leaped in sudden rage,
each on the other, dealing mutual wounds.
So, having lived the space allotted them,
the youthful warriors perished as they smote
the earth (their blood-stained mother) with their breasts:
and only five of all the troop remained;
of whom Echion, by Minerva warned,
called on his brothers to give up the fight,
and cast his arms away in pledge of faith.—
when Cadmus, exiled from Sidonia's gates,
builded the city by Apollo named,
these five were trusted comrades in his toil.
Now Thebes is founded, who can deem thy days
unhappy in shine exile, Cadmus? Thou,
the son-in-law of Mars and Venus; thou,
whose glorious wife has borne to shine embrace
daughters and sons? And thy grandchildren join
around thee, almost grown to man's estate.—
nor should we say, “He leads a happy life,”
Till after death the funeral rites are paid.
So were all
his admonitions said, availing naught;
for Phaethon resisted his advice,
and urged again his claim, and eagerly burned
to use the chariot. Wherefore, Phoebus long
delaying and reluctant, took the youth
to view the spacious chariot, gift of Vulcan.—
gold was the axle and the beam was gold,
the great Wheel had a golden tire and spokes
of silver; chrysolites and diamonds
reflected from the spangled yoke the light
of Phoebus.
While aspiring Phaethon admired
the glittering chariot and its workmanship,
the vigilant Aurora opened forth
her purple portals from the ruddy east,
disclosing halls replete with roses. All
the stars took flight, while Lucifer, the last
to quit his vigil, gathered that great host
and disappeared from his celestial watch.
And when his father, Phoebus, saw the earth
and the wide universe in glowing tints
arrayed, as waned the Moon's diminished horns,
far-distant, then he bade the nimble Hours
to yoke the steeds.—At once the Deities
accomplished his commands, and led the steeds,
ambrosia-fed and snorting flames, from out
their spacious stalls; and fixed their sounding bits.
Then with a hallowed drug the father touched
the stripling's face, to make him proof against
the rapid flame, and wrought around his hair
the sun-rays. But, foreboding grief, he said,
while many a sigh heaved from his anxious breast;
“If thou canst only heed thy father's voice—
be sparing of the whip and use with nerve
the reins; for of their own accord the steeds
will hasten. Difficult are they to check
in full career. Thou must not drive the car
directly through five circles, for the track
takes a wide curve, obliquely, and is bound
by the extreme edge of three zones.—It avoids
the Southern Pole, and it avoids the Bear
that roams around the north. The way is plain;
the traces of the Wheel are manifest.
“Observe with care that both the earth and sky
have their appropriate heat—Drive not too low,
nor urge the chariot through the highest plane;
for if thy course attain too great a height
thou wilt consume the mansions of the sky,
and if too low the land will scorch with heat.
“Take thou the middle plane, where all is safe;
nor let the Wheel turn over to the right
and bear thee to the twisted Snake! nor let
it take thee to the Altar on the left—
so close to earth—but steer the middle course.—
to Fortune I commit thy fate, whose care
for thee so reckless of thyself I pray.
“While I am speaking humid night has touched
the margin of Hesperian shores. 'Tis not
for us to idle; we are called away;—
when bright Aurora shines the darkness flies.
Take up the reins! But if thy stubborn breast
be capable of change use not our car,
but heed my counsel while the time permits,
and while thy feet are on a solid base,
but not, according to thy foolish wish,
pressing the axle. Rather let me light
the world beneath thy safe and wondering gaze.”
But Phaethon with youthful vigor leaped,
and in the light-made chariot lightly stood:
and he rejoiced, and with the reins in hand
thanked his reluctant parent.
Instantly
Eous, Aethon, Pyrois and Phlegon,
the winged horses of the Sun, gave vent
to flame-like neighs that filled the shaking air;
they pawed the barriers with their shining hoofs.
Then Tethys, witless of her grandson's fate
let back the barriers,—and the universe
was theirs to traverse. Taking the well-known road,
and moving through the air with winged feet,
they pierced resisting clouds, and spreading wide
their pinions soared upon the eastern wind,
far-wafted from that realm. But Phaethon,
so easy of their yoke, lost all control,
and the great car was tossed,—as tapered ships
when lightened of their ballast toss and heave
unsteady in the surging seas: the car
leaped lightly in the air, and in the heights
was tossed unsteady as an empty shell.
Soon as the steeds perceived it, with a rush
impetuous, they left the beaten track;
regardless of all order and control;
and Phaethon filled with fear, knew not to guide
with trusted reins, nor where the way might be—
nor, if he knew, could he control their flight.
Warmed in the sunshine, never felt before,
the gelid Triones attempted vain
to bathe in seas forbid: the Serpent cold
and torpid by the frozen Pole, too cold
for contest, warmed, and rage assumed from heat
bootes, troubled by the heat, took flight,
impeded by his wain.
And as from skies
of utmost height unhappy Phaethon
beheld the earth receding from his view,
a pallor spread his cheeks with sudden fear;
his knees began to quake; and through the flare
of vast effulgence darkness closed his eyes.
Now vainy he regrets he ever touched
his father's steeds, and he is stunned with grief
that so entreating he prevailed to know
his true descent. He rather would be called
the son of Merops. As a ship is tossed
by raging Boreas, when the conquered helm
has been abandoned, and the pilot leaves
the vessel to his vows and to the Gods;
so, helpless, he is borne along the sky.
What can he? Much of heaven remains behind;
a longer distance is in front of him—
each way is measured in his anxious mind.—
at first his gaze is fixed upon the west,
which fate has destined he shall never reach,
and then his eyes turn backward to the east.—
so, stupefied and dazed he neither dares
to loose the bits, nor tighten on the reins,
and he is ignorant of the horses' names.
Thy grandson, Cadmus, was the first to cast
thy dear felicity in sorrow's gloom.
Oh, it was pitiful to witness him,
his horns outbranching from his forehead, chased
by dogs that panted for their master's blood!
If thou shouldst well inquire it will be shown
his sorrow was the crime of Fortune—not
his guilt—for who maintains mistakes are crimes?
Upon a mountain stained with slaughtered game,
the young Hyantian stood. Already day,
increasing to meridian, made decrease
the flitting shadows, and the hot sun shone
betwixt extremes in equal distance. Such
the hour, when speaking to his fellow friends,
the while they wandered by those lonely haunts,
actaeon of Hyantis kindly thus;
“Our nets and steel are stained with slaughtered game,
the day has filled its complement of sport;
now, when Aurora in her saffron car
brings back the light of day, we may again
repair to haunts of sport. Now Phoebus hangs
in middle sky, cleaving the fields with heat.—
enough of toil; take down the knotted nets.”—
all did as he commanded; and they sought
their needed rest.
There is a valley called
Gargaphia; sacred to Diana, dense
with pine trees and the pointed cypress, where,
deep in the woods that fringed the valley's edge,
was hollowed in frail sandstone and the soft
white pumice of the hills an arch, so true
it seemed the art of man; for Nature's touch
ingenious had so fairly wrought the stone,
making the entrance of a grotto cool.
Upon the right a limpid fountain ran,
and babbled, as its lucid channel spread
into a clear pool edged with tender grass.
Here, when a-wearied with exciting sport,
the Sylvan goddess loved to come and bathe
her virgin beauty in the crystal pool.
After Diana entered with her nymphs,
she gave her javelin, quiver and her bow
to one accustomed to the care of arms;
she gave her mantle to another nymph
who stood near by her as she took it off;
two others loosed the sandals from her feet;
but Crocale, the daughter of Ismenus,
more skillful than her sisters, gathered up
the goddess' scattered tresses in a knot;—
her own were loosely wantoned on the breeze.
Then in their ample urns dipt up the wave
and poured it forth, the cloud-nymph Nephele,
the nymph of crystal pools called Hyale,
the rain-drop Rhanis, Psecas of the dews,
and Phyale the guardian of their urns.
And while they bathed Diana in their streams,
Actaeon, wandering through the unknown woods,
entered the precincts of that sacred grove;
with steps uncertain wandered he as fate
directed, for his sport must wait till morn.—
soon as he entered where the clear springs welled
or trickled from the grotto's walls, the nymphs,
now ready for the bath, beheld the man,
smote on their breasts, and made the woods resound,
suddenly shrieking. Quickly gathered they
to shield Diana with their naked forms, but she
stood head and shoulders taller than her guards.—
as clouds bright-tinted by the slanting sun,
or purple-dyed Aurora, so appeared
Diana's countenance when she was seen.
Oh, how she wished her arrows were at hand!
But only having water, this she took
and dashed it on his manly countenance,
and sprinkled with the avenging stream his hair,
and said these words, presage of future woe;
“Go tell it, if your tongue can tell the tale,
your bold eyes saw me stripped of all my robes.”
No more she threatened, but she fixed the horns
of a great stag firm on his sprinkled brows;
she lengthened out his neck; she made his ears
sharp at the top; she changed his hands and feet;
made long legs of his arms, and covered him
with dappled hair—his courage turned to fear.
The brave son of Autonoe took to flight,
and marveled that he sped so swiftly on.—
he saw his horns reflected in a stream
and would have said, “Ah, wretched me!” but now
he had no voice, and he could only groan:
large tears ran trickling down his face, transformed
in every feature.—Yet, as clear remained
his understanding, and he wondered what
he should attempt to do: should he return
to his ancestral palace, or plunge deep
in vast vacuities of forest wilds?
Fear made him hesitate to trust the woods,
and shame deterred him from his homeward way.
While doubting thus his dogs espied him there:
first Blackfoot and the sharp nosed Tracer raised
the signal: Tracer of the Gnossian breed,
and Blackfoot of the Spartan: swift as wind
the others followed. Glutton, Quicksight, Surefoot,
three dogs of Arcady; then valiant Killbuck,
Tempest, fierce Hunter, and the rapid Wingfoot;
sharp-scented Chaser, and Woodranger wounded
so lately by a wild boar; savage Wildwood,
the wolf-begot with Shepherdess the cow-dog;
and ravenous Harpy followed by her twin whelps;
and thin-girt Ladon chosen from Sicyonia;
racer and Barker, brindled Spot and Tiger;
sturdy old Stout and white haired Blanche and black Smut
lusty big Lacon, trusty Storm and Quickfoot;
active young Wolfet and her Cyprian brother
black headed Snap, blazed with a patch of white hair
from forehead to his muzzle; swarthy Blackcoat
and shaggy Bristle, Towser and Wildtooth,
his sire of Dicte and his dam of Lacon;
and yelping Babbler: these and others, more
than patience leads us to recount or name.
All eager for their prey the pack surmount
rocks, cliffs and crags, precipitous—where paths
are steep, where roads are none. He flies by routes
so oft pursued but now, alas, his flight
is from his own!—He would have cried, “Behold
your master!—It is I—Actaeon!” Words
refused his will. The yelping pack pressed on.
First Blackmane seized and tore his master's back,
Savage the next, then Rover's teeth were clinched
deep in his shoulder.—These, though tardy out,
cut through a by-path and arriving first
clung to their master till the pack came up.
The whole pack fastened on their master's flesh
till place was none for others. Groaning he
made frightful sounds that not the human voice
could utter nor the stag; and filled the hills
with dismal moans; and as a suppliant fell
down to the ground upon his trembling knees;
and turned his stricken eyes on his own dogs,
entreating them to spare him from their fangs.
But his companions, witless of his plight,
urged on the swift pack with their hunting cries.
They sought Actaeon and they vainly called,
“Actaeon! Hi! Actaeon!” just as though
he was away from them. Each time they called
he turned his head. And when they chided him,
whose indolence denied the joys of sport,
how much he wished an indolent desire
had haply held him from his ravenous pack.
Oh, how much;better 'tis to see the hunt,
and the fierce dogs, than feel their savage deeds!
They gathered round him, and they fixed their snouts
deep in his flesh: tore him to pieces, he
whose features only as a stag appeared.—
'Tis said Diana's fury raged with none
abatement till the torn flesh ceased to live.
He sees horrific wonders scattered round,
and images of hideous animals.—
and there's a spot where Scorpion bends his claws
in double circles, and with tail and arms
on either side, stretches his limbs throughout
the space of two Celestial Signs; and when
the lad beheld him, steeped in oozing slime
of venom, swart, and threatening to strike
grim wounds with jagged spear-points, he was lost;
and, fixed in chills of horror, dropped the reins.
When these they felt upon their rising backs,
the startled steeds sprang forthwith; and, unchecked,
through atmospheres of regions unexplored,
thence goaded by their unchecked violence,
broke through the lawful bounds, and rushed upon
the high fixed stars. They dragged the chariot
through devious ways, and soared amid the heights;
dashed down deep pathways, far, precipitous,
and gained a level near the scorching earth.
Phoebe is wondering that her brother's steeds
run lower than her own, and sees the smoke
of scorching clouds. The highest altitudes
are caught in flames, and as their moistures dry
they crack in chasms. The grass is blighted; trees
are burnt up with their leaves; the ripe brown crops
give fuel for self destruction—Oh what small
complaints! Great cities perish with their walls,
and peopled nations are consumed to dust—
the forests and the mountains are destroyed.
Cilician Taurus, Athos and Tmolus,
and Oeta are burning; and the far-famed Ida
and all her cooling rills are dry and burning,
and virgin Helicon, and Hoemos—later
Oeagrius called—and Aetna with tremendous,
redoubled flames, and double-peaked Parnassus,
Sicilian Eryx, Cynthus—Othrys, pine-clad,
and Rhodope, deprived his snowy mantle,
and Dindyma and Mycale and Mimas,
and Mount Cithaeron, famed for sacred rites:
and Scythia, though a land of frost, is burning,
and Caucasus,—and Ossa burns with Pindus,—
and greater than those two Olympus burns—
the lofty Alps, the cloud-topped Apennines.
And Phaethon, as he inhaled the air,
burning and scorching as a furnace blast,
and saw destruction on the flaming world,
and his great chariot wreathed in quenchless fires,
was suddenly unable to endure the heat,
the smoke and cinders, and he swooned away.—
if he had known the way, those winged steeds
would rush as wild unguided.—
then the skin
of Ethiopians took a swarthy hue,
the hot blood tingling to the surface: then
the heat dried up the land of Libya;
dishevelled, the lorn Nymphs, lamenting, sought
for all their emptied springs and lakes in vain;
Boeotia wailed for Dirce's cooling wave,
and Argos wailed for Amymone's stream—
and even Corinth for the clear Pyrene.
Not safer from the flames were distant streams;—
the Tanais in middle stream was steaming
and old Peneus and Teuthrantian Caicus,
Ismenus, rapid and Arcadian Erymanthus;
and even Xanthus destined for a second burning,
and tawny-waved Lycormas, and Meander,
turning and twisting, and Thracian Melas burns,
and the Laconian Eurotas burns,
the mighty Babylonian Euphrates,
Orontes and the Ganges, swift Thermodon,
Ister and Phasis and Alpheus boil.
The banks of Spercheus burn, the gold of Tagus
is melting in the flames. The swans whose songs
enhanced the beauties of Maeonian banks
are scalded in the Cayster's middle wave.
The Nile affrighted fled to parts remote,
and hid his head forever from the world:
now empty are his seven mouths, and dry
without or wave or stream; and also dry
Ismenian Hebrus, Strymon and the streams
of Hesper-Land, the rivers Rhine and Rhone,
and Po, and Tiber, ruler of the world.
And even as the ground asunder burst,
the light amazed in gloomy Tartarus
the King Infernal and his Spouse. The sea
contracted and his level waste became
a sandy desert. The huge mountain tops,
once covered by the ocean's waves, reared up,
by which the scattered Cyclades increased.
Even the fishes sought for deeper pools;—
the crooked dolphins dared not skip the waves;
the lifeless sea-calves floated on the top;
and it is even famed that Nereus hid
with Doris and her daughters, deep below
in seething caverns. With a dauntless mien
thrice Neptune tried to thrust his arms above
the waters;—thrice the heated air overcame
his courage.
Then the genial Earth, although
surrounded by the waters of the sea,
was parched and dry; for all her streams had hid
deep in the darkness of her winding caves.—
she lifted her productive countenance,
up to her rounded neck, and held her palms
on her sad brows; and as the mountains huge
trembled and tottered, beneath her wonted plane
declined she for a space—and thus began,
with parched voice;
“If this is thy decree,
O, Highest of the Gods,—if I have sinned
why do thy lightnings linger? For if doomed
by fires consuming I to perish must,
let me now die in thy celestial flames—
hurled by thine arm—and thus alleviate,
by thine omnipotence, this agony.
“How difficult to open my parched mouth,
and speak these words! (the vapours choking her),
behold my scorching hair, and see the clouds
of ashes falling on my blinded eyes,
and on my features! What a recompense
for my fertility! How often I
have suffered from the wounds of crooked plows
and rending harrows—tortured year by year!
For this I give to cattle juicy leaves
and fruits to man and frankincense to thee!
“Suppose destruction is my just award
what have the waters and thy brother done?
Why should thy brother's cooling waves decrease
and thus recede so distant from the skies?
If not thy brother's good nor mine may touch
thy mercy, let the pity of thy Heaven,
for lo, the smoking poles on either side
attest, if flames consume them or destroy,
the ruin of thy palace. Atlas, huge,
with restive shoulders hardly can support
the burning heavens. If the seas and lands
together perish and thy palace fall,
the universe confused will plunge once more
to ancient Chaos. Save it from this wreck—
if anything survive the fury of the flames.”
Hapless Actaeon's end in various ways
was now regarded; some deplored his doom,
but others praised Diana's chastity;
and all gave many reasons. But the spouse
of Jove, alone remaining silent, gave
nor praise nor blame. Whenever calamity
befell the race of Cadmus she rejoiced,
in secret, for she visited her rage
on all Europa's kindred.
Now a fresh
occasion has been added to her grief,
and wild with jealousy of Semele,
her tongue as ever ready to her rage,
lets loose a torrent of abuse;
“Away!
Away with words! Why should I speak of it?
Let me attack her! Let me spoil that jade!
Am I not Juno the supreme of Heaven?
Queen of the flashing scepter? Am I not
sister and wife of Jove omnipotent?
She even wishes to be known by him
a mother of a Deity, a joy
almost denied to me! Great confidence
has she in her great beauty—nevertheless,
I shall so weave the web the bolt of Jove
would fail to save her.—Let the Gods deny
that I am Saturn's daughter, if her shade
descend not stricken to the Stygian wave.”
She rose up quickly from her shining throne,
and hidden in a cloud of fiery hue
descended to the home of Semele;
and while encompassed by the cloud, transformed
her whole appearance as to counterfeit
old Beroe, an Epidaurian nurse,
who tended Semele.
Her tresses changed
to grey, her smooth skin wrinkled and her step
grown feeble as she moved with trembling limbs;—
her voice was quavering as an ancient dame's,
as Juno, thus disguised, began to talk
to Semele. When presently the name
of Jove was mentioned—artful Juno thus;
(doubtful that Jupiter could be her love)—
“When Jove appears to pledge his love to you,
implore him to assume his majesty
and all his glory, even as he does
in presence of his stately Juno—Yea,
implore him to caress you as a God.”
With artful words as these the goddess worked
upon the trusting mind of Semele,
daughter of Cadmus, till she begged of Jove
a boon, that only hastened her sad death;
for Jove not knowing her design replied,
“Whatever thy wish, it shall not be denied,
and that thy heart shall suffer no distrust,
I pledge me by that Deity, the Waves
of the deep Stygian Lake,—oath of the Gods.”
All overjoyed at her misfortune, proud
that she prevailed, and pleased that she secured
of him a promise, that could only cause
her own disaster, Semele addressed
almighty Jove; “Come unto me in all
the splendour of thy glory, as thy might
is shown to Juno, goddess of the skies.”
Fain would he stifle her disastrous tongue;
before he knew her quest the words were said;
and, knowing that his greatest oath was pledged,
he sadly mounted to the lofty skies,
and by his potent nod assembled there
the deep clouds: and the rain began to pour,
and thunder-bolts resounded.
But he strove
to mitigate his power, and armed him not
with flames overwhelming as had put to flight
his hundred-handed foe Typhoeus—flames
too dreadful. Other thunder-bolts he took,
forged by the Cyclops of a milder heat,
with which insignia of his majesty,
sad and reluctant, he appeared to her.—
her mortal form could not endure the shock
and she was burned to ashes in his sight.
An unformed babe was rescued from her side,
and, nurtured in the thigh of Jupiter,
completed Nature's time until his birth.
Ino, his aunt, in secret nursed the boy
and cradled him. And him Nyseian nymphs
concealed in caves and fed with needful milk.
So made the tortured Earth an end of speech;
and she was fain to hide her countenance
in caves that border on the nether night.
But now the Almighty Father, having called
to witness all the Gods of Heaven, and him
who gave the car, that, else his power be shown,
must perish all in dire confusion, high
he mounted to the altitude from which
he spreads the mantling clouds, and fulminates
his dreadful thunders and swift lightning-bolts
terrific.—Clouds were none to find on the earth,
and the surrounding skies were void of rain.—
Jove, having reached that summit, stood and poised
in his almighty hand a flashing dart,
and, hurling it, deprived of life and seat
the youthful charioteer, and struck with fire
the raging flames— and by the same great force
those flames enveloping the earth were quenched,
and he who caused their fury lost his life.
Frantic in their affright the horses sprang
across the bounded way and cast their yokes,
and through the tangled harness lightly leaped.
And here the scattered harness lay, and there
the shattered axle, wrenched from off the pole,
and various portions of the broken car;
spokes of the broken Wheel were scattered round.
And far fell Phaethon with flaming hair;
as haply from the summer sky appears
a falling star, although it never drops
to startled earth.—Far distant from his home
the deep Eridanus received the lad
and bathed his foaming face. His body charred
by triple flames Hesperian Naiads bore,
still smoking, to a tomb, and this engraved
upon the stone; “Here Phaethon's remains
lie buried. He who drove his father's car
and fell, although he made a great attempt.”
Filled with consuming woe, his father hid
his countenance which grief had overcast.
And now, surpassing our belief, they say
a day passed over with no glowing sun;—
but light-affording flames appeared to change
disaster to the cause of good.
Amazed,
the woeful Clymene, when she had moaned
in grief, amid her lamentations tore
her bosom, as across the world she roamed,
at first to seek his lifeless corpse, and then
his bones. She wandered to that distant land
and found at last his bones ensepulchred.
There, clinging to the grave she fell and bathed
with many tears his name on marble carved,
and with her bosom warmed the freezing
stone.
And all the daughters of the Sun went there
giving their tears, alas a useless gift;—
they wept and beat their breasts, and day and night
called, “Phaethon,” who heard not any sound
of their complaint:—and there they lay foredone,
all scattered round the tomb.
The silent moon
had four times joined her horns and filled her disk,
while they, according to an ancient rite,
made lamentation. Prone upon the ground,
the eldest, Phaethusa, would arise
from there, but found her feet were growing stiff;
and uttered moan. Lampetia wished to aid
her sister but was hindered by new roots;
a third when she would tear her hair, plucked forth
but leaves: another wailed to find her legs
were fastened in a tree; another moaned
to find her arms to branches had been changed.
And while they wondered, bark enclosed their thighs,
and covered their smooth bellies, and their breasts,
and shoulders and their hands, but left untouched
their lips that called upon their mother's name.
What can she do for them? Hither she runs
and thither runs, wherever frenzy leads.
She kisses them, alas, while yet she may!
But not content with this, she tried to hale
their bodies from the trees; and she would tear
the tender branches with her hands, but lo!
The blood oozed out as from a bleeding wound;
and as she wounded them they shrieked aloud,
“Spare me! O mother spare me; in the tree
my flesh is torn! farewell! farewell! farewell!”
And as they spoke the bark enclosed their lips.
Their tears flow forth, and from the new-formed
boughs
amber distils and slowly hardens in the sun;
and far from there upon the waves is borne
to deck the Latin women.
Cycnus, son
of Sthenelus, by his maternal house
akin to Phaethon, and thrice by love
allied, beheld this wonderful event.—
he left his kingdom of Liguria,
and all its peopled cities, to lament
where the sad sisters had increased the woods,
beside the green banks of Eridanus.
There, as he made complaint, his manly voice
began to pipe a treble, shrill; and long
gray plumes concealed his hair. A slender neck
extended from his breast, and reddening toes
were joined together by a membrane. Wings
grew from his sides, and from his mouth was made
a blunted beak. Now Cycnus is a swan,
and yet he fears to trust the skies and Jove,
for he remembers fires, unjustly sent,
and therefore shuns the heat that he abhors,
and haunts the spacious lakes and pools and streams
that quench the fires.
In squalid garb, meanwhile,
and destitute of all his rays, the sire
of Phaethon, as dark as when eclipse bedims
his Wheel, abhors himself and hates the light,
shuns the bright day, gives up his mind to grief,
adds passion to his woe, denies the earth
his countenance, and thus laments; “My lot
was ever restless from the dawn of time,
and I am weary of this labour, void
and endless. Therefore, let who will urge forth
my car, light-bearing, and if none may dare,
when all the Gods of Heaven acknowledge it,
let Jove himself essay the task. Perchance,
when he takes up the reins, he may forget
his dreadful lightning that bereaves of child
a father's love; and as he tries the strength
of those flame-footed steeds will know, in truth,
the lad who failed to guide my chariot
deserved not death.”
But all the Deities
encircle Phoebus as he makes complaint,
and with their supplications they entreat
him not to plunge the world in darkness. Jove
would find excuses for the lightning-bolt,
hurled from his hand, and adds imperious threats
to his entreaties. Phoebus calls his steeds,
frenzied with their maddening fires, and
breaks
their fury, as he vents with stinging lash
his rage upon them, and in passion lays
on them the death of Phaethon his son.
While these events according to the laws
of destiny occurred, and while the child,
the twice-born Bacchus, in his cradle lay,
'Tis told that Jupiter, a careless hour,
indulged too freely in the nectar cup;
and having laid aside all weighty cares,
jested with Juno as she idled by.
Freely the god began; “Who doubts the truth?
The female's pleasure is a great delight,
much greater than the pleasure of a male.”
Juno denied it; wherefore 'twas agreed
to ask Tiresias to declare the truth,
than whom none knew both male and female joys:
for wandering in a green wood he had seen
two serpents coupling; and he took his staff
and sharply struck them, till they broke and fled.
'Tis marvelous, that instant he became
a woman from a man, and so remained
while seven autumns passed. When eight were told,
again he saw them in their former plight,
and thus he spoke; “Since such a power was wrought,
by one stroke of a staff my sex was changed—
again I strike!” And even as he struck
the same two snakes, his former sex returned;
his manhood was restored.—
as both agreed
to choose him umpire of the sportive strife,
he gave decision in support of Jove;
from this the disappointment Juno felt
surpassed all reason, and enraged, decreed
eternal night should seal Tiresias' eyes.—
immortal Deities may never turn
decrees and deeds of other Gods to naught,
but Jove, to recompense his loss of sight,
endowed him with the gift of prophecy.
Tiresias' fame of prophecy was spread
through all the cities of Aonia,
for his unerring answers unto all
who listened to his words. And first of those
that harkened to his fateful prophecies,
a lovely Nymph, named Liriope, came
with her dear son, who then fifteen, might seem
a man or boy—he who was born to her
upon the green merge of Cephissus' stream—
that mighty River-God whom she declared
the father of her boy.—
she questioned him.
Imploring him to tell her if her son,
unequalled for his beauty, whom she called
Narcissus, might attain a ripe old age.
To which the blind seer answered in these words,

νέα πράγματα, ὁπού ἐγὼ νὰ μὴ τὸ βεβαιώσω· παιδία νὰ μιλῶ ἀμφιβάλλης πλέον, ζήτησον ὅ,τι βούλεσαι, τὲ θέλεις τὸ ἀπολαύσει. Μάρτυρα βάβω τῆς ὑποσχέσεώς μας αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμόν, ὅτι εἶναι ἄγνωστος εἰς τὰ ὀμμάτιά μας, τὸν ὁποῖον οἱ Θεοὶ συνηθίζουν νὰ ὁμνώση. Τότε ὁ Φαέθων ἐζήτησεν ἄδθς τῶν ἄδεσαν νὰ κυβερνήση μίαν ἡμέραν τὸ πατερνὸν ἀμάξι, ὁδηγῶντας μόνος τὰ ἵππους του. Ὁ Ἥλιος ἄδθς ἐμεταμόλησε διὰ τὸν ὅρκον, καὶ σείοντας δύω τρεῖς φοραῖς τὸ κεφάλι του ἄχ παῖδέ μου, τῦ λέγει, τὸ ἀσόχαστον λόγημόν, ὅτι σὲ ἔκαμα, εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ πολυμερές ζητήματός σου. Ἂν ἦμα διατί δὲν ἔχω τὴν ἐξουσίαν νὰ μὴ δώσω ἐκεῖνο, ὁπού ἐπαγγέλα; σοῦ λέγω, φίλτατε παῖδέ μου, ὅτι αὐτὸ εἶναι τὸ μοναχὸν πράγματα, ὁπού ἡ θέλα σου ἀρνιστῇ. Ἀλλ' ἂν ὁ ὅρκος δὲν μὲ ἀφήνη νὰ ἀρνιστῶ τὴν ὑπόσχεσίν μου, δὲν μὲ ἐμποδίζει ὅμως ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ σὲ ἀποσύρω ἀπὸ μίαν ποιαύτην κινδυνώδην ἐπιχείρησιν. Αὐτὸ ὁπού ἐπιθυμεῖες, σὲ θέλεις εἶναι ἐπιζήμιος· μεγάλα πράγματα εἶναι αὐτὸ ὁπού ζητεῖες· αἱ δυνάμεις σου δὲν ἀνταποκρίνονται μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ φορτίον, καὶ τέλος πάντων ὤντας πολλὰ νέος, δὲν ἡμπορεῖς νὰ ἐπιχειρήσης ποιούτου ἔργου. Σύ εἶσαι θνητός, κι' αὐτό, ὁπού θέλεις, δὲν εἶναι ἀνθρώπινον· Σύ ἐπιθυμεῖς νὰ κάμης περισσότερον, παρὰ ὁπού εἶναι εἰς αὐτοὺς προὺς Θεοὺς συγχωρημένον νὰ ἐπιχειρείδην. Πρέπει, παῖδέ μου, νὰ στοχασθῆς τὴν δύναμίν σου, καὶ καθὼς παρέπει νὰ ἐπιθυμῇ ἐκεῖνο, ὁπού εἶναι ἱκανὸς καὶ νὰ ἐνεργήση. Δὲν εἶναι κανένεις, ἐξαιρουμένου μου, ἄξιος νὰ καθίση ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι αὐτό, ὁπού φέρει τὴς ἡμέραν εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Αὐτὸς ὁ Ζεὺς ὁ Κύριος ἀγὼν Θεῶν,

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.

„ποῦ ὁποίου τὸ φοβερὸν χέρι ῥίπτει τὸν κεραυνόν, „δεὶ ἤθελεν ἡμπορέσῃ νὰ τὸ κυβερνήσῃ, μὲ ὅλον „ὅτι δεὶ εὑρίσκεται τινὰς νὰ ἐξευρέσῃ κάμμιαν δύναμιν ἀνωτέραν ἀπὸ ἐκείνης τῆς Διός. Ὁ δρόμος, ὁποῦ „πρέπει νὰ κάμῃς μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀμάξι, κατ' ἀρχάς, εἶναι τραχὺς καὶ ἐπίπονος· καὶ αἱ καθὼς τὰ ἄλογά μου „τὸ πρωῒ εἶναι ξενούρασμένα, μ' ὅλον τοῦτο δυσκολεύονται κατὰ πολλὰ νὰ τὸν κάμουν. Ἀλλ' ὅταν φθάσω εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς ἡμέρας, καὶ εὑρίσκωμαι εἰς τὸ „ὑψηλότερον μέρος τῆς Οὐρανῆς, μ' ὅλον ὅτι εἶμαι συνηθισμένος νὰ κοιτάζω ἀπὸ ἐκεῖ τῶν γῆν καὶ τῶν „Θαλασσῶν, αἰσθάνομαι ὅμως πόσον φόβον εὑρισκόμενος „εἰς τόσον ὕψος, ὥστε τρέμω ὅλος εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι ἐγὼ ὁ ἴδιος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος προσκυνεῖ. Ὡς πόσον, λέγε με, δεὶ εἶναι αὐτὸς ὁ μεγαλήτερος κίνδυνος, ὁποῦ ἔχει ἐπεῖνος ὁ δρόμος. Ἂν „εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ ἀναβῇ τινὰς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν „εἰς τῶν Μεσημβρείαν, ἄλλο πόσον δύσκολον εἶναι νὰ „κατεβῇ ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσημβρείαν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὁποῦ „κατακλίνομαι. Τὰ κατεβάσματος ὁ δρόμος εἶναι τόσον ἴσιος, ὥστε ἡμπορεῖ τινὰς νὰ τὸν ὀνομάσῃ καλλιώτερα κρημνόν· καὶ ἐκεῖ χρειάζεται καὶ ἐπιτηδειότης „καὶ ἐμπειρία, διὰ τὴν καλὴν κυβέρνησιν τῶν ἀλόγων. „Ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Θέτις, ὁποῦ καθ' ἡμέραν με δέχεται „εἰς τὸν Ὠκεανόν, φοβεῖται μήπως κατακρημνισθῶ τυχὸν καὶ κατακομματισθῶ. Ἔξω ἀπὸ αὐτὸ πρέπει νὰ ἐξεύρῃς, ὅτι ὁ Οὐρανὸς τρέχει πάντοτε βιαιότατα, „καὶ μὲ τὴν βίαν του σύρει τὰ ἄστρα, βιάζοντάς τα νὰ „τὸν ἀκολουθήσουν. Ἀλλὰ

Κοίταζαι τὸ πρόσωπόν μας, διὰ να γνωρίσης την λύπην μας· ἤ ἄμποτες να ὑπῆρχε τρόπος να ἔβλεπες μέσα ἐς τὴν ψυχήν μας, διὰ να καταλάβης πόσας φροντίδας εἶναι πικραμένη καρδία. Κοίταζαι αὐτὰ τὰ διάφορα πλήθη, ὅπου εἶναι περιχυμένα ἐς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, καὶ ἀπὸ ὅσα καλὰ, ὅσα βλέπεις ἐς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἢ ἐς τὴν γῆν, ἢ ἐς τὴν Θάλασσαν, ζήτησον ὁποῖον Θέλεις, χωρὶς να διστάσης ὅτι δὲν Θέλεις τὸ ἐπιτύχη. Τέλος πάντων, υἱέ μου, ζήτησον κάθε τι ἄλλο πλὴν τὸ ἁμάξιον· αὐτὸ εἶναι μία τιμωρία διὰ σέ, καὶ ὄχι τιμή· καὶ νομίζοντας ὅτι μὲ ζητεῖς κάθε, ζητεῖς μίαν συμφοράν. Διατὶ μὲ ἀγκαλίζεις, ὦ ἄθλιε, ὅπου ἀπὸ τοῦ γνωρίσης τὴν δυστυχίαν σου; Ὄχι ὄχι, μὴ ἀμφιβάλλης, Θέλεις λάβει τὸ ποθούμενον· ἐγὼ σοὶ ὡμόσα τὰ νέρα τῆς Στυγός· ἀλλὰ συλλογήσου τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν σου, τὸ γίνου διακριτικώτερος. Ὁ Φάέθων ἤκουσε τοὺς λόγους τοῦ πατρός του, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐκατεπείσθη· καὶ ἰσχυριζόμενος ἐς τὸ ζήτημά του, ἐτράβα ἀπὸ τὸν πόθον, ὅπου εἶχε να ἀναβῆ ἐς τὴν ἁμάξαν τοῦ ΗΛΙΟΥ. Ἀφοῦ δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος του ἐναντιώθη δυνατά, ἕως ἤλθεν ἡ ὥρα, ὅπου ἔπρεπε να φέρη τὴν ἡμέραν ἐς τὸν Κόσμον, τέλος ὡδήγησε τὸν υἱόν του ἐς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἦτον τὸ ἁμάξι του, τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ἥφαιστός του εἶχε χαρίσει. Ὁ ἄξων αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἁμαξίου ἦτον χρυσοῦς, καθὼς ἢ τὰ τιμόνι, ἢ ἡ περιφέρεια τῶν τροχῶν, ἢ αἱ ἀκτῖνες ἦσαν ἀργυραῖ. Ἦτον πρὸς τοῦτο πεπλουτισμένον μὲ κάθε λογῆς πέτρας πολυτίμους, αἱ ὁποῖαι χιλίους ἄλλους Ἡλίους παρέσταινον, διὰ τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ Ἡλίου, ὅπου ἀνταυγάζων. Ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ ὅπου ὁ φιλόδοξος Φάέθων ἐθαύμαζε μίαν

αὐτοὶ γέσσα τὰς πύλας τῆς Ἀνατολῆς, ἔθεσξε τὸ παλάτιόν τῆς γεμάτον ἀπὸ ξιανταράιλα. Τὰ ἄστρα δι'ὸς ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγήν, ἦ ὁ Ἑωσφόρος, ὅπε τὰ συνάξες, τὰ ἐφορό- σαξε νὰ ἀπεράσειν ἐμπορεύῳ τῆ, ἦ ὕστερος ἀναχώρησεν ἀπὸ τὰς μεγάλας κάμπυς τῆ Οὐρανῆ. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ' ἓ ὁ Ἥλιος ἐμπάλαβεν ὅτι ἦ γῆ, ἦ ὁ ἔρανος ἄρ- χίξαν νὰ χωματίζωνται, καὶ ἡ σελήνη νὰ κρύβεται, ἐφόρσαξε τὰς Ὥρας νὰ σελώσειν τὰ ἄλογα, ἦ αὐται αἱ ἐλαφραι Θεαι ὑπήκουσαν παραδύμως εἰς τὸν βασιλέα τον, ἦ ὁβγάξυσιν αὐτὸ ἀπὸ τον σανύλον χορτασμόνα ἀπὸ ἀμβροσίαν, ἦ πνέοντε φλόγας ἀπὸ τὰ σώματα τῶν, τὰ ἐξέβαν εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι, ὅπε ἀμέλλεν αὐτὸς ὀλέγες νὰ γενῆ ὁ τάφος τῆ Φαέθοντος. Τότε ὁ Ἥλιος ἀλεψὰς τὸ ψόρσωπον τῆς ἦς τῆ μέ μίαν ἱεράν ἀλειφήν, κάμνοντάς τον ἱκανὸν νὰ ὑποφέρρη τῆν φλόγα, ὅπου προέρχεται ἀπὸ τῆν βίαν τοῦ ξέσμματος. Ἐπειτα τον ἐσεφάωσε με τὰς ἀκτῖνας τῆ, ἦ ἀναξυδάζουντας ἐκ βάθες καρ- δίας, ὡς νὰ ἐπορόβλησπε τῆν ἴλισίν τῆ, ἕτω τὲ εἶπον· ,, ὦ Σέλης πλάχησον νὰ ἀκέσης αὐτῶ τῶν ὕστερον ,, νυχεσίαν τὰ πάθος σας, μὴ βιάξης τὰ ἄλογά σας, ἀλλ' ,, ἐπιμελῶ νὰ πρακῆς τὰ χαλινδεία τῆς ὅσον ἡμπορεῖς ,, σφικτά. Αὐτὸ ἀπὸ λόγε τῆς ξέχειν ὅσον ἀρκεῖ ὀλί- ,, γωρα, ἦ ὅλος ὁ κόπος εἶναι νὰ τὰ βασδέξη τινὰ ὅπαν ,, τελειώσειν τον δρόμον τῆς. Προσέτι μὴ Σελήσης νὰ ὑπά- ,, γης ἴσια διὰ τῆν πάντε νυκλων, ὅπε Σέλεες ἀπαν- ,, τήσες. Σέλεες εὖρὺ ζὲ μεγάλον δρόμον, ὁ ὁποῖος ,, κόπτει λοξὸς εἰς τῆν μέσων τὰ βέει Ζώνας, ἀπὸ ,, τὰς ὁποῖες εἶναι πεερλωεισμένος, καὶ δοὶ ἐντέινεται ,, ἕας εἰς τῆς Πόλης. Ἀπ' ἐκεῖ

Luna quater iunctis implerat cornibus orbem:
345illae more suo (nam morem fecerat usus)
plangorem dederant. E quis Phaethusa, sororum
maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est
deriguisse pedes. Ad quam conata venire
candida Lampetie subita radice retenta est.
350Tertia cum crinem manibus laniare pararet,
avellit frondes; haec stipite crura teneri,
illa dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos.
Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex,
perque gradus uterum pectusque umerosque manusque
355ambit et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem.
Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam,
huc eat atque illuc, et, dum licet, oscula iungat?
Non satis est; truncis avellere corpora temptat,
et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit; at inde
360sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae.
“Parce, precor, mater”, quaecumque est saucia, clamat,
“parce, precor: nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus.
iamque vale” —cortex in verba novissima venit.
Inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt
365de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis
excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.
“If he but fail to recognize himself,
a long life he may have, beneath the sun,”—
so, frivolous the prophet's words appeared;
and yet the event, the manner of his death,
the strange delusion of his frenzied love, confirmed it.
Three times five years so were passed.
Another five-years, and the lad might seem
a young man or a boy. And many a youth,
and many a damsel sought to gain his love;
but such his mood and spirit and his pride,
none gained his favour.
Once a noisy Nymph,
(who never held her tongue when others spoke,
who never spoke till others had begun)
mocking Echo, spied him as he drove,
in his delusive nets, some timid stags.—
for Echo was a Nymph, in olden time,—
and, more than vapid sound,—possessed a form:
and she was then deprived the use of speech,
except to babble and repeat the words,
once spoken, over and over.
Juno confused
her silly tongue, because she often held
that glorious goddess with her endless tales,
till many a hapless Nymph, from Jove's embrace,
had made escape adown a mountain. But
for this, the goddess might have caught them. Thus
the glorious Juno, when she knew her guile;
“Your tongue, so freely wagged at my expense,
shall be of little use; your endless voice,
much shorter than your tongue.” At once the Nymph
was stricken as the goddess had decreed;—
and, ever since, she only mocks the sounds
of others' voices, or, perchance, returns
their final words.
One day, when she observed
Narcissus wandering in the pathless woods,
she loved him and she followed him, with soft
and stealthy tread.—The more she followed him
the hotter did she burn, as when the flame
flares upward from the sulphur on the torch.
Oh, how she longed to make her passion known!
To plead in soft entreaty! to implore his love!
But now, till others have begun, a mute
of Nature she must be. She cannot choose
but wait the moment when his voice may give
to her an answer.
Presently the youth,
by chance divided from his trusted friends,
cries loudly, “Who is here?” and Echo, “Here!”
Replies. Amazed, he casts his eyes around,
and calls with louder voice, “Come here!” “Come here!”
She calls the youth who calls.—He turns to see
who calls him and, beholding naught exclaims,
“Avoid me not!” “Avoid me not!” returns.
He tries again, again, and is deceived
The sisters turned into poplar trees

Four times the moon had joined her crescent horns to form her bright disc. They by habit, since use creates habit, devoted themselves to mourning.� Then Phaeth�sa, the eldest sister, when she tried to throw herself to the ground, complained that her ankles had stiffened, and when radiant Lampetia tried to come near her she was suddenly rooted to the spot. A third sister attempting to tear at her hair pulled out leaves. One cried out in pain that her legs were sheathed in wood, another that her arms had become long branches. While they wondered at this, bark closed round their thighs and by degrees over their waists, breasts, shoulders, and hands, and all that was left free were their mouths calling for their mother. What can their mother do but go here and there as the impulse takes her, pressing her lips to theirs where she can? It is no good. She tries to pull the bark from their bodies and break off new branches with her hands, but drops of blood are left behind like wounds. �Stop, mother, please� cries out whichever one she hurts, �Please stop: It is my body in the tree you are tearing. Now, farewell.� and the bark closed over her with her last words. Their tears still flow, and hardened by the sun, fall as amber from the virgin branches, to be taken by the bright river and sent onwards to adorn Roman brides. Bk II:367-380 Cycnus Cycnus, the son of Sthenelus witnessed this marvel, who though he was kin to you Phaethon, through his mother, was closer still in love. Now, though he had ruled the people and great cities of Liguria, he left his kingdom, and filled Eridanus�s green banks and streams, and the woods the sisters had become part of, with his grief. As he did so his voice vanished and white feathers hid his hair, his long neck stretched out from his body, his reddened fingers became webbed, wings covered his sides, and a rounded beak his mouth. So Cycnus became a new kind of bird, the swan. But he had no faith in Jupiter and the heavens, remembering the lightning bolt the god in his severity had hurled. He looked for standing water, and open lakes hating fire, choosing to live in floods rather than flames.

Meanwhile Phaethon�s father, mourning and without his accustomed brightness, as if in eclipse, hated the light, himself and the day. He gave his mind over to grief, and to grief added his anger, and refused to provide his service to the earth. �Enough� he says �since the beginning my task has given me no rest and I am weary of work without end and labour without honour! Whoever chooses to can steer the chariot of light! If no one does, and all the gods acknowledge they cannot, let Jupiter himself do it, so that for a while at least, while he tries to take the reins, he must put aside the lightning bolts that leave fathers bereft! Then he will know when he has tried the strength of those horses, with hooves of fire, that the one who failed to rule them well did not deserve to be killed.�

All the gods gather round Sol, as he talks like this, and beg him not to shroud everything with darkness. Jupiter himself tries to excuse the fire he hurled, adding threats to his entreaties as kings do. Then Phoebus rounds up his horses, maddened and still trembling with terror, and in pain lashes out at them with goad and whip (really lashes out) reproaching them and blaming them for his son�s death.

Now the all-powerful father of the gods circuits the vast walls of heaven and examines them to check if anything has been loosened by the violent fires. When he sees they are as solid and robust as ever he inspects the earth and the works of humankind. Arcadia above all is his greatest care. He restores her fountains and streams, that are still hardly daring to flow, gives grass to the bare earth, leaves to the trees, and makes the scorched forests grow green again.

Often, as he came and went, he would stop short at the sight of a girl from Nonacris, feeling the fire take in the very marrow of his bones. She was not one to spin soft wool or play with her hair. A clasp fastened her tunic, and a white ribbon held back her loose tresses. Dressed like this, with a spear or a bow in her hand, she was one of Diana�s companions. No nymph who roamed Maenalus was dearer to Trivia, goddess of the crossways, than she, Callisto, was. But no favour lasts long.

The sun was high, just path the zenith, when she entered a grove that had been untouched through the years. Here she took her quiver from her shoulder, unstrung her curved bow, and lay down on the grass, her head resting on her painted quiver. Jupiter, seeing her there weary and unprotected, said �Here, surely, my wife will not see my cunning, or if she does find out it is, oh it is, worth a quarrel! Quickly he took on the face and dress of Diana, and said �Oh, girl who follows me, where in my domains have you been hunting?�

The virgin girl got up from the turf replying �Greetings, goddess greater than Jupiter: I say it even though he himself hears it.� He did hear, and laughed, happy to be judged greater than himself, and gave her kisses unrestrainedly, and not those that virgins give. When she started to say which woods she had hunted he embraced and prevented her and not without committing a crime. Face to face with him, as far as a woman could, (I wish you had seen her Juno: you would have been kinder to her) she fought him, but how could a girl win, and who is more powerful than Jove? Victorious, Jupiter made for the furthest reaches of the sky: while to Callisto the grove was odious and the wood seemed knowing. As she retraced her steps she almost forgot her quiver and its arrows, and the bow she had left hanging.

Behold how Diana, with her band of huntresses, approaching from the heights of Maenalus, magnificent from the kill, spies her there, and seeing her calls out. At the shout she runs, afraid at first in case it is Jupiter disguised, but when she sees the other nymphs come forward she realises there is no trickery and joins their number. Alas! How hard it is not to show one�s guilt in one�s face! She can scarcely lift her eyes from the ground, not as she used to be, wedded to her goddess�s side or first of the whole company, but is silent and by her blushing shows signs of her shame at being attacked. Even if she were not herself virgin, Diana could sense her guilt in a thousand ways. They say all the nymphs could feel it.

Nine crescent moons had since grown full when the goddess faint from the chase in her brother�s hot sunlight found a cool grove out of which a murmuring stream ran, winding over fine sand. She loved the place and tested the water with her foot. Pleased with this too she said �Any witness is far away, let�s bathe our bodies naked in the flowing water.� The Arcadian girl blushed: all of them took off their clothes: one of them tried to delay: hesitantly the tunic was removed and there her shame was revealed with her naked body. Terrified she tried to conceal her swollen belly. Diana cried �Go, far away from here: do not pollute the sacred fountain!� and the Moon-goddess commanded her to leave her band of followers.

The great Thunderer�s wife had known about all this for a long time and had held back her severe punishment until the proper time. Now there was no reason to wait. The girl had given birth to a boy, Arcas, and that in itself enraged Juno. When she turned her angry eyes and mind to thought of him she cried out �Nothing more was needed, you adulteress, than your fertility, and your marking the insult to me by giving birth, making public my Jupiter�s crime. You�ll not carry this off safely. Now, insolent girl, I will take that shape away from you, that pleased you and my husband so much!� At this she clutched her in front by the hair of her forehead and pulled her face forwards onto the ground. Callisto stretched out her arms for mercy: those arms began to bristle with coarse black hairs: her hands arched over and changed into curved claws to serve as feet: and her face, that Jupiter had once praised, was disfigured by gaping jaws: and so that her prayers and words of entreaty might not attract him her power of speech was taken from her. An angry, threatening growl, harsh and terrifying, came from her throat. Still her former feelings remained intact though she was now a bear.� She showed her misery in continual groaning, raising such hands as she had left to the starry sky, feeling, though she could not speak it, Jupiter�s indifference. Ah, how often she wandered near the house and fields that had once been her home, not daring to sleep in the lonely woods! Ah, how often she was driven among the rocks by the baying hounds, and the huntress fled in fear from the hunters! Often she hid at the sight of wild beasts forgetting what she was, and though a bear she shuddered at the sight of other bears on the mountains and feared the wolves though her father Lycaon ran with them.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 75

διὰ νὰ δώσῃ ἡ ζέστη ἐξ ἴσου εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, πρέπει νὰ μὴν ἀναβῇς πολύ, ἤτε παλὶν νὰ καταβῇς· διὰ τὶ ἀναβαίνοντες παραπάνω ἀπὸ τὸ σύμμετρον, θέλεις καύσει τὸν οὐρανόν, καὶ καταβαίνοντες πολύ, θέλεις καύσει ὅλην τὴν γῆν. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μεσαῖος εἶναι ὁ καλλιώτερος δρόμος, ὁποὺ ἠμπορεῖς νὰ κάμῃς· ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σὲ φέρῃ τὰ ἄλογα πολλὰ δεξιά, κατὰ τὸ μέρος τοῦ Δράκοντος, ἢ πολλὰ ἀριστερά, κατὰ τὸ μέρος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἄστρων, ὁποὺ ὀνομάζονται Τράπεζα, φρόντισαι νὰ περιπατῇς πάντοτε εἰς τὴν μέσην. Τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τὸ ἀφήνω εἰς τὴν τύχην, παρακαλώντας την νὰ σὲ βοηθήσῃ, καὶ νὰ φροντίσῃ διὰ τὸ σωματεῖόν σου περισσότερον, παρὰ ὅπου σοῦ μόνον σὲ φροντίζεις. Ἀλλ' ὤ τί· μεταξύ τῆς ὁμιλίας μου, ἡ νύκτα τελειώνει τὸν δρόμον της, καὶ δὲν ἠμπορῶ πλέον νὰ σὲ ἀργοτερήσω. Ὁ Κόσμος μὲ φωνάζει, γυρεύοντάς με πλέον ἡμέραν, καὶ ἡ Αὔγη, ὁποὺ ἐδίωξε τὸ σκότος, ἤδη περιπατεῖ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Λάβε λοιπὸν τὰ χαλινάρια τῶν ἀλόγων μου, ἢ ἂν εἶσαι ἀκόμη ἰκανὸς νὰ κάμῃς μίαν καλλιώτεραν ἀπόφασιν, μεταχειρίσου τὴν συμβουλήν μου, καὶ ὄχι τὸ ἀμάξιόν μου. Φρόντισαι ἀκόμη διὰ τὸν ἑαυτόν σου ἐν ὅσῳ ἠμπορεῖς, καὶ εἶσαι εἰς τόπον ἀσφαλῆ, καὶ χωρὶς νὰ κινδυνεύσῃς, ἄφησαι νὰ φέρω ἐγὼ τὴν ἡμέραν εἰς τὸν Κόσμον. Ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων, μὴ αἰσθανόμενος κανένα φόβον, πηδᾷ εἰς τὸ φωτεινὸν ἀμάξι, φαίνεται ἐπάνω εἰς αὐτὸ ὡς θριαμβευτής, παίρνει τὰς χαλινὰς εἰς τὸ χέρι μου ἀκραν χαρᾶν, εὐχαριστεῖ τὸν πατέρα του, διὰ τὴν χάριν, ὁποὺ τοῦ ἔκαμε, καὶ ἀναχωρεῖ τέλος πάντων ἐναντίον τῆς θελήσεως τοῦ πατρὸς του.

Ὡς πόσον τὰ τέσσαρα ἄλογά τος διμάρα, ὁ Πύρος, ὁ Ἔοος, ὁ Ἀίθων, ὁ ὁ Φλεγέθων γεμίζονται τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ χρεμετισμός, ὁ ἀτυπάσει τῶν βαλβίδα μέ τὰ ποδεσά των· ὁ ὅταν ἡ Θέτις, ὅπου ἀγνοοῦσε τὴν τύχην τῆς ἐγγόνης της, τὰς ἄνοιξες τοῦ δρόμον, ὁ ἐμβῆναι ἔλαφερα εἰς τὰ δραχώρον διάστημα τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἤρχησαν νὰ ξέχνουν τὸν συνηθῆ των δρόμον. Σχίζουν μέ τὰς πόδας τὰ σύμφερα, ὅπου τὰς ἀντιστέκονται, ὁ ὡς πτερωτὰ ὑπερβαίνουν ἀγλίγωρα τὰς ἀνέμας, ὅπου μάζη των εἶχαν σηκωθῆ, ὁ μιλοῦσι ἀπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ σημεῖον. Ἀλλ' αὐτὰ τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Ἡλίου ἐπατάλαβαν αὔθις ὅτι δὲν ἔσυρναν τὸ συνηθισμένον τους φόρτωμα· ὁ ὡς τὰ καράβια, ὅπου δὲν ἔχουν τὸ σώσατον βάρος των, τινάζονται ἀνασκελᾶς. Φερόμενα δίχως ἀπὸ τῶν ἰδίων των ἐλαφρότητες· Ἔτσι ὁ ἡ ἅμαξα τοῦ Ἡλίου, μὴ ἔχουσα τὴν βαρύτητα της, πότε τὴν παίρνει εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ὥσαν νὰ μὴν εἶχε πλέον κυβερνήτην. Εὐθὺς ὅπου τὰ ἄλογα τὸ ἐπατάλαβαν, ἤρχησαν νὰ ξέχνουν ἀχαλίνωτα, ὁ ἐγύρναν ἀπὸ τὴν συνηθισμένην των στράταν. Τρομάζει ὁ Φαέθων, ὁ μὴ γνωρίζοντας τὸν δρόμον, δὲν ἤξευρε εἰς ποῖον μέρος νὰ γνέψῃ τὸν χαλινόν, ὁ ἂν παλὰ νὰ ἤξευρε, πάλιν δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ κατανταμώσῃ τὰ ἄλογα. Τότε τὰ παγωμένα ἄστρα τῆς Ἄρκτου, ἐθάλφησαν ὁ πρώτην φορὰν τὴν θερμότητα, ὁ ἐπάχισαν εἰς μάτην νὰ κρυφθοῦν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὅπου δὲν τοὺς εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἐμβαίνουν. Ὁ Δράκων, ὅπου πλησίαζε πλεισότερον εἰς τὸν παγωμένον Πόλον, ὤντας ἕως τότε κατάψυχρος, ὁ ἀνεπιτήδειος νὰ φοβήσῃ τινά, ἤρχισε νὰ πυρετᾷ, λαμβάνοντας ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν φωτιὰν νέαν ὀργήν.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 77

Ἔλεγε νὰ τρύξῃ, ἀφήνοντας τὸ ἅμαξι του. Ἀλλ' ὁπαν ὁ δυστυχὴς Φαέθων ἐκολύμπησε τῶν γλαῶν ὑποκάτω τὰ, ὁρώντας, ἦ ἔξεμεν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του. Τὸ πολὺ φῶς, ὅπου εἶχεν ὁλόγυρά του, τὸν ἀποβαίνει σκότος, παρεχαίεται εἰς τὴν ἀπασῶν λάμψιν. Τότε ἐπεθύμει νὰ μὴν εἶχον ἐγγίξει ποτὲ τὰ πατερνὰ ἅλογα· τὸν ἀποδαίνεται ὅτι ἔμαθε πόθεν ἐκαταγένειο, ἠθ' ὅτι ἀπόλαυσε τὸ ζητηθέν, ἦ ἤθελε προστιμηθῆ νὰ νομίζεται υἱὸς τῆς Μέροπος. Εὑρίσκεται περιαγμένος ὡς ἂν καράβει, ὁποῦ γίνεται παίγνιον τῶν ἀνέμων, πῆ ὁ ναυτίληρός του τὸν παραδίδει εἰς τὸν Θεόν, ἀφήνοντας τὸ τιμόνι ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι, ἦ ἀφορμέχοντας εἰς εὐχάς, ἠθ' ἀπακαλώματα. Τὶ σέλες κάμῃ, Φαέθων περιέλαξε, εἰς ἀνατοιοῦτον ξημένον δρόμον; Εἶχον ἀπερσθῆ ἀρμέτον διάσημα ἔρανια, ἀλλ' ἐκέϊνο, ὅπου παρουσιάζεται εἰς τὸν ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς, εἶναι πλειότερον. Μετὰ μεταξὺ τὴν τὸ ἅνα ἦ τὸ ἄλλο· ποτὲ μὲν θεωρῶ τῶν Δύσιν, ποτὲ δὲ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν, ἦ εἰς ὁποῖον μέρος ἦ ἀγνοεῖ ἠ καταλαμβάνει καλὰ ὅπου εἶναι ἀδύνατον νὰ καταφροδοθῆ ἔτε εἰς τὸ ἅνα, ἔτε εἰς τὸ ἄλλο. Δεν ἰξεύρει τί νὰ ἀποφασίσῃ εἰς μίαν ἔτω φριχπηνὴν περίστασιν· ὁ φόβος τὸν ἀναστέλει, ἦ τὸν ἀφαιρεῖ τὴν κρίσιν. Ὅμως δεν ἀφήνει ἀπωθῶ τὸν χαλινὸν, ἀλλὰ δεν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ τὸν κρατήσῃ πλέον, μὴν ἰξεύροντας ἔτε τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀλόγων. Βλέπει πρὸς ταῦτις εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν παράξενα θέσματα εἰς κάθε μέρος, τὰ ὁποῖα αὐτὸς δεν γνωρίζει, ἠθ' μορφάς τερατώδεις, ὅπου τὸν προξενοῦσι ἔμπληξιν ἠθ' φόβον. Εἶναι ἐκέϊ ἔνα μέρος, ὅπου ὁ σκορπίος ἀπλώνει τὰς βραχίονας του, ὥσὰν δύο τοξάρια, ἠθ' μὲ τῶν κυρτωμοῦ οὐρὰν του,

ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

Δὲν εἶδεν αὐτὸ τὸ φοβερόν. Ἐδημέθη ὅλον ὑγρὸν ἀπὸ τὴν ἱδρώτα ἑνὸς μαύρου φαρμακίας, ὅπου ἐβγαίνεν ἀπὸ τὸ κορμί του, ἔχασε καὶ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ διακεκτικοῦ ὅπου τοῦ ἔμεινε, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του οἱ χαλίνοι, ὅπου ἀπάνω ἐβάστα, τοῦ ἔφυγαν ἀπὸ τὰ χέρια. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν τὰ ἄλογα, αἰσθανόμενα ὅτι τοὺς ἄφησε τὰ χαλινόδελα, καὶ ὅτι δὲν εἶχαν πλέον ὁδηγόν, ἤρχισαν νὰ ξέχουν ἀδιαφόρως ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ. Τρέχουν εἰς τόπους ἀγνωρίστους, χωρὶς νὰ εὑροῦν τίποτε, ὅπου νὰ τὰ ἐμποδίση· πηγαίνουν ὅπου πᾶνε, χωρὶς νὰ τὰ ὁδηγῇ τινας, ὅπου τὰ φέρῃ ἡ ὁρμή των· κτυποῦν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ σφαίρωμα, καὶ σύρουν μαζί των τὸ ἁμάξι των εἰς ὕψος, ὅπου δὲν ἐφαίνετο δρόμος. Τώρα ἔχουν ἐπάνω, καὶ τώρα κάτω, καὶ μὲ ἀχαλίνωτον ὁρμὴν πλησιάζουν εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ἡ Σελήνη ἀπορεῖ βλέπουσα τὸ ἁμάξι τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ της νὰ ξέχῃ παρακάτω ἀπὸ τὸ ἰδικόν της. Καταβρίζεται τὰ σύννεφα, καὶ ἐσκίσταν καὶ ἡ γῆ, καὶ ξηραίνεται, μὴν ἔχουσα πλέον ὑγρασίαν, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορῇ νὰ δροσίσῃ τὸ φῶς. Ἐμαραίνοντο αἱ βοσκαὶ εἰς κάθε μέρος, καίοντο τὰ δένδρα μὲ τὰ φύλλα των· καὶ τὸ σιτάρι ὄντας ξηρὸν, καὶ ἔτοιμον νὰ θερισθῇ, συμβαίνει εἰς τὴν ἀφανισμόν του, διδοντας ὕλικον τῆς φλογός. Αὐτὰ ὅμως ὅλα οὐχὶ εἶναι τόσον μεγάλα· χώρια καὶ πόλεις μεγάλαι κατακρημνίζοντο ἀφανίζοντο, καὶ μεγάλαι ἐπαρχίαι μὲ τοὺς κατοίκους των γίνοντο στάχτη τὰ βουνία φλογίζοντο, καὶ τὰ δάση ὁμοίως. Ὁ Ἄθως, ὁ Ταῦρος, ὁ Κίλιξ, ὁ Τμῶλος, καὶ ἡ Αἴτνη, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρη κεκαυμένα. Ἡ Ἴδη, τὸ πρωτήνιον ὄρος διὰ τὰ ὕδατα, καὶ

Adfuit huic monstro proles Stheneleia Cycnus,
qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine iunctus,
mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto
370(nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes)
imperio ripas virides amnemque querellis
Eridanum implerat silvamque sororibus auctam,
cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos
dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe
375porrigitur, digitosque ligat iunctura rubentes,
penna latus velat, tenet os sine acumine rostrum.
Fit nova Cycnus avis, nec se caeloque Iovique
credit, ut iniuste missi memor ignis ab illo:
stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus
380quae colat elegit contraria flumina flammis.
Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis et expers
ipse sui decoris, qualis, cum deficit orbem,
esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque,
datque animum in luctus; et luctibus adicit iram
385officiumque negat mundo. “Satis” inquit “ab aevi
sors mea principiis fuit inrequieta, pigetque
actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum.
Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus!
Si nemo est omnesque dei non posse fatentur,
390ipse agat ut saltem, dum nostras temptat habenas,
orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat.
Tum sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum,
non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos.”
Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem
395numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus,
supplice voce rogant: missos quoque Iuppiter ignes
excusat precibusque minas regaliter addit.
Conligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes
Phoebus equos stimuloque dolens et verbere saevit:
400saevit enim, natumque obiectat et imputat illis.
At pater omnipotens ingentia moenia caeli
circuit et ne quid labefactum viribus ignis
corruat explorat. Quae postquam firma suique
roboris esse videt terras hominumque labores
405perspicit. Arcadiae tamen est impensior illi
cura suae: fontes et nondum audentia labi
flumina restituit dat terrae gramina, frondes
arboribus, laesasque iubet revirescere silvas.
Dum redit itque frequens, In virgine Nonacrina
410haesit et accepti caluere sub ossibus ignes.
Non erat huius opus lanam mollire trahendo
nec positu variare comas; ubi fibula vestem,
vitta coercuerat neglectos alba capillos,
et modo leve manu iaculum, modo sumpserat arcum,
415miles erat Phoebes: nec Maenalon attigit ulla
gratior hac Triviae. Sed nulla potentia longa est.
Ulterius medio spatium sol altus habebat,
cum subit illa nemus, quod nulla ceciderat aetas.
Exuit hic umero pharetram lentosque retendit
420arcus, inque solo, quod texerat herba, iacebat
et pictam posita pharetram cervice premebat.
Iuppiter ut vidit fessam et custode vacantem,
“hoc certe furtum coniunx mea nesciet” inquit,
“aut si rescierit sunt o sunt iurgia tanti.”
425Protinus induitur faciem cultumque Dianae
atque ait: “O comitum, virgo, pars una mearum,
in quibus es venata iugis?” De caespite virgo
se levat et “salve numen, me indice”, dixit
“audiat ipse licet maius Iove.” Ridet et audit,
430et sibi praeferri se gaudet et oscula iungit
nec moderata satis nec sic a virgine danda.
Qua venata foret silva, narrare parantem
impedit amplexu, nec se sine crimine prodit.
Illa quidem contra, quantum modo femina possit
435(adspiceres utinam, Saturnia: mitior esses !),
illa quidem pugnat: sed quem superare puella,
quisve Iovem poterat? — Superum petit aethera victor
Iuppiter: huic odio nemus est et conscia silva.
Unde pedem referens paene est oblita pharetram
440tollere cum telis et quem suspenderat arcum.
Ecce, suo comitata choro Dictynna per altum
Maenalon ingrediens et caede superba ferarum
adspicit hanc visamque vocat: clamata refugit,
et timuit primo, ne Iuppiter esset in illa.
445Sed postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidit,
sensit abesse dolos numerumque accessit ad harum.
Heu quam difficile est crimen non prodere vultu!
Vix oculos attollit humo, nec, ut ante solebat,
iuncta deae lateri, nec toto est agmine prima,
450sed silet et laesi dat signa rubore pudoris;
et nisi quod virgo est poterat sentire Diana
mille notis culpam; nymphae sensisse feruntur.
Orbe resurgebant lunaria cornua nono,
cum dea venatu, fraternis languida flammis,
455nacta nemus gelidum, de quo cum murmure labens
ibat et attritas versabat rivus harenas.
Ut loca laudavit, summas pede contigit undas:
his quoque laudatis “procul est” ait “arbiter omnis;
nuda superfusis tingamus corpora lymphis.”
460Parrhasis erubuit. Cunctae velamina ponunt:
una moras quaerit. Dubitanti vestis adempta est;
qua posita nudo patuit cum corpore crimen.
Attonitae manibusque uterum celare volenti
“i procul hinc” dixit “nec sacros pollue fontes”
465Cynthia; deque suo iussit secedere coetu.
Senserat hoc olim magni matrona Tonantis
distuleratque graves in idonea tempora poenas.
Causa morae nulla est, et iam puer Arcas (id ipsum
indoluit Iuno) fuerat de paelice natus.
470Quo simul obvertit saevam cum lumine mentem,
“scilicet hoc etiam restabat, adultera” dixit,
“ut fecunda fores, fieretque iniuria partu
nota, Iovisque mei testatum dedecus esset.
Haud impune feres: adimam tibi nempe figuram,
475qua tibi, quaque places nostro, importuna, marito.”
Dixit et adversa prensis a fronte capillis
stravit humi pronam. Tendebat bracchia supplex:
bracchia coeperunt nigris horrescere villis
curvarique manus et aduncos crescere in ungues
480officioque pedum fungi, laudataque quondam
ora Iovi lato fieri deformia rictu.
Neve preces animos et verba precantia flectant
posse loqui eripitur; vox iracunda minaxque
plenaque terroris rauco de gutture fertur.
485Mens antiqua tamen facta quoque mansit in ursa,
adsiduoque suos gemitu testata dolores
qualescumque manus ad caelum et sidera tollit
ingratumque Iovem, nequeat cum dicere, sentit.
A quotiens, sola non ausa quiescere silva,
490ante domum quondamque suis erravit in agris!
A quotiens per saxa canum latratibus acta est
venatrixque metu venantum territa fugit!
Saepe feris latuit visis, oblita quid esset,
ursaque conspectos in montibus horruit ursos
495pertimuitque lupos, quamvis pater esset in illis.
by this alternate voice, and calls aloud;
“Oh let us come together!” Echo cries,
“Oh let us come together!” Never sound
seemed sweeter to the Nymph, and from the woods
she hastens in accordance with her words,
and strives to wind her arms around his neck.
He flies from her and as he leaves her says,
“Take off your hands! you shall not fold your arms
around me. Better death than such a one
should ever caress me!” Naught she answers save,
“Caress me!”
Thus rejected she lies hid
in the deep woods, hiding her blushing face
with the green leaves; and ever after lives
concealed in lonely caverns in the hills.
But her great love increases with neglect;
her miserable body wastes away,
wakeful with sorrows; leanness shrivels up
her skin, and all her lovely features melt,
as if dissolved upon the wafting winds—
nothing remains except her bones and voice—
her voice continues, in the wilderness;
her bones have turned to stone. She lies concealed
in the wild woods, nor is she ever seen
on lonely mountain range; for, though we hear
her calling in the hills, 'tis but a voice,
a voice that lives, that lives among the hills.
Thus he deceived the Nymph and many more,
sprung from the mountains or the sparkling waves;
and thus he slighted many an amorous youth.—
and therefore, some one whom he once despised,
lifting his hands to Heaven, implored the Gods,
“If he should love deny him what he loves!”
and as the prayer was uttered it was heard
by Nemesis, who granted her assent.
There was a fountain silver-clear and bright,
which neither shepherds nor the wild she-goats,
that range the hills, nor any cattle's mouth
had touched—its waters were unsullied—birds
disturbed it not; nor animals, nor boughs
that fall so often from the trees. Around
sweet grasses nourished by the stream grew; trees
that shaded from the sun let balmy airs
temper its waters. Here Narcissus, tired
of hunting and the heated noon, lay down,
attracted by the peaceful solitudes
and by the glassy spring. There as he stooped
to quench his thirst another thirst increased.
While he is drinking he beholds himself
reflected in the mirrored pool—and loves;
loves an imagined body which contains
no substance, for he deems the mirrored shade
a thing of life to love. He cannot move,
for so he marvels at himself, and lies
with countenance unchanged, as if indeed
a statue carved of Parian marble. Long,
supine upon the bank, his gaze is fixed
on his own eyes, twin stars; his fingers shaped
as Bacchus might desire, his flowing hair
as glorious as Apollo's, and his cheeks
youthful and smooth; his ivory neck, his mouth
dreaming in sweetness, his complexion fair
and blushing as the rose in snow-drift white.
All that is lovely in himself he loves,
and in his witless way he wants himself:—
he who approves is equally approved;
he seeks, is sought, he burns and he is burnt.
And how he kisses the deceitful fount;
and how he thrusts his arms to catch the neck
that's pictured in the middle of the stream!
Yet never may he wreathe his arms around
that image of himself. He knows not what
he there beholds, but what he sees inflames
his longing, and the error that deceives
allures his eyes. But why, O foolish boy,
so vainly catching at this flitting form?
The cheat that you are seeking has no place.
Avert your gaze and you will lose your love,
for this that holds your eyes is nothing save
the image of yourself reflected back to you.
It comes and waits with you; it has no life;
it will depart if you will only go.
Now after Phaethon had suffered death
for the vast ruin wrought by scorching flames,
all the great walls of Heaven's circumference,
unmeasured, views the Father of the Gods,
with searching care, that none impaired by heat
may fall in ruins. Well assured they stand
in self-sustaining strength, his view, at last,
on all the mundane works of man is turned;—
his loving gaze long resting on his own
Arcadia. And he starts the streams and springs
that long have feared to flow; paints the wide earth
with verdant fields; covers the trees with leaves,
and clothes the injured forests in their green.
While wandering in the world, he stopped amazed,
when he beheld the lovely Nymph, Calisto,
and fires of love were kindled in his breast.
Calisto was not clothed in sumptuous robes,
nor did she deck her hair in artful coils;
but with a buckle she would gird her robe,
and bind her long hair with a fillet white.
She bore a slender javelin in her hand,
or held the curving bow; and thus in arms
as chaste Diana, none of Maenalus
was loved by that fair goddess more than she.
But everything must change. When bright the sun
rolled down the sky, beyond his middle course,
she pierced a secret thicket, known to her,
and having slipped the quiver from her arm,
she loosed the bended bow, and softly down
upon the velvet turf reclining, pressed
her white neck on the quiver while she slept.
When Jupiter beheld her, negligent
and beautiful, he argued thus, “How can
my consort, Juno, learn of this? And yet,
if chance should give her knowledge, what care I?
Let gain offset the scolding of her tongue!”
This said, the god transformed himself and took
Diana's form—assumed Diana's dress
and imitating her awoke the maid,
and spoke in gentle tones, “What mountain slope,
O virgin of my train, hath been thy chase?”
Which, having heard, Calisto, rose and said,
“Hail, goddess! greater than celestial Jove!
I would declare it though he heard the words.”
Jove heard and smiled, well pleased to be preferred
above himself, and kissed her many times,
and strained her in his arms, while she began
to tell the varied fortunes of her hunt.—
but when his ardent love was known to her,
she struggled to escape from his embrace:
ah, how could she, a tender maid, resist
almighty Jove?—Be sure, Saturnia
if thou hadst only witnessed her thy heart
had shown more pity!—
Jupiter on wings,
transcendent, sought his glorious heights;
but she, in haste departing from that grove,
almost forgot her quiver and her bow.
Behold, Diana, with her virgin train,
when hunting on the slopes of Maenalus,
amidst the pleasures of exciting sport,
espied the Nymph and called her, who, afraid
that Jove apparelled in disguise deceived,
drew backward for a moment, till appeared
to her the lovely Nymphs that followed: thus,
assured deceit was none, she ventured near.
Alas, how difficult to hide disgrace!
She could not raise her vision from the ground,
nor as the leader of the hunting Nymphs,
as was her wont, walk by the goddess' side.
Her silence and her blushes were the signs
of injured honour. Ah Diana, thou,
if thou wert not a virgin, wouldst perceive
and pity her unfortunate distress.
The Moon's bent horns were rising from their ninth
sojourn, when, fainting from Apollo's flames,
the goddess of the Chase observed a cool
umbrageous grove, from which a murmuring stream
ran babbling gently over golden sands.
When she approved the spot, lightly she struck
her foot against the ripples of the stream,
and praising it began; “Far from the gaze
of all the curious we may bathe our limbs,
and sport in this clear water.” Quickly they
undid their garments,—but Calisto hid
behind the others, till they knew her state.—
Diana in a rage exclaimed, “Away!
Thou must not desecrate our sacred springs!”
And she was driven thence.
Nor food nor rest can draw him thence—outstretched
upon the overshadowed green, his eyes
fixed on the mirrored image never may know
their longings satisfied, and by their sight
he is himself undone. Raising himself
a moment, he extends his arms around,
and, beckoning to the murmuring forest; “Oh,
ye aisled wood was ever man in love
more fatally than I? Your silent paths
have sheltered many a one whose love was told,
and ye have heard their voices. Ages vast
have rolled away since your forgotten birth,
but who is he through all those weary years
that ever pined away as I? Alas,
this fatal image wins my love, as I
behold it. But I cannot press my arms
around the form I see, the form that gives
me joy. What strange mistake has intervened
betwixt us and our love? It grieves me more
that neither lands nor seas nor mountains, no,
nor walls with closed gates deny our loves,
but only a little water keeps us far
asunder. Surely he desires my love
and my embraces, for as oft I strive
to kiss him, bending to the limpid stream
my lips, so often does he hold his face
fondly to me, and vainly struggles up.
It seems that I could touch him. 'Tis a strange
delusion that is keeping us apart.
“Whoever thou art, Come up! Deceive me not!
Oh, whither when I fain pursue art thou?
Ah, surely I am young and fair, the Nymphs
have loved me; and when I behold thy smiles
I cannot tell thee what sweet hopes arise.
When I extend my loving arms to thee
thine also are extended me — thy smiles
return my own. When I was weeping, I
have seen thy tears, and every sign I make
thou cost return; and often thy sweet lips
have seemed to move, that, peradventure words,
which I have never heard, thou hast returned.
“No more my shade deceives me, I perceive
'Tis I in thee—I love myself—the flame
arises in my breast and burns my heart—
what shall I do? Shall I at once implore?
Or should I linger till my love is sought?
What is it I implore? The thing that I
desire is mine—abundance makes me poor.
Oh, I am tortured by a strange desire
unknown to me before, for I would fain
put off this mortal form; which only means
I wish the object of my love away.
Grief saps my strength, the sands of life are run,
and in my early youth am I cut off;
but death is not my bane—it ends my woe.—
I would not death for this that is my love,
as two united in a single soul
would die as one.”
He spoke; and crazed with love,
returned to view the same face in the pool;
and as he grieved his tears disturbed the stream,
and ripples on the surface, glassy clear,
defaced his mirrored form. And thus the youth,
when he beheld that lovely shadow go;
“Ah whither cost thou fly? Oh, I entreat
thee leave me not. Alas, thou cruel boy
thus to forsake thy lover. Stay with me
that I may see thy lovely form, for though
I may not touch thee I shall feed my eyes
and soothe my wretched pains.” And while he spoke
he rent his garment from the upper edge,
and beating on his naked breast, all white
as marble, every stroke produced a tint
as lovely as the apple streaked with red,
or as the glowing grape when purple bloom
touches the ripening clusters.
When as glass
again the rippling waters smoothed, and when
such beauty in the stream the youth observed,
no more could he endure. As in the flame
the yellow wax, or as the hoar-frost melts
in early morning 'neath the genial sun;
so did he pine away, by love consumed,
and slowly wasted by a hidden flame.
No vermeil bloom now mingled in the white
of his complexion fair; no strength has he,
no vigor, nor the comeliness that wrought
for love so long: alas, that handsome form
by Echo fondly loved may please no more.
But when she saw him in his hapless plight,
though angry at his scorn, she only grieved.
As often as the love-lore boy complained,
“Alas!” “Alas!” her echoing voice returned;
and as he struck his hands against his arms,
she ever answered with her echoing sounds.
And as he gazed upon the mirrored pool
he said at last, “Ah, youth beloved in vain!”
“In vain, in vain!” the spot returned his words;
and when he breathed a sad “farewell!” “Farewell!”
sighed Echo too. He laid his wearied head,
and rested on the verdant grass; and those
bright eyes, which had so loved to gaze, entranced,
on their own master's beauty, sad Night closed.
And now although among the nether shades
his sad sprite roams, he ever loves to gaze
on his reflection in the Stygian wave.
His Naiad sisters mourned, and having clipped
their shining tresses laid them on his corpse:
and all the Dryads mourned: and Echo made
lament anew. And these would have upraised
his funeral pyre, and waved the flaming torch,
and made his bier; but as they turned their eyes
where he had been, alas he was not there!
And in his body's place a sweet flower grew,
golden and white, the white around the gold.
Ere this transpired,
observed the consort of the Thunder-God
her altered mien; but she for ripening time
withheld severe resentment. Now delay
was needless for distracted Juno heard
Calisto of the god of Heaven had borne
a boy called Arcas. Full of jealous rage,
her eyes and thoughts enkindled as she cried;
“And only this was wanting to complete
your wickedness, that you should bear a son
and flaunt abroad the infamy of Jove!
Unpunished you shall not escape, for I
will spoil the beauty that has made you proud
and dazzled Jupiter with wanton art.”
So saying, by her forehead's tresses seized
the goddess on her rival; and she dragged
her roughly to the ground. Pleading she raised
her suppliant arms and begged for mercy.—While
she pled, black hair spread over her white limbs;
her hands were lengthened into feet, and claws
long-curving tipped them; snarling jaws deformed
the mouth that Jove had kissed. And lest her prayers
and piteous words might move some listening God,
and give remembrance, speech was so denied,
that only from her throat came angry growls,
now uttered hoarse and threatening.
Still remains
her understanding, though her body, thus
transformed, makes her appear a savage bear.—
her sorrows are expressed in many a groan,
repeated as she lifts her hands—if we
may call them so—repeated as she lifts
them towards the stars and skies, ungrateful Jove
regarding; but her voice accuses not.
Afraid to rest in unfrequented woods,
she wandered in the fields that once were hers,
around her well-known dwelling. Over crags,
in terror, she was driven by the cries
of hounds; and many a time she fled in fear,
a huntress from the hunters, or she hid
from savage animals; forgetting her
transformed condition. Changed into a bear,
she fled affrighted from the bears that haunt
the rugged mountains; and she feared and fled
the wolves,—although her father was a wolf.
When thrice five birthdays rounded out the youth
of Arcas, offspring of Lycaon's child,
he hunted in the forest of his choice;
where, hanging with his platted nets the trees
of Erymanthian forest, he espied
his transformed mother,—but he knew her not;
no one had told him of his parentage.
Knowing her child, she stood with levelled gaze,
amazed and mute as he began approach;
but Arcas, frightened at the sight drew back
to pierce his mother's breast with wounding spear.—
but not permitting it the god of Heaven
averted, and removed them from that crime.
He, in a mighty wind—through vacant space,
upbore them to the dome of starry heaven,
and fixed them, Constellations, bright amid
the starry host.
Juno on high beheld
Calisto crowned with glory—great with rage
her bosom heaved. She flew across the sea,
to hoary Tethys and to old Oceanus,

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 79

Δαύνες έπειτα ό Ὀροάδας, δεν ἠμπόρεσαν νὰ σωθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὸν φοβερὸν ἐμπρησμόν. Ἡ Αἴτνη ἐδιπλασίασε τὰς φλόγας της εἰς τόσον ὕψος, ὥστε ὁ Οὐρανὸς μὲ ἤναυσε τὸ πῦρ τῆς γῆς. Αἱ δύο κορυφαὶ τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ, τὰ βουνὰ τῆς Ἑρύμου, τὰ Κύνθα, ἡ τῆς Ὄθρυος, ἡ Ῥοδόπη αὐτὴ (ὅπου εἶδε τέλος πάντων νὰ ἀναλύωνται τὰ χιόνια της) ὁ Μίμας, τὸ Δίνδυμον, ἡ Μυκάλη, ἡ ὁ ἱερὸς Κιθαιρών δεν ὡμολόγησαν νὰ εἶναι πλέον βουνὰ, ἀλλὰ ξόμεραι κάμποι. Ὅλοι οἱ πάγοι τῆς Σκυθίας δεν τῆς ὠφέλησαν τί ποτε. Ὁ Καύκασος ἐνθὴ, ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ Ὄσσα, ὁ Πίνδος, ἡ ὁ Ὄλυμπος, ὅπου εἶναι ὑψηλότερος ἀπὸ τὰ σύννεφα· ἡ ὁ Ἀπεννῖνος, ὅπου τὰ βάσταζε, καὶ αἱ Ἄλπεις, ὅπου ὑψώνονται τόσον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἐφαίνοντο εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἐμπρησμὸν ὡσὰν ἀδαμένα μάρμαρα. Ὡς πόσον ὁ Φαέθων βλέποντας τὸν Κόσμον εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κατάστασιν, δεν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν θερμότητα, ἡ ἀναπνέει φλογισμένον ἀέρα, ὡς ἐκεῖνον, ὅπου δυσαίνει ἀπὸ μίαν κάμινον. Πηδᾷται ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναθήρας, ἤγουν ἀπὸ τῶν σάντων, ὅπου ἐσηκώνοντο ἕως εἰς αὐτόν. Ἕνας μαῦρος ἡ φλογῶδης καπνὸς, τὸν περικυκλώνει πανταχόθεν· ὅλως πετυρλωμένος, δεν ἰξεύρει οὔτε ποῦ εἶναι, οὔτε ποῦ θέλει ὑπάγῃ, καὶ ἀφίνεται εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῶν ἀλόγων. Εἶναι γνώμη ὅτι τότε νὰ ἐμαύρισαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἐβγάθη εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τὸ αἷμά των ἀπὸ τὴν πολλὴν καῦσιν, ἡ Λιβύη νὰ ἀπέκτησε τὴν ἀνυδρίαν ἡ ξηρότητα, ὅπου προξενεῖ φόβον εἰς τοὺς θεατάς. Τότε αἱ Νύμφαι ξεπλεγμέναι, ἔκλαυσαν τὴν στέρησιν τῶν βρύσεων των, ἡ λιμνῶν. Ἡ Βοιωτία ἐζήτει τὰ νερὰ ἀπὸ τὸν Διρκαῖα, ὅπου πάντοτε τὴν ἐπότιζε, τὸ Ἄργος ἀπὸ τὸν Ἀμύμονα, ἡ Κόρινθος ἀπὸ τὴν Πειρήνην

μεγαλύτερα ποτάμια δὲ ἦσαν φυλαγμένα εἰς τὰς ὄχθας των ἀπὸ τῆς βίας εἰς ποίησε ἐμφανισμένα. Ὁ Ταναῒς ὑπερθερμάσθη, ὁ ὅλος ἐνάπνιζον· ὁ Πηνειός, ὁ Καΰ- στρος, ὁ Ἰσμηνός, ὁ Ἐρύμανθος, ὁ Μέλας, ὁ Λυκόρ- μας, ὁ Εὐρώτας ἔδειξαν τὴν ἄμμον, ὁποὺ ἐσκέπαζε τὰ πρεσβύτατα των· Ὁ Ξάνθος ἐκάη, μέλλοντας νὰ πάλη ἀλλήλου μίαν φορὰν εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πολιορκίαν τῆς Τροάδος· ὁ Μαίανδρος, ὁ ὁποῖος παίζει μὲ τὰ στρυ- φογυρίσματα, δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ἀντισάση. Ἡ Βαβυ- λὼν ἔβλεπε τὸν Εὐφράτην νὰ βράζη· ὁμοίως ὁ Ὀρόντης, ὁ Θερμώδων, ὁ Γάγγης, ὁ Φάσις, καὶ ὁ Δούναβις ῥίπτουσιν αὐτῶν ὕδατων φλόγας· Ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ποταμὸς ξερνᾶ πῦρ, αἱ Σπερχειάδες ὄχθαι ἀπὸ τὸ ἔδα καὶ ἀπὸ μέρος καίουνται· Ὁ χρυσός, ὁποὺ ἐκατέβαζεν ὁ Τάγος, ζέχει χρυσὸ μεταξὺ τῶν παραθαλασσίων τῶν ποτα- μῶν του, τὰ ἀπὸ πετεινὰ καίουνται εἰς τὸ μέσον τῶν ὑδά- των τοῦ Καΰστρου· Ὁ Νεῖλος ξορμασμένος φεύγει εἰς τὰς ἄκρας τῆς Γῆς, κρύβοντας τὴν κεφαλὴν του ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του, ἡ ὁποία μέχρι τῆς σήμερον ἀκόμη δὲν εὑρέ- θη, καὶ τὰ ἑπτὰ στόματα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔμβαινον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἐγέμισαν σκόνην, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο τότε ἑπτὰ λαγκάδια, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνετο νὰ μὴν ἐπέρα- σε ποτὲ ποταμός. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐμφανισμὸς ἔξηρανε τὸν Ἕβρον μὲ τὸν Στρυμόνα, καὶ ὅλας τὰς ποταμὰς τῆς Δύ- σεως. Ἔξηρανε τὸν Ῥῆνον, τὸν Ῥοδανόν, καὶ τὸν Πά- δον, καὶ τὸν αὐλακιῶν ὑπὲ τὸν Τύβεριν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ εἱμαρμένη ὑπόσχετο τὴν κυβερνίαν ὅλης τῆς Γῆς. Ἡ γῆ πανταχόθεν ἐχάσθη, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰ χάσματα της διε- περάσε τὸ φῶς ἕως κάτω εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, καὶ ἐφόβισε τὸν Πλ

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.

ἐφάνησαν κάμποι γεμάτοι ἄμμον ἐκεῖ, ὅπου πρότερον ἐφαίνοντο κάμποι γεμάτοι νερόν. Οἱ σκόπελοι, ἤ τὰ βενὰ, τὰ πρότερον ἀπὸ τὴν Θαλάσσαν κατασμένα, ἀνακαλυπτόμενα, αὔξησαν τὸν ἀριθμόν τῆς Κυκλάδων Νήσων. Τὰ ὄψεα ἔπιασι τὸ βάθος τῆς νερῆς, ἤ οἱ Δελφῖνες, ὅπου ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ σηκώνονται ἐπάνω, δὲν ἐτολμῶν πλέον νὰ φανῶν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον. Τὰ Θαλάσσια πλάσματα εἶναι μισαποθαμωμένα εἰς τὰ βάθη τῆς Θαλάσσης. Λέγεσιν ὅτι ὁ Νηρεῦς, ἤ ἡ Δωρὶς Νύμφη, μὲ τὰς Θυγατέρας της, ἐκρύησαν μέσα εἰς τὰ πέλαγα, χωρὶς νὰ ἀποτολμήσουν πλέον νὰ σηκώσουν τὰ κεφάλια. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν, λυπούμενος ὅτι ἡ θερμότης ἐτόλμησε νὰ διαπεράση ἕως μέσα εἰς τὰ λυσώτερά του ὕδατα, ἐσήκωσε τρεῖς φοραῖς τὸ χέρι του ἔξω ἀπὸ τὸ νερόν, ἤ τρεῖς φοραῖς πάλιν τὸ ὀπίσω ἔβυσε μέσα, μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ ὑποφέρη μίαν τόσω μεγάλην ζέστην.

Ὅμως ἡ γῆ, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον στεφανωμένη ἀπὸ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν, ἢ οἱ ποταμοὶ, ἢ αἱ πηγαὶ εἶχον καταδυθῇ εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς, ὡς εἰς τὰ σπλάγχνα τῆς μητρὸς των, ἢ διὰ νὰ δροσίσουν τὴν καῦσίν τῆς, ἢ διὰ νὰ φυλάξουν τὸν τόπον των ἀπὸ τὸν κοινὸν ἐμπρησμόν, ὅμως ἐσήκωσε τὴν κεφαλήν τῆς, ἢ ἔδειξε τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς αὐχμηρὸν καὶ ξηρὸν διὰ τὴν συμφοράν. Ἐσείσθησαν ὅλα τὰ χωράφια μὲ τὴν κίνησίν τῆς· ἢ ἔπειτα, βάνουσα αὐτὴ τὸ χέρι τῆς ἐμπροσθὲν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς, ὡς διὰ νὰ διαφεντάλῃ κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν θερμότητα, ἐταπεινώθη παρακάτω ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἦτον συνηθισμένη νὰ φαίνεται, ἢ ἄρχισε νὰ παραπονῆται εἰς τὸν Δία ἔτσι· „Ἂν σε ἀ

Ecce, Lycaoniae proles, ignara parentis,
Arcas adest, ter quinque fere natalibus actis:
dumque feras sequitur, dum saltus eligit aptos
nexilibusque plagis silvas Erymanthidas ambit,
500incidit in matrem; quae restitit Arcade viso
et cognoscenti similis fuit. Ille refugit
inmotosque oculos in se sine fine tenentem
nescius extimuit propiusque accedere aventi
vulnifico fuerat fixurus pectora telo.
505Arcuit omnipotens pariterque ipsosque nefasque
sustulit, et celeri raptos per inania vento
imposuit caelo vicinaque sidera fecit.
whom all the Gods revere, and thus to them
in answer to their words she made address;
“And is it wondered that the Queen of Gods
comes hither from ethereal abodes?
My rival sits upon the Throne of Heaven:
yea, when the wing of Night has darkened
let my fair word be deemed of no repute,
if you behold not in the height of Heaven
those new made stars, now honoured to my shame,
conspicuous; fixed in the highest dome of space
that circles the utmost axis of the world.
“Who, then, should hesitate to put affront
on Juno? matchless goddess! each offense
redounds in benefit! Who dreads her rage?
Oh boundless powers! Oh unimagined deeds!
My enemy assumes a goddess' form
when my decree deprives her human shape;—
and thus the guilty rue their chastisement!
“Now let high Jove to human shape transform
this hideous beast, as once before he changed
his Io from a heifer.—Let him now
divorce his Juno and consort with her,
and lead Calisto to his couch, and take
that wolf, Lycaon, for a father-in-law!
“Oh, if an injury to me, your child,
may move your pity! drive the Seven Stars
from waters crystalline and azure-tint,
Arcas and Callisto become constellations

And now Arcas, grandson of Lycaon, had reached his fifteenth year ignorant of his parentage. While he was hunting wild animals, while he was finding suitable glades and penning up the Erymanthian groves with woven nets, he came across his mother, who stood still at sight of Arcas and appeared to know him. He shrank back from those unmoving eyes gazing at him so fixedly, uncertain what made him afraid, and when she quickly came nearer he was about to pierce her chest with his lethal spear. All-powerful Jupiter restrained him and in the same moment removed them and the possibility of that wrong, and together, caught up through the void on the winds, he set them in the heavens and made them similar constellations, the Great and Little Bear.

Βασιλεῦ τῶν Θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων, ἂν μέλλω νὰ κινδυνίσσω μὲ φωτίαν, ὡς λάβω τὴν τῶν λυπηρῶν ὠφέλειαν νὰ κινδυνίσσω ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν, ὅπως προέρχεται ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι σου, διὰ οὕτω νὰ παρηγορούμαι διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμόν μου μὲ τὸν αἴτιον τοῦ ἀφανισμοῦ μου. Μόλις δύναμαι νὰ ἀνοίξω τὸ στόμα μου, διὰ νὰ σοῦ παραπονεσθῶ, ἐπειδὴ ἡ καῦσις μὲ πνίγει. Κοίταξε τὰ μαλλία μου πῶς εἶναι πεπαυμένα, τὰ ὄμματα μου, πῶς εἶναι γεμάτα καπνόν, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπὸ σακτιὰς, καὶ ἀσινθήρας. Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ τιμή, καὶ ἀντιμοιβὴ, ὅπως ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀπολάσσω καὶ διὰ τὴν παρηφορείαν μου, καὶ διὰ τόσα ἄλλα καλὰ ὅσα προξενῶ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον. Δὲν συλλογίζεταί τις τὰς παντοτινὰς πληγὰς, ὅπως λαμβάνω ἀπὸ τὸ ἀλέτρι; ὅτι ἀκαταπαύστως βασανίζομαι, καὶ δὲν εἶναι εἰς ὅλον τὸν χρόνον κάμμια ὥρα, ὅπως νὰ μὲ ἀφίνεται ἡ πλέον παραμικρὰ ἀνάπαυσις; Δὲν θέλει σωχασθῆ τινὸς ὅτι δίδω τὰ χόρτα εἰς τὰ ζῶα, τὰ σιτάρεια εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ διὰ ὑμᾶς, ὦ ἀθάνατοι Θεοί, γυνία τὸ Θυμίαμα; Ἀλλ' ἔστω νὰ εἴμουν ἐγὼ ἔνοχος εἰς ἀφανισμόν μου; τί σὲ ἔπιασαν τὰ νερά; τί σὲ ἔπιασε ὁ ἀδελφός σου; Διατί νὰ ὀλιγώσῃ καὶ ἡ Θάλασσα, ὁπούτε διώλεσσι διὰ μερτυκόν της; Διατί φύγη καὶ αὐτὸ ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν, ὅπως τὴν φοβεῖζαι, ὡς καὶ ἐμὲ; Καὶ ὦ ὁ ἀδελφός σου, ὁποῦ ἐγὼ δὲν εἴμεθα ἄξιοι νὰ σὲ παρακινήσωμεν εἰς διασκέψιν, ἂν δὲν σὲ μέλη ποσῶς οὔτε διὰ ἐμέναν, ὁποῦ ἀπλαχνίσου τὸν τὸν Οὐρανόν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον κατοικεῖς. Κοίταξε ἀπάνωθεν, ἰδὲ ὅτι καὶ ὁ ἕνας καὶ ὁ ἄλλος Πόλος καπνίζει, καὶ ἂν ἀνάψωσιν οἱ Πόλοι

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 83

Ἄτλας ἤδη ἀπέκαμε· μόλις ἠμπορεῖ πλέον νὰ βαστᾷ τὸ φόρτιον του εἰς τὰς ὤμας του· ἐπειδὴ τὸν παίεις· ὄντας ὅλον φωτιά· Ἂν φρέπῃς νὰ ξηρανθῇ ἡ Θάλασσα, ἢ νὰ χαθῇ ὁ Οὐρανός· ἢ ἡ γῆ· ἡμεῖς θέλομεν ἐπιστρέψει εἰς τὸ πρῶτον Χάος· Φύλαξον λοιπὸν τὸν ἐπίλοιπον Κόσμον· ὡς ἔτι σώζεται μέρος τι αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμπορησμόν· Φρόντισον διὰ τῆς σωτηρίαν τῆς Οἰκυμένης, νὰ μὴ ἀφήσῃς νὰ χαθῇ τὸ πλάσμα τῆς χειρῶν σου· Ἀφοῦ ἡ Γῆ παρεπονήθη μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν λόγον· μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τὴν φλόγα· ἢ τὸν καπνόν, ὅπως τὴν ἐμπόδισε νὰ εἴπῃ ἄλλα πεισσότερα, ἡς ἀνεχώρησεν ὀπίσσω· ἢ ἐκρύβη εἰς τὰ βαθύτερα τῆς ἀπήλαια, πὰ πλησιάζοντε εἰς τὸν Ἄϊδου· διὰ νὰ εὕρῃ ὀλίγην ὤσειν ἢ κατάψυξιν· Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ζεὺς, φανερώσας εἰς ὅλας τὰς Θεὰς, καὶ εἰς ἐκεῖνον, ὅπου ἔδωκε τὸ ἅμαξι του εἰς ἄλλο ὁδηγίαν· ὅτι ἔμελλε νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος ἐλεεινῶς· ἂν αὐτὸς δὲν ἤθελεν προφθάσῃ νὰ βοηθήσῃ, ἀνέβη εἰς τὸν ὑψηλότερον τόπον τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον συνηθίζει νὰ ξεσῇ κάτω τὰ σύννεφα, νὰ βροντᾷ· νὰ ρίπτῃ ἀστροπελέκια· ἀλλὰ δὲν ηὗρε σύννεφα διὰ νὰ σκεπάσῃ τὴν γῆν, ἤτε βροχὰς, διὰ νὰ τὴν δροσίσῃ. Λαβὼν λοιπὸν εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸν κεραυνόν του, τὸν ἔρριψε κατὰπάνω τοῦ Φαέθοντος, νὰ μὲ τὸ κτύπημα αὐτοῦ τὸν ὑστερήσοντος ὁμοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁμάξου καὶ τῆς ζωῆς, σβύνοντες μίαν ἤτω μεγάλην φωτιὰν μὲ ἄλλην φωτιάν. Τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Ἡλίου ἔπεσαν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν, ὅπου ἔκαμαν διὰ νὰ σηκωθῶν, ἐκόπησαν τὰς χαλινὰς, ἢ τὰ δέσιμα των, ἢ παράθας ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγήν. Ἐδῶ φαίνονται κατασκορπισμένοι οἱ χαλινοὶ των, ἐκεῖ ὁ ζυγός, καὶ ὁ ἄξων συντερμμένος, καὶ τὰ κομ-

μάτρια τῆς ξόχης, καὶ τὰ τζακισμάτα τῆς τοσούτον φημισμένης ἄμαξης. Ὡς τόσον ὁ Φαέθων παιόμενος πίπτει ἀπὸ τὸν ἵππαμον, καὶ κρεμνιζόμενος ἀφίνει ὀπίσω τὰ μέτα μακρὰν πυρίνης σερατὴν, ὡς ἄστρον, τὸ ὁποῖον φαίνεται ὅτι πίπτει, ὅταν ὁ οὐρανὸς εἶναι καθαρός. Ὁ Πάδος, ποταμὸς κατεπολλὰ ἀπέχων ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον τοῦ Φαέθοντος, τὸν δέχεται εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας του, πλυμώντας τὸ κορμὶ του, ὁποῦ ἦτον κατπισμένον, καὶ ὁλόμαυρον ἀπὸ τὸν καπνόν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Νομίζεται ὅτι οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὑπέθεσαν νὰ δείξῃ μὲ συμβολικὸν τρόπον, τὰ δεινὰ τῆς συμφορᾶς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰς πᾶσαν τὰς ἐμπειρίας ἡ διακυβέρνησις του, καὶ πόσον αὕτη εἶναι δύσκολος, καὶ κινδυνώδης τόσον διὰ ἀρχαέους καὶ γερὸν ἀδράστης, ὅσον καὶ διὰ τοὺς τῆς ἔμπειρους, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐγράζαν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἐπιστασίαν.

Βέβαια ὅλος ὁ Μῦθος τούτος, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ νουθεσία τοῦ Ἡλίου πρὸς τοῦ υἱοῦ του, θέλει ἀπὸ πολιτικὰ ἀξιώματα, ἤγουν πρέπει νὰ τὸν ἀναγνώση τις μὲ ἐπιμέλειαν, διὰ νὰ κατανόβη ὅτι οὔτε οἱ πλέον πολυμαθεῖς Διδάσκαλοι, δὲν ἤθελον ὑποφέρῃ νὰ διδάξωσιν ὠφελιμώτερα.

Ἡ ἅμαξα σημαίνει τὴν Ἐπικράτειαν, καὶ ὁ ἴχνυος ἄξον, τὸ ἀργύρειον τιμήν, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα παρόμοια, δηλοῦσι τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὰ παρασχήματα τῆς Ἀρχῆς. Μὲ τὰ ἄλογα ἐννοεῖται ὁ λαὸς, ἢ οἱ πολῖται δὲν εἶναι ἀπὸ τί, εἰμὴ ἡ διοίκησις, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι βέβαιον ὅτι ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ λαοῦ χρησιμεύει παντοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ λαοῦ, ὅπερ ἐκ τοῦ τε νεοχίαν τοῦ ἢ ὅταν ὁ Ἥλιος δίδει ἀτὰ τὸν ὑϊὸν τοῦ νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τὰ ἄλογά του, διδάσκει ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ πῶς πρέπει νὰ κυβερνᾶται ὁ λαός.

Τέλος πάντων διὰ τῆς Φαέθοντος φανερώνεται ὁ κίνδυνος τῆς κυβερνήσεως τῆς Πολιτείας.

Οἱ διάκονοι τοῦ Πολιτείου σὰν διηγήσῃ νὰ σφάλλῃ εἰς τὴν διέλευσίν των, πρέπει νὰ αἰσθανθῇ τὴν ζημίαν ὅλη ἡ Πολιτεία.

Ὁ Ἥλιος λέγει πρὸς τὸν ὑϊόν του, ὅτι θέλει συναπαντήσει πολλὰ τέρατα εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, θέλοντας μὲ ταῦτα νὰ ἀποδείξῃ ὅτι οἱ ὑπηρέται τῆς Ἐπικρατείας θέλουν ἀπαντᾶν πάντοτε δυσκολίας, πάντοτε τέρατα, ἀναπτύμενα ὡς μὲ εἰς αὐτοὺς ἢ διάκας ἢ σωφρονίσεις ἐπιχειρήσεις των. Ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων δὲν φοβεῖται τοὺς κινδύνους, ὅπου τοῦ παρασκήνονται, δεικνύοντας ὅτι ἕνας φιλόδοξος, ὅπου θέλει νὰ ὑψωθῇ, κλείει τὰ ὄμματά του εἰς κάθε σφάλμα, καὶ δὲν αἰσθάνεται ποτὲ τὸν κίνδυνον, εἰ μὴ ὅταν πέσῃ εἰς αὐτόν, ἢ δὲν ἠμπορεῖ πλέον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ.

Intumuit Iuno, postquam inter sidera paelex
fulsit et ad canam descendit in aequora Tethyn
510Oceanumque senem, quorum reverentia movit
saepe deos, causamque viae scitantibus infit:
“Quaeritis, aetheriis quare regina deorum
sedibus huc adsim? pro me tenet altera caelum.
Mentiar, obscurum nisi nox cum fecerit orbem,
515nuper honoratas summo, mea vulnera, caelo
videritis stellas illic, ubi circulus axem
ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit.
Est vero, cur quis Iunonem laedere nolit
offensamque tremat, quae prosum sola nocendo?
520O ego quantum egi! quam vasta potentia nostra est!
Esse hominem vetui: facta est dea. Sic ego poenas
sontibus impono, sic est mea magna potestas.
Vindicet antiquam faciem vultusque ferinos
detrahat, Argolica quod in ante Phoronide fecit.
525Cur non et pulsa ducit Iunone meoque
collocat in thalamo socerumque Lycaona sumit?
At vos si laesae tangit contemptus alumnae,
gurgite caeruleo septem prohibete triones
sideraque in caelo, stupri mercede, recepta
530pellite, ne puro tingatur in aequore paelex.”
and your domain debar from those that shine
in Heaven, rewarded for Jove's wickedness.—
bathe not a concubine in waters pure.”—
Narcissus' fate, when known throughout the land
and cities of Achaia, added fame
deserved, to blind Tiresias,—mighty seer.
Yet Pentheus, bold despiser of the Gods,
son of Echion, scoffed at all his praise,
and, sole of man deriding the great seer,
upbraided him his hapless loss of sight.
And shaking his white temples, hoar with age.
Tiresias of Pentheus prophesied,
“Oh glad the day to thee, if, light denied,
thine eyes, most fortunate, should not behold
the Bacchanalian rites! The day will come,
and soon the light will dawn, when Bacchus, born
of Semele, shall make his advent known—
all hail the new god Bacchus! Either thou
must build a temple to this Deity,
or shalt be torn asunder; thy remains,
throughout the forest scattered, will pollute
the wood with sanguinary streams; and thy
life-blood bespatter with corrupting blots
thy frenzied mother and her sisters twain.
And all shall come to pass, as I have told,
because thou wilt not honour the New God.
And thou shalt wail and marvel at the sight
of blind Tiresias, though veiled in night.”
And as he spoke, lo, Pentheus drove the seer:
but all his words, prophetic, were fulfilled,
and confirmation followed in his steps.—
Bacchus at once appears, and all the fields
resound with shouts of everybody there.—
men, brides and matrons, and a howling rout—
nobles and commons and the most refined—
a motley multitude—resistless borne
to join those rites of Bacchus, there begun.
Then Pentheus cries; “What madness, O ye brave
descendants of the Dragon! Sons of Mars!
What frenzy has confounded you? Can sounds
of clanging brass prevail; and pipes and horns,
and magical delusions, drunkenness,
and yelling women, and obscene displays,
and hollow drums, overcome you, whom the sword,
nor troops of war, nor trumpet could affright?
“How shall I wonder at these ancient men,
who, crossing boundless seas from distant Tyre,
hither transferred their exiled Household Gods,
and founded a new Tyre; but now are shorn,
and even as captives would be led away
without appeal to Mars? And, O young men,
of active prime whose vigor equals mine!
Cast down your ivy scepters; take up arms;
put on your helmets; strip your brows of leaves;
be mindful of the mighty stock you are,
and let your souls be animated with
the spirit of that dauntless dragon, which,
unaided, slew so many, and at last
died to defend his fountain and his lake.—
so ye may conquer in the hope of fame.
“He gave the brave to death, but with your arms
ye shall expel the worthless, and enhance
the glory of your land. If Fate decree
the fall of Thebes, Oh, let the engines
of war and men pull down its walls, and let
the clash of steel and roaring flames resound.
Thus, blameless in great misery, our woes
would be the theme of lamentations, known
to story; and our tears would shame us not.
“But now an unarmed boy will conquer Thebes:
a lad whom neither weapons, wars nor steeds
delight; whose ringlets reek with myrrh; adorned
with chaplets, purple and embroidered robes
of interwoven gold. Make way for me!
And I will soon compel him to confess
his father is assumed and all his rites
are frauds.
“If in days gone Acrisius
so held this vain god in deserved contempt,
and shut the Argive gates against his face,
why, therefore, should not Pentheus close the gates
of Thebes, with equal courage—Hence! Away!
Fetch the vile leader of these rioters
in chains! Let not my mandate be delayed.”
Him to restrain his grandsire, Cadmus, strove;
and Athamas, and many of his trusted friends
united in vain efforts to rebuke
his reckless rage; but greater violence
was gained from every admonition.—
his rage increased the more it was restrained,
and injury resulted from his friends.
So have I seen a stream in open course,
run gently on its way with pleasant noise,
but whensoever logs and rocks detained,
it foamed, with violence increased, against
obstruction.
Presently returning came
his servants stained with blood, to whom he said,
“What have ye done with Bacchus?” And to him
they made reply; “Not Bacchus have we seen,
but we have taken his attendant lad,
the chosen servant of his sacred rites.”
And they delivered to the noble king,
a youth whose hands were lashed behind his back.
Then Pentheus, terrible in anger, turned
his awful gaze upon the lad, and though
he scarce deferred his doom, addressed him thus;
“Doomed to destruction, thou art soon to give
example to my people by thy death:
tell me thy name; what are thy parents called;
where is thy land; and wherefore art thou found
attendant on these Bacchanalian rites.”
Juno complains to Tethys and Oceanus

Juno was angered when she saw his inamorato shining among the stars, and went down into the waters to white-haired Tethys and old Oceanus to whom the gods often make reverence. When they asked her the reason for her visit she began �You ask me why I, the queen of the gods, have left my home in the heavens to be here? Another has taken my place in the sky! I tell a lie, if you do not see, when night falls and the world darkens, newly exalted stars to wound me, set in the sky, where the remotest and shortest orbit circles the uttermost pole. Why should anyone wish to avoid wounding Juno or dread my enmity if I only benefit those I harm? Oh what a great achievement! Oh what marvellous powers I have! I stopped her being human and she becomes a goddess! This is the punishment I inflict on the guilty! This is my wonderful sovereignty! Let him take away her animal form and restore her former beauty as he did before with that Argive girl, Io. Why not divorce Juno, install her in my place, and let Lycaon be his father-in-law? If this contemptible insult to your foster-child moves you, shut out the seven stars of the Bear from your dark blue waters, repulse this constellation set in the heavens as a reward for her defilement, and do not let my rival dip in your pure flood!�

Ἀλλ' ὅσον περισσότερον ἐρευνᾷ τις τὰ ὡραῖα συγγράμματα τῆς Παλαιᾶς Συγγραφῆς, τόσον περισσοτέρας διδασκαλίας εὑρίσκει εἰς αὐτά. Φαίνεται ὅτι διὰ τὰ Μῦθα ταῦτα ἐλέγχεται, ἡ ὑπερηφανία ἢ ὑψηλοφροσύνη μερικῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἰδιοποιοῦνται, κάθε πράγματα, ἢ σκοποῦσι νὰ μίμῶνται τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἐξεύρωσιν ἐκ φύσεως ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, μόνον ὅμα τι εἶναι αὔξαιες ἢ γενεὰς λαμπρᾶς, κατὰ μίμησιν τοῦ Φαέθοντος, τοῦ νομίζοντος ἑαυτὸν ἄξιον νὰ ὁδηγήσῃ τὸ ἅρμα τοῦ Ἡλίου, διὰ τὸ ἦ τοῦ υἱοῦ του.

Πρὸς ταῦτα φαίνεται ὅτι εἶναι σκοπὸς, τὰ Μῦθα ταῦτα μάλιστα νὰ διδάξῃ τὰ παιδία νὰ μὴ καταφρονῶσι ποτὲ τὰς συμβουλίας, ἢ προστάγας τῶν Γονέων των, διότι δὲ, ὅπου νὰ φυλάττωνται ἀπὸ τὰς περιστάσεις, ὅσαι δὲν ἁρμόζουν εἰς ἡλικίας, ὅπως μέλλουσι νὰ τὰς ἀπαλλάξωσιν. Ὁ Κικέρων εἰς τὸ δεύτερον Βιβλίον τῆς Ῥητορικῆς ὁμιλεῖ περὶ ταύτης ὑπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ὅρκον ὑπέσχετο ὁ Ἥλιος εἰς τὸν Φαέθοντα νὰ τοῦ δώσῃ ὅ,τι ἂν ἤθελε ζητήσῃ, ἢ ὁ Φαέθων ἐζήτησε νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τὸ πύρινον ἅρμα του. Τὸ ὡδήγησεν, ἀλλὰ πρὶν νὰ εὕρῃ εἰς τὸ τέλος τοῦ δρόμου του, ἐκαταπάτησε διὰ κεραυνοῦ. Ἔπεσε δὲ εἰς τὸν Πάδον ποταμὸν, ὅπου οἱ Ἕλληνες ὀνομάζουσιν Ἠριδανὸ, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν ἀναγέλλει τὸ ἀέρον, τὸ κατέψυχον Ὄρος πρὸς τοῦ πληθῶν μεγάλων βορέων καὶ θυμιᾶται παρομοίως καὶ καθ' ὃν καιρὸν ἀναχέῃ τὸ ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ κείμενον. Καὶ ἡ μεγάλη ἡ ζέσις συμβαινομένη διὰ τὰ διάφορά του ἐκλαμβάνεται καθ' αὐτῶν τοῦ Ἥλιου, στοιχεῖα ἀπὸ τὰς παχυτάτας βροχάς.

Ἀλλὰ καθῷς ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι πολλάκις αὐτὴ ἡ Ἱστορία μεταχειρισμένη, λέγουσι τινὲς ὅτι ἡ αἰτία, ὁποῦ ἔδωσε τόπον εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μύθον εἶναι, ὅτι ἔγινε ποτὲ μία ὑπερβολικὴ ζέστη, καὶ ξηρασία, ἡ ὁποία ἀφάνισε πολλὰ χώρας, εἰς τόσον ὥστε ἐνόμισαν μερικοὶ ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος ποτὲ νὰ ἐξύγηκε ἀπὸ τὸν συνήθη του δρόμον, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὰ κατὰ τὸ νὰ ἐσμικραίνοντο αἱ ἡμέραι, ὥσπερ σχεδὸν ὁ Ὀκτώβριος, ἡ ζέστη ὅμως δὲν ἔπαυε νὰ εἶναι πάλιν αὐτῶν δυναμικὴ.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Φαέθοντος ἐφθαρεύθη τὴν αἰτίαν εἰς μεγάλην Κομήτην, ὁποῦ ἐσηκώθη μεγάλης ζέστης ἐγένετο εἰς τὴν γῆν. Αἱ Κομῆται γίνονται ἀπὸ ἀτμάσματα, καὶ ἀναθυμιάσεις εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἡ θέσις τῶν ἐπαύθη. καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐσηκώθησαν, κατὰ τὸν Ἀπολλώνιον, καὶ τὸν Σενέκαν, ἔχουσι τοιαύτην φύσιν, ὥστε φέρουσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον μεγάλας ζέστας, ἢ ὑπερβολικὰς ἀνομβρίας.

Ὅπως καὶ ἂν εἶναι, θέλω εἰπῆ ἀκόμη δύο πράγματα διὰ τὸν Φαέθοντα, παραθέτων τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλουτάρχου, καὶ Λουκιανοῦ. Ὁ Πλούταρχος λοιπὸν λέγει, ὅτι μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν ὁ Φαέθων ἐνομίσθη ὁ πρῶτος Βασιλεὺς τῆς Θεσσαλίας, καὶ τῆς Μολοσσίας, καὶ ὁ Λουκιανὸς λέγει, ὅτι ἐμυθολογήθη υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, καὶ ὅτι ὑπῆγε νὰ εὕρῃ τὸν πατέρα του, ἐπειδὴ καὶ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἤρχισε νὰ παρατηρῇ τὸν ἡλιακὸν δρόμον.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Β'. ϛʹ Γʹ.

Περὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς δένδρα.

Αἱ ἀδελφαὶ τοῦ Φαέθοντος, δηλαδὴ ἡ Φαέθουσα, ἡ Λαμπετία, ἡ ἡ Φοιβαία, τόσον ἐλυπήθησαν διὰ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, ὥστε ἐσπλαγχνίσθησαν οἱ Θεοί, καὶ μετεμόρφωσαν εἰς Αἴγειρος. Καὶ τὰ δάκρυα αὐτῶν, ἃ χρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν τὸ Εὐριπίδιο ἢ τὰ Ἡσιόδιο, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἤλεκτρον, εἶδος τὶ μετάλλι, τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ἥλιος στάζει ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ δένδρα.

Αἱ Νύμφαι τοῦ Πάδου ποταμοῦ ᾠκοδόμησαν τὸν τάφον τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πέτραν ἐχάραξαν τὴν ἑπομένην Ἐπιγραφήν. Ἐνθάδε κεῖται Φαέθων, ἡνιόχος τοῦ πατρικοῦ ἅρματος, τὸ ὁποῖον αὖ ἢ δὲν ἐδυνήθη νὰ κυβερνήση, ὅμως ἀπώλετο μεγάλα τολμήσας. Ὡς πόσον ὁ πεθλιμμένος πατήρ του ὀδύρθη τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ αὖ χρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν εἰς τὴν παλαιὰν παράδοσιν, εἶναι φήμη ὅτι ἔμεινε μία ἡμέρα χωρὶς Ἥλιον, καὶ τὴν λάμψιν καὶ τὸ φῶς ἔλαβεν ἡ γῆ ἀπὸ τὰ ἐμπρησμένα τὰς φλόγας, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι ἀπέλαβαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ ὅθεν καλὸν ἀπὸ τὸ κακόν· ἤγουν ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμπρησμὸν ἀπέλαβαν τὸ φῶς καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν δὲν ἀνέτειλεν ὁ Ἥλιος. Ἀλλ᾽ ἀφοῦ ἡ πελάστερος Κλυμένη εἶπεν ὅσα ἡ ὀλίψις τοιούτων συμφορῶν ὑπαγορεύει, ἔτιλλε τὴν κόμην της,

διασπάρασε το στήθος της, ήρχισε να τρέχη εις πάντα μέρος της γῆς ὡσὰν ἀναίσθητος, καὶ μανιώδης. Πρῶτον μὲν ἐξήτησε τὸ σῶμα τοῦ υἱοῦ της, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐνομίζετο δυστυχισμένη ἂν ἠμπορήσε νὰ εὕρη μόνον τὰ κόκκαλά του. Τέλος πάντων τὰ ηὗρε πεδαμευμένα εἰς ξένον παραθαλάσιον. Ἔπεσεν ἄχνυς ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον, ὁποῦ τὰ ἐσκέπαζε, ἔπλυνε μὲ τὰ δάκρυά της τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ της, ὁποῦ εἶδε κεχαραγμένον ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ μάρμαρον, ἢ ἐναγκαλιζομένη αὐτό, ἐπᾶγε νὰ τὸ θερμαίνη. Αἱ θυγατέρες της, ὁποῦ τὴν εἶχαν ἀκολουθήσει ἀπέδειξαν ὁλιγωτέραν λύπην. Ἔχυσαν πλῆθος ματαίων δακρύων διὰ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, καὶ ἔκλαιαν ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα τὸν ἄθλιον Φαέθοντα, ὥστε δὲν ἠδυνάσθησαν νὰ ἀνέλθη τὰ παράπονά των. Ἐκολλήθησαν διὰ νὰ εἴπω ἔτσι ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, καὶ ἀπέκτησαν ὡς μίαν ἕξιν τὰ νὰ παραπονῶνται, ἢ νὰ κλαίουσιν, ὀλοφυρόμεναι τέσσαρας μῆνας ἀναπαύσεως. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Φαέθουσα, ἡ μεγαλητέρα, θέλησσα νὰ καθίση ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἤσθησθη ὅτι δὲν ἠδύνατο πλέον νὰ διπλώση τὰ γόνατά της, καὶ ἤρχισε νὰ παρεπονῆται διὰ αὐτὸ εἰς τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Ἐν τούτῳ καὶ ἡ Λαμπετία, θέλησσα νὰ τρέξη πρὸς βοήθειαν της, ἐμποδίσθη ἀπὸ τὰς ῥίζας, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας τὰ ποδάριά της εἶναι μεταμορφωμένα· ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ τρίτη, θέλησσα νὰ ἀποσώση τὴν ὄψιν της, δὲν εὗγαλε παρὰ φύλλα. Ἡ μία ὁρᾷ ὅτι τὰ μηριά της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κορμὸν δένδρου· ἡ ἄλλη, ὅτι τὰ χέρια της ὑψούμενα, μεταβάλλονται εἰς κλῶνας· καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἀπορῇ διὰ τὸ παράδοξον, ἡ φλοία ἀναβαίνει κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν εἰς τὸ στῆθος, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθος εἰς τὰς ὤμας, σκεπάζουσα τὰς βραχίονας, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας των. Ἀπέμει

Di maris adnuerant: habili Saturnia curru
ingreditur liquidum pavonibus aethera pictis,
tam nuper pictis caeso pavonibus Argo,
quam tu nuper eras, cum candidus ante fuisses,
535corve loquax, subito nigrantes versus in alas.
Nam fuit haec quondam niveis argentea pennis
ales ut aequaret totas sine labe columbas
nec servaturis vigili Capitolia voce
cederet anseribus nec amanti flumina cycno.
540Lingua fuit damno; lingua faciente loquaci
qui color albus erat, nunc est contrarius albo.
Pulchrior in tota, quam Larisaea Coronis,
non fuit Haemonia: placuit tibi, Delphice, certe,
dum vel casta fuit vel inobservata. Sed ales
545sensit adulterium Phoebeius, utque latentem
detegeret culpam, non exorabilis index,
ad dominum tendebat iter. Quem garrula motis
consequitur pennis, scitetur ut omnia, cornix,
auditaque viae causa “non utile carpis”
550inquit “iter: ne sperne meae praesagia linguae.
Quid fuerim quid simque vide, meritumque require:
invenies nocuisse fidem. Nam tempore quodam
Pallas Erichthonium, prolem sine matre creatam,
clauserat Actaeo texta de vimine cista
555virginibusque tribus gemino de Cecrope natis
et legem dederat, sua ne secreta viderent.
Abdita fronde levi densa speculabar ab ulmo,
quid facerent. Commissa duae sine fraude tuentur,
Pandrosos atque Herse; timidas vocat una sorores
560Aglauros nodosque manu diducit, et intus
infantemque vident adporrectumque draconem.
Acta deae refero. Pro quo mihi gratia talis
redditur, ut dicar tutela pulsa Minervae
et ponar post noctis avem. Mea poena volucres
565admonuisse potest ne voce pericula quaerant.
the Gods of Ocean granted her request.
High in her graceful chariot through the air,
translucent, wends the goddess, glorious child
of Saturn, with her peacocks many-hued:
her peacocks, by the death of Argus limned,
so gay were made when black as midnight turned
thy wings, O chattering raven! white of yore.
For, long ago the ravens were not black—
their plumage then was white as any dove—
white-feathered, snow-white as the geese that guard
with watchful cries the Capitol: as white
as swans that haunt the streams. Disgrace reversed
the raven's hue from white to black, because
offense was given by his chattering tongue.
O glorious Phoebus! dutiful to thee,
Coronis of Larissa, fairest maid
of all Aemonia, was a grateful charm,
a joy to thee whilst faithful to thy love,—
while none defamed her chastity. But when
the Raven, bird of Phoebus, learned the Nymph
had been unfaithful, mischief-bent that bird,
spreading his white wings, hastened to impart
the sad news to his master. After him
the prattling Crow followed with flapping wings,
eager to learn what caused the Raven's haste.
Concealing nothing, with his busy tongue
the Raven gave the scandal to that bird:
and unto him the prattling Crow replied;
“A fruitless errand has befooled thy wits!
Take timely warning of my fateful cries:
consider what I was and what I am:
was justice done? 'Twas my fidelity
that caused my downfall. For, it came to pass,
within a basket, fashioned of small twigs,
Minerva had enclosed that spawn; begot
without a mother, Ericthonius;
which to the wardship of three virgins, born
of double-natured Cecrops, she consigned
with this injunction, ‘Look ye not therein,
nor learn the secret.’—
“But I saw their deeds
while hidden in the leaves of a great tree
two of the sisters, Herse and Pandrosos,
observed the charge, but scoffing at their fears,
the third, Aglauros, with her nimble hands
untied the knotted cords, and there disclosed
a serpent and an infant. This I told
Minerva; but in turn, she took away
her long protection, and degraded me
beneath the boding Owl.—My punishment
should warn the birds how many dangers they
incur from chattering tongues.
“Not my desire
impelled me to report to her, nor did
I crave protection; which, if thou wilt ask
Minerva, though enraged she must confirm.
And when is told to thee what lately fame
established, thou wilt not despise the Crow.
“Begot by Coronaeus, who was lord
of all the land of Phocis, I was once
a royal virgin, sought by suitors rich
and powerful. But beauty proved the cause
of my misfortune; for it came to pass,
as I was slowly walking on the sands
that skirt the merge of ocean, where was oft
my wont to roam, the god of Ocean gazed
impassioned, and with honied words implored
my love—but finding that I paid no heed,
and all his words despised, he fumed with rage
and followed me.
“I fled from that sea-shore,
to fields of shifting sands that all my steps
delayed: and in despair upon the Gods
and all mankind I called for aid, but I
was quite alone and helpless. Presently
the chaste Minerva, me, a virgin, heard
and me assistance gave: for as my arms
implored the Heavens, downy feathers grew
from out the flesh; and as I tried to cast
my mantle from my shoulders, wings appeared
upon my tender sides; and as I strove
to beat my naked bosom with my hands,
nor hands remained nor naked breast to beat.
“I ran, and as I sped the sands no more
delayed me; I was soaring from the ground;
and as I winged the air, Minerva chose
me for a life-companion; but alas,
although my life was blameless, fate or chance
deprived me of Minerva's loving aid;
for soon Nictimene succeeded me
to her protection and deserved esteem.—
it happened in this way,—Nictimene
committed the most wicked crimes, for which
Minerva changed her to the bird of night—
and ever since has claimed her as her own
instead of me; and this despite the deed
for which she shuns the glorious light of day,
and conscious of her crime conceals her shame
in the dark night—Minerva's Owl now called.
All the glad birds of day, indignant shun,
and chase her from the skies.”
But now replied
the Raven to the Crow, that talked so much,
“A mischief fall upon your prating head
for this detention of my flight. Your words
and warnings I despise.” With which retort
he winged upon his journey, swiftly thence
in haste, despite the warning to inform
his patron, Phoebus, how he saw the fair
Coronis with a lad of Thessaly.
And when Apollo, Phoebus, heard the tale
the busy Raven made such haste to tell,
he dropped his plectrum and his laurel wreath,
and his bright countenance went white with rage.
He seized his trusted arms, and having bent
The Raven and the Crow

The gods of the sea nodded their consent. Then Saturnia, in her light chariot drawn by painted peacocks, drove up through the clear air. These peacocks had only recently been painted, when Argus was killed, at the same time that your wings, Corvus, croaking Raven, were suddenly changed to black, though they were white before. He was once a bird with silver-white plumage, equal to the spotless doves, not inferior to the geese, those saviours of the Capitol with their watchful cries, or the swan, the lover of rivers. His speech condemned him. Because of his ready speech he, who was once snow white, was now white�s opposite.

Coronis of Larissa was the loveliest girl in all Thessaly. Certainly she pleased you, god of Delphi. Well, as long as she was faithful, or not caught out. But that bird of Phoebus discovered her adultery and, merciless informer, flew straight to his master to reveal the secret crime. The garrulous Crow followed with flapping wings, wanting to know everything, but when he heard the reason, he said �This journey will do you no good: don�t ignore my prophecy! See what I was, see what I am, and search out the justice in it. Truth was my downfall.

Once upon a time Pallas hid a child, Erichthonius, born without a human mother, in a box made of Actaean osiers. She gave this to the three virgin daughters of two-natured Cecrops, who was part human part serpent, and ordered them not to pry into its secret. Hidden in the light leaves that grew thickly over an elm-tree I set out to watch what they might do. Two of the girls, Pandrosus and Herse, obeyed without cheating, but the third Aglauros called her sisters cowards and undid the knots with her hand, and inside they found a baby boy with a snake stretched out next to him. That act I betrayed to the goddess. And this is the reward I got for it, no longer consecrated to Minerva�s protection, and ranked below the Owl, that night-bird! My punishment should be a warning to all birds not to take risks by speaking out.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 89

να μόνον τὸ σῶμα ἐλεύθερον, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον ἀκόμη ἐφώναζαν τὴν μητέρα των· ἀλλὰ τί νὰ κάμη ἡ αὐτὴ ἡ παλαίστρος; τί ἄλλο δύναται νὰ πράξη, παρὰ νὰ ἀποπλάνη τὸ πάθος, ὅπως τῶν ἀμφοτέρων ποτὲ μὲν πρὸς τὴν μίαν, ποτὲ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἄλλην, καὶ νὰ τὰς ἀσπάζεται, ὅσον ἡμπορούσε; Τοῦτο ὅμως δὲν ἐφθάνει· αὐτὴ ἵσταται νὰ ἀποσύλη τὸ κορμὶ των ἀπὸ τὸν φλοιόν, ὅπως τὰς ἐβασάνισε, ἡ ἀγωνιζομένη εἰς τοῦτο, κόπτει τινὰ κλωναράκια, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα διακύουσιν ἐν πάσῃ, ὡσὰν ἀπὸ πληγὰς, σταλαγμοὶ αἵματος. Σπλαχνίσου με, μῆτερ μου, φωνάζει ἡ φρίξη, ὅπως αὐτὴ ἐκύψε, σπλαχνίσου μας, σὲ παρακαλῶ, μὴ μᾶς πληγώσης περισσότερον· σὺ κόπτεις τὸ κορμί μας, κόπτουσα ταῦτα τὰ δένδρα. Σὲ ἀφίνομεν ὑγείαν αὐτὸς εἶναι ὁ τελευταῖος μας χαιρετισμός· ἡ φλοία ἀναβαίνουσα, μᾶς πλέκει τὸ στόμα. Ταῦτα λέγουσαι ἔχυσαν πλῆθος δακρύων, τὰ ὁποῖα δάκρυα, ξηραινόμενα ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἤλεκτρον, τὸ ὁποῖον ῥέει ἀπὸ τὰ νέα αὐτὰ δένδρα, εἶτα ὁ δεχόμενος αὐτὸ ποταμὸς, φέρει το εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν, διὰ νὰ εἶναι ὁ κόσμος τῶν γυναικῶν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι ὡς ὁ θρίαμβος τῆς ἀδελφικῆς ἀγάπης, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον τὰ θριαμβεύοντα πρόσωπα, ὑστερνοῦνται τῆς ζωῆς· ἀλλὰ δύναταί τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι αὐτὰ δὲν ψέλον θριαμβολόγα, ἂν δὲν ἀπέθανον, διότι ἄλλως δὲν ψέλον ἡμπορέσει τινὲς νὰ κτήση τὸ ὑπερβολικὸν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ. Ἐπειδὴ ὅμως τὰ δάκρυα καὶ τὰ παράπονα δὲν ἐξυπηρετοῦσαν εἰς ἄλλο παρὰ εἰς τὸν φθορὰν

τοῦ, ὅ τί ποτε δὴ ὤφειλοσαν τὸν Φαέθοντα, ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει με τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς κορασίων τούτων, νὰ φυλάττωνται τῶν μετριότητα εἰς τὰς ὅλας τὰς δυστυχίας μας.

Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς δένδρα, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν κυριεύεται δὲ ΝΤῶ Φαέθοντος τῆς νὰ νικᾷ τὸ λογικὸν τῆς, ἡ παρεμβαίνει, ὡς δὲ ὁμοίζει πλέον εἰς μίαν ἡλιοστρεπτῇ, ἡ ἄλλως δὲ ἀποδύσῃ ἁμῶς δὲ ζῇ ποτε ἄλλου ζώου, παρὰ ἐκείνην τῶν δένδρων, ἢ τῆς ὑπώσης· ὅθεν παρὰ Λατίνοις ἡ Λέξις truncus, ἥτις σημαίνει τὸν κορμὸν τοῦ δένδρου, δηλοῖ μεταφορικῶς ἐξ τὸν ἀθώωτον ἢ ἀλίσιον ἄνθρωπον.

Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί ἔγινε τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα αὐτά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα αἱ ἀδελφαί τοῦ Φαέθοντος μεταμορφώθησαν; Τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη, ὡς μοι φαίνεται, διὰ νὰ ὑποδείξῃ ὅτι τὰ δάκρυα, ὁποῦ χύνονται εἰς τὸν θάνατον τῶν συγγενῶν, καὶ φίλων εἶναι πλούσιμα καὶ ἔξοχα ὅταν ἔχουν γεννημένα ἀληθῆ φιλίαν· ἐπειδὴ παλαιόθεν τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἦτο πολυτιμότερας τιμῆς, παρὰ τῶν σήμερον, καὶ αἱ Ρωμαῖαι Ἀρχόνταισαι τὸ μετεχειρίζοντο διὰ κόσμημα, ὡς τὸ μαρτυρεῖ ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὡς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον· λέγων ὡς·

quae lúcidus ámnis Excipit, & núribus mittit géstánda Latinis.

Δηλαδὴ, τὰ ὁποῖα (δάκρυα) ὁ λαμπρὸς ποταμὸς ἐκδέχεται, καὶ πέμπει εἰς τὰς Λατίνας Νύμφας νὰ τὰ φέρουν.

Τοῦτο ὅμως τὸ πλάσμα μετέχει ἢ τῆς Ἱστορίας· ἐπειδὴ λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Φαέθων ἦτο υἱὸς ἑνὸς Βασιλέως, ὁστις ἐβασίλευε πλησίον τῆς Πάδου ποταμοῦ· ὅτι ἐνῷ ἐκυβέρνα τὴν ἅμαξαν εἰς τὰ ὄχθας τοῦ ποταμοῦ αὐτοῦ, τὰ ἄλογα τὰ ἀγρία ἔτρεξαν, ἢ τὸν ἐπῆξαν μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα· ὅτι αἱ ἀδελφαί του ἔλαβον τόσην λύπην, ὥστε ἔγειναν ὡς ἠλίθιοι, ἢ ταῦτα ἔδωσαν ἀφορμὴν διὰ νὰ εἴπῃ

Περὶ τοῦ Κύκνου Βασιλέως τῆς Λιγυείας, ὡς οὗτος μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ ὁμώνυμον πτηνόν.

Κύκνος ὁ τῆς Λιγυείας Βασιλεύς, καὶ ὑπὸ μητρὸς συγγενὴς τῷ Φαέθοντι, διὰ ἐλυπήθη ἐλιγώτερον ὑπὸ τὰς ἀδελφὰς τοῦ· διὰ τοῦτο ἐπεκάλει τὰ ὕδατα, μετεμορφώθη καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ πτηνόν, τὸ φέρον τὸ ὄνομά του.

Κύκνος, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Σθενέλης, ἐχρημάτισε θεατὴς ἐκείνης τῆς συμφορᾶς· ἤτοι κἂν ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος τῆς μητρὸς του ἦτον συγγενὴς τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ὅμως του ἦτον πλέον ἀφωσιωμένος μὲ εἱλικρινῆ φιλίαν. Ἀφήνοντας λοιπὸν τὸ Βασίλειόν του (ἐπειδὴ ἐξεστάνευσε μεγάλας Πόλεις, καὶ τὸν τῆς Λιγυείας λαόν) ἐγέμισον ἀπὸ τὰς φωνὰς του τὰ ὄχθας τοῦ Πάδου ποταμοῦ, ἤτοι τὰ πυκνὰ δάση, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον αὐξηθῆ μὲ τὰ δένδρα τῆς ἀδελφῶν τοῦ φίλου του. Τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς φωνὰς του καὶ παράπονα, ἠδυνάτησε ἡ φωνή του, ἤγουν ἐκλελυμένη, ἤτοι ἐν ταυτῷ τὰ μαλλία του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄσπρα πτερά· ὁ λαιμὸς του λεπτυνόμενος, ἐξεμάκρυνεν ἀπὸ τὰ ὦμους του· τὰ δάκτυλά του ἁνταμωνόμενα, περιελείσθησαν μὲ κόκκινον περιζῶ, καὶ τὸ κορμὶ του ὅλον ἐγέμισε πτερά· τὸ στόμα του μετεβλήθη εἰς ῥάμφος, ἤγουν νέον πτηνόν, φυλάττουσα μόνον τὸ ὄνομά του· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη ἐνθυμεῖται τὸν κεραυνόν, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐθανάτωσεν ἀδίκως τὸν Φαέθοντα, δὲν σηκώνεται ὑψηλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, μὴ θέλουσα νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς τὸν Δία, ὅς τις ἐκεραύνωσε τὸν φίλον του. Ἀναχωρήσαν εἰς τὰς λίμνας, καὶ μισήσασα πλέον φωτιάν, ἐκλεξε τὸ στοιχεῖον, τὸ ἐναντιώτερον εἰς τὸ πῦρ.

At, puto, non ultro nec quicquam tale rogantem
me petiit? ipsa licet hoc a Pallade quaeras:
quamvis irata est, non hoc irata negabit.
Nam me Phocaica clarus tellure Coroneus
570(nota loquor) genuit fueramque ego regia virgo
divitibusque procis (ne me contemne) petebar.
Forma mihi nocuit. Nam cum per litora lentis
passibus, ut soleo, summa spatiarer harena,
vidit et incaluit pelagi deus; utque precando
575tempora cum blandis absumpsit inania verbis,
vim parat et sequitur. Fugio densumque relinquo
litus et in molli nequiquam lassor harena.
Inde deos hominesque voco; nec contigit ullum
vox mea mortalem: mota est pro virgine virgo
580auxiliumque tulit. Tendebam bracchia caelo:
bracchia coeperunt levibus nigrescere pennis.
Reicere ex umeris vestem molibar: at illa
pluma erat inque cutem radices egerat imas.
Plangere nuda meis conabar pectora palmis:
585sed neque iam palmas nec pectora nuda gerebam.
Currebam: nec, ut ante, pedes retinebat harena,
sed summa tollebar humo. Mox alta per auras
evehor et data sum comes inculpata Minervae.
Quid tamen hoc prodest, si diro facta volucris
590crimine Nyctimene nostro successit honori?
An quae per totam res est notissima Lesbon,
non audita tibi est, patrium temerasse cubile
Nyctimenen? avis illa quidem, sed conscia culpae
conspectum lucemque fugit tenebrisque pudorem
595celat et a cunctis expellitur aethere toto.”
his certain bow, pierced with a deadly shaft
that bosom which so often he had pressed
against his own.
Coronis moaned in pain,—
and as she drew the keen shaft from the wound,
her snow-white limbs were bathed in purple blood:
and thus she wailed, “Ah, Phoebus! punishment
is justly mine! but wherefore didst thou not
await the hour of birth? for by my death
an innocent is slain.” This said, her soul
expired with her life-blood, and death congealed
her drooping form.
Sadly the love-lore God
repents his jealous deed; regrets too late
his ready credence to the Raven's tale.
Mourning his thoughtless deed, blaming himself,
he vents his rage upon the talking bird;
he hates his bow, the string, his own right hand,
the fateful arrow. As a last resource,
and thus to overcome her destiny,
he strove to cherish her beloved form;
for vain were all his medicinal arts.
But when he saw upraised the funeral pyre,
where wreathed in flames her body should be burnt,
the sorrow of his heart welled forth in sighs;
but tearless orbed, for no celestial face
may tide of woe bedew. So grieves the poor dam,
when, swinging from his right the flashing ax,
the butcher with a sounding blow divides
the hollow temples of her sucking calf.
Yet, after Phoebus poured the fragrant myrrh,
sweet perfumes on her breast, that now once more
against his own he pressed, and after all
the prematurely hastened rites were done,
he would not suffer the offspring of his loins
to mingle with her ashes, but he plucked
from out the flames, forth from the mother's thighs
his child, unborn, and carried to the cave
of double-natured Chiron.
Then to him
he called the silly raven, high in hopes
of large requital due for all his words;
but, angry with his meddling ways, the God
turned the white feathers of that bird to black
and then forbade forever more to perch
among the favoured birds whose plumes are white.
But fearless he replied; “They call my name
Acoetes; and Maeonia is the land
from whence I came. My parents were so poor,
my father left me neither fruitful fields,
tilled by the lusty ox, nor fleecy sheep,
nor lowing kine; for, he himself was poor,
and with his hook and line was wont to catch
the leaping fishes, landed by his rod.
His skill was all his wealth. And when to me
he gave his trade, he said, ‘You are the heir
of my employment, therefore unto you
all that is mine I give,’ and, at his death,
he left me nothing but the running waves. —
they are the sum of my inheritance.
“And, afterwhile, that I might not be bound
forever to my father's rocky shores,
I learned to steer the keel with dextrous hand;
and marked with watchful gaze the guiding stars;
the watery Constellation of the Goat,
Olenian, and the Bear, the Hyades,
the Pleiades, the houses of the winds,
and every harbour suitable for ships.
“So chanced it, as I made for Delos, first
I veered close to the shores of Chios: there
I steered, by plying on the starboard oar,
and nimbly leaping gained the sea-wet strand.
“Now when the night was past and lovely dawn
appeared, I,rose from slumber, and I bade
my men to fetch fresh water, and I showed
the pathway to the stream. Then did I climb
a promontory's height, to learn from there
the promise of the winds; which having done,
I called the men and sought once more my ship.
Opheltes, first of my companions, cried,
‘Behold we come!’ And, thinking he had caught
a worthy prize in that unfruitful land,
he led a boy, of virgin-beauty formed,
across the shore.
“Heavy with wine and sleep
the lad appeared to stagger on his way,—
with difficulty moving. When I saw
the manner of his dress, his countenance
and grace, I knew it was not mortal man,
and being well assured, I said to them;
‘What Deity abideth in that form
I cannot say; but 'tis a god in truth.—
O whosoever thou art, vouchsafe to us
propitious waters; ease our toils, and grant
The Crow�s story

And just think, not only had I not asked for her favour, she had sought me out, of her own accord! � Ask Pallas herself: though she is angry, she will not deny it even in anger. The famous Coroneus was my father, in the land of Phocis (it is said to be well known) and I was a royal virgin and wealthy princes courted me (so do not disparage me). But my beauty hurt me. Once when I was walking slowly as I used to do along the crest of the sands by the shore the sea-god saw me and grew hot. When his flattering words and entreaties proved a waste of time, he tried force, and chased after me. I ran, leaving the solid shore behind, tiring myself out uselessly in the soft sand. Then I called out to gods and men. No mortal heard my voice, but the virgin goddess feels pity for a virgin and she helped me. I was stretching out my arms to the sky: those arms began to darken with soft plumage. I tried to lift my cloak from my shoulders but it had turned to feathers with roots deep in my skin. I tried to beat my naked breast with my hands but found I had neither hands nor naked breast.

I ran, and now the sand did not clog my feet as before but I lifted from the ground, and soon sailed high into the air. So I became an innocent servant of Minerva. But what use was that to me if Nyctimene, who was turned into an Owl for her dreadful sins, has usurped my place of honour? Or have you not heard the story all Lesbos knows well, how Nyctimene desecrated her father�s bed? Though she is now a bird she is conscious of guilt at her crime and flees from human sight and the light, and hides her shame in darkness, and is driven from the whole sky by all the birds.�

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ὁ παροῦσα Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει τὰ αὐτὰ, ὅπερ κ ὁ Προμηθεὺς, δηλαδὴ ὅτι ἡ λύπη εἶναι μία ἐπικίνδυνος νόσος εἰς τὰς καρδίας, ὅταν τὴν πάθῃ, κ δὲν θέλει νὰ μεταχειρισθῇ τὸ καθολικὸν φάρμακον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκ Θεοῦ μᾶς ἐδόθη ἐναντίον εἰς ὅλας τὰς δυστυχίας. Εἶναι εὐκολον νὰ καταλάβῃ καθεὶς ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐννοῶ τὸν ὀρθὸν Λόγον, ὅπου μόνος του εἶναι ἀρκετὸς νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὰς διαφόρας Μεταμορφώσεις, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἡ λύπη μᾶς φέρει. Νομίζω λοιπὸν ὅτι ἠθέλησαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ νὰ μᾶς δείξῃ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν Μῦθον, κ μὲ τὸν προρρηθέντα, τὰ διάφορα ὑποτελέσματα τῆς λύπης, ὅσα ὁ Κικέρων περιγράφει πάνυ καλῶς εἰς τὸ Βιβλίον τῶν Τουσκουλῶν· ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκονται ἄνθρωποι, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην ἔχασαν τὴν φωνὴν, γινόμενοι ἀναίσθητοι κ ἀνάλγητοι, ὡς μᾶς ἀποδείχνει κι τὸ παράδειγμα τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος, αἱ ὁποῖαι μεταμορφώθησαν εἰς δένδρα, ἢ δὲν ἔχουν ἄλλο τίποτε, εἰ μὴ μόνον τὰ δάκρυα. Ἀλλ' εἶναι ἄλλοι, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους ἡ λύπη προξενεῖ τὸ ὑποτέλεσμα τοῦτο, ὅπου δὲν παύουσι ποτὲ ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ ὁμιλοῦν ὅλα τὰ ἀποστολικὰ κείμενα τῶν φίλων των, κηρύττοντες τὴν δόξαν των. Διὰ τοῦτο, καθὼς ὅπου τὸν Κύκνον εἰκονίζονται οἱ Μουσικοὶ, οὕτως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ φίλος τοῦ Φαέθοντος μεταμορφώθη εἰς Κύκνον, ὅπου τὴν ὥραν τοῦ Θανάτου του ᾖσε τὰ κατάλληλα ᾄσματα, δὲν ἀπορεῖ τῆς ζωῆς μας ὁ θεῖος ποιητὴς ὁ Ὀβίδιος.

Ἐφεξῆς λέγει ὁ Ποιητὴς ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ Κύκνος εἶχε πάθει Φαέθων (περὶ Κύκνου, ὁμίλει εἰς τὸ Ἀλληγόριαν τὰ παρὰ ταύτης Μύθης) ἄγε εὐσεβῶς, ὁ προσπαθῶν τὴν μακρόθεν ὅταν ἔπεσε εἰς τὸν Πάδον μὲ τὸ ἁμάξιον, ἦλθε ἐπὶ ἀωδῆς νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ· ὅθεν ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐλευθερώσῃ, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἐκεῖνος ἔπεσε διήλθεν εἷς Κύκνος, ὅπερ ἦτον ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐπέτασεν εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· ἰδοὺ ποῦ τὸ ἔδωσεν ἀφορμὴν τὰ Μύθῳ ὅτι μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Κύκνον, ἐπειδὴ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος δὲν ἐφάνη πλέον, πηγαίνων εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν φίλον του, τοῦ ὁποίου ἤθελε νὰ ἐλευθερώσῃ.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'.

Περὶ τῆς Καλλιστοῦς, ἤτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς Ἄρκτον, καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς, τοῦ εἰς Ἀρκτοφύλακα μεταμορφωθέντος.

Ὁ Ζεὺς περιεργαζόμενος τὴν κατάστασιν τοῦ Κόσμου, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ μή καὶ πυρακαΐα, εἶδε τὴν Καλλιστὼ, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶδε διαβαίνουσαν καὶ ἀπὸ Ἀρκαδίας, καὶ διὰ νὰ τὴν ἀγαπήσῃ καὶ αὐτός, εἶπε λαβεῖν τὴν ἰδέαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἥρα, μὴ ὑποφέρουσα τὴν μοιχείαν ἐμετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Ἄρκτον, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ δύναται πλέον μὲ τὴν καλλονήν της νὰ σχηθῇ τὸν Δία. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν ἀνέβασεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱόν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἔλαβεν ἐξ αὐτῆς.

Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ἥλιος φορῶν ἔτι τὰ πένθημα, ἐξερμενικὸς ἀπὸ τῶν λάμψιν τε, καὶ ὠραϊότητα· ὡς φαίνεται ὅταν πλησιάζῃ εἰς τῶν Δύσιν τε, μισεῖ τὸ ἴδιόν τε φῶς, ἀποστρέφεται τῆς ἡμέρας· καὶ τὸν ἑαυτόν τε, ὁ κατεσθύεται ὅλως ἀπὸ τῶν λύπων, προφέροντας ὁ λόγε Θυμώδεις, μὲ ἀπόφασιν νὰ παραιτῆ τὸ ἔργον τε, ὁ νὰ μὴ φωτίσῃ πλέον εἰς τὸ ἑξῆς τοῦ Κόσμου· Ἀρκετὰ ἐδουλόσασα, λέγει, ὁ ὑπέφερα ἀπεράντους κόπους ἀπὸ τῶ ἀρχῶ τῆ Κόσμυ, χωρεῖς τινα ἀνάπαυσίν μου. Δικαίον ἔχω νὰ ἀναπαύσωσο ἀπὸ ὡδα κόπου, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν τελειώνει ποτέ, ὁ εἶναι χωρεῖς τινα ἀνταπόδοσιν. Ἂς ὁδηγήσῃ καὶ ἄλλος τὸ φωτοφόρον ἁμάξι, καὶ ἂν δὲν εὑρεθῆ τινας, καὶ ὁμολογήσουν ὅλοι οἱ Θεοί, ὅτι δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὸ κυβερνήσειν, ἂς λάβῃ ἐπέταος τῶν φρόντιδα τῆς ὁδηγίας τε, ὁ διὰ νὰ ἀναγκασθῆ τουλάχιστον εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ διάστημα τῆς ὁδηγίας τῆ ἁμαξίης· νὰ ἀφήσῃ τῆς κεραυνούς του, μὲ τῆς ὁποίους ἀπολπίζει τῆς γονέας, ὑστερῶντας τῆς τοὺ παιδῶν των. ὁ ὅταν ἔγνωρίσῃ τῶ δύναμιν τῶ ἀλόγων, ὁπῆ σύρουσι τὸ ἁμάξι μου· τότε θέλει μάθῃ ὅτι δὲν ἔπρεπε θάνατος εἰς ἐκεῖνον, ὅστις δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ τὰ κυβερνήσῃ. Ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγε ταῦτα ὁ Ἥλιος, ἔφθασαν ὅλοι οἱ Θεοί, εἰς τὸ Παλάτιόν τε διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐπισκεφθῶσι, παρακαλοῦντες του νὰ λάμψῃ φῶς εἰς τὸν κόσμον. Ὡς ὁ αὐτὸς ὁ Ζεὺς τοῦ ἐξήτησε συμπάθειον διὰ τὸν κεραυνόν, ὁπῆ ἔρριψε, προσθέτων καί τινας φοβερισμούς, ὡς βασιλεύς, εἰς τὰς παρακαλέσεις τε. Οὕτως ὁ Ἥλιος ἡμερώθηκε, ἔζωσε πάλιν πάντων τὰ ἄλογά τε, ὁ ἐπει-

Talia dicenti “tibi” ait “revocamina” corvus
“sint precor ista malo: nos vanum spernimus omen.”
Nec coeptum dimittit iter, dominoque iacentem
cum iuvene Haemonio vidisse Coronida narrat.
600Laurea delapsa est audito crimine amanti,
et pariter vultusque deo plectrumque colorque
excidit. Utque animus tumida fervebat ab ira,
arma adsueta rapit flexumque a cornibus arcum
tendit et illa suo totiens cum pectore iuncta
605indevitato traiecit pectora telo.
Icta dedit gemitum, tractoque a corpore ferro
candida puniceo perfudit membra cruore,
et dixit: “Potui poenas tibi, Phoebe, dedisse,
sed peperisse prius: duo nunc moriemur in una.”
610Hactenus, et pariter vitam cum sanguine fudit.
Corpus inane animae frigus letale secutum est.
to these thy grace.’
“At this, the one of all
my mariners who was the quickest hand,
who ever was the nimblest on the yards,
and first to slip the ropes, Dictys exclaimed;
‘Pray not for us!’ and all approved his words.
The golden haired, the guardian of the prow,
Melanthus, Libys and Alcimedon
approved it; and Epopeus who should urge
the flagging spirits, and with rhythmic chants
give time and measure to the beating oars,
and all the others praised their leader's words,—
so blind is greed of gain.—Then I rejoined,
‘Mine is the greatest share in this good ship,
which I will not permit to be destroyed,
nor injured by this sacred freight:’ and I
opposed them as they came.
“Then Lycabas,
the most audacious of that impious crew,
began to rage. He was a criminal,
who, for a dreadful murder, had been sent
in exile from a Tuscan city's gates.
Whilst I opposed he gripped me by the throat,
and shook me as would cast me in the deep,
had I not firmly held a rope, half stunned:
and all that wicked crew approved the deed.
“Then Bacchus (be assured it was the God)
as though the noise disturbed his lethargy
from wine, and reason had regained its power,
at last bespake the men, ‘What deeds are these?
What noise assails my ears? What means decoyed
my wandering footsteps? Whither do ye lead?’
‘Fear not,’ the steersman said, ‘but tell us fair
the haven of your hope, and you shall land
whereso your heart desires.’ ‘To Naxos steer,’
Quoth Bacchus, ‘for it is indeed my home,
and there the mariner finds welcome cheer.’
Him to deceive, they pledged themselves, and swore
by Gods of seas and skies to do his will:
and they commanded me to steer that way.
“The Isle of Naxos was upon our right;
and when they saw the sails were set that way,
they all began to shout at once, ‘What, ho!
Thou madman! what insanity is this,
Acoetes? Make our passage to the left.’
And all the while they made their meaning known
by artful signs or whispers in my ears.
“I was amazed and answered, ‘Take the helm.’
And I refused to execute their will,
Coronis is betrayed and Phoebus kills her

To all this, the Raven replied �I pray any evil be on your own head. I spurn empty prophecies� and, completing the journey he had started, he told his master he had seen Coronis lying beside a Thessalian youth. The laurel fell from the lover�s head on hearing of the charge, his expression and colour and the tone of his lyre changed, and his mind boiled with growing anger. He seized his usual weapons, strung his bow bending it by the tips, and, with his unerring arrow, pierced the breast that had so often been close to his own. She groaned at the wound, and as the arrow was drawn out her white limbs were drenched with scarlet blood and she cried out � Oh Phoebus it was in your power to have punished me, but to have let me give birth first: now two will die in one.� She spoke, and then her life flowed out with her blood. A deathly cold stole over her body, emptied of being.

δὴ δὲν εὑρίσκετο ἀπόμεινε νὰ ἀλησμονήση τῆς δυστυχίας του, ἐξεθύμανεν ὅλον του τὸν θυμὸν εἰς αὐτά, ὀνειδίζοντάς τα διὰ τὸν φόνον τῆς ὑός του, καὶ μεταχειρίζομενός τα σκληρότερα παρὰ ποτέ.

Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ζεὺς περιῆλθεν ὅλον τὸν Οὐρανόν, περιεργαζόμενος ἂν ἦτον παῖδα μέρος, ὅπου νὰ ἐπήνωσον ἀπὸ τῆς φωτιᾶς, καὶ βλέπωντας ὅτι ὅλα ἦσαν ἀσφαλῆ, ἔρριψε τὰ ὀμμάτια του εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἐφρόντισε δὲ μάλιστα διὰ τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, παρὰ δι᾽ ἄλλας Ἐπαρχίας ἀναπάνισον ἐκεῖ τὰς βρύσες, καὶ τὰς ποταμούς, ὅπου δὲν ἀπετόλμουν ἀκόμη νὰ ῥεύσουν, ἐσκέπασε τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ χόρτα, ἐπέστρεψε τὰ φύλλα εἰς τα δένδρα, καὶ ἐπρόσταξε τα πεκαυμένα δάση, νὰ ἀναβλαστήσουν, καὶ νὰ ἀναλάβουν τὸν στολισμόν της. Διαβαίνοντας δὲ ἀπὸ ἕνα καὶ ἄλλο μέρος, καὶ πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους, εἶδε τὴν Κάλλιστώ, καὶ εὐθὺς τὴν ὠρέχθη. Αὕτη ἡ Νύμφη δὲν ἐταπείνετο οὔτε νὰ γλώση, οὔτε νὰ πλειπλέκη τὰ μαλλία της, οὔτε νὰ τὰ σχηματίζη κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους, ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον συνηθισμένη νὰ τα ἔχη ἁπλῶς δεμένα, φέρουσα εἰς τὸ χέρι της ποτὲ μὲν τόξον, ποτὲ δὲ κοντάρι, καὶ ἦτο ὁπαδὸς τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ἡ ὁποῖα τὴν ηγάπα περισσότερον ἀπὸ ὅλας τας ἄλλας Νύμφας· ἀλλ᾽ ἡ ἀγάπη της δὲν τὴν ὠφέλησε τίποτε, διότι δὲν εἶναι εὐτυχία εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ὅπου νὰ βαστᾷ πολὺν καιρόν.

Ἦτον ἤδη ἀπερασμένον τὸ μεσημέρευ ὅταν αὕτη ἡ Νύμφη ἐμβήνει εἰς ἕνα παλαιὸν δάσος, τὸ ὁποῖον ὅλοι οἱ αἰῶνες εἴλαβησαν, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ ἐξετύπωσε τὸ δοξάρι της, ἐπλάγιασε κατὰ γῆς, ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, βάνουσα ὑποκάτω τῆς κεφαλῆς της τὸ σαϊτιθή

νέ εἰς ἀσπλαγχνίας ἡ Ἥρα τῆς ἀφαίρεσέ τῷ τῶ φω- νῷ, ἰ δὲν τῆς ἔμεινον ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ μόνον μία ὀλολυ- γὴ ἄγρια καὶ φοβερά, διά νὰ φοβίζῃ τοὺς ἀκούοντας αὐ- τῆς. Τοιούτης λοιπὸν ἡ Κάλλιστω ἔχασε τὴν πρώτην μορφήν της, ἰ μὲ ὅλον ὁπού ἔγινεν ἄρκτος, ὅμως ἐφύ- λαξε τὸ λογικόν της εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν μορφήν της· ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ λογικὸν δὲν τῆς ἔμενε δι' ἄλλο, παρὰ διὰ νὰ αἰσθάνεται περισσότερον τὴν λύπην της, καὶ δυστυχίαν. Διὰ νὰ δείξῃ λοιπὸν τὴν ἔλλειψίν της, δὲν μετεχειρίσατο εἰμὴ δάκρυα ἀκατάπαυστα, ἰ θέλοντα νὰ ζητήσῃ ἀπὸ τὸν Δία βοήθειαν, σηκώνει πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ὄχι τὰ χέρια της, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνα, ὁπού ἦσαν πρότερον χέρια, καὶ μὴ δυναμένη νὰ τὸν ὀνομάσῃ ἀχάριστον, αἰσθάνεται μὲ αὐτὸ πῶς τὴν ἀχαριστεῖ. Ὦ πόσας φορὰς φοβουμέ- νη νὰ διαβῇ εἰς τὰ δάση, ὑπῆγεν ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὸ σπίτιόν της, ἰ εἰς τὰς χῶρας, ὁπού ᾤκει· καὶ πόσας φορὰς ἐδιώχθη εἰς τὰ δάση, ἰ εἰς τὰς πέτρας ἀπὸ τοὺς σκύλους, ὁπού τὴν ἐκυνηγοῦσαν! πόσας φορὰς αὐτὴ ἡ κόρη, ἁπού ἠγάπα τόσον τὸ κυνήγιον, ἰ ὠξειδώθη εἰς αὐτὸ, ἔτρεχεν ἀπὸ τὴν φόβον τῶν κυνηγῶν! Συχνάκις ἔκρυπτετο ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα, χωρὶς νὰ σοχάζεται τὴν ἑαυτήν της, ἡ ὁποία οὖσα ἄρκτος, ἐφοβεῖτο τὰς ἄρκτους, ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς λύκους, ἀνκαλὰ καὶ ὁ πατήρ της ἦτον συναριθμημένος μὲ αὐτούς. Ὡς τόσον Ἄρκας ὁ υἱός της ηὐξήθη εἰς τὴν ἡλικίαν, χωρὶς νὰ γνω- ρίσῃ τὴν μητέρα του, ἰ ἐδόθη ἰ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον. Τώρα δὲ χρόνον δεκαπέντε, ἰ κυνηγῶντας τὰ θηρία εἰς τὸ δάσος τῆς Ἑρμανίας, ἐσυναπήντησε τὴν μητέ- ρα του, ἡ ὁποία ἐστάθη εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, διότι

δεν εξύλμησεν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον τὲ νὰ πλησιάση. Τέλος πάντων, ἐν ᾧ αὐτὸς ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ τὴν τόξευση, ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν ἐμποδίσε, μὴ ἀφήνοντας τὸν νὰ γίνη μητρὸς φονόπος, ἢ ἐν πάντῳ ἀνέβασεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν τὴν μητέρα, καὶ τὸν υἱόν, μεταβάλλοντάς τὴς εἰς δύω ἄστρα, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν εἶναι πολλὰ ξέμαχρα τὸ ἕν ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο.

Ἡ Ἥρα ἔδειξεν ὅλον ἐκεῖνον τὸν Θυμὸν, ὁποῦ μία φθονερὴ ἢ ζηλότυπος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ δείξη, ὅταν εἶδε τὴν ἀντίτυπόν τὴς νὰ λάμπη μεταξὺ τῶν ἀστέρων, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο κατέβη εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν νὰ εὕρη τὴν Θέτιν, ἢ τὸν γηραλαῖον Ὠκεανὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον οἱ Θεοὶ ἔχουσιν ὑπόληψιν ἢ ἀγάπησιν· οἱ ὁποῖοι βλέποντές τὴν, ἠρώτησαν τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐλεύσεώς τὴς· καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως·

"Ἐρωτᾶτε διὰ τί ἡ βασίλισσα τῶν Θεῶν ἄφησε τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἢ τὸν θρόνον τὴς, ἢ ἦλθεν εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν σας;

Paenitet heu sero poenae crudelis amantem,
seque, quod audierit, quod sic exarserit, odit;
odit avem, per quam crimen causamque dolendi
615scire coactus erat, nec non arcumque manumque
odit, cumque manu temeraria tela sagittas
conlapsamque fovet seraque ope vincere fata
nititur et medicas exercet inaniter artes.
Quae postquam frustra temptata, rogumque parari
620vidit et arsuros supremis ignibus artus,
tum vero gemitus (neque enim caelestia tingi
ora licet lacrimis) alto de corde petitos
edidit, haud aliter quam cum spectante iuvenca
lactentis vituli, dextra libratus ab aure
625tempora discussit claro cava malleus ictu.
Ut tamen ingratos in pectora fudit odores
et dedit amplexus iniustaque iusta peregit,
non tulit in cineres labi sua Phoebus eosdem
semina, sed natum flammis uteroque parentis
630eripuit geminique tulit Chironis in antrum;
sperantemque sibi non falsae praemia linguae
inter aves albas vetuit consistere corvum.
atrocious, and at once resigned command.
Then all began to murmur, and the crew
reviled me. Up Aethalion jumped and said,
‘As if our only safety is in you!’
With this he swaggered up and took command;
and leaving Naxos steered for other shores.
“Then Bacchus, mocking them,—as if but then
he had discovered their deceitful ways,—
looked on the ocean from the rounded stern,
and seemed to sob as he addressed the men;
‘Ah mariners, what alien shores are these?
'Tis not the land you promised nor the port
my heart desires. For what have I deserved
this cruel wrong? What honour can accrue
if strong men mock a boy; a lonely youth
if many should deceive?’ And as he spoke,
I, also, wept to see their wickedness.
“The impious gang made merry at our tears,
and lashed the billows with their quickening oars.
By Bacchus do I swear to you (and naught
celestial is more potent) all the things
I tell you are as true as they surpass
the limit of belief. The ship stood still
as if a dry dock held it in the sea.—
“The wondering sailors laboured at the oars,
and they unfurled the sails, in hopes to gain
some headway, with redoubled energies;
but twisting ivy tangled in the oars,
and interlacing held them by its weight.
And Bacchus in the midst of all stood crowned
with chaplets of grape-leaves, and shook a lance
covered with twisted fronds of leafy vines.
Around him crouched the visionary forms
of tigers, lynxes, and the mottled shapes
of panthers.
“Then the mariners leaped out,
possessed by fear or madness. Medon first
began to turn a swarthy hue, and fins
grew outward from his flattened trunk,
and with a curving spine his body bent.—
then Lycabas to him, ‘What prodigy
is this that I behold?’ Even as he spoke,
his jaws were broadened and his nose was bent;
his hardened skin was covered with bright scales.
And Libys, as he tried to pull the oars,
could see his own hands shrivel into fins;
another of the crew began to grasp
the twisted ropes, but even as he strove
to lift his arms they fastened to his sides;—
with bending body and a crooked back
he plunged into the waves, and as he swam
displayed a tail, as crescent as the moon.
“Now here, now there, they flounce about the ship;
they spray her decks with brine; they rise and sink;
they rise again, and dive beneath the waves;
they seem in sportive dance upon the main;
out from their nostrils they spout sprays of brine;
they toss their supple sides. And I alone,
of twenty mariners that manned that ship,
remained. A cold chill seized my limbs,—
I was so frightened; but the gracious God
now spake me fair, ‘Fear not and steer for Naxos.’
And when we landed there I ministered
on smoking altars Bacchanalian rites.”
Phoebus repents and saves Aesculapius

Alas! Too late the lover repents of his cruel act, and hates himself for listening to the tale that has so angered him. He hates the bird that has compelled him to know of the fault that brought him pain. He hates the bow, his hand, and the hastily fired arrow as well as that hand. He cradles the fallen girl and attempts to overcome fate with his healing powers. It is too late, and he tries his arts in vain. Later, when all efforts had failed, seeing the funeral pyre prepared to consume her body, then indeed the god groaned from the depths of his heart (since the faces of the heavenly gods cannot be touched by tears), groans no different from those of a young bullock, seeing the hammer poised at the slaughterer�s right ear, crash down on the hollow forehead of a suckling calf.

Even though she cannot know of it, the god pours fragrant incense over her breast, and embraces her body, and unjustly, performs the just rites. He could not let a child of Phoebus be destroyed in the same ruin, and he tore his son, Aesculapius, from its mother�s womb and from the flames, and carried him to the cave of Chiron the Centaur, who was half man and half horse. But he stopped the Raven, who had hoped for a reward for telling the truth, from living among the white birds.

Μάθετε ὅτι ἁλὴ βασιλίς νυερώδες τὸν ἔρανον, καθημένη εἰς τὸν πόπον μου. Διὰ θέλω νὰ με πιστώσετε ποτε, ἢ δεὰ ἰδῆτε διὰς με τὸν ἐρχομὸν τῆς γυναικὸς ξηγύρω εἰς τὸν Πόλον δύω νὰ ἄστρα, ὁπῶς με εἶναι δύω μεγάλα κατὰ, καὶ μου λάρνεσι τὸν Οὐρανὸν ἀξιομίσητον· Ποῖος εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς θέλει φοβηθῆ νὰ καταφρονῆ ἐμὲ τῆν Ἥραν, καὶ ὅταν με βλάψη τινάς, πῶς θέλει φοβηθῆ τῆν δυναμίν μου; ἐπειδή εἶμαι μοναρχη εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὁπῶς ὠφελῶ, ὅταν βέλομαι νὰ βλάψω. Τί ἔκαμα, θέλουσα νὰ ἐκδικηθῶ; μόνον ἔδειξα ὅτι ἔμαι αἴσχυρος. Ἐμπόδισα τῆς Καλλιστὼ νὰ εἶναι γυνή καὶ ἴδου πῶρα ἔχιγε θέα. Ἔπι ἐγὼ παιδάλω τᾶς πταίστας, ἔπι εἶναι ἡ δυναμῆς με μεγάλη. Ἄς τῆς εὐχάλη ἀπ αὐτῶν τῆς μορφῆς, ἢ ἄς τῆς ἐπιστρέψη τὸ πρῶτον τῆς πρόσωπον, καθὼς με. Διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ κάμνες ηδὴ γυναικὰ τὸ, χωριζωντάς με; διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ βαθει εἰς τὸ κρεββάτί με; ὸ ἐπειδη εἶναι Σπευώδης Θεός, διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ ζητεῖ τοῦ Λυκάονος; ἡχὶ δεὺ κάμνες μοιχείαν πλέον σὰ λύκον· Ὡς πόσον αἱ σάς μακοφαίνεται διὰ τῶ καταφρόνησιν μίας Θεάς· ἡλὴν ὁποίαν σέις ἀναδρέψετε, ἐμποδίσετε να μὴ καταβαίνεν αὐτὰ τὰ νέα ἄστρα (ὅπε ἔλαβυν τόπον εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν εἰς ἀνταμοιβλῶ μίας πόρνης) να μὴ καταβαίνεν λέγω εἰς τὸ Βασιλείόν σας, ὅπου δέχεσθε καθημερόσιον ὅλα τὰ ἄλια ἄστρα· μὴν ἀφήσετε μίαν ἄτιμον παλλακίδα να βαπτίζεται εἰς τὰ νερά σας, ἡχὶ να τὰ μιαίνη με τὴν ἀναίδρασίαν της.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Γιὰ μίαν δυστυχῆ, ὅπου ἀναθολίται διὰ ἕνα ἔγκλημα, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν συγκατεύθυνε, καὶ ὅσα πρότερον ὠραιοπήτα (καθὼς τὸ ὄνομα Καλλιστὼ φαίνει) μεταμορφώθη εἰς τὸ δυσειδέστατον θηρίον τῆς φύσεως. Θέλουσί τινες νὰ τὸ νὰ δείγνεται ἡ ἀσέλγεια τῆς γυναικῶν, μάλιστα τῆς παρθένων, ὅπου μετὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας γίνονται ὅμοιαι μὲ τὰ ἀγριώτερα ἢ ἀκαθαρτότερα θηρία· ἢ ὅτι ὅσον εἶναι εὔμορφη μία γυνή, τοσοῦτον ἡ εὐσχήμων εἶναι μεγαλητέρα, ὅταν δίδεται εἰς τὴν κακίαν· ἢ κατὰ τὸν Σολομῶντα, ὡραία γυνὴ ἄφρα, ὅμοία κόρμου περιεκλευσμένου εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν γνώμην κλίνω κἀγώ, μὴν ἐναντιούμενος οὔτε τῷ Σολομῶντι, οὔτε ἄλλῳ τινὰ τῶν ὅσων αἱ γνῶμαι εἶναι ἄξιοι ὁρθαί. Ἀλλὰ θὰ θέλα νὰ ἐρωτήσω διατί ἡ Καλλιστὼ μὴ συγκατανεύσασα εἰς τὸ ἔγκλημα, ἢ ἐναντιούμενη ὅσον τὸ δῆλον ἴδιομα, διατί λέγω νὰ τιμωρηθῇ ὥσπερ νὰ ἦτον ἔνοχος διὰ ἰδίας της ὁρμῆς· διότι αἱ μικαὶ ἁμαρτίαι εἶναι ἄξιαι συγγνώμης, εἶναι βέβαια ἐκεῖνα, ὅπου ὁρᾷ ποντες τὰ ἀφροστασίας

δ' λες ὅτι δὲν ἁμάρτησε θεληματικῶς. Αὐτὴ εἶναι ἀθῶος ἢ ἀσυπόδημος κατὰ τὴν θέλησίν της, κατὰ δὲ τὴν τιμωρίαν της κεῖνεται ὑπόδημος· διὰ τί;

Λογίζει ότι αποδείχνεται ὑπάνδυμος μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν ἀφεύχῃ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον, ἢ τὴν μοναξίαν· ἐπειδὴ ἡ παρθενία εἶναι εἰς τὰς παρθένας ὁ μεγαλύτερος θησαυρός, καὶ τὸ μεγαλύτερον καλόν, ὁποῦ ἔχουσι, τὸ ὁποῖον, ἀφοῦ τὸ χάσουσι μίαν φοράν, δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὸ ξαναποκτήσουν ποτέ· ὅθεν ἀφοῦ εἶπε ὄχι, μόνον νὰ εὑρεθῇ εἰς τοὺς δρόμους τῆς τιμῆς τὴν ἀφῆ, ἂν ἡ παρθενία εἶναι καὶ τινὰ σημασίας πότε δὲν ἴσχει νὰ ὑπῆ δη. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἡ Καλλιστὼ ἀφοῦ δὲν ἐχώρει ὑπὸ τὴν συμφοράν της Ἄρτεμιδος, γυρεύουσα τὸ δάσον καὶ τὴν μοναξίαν διὰ προσφοράς της ἀναπαύσεως, δὲν ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ χάσῃ τὴν παρθενίαν της· ὅθεν αἱ παρθένοι, ἢ λοιπαὶ γυναῖκες νομίζουσαι λύσιν τῆς ἴσου ὑπάνδυμοι, ὅπως δὲν ἀποφυλάττονται ὅσες ὅτι θέλουσιν αὐτοφοράέ της. Τὴ ἀλήθεια ὁ Νόμος αὐτὸς εἶναι ἀνήμερος, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσω ἡ τιμὴ ποσῶν ἐπιθυμιοτέρα, δὲν ἀρέττει νὰ νομίζεται ποτὲ ἀνήμερος, μὲ τὸ νὰ εἶδη διὰ φυλάξεως της.

Ἀφοσιοῦνται τινὲς εἰς τὰ συγγράμματά των ὅτι ἡ Καλλιστὼ ἐφάγθη ὑπὸ μιᾶς Ἀρκούδας εἰς τὸ κυνηγέσιον, ἢ μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν ἀρέσῃ πλέον, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἀρκοῦδαν. Ἢ ἐπειδὴ αὕτη ἦτον λαμπρὸν γένος αἱ κατὰ τὴν συμβολὴν τῇ Παλλάδι, ὁ υἱὸς ἔβαινον τῆς μεγάλες ἡ ἐμφύσεως εἰς τὴ Οὐρανίαν, ἢ ὁποῦ τὰς παμφασανγερίαν κατάστασιν τῆ φυσιοτέραν τοῦ ψυχοτρον της, ἢ εὖαι νὰ δείξῃν τὴο Ἀβολήειν, ὁποῦν δὲν ἐκεῖνους εἶχες) ἐμυθολογήθη εἶναι, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱὸν της, ἔλαβε τύπον εἰς τὸν Οὐράνιον μεταξὺ τῆ ἀστέρων.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. Η'. καὶ Θ'.

Περὶ τοῦ Κόρακος, τῆς Κορώνης, καὶ Νυκτιμένης.

Ὁ Κόραξ εἶχε τὰ πτερὰ τὰ ἄσπρα ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἐφανέρωσε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τὴν ἀπιστίαν τῆς Κορώνης, ἣ ἠρνοῦντο αὐτόν ὁ Θεὸς τῶν Νυμφῶν, τυφλωθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς ζηλοτυπίας καὶ ἐξ ὀργῆς, τὸν κατεδίκασε νὰ γίνῃ μαῦρος, διὰ νὰ τὸν τιμωρήσῃ ὡς αἴτιον ἐκείνου τοῦ φόνου. Μία ἄλλη πτηνή, ὀνομαζομένη ἡ αὐτὴ Κορώνη, μετεμορφώθη εἰς κορακλίσια, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἐφανέρωσε ἡ αὐτὴ ἕν ὕποπτον παράπτωμα μὲ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ὁ Κόραξ ἐφανέρωσε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. Ἡ Νυκτιμένη, θυγάτηρ τοῦ Νυκτέως, ἠράσθη τοῦ πατρὸς της, ἢ ἐπῆγε τὴν νύκτα εἰς τὸ κρεββάτι του ὅταν ὠργίσθησαν οἱ Θεοὶ κατὰ τοῦ τῆς αἱμομιξίας, τὴν μετεμόρφωσαν εἰς Νύκτα.

Οἱ Θαλάττιοι Θεοὶ ἔπαιξαν εἰς τὴν Ἥραν νὰ κάμῃ τὸ ζήτημά της, ἐξ ὅπου αὕτη ἀνέβη πάλιν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν μὲ τὸ ἁμάξι της, ὅπου τὸ ἐσύρουσαν τὰ παγώνια. Τῆς ὁποίας τὰ πτερὰ ἐπλεμίσθησαν ἀπὸ ὀλίγου διὰ τὸν Δαίδαλον τὸν Ἄργον, καθὼς τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ Κόρακος, ὅπου πρότερον ἦσαν ἄσπρα, ἦ ἔγινον μαῦρα. Ὁ Κόραξ ἦτον πρότερον τόσον ἄσπρος, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο καλυμμένος ἀπὸ χιόνι. Ὑπερέβαινε εἰς τὴν λευκότητα καὶ περισσείαν, ὅπου δὲν ἔχουσι μαυράδα, ἢ τὰς γλαῦκας, ὅπου ἔμαθον νὰ ἐλευθερώσουν τὸ Καπιτώλιον, ἢ τὰς Κύκνας φίλας τῶν ποταμῶν ἢ τῶν λιμνῶν. Ἀλλ' ἡ γλώσσα του ἔγινεν αἰτία τῆς συμφορᾶς του, ἢ διὰ τὴν ἀδολεσχίαν του, αὐτός, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸ πρῶτον ἦτον ἄσπρος, τώρα εἶναι μέλας.

Book II · OCYROE AND AECULAPIUS

OCYROE AND AECULAPIUS

Semifer interea divinae stirpis alumno
laetus erat mixtoque oneri gaudebat honore.
635Ecce venit rutilis umeros protecta capillis
filia Centauri, quam quondam nympha Chariclo
fluminis in rapidi ripis enixa vocavit
Ocyroen. Non haec artes contenta paternas
edidicisse fuit: fatorum arcana canebat.
640Ergo ubi vaticinos concepit mente furores
incaluitque deo, quem clausum pectore habebat,
adspicit infantem “toto” que “salutifer orbi
cresce puer” dixit: “tibi se mortalia saepe
corpora debebunt; animas tibi reddere ademptas
645fas erit; idque semel dis indignantibus ausus
posse dare hoc iterum flamma prohibebere avita
eque deo corpus fies exsangue, deusque,
qui modo corpus eras, et bis tua fata novabis.
Tu quoque, care pater, nunc inmortalis et aevis
650omnibus ut maneas nascendi lege creatus,
posse mori cupies, tum cum cruciabere dirae
sanguine serpentis per saucia membra recepto;
teque ex aeterno patientem numina mortis
efficient, triplicesque deae tua fila resolvent.”
655Restabat fatis aliquid. Suspirat ab imis
pectoribus, lacrimaeque genis labuntur obortae,
atque ita “praevertunt” inquit “me fata, vetorque
plura loqui, vocisque meae praecluditur usus.
Non fuerant artes tanti, quae numinis iram
660contraxere mihi; mallem nescisse futura.
Iam mihi subduci facies humana videtur,
iam cibus herba placet, iam latis currere campis
impetus est: in equam cognataque corpora vertor.
Tota tamen quare? pater est mihi nempe biformis.”
665Talia dicenti pars est extrema querellae
intellecta parum, confusaque verba fuerunt.
Mox nec verba quidem nec equae sonus ille videtur,
sed simulantis equam, parvoque in tempore certos
edidit hinnitus et bracchia movit in herbas.
670Tum digiti coeunt et quinos adligat ungues
perpetuo cornu levis ungula, crescit et oris
et colli spatium, longae pars maxima pallae
cauda fit, utque vagi crines per colla iacebant,
in dextras abiere iubas: pariterque novata est
675et vox et facies nomen quoque monstra dedere.
Chiron, the Centaur, taught his pupil; proud
that he was honoured by that God-like charge.
Behold, his lovely daughter, who was born
beside the margin of a rapid stream,
came forward, with her yellow hair as gold
adown her shoulders.—She was known by name
Ocyroe. The hidden things that Fate
conceals, she had the power to tell; for not
content was she to learn her father's arts,
but rather pondered on mysterious things.
So, when the god of Frenzy warmed her breast,
gazing on Aesculapius,—the child
of Phoebus and Coronis, while her soul
was gifted, with prophetic voice she said;
“O thou who wilt bestow on all the world
the blessed boon of health, increase in strength!
To thee shall mortals often owe their lives:
to thee is given the power to raise the dead.
But when against the power of Deities
thou shalt presume to dare thy mortal skill,
the bolts of Jove will shatter thy great might,
and health no more be thine from thence to grant.
And from a god thou shalt return to dust,
and once again from dust become a God;
and thou shalt thus renew thy destiny.—
“And thou, dear father Chiron, brought to birth
with pledge of an immortal life, informed
with ever-during strength, when biting flames
of torment from the baneful serpent's blood
are coursing in thy veins, thou shalt implore
a welcome death; and thy immortal life
the Gods shall suffer to the power of death.—
and the three Destinies shall cut thy thread.”
She would continue these prophetic words
but tears unbidden trickled down her face;
and, as it seemed her sighs would break her heart,
she thus bewailed; “The Fates constrain my speech
and I can say no more; my power has gone.
Alas, my art, although of little force
and doubtful worth, has brought upon my head
the wrath of Heaven.
“Oh wherefore did I know
to cast the future? Now my human form
puts on another shape, and the long grass
affords me needed nourishment. I want
to range the boundless plains and have become,
in image of my father's kind, a mare:
but gaining this, why lose my human shape?
My father's form is one of twain combined.”
And as she wailed the words became confused
and scarcely understood; and soon her speech
was only as the whinny of a mare.
Down to the meadow's green her arms were stretched;
her fingers joined together, and smooth hoofs
made of five nails a single piece of horn.
Her face and neck were lengthened, and her hair
swept downward as a tail; the scattered locks
that clung around her neck were made a mane,
tossed over to the right. Her voice and shape
were altogether changed, and since that day
the change has given her a different name.
Chiron and Chariclo�s prophecies

The semi-human was pleased with this foster-child of divine origin, glad at the honour it brought him, when his daughter suddenly appeared, her shoulders covered with her long red hair, whom the nymph Chariclo called Ocyrho�, having given birth to her on the banks of that swift stream. She was not content merely to have learned her father�s arts, she also chanted the secrets of the Fates.

So when she felt the prophetic frenzy in her mind, and was on fire with the god enclosed in her breast, she looked at the infant boy and cried out �Grow and thrive, child, healer of all the world! Human beings will often be in your debt, and you will have the right to restore the dead. But if ever it is done regardless of the god�s displeasure you will be stopped, by the flame of your grandfather�s lightning bolt, from doing so again. From a god you will turn to a bloodless corpse, and then to a god who was a corpse, and so twice renew your fate.

You also, dear father, now immortal, and created by the law of your birth to live on through all the ages, will long for death, when you are tormented by the terrible venom of the Serpent, Hydra, absorbed through your wounded limbs. But at last the gods will give you the power to die, and the Three Goddesses will sever the thread.� Other prophecies remained to tell: but she sighed deeply, distressed by the tears welling from her eyes, and cried �The Fates prevent me, and forbid me further speech. My throat is constricted. These arts are not worth the cost if they incur the gods� anger against me. Better not to know the future! Now I see my human shape being taken away, now grass contents me for food, now my impulse is to race over the wide fields. I am changing to a mare, the form of my kindred. But why am I completely so? Surely my father is still half human.� Even as she spoke, the last part of her complaint was hard to understand and her words were troubled. Soon they seemed neither words nor a horse�s neighs, but the imitation of a horse. In a little while she gave out clear whinnying noises, and her arms moved in the grass. Then her fingers came together and one thin solid hoof of horn joined her five fingernails. Her head and the length of her neck extended, the greater part of her long gown became a tail, and the loose hair thrown over her neck hung down as a mane on her right shoulder. Now she was altered in both voice and features, and from this marvelous happening she gained a new name.

Δεῖ ἦταν εἰς τήν Θεσσαλίαν κάμμια ἄλλη παρθένος ὁμορφότερη ἀπὸ τῆς Κορώνης, τῆς ὁποίας ὑγάπησεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἕως οὗ ἐφύλαξε τῆς παρθενίας της, ἢ αὐτός δεῖ περιεργάσθη τὰ ἔργα της. Ἀλλ' ὁ κόραξ, ὅπως ἦτον πότε τὸ πτηνὸν τὰ Ἡλίῳ, ἤτοι τὰ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐφανέρωσε τῆς ἀπιστίαν της, θ πηγαίνοντας νὰ τὸ εἴπῃ τὰ κυρίῳ τε, ἐσυναπάντησε τῆς χαρακάξαν, καθ' ἧς ἐφανέρωσε τὸ αἴτιον τὰ δρόμου τε· ἐκείνη δέ, ὡς πόλυ περισσοτέρα, ἀπόπειράσθη νὰ τὸν ἔμποδίση, τὰ εἴπη, ὅτι δεῖ θέλει εὐτυχήσει, καὶ τόν ἐσυμβούλευσε νὰ μὴ πηγαίνῃ παρεμποδιστής, ἢ νὰ μὴ καταφρονήση τῆς φορόσμόσής.

Κοίτα, τὰ λέγει, τί εἶμαι, τὸ τί εἶμαι, καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔπαθα ἀπὸ τῆς πίστιν, ὅπως ἔδειξα πρὸς τῶ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἡ ὁποία μίαν φοράν ἔβαλε εἰς μίαν κίστην, ἤτοι κοφίτζαν τὸν Ἐριχθόνιον, ἔτι ὄντα βρέφος, ὃς τις ἐγεννήθη χωρὶς μητέρα, τὸν ἔδωκεν εἰς φύλαξιν τῆ τρισὶ θυγατέρων τὰ Κέκροπος, χωρὶς νὰ ταῖς εἴπῃ τί ἦτον μέσα εἰς τήν κοφίτζαν, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ ταῖς δώκῃ ἄδειαν νὰ τήν ἀνοίξῃ, ἢ νὰ περιεργασθῆν νὰ μάθουν τὰ μυστικά της. Ἐγὼ δὲ περιέμεινα ὄπισθεν εἰς μίαν βάτον, ἔβλεπα τὶ ἤθελαν κάμει αἱ τρεῖς Παρθένοι. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἡ Πάνδροσος, ἡ Ἕρση ἐφύλαττον πιστῶς τῆς παραγγελίαν· ἀλλ' ἡ Ἄγλαυρος, πλέον περίεργος τῶν ἄλλων, ἐπαρακίνησε τὰς ἀδελφάς της νὰ παραβῶσι τῆς ἐντολῆς τῆς Θεᾶς, κὰ ἀφ' ἔ αὐτή ἀνοῖξε τῆς κοφίτζαν, εἶδαν ᾖ παιδίον μὲ ποδέξεια δράκοντος. Ἐγὼ λοιπὸν δεῖ

δεν ἔλεγχα νὰ ἀναγγείλω διὰ τὸ εἰς τὴν Ἀθηνᾶ ἐκεῖνο ὅπου εἶχα εἰδῆ, ὅ εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῆς ζηλείας της μὲ ἀπέβαλεν ἀπὸ τὴν εὐνοίαν της, προτιμῶσα ἀντὶ ἐμὲ τὸ πουλὶ τῆς νυκτός, δηλαδὴ τὸν μπούφον. Οὕτως ἡ δυστυχία μου δύναται νὰ νουθετήσῃ τὰς ἄλλας, νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσουν διὰ τὴν ἀκολασίαν τῆς γλώσσης των. Ἀλλ' ἴσως θέλεις νὰ μάθῃς πῶς ἤμην ἐγὼ ποντὰ εἰς ἐκείνην· χωρὶς νὰ ζητήσω αὐτὴν τὴν χάριν, ἐκείνη μόνη μὲ ἐπῆρε σημαντῆς, διὰ τὴν ἀνάπλαν, ὅπου εἶχε πρὸς ἐμέ· ἱστὸ δὲ, ὅπου λέγω, ὅ αὐτή ἡ ἰδία μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι θυμωμένη, δὲν θέλει νὰ ὁρμηθῇ. Πρὸς τοῦτο ἐγὼ ἤμην ἀπὸ καλοῦ ἀξιότιμον, ὅ ἀξία διὰ τὴν συντροφίαν της· ἐπειδὴ ὁ Κορωναῖος ὁ μέγας τῆς Φωκίδος Βασιλεύς, ἦτον πατήρ μου (δὲν λέγω ψεῦδος ἀγνῶστον πράγμα). Ἤθελα ὡς θυγάτηρ Βασιλέως, πολλοὶ Βασιλεῖς ἐζήτουν νὰ μὲ νυμφευθῇ ἀλλ' ἡ εὐμορφία μου ἔγινε θησαυρὸς βλαβερός· ἐπειδὴ περιπατοῦσα μίαν τὴν ἡμέραν εἰς τὸ περιγιάλι, κἰ τὴν συνήθειαν μου, ὁ Ποσειδῶν βλέπωντάς με, ἐξῶθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος. Μοῦ λαλεῖ, μοῦ φανερώνει τὸν ἔρωτά του, ἀλλὰ βλέπωντας τὰ παρακαλέσματά του νὰ εἶναι μάταια, ὅ ὅτι ἔχασε τὸν καιρόν του τὰ λόγιά του, ἐστράφηκεν εἰς τὴν βίαν. Φεύγω, ἐπειδὴ μὲ ἐκυνηγοῦσε, ἤθελα ἐκπράσσω φεύγουσα ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν ἄμμον. Φωνάζω πρὸς βοήθειαν θεούς ὶ ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλ' οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὲν ἀκοῦν τὴν φωνήν μου, παρὰ μία παρθένος ἡ (Ἀθηνᾶ) σπλαγχνιζομένη ἄλλην παρθένον, μὲ ἐβοήθησε, ὅ καθὼς ἐσήκωνα τὰ χέρεά μου εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, εἶδον ἔξαφνα νὰ φύξωσιν μαῦρα πτερά, ὶ νὰ τὰ σκεπάζουν· ἔπαγα νὰ ἀφήσω τὰ ῥούχα μου, ἀλλὰ τότε ἔγινον πτερά, τοῦ

το στῆθος με με τὰ χέρια με, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶχα πλέον χέρια. Ἤξευρα ὀλιγώτερα ἀπὸ τῆς συμπλοκῆς με, ἢ τὰ ποδάρια με δὲν ἐβαστοῦσαν ὡς τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὴν ἄμμον. Ἐσηκώθην αἰφνιδίως ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς γῆς, ἢ δὲ πάντοτε ὑψώθην εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Ὡς τόσον ὡς παρθένος ἤμην ἀξία να διαβιβῶ με τὴν Ἀθηναίαν, ἔχουσα τὰς τιμὰς να τὴν συμφορεύω πάντα. Ἀλλὰ τί διάφορον ἔχω ἀπὸ κείνην δόξαν, ἀφοῦ ἡ Νυκτιμίνη, ὅτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς πτηνὸν διὰ μίαν φρικτὴν ἁμαρτίαν της, με ἐδιαδόχθη εἰς τὴ τιμὴν, ὁποὺ εἶχα λάβει εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῆς παρθενίας με;

Δὲν ἤκουσας να γίνεται ὁμιλία δι᾽ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέγα ἔγκλημα, ὁποὺ εἶναι γνωστὸν εἰς ὅλον τὸ Νῆσον τῆς Λέσβου. Δὲν ἤκουσας ὅτι ὁ ἄσελγος Νυκτιμίνη ἐμίανε τὸ κρεββάτι τῆς πατρὸς της; Εἶναι ἀλήθεια ὅτι αὐτὴ μετεμορφώθη εἰς πτηνὸν, ἀλλὰ ἔχουσα πάντοτε ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν της, φεύγει τὸ φῶς, ἢ τὴν παρουσίαν ὅλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κρύπτουσα τὴν ἐνδοχὴν της εἰς τὸ σκότος. Δὲν εἶναι πτηνὸν, ὁποὺ να μὴν τὴν παραδέχει ὡς ἐχθρὰν, διώχνοντάς την ἀπὸ τὸν ἀέρα ἂν τὸς ὁποὺ τὴς συναπαντήσῃ. Ταῦτα δὲ ἕτερα λογίστηκα ἡ καραγχάκια, δὲν ἐσημάδη ἀπὸ τὸν πόρανον, ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς εἶπε τὸ πάθος, ὁποὺ μὲ προφητεύσεις, διὰ να με ἐμποδίσης ἀπὸ τὸ χρέος με, να πέσω εἰς τὸ παραλίσει ἐγὼ δὲν λήψω τίποτε ἀπὸ μεταλὲς φαρμάκευσις σὲ.

Λειπὸν ἱπολύσθησε τὸν δράμον τις, ἢ πηγαίνωντας ἀδείοιες τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἢ λέγει ἤ, ὅτι εἶδε τὴν Κορώνιιν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλες εἰδὸς νέε τῆς θεσαλίας. Λαβῶν ὁ Ἀπόλλων αὐτῶν τῆς λυτηραρ εἰδήσειν διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης τε, ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ τῶν νεφελῶν τε τὸν δάφνινον σέφανον, ἣ τῶν λύραν ἀπὸ τῆς χειρός τε· ἣ διεσπαράχθης ἀπὸ τὸν θυμόν, ἅρπαξε τὸ συνήθητε ὀπάδα, ἐγενε τὸ τόξον τε φώρο ἐνδημησιν, ἣ ἐπλήγωσε μέ τὸ σαίπην τὸ στῆθος τῆς ἐρωμένης τε, ὁπὸ ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν χιόνα λυκότερον, διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν ἤθελει ἀποθάνῃ αὐτὸς ὁ ἴδιος, ἀὶ ἣ θεότης τε τὸ ἐσυγχώρησσον. Ἔπεσεν ἣ Κορώνη μέ τῶν πληγῶ, ἣ πίπτησα ἐφώναξε μεγάλως. Εὔγαλε μόνη της τῶν σαίπην ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον αὐχμαι ῥυάγες αἱματοῦ, ὁπὲ περελέχυσαν ὅλον τῆς τὸ σῶμα, ἱθὶ ὦ Ἀπόλλων, λέγει, ἀὼ ἦμεν εἴσχνος θανάτω, ἱθὶ ἀὶ ἦσορεπε νὰ θανατώθῷ ἀπὸ τὰς χειρᾶς σε, κἂν ἃς ἀικαρτήρησες νὰ γεννήσω, νὰ μῆν ἀποθάνωμεν ὁμὲ δύω εἰς ὧ σώμα. Μόλις ἐπελέησσε τὸν λόγον, ἱθὶ παρέδωκε τῶ ζυχῶ μέ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον αἱμά τῆς.

Flebat opemque tuam frustra Philyreius heros,
Delphice, poscebat. Nam nec rescindere magni
iussa Iovis poteras, nec, si rescindere posses,
tunc aderas: Elin Messeniaque arva colebas.
680Illud erat tempus, quo te pastoria pellis
texit onusque fuit baculum silvestre sinistrae,
alterius dispar septenis fistula cannis.
Dumque amor est curae, dum te tua fistula mulcet,
incustoditae Pylios memorantur in agros
685processisse boves. Videt has Atlantide Maia
natus et arte sua silvis occultat abactas.
Senserat hoc furtum nemo nisi notus in illo
rure senex; Battum vicinia tota vocabant.
Divitis hic saltus herbosaque pascua Nelei
690nobiliumque greges custos servabat equarum.
Hunc timuit blandaque manu seduxit et illi
“quisquis es, hospes” ait, “si forte armenta requiret
haec aliquis, vidisse nega; neu gratia facto
nulla rependatur, nitidam cape praemia vaccam” —
695et dedit. Accepta voces has reddidit hospes:
“Tutus eas: lapis iste prius tua furta loquetur”,
et lapidem ostendit. Simulat Iove natus abire,
mox redit, et versa pariter cum voce figura
“rustice, vidisti siquas hoc limite” dixit
700“ire boves, fer opem furtoque silentia deme:
iuncta suo pariter dabitur ubi femina tauro.”
At senior, postquam est merces geminata, “sub illis
montibus” inquit “erunt”: et erant sub montibus illis.
Risit Atlantiades et “me mihi, perfide, prodis?
705me mihi prodis?” ait, periuraque pectora vertit
in durum silicem, qui nunc quoque dicitur index,
inque nihil merito vetus est infamia saxo.
In vain her hero father, Chiron, prayed
the glorious God, Apollo, her to aid.
He could not thwart the will of mighty Jove;
and if the power were his, far from the spot,
from thence afar his footsteps trod the fields
of Elis and Messenia, far from thence.
Now while Apollo wandered on those plains,—
his shoulders covered with a shepherd's skin,
his left hand holding his long shepherd's staff,
his right hand busied with the seven reeds
of seven sizes, brooding over the death
of Hymenaeus, lost from his delight;
while mournful ditties on the reeds were tuned,—
his kine, forgotten, strayed away to graze
over the plains of Pylos. Mercury
observed them, unattended, and from thence
drove them away and hid them in the forest.
So deftly did he steal them, no one knew
or noticed save an ancient forester,
well known to all the neighbor-folk, by them
called Battus. He was keeper of that wood,
and that green pasture where the blooded mares
of rich Neleus grazed.
As Mercury
distrusted him, he led him to one side
and said; “Good stranger, whosoever thou art,
if any one should haply question thee,
if thou hast seen these kine, deny it all;
and for thy good will, ere the deed is done,
I give as thy reward this handsome cow.”
Now when the gift was his, old Battus said,
“Go hence in safety, if it be thy will;
and should my tongue betray thee, let that stone
make mention of the theft.” And as he spoke,
he pointed to a stone.
The son of Jove
pretended to depart, but quickly changed
his voice and features, and retraced his steps,
and thus again addressed that ancient man;
“Kind sir, if thou wouldst earn a fair reward,
a heifer and a bull, if thou hast seen
some cattle pass, I pray thee give thy help,
and tell me of the theft.” So the reward
was doubled; and the old man answered him,
“Beyond those hills they be,” and so they were
‘Beyond those hills.’
And, laughing, Mercury said,
“Thou treacherous man to me dost thou betray
myself? Dost thou bewray me to myself?”
The god indignant turned his perjured breast
into a stone which even now is called
“The Spy of Pylos,” a disgraceful name,
derived from days of old, but undeserved.
But Pentheus answered him: “A parlous tale,
and we have listened to the dreary end,
hoping our anger might consume its rage;—
away with him! hence drag him, hurl him out,
with dreadful torture, into Stygian night.”
Quickly they seized and dragged Acoetes forth,
and cast him in a dungeon triple-strong.
And while they fixed the instruments of death,
kindled the fires, and wrought the cruel irons,
the legend says, though no one aided him,
the chains were loosened and slipped off his arms;
the doors flew open of their own accord.
But Pentheus, long-persisting in his rage,
not caring to command his men to go,
himself went forth to Mount Cithaeron, where
resound with singing and with shrilly note
the votaries of Bacchus at their rites.
As when with sounding brass the trumpeter
alarms of war, the mettled charger neighs
and scents the battle; so the clamored skies
resounding with the dreadful outcries fret
the wrath of Pentheus and his rage enflame.
About the middle of the mount (with groves
around its margin) was a treeless plain,
where nothing might conceal. Here as he stood
to view the sacred rites with impious eyes,
his mother saw him first. She was so wrought
with frenzy that she failed to know her son,
and cast her thyrsus that it wounded him;
and shouted, “Hi! come hither, Ho!
Come hither my two sisters! a great boar
hath strayed into our fields; come! see me strike
and wound him!”
As he fled from them in fright
the raging multitude rushed after him;
and, as they gathered round; in cowardice
he cried for mercy and condemned himself,
confessing he had sinned against a God.
And as they wounded him he called his aunt;
“Autonoe have mercy! Let the shade
of sad Actaeon move thee to relent!”
No pity moved her when she heard that name;
in a wild frenzy she forgot her son.
While Pentheus was imploring her, she tore
his right arm out; her sister Ino wrenched
the other from his trunk. He could not stretch
his arms out to his mother, but he cried,
“Behold me, mother!” When Agave saw,
his bleeding limbs, torn, scattered on the ground,
she howled, and tossed her head, and shook her hair
that streamed upon the breeze; and when his head
was wrenched out from his mangled corpse,
she clutched it with her blood-smeared fingers, while
she shouted, “Ho! companions! victory!
The victory is ours!” So when the wind
strips from a lofty tree its leaves, which touched
by autumn's cold are loosely held, they fall
not quicker than the wretch's bleeding limbs
were torn asunder by their cursed hands.
Now, frightened by this terrible event,
the women of Ismenus celebrate
the new Bacchantian rites; and they revere
the sacred altars, heaped with frankincense.
Mercury, Battus and the stolen cattle

The demi-god, son of Philyra, wept, and called to you for help in vain, O lord of Delphi. You could not re-call mighty Jupiter�s command, and, if you had been able to, you were not there. You lived in Elis and the Messenian lands. That was the time when you wore a shepherd�s cloak, carried a wooden crook in your left hand, and in the other a pipe of seven disparate reeds. And while your thoughts were of love, while you played sweetly on your pipe, your cattle, unguarded, strayed, it is said, into the Pylian fields. There, Mercury Atlantiades, son of Maia, saw them and by his arts drove them into the woods and hid them there. Nobody saw the theft except one old man, well known in that country, whom they called Battus. He served as guardian of a herd of pedigree mares, for a rich man Neleus, in the rich meadows and woodland pastures. Mercury found him and drawing him away with coaxing hand said �Whoever you are, friend, if anyone asks if you have seen any of these cattle, say no, and so that the favour is not unrewarded, you can take a shining heifer for your prize!� and he handed it over.

The fellow accepted it and replied �Go on, you are safe. That stone would betray you quicker than I� and he even pointed out a stone. Jupiter�s son pretended to go, but soon returned in another form and voice, saying �Countryman, if you have seen any cattle going this way, help me, and don�t be silent, they were stolen! I�ll give you a reward of a bull and its heifer.� The old man, hearing the prize doubled said �They were at the foot of the mountain, and at the foot of the mountain is where they are.� Atlantiades laughed. �Would you betray me to myself, you rascal? Betray me to myself? And he turned that deceitful body to solid flint, that even now is called �touchstone�, the �informer�, and unjustly the old disgrace clings to the stone.�

Ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετενόησεν ἀφοῦ μίαν τοιαύτην σκληραν ἐκδίκησιν, ὅμως πολλὰ ἀργά. Μισεῖ τὸν ἑαυτόν του διὰ τὴν ἀκρασίαν, ὁπού ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς διαβολάς, καὶ ἄφησε νὰ τὸν τυφλώσῃ ὁ Θυμός. Ἀποστρέφεται τὸ πουλὶ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἔμαθε τὸ ἔγκλημα τῆς ἐρωμένης του, καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς λύπης του· μισεῖ τὸ τόξον του, καὶ τὰ χέρια του, καὶ τὰς κατηραμένας σαΐτας, ὁπού ἄφρονως μετεχειρίσθη. Ἀγκαλιάζει τὴν Κορώνιν, πάσχοντας νὰ τὴν ξεψυχῆ· ἀλλ' ἀγωνίζεται πολλὰ ἀργὰ νὰ νικήσῃ τὸν Θάνατον, ἢ τὴν ἐμαρμάρωσε, ἢ εἰς μάτην μετεχειρίσθη ὅλα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς ἱατρικῆς. Τέλος πάντων, βλέποντας ὅλας τὰς δυνάμεις του φθαρμένας νὰ βασιλεύῃ τὰ δάκρυά του, μ' ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι ἔξω πῆς γνώμης Θεοῦ νὰ κλαίῃ, ἢ νὰ παραπονῆται· Ἔπειτα, ἀφοῦ ἔχυσεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ σῶμά της ὅλα τὰ ἀρώματα, καὶ μυρίσματα, ὅσα ἠδύνατο, καὶ ἀφοῦ ἔδωσε τοὺς τελευταίους ἀσπασμούς, δὲν ὑπέφερε νὰ καταφλεχθῇ τὸ παιδίον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὴν μητέρα· ἀλλ' ἁρπάξαντας το ἀπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρός του, τὸ ἔφερεν εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον τοῦ Χείρωνος νὰ ἀνατραφῇ· τὸν δὲ Κόρακα, ὅπως ἐπαρόξυνε τὴν ἀντιμοιβὴν τῆς πίστης του ἀγγελίας, ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐφόρτωσε νὰ μὴν ἀποτολμᾷ νὰ φαίνεται μεταξὺ τῶν πουλιῶν, ὅσα ἔχουν ἄσπρα πτερά, ἐνδύνοντας τον μαῦρα, ὡσὰν διὰ νὰ φορῇ πάντοτε τὸ πένθημα τῆς δυστυχοῦς Κορώνης.

τῶν Μύθων Ζ'. Η'. καὶ Θ'.

Ὁ τρόπος μὲ τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ κόραξ, ἢ ἡ χαρακιὰς τοῦ Μύθου, φαίνεται ὅτι μᾶς νουθετεῖ τί λογῆς ἀρέπει νὰ κυβερνώμεθα μὲ τοὺς μεγάλους.

Ὁ Κόραξ, ὁποῦ ἦτον τὸ πουλλὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐδηλοποίησεν εἰς τὸν ἴδιον τοῦ Θεὸν τὴν ἀφροδισίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης του καὶ κακὸν ἔκαμνε, ἐρω- τῶ, ἂν κατεδιάσθη διὰ αὐτό, γινόμενος μαῦρος ἀπὸ ἄσπρος, ὁποῦ ἦτον πρότερον. Δὲν φαίνεται ὅτι ἔκαμε τὸ κρέος του, φανερώνοντας τὰ Κυείης ποὺ τὴν ἀτιμίας, ὁποῦ τὸν ἐγίνετο; Ἡ παλαίπωρος χαρακάξα ὁμοίως τὸν ἔπλασε, καὶ ἔχασε τὴν συνοικεσίαν Ἀθηνᾶς διότι ἔπλασε μὲ αὐτὴν ὅτι τὴν ἐμαρτύρησεν, ὅτι παρήκουσε τὴν εὐπειθίαν, καὶ τὴν καλοφροσύνην; Ἔδει νὰ ἀγαπᾷ αὐτὴν τὴν Θεὸν, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ τὴν καλοφρόνησίν της καὶ ἔχασε αὐτὴν τὴν προστασίαν της. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο διδάσκεσαι καὶ ὁ Θεὸς, διὰ νὰ μᾶς δείξῃ ὅτι εἶναι τινα φράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα χωρὶς νὰ καταγνώσῃ ἐκεῖνος, ὁποῦ τὰ ἂν ἔχῃ πρέπει νὰ χάσῃ τὴν ἀγνοίαν τοῦ· καὶ ὅτι εἰς παρομοίας πτερελέσεως δὲν πρέπει νὰ τὸν φανερώνεται τὸ ποτες, χρεῖς νὰ ἀποβλέξωσιν ἐκεῖνοι νὰ τὸν γνωρίσουν· καὶ ὅπως τὸ ἁμάρτημα ὑποβλέπῃ, διὰ ἑτερότητας τῶν αἰτιῶν, εἰ ὑπάρχει πρέπει νὰ ὑποκείμενα ἢ νὰ ὑποκείωνται πολλά.

Ἄμα πληροφορηθῇ ὅτι θέλει μὲ ἐρώτησῃ τὶς διὰ τί ἡ Νυκτερίνη ἦτον νὰ γίνῃ Ἐχθροὺς, ἀφοῦ τιμώρησεν ὡς φενεῖς ἁμαρτίας της, τὰς ὁποίας ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς ὑποτρέφεται, καὶ νὰ διαδεχθῇ τοῦ εὐνοίαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ὁποὺ ἔχασον ἡ χαρακάξα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον παράδειγμα παιδείας καὶ σωφροσύνης. Τοῦτο μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι συμβα εἰς τοὺς Ἡγεμόνας καὶ Αὐλάς, πολλάκις οἱ πονηρότεροι ὑποσκελίζουσι καὶ ὑποδεχθώσιν τὴν ἐναρέτους, μὲ ὄνειδος τῆς Ἐπικρατείας αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν Ἡγεμόνων.

Τὸ δὲ συμβαίνοντό τῆ Κόρακος, ὅπως δὴ ὑδείληποσ νὰ ἀκήση τὴ συμβαλῶ τὰς χαραχάξες, μὲ ὑποδίχύση ὅτι δεῦ φρέπτει νὰ ἐμπιστοδώμεθα εἰς τὸν ἑαυτόν μας, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἀκόμαι συμβαλῶ, ὁ νὰ σωφρονίζωμεθα ἀπὸ τὰ δύσχύμαια τῆ ἀδίον. Ὁ Πλῆς φρέπτει νὰ περισσότερον γαρακαίνεται γαρακαίνει εἰς τὰς Ἀδίες, ὁ ἐκ πᾶσης τόσον εἶ δῆλον ἀπὸ τὸ Ὀθῦδος νὰ ἐπῇ ὅτι ἐμμίσητη ἡ χαραχάξα ὑπὸ τῶ Ἀ'Σλυας.

Ὁ δὲ Μῦθος τῆς Κορώνης, φαίγενει μον ὅτι ὑποβλέπει πρειοσότερον τῶν Φυσικῶ, παρὰ τῶν Ἡθικῆς. Ἡμορέμβη ὁ ὁμως νὰ μάθωμε ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆ Ἀπόλλωνος, τὸν ὁποῖον μία διαβολή ἔφερεν εἰς ἀπέκτισμόν, ὅτι δεῦ φρέπτει μὲ τόσιω δύσκολία νὰ πιστεύωμαι διαβολάς, φιθέμενοι μήπως γιγνώσκῃ ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος, κακόμπῃ φράγμα, δἱὰ τὸ ὁποῖον μέτα πάντα νὰ μέτησιοσσωμω ὠφέλως.

Προστέτι ἡ Κορώνη δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τί ποτὲς παρὰ ἡ δύκρασία τὲ αἴρος, ἡ ἔκτηση ἡ φώναμης τὲ μεθίος ὑγρασίδης αἴρος, ὅπὼ Σερ

Ἀλλ' Ἀπόλλων συγάζει τὸν Ἀσκληπίον ὑπὸ τῶν κεῖλίων τῆς ἀποδαμφῆς μνξῖς τι, διὰ τὰ δείξῃ ὅτι μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος ψέταρει τῶ αἰκρασίᾳ τῶ αἔρος, πάλιν φυλάστει ἐκείνω τῶ σωσμείᾳ διώμαμιν (πῆς διὰ τὰ Ἀσκληπία σημαίνεται) ἡ ὁποῖα χόρηγεῖ ἐς τῷ σώμα, ἐς εἰς τῶ ψυχῆ τῶ ρώμιλε καὶ ζωῆ.

Περί τῆς Ὠκυρόης, τῆς εἰς ἵππον μεταμορφώσεως.

Ἡ Ὠκυρόη, θυγάτηρ τοῦ Χείρωνος μήτηρ ἐξυχνεστημένη τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρὸς, ὅπου τὸ ἐδίδασκεν ὁ πατήρ της, ὤφειλε νὰ προφητεύῃ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ φανερώνει πρότερα ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνα ἤθελον οἱ Θεοὶ νὰ φανερωθῆ. Ὅθεν διὰ τὸ νὰ μὴ νὰ σιωπήσῃ, καὶ ὡς διὰ τιμωρίαν της, ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν μεταμορφώσει εἰς ἵππον.

Μεγάλην χαρὰν ἐλάμβανεν ὁ Κένταυρος Χείρων, ἀπολαμβάνων περὶ τὴν ἀναστροφὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς Ἥλιος, νομίζοντας μεγαλύτερον τὴν τιμὴν ἀπὸ τὸν πόνον, ὅπως ὑπέφερεν. Ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆ (τὴν ὁποίαν, ἡ Νύμφη, ὁπως τὴν ἐγέννησεν εἰς ἕνα παραπόταμον, τὴν εἶχον ὀνομάσῃ Ὠκυρόην) δὲν ἐφρόντιζεν ὀλιγώτερον διὰ τὸ ἀναστρέφειν αὐτῇ τὸ παιδίον. Αὕτη ὅμως ἡ Νύμφη δὲν ἠχαρίζετο νὰ εἴσθῃ τὸ ἐπιστήμιον, ἢ τὰ μυστήρια τὰ πατρὸς της, ἀλλὰ προέλεγε ἢ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ ἐφανέρουσεν ἐκείνα, ὅσα αἱ τύχαι ἀκόμη δὲν ἤθελαν νὰ εἶναι φανερά. Ὅταν ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν, ἔχουσα τὰ μαλλιά της σκορπισμένα εἰς τὰς ὤμους της

Book II · BATTUS AND MERCURY

BATTUS AND MERCURY

Hinc se sustulerat paribus caducifer alis,
Munychiosque volans agros gratamque Minervae
710despectabat humum cultique arbusta Lycei.
Illa forte die castae de more puellae
vertice supposito festas in Palladis arces
pura coronatis portabant sacra canistris.
Inde revertentes deus adspicit ales iterque
715non agit in rectum, sed in orbem curvat eundem.
Ut volucris visis rapidissima miluus extis,
dum timet et densi circumstant sacra ministri,
flectitur in gyrum nec longius audet abire
spemque suam motis avidus circumvolat alis,
720sic super Actaeas agilis Cyllenius arces
inclinat cursus et easdem circinat auras.
Quanto splendidior quam cetera sidera fulget
Lucifer, et quanto quam Lucifer aurea Phoebe,
tanto virginibus praestantior omnibus Herse
725ibat, eratque decus pompae comitumque suarum.
Obstipuit forma Iove natus, et aethere pendens
non secus exarsit, quam cum Balearica plumbum
funda iacit: volat illud et incandescit eundo
et quos non habuit, sub nubibus invenit ignes.
730Vertit iter caeloque petit terrena relicto
nec se dissimulat: tanta est fiducia formae.
Quae quamquam iusta est, cura tamen adiuvat illam
permulcetque comas chlamydemque, ut pendeat apte,
collocat, ut limbus totumque appareat aurum,
735ut teres in dextra, qua somnos ducit et arcet,
virga sit, ut tersis niteant talaria plantis.
High in the dome of Heaven, behold the bright
Caduceus-Bearer soared on balanced wings;
and far below him through a fruitful grove,
devoted to Minerva's hallowed reign,
some virgins bearing on their lovely heads,
in wicker baskets wreathed and decked with flowers,
their sacred offerings to the citadel
of that chaste goddess. And the winged God,
while circling in the clear unbounded skies,
beheld that train of virgins, beautiful,
as they were thence returning on their way.
Not forward on a level line he flew,
but wheeled in circles round. Lo, the swift kite
swoops round the smoking entrails, while the priests
enclose in guarded ranks their sacrifice:
wary with fear, that swiftest of all birds,
dares not to venture from his vantage height,
but greedily hovers on his waving wings
around his keen desire. So, the bright God
circled those towers, Actaean, round and round,
in mazey circles, greedy as the bird.
As much as Lucifer outshines the stars
that emulate the glory of his rays,
as greatly as bright Phoebe pales thy light,
O lustrous Lucifer! so far surpassed
in beauty the fair maiden Herse, all
those lovely virgins of that sacred train,
departing joyous from Minerva's grove.
The Son of Jove, astonished, while he wheeled
on balanced pinions through the yielding air,
burned hot; as oft from Balearic sling
the leaden missile, hurled with sudden force,
burns in a glowing heat beneath the clouds.
Then sloped the god his course from airy height,
and turned a different way; another way
he went without disguise, in confidence
of his celestial grace. But though he knew
his face was beautiful, he combed his hair,
and fixed his flowing raiment, that the fringe
of radiant gold appeared. And in his hand
he waved his long smooth wand, with which he gives
the wakeful sleep or waketh ridded eyes.
He proudly glanced upon his twinkling feet
that sparkled with their scintillating wings.
Mercury sees Herse

The god with the caduceus lifted upwards on his paired wings and as he flew looked down on the Munychian fields, the land that Minerva loves, and on the groves of the cultured Lyceum. That day happened to be a festival of Pallas, when, by tradition, innocent girls carried the sacred mysteries to her temple, in flower-wreathed baskets, on their heads. The winged god saw them returning and flew towards them, not directly but in a curving flight, as a swift kite, spying out the sacrifical entrails, wheels above, still fearful of the priests crowding round the victim, but afraid to fly further off, circling eagerly on tilted wings over its hoped-for prey. So agile Mercury slanted in flight over the Athenian hill, spiraling on the same winds. As Lucifer shines more brightly than the other stars, and golden Phoebe outshines Lucifer, so Herse was pre-eminent among the virgin girls, the glory of that procession of her comrades. Jupiter�s son was astonished at her beauty, and, even though he hung in the air, he was inflamed. Just as when a lead shot is flung from a Balearic sling it flies on and becomes red hot, discovering heat in the clouds it did not have before. He altered course, leaving the sky, and heading towards earth, without disguising himself, he was so confident of his own looks. Nevertheless, even though it is so, he takes care to enhance them. He smooths his hair, and arranges his robe to hang neatly so that the golden hem will show, and has his polished wand, that induces or drives away sleep, in his right hand, and his winged sandals gleaming on his trim feet.

ὡς, ποθὴ ἐνθουσιαζομένη κατὰ τῆς συμφέσεως ἦς ἀπὸ φησί, ἔρριψε τὰ ὀμματία της εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ παιδίον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶπεν ὧ πολύτιμον βρέφος, τὸ ὁποῖον Θέλεις γίνη σωτηρία εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅλον, πάχυμον νὰ αὐξηθῇς· τὰ χορμία, ὅσα εἶναι ὑποκείμενα εἰς τὸν Θανατον, Θέλεις σοὶ εἶναι πολλάκις ὑποχρέα διὰ τῆς ζωῆς μας. Σὺ Θέλεις ἀξιωθῆ νὰ ἐπιστρέφης εἰς αὐτὰ τὰς ψυχάς, ὅσας ὁ Θανατος Θέλει ἁρπάξει· ἀλλὰ δὲν Θέλες κάμη αὐτὸ τὰ πράξια, χωρὶς νὰ σὲ φθονήσουν οἱ Θεοί. Ὁ κεραυνὸς τῆς πάππης σὲ Δίος Θέλει σὲ ἐμποδίσει νὰ ξακολουθήσης τὰ Θαύματά σα, ἢ ὤντας πρότερον Θεός, Θέλεις γίνη σῶμα νεκρόν· ὑπλὴ μὲ παῦτα πάλιν Θέλες γίνη Θεός, ἢ αἱ τύχαι σα Θέλέσιν ἀναπαυσθῇ δύο φοραῖς. Καὶ σὺ πάτερ μου, ὅπου ποτὲ τὸ παῖδόν σου εἶσαι ἀθάνατος, ἢ ἐπλάσθης διὰ νὰ εἶσαι αἰώνιος, Θέλεις ἐπιθυμήσει τὸν Θανατον, ὅταν βασανισθῇς ἀπὸ τὸ ἰσχυρὸν αἷμα σαοῦ υἱοῦς, τὸ ὁποῖον Θέλει διαχυθῇ εἰς τὰς φλέβας σας. Τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ ἀθάνατον, οἱ Θεοί Θέλειν σὲ κάμη θνητὸν, ἢ αἱ Μοῖραι Θέλειν λάβη τῆς ἐξουσίας νὰ κόψουν τὸ κλώσμα τῶν ἡμερῶν σου. Εἶχον ἀκόμη νὰ εἴπη ἢ ἄλλα, ἀλλ' οἱ στεναγμοί, ὁπὺ ἐβγαιναν ἀπὸ τὴν καρδίαν της, διέκοψαν τὸν λόγον της, ἢ τὰ δάκρυα, ὁπὺ ἔχυσον ἐν ταὐτῷ, ἦσαν συμφωνιασμένα μὲ τὸ παράπονόν της· αἱ τύχαι μου, ἔλεγε, καὶ οἱ Θεοί δὲν μοι συγχωρῦν νὰ λαλήσω περισσότερα, ἢ ἰδὲ στερέματε τῆς χάσιν τῆς λόγος. Πῶς λοιπόν; ἢ ἐπίτυχη τῆς μεθόντων ἦταν πόσον ἐπωφελής, ὥστε νὰ ἐξάψῃ κατ' ἐμᾶς τὸν Θυμόν τοῦ Δίός; Ἄμποτε νὰ μὴ ἤθελα προηγιάσθη τὰ μέλλοντα! Μοι φαίνεται τώρα ὅτι μεγαλυσέται τὸ

χορταίνει επιθυμητικώτερον προς τροφήν με, ή καίομαι από τον πόθον να τράξω εις τους κάμπους. Εγώ μετεμορφώθην εις ίππον, ίνα αρχίσω να ομοιάζω καλλίτερα τον πατέρα μου. Αλλά διά τί να μεταβάλλωμαι όλη, εις καιρόν όπου ό πατήρ μου είναι ό μισός άλογον, καί ό μισός άνθρωπος. Άν ή αρχή τών παραπονεμάτων της ήτον εύληπτος, τό τέλος όμως ήτον μία άσημος καί ασχηματίστος φωνή, ή οποία δέν ωμοίαζεν ούτε με φωνήν ανθρώπου, ούτε αλόγου, αλλ' ήσαν φωνή μιμητική αλόγου. Μετά ταύτα ήρχισε να χρεμετίζη, ή να πατπατή με χέρεια, καί με ποδάρεια. Τά δάκτυλά της επεσσφίγχθησαν, καί αντί τής ποτέ ονύχου, έλαβεν δή κοστρόν κέρατον, όπου τές περιέπλεκεν. Τό σώμα της ημεγάλωσεν, ό λαιμός της εμάκρυνε, τά οπίσθεν τήν φορεμάτων της μετεβλήθησαν εις ουράν, ή τά μαλλία της, καθώς ήτον εσκορπισμένα εις τό δεξιόν μέρος τού λαιμού της, ήμειναν εις αυτό τό μέρος, μεταμορφωμένα εις χαίτην. Τοιούτου τρόπου αυτή ήλλαξε καί φωνήν καί είδος, καί τό πράξιμον δέν της άφησεν ούτε καί τό όνομα.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ομολογώ ότι δύσκολον είναι να κατακαλύψη τινα τό αλληγορικόν νόημα της Μύθης τούτης εν εκείνω, όπου με παρηγοριάν την την αμάθειάς μου είναι, ότι μεγάλοι άνθρωποι δεν είς αιγυρεύοντα εις την ξέρησιν ίτε περισσότερον απ' ό τι εγώ εχπιά να αγνευση- σω τις άλης. Πώς είναι δύσκολον μία σοφή παρθένος να μεταβληθή εις άλογον ζώον εις πόσον ολίγον χρόνημα κατά; Μήπως ή βία τι- νος πόνου αυν έκαμεν πόσον ηλίθιον, ώστε ενομοίωθη ύστερα ζώον; Μήπως τό ανθρώπινον πνεύμα όσον φωτισμένον ή αν είναι, καμμία φορά πόσεν ξεμακραίνει από τον ορθόν λόγον, ώστε αφήνει ώς άλογον ζώον τό υποκείμενον, ή μήπως σημα από σοφωτάτη ίσα εις την τάξειτο, καί μετανοέει άμαρτη τη μεταμορφώσει ή ίππότιμλης περί ή άχε λέων. ή δή σχών ή δρόμοι εις βοήθειαν κ. τών αλόγων ζώων κ. ισ είπεν εις βοήθειαν κ: τών αλόγων ζώων καθώς εμυσολευέη κ είδέ τού πατέρα της τού Χείρωνος, (ό οποίος εφευρον, εις λέγεσι, την Ιατρικήν, κ Χειρουργίαν) ότι ήτον μισός κάδραπος έ μισός αλόγου, επειδή μετεχειρίζητη εησίμλεν τε ή εις ανθρώπης καί εις άλογα. Αλλά δέ είναι κάλλιον να εσπώμβη ότι όπας ό Θεός έδά να μάς φατίσον, μές φωτίζες περισσότερον από της Αγγέλατες, κ ημπορμεν να αποβλεπόμενον τά μέλλοντα, κ όπας πάλιν μάς αφήνη, κ σηκωνύ από ημάς την έθεία της λάμψης, κατανταμά να έμεσα γειρότερον από τά ζώα, μέν ημπορύντες να συνσεδμθώμεθα παρά με πέ άλογας:

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.

Περί τού Βάττου, τού εις πέτραν μεταμορφωθέντος.

Ἐν ᾧ ἐφύλαττε μίας ἡμέραν ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὰ φίλατα τὰ Βασιλέως Ἀδμήτου, τόσον ἡδύνθη λαλῶντας τῶν συνέργα του, ὥστε τὰ ἄφησε νὰ ξεμακρύνουν ἀπὸ λόγῳ του, καὶ βλέποντας τὰ ὁ Ἑρμῆς, τὰ ἔκρυψεν εἰς τὴ δάσος, χωρὶς νὰ τοῦ εἰδῆ ἄλλος τις, παρὰ εἷς κάποιος Βάττος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐγέλασε μίαν ἀπὸ τὶς ὡμορφοτέρας ἀγέλαδας, διὰ νὰ τοῦ ὑποσχεθῶν τὸ μὴ τοῦ ὁμολογήσῃ. Ὁ Βάττος τοῦ ὡρκίσθη ὅτι ἤθελε σιωπήσῃ, ἀλλ᾽ εἶχε διὰ κακίαν του ὑποκρίνεσθαι, ὁ Ἑρμῆς διὰ νὰ τοῦ παιδεύσῃ, μετεμόρφωσεν αὐτὸν εἰς πέτραν.

Pars secreta domus ebore et testudine cultos
tres habuit thalamos: quorum tu, Pandrose, dextrum,
Aglauros laevum, medium possederat Herse.
740Quae tenuit laevum, venientem prima notavit
Mercurium nomenque dei scitarier ausa est
et causam adventus. Cui sic respondit Atlantis
Pleionesque nepos: “Ego sum, qui iussa per auras
verba patris porto: pater est mihi Iuppiter ipse.
745Nec fingam causas; tu tantum fida sorori
esse velis prolisque meae matertera dici.
Herse causa viae. Faveas oramus amanti.”
Adspicit hunc oculis isdem, quibus abdita nuper
viderat Aglauros flavae secreta Minervae,
750proque ministerio magni sibi ponderis aurum
postulat: interea tectis excedere cogit.
In a secluded part of that great fane,
devoted to Minerva's hallowed rites,
three chambers were adorned with tortoise shell
and ivory and precious woods inlaid;
and there, devoted to Minerva's praise,
three well known sisters dwelt. Upon the right
dwelt Pandrosos and over on the left
Aglauros dwelt, and Herse occupied
the room between those two.
When Mercury
drew near to them, Aglauros first espied
the God, and ventured to enquire his name,
and wherefore he was come. Then gracious spoke
to her in answer the bright son of Jove;
“Behold the god who carries through the air
the mandates of almighty Jupiter!
But I come hither not to waste my time
in idle words, but rather to beseech
thy kindness and good aid, that I may win
the love of thy devoted sister Herse.”
Aglauros, on the son of Jupiter,
gazed with those eyes that only lately viewed
the guarded secret of the yellow-haired
Mercury elicits the help of Aglauros

There were three rooms deep inside the house, decorated with tortoiseshell and ivory. Pandrosus had the right hand room, Aglauros the left, and Herse the room between. She of the left hand room first saw the god�s approach and dared to ask his name and the reason for his visit. The grandson of Atlas and Pleione replied �I am the one who carries my father�s messages through the air. My father is Jupiter himself. I won�t hide the reason. Only be loyal to your sister and consent to be called my child�s aunt. Herse is the reason I am here. I beg you to help a lover.� Aglauros looked at him with the same rapacious eyes with which she had lately looked into golden Minerva�s hidden secret, and she demanded a heavy weight of gold for her services. Meanwhile she compelled him to leave the house.

Ὁ Χείρων δὲ ἔπαυε νὰ πλαίῃ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῆς Δυγατρὸς, ποὺ ματαίως ἐζήτει βοήθειαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς Δέλφες, ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνος δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ εὑρεθῇ εἰς τὸ Θέλημα τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ οἱ πολὺ ὑψηλοὶ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ εὑρεθῇ, αὐτὸς δὲν ἦτον παρὼν εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον, ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκετο εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ὅπου ἐφύλαττε τὰ ἀγέλματα τοῦ Ἀδμήτου, ὑποκειμένος βοσκὸς, μὲ μίαν σύρριγγα ἀπὸ ἐλάτην εἰς τὸ χέρι, καὶ μίαν σύρριγγα, ἤτοι φλογέραν μὲ ἑπτὰ τρύμματα. Ἀσχολούμενος λοιπὸν ὁ Ἀπόλλων εἰς τὰ τοῦ Ἔρωτος ἔργα, καὶ περιπλανώμενος μὲ τὴν ποιμένην τῶν δυγατρῶν του, αἱ δάμαλεις τὰς ὁποίας δὲν ἐπρόσεχε νὰ φυλάττῃ, ἔφθασαν εἰς τὰς χάμπας τῆς Πύλης, ὅπου ὁ Ἑρμῆς εὑρίσκων αὐτὰς, τὰς ἔκρυψε μέσα εἰς τὰ δάση Καιλήνης δὲν εἶχε καταλάβῃ αὐτὸν τὴν κλοπίαν, παρὰ μόνον εἷς γέρων χωριάτης ὀνόματι Βάττος, ὅς τις ἐφύλαττε τὰ δάση, τὰς βοσκὰς, καὶ τὸ ἀρκαίδιον τοῦ Νηλέως. Τοῦτον ὁ Ἑρμῆς, φοβούμενος μὴ τὸν φανερώσῃ, ἐκράξε κατὰ μόνας, καὶ ὁποῖος καὶ ἂν εἶσαι, λέγει του παρακλητικῶς, ἂν ἴδῃς κανένα νὰ ζητῇ τὰ κοπάδια, ὅπου ἐγὼ ἔκρυψα, μὴν εἰπῇς ἄλλοτι, εἰμὴ ὅτι δὲν τὰ εἶδες· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ θαρρῇς ὅτι ἀμισθὶ σὲ ζητῶ τὴν χάριν αὐτὴν, λάβε εἰς ἀμοιβὴν τὴν καλλίτερον δάμαλιν τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ἔδωκε. Ὁ Βάττος πιστεύοντάς του, μὴ σὲ μέλῃ, λέγει του, καὶ δεικνύοντός του μίαν πέτραν, εὐκολότερα, τοῦ λέγει, θέλει σὲ μαρτυρήσει αὐτὴ ἡ πέτρα, παρὰ ἐγὼ. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμῆς προσποιήθη ὅτι ἔφυγε, καὶ μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς ἕτερον

χήμα, μετ' ολίγου πάλιν επέτρεψε, κ̃ μὲ ἄλλω φωνῆς λέγει "τί, καλὲ γέρον, ἔσου ἑνὸς νὰ περάσουσιν ἀπὸ ἐδῶ δαμάλεια; παρακαλῶ νά μοι τὸ εἴπῆς, χαρίδουμαι εἰς ἐμέ μᾶλλον, παρὰ εἰς σῆμα πλάττειν, τοῦ διὰ μισθὴν ὁποῦ θέλω σέ δώσει σῆμα βόδι, καὶ μίαν δάμαλιν." Ὁ κάλος γέρον, οὗτος ὅπου εἶδε διπλῆν τὸν μισθόν, εἶπε λέγει, "τὰ κοπάδια σου εἶναι γύρω εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ δένδρα" ὅπου πᾶ ἦσαν. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμῆς φανερωμένος, καὶ ἐμπαίζωντας τὸν δυστυχῆ Βάττον "ἔπω, λέγει του, μὲ παραδίδεις, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν παραδίδεις τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ σου;" κ' οὕτως τοῦ μετέβαλλον εἰς μίαν πέτραν σκληρήν, ἥτις ὀνομάζεται Βάσανος, ἢ λύδιος λίθος, ἡ ὁποία φυλάττει μέχρι τῆς σήμερον τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Βάττου ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη μεταλλον ὅσου ἠμπορεῖ νὰ τῆς ἐγγίξῃ, χωρὶς νὰ φανερώσῃ τὴν φύσιν του. Ἕμεινε λοιπὸν μία κάποια ἀπιστία εἰς αὐτήν τὴν πέτραν, ἡ ὁποία κατέκρινε τὴν κατακρίσιν ἀτίμου, χωρὶς νὰ ἔπταισε τίποτες, ἂν ὅμως μία πέτρα ἦτον δεκτικὴ ἀτιμίας.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Πλάττουσιν ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἦτο ἕνας ἐβοσκὸς, διὰ νὰ φυλάττῃ τὰ κοπάδια τοῦ Ἀδμήτου· ἐπειδὴ ἐβόσκει, ὡς λέγει ὁ Ποντανὸς, ὁ Ἥλιος νέμει ὅ,τι ἦ γεννᾶται ὑπὸ τὸν Οὐρανόν. Pascit quidquid sub cœli nascitur oris.

Ἀναφέρεται δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἱστορίας ὅτι λέγεται ὅτι κἀκεῖνος ὁ Ἀπόλλων ὁ ἐπονομαζόμενος Νόμιος, υἱὸς τοῦ Ἐλάτου τοῦ Ἀρκαδίας Βασιλέως, ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπηκόων, διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του σκληρότητα, κατέφυγεν εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ὅπου κατέπεσεν εἰς τοσαύτην δυστυχίαν, ὥστε

Ἔπειτα ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Βάττου, ὅστις ὑφῆλε τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν τοῦ δώρου, ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀφανισμοῦ, δεικνύει τὸν κίνδυνον εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἐπαρακαλεῖ, μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ ἀποστρεφώμεθα καλῶς κάθε φοράν ὁπότε τινὲς ἄνθρωποι μᾶς κάμουν ὑποσχέσεις ἐπεὶ πολλάκις ἅμα μᾶς δοκιμάσωσι, μᾶς προσφέρουν μεγάλα δῶρα καὶ ἀδέσποτα ἐπαγγέλματα ἅμα τινὸς τῶν προτέρων μας πατρίδος μας.

Ὁ Βάττος ὁ παλαιὸς ἔργον, ἐμεταβλήθη εἰς πέτραν δοκιμασθέντα μεταλλῶ, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς κάμνει ἡ πολλή τε ἀμμορία ἡ ἔγγιζεν τὴν πέτραν αὐτὴν, χωρὶς νὰ φανερώσῃ οὐδὲν τὸ εἶναι της καὶ ὁ Βάττος δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ βαστάξῃ μυστικόν.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι αὐτὸς πρῶτος εὗρεν ἐκείνην τὴν πέτραν, εἴτε ἐκ φύσεως εἶχε τὴν ἐνέργειαν παντελῶς, εἴτε ἐπείσακτον· καὶ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ὁ Βάττος εἶχε τοιοῦτον ἰδίωμα, ὅπερ τὴν παρωμοίαζεν, ἔλαβον ἐκ τούτου αἰτίαν νὰ εἴπωσιν ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν πέτραν.

Ἄλλος λέγει ὅτι ὁ Βάττος ἦτον φαῦλος Ποιητής, ὁ ὁποῖος συχνάκις παυσιλογῶν, ἔφερεν αὐτά. καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ νὰ ὠνομάσθη ἡ λέξις Βαττολογία, ὅπερ θέλει νὰ εἰπῇ πλημμύρα λόγων ἀσήμων.

Διὰ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ νομίζω ὅτι μᾶς παρασημειοῦται ἕνας ζητηδεῖος ὑποκριτής, ὁ ὁποῖος δίδει τῷ Βάττῳ ἡ ἀσώματος ἐσημείωσις τινῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι κλίνουσι πάντοτε εἰς τὴν στολὴν ὁπόσων γε τύχῃ ὑστέρως νὰ τοὺς ὁμιλήσῃ.

Περὶ τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, τῆς εἰς πέτραν μεταμορφωθείσης.

Ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἠράσθη τῆς Ἔρσης, θυγατρὸς τοῦ Κέκροπος, εἰς μίαν τῶν ἡμερῶν, ὁπόταν εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, εἰς τιμὴν τῆς Παλλάδος, ᾗ συνόδευεν· διὰ μέσης τῆς Ἀγλαύρης ἀδελφῆς τῆς Ἔρσης, νὰ ὑπολάβῃ τὸ ποθούμενον. Αὕτη ἡ πονηρὰ τοῦ ὑπεσχέθη νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ· ἀφ' ὅσου τῆς ἐδίδετο ἀρκετὴ ποσότης ἀργυρίων. Ἀλλ' ἡ Παλλὰς μὴ δυναμένη νὰ ὑποφέρῃ μίαν τοιαύτην ἀναίσχυντον φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία τὴν Ἀγλαύρου, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ποτὲ ἐσκεύασε τὴν κιβωτίαν, ὅπως τῶν ἐκλεμμένος ὁ Ἔρσης Σόβιος, ἐπρόσταξε τὸν Φθόνον νὰ τὴν κάμῃ ζηλότυπον τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς Ἔρσης, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ ἐκείνη ἔζεσε πολὺν καιρόν, πάλιν πάντων μετέβαλεν αὐτὴν εἰς πέτραν.

Vertit ad hanc torvi dea bellica luminis orbem
et tanto penitus traxit suspiria motu,
ut pariter pectus positamque in pectore forti
755aegida concuteret. Subit, hanc arcana profana
detexisse manu tum cum sine matre creatam
Lemnicolae stirpem contra data foedera vidit,
et gratamque deo fore iam gratamque sorori
et ditem sumpto, quod avara poposcerat, auro.
760Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo
tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus huius
abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento,
tristis et ignavi plenissima frigoris, et quae
igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet.
765Huc ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago,
constitit ante domum (neque enim succedere tectis
fas habet) et postes extrema cuspide pulsat.
Concussae patuere fores. Videt intus edentem
vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum,
770Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At illa
surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit
corpora serpentum passuque incedit inerti;
utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram,
ingemuit vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit.
775Pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto,
nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine dentes,
pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno.
Risus abest, nisi quem visi movere dolores.
Nec fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis,
780sed videt ingratos intabescitque videndo
successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una,
suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tamen oderat illam,
talibus adfata est breviter Tritonia dictis:
“Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam.
785Sic opus est. Aglauros ea est.” Haud plura locuta
fugit et impressa tellurem reppulit hasta.
Minerva, and demanded as her price
gold of great weight; before he paid denied
admittance of the house.
Minerva turned,
with orbs of stern displeasure, towards the maid
Aglauros; and her bosom heaved with sighs
so deeply laboured that her Aegis-shield
was shaken on her valiant breast. For she
remembered when Aglauros gave to view
her charge, with impious hand, that monster form
without a mother, maugre Nature's law,
what time the god who dwells on Lemnos loved.—
now to requite the god and sister; her
to punish whose demand of gold was great;
Minerva to the Cave of Envy sped.
Dark, hideous with black gore, her dread abode
is hidden in the deepest hollowed cave,
in utmost limits where the genial sun
may never shine, and where the breathing winds
may never venture; dismal, bitter cold,
untempered by the warmth of welcome fires,
involved forever in abounding gloom.
When the fair champion came to this abode
she stood before its entrance, for she deemed
it not a lawful thing to enter there:
and she whose arm is mortal to her foes,
struck the black door-posts with her pointed spear,
and shook them to the center. Straight the doors
flew open, and, behold, within was Envy
ravening the flesh of vipers, self-begot,
the nutriment of her depraved desires.—
when the great goddess met her evil gaze
she turned her eyes away. But Envy slow,
in sluggish languor from the ground uprose,
and left the scattered serpents half-devoured;
then moving with a sullen pace approached.—
and when she saw the gracious goddess, girt
with beauty and resplendent in her arms,
she groaned aloud and fetched up heavy sighs.
Her face is pale, her body long and lean,
her shifting eyes glance to the left and right,
her snaggle teeth are covered with black rust,
her hanging paps overflow with bitter gall,
her slavered tongue drips venom to the ground;
busy in schemes and watchful in dark snares
sweet sleep is banished from her blood-shot eyes;
her smiles are only seen when others weep;
with sorrow she observes the fortunate,
and pines away as she beholds their joy;
her own existence is her punishment,
and while tormenting she torments herself.
Although Minerva held her in deep scorn
she thus commanded her with winged words;
“Instil thy poison in Aglauros, child
Minerva calls on Envy

Now the warrior goddess turned angry eyes on her, and in her emotion drew breath from deep inside so that both her strong breast and the aegis that covered her breast shook with it. She remembered that this girl had revealed her secret with profane hands, when, breaking her command, she had seen Erichthonius, son of Vulcan, the Lemnian, the child born without a mother. Now the girl would be dear to the god, and to her own sister, and rich with the gold she acquired, demanded by her greed. Straightaway the goddess made for Envy�s house that is filthy with dark decay. Her cave was hidden deep among valleys, sunless and inaccessible to the winds, a melancholy place and filled with a numbing cold. Fire is always absent, and fog always fills it.

When the feared war goddess came there, she stood outside the cave, since she had no right to enter the place, and struck the doors with the butt of her spear. With the blow they flew open. Envy could be seen, eating vipers� meat that fed her venom, and at the sight the goddess averted her eyes. But the other got up slowly from the ground, leaving the half-eaten snake flesh, and came forward with sluggish steps. When she saw the goddess dressed in her armour and her beauty, she moaned and frowned as she sighed. Pallor spreads over her face, and all her body shrivels.

Her sight is skewed, her teeth are livid with decay, her breast is green with bile, and her tongue is suffused with venom. She only smiles at the sight of suffering. She never sleeps, excited by watchful cares. She finds men�s successes disagreeable, and pines away at the sight. She gnaws and being gnawed is also her own punishment. Though she hated her so, nevertheless Tritonia spoke briefly to her. �Poison one of Cecrops�s daughters with your venom. That is the task. Aglauros is the one.� Without more words she fled and with a thrust of her spear sprang from the earth.

Ὦ Ἑρμῆς μὴ πάθητε, χωρὴς νὰ χάση παιδίον, ἀνέβη εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ὅθεν ἐλάμβανεν εὐχαρίστησιν νὰ θεωρῇ τὲς Μεγαλίας ἀρετῆς, τόπον ἐρασμιώτατον τῆς Ἀθηναίας, τῆς τῆς Λυκίης κάμπος. Ἦτον κατὰ τύχην ἡ ἡμέρα, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἐσυνήθιζον αἱ Παρθένοι νὰ φέρουσιν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν των εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Ἀθηναίας τινὰ ἱερὰ δῶρα, μέσα εἰς πανέρια ἐστεφανωμένα μὲ ἄνθη. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἶδεν αὐτὰς τὰς Παρθένους ὅταν ἐπέστρεφον ἀπὸ τὸν Ναόν, καὶ διὰ νὰ τὰς δῇ καλλίτερα, δὲν ἐπήγαινεν ἴσια πρὸς αὐτάς, ἀλλ' ἐπερίειε γύρωθεν τὰ πλῆθος, ὡς τὸ γεράκι, ὅταν βλέπῃ τὰ ἀνάδια τῆς θυσιασμῶν ζώων, καὶ φοβεῖται νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς αὐτὰ βλέποντας τὰς θυσιαστὰς πλησίον τῆς λείας· ἀλλὰ μόνον περιγυρίζει ζηγῶντας μὲ τὴν ἐλπίδα ὅτι

νά, ὅπου περιχύθη μὲ τὸ πέπλωμά του. Τὸν αὐτὸν τρό- πον καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς περιπᾶ πολλάκις ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν στρατῶν, καὶ τέλος καταβαίνει πλησίον τοῦ τείχους τῆς Ἀθηνῶν, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον μέρος διέβαινον αὐταὶ αἱ ὡραῖαι Νύμφαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἤρχιζαν νὰ τὸν πληγ- ώσιν. Ἡ Ἕρση ἤτοι ἡ τιμὴ τῆς ἑορτῆς, ἢ τῆς συμφορίας, ὑπερβαίνουσα τὰς ἄλλας παρθένους, ὡς τὸ ἄστρον τῆς Ἀφροδίτης τὰ ἄλλα ἄστρα, ἢ ἡ Σελήνη ἐκεῖνο τῆς Ἀφροδίτης. Ἐμπλήττεται ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς τὴν θέσιν ταύτην μὲ ὡραιότητος, ἢ μένη κρεμασμένος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τοῦ θαυμασμοῦ, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν ἔκπλη- ξίν του. Τὴν βλέπει, καὶ φλέγεται ὅπου τὸ μόλυβδι ριπτόμενον ἑρμητικῶς ἀπὸ τὴν σφενδόνην. Θερμαίνεται ἀπὸ τοῦ βιαίου κινήσεώς της, ἢ διυείρεται τέλος πάντων εἰς τὰ σύννεφα τῆς φωτιᾶς, ὅπου δὴ εἶχον ἐν ἑαυτῷ. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς λοιπὸν ἀντὶ νὰ ἀνέβῃ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, καταβαίνει εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ τὰ ἐφαίρετο ἀρκετὴ ἡ φυσικὴ τε διαμορφή, δὲν ὑπεκείτη τις ἦτον· ὅμως βουλόμενος μὲ τὴν τέχνην τὴν φύσιν, ἐπεμελήθη νὰ ὑπερίσῃ καλὰ τὰ μαλλιά της, καὶ προσήρμοσε τὸ φόρεμά του εἰς τοιοῦτον, ὥστε νὰ ἐφαίρετο τὸ χρυσάφι, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἦτον πεπλουτισμένον· πάγει νὰ βαστᾷ μὲ τέχνην τὸ Κη- ρύκειόν του (δηλαδὴ ἐκεῖνο τὸ θαυμάσιον βεργάν, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον διαχεῖ, ἢ ἀνακαλεῖ τὸν ὕπνον.) καὶ νὰ φορῇ τὰ πτερά, ὅπου ἔχει εἰς τὰς πόδας του, μὲ τὸ αὐ- τὸ διάθεσιν· ὡς τὰ λοιπά. Εἰς τὴν ἄκραν τῆς Πα- λατίης ἦσαν τρεῖς καμαρωτοὶ κοιτῶνες, στολισμένοι μὲ ἐλεφαντίνῳ κόσμημα· καὶ ὁ μὲν πρὸς τὰ δεξιά, ἦτον τῆς Πανδρόσης, ὁ δὲ εἰς τὰ δεξέστερα τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, ἡ δὲ Ἕρση εἶχε τὸν μεσαῖον. Εἶδον ἡ Ἄγλαυρος πρώτη τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ὅπου ἐμβῆκε, καὶ ἐτόλμησε νὰ τὸν ἐρωτή-

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 119

σῆ τὸ ὄνομά τε, καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς τε· ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς ἀπεκρίθη ἔτσι· ἐγώ εἶμαι ἐκεῖνος, ὁποῦ φέρω εἰς τὸν Κόσμον τὰς προσταγὰς τῆς Διός, ὅστις εἶναι πατήρ μου· δὲν θέλω σὲ κρύψει τὸ αἴτιον, ὁποῦ μὲ ἔφερεν ἐδῶ· ὁρκίζωσε μόνον νὰ εἶσαι πιστὴ εἰς τὸ ἀδελφή σου, καὶ νὰ συνέξῃς, ὦ περιπόθητή μου Ἄγλαυ- ρος, νὰ εἶμαι φίλος σου, γιὰ νὰ σοῦ κάμω εὐχαρίστια.

Η Ἔρση εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς με· φυλάγχνισε τὸν ἐρωτά με, ἢ βοήθησον, ὡς δυνάσαι, δῖα Θεόν, ὅπου ἐρᾶ. Η Ἄγλαυρος τὸν ἐκοίταξε με τὰ αὐτὰ ὄμματα, ὅπου εἶχε θεωρήσει πρότερον ἢ τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, καὶ ἐπήνωσασα ἀπὸ αὐτὸν, διὰ τὴν δέλτον, ὅπου ἐπεθύμει, μίαν μεγάλην ποσότητα χρημάτων, τοῦ εἶπε νὰ ἀναχωρήση ὡς τόσον ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιον. Η Ἀθηνᾶ ὅμως μὴ δυναμένη νὰ ὑποφέρη μίαν τοιαύτην ἄτιμον πραγματείαν, γνώρισε ἀγανάκτησιν καὶ ὀργὴν τόσον ἐπαράχθη, ὥστε ἐτίναξε τὴν Αἰγίδα, ὅπου τὴν σκεπάζει· καὶ ἐνθυμήθη μάλιστα, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ κατάρατος κόρη εἶχε φανερώσει ἢ τὰ μυστικὰ της, ὅταν παραβαίνουσα τὴν ὑπόσχεσίν της, ἔλαβε τὴν περιέργειαν νὰ ἀνοίξῃ τὴν καλάθην, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἔκειτο ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡφαίστου, ὅστις ἐγεννήθη χωρὶς μήτερα, διὰ νὰ ὑποφέρῃ ὅπου τὴν ἀχθεσίαν, ὅπου ἡ Ἄγλαυρος ἤθελε δείξῃ πρὸς τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ὅπου τὴν ἀπάτην, ὅπου ἤθελε κάμῃ τῆς ἀδελφῆς της, ὅπου τὴν αἰσχροκέρδειάν της, καὶ φιλαργυρίαν. Ἀπεφάσισε λοιπὸν χωρὶς ἀργοπορίαν τὴν τιμωρίαν της, καὶ πηγαίνει εὐθὺς νὰ εὕρῃ τὸν Φθόνον εἰς τὰ δυσώδη ἀσήλαια ἀπὸ σεσαπημένα αἵματα.

Τὸ φοβερὸν παλάτιον τοῦ Φθόνου εὑρίσκεται εἰς τὸ βάθος εἰς λαγκάδι, ὅπου

Illa deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens
murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae
indoluit, baculumque capit, quod spinea totum
790vincula cingebant, adopertaque nubibus atris,
quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit arva
exuritque herbas et summa cacumina carpit,
adflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque
polluit. Et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem
795ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem,
vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit.
Sed postquam thalamos intravit Cecrope natae,
iussa facit pectusque manu ferrugine tincta
tangit et hamatis praecordia sentibus implet,
800inspiratque nocens virus, piceumque per ossa
dissipat et medio spargit pulmone venenum.
Neve mali causae spatium per latius errent,
germanam ante oculos fortunatumque sororis
coniugium pulchraque deum sub imagine ponit,
805cunctaque magna facit. Quibus inritata dolore
Cecropis occulto mordetur et anxia nocte,
anxia luce gemit, lentaque miserrima tabe
liquitur ut glacies incerto saucia sole.
Felicisque bonis non lenius uritur Herses,
810quam cum spinosis ignis supponitur herbis,
quae neque dant flammas lenique tepore cremantur.
of Cecrops; I command thee; do my will.”
She spake; and spurning with her spear the ground
departed; and the sad and furtive-eyed
envy observed her in her glorious flight:
she murmured at the goddess, great in arms:
but waiting not she took in hand her staff,
which bands of thorns encircled as a wreath,
and veiled in midnight clouds departed thence.
She blasted on her way the ripening fields;
scorched the green meadows, starred with flowers,
and breathed a pestilence throughout the land
and the great cities. When her eyes beheld
the glorious citadel of Athens, great
in art and wealth, abode of joyful peace,
she hardly could refrain from shedding tears,
that nothing might be witnessed worthy tears.
She sought the chamber where Aglauros slept,
and hastened to obey the God's behest.
She touched the maiden's bosom with her hands,
foul with corrupting stains, and pierced her heart
with jagged thorns, and breathed upon her face
a noxious venom; and distilled through all
the marrow of her bones, and in her lungs,
a poison blacker than the ooze of pitch.
And lest the canker of her poisoned soul
might spread unchecked throughout increasing space,
she caused a vision of her sister's form
to rise before her, happy with the God
who shone in his celestial beauty. All
appeared more beautiful than real life.—
when the most wretched daughter of Cecrops
had seen the vision secret torment seized
on all her vitals; and she groaned aloud,
tormented by her frenzy day and night.
A slow consumption wasted her away,
as ice is melted by the slant sunbeam,
when the cool clouds are flitting in the sky.
If she but thought of Herse's happiness
Envy poisons Aglauros�s heart

Envy, squinting at her as she flees, gives out low mutterings, sorry to think of Minerva�s coming success. She takes her staff bound with strands of briar, and sets out, shrouded in gloomy clouds. Wherever she passes she tramples the flower-filled fields, withers the grass, blasts the highest treetops and poisons homes, cities and peoples with her breath. At last she sees Athens, Tritonia�s city, flourishing with arts and riches and leisured peace. She can hardly hold back her tears because she sees nothing tearful. But after entering the chamber of Cecrops�s daughter, she carried out her command and touched her breast with a hand tinted with darkness and filled her heart with sharp thorns. Then she breathed poisonous, destructive breath into her and spread black venom through her bones and the inside of her lungs. And so that the cause for pain might never be far away she placed Aglauros�s sister before her eyes, in imagination, her sister�s fortunate marriage, and the beauty of the god, magnifying it all.

Cecrops�s daughter, tormented by this, is eaten by secret agony, and troubled by night and troubled by light, she moans and wastes away in slow, wretched decay, like ice eroded by the fitful sun.

ποτε υπερβολικον, και επειδη δια διοικειται επι ποτε σκοτια, ειναι παντοτε ζοφωδης, και συσκεπασμενον απο ζοφεραν ομιχλην. Φθασασα η Αθηνα εις αυτο το παλατιον, εσταθη εξωθεν, μη θελησασα να εμβη, και εκτυπησε την θυραν με το ακρον της πορπης της· η δε θυρα ηνοιχθη παραχρημα, και εφανη αμορφωθεις ο Φθονος τρωγοντας οφεων κρεατα, με τα οποια εξετρεφε και τας κακιας του. Η Αθηνα βλεπουσα αυτον, εστρεψεν εις αλλο μερος τας οφθαλμους της· εκεινος δε εσηκωθη αργα απο των χαμαι, αφινοντας, δια το προς την θεαν σεβας, τας οφεις, οπου ειχε μισοφαγωμενας, και εσυρθη οπισω αυτης, οπου ηλθεν εις επισκεψιν της. Μολις ειδεν ο Φθονος την Αθηναν πορευομενην ευλαμπρον απο τα οπλα της, και απο την ωμορφιαν της, ανεστεναξεν εκ βαθεως, και επειδη λυπειται δι ολα τα πραγματα, οσα χαροποιουσι τους αλλους, δια τουτο ηθελησε να ιδη χωρις πονον την ευμορφιαν και σεμνοτητα της θεας. Αυτος ειναι παντοτε λιπενος, ωχρος, και ξηροτατος· δεν κοιτταζει ποτε ισια, και τα οδοντια του ειναι μαυρα απο την σκουριαν. Το στομαχι του φαινεται βρασμενον απο την χολην, οπου μεσα του φλεγει· η γλωσσα του ειναι ολη φαρμακι· δεν γελα ποτε, ειμη οταν συμβη καμμια δυστυχια εις βλαβην των ανθρωπων· δεν δυναται ποτε να χαρη την αναπαυσιν, και γλυκυτητα του υπνου, αγρυπνωντας παντοτε απο τας φροντιδας, και τας σκεψεις, οπου τον βασανιζουσι. Βλεπει με ευχαριστησιν τας πασας συμφορας, και τα δυστυχηματα, και δεν ειναι κανενα ευτυχες συμβαν, οπου να μη το νομιζη ως ποινην του. Τελος παντων βασανιζοντας ολον τον κοσμον, βασανιζει τον εαυτον του· διοτι αν και δεν δυναται να τον λυπηση, ομως

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 121

πάντοτε αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ εἶναι ἡ μεγαλήτερα λύπη. Ἂν παλὰ ποῦ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν ἐφθέγξατο, ὅμως τὰ ἐλάλησεν ἔστω ἐν βραχυλογίᾳ, ὕπαγε νὰ διαφθείρῃς μὲ τὸ φαρμάκι σε μίαν τῆς θυγατέρων τοῦ Κέκροπος, τὴν Ἀγλαυρόν· μὴν ἀπολύψῃς νὰ μὲ ὑπακούσῃς. Μόλις εἶπε ταῦτα ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἀνεχώρησεν ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνον τὸν θλιβερὸν τόπον, κ ἀναβιβάζουσα εἰς τὸ κοντάρι της, κ τιτρώσασα τὴν γῆν μὲ αὐτό, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Ὁ φθόνος κοιτάζοντας την μὲ λοξοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὅταν ἀνεχώρησεν, ἐμουρμούρησε μερικὰ λόγια ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα τοῦ· τὸν ἐθύμωσεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐβιάζετο νὰ ὑπακούσῃ, κ ἐλυπήθη ὅτι ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἔμελλε νὰ μείνῃ δικαιωμένη. Μὲ ὅλον αὐτὸ ἔλαβεν εἰς τὸ χεῖρας την ράβδον της, ἤτω περιπλεγμένη ἀπὸ ἀγκάθια, κ σκεπασθεῖσα μὲ τὸ μαῦρον σύννεφον, κατεπάτησε ποῦ διαφθείρει ὅθεν περνᾷ καὶ συντελᾷ, πατεῖ τὰ χόρτα. Θερίζει καὶ αὐτὰ, ὅσα ποῦ μέλλει νὰ καρποφορήσουν, καὶ μολύνει μὲ τὸ ἀπάντλητόν της ἀσώματον, τὰς πόλεις, ποῦ πατήσει. Τέλος πάντων ἐμβαίνει εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ὅπου τότε ἀώθιζαν ἀπὸ ἐξόχους ἄνδρας, ἀπὸ μεγάλα πλούτη κ ἀπὸ τὰς χαρὰς τῆς εἰρήνης, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔκλαιεν ἐμβαίνοντας εἰς τὴν χώραν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἔβλεπον εἰς αὐτὴν τίποτε ἀξιοδάκρυτον. Ἀφοῦ δὲ ἔφθασεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, ἐπλήρωσε τὰς προσταγάς, ὅπου τῆς ἐδόθησαν. Βάλοντας τὸ χέρι εἰς τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῆς τῆς βασιλίδος, τῆν ἐγέμισεν ἀπὸ θανατηφόρα ἀγκάθια, καὶ ἐμφυσώντας της τὸ φαρμάκι, ὅπου ἤρχισεν εὐθὺς νὰ τὴν κατετρώγῃ, τὸ ἔχυσε μὲ ὅλων του τῶν πνεύμα· καὶ διὰ νὰ τῆς δείξῃ μὲ μίαν μόνην ὁμματίαν ὅλα τὰ αἴτια τῆς λύπης της, τῆς ἔβαλε ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμὸν τὴν λαμπράν

ῥήστης μέ τον Ἑρμῆ, τῆς ἐπαράσασα αὐτὸν τὸν Θεὸν μέ ὅλας τὰς χάριτας, καὶ μέ τὰ θαυμάσια φορέματα, διὰ να βλέπῃ τὸ πάντα ὕψος, τὰ πάντα μεγαλοπρεπῆ, τὰ πάντα πλουσιμένα. Οὕτως αὐτὴ ἡ βασιλὶς τηκόμενη ἀπὸ τὸ φάρμακι τῆς ζηλοτυπίας, ἄρχισε να βασανίζεται ἀπὸ κρυφῆς λύπης. Ἀναστενάζει ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα· ἡ φωτία, ὅπου κρύπτεται εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τῆς, τρώγει ἀκροδηλῶς τὸ κορμί τῆς, ὡς ἔβλεπομεν να ἀναλύεται ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον ὁ πάγος ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον· ποτὲ μὲν κρυπτόμενον, ποτὲ δὲ φανερώμενον. Ἐνθυμημένη τῆς Ἕρσης τὴν εὐτυχίαν, παθαίνει ὡς τὰ ξύλα, ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα βάλλεται τίποτε φωτιά· ματαναλίσκονται βραδέως, χωρὶς να δίδουν ὁμοίαν καμμίαν φλόγα. Ἐπιθυμεῖ πολλάκις τὸν θάνατον, διὰ να μὴν ἴδῃ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου φοβεῖται. Ἀποφασίζει τέλος πάντων να φανερώσῃ εἰς τὸν πατέρα τῆν τοῦ Ἑρμῆ ἀγάπην ὡς να ἦτον μία ἐπιβολὴ ἐναντίον τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς. Βλέπουσα δὲ ὅτι ἦρχετο αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς, ἔστεκεν εἰς τὴν θύραν διὰ να τὸν ἀπομακρύνῃ τελείως, ἢ να κάμῃ τὸ κατὰ δύναμιν διὰ να τὸν ἀπελπίσῃ, ἂν δὲν ἠμπορέσῃ να τὸν παρακινήσῃ να ἀφήσῃ τὸν ἔρωτα. Θέλοντας λοιπὸν ὁ Ἑρμῆς να τὴν κολακεύσῃ, καὶ προσθέτοντας δεήσεις καὶ ὑποσχέσεις εἰς τὰς κολακείας, χάνει τὸν καιρόν του, λέγει της, ἐγὼ δὲν θέλω ἀναχωρήσει ἀπὸ ἐδῶ, ἂν δὲν φύγῃς σοῦ πρῶτον. Καλῶς, τῆς ἀποκρίθη ὁ Ἑρμῆς, ὡς μένε λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν ἀπόφασιν ὅπου ἔκαμες· καὶ χωρὶς να τῆς λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, κτυπᾶ τὴν θύραν μέ τὸ κηρύκειον του, καὶ ἡ θύρα ἠνοίχθη αὐτόματος. Ἡ Ἀγλαυρὸς ἤθελε να σηκωθῇ, διὰ να ἐμποδίσῃ τὸν Ἑρμῆν να μὴν ἔμπῃ, ἀλλ' ὅλα τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος, ὅπου διπλώνονται, ἦσαν δέ-

λώμεν νά καθώσωμεν, έγιναν εἰς αὐτῆς ποδὰ βαρέα, καὶ δὲν ἠμπόρεσαν πλέον νά κινηθῶσιν. Ἐπάθιωσε νά ὀρθωθῇ, ἀλλ' αἱ κλειδώσεις τῆς γονάτων τῆς ἐσκληρυμένησαν. Ἕνα κρύος, ὁποὺ δὲν ἦτον συμφυσμένη νά αἰσθάνηται, κυριεύει τῆς ποδὰς τῆς, ἠθὲ καὶ τὰς χείρας τῆς, καὶ αἱ φλέβες τῆς ἀδεῖαι ἀπὸ αἷμα, ἔγιναν ὡς τὸ κρέας τῆς μὲ εἶναι. Τέλος πάντων, καθὼς ἡ γάγγραινα προχωρεῖ ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον, καὶ φθάνει ὀλίγωρα εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ μέρη ἐκ τῶν ταπεινῶν, καὶ τὸ κρύος, ὁποὺ πλέον θανατώνει, ἐμβαίνει κατ' ὀλίγον εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς, ἠθὲ τῆς ἀφαιρεῖ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἠθὲ τὴν ἀναπνοήν, ἠθὲ τὴν ζωήν. Αὐτὴ δὲν ἐπάχησε παντελῶς νά λαλήσῃ, ἠθ' ἂν κατὰ ἤθελε παχήσῃ, ὁ δρόμος τῆς φωνῆς ἦτον κλεισμένος. Ὁ λαιμὸς τῆς ἔγινε πέτρα, τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἐπάγωσε σκληρυμένον, ἠθὲ ἡ παλαίπωρος δὲν ἦτον πλέον ἄλλο τίποτες εἰμὴ ἕνα ἄγαλμα ἀκίνητον. Ὅμως ἡ πέτρα δὲν ἦτον ἄσπρη, ἀλλ' ἔλαβε τὸ χρῶμα τῆς ἀπίστου ψυχῆς τῆς, ἠθὲ τῶν φθονερῶν τῆς προσώπου.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ἠμπορῶ νά ἀρχίσω τὴν ἐξήγησιν τῆς Μύθης ταύτης ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἡμιστίχιον τῆς Αἰνειάδος

Tantis ne animis cælestibus iræ!

Ἡ θεὸς ἔστι χολὴ ἐν φρεσὶ θεῶν; (Εὐριπ. Βέλλερ.

Saepe mori voluit, ne quicquam tale videret,
saepe velut crimen rigido narrare parenti;
denique in adverso venientem limine sedit
815exclusura deum. Cui blandimenta precesque
verbaque iactanti mitissima “desine” dixit:
“hinc ego me non sum nisi te motura repulso.”
“Stemus” ait “pacto” velox Cyllenius “isto”:
caelestique fores virga patefecit. At illi
820surgere conanti partes, quascumque sedendo
flectimus, ignava nequeunt gravitate moveri.
Illa quidem pugnat recto se attollere trunco,
sed genuum iunctura riget, frigusque per inguen
labitur, et callent amisso sanguine venae.
825Utque malum late solet inmedicabile cancer
serpere et inlaesas vitiatis addere partes,
sic letalis hiems paulatim in pectora venit
vitalesque vias et respiramina clausit.
Nec conata loqui est, nec, si conata fuisset,
830vocis habebat iter: saxum iam colla tenebat,
oraque duruerant, signumque exsangue sedebat.
Nec lapis albus erat: sua mens infecerat illam.
she burned, as thorny bushes are consumed
with smoldering embers under steaming stems.
She could not bear to see her sister's joy,
and longed for death, an end of misery;
or schemed to end the torture of her mind
by telling all she knew in shameful words,
whispered to her austere and upright sire.
But after many agonizing hours,
she sat before the threshold of their home
to intercept the God, who as he neared
spoke softly in smooth blandishment.
“Enough,” she said, “I will not move from here
until thou hast departed from my sight.”
“Let us adhere to that which was agreed.”
Rejoined the graceful-formed Cyllenian God,
who as he spoke thrust open with a touch
of his compelling wand the carved door.
But when she made an effort to arise,
her thighs felt heavy, rigid and benumbed;
and as she struggled to arise her knees
were stiffened? and her nails turned pale and cold;
her veins grew pallid as the blood congealed.
And even as the dreaded cancer spreads
through all the body, adding to its taint
the flesh uninjured; so, a deadly chill
entered by slow degrees her breast, and stopped
her breathing, and the passages of life.
She did not try to speak, but had she made
an effort to complain there was not left
a passage for her voice. Her neck was changed
to rigid stone, her countenance felt hard;
she sat a bloodless statue, but of stone
not marble-white—her mind had stained it black.
Aglauros is turned to stone

Often she longed to die so that she need not look on, often to tell her stern father of it as a crime. Finally she sat down at her sister�s threshold to oppose the god�s entrance when he came. When he threw compliments, prayers and gentlest words at her, she said �Stop now, since I won�t go from here until I have driven you away.� �We�ll hold to that contract� Cyllenius quickly replied, and he opened the door with a touch of his heavenly wand. At this the girl tried to rise, but found her limbs, bent from sitting, unable to move from dull heaviness. When she tried to lift her body, her knees were rigid, cold sank through her to her fingernails, and her arteries grew pale with loss of blood.

As an untreatable cancer slowly spreads more widely bringing disease to still undamaged parts so a lethal chill gradually filled her breast sealing the vital paths and airways. She no longer tried to speak, and if she had tried, her voice had no means of exit. Already stone had gripped her neck, her features hardened, and she sat there, a bloodless statue. Nor was she white stone: her mind had stained it.

Καὶ βέβαια ἡμπορεῖ νὰ εἰπῇ ὅτι ἡ ἔχθρα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐγίνετο αἰτία τῆς τιμωρίας, ἢ μεταβολῆς ὁποῦ ἔπαθε ἡ Νιόβη. Τῆς Νιόβης, τῆς τε νέας παρέδωκαν ἐν κιβωτίῳ τοῦ κόσμου εὐδοξία ὁ Ἐριχθόνιος νέος δράκων, ἢ νέος ἄνθρωπος τὸ φυλάττῃ ὁμοῦ με τὰς ἀδελφάς της, ἢ τῆς παρήγγειλε νὰ μὴ τὸ ἀνοίξῃ, ὥστε νὰ ἰδῇ τι εἶχε μέσα. Ἀλλὰ καθὼς ἡ περιέργεια εἶναι φυσικὴ εἰς τὰ κοράσια, καὶ ἁπλῶς εἰς τὰς γυναῖκας, ἡ Ἀγλαυρὸς παραβαίνουσα τὴν ἐντολήν, ἠθέλησε νὰ ἰδῇ τί ἦταν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κιβωτόν, καὶ τὸ ἔδειξε καὶ εἰς τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Λοιπὸν ἀγανακτήσασα ἡ Θεὰ διὰ τὴν ἀνυπακοὴν της, ἐνέπνευσέ της τὸν φθόνον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφέρωσέ την εἰς πέτρας μεταβολήν της. Ἀλλ᾿ οἱ Παλαιοὶ τί θέλουν νὰ μᾶς διδάξουν ὑποκρύπτουν εἰς τὸ κάλυμμα τοῦ Μύθου τούτου; Ὅτι δὲν πρέπει νὰ περιεργαζώμεθα οὔτε τὰ μυστικὰ τῶν Βασιλέων, οὔτε ἐκεῖνα τῶν Θεῶν, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ὠφείλομεν νὰ θέλωμεν νὰ μάθωμεν περισσότερα ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνα ὁποῦ αὐτοὶ οἱ Θεοί, ἢ Βασιλεῖς θέλουσι νὰ μᾶς φανερώσουν· διότι τόσον εἰς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὅσον καὶ εἰς τὰ πολιτικὰ πολλοὶ ἐκινδύνευσαν, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἠθέλησαν νὰ μάθωσι περισσότερον ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνο, ὁποῦ τὰς ἦταν συγκεχωρημένον. Ἀλλ᾿ ἂς ἰδῶμεν καὶ τὰ τοῦ λοιποῦ τοῦ Μύθου.

Ὁ Ὄβιδς δέ πλάττει ὅτι ἡ κατοικία τῆς Θεᾶς εἶναι εἰς βαθύτατα λαγκάδικα, διά νά δῇ, ὅτι ὑπό αὐτό τό πάθος δέν μένουσι μή τά ἐπίσημα ψυχήματα. Ὑπόθη ὅπως εἶναι βλάβος διά τήν ἰδίας τά ἄργεντα, διά φθονεῖ ἐμέσω τῆς ἄλλον. Προσέτι λέγει ὅτι τό παλάτιον ταύτης τό σέρανος εἶναι πολύ κρύον, διά τί, ἄν ἡ νά πιστεύσωμεν τῆς Φυσιολογίας, ὅσοι εἶναι αἵματος ψυχροῦ, ἔχουσιν τῆς ἐπί τό πλεῖστον κρυμερή πνεῦμα, ἡ ἐπομένως κλίνει περιοτέρον εἰς αὐτό τόν Φθόνος τό πάθος.

Ἐπειδή δέ ἡ ἀργή καί ἡ φθονεῖς δέν χρείζι κραμμέναν χορηγίαν μετά τοῦ φθόνου, διά τοῦτο δέν ἐμβαίνει εἰς τό παλάτιον της, διά τοῦτο δέ μένει ἀπ᾿ ἔξω δηλαδή τόν ξυσγό, ἐπειδή ὅπως ἔρχεται ὡς ἐπί τό πλεῖστον ὑπό τήν ἐν ἔξω μοραφήν τῆς ΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.

Ἡ δεύτερος μᾶς παραθήνει τοῦ φθονεροῦ ἀν

Περί Εὐρώπης τῆς ἁρπαχθείσης ὑπό τοῦ Διός, τῆ εἰς Ταῦρον μεταμορφωθέντος.

Ὁ Ζεύς μεταμορφωθείς εἰς ταῦρον, ἁρπάζει τήν ἐρωμένην του Εὐρώπην, καί τήν φέρει ἐπί τῆς νώτου του διά θαλάσσης εἰς τήν Νῆσον τῆς Κρήτης, ὅπου καταλαμβάνοντας τήν μορφήν του, ἐπλήρωσε τήν ἐπιθυμίαν του.

Ἀφοῦ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐκδήλωσε τὴν λύπην, καὶ τὴν αἰσχύνην τῆς Ἀγλαύρας, ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὰς Ἀθήνας, καὶ ἀνέβη διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ἀφοῦ ἐκεῖ ἔφθασε, τὸν ἔκραξεν ὁ Ζεὺς κατ' ἰδίαν, καὶ χωρὶς νὰ τοῦ φανερώσῃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, ὦ υἱέ μου, τοῦ λέγει, πιστὲ ὑπηρέτα τῶν θελημάτων μου, καὶ τῶν προσταγμάτων μου, κατάβα ταχέως εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ πήγαινε εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν χώραν, ὅπου διὰ τῶν ἀριστερῶν ποιμαίνει τὴν μητέρα σου, τὴν ὁποίαν οἱ ἐγκάτοικοι καλοῦσι Σιδῶνα, καὶ φέρε πρὸς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ὅλα τὰ κοπάδια, ὅσα θέλεις ἰδῇ νὰ βόσκωσιν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ βουνόν. Μόλις εἶπε, καὶ τὰ κοπάδια ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν, ὅπου ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος τοῦ Βασιλέως ἐσυνήθιζε νὰ περιδιαβάζῃ, συντροφιασμένη μὲ τὰς παρθένους τῆς Τύρου· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἔρως, καὶ ἡ Μεγαλειότης δὲν συμφωνοῦν ποτέ, ὄντας ἀδύνατον νὰ διαμένῃ

Ἰὼν εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν κατέδραν, ὁ κύριος καὶ βασιλεύς τῶν Θεῶν· ὁ μέγας Ζεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος βαστᾷ εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸν κεραυνόν· ὁ ὁποῖος μὲ ἕν νεῦμα τῆς κεφαλῆς του δύναται νὰ συγκλονίζῃ ὅλην τὴν Οἰκουμενίαν, ἀφῆσε τὴν Μεγαλειότητά του, καὶ ἔλαβε ταύρου μορφήν· καὶ οὕτως, συμμειγνύμενος μὲ τὰ βασιλικὰ κοπάδια, μυκᾶται ὡς καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ταῦροι, περιπατεῖ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ἢ βόσκει ὡς ἐκεῖνοι, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ὑπερβαίνει ὅλους εἰς τὴν ὡραιότητα· Ἦτον ἄσπρος ὡς ἡ χιών, ὁποῦ δὲν ἐπατήθη, καὶ δὲν διεφθάρη ἀπὸ τὸν βροχερὸν Νότον· ὁ λαιμός του ἦτον ἴσκιος καὶ ὑψηλός, τὸ ἐπίσχημα (ἤτοι τὸ δέρμα, ὁποῦ κρέμεται ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν τῶν βοδίων) ἐκρέματο χαριέστατα· τὰ κέρατά του ἦσαν μικρά, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον καμωμένα ἀπὸ κάποιον ἐπιτήδειον τεχνίτην, καὶ δὲν ἐδέοντο μάργαρα, ὥστε νὰ φθάσῃ τὴν λαμπρότητά των. Τὸ μέτωπόν του δὲν ἦτον φοβερίσκον, οὔτε ἄγρια τὰ ὄμματά του ἦτον χαριέστατα καὶ ὁ τρόπος του, ἔχοντας τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ ἡμερότητα εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον· Τοιαύτην ὡραιότητα βλέπουσα ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀγήνορος, ἐθαύμασε, καὶ μάλιστα διότι ἦτον τόσον ἥμερος καὶ εὐπρόσιτος· Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο δὲν ἐτόλμησε κατὰ πρώτην προσβολὴν νὰ πλησιάσῃ, ἀλλὰ μετ' ὀλίγον ἐθάρρησε, καὶ πλησιάσασα, τοῦ ἐπρόσφερε μερικὰ ἄνθη· Ὁ ἐραστὴς ταῦρος ἐδείξε μεγάλην χαράν, καὶ ἀναμένοντας τὴν ἐλπιζομένην ἀπόλαυσιν, ἀσπάζει τὰς χείρας, ὁποῦ τοῦ προσφέρουσι τὰ ἄνθη καὶ μόλις δύναται νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ νὰ πλέξῃ καὶ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ σωματίου της· Ποτὲ μὲν παίζει καὶ πηδᾷ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ποτὲ δὲ πλαγιάζει καὶ αὐλίζεται εἰς τὴν ἄμμον· καὶ ὅσον ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐθαρρεύετο, ἀποβάλλουσα τὸν

Has ubi verborum poenas mentisque profanae
cepit Atlantiades, dictas a Pallade terras
835linquit et ingreditur iactatis aethera pennis.
Sevocat hunc genitor. Nec causam fassus amoris
“fide minister” ait “iussorum, nate, meorum,
pelle moram solitoque celer delabere cursu,
quaeque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra
840suspicit (indigenae Sidonida nomine dicunt),
hanc pete, quodque procul montano gramine pasci
armentum regale vides, ad litora verte.”
Dixit, et expulsi iamdudum monte iuvenci
litora iussa petunt, ubi magni filia regis
845ludere virginibus Tyriis comitata solebat.
Non bene conveniunt nec in una sede morantur
maiestas et amor: sceptri gravitate relicta
ille pater rectorque deum, cui dextra trisulcis
ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem,
850induitur faciem tauri mixtusque iuvencis
mugit et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis.
Quippe color nivis est, quam nec vestigia duri
calcavere pedis nec solvit aquaticus auster.
Colla toris exstant, armis palearia pendent,
855cornua parva quidem, sed quae contendere possis
facta manu, puraque magis perlucida gemma.
Nullae in fronte minae, nec formidabile lumen;
pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata,
quod tam formosus, quod proelia nulla minetur.
860Sed quamvis mitem metuit contingere primo:
mox adit et flores ad candida porrigit ora.
Gaudet amans et, dum veniat sperata voluptas,
oscula dat manibus; vix iam, vix cetera differt.
Et nunc adludit viridique exsultat in herba,
865nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit harenis;
paulatimque metu dempto modo pectora praebet
virginea plaudenda manu, modo cornua sertis
impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo
nescia quem premeret, tergo considere tauri,
870cum deus a terra siccoque a litore sensim
falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis:
inde abit ulterius mediique per aequora ponti
fert praedam. Pavet haec litusque ablata relictum
respicit, et dextra cornum tenet, altera dorso
875imposita est; tremulae sinuantur flamine vestes.
So from the land of Pallas went the God,
his great revenge accomplished on the head
of impious Aglauros; and he soared
on waving wings into the opened skies:
and there his father called him to his side,
and said,—with words to hide his passion;—Son,—
thou faithful minister of my commands.—
let naught delay thee—swiftly take the way,
accustomed, to the land of Sidon (which
adores thy mother's star upon the left)
when there, drive over to the sounding shore
that royal herd, which far away is fed
on mountain grass.—
he spoke, and instantly
the herd was driven from the mountain side;
then headed for the shore, as Jove desired,—
to where the great king's daughter often went
in play, attended by the maids of Tyre.—
can love abide the majesty of kings?
Love cannot always dwell upon a throne.—
Jove laid aside his glorious dignity,
for he assumed the semblance of a bull
and mingled with the bullocks in the groves,
his colour white as virgin snow, untrod,
unmelted by the watery Southern Wind.
His neck was thick with muscles, dewlaps hung
between his shoulders; and his polished horns,
so small and beautifully set, appeared
the artifice of man; fashioned as fair
and more transparent than a lucent gem.
His forehead was not lowered for attack,
nor was there fury in his open eyes;
the love of peace was in his countenance.
When she beheld his beauty and mild eyes,
the daughter of Agenor was amazed;
but, daring not to touch him, stood apart
until her virgin fears were quieted;
then, near him, fragrant flowers in her hand
she offered,—tempting, to his gentle mouth:
and then the loving god in his great joy
kissed her sweet hands, and could not wait her will.
Jove then began to frisk upon the grass,
or laid his snow-white side on the smooth sand,
yellow and golden. As her courage grew
he gave his breast one moment for caress,
or bent his head for garlands newly made,
wreathed for his polished horns.
The royal maid,
unwitting what she did, at length sat down
upon the bull's broad back. Then by degrees
the god moved from the land and from the shore,
and placed his feet, that seemed but shining hoofs,
in shallow water by the sandy merge;
and not a moment resting bore her thence,
across the surface of the Middle Sea,
while she affrighted gazed upon the shore—
so fast receding. And she held his horn
with her right hand, and, steadied by the left,
held on his ample back—and in the breeze
her waving garments fluttered as they went.
Jupiter�s abduction of Europa

When Mercury had inflicted this punishment on the girl for her impious words and thoughts, he left Pallas�s land behind and flew to the heavens on outstretched wings. There his father calls him aside, and without revealing love as the reason, says �Son, faithful worker of my commands, go, quickly in your usual way, fly down to where, in an eastern land, they observe your mother�s star, among the Pleiades, (the inhabitants give it the name of Sidon). There drive the herd of royal cattle, that you will see some distance off, grazing the mountain grass, towards the sea shore!� He spoke, and immediately, as he commanded, the cattle, driven from the mountain, headed for the shore, where the great king�s daughter, Europa, used to play together with the Tyrian virgins. Royalty and love do not sit well together, nor stay long in the same house. So the father and ruler of the gods, who is armed with the three-forked lightning in his right hand, whose nod shakes the world, setting aside his royal sceptre, took on the shape of a bull, lowed among the other cattle, and, beautiful to look at, wandered in the tender grass.

In colour he was white as the snow that rough feet have not trampled and the rain-filled south wind has not melted. The muscles rounded out his neck, the dewlaps hung down in front, the horns were twisted, but one might argue they were made by hand, purer and brighter than pearl. His forehead was not fearful, his eyes were not formidable, and his expression was peaceful. Agenor�s daughter marvelled at how beautiful he was and how unthreatening. But though he seemed so gentle she was afraid at first to touch him. Soon she drew close and held flowers out to his glistening mouth. The lover was joyful and while he waited for his hoped-for pleasure he kissed her hands. He could scarcely separate then from now. At one moment he frolicks and runs riot in the grass, at another he lies down, white as snow on the yellow sands. When her fear has gradually lessened he offers his chest now for virgin hands to pat and now his horns to twine with fresh wreaths of flowers. The royal virgin even dares to sit on the bull�s back, not realising whom she presses on, while the god, first from dry land and then from the shoreline, gradually slips his deceitful hooves into the waves. Then he goes further out and carries his prize over the mid-surface of the sea. She is terrified and looks back at the abandoned shore she has been stolen from and her right hand grips a horn, the other his back, her clothes fluttering, winding, behind her in the breeze.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.

ρος ημέρας πεεπλωτερον · υποφέρει νά τὰ ἀπυστῇ ἐκείνη τῷ κοιλῷ μὲ τὸ λέγες της; Ἄθ δὲ τὸν στεφανώῃ μὲ αἴδῃ. Τέλος, ἡ παρθένος, ἡ ὁποία δύο ἡξεύρον ὅτι ἐχαίδευε τὸν ἐραστήν της, ετόλμησε νά μπάλῃ και εἰς τῶ ράχιν τᾶ Ταύρε, ὅπε ἐπλάγιασεν ἐμπροσθέντης. Τότε ὁ Ζεύς, βλέπωντας ὅτι ἦταν φορτωμένος ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιόν τε, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔδειχνεν ὅτι ἐπαραδίδετο εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν τε, ἐμβαίνεν εἰς τὸ πέλαγον, ἢ ἐμφάνισεν ὀλίγον κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τῆς χλόης, ᾒ ἀπὸ τὸν αἰγιαλόν· ἔπειτα ὑπῆγε βαθύτερα, καὶ τέλος ἔφερεν αὐτὸ τὸ γλυκὸ φόρωμα ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς θαλάττης τῆς θαλάσσης. Ἡ Εὐρώπη κοιτάξει μὲ φόβον τὸ παραθαλάσσιον, ὅπου ἔφυγε, και ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἠρχαίη χώρις θέλησιν νά τὸ ἀπλώσῃ. Πιάσει μὲ τὸ ἕνα χέρα τὰ κέρατα τᾶ Ταύρε; και μὲ τὸ ἄλλο ξερώνεται εἰς τῶ ράχιν τε. Ἤθελεν εἰπῇ τις ὅτι τὰ φορέματα της φυσκανόμενα ἀπὸ τὸν ἄνεμον, ἦσαν τὰ πάντα αὐτὰ τᾶ ἐμβόλια παρόμοια τᾶ μετακομίζοντος τῶ Βασιλοπούλαν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ὁ παρὸν κινείας δὲ εἶναι Μῦθος ἀλλ᾽ Ἱστορία, ὃς ὁποίας ἔδωκαν ὄνομα καὶ μορφὴν Μῦθοι ἡ δὲ πράξις ἦν τὴν Εὐρώπην, μεταμορφώμενος εἰς ταῦρον, καὶ ἥρπασε ποτὲ ὅτε οἱ πλέον ἀπαίδευτοι τοῦ Ἀργείου. Ἡ Εὐρώπη Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος, Βασιλέως τοῦ Φοινίκων, ἡ ὁποία ἦτο καταπολὰ ὡραία, ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ τινας Κρητικούς, διὰ νὰ τὴν προσφέρωσι δῶρον εἰς τὸν βασιλέα των, ὀνομαζόμενον Δία· ἢ ἐπειδὴ τὸ καράβι, ὅπου τὴν ἔφερον, ὀνομάζεται Ταῦρος, ἔχοντας εἰς τὴν πρώραν πελεκυμένον ταῦρον, διὰ τοῦτο ἐρρέθη ὅτι ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐπέρασε τὴν Θάλασσαν εἰς ταῦρον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως εἰς τὰ καράβια πηγε, τὰ ὁποῖα ἦσαν ὀνόματα κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πελεκυμένης, ἢ ζωογραφισμένης ζώου, ὡς οἱ Κένταυροι, ἢ Χίμαιρα παρὰ τῷ Βιργιλίῳ. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ ναύαρχος ἐκείνος τοῦ καραβίου, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐκομίσθη, ἐλέγετο Ταῦρος, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο ἐρρέθη, ὅτι ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ ἕνα ταῦρον, καὶ ἐφέρθη εἰς τὴν Κρήτην.

Ὡς πόσον, πλὴν τῆς Ἱστορικῆς, ἔμπεσε καὶ ὁ Μῦθος καὶ ἡ Διήγησίς τις ἐπειδὴ ὅπου ἐπλάσαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ότι ὁ Ζεὺς ὁς τις ἐνομίζετο ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Θεῶν, μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄλογον ζῶον, διὰ μίαν μικρὰν κατάπαυσιν, ἤθελαν νὰ διδάξουν μὲ αὐτό, ότι ἕνας τυρὸς ἔρως ἡμπορεῖ νὰ μᾶς παρακινήση νὰ φράσσωμεν πάσας αἰδῶας, ἢ προηγείσθαι τοῦ λόγου. Καὶ βέβαια ὅταν νικηθῆ τις ὑπὸ τούτου πάθους, πολλὰ μισῶν τὸν τοῦ κόσμου λόγον διὰ φροντίζει πλέον οὔτε διὰ τὴν Ἀξίαν του, ἢ τιμήν του, ἢ ὑπόληψιν, οὔτε δύναται νὰ καταφρονήθη ἢ περιορισθῆ ὑπό τινος, ἂν θὲ πληρώση τὴν ἄτακτον καὶ αἰσχρὰν ἐπιθυμίαν. Νόμιμα ἀγαπῶν τὸ ἀξιομίσητον, τιμᾷ τὸ δύσφημον, ὠφέλιμον τὸ κινδυνῶδες, ὅσα ἄτοπα διὰ τοὺς ἄλλους, τοῦ κείνου σώφρονα, ἢ ἐπαινετὰ.

Ὁ Ζεὺς μετεμορφώθη εἰς ταῦρον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι ζῶον ἀσελγὲς καὶ θυμῶδες, διὰ νὰ φανερώθη ἡ αὐθάδεια καὶ ἀναισχυντία τοῦ ἔρωτος, διότι ὅλοι σχεδὸν οἱ πόλεμοι, καὶ οἱ ἀρπασμοὶ, ὅσοι μᾶς ἐπεριέγραψαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ, εἶναι ἔργα καὶ ἀποτελέσματα τοῦ ἔρωτος.

Διὰ τοῦτο ἡμπορεῖς νὰ εἴπῃς τις, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται, ότι δὲν ἐληστεύθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Κόσμου ὁ Ἔρως, οὔτε ὠλιγώτεραι ἐκεῖ περιστρέψει ψυχαὶ, οὔτε ὀλιγώτεροι κινδύνους· ὁ Θεὸς ἢ ὁ Αἰσώπανθές εἴπεν, ότι διὰ νὰ

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ.

Περὶ τῆς Κάδμυ, καὶ τῆς γεννήσεώς τοῦ ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ τῆς ὀδόντας τῆ δράκοντος.

Ὁ Ἀγήνωρ πάτηρ τῆς Εὐρώπης πέμπει τὸν ὑιόν του νὰ ζητήσῃ τὸν ἀδελφόν του, ἀπειλῶντας τὸν νὰ μὴ τὸν ἐπιστρέψῃ, ἂν δὲν τὴν τὴν εὕρῃ. Ὁ Κάδμος, εἰς μάτην τὴν ἀπελπίδασε, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ τὴν εὕρῃ, συμβουλεύεται τὸ μαντεῖον τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον λαμβάνει μίαν ἀπόκρισιν, τὴν ὁποίαν αὐτὸς ἀκολουθήσας μὲ ὅλην τὴν ἀκρίβειαν. Οἱ συνοδοιπόροι του καταδιώκονται ὑπὸ ἕνα δράκοντα, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Κάδμος πολεμεῖ ἕως ὅτου σύρῃ τὴν πατρίδα του, καὶ τῶν ὀδόντων τοῦ δράκοντος, ἐκ συμβουλῆς ἀπὸ αὐτὴν γεννῶνται ἄνδρες πολεμικώτατοι. Ἔμειναν μόνον πέντε, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐδάσθησαν κτίσται τῆς Θήβης Πόλεως· τὰ δὲ ὀνόματα εἶσι ταῦτα Ἐχίων, Οὐδαῖος, Χθόνιος, Πέλωρ, καὶ Ὑπερήνωρ.

Ὅταν ἀφθάσε ὁ Ζεὺς εἰς τὰ Κρήτης, ἄφησε τὰ μορφὰ τῆ Ταύρου, δείχνοντας εἰς τὴν Εὐ- ρώπην ποῖος ἦτον· ὁ δὲ πατὴρ τῆς ἐλυπήθη σφόδρα, μὲν ἡξεύρωντας ποῖος τὰ ἀρπάξεν· ὅθεν ἐπρόσταξε Κάδμον τὸν υἱόν να ὑπάγη παντα πρὸς ζήτησιν τῆς, καὶ να μὴ γυρείση ὀπίσω ποτε χωρὶς να τὰ πλὴ φέ- ρη, καταδικάζοντας τον κι εἰς παντοτινὸν ἐξορείαν, ἂν δεν ἤθελεν εὑρῆ τὰ Εὐρώπην· κι με ταῦτα ὁ ἄθλιος Ἀγή- νωρ ἔφανη ὁμοῦ καλὸς κι κακὸς πατὴρ. Ἀφ᾽ ὅτου λοιπὸν ὁ Κάδμος περιήρχετο εἰς μάτην ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον (διό- τι ποῖος δύναται να ἐσκεπάση τὰ πλέγματα τοῦ Διός, καὶ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου αὐτὸς θέλει να κρύψη;) ἀπεφάσισε να κατοικήση ἔξω ἀπὸ τὴν πατρίδα του, διὰ να ἀποφύγη με τὰς ἐξορείαν τὰ τοῦ ὀργῆς τοῦ πατρὸς του· κι ἔπειτα ὑπήγε να συμβουλευθῆ τὸ μαντεῖον τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐρωτήσας τον εἰς ποῖαν γῆν ἔπρεπε να κατοικήση· ἔλαβε δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν· Θέλεις ἀπαντήσει κατ᾽ ὀλίγον μίαν δάμαλιν εἰς μοναχικὰς λάμπας, ἡ ὁποῖα ἀκόμη δεν ἔφερε ζυγὸν, οὔτε ἐκοπίασεν εἰς ἀρότρον· αὐτὴν ἀκολούθησον, καὶ μὴ ζητῆς ἄλ- λον οὐδένα. Κτίσε μίαν Πόλιν εἰς τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἐκείνη σταματήση, καὶ ὀνόμασον αὐτὴν τὴν πό- λιν Βοιωτίαν. Μόλις ὁ Κάδμος ἀνέβηκε ἀπὸ τὸ ἱερὸν λάκκον, ὅπου εἶχε λάβει αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, καὶ βλέπει μίαν δάμαλιν ἀφύλακτον, ὁποῦ δεν εἶχε κανένα σημεῖον ὅτι ὑπετάγη ποτὲ εἰς τον ζυγὸν, κι τὴν ἀκο- λουθεῖ πολλὰ καιρόν, σεβόμενος εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν Ἀπόλ- λωνα, ὡς ὁδηγόν κι βοηθὸν του. Ἀπέρασε τὸν Κηφισόν

Metamorphoses

Book III

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri
se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat,
cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam
imperat et poenam, si non invenerit, addit
5exilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem.
Orbe pererrato (quis enim deprendere possit
furta Iovis?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis
vitat Agenorides Phoebique oracula supplex
consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.
10“Bos tibi” Phoebus ait “solis occurret in arvis,
nullum passa iugum curvique inmunis aratri.
Hac duce carpe vias et qua requieverit herba
moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ma vocato.”
Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,
15incustoditam lente videt ire iuvencam
nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat.
Iam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva:
20bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis
ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras,
atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes,
procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba.
Cadmus agit grates peregrinaeque oscula terrae
25figit et ignotos montes agrosque salutat.
Sacra Iovi facturus erat. Iubet ire ministros
et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.
Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata securi,
et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus,
30efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum,
uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro
Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro;
igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne venenis,
tres vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes.
35Quem postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti
infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas
urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro
caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit.
Effluxere urnae manibus sanguisque reliquit
40corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus.
Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes
torquet et inmensos saltu sinuatur in arcus,
ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras
despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto
45si totum spectes, geminas qui separat arctos.
Nec mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant,
sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque,
occupat: hos morsu, longis complexibus illos,
hos necat adfiatu funesti tabe veneni.
Cadmus searches for his sister Europa

And now the god, dispensing with the deceptive image of the bull, confessed who he was, and made for the fields of Crete. Meanwhile Europa�s father, in ignorance of this, orders his son Cadmus to search for the stolen girl, and adds that exile is his punishment if he fails to find her, showing himself, by the same action, both pious and impious. Roaming the world (for who can discover whatever Jupiter has taken?) Agenor�s son, the fugitive, shuns his native land and his parent�s anger and as a suppliant consults Apollo�s oracle and asks in what land he might settle. Phoebus replies �A heifer will find you in the fields, that has never submitted to the yoke and is unaccustomed to the curved plough. Go where she leads, and where she finds rest on the grass build the walls of Thebes, your city, and call the land Boeotia.�

Cadmus had scarcely left the Castalian cave when he saw an unguarded heifer, moving slowly, and showing no mark of the yoke on her neck. He follows close behind and chooses his steps by the traces of her course, and silently thanks Phoebus, his guide to the way. Now he had passed the fords of Cephisus and the fields of Panope: the heifer stopped, and lifting her beautiful head with its noble horns to the sky stirred the air with her lowings. Then looking back, to see her companion following, she sank her hindquarters on the ground and lowered her body onto the tender grass. Cadmus gave thanks, pressing his lips to the foreign soil and welcoming the unknown hills and fields.

Intending to offer a sacrifice to Jupiter, he ordered his attendants to go in search of water from a running stream for a libation. There was an ancient wood there, free from desecration, and, in the centre of it, a chasm thick with bushes and willow branches, framed in effect by stones making a low arch, and rich with copious springs. There was a snake sacred to Mars concealed in this cave, with a prominent golden crest. Fire flickered in its eyes, its whole body was swollen with venom, its three-forked tongue flickered, and its teeth were set in a triple row.�

After the people of Tyre, setting out, a fatal step, reached the grove, and let their pitchers down into the water, it gave out a reverberation. The dark green snake thrust his head out of the deep cavern, hissing awesomely. The pitchers fell from their hands, the blood left their bodies, and, terrified, a sudden tremor took possession of their limbs. The snake winds his scaly coils in restless writhings, and, shooting upwards, curves into a huge arc. With half its length raised into thin air, it peers down over the whole wood, its body as great, seen in its entirety, as that Dragon that separates the twin constellations of the Bear. Without pause he takes the Phoenicians, whether they prepare to fight, run, or are held by fear itself. Some he slays with his bite, some he kills in his deep embraces, others with the corrupting putrefaction of his venomous breath.

ποταμὸν πεζὸς, καὶ τὴν Πανοπείαν γλῦ κυνηγῶντας τὴν, ἡ πᾶλος πάντων ὅταν ἐξημάτησεν, αὐτῇ ἐσήκωσε τῷ κεφαλῇ της πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, γεμίζουσα τὸν ἀέ- ρα ἀπὸ μυκήματα, ἡ μετὰ ταῦτα βλέψασα τὰς ἀκολου- θοῦντας τὴν, κατελύθη ἰς τὰ χόρτα. Τότε ὁ Κάδ- μος ἀποδίδει τὰ εὐχαρίστεια ἰς τὰς Θεάς, ἀσπάζεται αὐτῷ τὴν ἐδῶ γλῦν, ὁποῦ ἔμελε νὰ τὸν ὑποδεχθῇ, χαιρετᾷ τὰς ναϊάδας, καὶ τὰ βουνὰ, ὁποῦ ἀκόμη δὲν ἐγνώριζες, ἢ θέλοντας νὰ κάμῃ θυσίαν ἰς τὸν Δία, ἐπρόσταξε τοὺς ὑπηρέτας του νὰ ὑπάγουν νὰ φέρουν νερὸν ἀπὸ τὴν πλησίον πηγὴν, ὁποῦ συνετηρεῖτο.

Ἦτον ἰς ἐκείνον τὸν τόπον οἱ παλαιοῦ δάσος, ἀδιαμάστον ἀπὸ πέλεκυν, ἰς τὴν μέσον τὰ ὁποῖα ἐδείχνετο ἀφηλαίον ὕλον σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ βάτας καὶ ἀγκάθια. Τὸ ἔμβασμάτι ἦτον χαμηλόν, καὶ τόσεσίδες, ἰ ἐβγαίνεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ μία βρύσις καθαρὲ ὕδατος· αὕτη δὲ ὕπον ἢ κατοικία ἑνὸς φοβεροῦ δράκοντος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀπὸ τὰ ὀμμάτιά τῆς ἔχεε πῦρ, καὶ ὅλον τῷ τὸ κορμί ἦτον γεμάτον φαρμάκι. Τρεῖς γλώσσας εἶχεν ἰς τὸ στόμα τῆς, καὶ ξῆς πάξεις ὀδόντων, ὁπῶ τὸν ἐκατιστάινον ξομερώτερον. Ὅταν οἱ ἄνδρωποι τῆς Κάδμος ἔφθασαν ἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πίτον, ὁ ἀτύπος ὁπῶ ἔκαμε τὸ νερὸν δεχόμενον τὰ ἀγγεῖα τῶν, ἐξύπνησε τὸν δράκοντα, ἰ ἐβγαλον ἔξω παρίδους τὸ φοβερὸν τῆς κεφαλῇ μὲ φρικτὰ συρίγματα. Βλέποντες ἐκείνοι τὸ ὄφιον, ψυχοῦντα ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἔπιπτον τὰ ἀγγεῖα ἀπὸ τὰς χειράς τῶν, κυλίσιν, καὶ θέλων νὰ φύγεν, ἱ ὁ φόβος τῶν εἶναι τόσον μεγάλος, ὅσον φοβερὸν τὸ ὑποκείμενον τὰ φόβῃ τῶν. Διπλώνεται, ξεδιπλώνεται ὁ δράκων, στρέφει τὰς λεπιδωτὲς σπείρας τῷ μὲ ἐπιξ

50Fecerat exiguas iam sol altissimus umbras:
quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus,
vestigatque viros. Tegimen derepta leoni
pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea ferro
et iaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.
55Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit
victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem
tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua,
“aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis,
aut comes” inquit “ero.” Dixit, dextraque molarem
60sustulit et magnum magno conamine misit.
Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis
moenia mota forent: serpens sine vulnere mansit
loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae
duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus.
65At non duritia iaculum quoque vicit eadem:
quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum
constitit et totum descendit in ilia ferrum.
Ille dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit
vulneraque adspexit fixumque hastile momordit
70idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem,
vix tergo eripuit; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit.
Tum vero, postquam solitas accessit ad iras
causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,
spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus,
75terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit
ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras.
Ipse modo inmensum spiris facientibus orbem
cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior adstat
impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis
80fertur et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas.
Cedit Agenorides paulum spolioque leonis
sustinet incursus instantiaque ora retardat
cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro
vulnera dat ferro figitque in acumine dentes.
85Iamque venenifero sanguis manare palato
coeperat et virides adspergine tinxerat herbas:
sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu
laesaque colla dabat retro plagamque sedere
cedendo arcebat nec longius ire sinebat,
90donec Agenorides coniectum in guttura ferrum
usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti
obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix.
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor et ima
parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae.
Cadmus kills the Dragon

The sun had reached the heights of the sky, and driven away the shadows. And now the son of Agenor, wondering what has delayed his friends, searches for the men. He is covered with the pelt stripped from a lion. His sword is tipped with glittering iron. He has a spear, and better still a spirit superior to all. When he enters the wood and sees the dead bodies, and over them the victorious enemy, with its vast body, licking at their sad wounds with a bloody tongue, he cries out �Faithful hearts, I shall either be the avenger of your deaths, or become your companion�.

So saying he lifted a massive rock with his right hand and with great effort hurled the huge weight. Steep walls with their high turrets, would have been shattered by the force of the blow, but the snake remained unwounded, protected by its scales like a breastplate, and its dark, hard skin repelled the powerful stroke.

But that same hardness cannot keep out the spear that defeats it, that is fixed in a curve of its pliant back, and sinks its whole iron blade into its entrails. The creature maddened with pain twists its head over its back, sees the wound, and bites at the shaft lodged there. Even when the snake had loosened its hold all round by its powerful efforts, it could scarcely rip it from its flesh and the iron stayed fixed in its spine. Then indeed new purpose was added to its usual wrath: its throat swells, the veins fill, and white spume flecks its baleful jaws. The earth resounds to its scaly scraping and a black breath like that from the mouth of the Styx fouls the corrupted air. At one instant it coils in vast spiraling circles, at another rears up straighter than a high tree. Again it rushes on like a rain-filled river and knocks down all the trees obstructing it in front. The son of Agenor gives way a little withstanding its attacks by means of the lion�s skin and keeps back the ravening jaws by thrusting forward the point of his sword. The snake is maddened and bites uselessly at the hard iron and only drives the sharp point between its teeth.

Now the blood begins to drip from its venomous throat and soak the green grass with its spattering. But the wound is slight, because the serpent draws back from the thrust, pulling its wounded neck away, and, conceding its wound, keeps back the sword, and does not let it sink deeper. But the son of Agenor following it all the time presses the embedded iron into its throat, until an oak-tree blocks its backward course and neck and tree are pinned together. The tree bends under the serpent�s weight and the trunk of the oak groans with the lashing of its tail.

πῇ, ποιτάζει ξηγύρω μὲ δάσον, καὶ φαίνεται τοσοῦτον μέγας, οἷος ἤθελε φανῇ ὁ οὐράνιος δράκων. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν πήδα καὶ ἡ τῶν Φοινίκων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἢ ἐτόλμησαν νὰ βάλουν χέρι εἰς τὸ ἀσφάλτον, ἢ ἤθελον νὰ φύγουν, ἢ ὁ φόβος τοὺς ἔκαμε νὰ χάσουν τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἢ ποδῶν ἢ τῶν χερῶν. Ὁ Δράκων ἐπῆξε μερικούς, καὶ ἄλλους ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸ δάγκαμά του, ἢ μὲ τὴν δυσωδίαν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς του, ἢ μὲ τὸ φαρμάκι, ὅπου ἐξέχυσε· καὶ τέλος πάντων ἐχύθησαν ὅλοι εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον ὀλέθριον συμβεβηκός. Ὡς τοσοῦτον, ὄντος ἀπερασμένου τοῦ μεσημβρίου, καὶ βλέποντος ὁ Κάδμος νὰ μὴ ἔρχωνται οἱ ἄνθρωποί του, ἐθάμβασε, καὶ ἐπῆγε νὰ τοὺς ζητήσῃ. Ἔχοντος δὲ αἰτίαν νὰ φοβηθῇ, ἐσκεπάσθη μὲ τὸ λεοντόδερμα, καὶ ἔλαβεν εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸ κοντάρι, καὶ τὸ βέλος· ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον δυνατώτερος διὰ τὴν γενναιότητά του, παρὰ διὰ τὰ ὅπλα του· Ὅταν δὲν ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὸ δάσος, καὶ εἶδε τοὺς συντρόφους του κατεδαφισμένους, καὶ τοῦ νικητοῦ ἐπάνω των, ὅπου ἐρρόφησε τὸ αἷμά των, καὶ ἔγλειφε τὰς πληγάς των, εἶπεν· ἢ ἐκδικοῦμαι τὸν θάνατόν σας, ἢ κοιμῶμαι καὶ ἐγὼ, ὡς καὶ σεῖς· καὶ εὐθὺς ἁρπάζοντας μίαν μεγαλωτάτην πέτραν, τὴν ἔρριψεν ἐπάνω εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ τέρας μὲ τόσον βίαν, ὥστε ὑπερέβαινε κάθε ἀνθρωπίνην δύναμιν· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος ὁ τεράωδης δράκων δὲν ἐπληγώθη μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ κτύπημα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ τὰ ἰσχυρότερα τείχη ἤθελον τιναχθῇ. Ἡ λεπὶς καὶ ἡ χοράστης τῆς πέζης του τὸν ἐβοήθουν, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον τειχόμαστρον, ἀντίον εἰς τὸ κτύπημα τῆς πέτρας· ὅμως αὐτὴ ἡ σκληρότης δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ἐναντιωθῇ εἰς τὴν σαΐταν, ἡ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἀπέρασε τὸ κόκκαλον τῆς ράχης ἕως εἰς τὸ πλευρόν. Τότε

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 133

υπὸ τῶν πληγῶν τε, ἢ θέλε να βγάλη τὸν σαϊτον με τὰ ὀδόντια τε· ἀλλὰ δὲν ἠμπόρεσε να ἀφαιρέση παρὰ μόνον ἕνα μέρος, τὸ δὲ σίδηρον ἔμεινε μέσα. Οὕτως αὐξάνοντες με τὸν πόνον ὁ θυμός τε, ἐφούσκωσαν αἱ φλέβες τὰ λαιμέ τε, καὶ ἔβγαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τῶ προσέτι ἀνωιγμένον εἷς ἀφρὸς ἄγριος, με θανατηφόρον σάλιον, ἢ με ἀναθυμίασις, ὡστὼ ἀπὸ λάκκον βαθύτατον, ἢ ὁποία ἐμόλυνε τὸν ἀέρα, ἢ ἐξήραινε τὰ χόρτα. Αὐτὸς ποτὲ μὲν περιεσφίγγετο, σχηματίζοντας ἀπέραντον κύκλον, ποτὲ δὲ ἀπλώνετο ὡς δοκός, καὶ τινάζεται με τόσην βίαν, ὡς χείμαρρος παρορμηθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰς βροχάς, ὥστε σχεδὸν ξεριζώνει τὰ δένδρα με τὸ ἁπότημα τῶ κορμέ τε. Ὡστόσον ὁ Κάδμος ἀπαντᾶται εὐπρεπῶς ἀπὸ τὸν θυμόν τε· εἶναι φυλαγμένος ἀπὸ τὰ δαγκώματά τε με τὴν λεοντίαν, ἢ ἐμποδίζει τον με τὸ κοντάρι τε να πλησιάση. Θυμῶνει ὁ δράκων περισσότερον, ἢ δαγκάνει εἰς μάτην τὸ σίδηρον, ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμποδίζει. Ἡ γῆ ἀρχίζε να κοκκινίζη ἀπὸ τὸ φαρμακερὸν αἷμα, ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τε ἔχυνεν· ὅμως αἱ πληγαί τε ἦσαν ἀκόμη ἐλάχισται, ἐπειδὴ ἐπαραχωροῦσαν εἰσῶς, ὁπόθεν ἠδυνάτετο τῆς ἀκμῆς τῆ σίδηρο, καὶ παρακαλώντας, δὲν ἄφινε να βυθίση τὸ σίδηρον. Τέλος πάντων ὁ Κάδμος κρατῶντας τὸ κοντάρι εἰς τὸ στόμα τῦ, ὑπολύει πάντοτε, ἕως ὅτε τὸ θηρίον ἐμποδίστη ἀπὸ ἓν μέγα δένδρον, ἀπὸ παραχώρουντας ἐσωπάντησε, καὶ τότε τὸ ἔχωσε τόσον δυνατὰ τὸ κοντάρι εἰς τὸν λαιμόν, ὥστε ἐξύτησε τὸν δράκοντα ὁμοῦ ἢ τὸ δένδρον. Τὸ βάρος τῆ δράκοντος ἐλύγισε τὸ δένδρον, ἢ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε να τὸ κρημνίση με τὰς ἄγκρας τῆς οὐράς τε.

95Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis,
vox subito audita est; neque erat cognoscere promptum
unde, sed audita est: “Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum
serpentem spectas? et tu spectabere serpens.”
Ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem
100perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant.
Ecce viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras,
Pallas adest motaeque iubet supponere terrae
vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri.
Paret et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,
105spargit humi iussos, mortalia semina, dentes.
Inde (fide maius) glaebae coepere moveri,
primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae,
tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono,
mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis
110exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum.
Sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris,
surgere signa solent primumque ostendere vultus,
cetera paulatim, placidoque educta tenore
tota patent imoque pedes in margine ponunt.
� Cadmus sows the Dragon�s teeth

While the conqueror stares at the vast bulk of his conquered enemy, suddenly a voice is heard. It is not easy to imagine where it comes from, but it is heard. �Why gaze, son of Agenor, at the serpent you have killed? You too shall be a serpent to be gazed on.� For a long time he stands there quaking, and at the same time loses colour in his face, and his hair stands on end in cold terror. Then, behold, Pallas, the hero�s guardian approaches, sinking down through the upper air, and orders him to turn the earth and sow the dragon�s teeth, destined to generate a people. He obeys, and opening the furrows with a slice of his plough, sows the teeth in the ground, as human seed. Then, almost beyond belief, the cultivated earth begins to move, and first spear points appear among the furrows, next helmets nodding their painted crests, then chests and shoulders spring up, and arms weighed down with spears, and the field is thick with the round shields of warriors. Just as at festivals in the theatre, when the curtain is lifted at the end, designs rise in the air, first revealing faces and then gradually the rest, until, raised gently and steadily, they are seen whole, and at last their feet rest on the lower border.

Ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ ὁπὸ ὁ ζέστος τῆ μεγέθους τῆ ἱττηθούντος ἐχόρῃ, ἤκουσον ἐξαφρα μίαν φωνήν, χωρὶς νὰ κατακλάβῃ πόθεν ἤρχετο, ὅπου τοῦ ἔλεγον οὕτω· διὰ τί υἱὲ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος ἔρπεσαι πόσον τσελεργαζόμενος εἰς ὥραν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ ἐπιτηδεότης σου ἔλαβαν τὰ νικητήρια; καὶ σὺ μίαν ἡμέραν, μεταμορφούμενος εἰς ὀφίδιον, θέλεις ἀποκινήσει εἰς ἄλλας ἐμέινον τὸν φόβον, ἀπὸ ἔλαβες πώρα ἀπ' αὐτὸν. Ἀκούωντας ὁ Κάδμος τὰς λόγας ταύτας, ἔγινεν ἔντρομος, χανώντας ἐν τῷ πατὲ τὴν φωνὴν τὲ τὸ χρῶμα, τὲ ὠρθώθησαν τὰ μαλλία τὰ εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν του. Τότε ἡ Ἀθηναία, ἡ ὁποία πάντοτε τον ἐβοήθησεν, ἔφανη ἔμπροσθέν του, καὶ τὸν ἐπρόσταζε νὰ ὀργώσῃ τὴν γῆν, καὶ νὰ σπείρῃ τὰ ὀδόντια τῆ ὀφίδης ἐκείνης, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔμελλε νὰ γεννηθῇ μέγας λαός. Ὁ Κάδμος εὐθὺς ὑπακούει τῆς Θεᾶς, ὀργώνει τὴν γῆν καὶ σπείρει τον νέον σπόρον· καὶ εὐθὺς (ποῖος ἠδύνατο νὰ πιστεύσῃ αὐτὸ τὸ τεράστιον;) ἤρχισαν νὰ κινοῦνται τὰ χώματα, καὶ νὰ φύξωνται πρῶτον, αὐχὲ ἀστραχών, εἴδηρα κονταρόπλιον· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τρελκεφαλαῖαι, σκεπασμέναι μὲ τρὲ διαφόρων χωμάτων· ὕστερα πλάται, στήθη, κὲ χέρια ἐνωπλισμένα μὲ κονταρία κὲ σπαθία· κὲ τέλος ὅλος οὗτος δυνατὸς ἄμητος πολεμικῶν ἀνθρώπων. Οὕτως ὅταν σηκώνονται εἰς τὸ θέατρον τὰ παραπετάσματα, φαίνεται πρῶτον ἡ κεφαλὴ τῶν ὑποκριτῶν, ἔπειτα κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον ξεσκεπάζεται τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ σώματος, κὲ φαίνεται τέλος ὅλος αὐτῶν νὰ πατῶν μὲ τὰς πόδας τὴν γῆν. Ὁ Κάδμος βλέπωντας αὐτὸν τὸν νέον ἐχθρόν, ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ πιάσῃ τὰ ὅπλα· ἀλλ' εὐθὺς ὕνας ἀπὸ ἐκείνης τῆς γηγενείας ἐσφόλαβε νὰ τοῦ εἴπῃ νὰ μὴ φοβῆται, καὶ νὰ μὴ συγχίζεται. Σπάθης, τὰ ἐφώναζε, μὴν ἀναχω-

τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πόλεμον· ἄφες νὰ τελειώσωμεν ἡμεῖς τῆς φιλονεικίαν μας. Μόλις ὡμολόγησε καὶ μὲ τὸ ἀσφαλὶ τὰ ἐφόνευσαν δύο τῶν ἀδελφῶν του· καὶ αὐτὸς ἔπεσε καὶ αὐ- τὸς τετρυπημένος ἀπὸ τὸ δόρυ εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος, ὅπου τὸν ἐπληγώσε, δὲν ἦτο πολὺν καιρὸν μὲ τὴν ζωήν· ἕνας ἄλλος τὴν ἀφαίρεσε τὴν ζωήν, ὅπου παρὰ ὀλί- γον εἶχον ἀπολαύσει· καὶ ἀπολέσας ὅλοι αὐτοὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ παραφρονημένοι ἀπὸ μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν μανίαν, ἦγιναν ἐν ταὐτῷ καὶ φονεῖς, καὶ ἐκδικηταὶ οἱ δόροι τῶν ἄλλων. Οὕτως αὐτοὶ οἱ μανιώδεις θεοὶ, οἵ τινες εἶχον γεννηθῇ διὰ νὰ ἀποθάνουν εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν στιγμήν, ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθη- σαν, ἔβαψαν μὲ τὸ αἷμά των τὸν κόλπον τῆς μητρὸς των· ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἔλαβε καιρὸν νὰ τοὺς γνωρίσῃ. Ἐσώθησαν δὲ μόνον δὲ αὐτοῦ πέντε, ὁ Ἐχίων, ὁ Ὀνδαῖος, ὁ Χθόνιος, ὁ Πέλωρ, καὶ ὁ Ὑπερένωρ. Πρῶτος ὁ Ἐχίων, ἀφήνοντας τὰ ὅπλα, διὰ προσταγῆς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἐκάμεν ἀγάπην μὲ τοὺς ἀδελφούς του, τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ ἐκεῖνοι ἐδέχθησαν ὁμοίως. Τούτους ὁ Κάδμος, μετεχειρίσθη εἰς τὴν οἰκοδομὴν τῆς Πόλεως, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐπρόσταξε νὰ θεμελιώσῃ.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Δύσκολον εἶναι νὰ εἴπῃ τις τίποτε θετὸν μεταφράζοντας Ἱστορίας, τὸ πάλαι συγγεγραμμένας· ἐκεῖνο δὲ ὅλον ὅπου δύνεται νὰ παρατηθῇ εἶναι ἐνίοτε μία καλλιώτερα πρᾶξις, ἢ τινα νομίσματα, καὶ ἕνα σχῆμα ἁρμόζοντες εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν. Οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῇ πα- ρούσῃ τοῦ Κάδμου, τῆς πολλὴν ἀλήθειαν

Αὕτη ἡ ὁμιλία ἡ τελευταία εἶναι ἀξιοθλάστες ἢ δυσπιστοτέρα τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀδόντων τῶν εὐπαρόντων, ἢ τὴν εἰς ἀνθρώπους μεταβολήν.

Διττῶς διηγεῖται λοιπὸν δεῦ λέγω τοῦ Μύθου, ἀλλὰ φησὶ Ἱστορίαν τοῦ Κάδμου, ἡ ὁποία ἔδωσε ἀφορμὴν τοῦ Μύθου. Τινὲς μὲν λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἐστάλη ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀγήνορα τοῦ πατέρα του, ἢ Βασιλέα τῆς Φοινίκης, εἰς ἀναζήτησιν τῆς ἀδελφῆς του Εὐρώπης, ὅπου τὴν εἶχεν ἁρπάξη. Ἢ ὅτι αὐτὴ ἐξῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἢ εἰς ἄλλους τόπους, ὅπου ἰδρυμένην εὗρε μεγάλην κοιλάδα Ἀφρόδιτα τοῦ Ἄρεως ἔχω πεῖθεν μεσεῦθεν ἐν ταῦ συνθέσειν. καὶ ἄλλως ἀμέσως εἰς ὅλην τὴν χώραν· ἢ ἐκ τούτου ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἐφώτισεν εἰς Δράκοντα, καὶ ἔπειδὴ τὰ ὀδόντα του, ἔπεσαν φεύγοντας τοῦ Ἀρχηγοῦ, διεσκορπίσθησαν οἱ ἄλλοι κλέπται οἱ σπαδοῦ ἢ σώφρονι.

115Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat:
“ne cape”, de populo, quem terra creaverat, unus
exclamat “nec te civilibus insere bellis.”
Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum
comminus ense ferit; iaculo cadit eminus ipse.
120Hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo
vivit et exspirat modo quas acceperat auras;
exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres.
Iamque brevis vitae spatium sortita iuventus
125sanguineam tepido plangebat pectore matrem,
quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion.
Is sua iecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma
fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque.
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes,
130cum posuit iussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem.
Iam stabant Thebae: poteras iam, Cadme, videri
exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque
contigerant: huc adde genus de coniuge tanta,
tot natos natasque et pignera cara nepotes,
135hos quoque iam iuvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper
exspectanda dies homini est, dicique beatus
ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet.
Cadmus founds Thebes

Alarmed by this new enemy Cadmus was about to take up his weapons: �Keep away� one of the army, that the earth had produced, cried at him �and take no part in our internal wars!� So saying he raised his sharp sword against one of his earth-born brothers nearby, then, himself, fell to a spear thrown from far off. But the one who killed him lived no longer than he did and breathed out the air he had just breathed in. This example stirred them all equally, as if at a storm-wind, and, in their warring, these brothers of a moment were felled by mutual wounds. And now these youths, who were allowed such brief lives, were drumming on their mother�s breast hot with their blood. Five were still standing, one of whom was Echion. He, at a warning from Pallas, threw his weapons on the ground and sought assurances of peace from his brothers, and gave them in return. The Sidonian wanderer had these men as companions in his task when he founded the city commanded by Apollo�s oracle.

Now Thebes stands, and now you might be seen as happy, in your exile, Cadmus. You have Mars and Venus as your bride�s parents, and added to this the children of so noble a wife, so many sons and daughters, and dearly loved descendants, your grandchildren, who now are young men. But in truth we should always wait for a man�s last day, for that time when he has paid his last debt, and we should call no man�s life happy until he is dead.

Ἀλλοι δὲ λέγουσιν ὅτι Κάδμος, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Ἀγήνορος, ἀποκτείνας τὸν Δράκοντα Βασιλέα τῆς Βοιωτίας, ἐκληρονόμησεν αὐτὸ τὸ Βασίλειον, οἱ δὲ φίλοι ἢ υἱοὶ τοῦ Δράκοντος συνώμοσαν νὰ πολεμήσουν τὸν Κάδμον, ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος τοὺς ἔβαλεν ὑπέρτατα εἰς ἀγχομαχίαν, ἢ μᾶλλον αὐτοὶ τοὺς ἐφόνευσαν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντα τοῦ Δράκοντος ἐλάχησαν στρατιῶται, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐφονεύθησαν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἔσπειρε τὰ ὀδόντα διὰ παρέγκλησιν τῆς Ἀθήνας, ἥτις ἐπάρεσεν αὐτὸν νὰ ἐκλέξῃ τοὺς μὲν ἐπιτηδείους ἀπὸ τὴν φρόνησιν· ἐπειδὴ βλέπων αὐτὸς τοὺς νέους στρατιώτας νὰ ἐγείρονται εὐθέως μὲ τὴν περικεφαλαίαν κεκομμένην, ἔρριψεν ἀθωράτως μίαν πέτραν κρυφίως, ἡ ὁποία ἐγείρουσα ζῆλον διὰ τούτους ἦναι αἰτία ἀπὸ

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'.

τῆξε καὶ συμμαχίαι, ὅσαι γίνονται εἰς τοιαύτας πειρασίας, οὐδὲν εἶναι ποτε στερεαὶ, ἐπειδὴ κάθε ἀκολουθοῦσι μερικὰ περιστατικὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα τὰς διαλύουσιν, ἢ μεταβάλλουσιν εἰς μίσος ἢ ἔχθραν ἀθάνατον.

Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι μὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας, ὅπου ἐξυπνήθηκαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντα τοῦ Δράκοντος, καὶ ποῦσαν ἀδελφοί, ὡς γεννηθέντες ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πατέρα, μᾶς ὑποδεικνύουσιν, ὅτι δὲν εἶναι μεγαλύτερα μάχη ἀπὸ ἐκείνην, ὅπου γίνεται μεταξὺ τῶν συγγενῶν, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἀδελφῶν· ἢ καθὼς εἰς τὰ φυσικὰ, οὕτως ἠμπορεῖ νὰ εἴπῃ τινα καὶ εἰς τὰ ἠθικὰ, ὅτι ἡ φθορὰ τῶν καλλίτερων πραγμάτων, εἶναι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἡ μεγαλυτέρα.

Ὁ δὲ Ναζιανζὸς Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ἐφαρμόζει αὐτοῦ τὸν Μῦθον εἰς ἐκείνους, ὅσοι ὑψώνονται εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ ἀξιώματα τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ἀνάξιοι ὄντες, ἐπειδὴ οἱ τοιοῦτοι διὰ τὴν ἀχαριστίαν εἶναι, ὡς ἔμεινεν ἀχαριστότατος αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος ὅπου ὑπὸ τὴν ὁδὸν ἔνθα παρεμένει. Ἀμμιανὸς δὲ ὁ Μαρκελλῖνος λέγει, ὅτι μὲ τοιοῦτον ἀνέμου ἡ πληγεῖσα ἔξωθεν τοῦ πληθυσμοῦ νὰ διαβαίνει ὑπὸ τὴν ἔνδυσιν τῆς Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ἐράσμιος θέλει νὰ δώσῃ εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν Μῦθον, ἀναφέρων ἀστείως εἰς τὰς πεπαιδευμένας καὶ σοφὰς ἄνδρας τὸ πλάσμα τῆς ὀδόντων τοῦ δράκοντος, ὅπου μεταμορφώθησαν εἰς πολεμιστάς. Λέγει λοιπὸν ὅτι τὰ ὀδόντια, ὅπου ἐσπάρθησαν εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, σημαίνουσι τὰ γράμματα, τὰ ὁποῖα ὁ Κάδμος πρῶτος ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ τὴν Φοινίκην, καὶ ὅτι οἱ ὡπλισμένοι ἄνδρες, ὅπου ἐξεπήδησαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντια τοῦ Δράκοντος, σημαίνουσι τοὺς σοφοὺς καὶ ὅλους τοὺς γραμματισμένους· ἡ δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, λέγει, τούτων ἐπίθεσις σημαίνει πῶς ζηλοτυποῦν ἀδιαλείπτως μεταξὺ των.

Book III · ACTAEON

ACTAEON

Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas
causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti
140addita, vosque canes satiatae sanguine erili.
At bene si quaeras, fortunae crimen in illo,
non scelus invenies: quod enim scelus error habebat?
Mons erat infectus variarum caede ferarum;
iamque dies medius rerum contraxerat umbras
145et sol ex aequo meta distabat utraque,
cum iuvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes
participes operum compellat Hyantius ore:
“Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum,
fortunamque dies habuit satis. Altera lucem
150cum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet,
propositum repetemus opus; nunc Phoebus utraque
distat idem terra finditque vaporibus arva.
Sistite opus praesens nodosaque tollite lina.”
Iussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem.
155Vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu,
nomine Gargaphie, succinctae sacra Dianae.
Cuius in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu,
arte laboratum nulla: simulaverat artem
ingenio natura suo; nam pumice vivo
160et levibus tofis nativum duxerat arcum.
Fons sonat a dextra, tenui perlucidus unda,
margine gramineo patulos succinctus hiatus.
Hic dea silvarum venatu fessa solebat
virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore.
Actaeon returns from the hunt

Actaeon, one of your grandsons, was your first reason for grief, in all your happiness, Cadmus. Strange horns appeared on his forehead, and his hunting dogs sated themselves on the blood of their master. But if you look carefully, you will find that it was the fault of chance and not wickedness: what wickedness is there in error? It happened on a mountain, stained with the blood of many creatures, and midday had contracted every shadow and the sun was equidistant from either end of his journey. Then Actaeon, the young Boeotian, with a quiet expression, spoke to his companions in the hunt as they wandered through the solitary wilds �Friends, our spears and nets are drenched with the blood of our victims, and the day has been fortunate enough. When Aurora in her golden chariot brings another day we will resume our purpose. Now Phoebus is also between the limits of his task, and is splitting open the earth with his heat. Finish your present task and carry home the netted meshes� The men obeyed his order and left off their labour.

There was a valley there called Gargaphie, dense with pine trees and sharp cypresses, sacred to Diana of the high-girded tunic, where, in the depths, there is a wooded cave, not fashioned by art. But ingenious nature had imitated art. She had made a natural arch out of native pumice and porous tufa. On the right, a spring of bright clear water murmured into a widening pool, enclosed by grassy banks. Here the woodland goddess, weary from the chase, would bathe her virgin limbs in the crystal liquid.

Περὶ τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, τοῦ ἐξ ἐλάφου μεταμορφωθέντος.

Ὁ Ἀκταίων, ἔγγονος τοῦ Κάδμου, μεταβάλλεται εἰς ἔλαφον, καὶ κατασχίζεται ὑπὸ τῆς σκύλης αὐτοῦ, διὰ τί εἶδε γυμνὴν τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, ἡ ὁποῖα ἔλουτο μὲ τὰς Νύμφας της.

Ὡς αὐξήσθησαν αἱ Θῆβαι, καὶ ὁ Κάδμος ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὀνομασθῇ εὐτυχέστατος διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν του ἐξουσίαν. Ἔπεμε περὶ θηρίων του τὸν Ἄρην, καὶ περὶ γάμον τὴν Ἀφροδίτην τῆς ἐξοῦ ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ, ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ τὴν γαμηλίαν του τὴν Ἁρμονίαν πλῆθος υἱῶν καὶ θυγατέρων, ὥστε ἔβλεπεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον του μίαν εὔδοξον σειρὰν ἀπογόνων. Ἀλλὰ πρέπει πάντοτε νὰ προσμένωμεν τὴν ὑστερίαν ἡμέραν τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, διὰ νὰ κρίνωμεν περὶ τῆς εὐτυχίας του, καὶ κανεὶς δὲν πρέπει νὰ ὀνομασθῇ εὐτυχὴς πρὸ τοῦ θανάτου. Ἡ πρώτη δυστυχία, ἡ ὁποία ἐτάραξε τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τὸν ἐκάμε νὰ χύσῃ δάκρυα, ἦτον ἡ συμφορὰ τοῦ ἐγγόνου του Ἀκταίωνος, ὅστις μετεβλήθη εἰς ἔλαφον, καὶ ἐξεσχίσθη ἀπὸ τὴν σκύλην του, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐχορτάσθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ κυρίου των. Ἂν ἐρωτήσητε τὸ αἴτιον μιᾶς τόσον σκληρᾶς τιμωρίας, σᾶς λέγω ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐπάθε μόνον διὰ ἕνα τυχηρὸν σφάλμα· ἐπειδὴ ποῖος θέλει ὀνομάσει ἔγκλημα τὸ συμβεβηκὸς;

Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν κυνηγῶντάς με ἀτυχίαν, καθ᾽ ἣν ὥραν ὁ Ἥλιος ἀπέχει ἐπίσης ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν καὶ Δύσιν, ἐσυνάξει ὁ Ἀκταίων τοὺς συμφόρους του, οἱ ὁποῖοι οἱ ἀκόμη ἔτρεχον τῇ δὲ πανεύσῃ, καθ᾽ ἁρκετόν εἶναι, τοὺς λέγει, τὸ κυνηγίόν μας, καὶ πλησίον· αὔριον ξημερώνοντες, θέλομεν ἐξασκηθῆ πάλιν, τώρα δὲ ὁπὸ εἶναι ζέστη, ἃς ἀναπαυθῶμεν. Δόσατε ἄνεσιν εἰς τὰ δοξέδια, καὶ δίχτυα, τώρα ὅπου εἶναι καιρὸς νὰ δροσισθῶμεν, ἀνταμείβοντες τὸν κόπον μας μὲ τὴν ἀνάπαυσιν. Ἐκεῖνοι ὑπήκουσαν εἰς τὸ πρόσταγμά του, ἀφήνοντες πρόσθες τὸ κυνηγίον.

Ἐκεῖ πλησίον ἦτον σπήλαιον ὀνομαζόμενον τῆς Γαργαφίας, γεμάτον πίτυας ἔ σκιεράς, ἀφιερωμέ- νον δὲ τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι· ὅπου ἦτον σπήλαιον ἀγλαϊσμένον, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν ἦτον ποίημα τέχνης, ἀλλὰ τῆς φύσεως, μιμουμένης τὴν τέχνην· ἐπειδὴ εἶχε μίαν καμάραν ἀπὸ ζωντανῆς πέτρας, ἡ ὁποῖα ὀνομάζεται ψευδὴς, με- μιγμένην μὲ ἐλαφρὰς πώρους, ἥτις ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ φύλ- λα ἔκαμνε τὸν τόπον χαρμόσυνον, καὶ ψυχρόν. Ἐφαί- νετο νὰ ἐξέχει δεξιόθεν, ἀναμεταξὺ εἰς δύο πηγαῖα ὁλοπράσινα, νερὸν καθαρώτερον ἀπὸ τὸ κρύσταλλον· ὅπου ἡ Θεὰ τῆς δρυμῶν εἰσώθιζε νὰ λούεται, ὅταν ἦτον ἀποκαμωμένη ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον. Ὅταν λοιπὸν ἐφθά- νει ἐκεῖ ἡ Θεὰ, ἔδωκεν εἰς μίαν νύμφην τὸ τόξον καὶ τὴν φαρέτραν, καὶ τὸ κοντάριν τῆς. Ἄλλη δὲ τὴν ἔνδυσε, ἄλλη τὴν ἐξυπόδησε, καὶ ἡ Κροκάλη θυγά- τηρ τοῦ Ἰσμηνοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἡ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδειοτέρα, τῆς ἐξέπλεξε τὰ μαλλία, καὶ ἐκρέμασεν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τῆς· αἱ δὲ λοιπαί, δηλαδὴ ἡ Νεφέλη, ἡ Ὕαλη, ἡ Ῥανίς, ἡ Ψεκάς, καὶ ἡ Φιάλη

165Quo postquam subiit, nympharum tradidit uni
armigerae iaculum pharetramque arcusque retentos;
altera depositae subiecit bracchia pallae,
vincla duae pedibus demunt; nam doctior illis
Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos
170conligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis.
Excipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyaleque Rhanisque
et Psecas et Phiale funduntque capacibus urnis.
Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha,
ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum
175per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans
pervenit in lucum: sic illum fata ferebant.
Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra,
sicut erant, viso nudae sua pectora nymphae
percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne
180implevere nemus circumfusaeque Dianam
corporibus texere suis; tamen altior illis
ipsa dea est colloque tenus supereminet omnes.
Qui color infectis adversi solis ab ictu
nubibus esse solet aut purpureae aurorae,
185is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae.
Quae quamquam comitum turba est stipata suarum,
in latus obliquum tamen adstitit oraque retro
flexit, et ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas,
quas habuit sic hausit aquas vultumque virilem
190perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis
addidit haec cladis praenuntia verba futurae:
“Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres,
si poteris narrare, licet.” Nec plura minata
dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi,
195dat spatium collo summasque cacuminat aures,
cum pedibusque manus, cum longis bracchia mutat
cruribus et velat maculoso vellere corpus.
Additus et pavor est. Fugit Autonoeius heros
et se tam celerem cursu miratur in ipso.
200Ut vero vultus et cornua vidit in unda,
“me miserum!” dicturus erat: vox nulla secuta est.
Ingemuit: vox illa fuit, lacrimaeque per ora
non sua fluxerunt; mens tantum pristina mansit.
Quid faciat? repetatne domum et regalia tecta
205an lateat silvis? pudor hoc, timor impedit illud.
Actaeon sees Diana naked and is turned into a stag.

Having reached the place, she gives her spear, quiver and unstrung bow to one of the nymphs, her weapon-bearer. Another takes her robe over her arm, while two unfasten the sandals on her feet. Then, more skilful than the rest, Theban Crocale gathers the hair strewn around her neck into a knot, while her own is still loose. Nephele, Hyale, Rhanis, Psecas and Phiale draw water, and pour it over their mistress out of the deep jars.

While Titania is bathing there, in her accustomed place, Cadmus�s grandson, free of his share of the labour, strays with aimless steps through the strange wood, and enters the sacred grove. So the fates would have it. As soon as he reaches the cave mouth dampened by the fountain, the naked nymphs, seeing a man�s face, beat at their breasts and filling the whole wood with their sudden outcry, crowd round Diana to hide her with their bodies. But the goddess stood head and shoulders above all the others. Diana�s face, seen there, while she herself was naked, was the colour of clouds stained by the opposing shafts of sun, or Aurora�s brightness.

However, though her band of nymphs gathered in confusion around her, she stood turning to one side, and looking back, and wishing she had her arrows to hand. She caught up a handful of the water that she did have, and threw it in the man�s face. And as she sprinkled his hair with the vengeful drops she added these words, harbingers of his coming ruin, �Now you may tell, if you can tell that is, of having seen me naked!� Without more threats, she gave the horns of a mature stag to the head she had sprinkled, lengthening his neck, making his ear-tips pointed, changing feet for hands, long legs for arms, and covering his body with a dappled hide. And then she added fear. Autono��s brave son flies off, marvelling at such swift speed, within himself. But when he sees his head and horns reflected for certain in the water, he tries to say �Oh, look at me! but no voice follows. He groans: that is his voice, and tears run down his altered face. Only his mind remains unchanged. What can he do? Shall he return to his home and the royal palace, or lie hidden in the woods? Shame prevents the one, and fear the other.

λάσῃ ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἢ πλανώμενος μέσα εἰς τὸ δάσος, ἔφθασεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον, ὅπως ἡ κακὴ τὰ τύχη τον ἔφερεν. Αἱ Νύμφαι ὁλόγυμνοι μόλις τὸν εἴδασιν, ἢ ἐφώναξαν μεγάλως, ὥστε ἀντήχησον ὅλον τὸ δάσος, καὶ περικυκλώσασαι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, τὴν ἐσκύλαν με τὰ κορμία των. Ὅμως ἡ Θεὰ ἐφαίνετο ὑπεράνω αὐτῶν, ἐπειδὴ τας ὑπερέβαινεν ὅλας μίαν σπιθαμήν. Στοχασθῆτε τῶν νεφῶν τὸ χρῶμα, ὅταν ὁ Ἥλιος τας φωτίζεται ἀπαντίκρυς, ἢ τὸ τῆς ῥοδοδακτύλου Αὔρας ὅπου σημαίνεται, ἢ ἔτσι θέλετε κατελάβῃ ἢ τὸ χρῶμα τὰ προσώπου τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ὅταν ἐφάνη γυμνὴ ἔμπροσθεν εἰς ἄνδρα· καὶ ἀν καλὰ ἦτον περικυκλωμένη ἀπὸ τὰς Νύμφας της, ἔστρεψε τὸ πρόσωπόν της ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· καὶ ἂν εἶχε τὸ τοξίδι της εἰς τὸ χέρι, ἤθελε τιμωρήσῃ εὐθὺς αὐτὸν τὸν ἀθῶον νεανίαν. Θέλουσα δὲ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, ἐπῆρε νερόν με τὰ χέρια της, καὶ τὸ ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον, καὶ εἰς τὰν μαλλία τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, προφέρουσα αὐτῷ τὰ λόγια· ἢ μπορεῖς πῶρα νὰ καύχησαι ὅτι εἶδες τὴν Ἄρτεμιν γυμνήν· ἂν ἠμπορέσῃς, ἐγώ σὲ τὸ συγχωρῶ· καὶ διθύς, χωρὶς νὰ τὸν φοβερίσῃ περισσότερον, ἔκαμε νὰ φυτρώσῃ εἰς τὸ κεφάλι του δυσφυχές αὐτοῦ, τὰ κεράτια ἐλαφίου, νὰ μακρυνῇ ὁ λαιμός του, νὰ ὀρθωθῶσι τὰ αὐτία του, καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ μετέβαλε τὰ χέρια του εἰς ποδάρια, καὶ τὰς βραχίονας του εἰς μηρούς, σκεπάζουσα ὅλον τὸ κορμί του με μία περὶ ξηροτριχώδης, ξανθοῦ, καὶ πλουμισμένον με μικρὲς βελᾶς μαύρας, καὶ ἐμπνέουσα εἰς τὴν καρδίαν του τὸν φυσικὸν εἰς τοὺς ἐλάφους φόβον. Τρομάξει ὁ ἄθλιος, φεύγει, θαυμάζει τὴν ταχύτητα τῶν ποδῶν του, καὶ τὴν ἐλαφρότητάτως, ἀλλ' ὅταν εἰς μίαν βρύσιν εἶδε τὰ κεράτια του, καὶ τὴν

μεταβολὴν τοῦ προσώπου τής, ἠθέλησε νὰ εἰπῇ, „ οἴμοι „ τῷ ἀθλίῳ „„ ἀλλ' ἡ φωνὴ δὲν ἠμπολόδησε τοῦ στο- χασμόν τής· κ' ἄρχισε νὰ ξευδζῃ. Αὐτὴ ἦτον ὅλη τής φωνή, αὐτὴ ἦτον ἡ ὁμιλία τής· καὶ μόθος ἄρχησαν νὰ ξέρχον τὰ δάκρυα εἰς τὸ μεταβεβλημένον πρόσωπόν τής· ὅμως εἰς αὐτὸν τὸ μεταβολὴν, ἐφύλαξε τὸ λογικὸν τής, κ' ἐσκορτάζεται τί νὰ κάμῃ ὁ παλαιτώαρος, νὰ ὑπάγῃ εἰς τὸ βασιλικὸν τής παλάτιον, ἢ νὰ κρυφθῇ εἰς τὰ δάση· ὁ φόβος ποὺ ἀποκόπτει ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα, καὶ ἡ εὐ- τροπὴ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο. Εἰς τὸ ἀνάμεταξυ δὲ ὁπὲ ἐστο- χάζετο τί νὰ κάμῃ, τὸν βλέπουν τὰ σκυλὰ του, καὶ πρῶτος ὁ Μελάμπους, καὶ ὕστερα ὁ Ἰχνοβάτης γαυγί- ζων ἐναντίον του, κ' ὕστερα ἔξυγαν ὅλα ὁμοῦ, ὁ Παμ- φάγος, ὁ Δορκεύς, ὁ Θηρωβάτης, ὅλα Ἀρκάδια σκυλὰ, ὁ δυνατὸς Νεβροφόνος, ὁ μανιώδης Θήρων, ὁ ἐλαφρὸς Πτεράλης, ὁ Ἄγρευς, ὁ καλλιώτερος ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ κυ- νηγετικά, ὁ Ὕλαξ, ὅπρο πάρὸ ὀλίγου ἐπληγώθη ἀ- πὸ ἀγρίχοιρου, ἡ Νάπη, ὅπου εἶχε γεννηθῇ ἀπὸ λύκου, ἡ Πομπεῆς, ὅπου μίαν φορὰν ἐφύλαττε πο- βάδια, ἡ Ἁρπυῖα μὲ δύο μεταβάκια τής· καὶ ὁ Σί- κυούης Λάκων, κ' ὁ Δρόμας, κ' ἡ Κανακή, ἡ Στί- κτη, ἡ Τίγρος, ἡ Ἀλκή, ὁ Λεύκων, ὁ Ἄσβολος ὁ Λάκων, ὁ ταχίκλιώτερος εἰς τὴν ἀναβόλωσιν, ὁ Αἴλ- λων εἰς τὴν εὕρεσιν τῆς κυνηγῆς, ὁ Θόος ὁ ἁρπακτικὸς, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶχεν εἰς τὸ μέτωπον ἄσπρον σημεῖον, ὁ Μελανεύς, ὁ Λάχνης, ὁ Λάβρος, ὁ Ἀγειάδης, ὁ Ὑλακτὴρ, ὅπερ ἐλακτόγετο ἀπὸ ἕνα Κρητικὸν σκύλον, καὶ μίαν σκύλαν ἀπὸ τὴν Λακωνίαν, κ' ἀκολούθως ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤθελεν εἶναι βαρετὸν νὰ ἐπα- ριθμήσωμεν κατ' ὀνόματα, τὸν ἐδίωξαν εἰς τὰ δάση, κ' εἰς τόπους ἀβάτους. Ὁ Ἀκταίων, θέλοντας νὰ φυλαχ- θῇ,

Dum dubitat, videre canes. Primumque Melampus
Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere,
Gnosius Ichnobates, Spartana gente Melampus.
Inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura,
210Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes,
Nebrophonusque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron
et pedibus Pterelas et naribus utilis Agre,
Hylaeusque ferox, nuper percussus ab apro,
deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta
215Poemenis et natis comitata Harpyia duobus,
et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon,
et Dromas et Canache Sticteque et Tigris et Alce
et niveis Leucon et villis Asbolus atris
praevalidusque Lacon et cursu fortis Aello
220et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce,
et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo
Harpalos, et Melaneus hirsutaque corpore Lachne,
et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati
Labros et Argiodus, et acutae vocis Hylactor,
225quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine praedae
per rupes scopulosque adituque carentia saxa,
quaque est difficilis quaque est via nulla, sequuntur.
Ille fugit per quae fuerat loca saepe secutus,
heu famulos fugit ipse suos. Clamare libebat
230“Actaeon ego sum, dominum cognoscite vestrum!”
Verba animo desunt: resonat latratibus aether.
Actaeon is pursued by his hounds

While he hesitates his dogs catch sight of him. First �Black-foot�, Melampus, and keen-scented Ichnobates, �Tracker�, signal him with baying, Ichnobates out of Crete, Melampus, Sparta. Then others rush at him swift as the wind, �Greedy�, Pamphagus, Dorceus, �Gazelle�, Oribasos, �Mountaineer�, all out of Arcady: powerful �Deerslayer�, Nebrophonos, savage Theron, �Whirlwind�, and Laelape, �Hunter�.

Then swift-footed Pterelas, �Wings�, and trail-scenting Agre, �Chaser�, fierce Hylaeus, �Woody�, lately gored by a boar, the wolf-born Nape, �Valley�, Poemenis, the trusty �Shepherd�, and Harpyia, �Snatcher�, with her two pups. There is thin-flanked Sicyonian Ladon, �Catcher�, Dromas, �Runner�, �Grinder�, Canache, Sticte �Spot�, Tigris �Tigress�, Alce, �Strong�, and white-haired Leucon, �Whitey�, and black-haired Asbolus, �Soot�.

Lacon, �Spartan�, follows them, a dog well known for his strength, and strong-running A�llo, �Storm�. Then Thoos, �Swift�, and speedy Lycisce, �Wolf�, with her brother Cyprius �Cyprian�. Next �Grasper�, Harpalos, with a distinguishing mark of white, in the centre of his black forehead, �Black�, Melaneus, and Lachne, �Shaggy�, with hairy pelt, Labros, �Fury�, and Argiodus, �White-tooth�, born of a Cretan sire and Spartan dam, keen-voiced Hylactor, �Barker�, and others there is no need to name. The pack of them, greedy for the prey follow over cliffs and crags, and inaccessible rocks, where the way is hard or there is no way at all. He runs, over the places where he has often chased, flying, alas, from his own hounds. He longs to shout �I am Actaeon! Know your own master!� but words fail him, the air echoes to the baying.

θῇ, τρέχεις ὡς ἔλαφος ἀπὸ ἐκεῖ, ὅπως αὐτὸς μίαν φοράν ἐκυνηγέσε τὰς ἐλάφας. Ἔφησεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἰδίας του δήλας, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς συλλάς του, θέλοντας νὰ τὰς εἴπῃ, ὅτι ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ Ἀκταίων, γνωρίσατε τὸν αὐθέντην σας, ἡ γλῶσσα δὲν ὑπήκουσεν εἰς τὸ νόημά του, ἀλλ' αὐτηχθῇ ὁ ἀὴρ ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγρίας φωνὰς τῆς συλλῶν. Πρῶτος ὁ Μελαγχαίτης τὸν ἐπίασεν, ὁ δὲ Ὀρεσίφοντος τὸν ἔθαγχασεν εἰς τὴν πλάτην. Αὐτοὶ οἱ δύο σκύλοι μὲ ὅλον ἀπὸ ἐξέβαν ὑστερώτερα ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας, ὅμως συντέμνοντες τὸν δρόμον ἀπὸ τὸ βουνόν, ἔφθασαν οἱ πρῶτοι, καὶ ἐπίασαν τὸν αὐθέντην τας. Τότε ἐρρίφθησαν ἐπάνω του καὶ ὅλες οἱ ἐπίλοιποι σκύλοι, καὶ δαγκάσαντες του, δὲν εἴχασι πλέον τόπον νὰ τὸν δαγκάσουν πάλιν. Ἀναβοᾷ εἰ ὁ Ἀκταίων, φωνάζεις αἰσχοκόπως, καὶ ἡ φωνῇ δὲν ὡμολόγησεν οὔτε ἀνθρώπου, οὔτε ἐλάφου γονατίζει πάλιν διὰ νὰ τὰς παρακαλέσῃ νὰ μὴ τὸν κακοποιήσουν πλέον, στρέφει τὸ κεφάλι τας πανταχόθεν, κοιτάζει πότε τὸν ἕναν, πότε τὸν ἄλλον, μὴν ἡμπορώντας νὰ ἀπλώσῃ χέρια. Ὡς τόσον οἱ κυνηγοὶ ἀγερόχουν τὰς σκύλας, ἀναβοῦν τὸν Ἀκταίωνα, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶναι ἔμπροσθέν των, καὶ τὸν φωνάζουν ὡσὰν νὰ ἦτον ξεμακρὰ. Συνώνει ὁ δύστυχος τὴν κεφαλήν του ἀκούοντας τὸ ὀνόματά τας, ἀλλὰ τῇ εἶναι ἀδύνατον νὰ τὰς δώσῃ γνωριμίας μὲ τὴν φωνήν του, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποί του δὲν γνώρισαν τὰ χήματά του. Τὸς κακοπαίνεται ὅτι δὲν ἦτον καὶ αὐτὸς παρὼν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον μὲ αὐτούς· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος ἀληθῶς τὸ ἐπεθύμει νὰ μὴν ἦτον παρών, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ βλέπῃ τὰς σκύλας του ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἔλαφι, καὶ ὄχι ἐπάνω του.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 143

Ακταίων απέθανεν από τὰς αναελεήμους πληγὰς τῶν σκύλων του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ποῖος δὲ θέλει απλαγκνισθῇ τὸν δυστυχῆ Ακταίωνα, ὅπου εἶδε αὐ θεωρήθη εἴτε ἱστορικῶς, εἴτε μυθικῶς; Θέλοντας αὐτὸ νὰ φυλάξει καθαρεύουσα περὶ απλόστητα ζώη, ἢ του θήλους αφερομένης εἰς τὰ κυνήγια· καὶ δίδοντας πόλεμον μὲ τὰ ζῶα· καθὼς νὰ αδικῇ, ἴσα· ἢ βλάπῃ τινα ἢ ανθρώπων· ἢ εἰς κακὸν σπᾷ ἄλλου του ανόμου· ζῶον δυστυχῆ διὰ τὴν ακάμου ἢ απλήστου ζωῇ), αὐτὸ ἐξευρα τιμωρεῖται σκληρότατα, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον εἰς τὴν πλέον διακεκουσμένων κακεργῶν. Τέω μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι "δὲν ὀφείλει κακὸν νὰ νομίζεσθαι δι συχῆς ἀπὸ τὰ θεσπότη, ἢ περὶ νὰ ἦτον μέγας Βασιλεύς.

Αλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι βιᾷ ὅπως νὰ ἐλθοσμῦ εἰς τὸ ηθικόν.

Ας συλλογισθῶμεν ὡραῖον τὸ ἱστορικόν, καὶ ἔπειτα θέλομεν παλαίσει νὰ εὑρηγάλωμεν ἢ ὑπὸ τὴν τον Μύθον τινα ὠφέλιμον ἰνδείαν.

Λέγουσί τινες ὅτι ὁ Ακταίων ηγέρτα κατὰ πολλὰ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἀντας ακόμη νεὸς ὢν αντὸς δὲ εἰς ἡλικίαν, ἢ βλέπωντας τὰς κινδύνους αὐτῆς τῆς ασκήσεως, ἀρχῆθη νὰ φοβῆται τὰ κακά, ὅσα ἄλλοι πολλοὶ εἶχον πάθῃ· ἔμεινε δ' ὅμως περὶ ὑγείαν καθαρὸν από τὴν κυνηγίων, ἴσως δ' αφόρμου τὴν Μυθολογίαν νὰ εἴπῃ ὁ κακοκλήμος. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ἢ αλήθεια ὦ απόθῃ ὑπὸ τὴν σκύλων του, ὥς λύσσαν κινηθέντων νυν κακὸν τὰ Σειριος αστρος.

Prima Melanchaetes in tergo vulnera fecit,
proxima Therodamas, Oresitrophus haesit in armo:
tardius exierant, sed per compendia montis
235anticipata via est. Dominum retinentibus illis,
cetera turba coit confertque in corpore dentes.
Iam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille sonumque,
etsi non hominis, quem non tamen edere possit
cervus habet, maestisque replet iuga nota querellis.
240Et genibus pronis supplex similisque roganti
circumfert tacitos tamquam sua bracchia vultus.
At comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen
ignari instigant oculisque Actaeona quaerunt
et velut absentem certatim Actaeona clamant
245(ad nomen caput ille refert), et abesse queruntur
nec capere oblatae segnem spectacula praedae.
Vellet abesse quidem, sed adest; velletque videre,
non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum.
Undique circumstant mersisque in corpore rostris
250dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine cervi.
nec nisi finita per plurima vulnera vita
ira pharetratae fertur satiata Dianae.
Actaeon is killed by the dogs

First �Black-hair�, Melanchaetes, wounds his back, then �Killer�, Theridamas, and Oresitrophos, the �Climber�, clings to his shoulder. They had set out late but outflanked the route by a shortcut over the mountains. While they hold their master the whole pack gathers and they sink their teeth in his body till there is no place left to wound him. He groans and makes a noise, not human, but still not one a deer could make, and fills familiar heights with mournful cries. And on his knees, like a suppliant begging, he turns his wordless head from side to side, as if he were stretching arms out towards them.

Now his friends, unknowingly, urge the ravening crowd of dogs on with their usual cries, looking out for Actaeon, and shouting, in emulation, for absent Actaeon (he turning his head at the sound of his name) complaining he is not there, and through his slowness is missing the spectacle offered by their prey. He might wish to be absent it�s true, but he is here: he might wish to see and not feel the fierce doings of his own hounds. They surround him on every side, sinking their jaws into his flesh, tearing their master to pieces in the deceptive shape of the deer. They say Diana the Quiver-bearer�s anger was not appeased, until his life had ended in innumerable wounds.

Ὡς πόσον ἡ Μεταμόρφωσις τῆ Ἀκταίωνος εἰς ἔλαφον μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι οἱ Ἄνθρωποι, ὅσοι εἶναι ἐμπαθῶς δοσμένοι εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον, γίνονται ἄγριοι, ἢ ἵνα εἴπω κάλλιον ὑποθηριώνονται, ἀπάγονται ἀπὸ τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα, μὲ τὸ ἵνα ἀξεβηδᾶν πάντε εἰς αἰδίοσιν ὕβρεις, ἀπ᾽ εὐχειρότητα. Τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶς δήλωσε καὶ ὁ Θεόκριτος με τὸν εἰκὸν ἐκεῖνον·

. . . . . . . Στρέψαι κύνας, ὦ τὺ φάγωσι.

Πρὸς τούτοις ἡ ἐπειδὴ εἶναι τινὰ πράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα δεῖ νὰ μὴ γνωρίζῃ συγχρόνως φορὰ διάβασίν μας, αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος τῆ Ἀκταίωνος, ὅστις εἶδε τὴν Ἄρτεμιν εἰς τὸ λουτρόν, μᾶς διδάσκει ἐκεῖνο, τὸ ὁ ἕτερος Μῦθος προλαβὼν μᾶς ἐνεδείξατο, δηλαδὴ νὰ μὴν εἴμεθα περίεργοι εἰς πράγματα μὴ ἀνήκοντα εἰς ἡμᾶς, καὶ νὰ μὴν ἐρευνώμεθα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς Βασιλέως, τὸ ἀκολουθῶς ὅλων τῶν ἀξιωματικῶν, ἐπειδὴ φοβούμεθα μὴ τὰς μαρτυρήσῃς· ἢ πραγματικὰ λῆψη νὰ τὰς ἐμαρτύρησες· πολλάκις σε φέρουν εἰς ἀφανότητα.

Ὑπάρχει δ᾽ ἡμῖν τις ἐννοίας ἔργον νὰ παραμοιάσθωσιν αἱ σκύλες τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος ἢ τὰ παράσιτα, τὸ κόλακες· Καὶ βέβαια, καθὼς ὁ Ἀκταίων ἐφάγθη ἀπὸ τὰς σκύλας του, τὰς ὁποίας εἶχε διὰ τὸ ξεφάντασμα τοῦ κυνηγίου, ἔτσι οἱ οἱ παράσιτοι ἢ κόλακες, ὑπὸ πρόφασιν τοῦ ἀρέσκειν τὸ χαρίζεσθαι εἰς πλουσίους τὸ ἄρχοντας, κατατρώγουσιν ἐκείνους, τὸ ὅλην τοῦ φέροντος αὐτούς.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ΄.

Περὶ τῆς κεραυνωθείσης Σεμέλης, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Βάκχου, τοῦ εἰς τὸ μηρίον τοῦ Διὸς κεκλεισμένου.

Η Σεμέλη ζητεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ Διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ ἐν ὀψικελίᾳ ὑπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔσχον, καθ'ὃν ὑπέσχετο τῇ Ἥρᾳ, ὅπου ὑπάγῃ νὰ καμφθῇ μὲ αὐτόν. Φούσαις τὸν Βάκχον, ὕφηγη τὸν καὶ ζοφῇ.

Διαφόρας ἐλαλήθη διὰ τῶν ἐπιδικήσεων τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος· καὶ τινὲς μὲν εἶπον ὅτι ἐφάνη σκληρότερα τοῦ δικαίου· ἄλλοι δὲ ἐγκωμίασαν τὸ ἔργον της, ὡς ἄξιον σεμνῆς παρθένου, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ παρθενία δέν δύναται ποτὲ νὰ εἶναι ἀρκετὰ σοβαρή. Τέλος πάντων τὸ ἕν, ὅσον καὶ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος εὕρισκον ἱκανὸν λόγον παρὰ βεβαίωσιν τῆς ἰδίας γνώμης. Μόνη ἡ Ἥρα ἀδιαφόρησεν εἰς τοῦτο, ἐπειδὴ δέν ἐσκοχάζετο τόσον ἂν ἡ ἐνδίκησις τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἦτον ἐπίμεμπτος, ἢ ἐξύπαινος, ὅσον ἔχαιρε διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν, ὅπου ἔπεσεν εἰς τὸ ἀσήμιον τοῦ Ἀγήνορος· διότι τὸ φῶς τῶν Εὐρώπης μίσος, τὴν ἔκανε νὰ ἀποστρέφηται ὅλον τὸ γυναῖον της. Πρὸς αὐτὰς, ἐπειδὴ ἡ Σεμέλη, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς γενεᾶς. Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τῆς Ἑρμιόνης, ἐγκύρωσεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Διὰ, νέον

αἴτιον μῖσος προστέθη εἰς τὸ πρῶτον, καὶ νέα φλόγα εἰς τὸν Θυμὸν τῆς Ἥρας. ,,Τί ἀπέλαυσα, ἔλεγε, μὲ τὰς φωνὰς, καὶ μὲ τοὺς ὀνειδισμούς μου; ἀφέπες μόνη μου νὰ πολεμήσω αὐτὸν τὸν γονέαν· ἀφέπες μάλιστα νὰ τὸν ἀφανίσω, ἂν καλῆμαι δικαίως ἡ παντοδύναμος Ἥρα, ἂν ἠξεύρω νὰ βαστάσω τὸ σκήπτρον, ἂν εἶμαι ἡ βασιλὶς τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, γυνή καὶ ἀδελφὴ τοῦ Διός· ἀγναλὲ τώρα ἄλλο δὲν μοῦ ἔμεινε παρὰ τὸ νὰ εἶμαι ἀδελφή του. Τάχα αὐτὴ ἡ ἀντίτυπος μας εἰκανετήθη μὲ ἕνα μόνον ξηρὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ ἡ ὕβρις, ὅπου μου ἐπλόμε, τάχα δὲν ἐπροχώρησε παραπέρα; ὄχι ὄχι, ἡ κοιλία τῆς μᾶς δειχνει τὸ ἔγκλημά της· αὐτὸ ἔλειπον εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν μας· ναῦ ἐκεῖνο ἀπὸ αὐτὴ θέλει, ἤγουν νὰ γίνῃ Μήτηρ διὰ τοῦ Διός, μόλις ἐγὼ τὸ ἐπέτυχα μίαν μόνον φοράν· τόσον ἡ εὐμορφία τῆς τὴν κάμνει ὑπερήφανον, καὶ τολμηράν. Ἀλλ' ἔχω ἠξεύρω νὰ κάμω τρόπον νὰ γελασθῇ ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά της, καὶ θέλω παύσει νὰ εἶμαι Ἥρα, ἂν αὐτὸς ὁ ἔμβρυός τῆς Ζῆς δὲν τὴν κρημνίσῃ εἰς τὸν Ἅδην.

Rumor in ambiguo est: aliis violentior aequo
visa dea est, alii laudant dignamque severa
255virginitate vocant; pars invenit utraque causas.
Sola Iovis coniunx non tam culpetne probetne
eloquitur, quam clade domus ab Agenore ductae
gaudet et a Tyria conlectum paelice transfert
in generis socios odium. Subit ecce priori
260causa recens, gravidamque dolet de semine magni
esse Iovis Semelen. Dum linguam ad iurgia solvit,
“profeci quid enim totiens per iurgia?” dixit:
“ipsa petenda mihi est, ipsam, si maxima Iuno
rite vocor, perdam, si me gemmantia dextra
265sceptra tenere decet, si sum regina Iovisque
et soror et coniunx, certe soror. At, puto, furto est
contenta, et thalami brevis est iniuria nostri:
concipit, id deerat! manifestaque crimina pleno
fert utero, et mater, quod vix mihi contigit uno
270de Iove vult fieri: tanta est fiducia formae.
Fallat eam faxo; nec sum Saturnia, si non
ab Iove mersa suo Stygias penetrabit in undas.”
Juno sets out to punish Semele

The debate is undecided: to some the punishment is more violent than just, merely for seeing the face of a goddess, others approve it and call it fitting because of her strict vow of virginity, and both can make a case. Only Jupiter�s wife was saying nothing, neither of praise or blame. She was glad of the disaster that had come down on the house of Agenor, and had transferred her hatred from Europa, to those who were allied to the Tyrian girl by birth. Then there was a fresh wrong added to the first. She was grieved by the fact that Semele was pregnant, with the seed of mighty Jove. Swallowing words of reproach, she said �What, in truth, have I gained from frequent reproaches? I must attack her. If I am rightly to be called most powerful Juno, if it is right for me to hold the jewelled sceptre in my hand, if I am queen, and sister and wife of Jove, sister at least, then it is her I must destroy. Yet I think she is content with her secret, and the injury to my marriage will be brief. But she has conceived � and that damages me � and makes her crime visible in her swollen belly, and wants, what I have barely achieved, to be confirmed as the mother of Jupiter�s child, so great is her faith in her beauty. I will render that faith hollow. I am not Saturnia if she does not plunge into the Stygian waters, overwhelmed by Jove himself.�

Ταῦτα λέγουσα, ἐσηκώθη ἀπὸ τὸν θρόνον τῆς, καὶ σκεπασμένη μὲ ἕνα συννεφὸν, ὑπῆγε νὰ εὕρῃ τὴν Σεμέλην· ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἐβγῇ ἀπὸ τὸ συννεφὸν, μεταμορφώθη εἰς γραῖαν, ἐλεύκανε τὰ μαλλία τῆς, καὶ ὑπέφερε νὰ ζαρώθῃ τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς. Ἐφαίνετο δὲ τρέμουσα, καὶ ἐλάλει ὡς γερόντισσα, ὥστε ὅλοι ἤθελον πεῖ νὰ σοχάση νὰ ἦτον ἡ Βερόη, ἡ τροφὸς τῆς Σεμέλης. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν ἐλάλησε περὶ διαφόρων πραγμάτων μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν, ἐπεχείρησε νὰ πέσῃ ὁ λόγος καὶ περὶ τοῦ Διός, καὶ τότε στενάζουσα, ἐπιθυμῶ, τῆς λέγει, νὰ μὴ σὲ ἀπατᾷ, ὅς νὰ ἦτον ἐραστής σου· ἀλλὰ δὲν τὸ πιστεύω, καὶ πόσα ἄλλα παραδείγματα μὲ φοβίζουν· ἐπειδὴ πόσοι κακοῦργοι ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῶν Θεῶν δὲν ἠπάτησαν τὰς παρθένους· Πρὸς τοῦτο, δὲν ἀρκεῖ νὰ εἶναι ἐραστής σου ὁ Ζεύς, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται νὰ σὲ δώσῃ καὶ κανένα σημεῖον ἀγάπης, ἐὰν ἡ ἀγάπη του εἶναι ἀληθής. Πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν παρακαλέσῃς νὰ ἔλθῃ εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν σου μὲ τὴν αὐτὴν μεγαλοπρέπειαν, ὁποῦ τὸν περικλώνει ὅταν πηγαίνῃ νὰ κοιμηθῇ μὲ τὴν Ἥραν. Πρέπει, διὰ νὰ βεβαιωθῇς, ἢ νὰ ἡσυχάσῃς, νὰ φανῇ ἐμπροσθή σου μὲ τὰ σημεῖα, δι' ὧν τὸν γνωρίζουσιν οἱ Θεοί·

Τοιούτης λογῆς ἡ Ἥρα ἐσυμβούλευσε τὴν Σεμέλην, ἡ ὁποία ἠγνόει πόθεν ἐφοιτήρχετο αὕτη ἡ ὀλέθριος συμβουλὴ· καὶ οὕτως ἀπατηθεῖσα, ἐπαρακάλεσε τὸν Δία νὰ τῆς ὁρκισθῇ, ὅτι ἤθελε τῆς κάμῃ μίαν χά- ριν ἀφθίτως, χωρὶς νὰ τῆς εἴπῃ τί ἐζήτει. Ζή- τησόν με καθὲ ἀφόβαν ὅ, τι θέλῃς, τῆς λέγει ὁ Ζεὺς, ἢ διὰ νὰ πισθεύσῃς περισσότερον εἰς τοὺς λόγους μου, προσκαλέσω μέ μάρτυρα τὴν Στύγα λίμνην, τὴν ὁποίαν φοβοῦνται οἱ Θεοί· ἢ κατὰ τινα εἶσον εἶναι Θεὸς τῆς Θεῶν Ἡ Σεμέλη ἐχαίρετο διὰ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ἔμελλε νὰ τὴν θανατώσῃ, καὶ ἀγνοοῦσα ὅτι ἡ ὑπα- κοὴ τοῦ Διὸς ἦτον ὁ ἀφορισμὸς της, ἠκολούθησε τὴν συμβουλὴν τῆς Ἥρας, καὶ λέγει πρὸς τὸν Δία· θέ- λω νὰ ἔλθῃς πρὸς ἐμὲ καθὼς ὅταν ἡ Ἥρα συνη- θίζει νὰ σὲ δέχεται, ὅπως διατηρῇς τὴν ρύσιν μὲ αὐτῆς Ἐπάχισεν ὁ Ζεὺς νὰ κλείσῃ τὸ στό- μα της, ἀλλ' ὁ λόγος εἶχεν ἐξέλθῃ. Ἐλυπήθη εἰς τὸ ζήτημά της, τὸ ὁποίας ἐκεῖνος εὐκόλως ἔβλεπε τὸ τέλος· ἀλλ' ἦταν ἀδύνατον νὰ μὴν ἐπεθύμησεν ἡ Σεμέλη τὴν ὀλέ- θριον

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 149

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ἐνδέχεται ἐξηγηνεῦσαι εἰς τὸν πάροντα ΜΥΘΟΝ ὅτι ἱστορικόν τι, οὐδὲ ἡ Δικαίως, ἢ λεγόμεθα μόνον ὅτι ἡ Σεμέλη μὰς παρουσιάζει ἐκείνους, οἱ ὁποῖοι ζητοῦντες νὰ ἴδουν τοῦ Θεοῦ πολλὰ σήματα, θέλουν νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὰς θείας δυνάμεις τῷ λόγῳ εἰς ἐκεῖνας, ὅσας ἀπο-βλέπουσι τὰς Θείας, ἐκπλήττονται, ἢ χάνονται πέλος πάσων αἰσ-θήσεων τὲ τρόπον, ἰς τὴν θανάτου.

Surgit ab his solio fulvaque recondita nube
limen adit Semeles. Nec nubes ante removit,
275quam simulavit anum posuitque ad tempora canos
sulcavitque cutem rugis et curva trementi
membra tulit passu; vocem quoque fecit anilem,
ipsaque erat Beroe, Semeles Epidauria nutrix.
Ergo ubi captato sermone diuque loquendo
280ad nomen venere Iovis, suspirat et “opto,
Iuppiter ut sit” ait: “metuo tamen omnia: multi
nomine divorum thalamos iniere pudicos.
Nec tamen esse Iovem satis est: det pignus amoris,
si modo verus is est, quantusque et qualis ab alta
285Iunone excipitur, tantus talisque, rogato,
det tibi complexus suaque ante insignia sumat.”
Talibus ignaram Iuno Cadmeida dictis
formarat. Rogat illa Iovem sine nomine munus.
Cui deus “elige” ait: “nullam patiere repulsam.
290Quoque magis credas, Stygii quoque conscia sunto
numina torrentis: timor et deus ille deorum est“.
Laeta malo nimiumque potens perituraque amantis
obsequio Semele “qualem Saturnia” dixit
“te solet amplecti, Veneris cum foedus initis,
295da mihi te talem.” Voluit deus ora loquentis
opprimere: exierat iam vox properata sub auras.
Ingemuit; neque enim non haec optasse, neque ille
non iurasse potest. Ergo maestissimus altum
aethera conscendit vultuque sequentia traxit
300nubila, quis nimbos inmixtaque fulgura ventis
addidit et tonitrus et inevitabile fulmen.
Qua tamen usque potest, vires sibi demere temptat;
nec, quo centimanum deiecerat igne Typhoea,
nunc armatur eo: nimium feritatis in illo est.
305Est aliud levius fulmen, cui dextra Cyclopum
saevitiae flammaeque minus, minus addidit irae;
tela secunda vocant superi. Capit illa, domumque
intrat Agenoream. Corpus mortale tumultus
non tulit aetherios donisque iugalibus arsit.
310Imperfectus adhuc infans genetricis ab alvo
eripitur, patrioque tener (si credere dignum est)
insuitur femori maternaque tempora complet.
Furtim illum primis Ino matertera cuuis
educat: inde datum nymphae Nyseides antris
315occuluere suis lactisque alimenta dedere.
Semele is consumed by Jupiter�s fire.

At this she rose from her seat and cloaked in a dark cloud she came to Semele�s threshold. But before she removed the cloud she disguised herself as an old woman, ageing her hair, ploughing her skin with wrinkles, and walking with bowed legs and tottering steps. She made her voice sound old and was herself Bero�, Semele�s Epidaurian nurse. So, when they came to Jupiter�s name,� in the midst of their lengthy gossiping, she sighed, and said �I hope, for your sake, that it really is Jupiter, �but I am suspicious of all that sort of thing. Many men have entered the bedrooms of chaste women in the name of the gods. It�s not good enough for him merely to be Jove: he must give a proof of his love if it truly is him. Beg him to assume all his powers before he embraces you, and be just as glorious as when Juno welcomes him on high.

With such words Juno gulled the unsuspecting daughter of Cadmus. Semele asked Jupiter for an unspecified gift. �Choose!� said the god, �Nothing will be refused, and, so that you may believe it more firmly, I swear it by the Stygian torrent, that is the divine conscience, the fear, and god, of all the gods.� Pleased by her misfortune, too successful, and doomed to be undone by her lover�s indulgence, Semele said �As Saturnia is used to your embrace, when you enter into the pact of Venus, give yourself to me!� The god would have stopped her lips as she spoke: but her voice had already rushed into the air.

He groans, since she cannot un-wish it or he un-swear it. So, most sorrowfully, he climbs the heights of heaven, and, with a look, gathered the trailing clouds, then added their vapours to lightning mixed with storm-winds, and thunder and fateful lightning bolts. Still, he tries to reduce his power in whatever way he can, and does not arm himself with that lightning with which he deposed hundred-handed Typhoeus: it is too savage in his grasp. There is a lighter dart to which the Cyclops�s hands gave a less violent fire, a lesser anger. The gods call these his secondary weapons. Taking these he enters Agenor�s house. But still Semele�s mortal body could not endure the storm, and she was consumed, by the fire of her nuptial gift.

The infant Bacchus, still unfinished, is torn from the mother�s womb, and (if it can be believed) is sewn into his father�s thigh to complete his full term. Ino, his mother�s sister reared him secretly, in infancy, and then he was given to the nymphs of Mount Nysa who hid him in their cave and fed him on milk.

Ἰδοῦ δὴ εἶναι χρείας νὰ ἀσχώμεθα εἰς τῆς Οὐρανοῦ, ἐπειδὴ ἡ πατρίὰ ἔχεις ἀποβλέψει τὰ χθόνια. Βλέπομεθα ἐδῶ περαιτέρας ἀστράκων, ἡ Βρόχελος τὰ Διὰ συνδεδεμένη μὲ ἄλλω τῶ ἅ παραπᾶς, μ᾽ ἐκεῖνα εἰς τὲ ἱερέπλιας δυσλοκεῖσται ὅπως Σέλα τὰ φατὲ κατὸς συμβοῦν ἐν συνδιρεῇν μὲ τῷ Ἥρα. Τ᾽ Σέλες γεννήσει αὐτὴ ψ μεσαράη καπσοκελῆν Πρέπει βέβαια ν᾽ ἄνεται ὅμὲ κακῆα ἀξιολόγον ἀπάγμα, τὸ ὲ ὀποφελὲς εἰς τὰς αἰδράπεις. Ἂν Σέλμης ν᾽ ἁ μέθης, λέγωσι ὅτι γίνεται δέα τῆν ψήλιοιν τὰ οἴης.

Ἂν εἰς τῆς ἄλλης Μύθης ἀδειοκεῖται τίποτε φυσικὸν, ἡδικὸν, ἢ ἱσοεικὸν, τῶτος ὅμως ὑποβλέπει ὅλες τῷ Φύσιν. Κανένας ἀεδὸ ἔχει, ὅπως νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι μὲ πόλιν πέρδρα ἐτι μὲ τὸν Δίδυμον, ἢ Βάκχον ἐγγενεῖται ὁ οἶνος ἐπειδὴ ὑπὸ ὅλες τῆς παλαιᾶς Θεῦες, δεῦ εἶναι κανέας ἄλλος γνωρίμωστέρος, ἢ ὅπως νὰ ἐχ λάξει καλλήτερα πὴ εἰδσίας τῆ, ὲ ὕποληπτιν.

Ἡ Σεμέλη λοιπὸν δήλαι τῆν γῆν; ἡ ὁποία βλέψαῖδα τὰ κλήματε, ὲ τὰ ζωογονεῖ μὲ τὴν παχυτητα τῆς ὑδρότητος. Ὅταν δὲ λέγωσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεῦς ἐφυλάξε τὸν Βάκχον εἰς τὸ μήνειον, δυζάζωντος του ἀπὸ τῆν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρὸς τῷ Σέλει νὰ ἂ δέξαι μὲ τῆσῦ, ὅτι ἀφ᾽ ἂ ἀμπέλι βλάστησον του κάρπον, ἢ τὸ ἀγεντες, ἀλλὰ μὲ ἄλλες μεθιωτερε. Ἔτι ἠμπορεῖ γυνὰ ε δω νὰ περιεργασθῆ ὅτι ὁ Βάκχος ἐγεννήθη δύο φοράις, ἐπειδὴ μὲ τὸ διαλυειλοῦνται τινες νὰ ὑποδείξουν ὅτι τὸ κλῆμα ἦτον γνωστὸν ἢθ φρο τὰ Κατακλευσμα, ἢθ μετὰ τὸν υἱόν.

Ἅμα μετὰ τὸ γεννηθῆ τὸν ἐπαράθη νὰ βαρῆ ὑπὸ τῶν Νυμφῶν. Τὶ ἀρχνῆ δηλοῖ τι τοῦτο; Λέγουσί τινες ὅτι αἱ Νύμφαι φανερώνουσι σὰν μεβίαν δροσίαν ἠθ' ὑγρασίαν· ἐπειδὴ ὅσαν τὸ κλῆμα, τὸ ὑγροτέρον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ δένθρα, ἔχη μεβίαν σὰν ὑγρασίαν, ὁ καρπὸς ται γίνεται καλλίωτερος, καθ' αὔξησει ἐν παντί. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι αἱ Νύμφαι, ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκρύψαν ἐς τὰ σπήλαια των, σημαίνουσι τὰ ἀγγεῖα, ὅπου βάθειεῖ τὸ κρασὶ διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῆ, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι, διὰ νὰ σηθῶ ἔσω, τὰ σπήλαια, ἠθ' τὰ παλάτια τῆ Βάκχης.

Περὶ τε γυναικωθέντος Τειρεσίου, καὶ ἔπειτα πάλιν ἀναλαβόντος τὴν προτέραν μορφήν του.

Δ'ἐρίζει ὁ Ζεὺς ἐς μία τὶς ἡμερῶν μὲ τὴν Ἥραν, πλέον εὐθυμὸς ἀπὸ τὸ συμπόσιόν του, ἔπειτα ὁπὸ πᾶσα αἰτία, ὁπὲ τὶς ἔναμβη, ἠθέλαν ἀμφότεροι πείρηνα νὰ μάθουν ποῖος ἠθ δυὸ ὁ ἀνήρ, ἢ μᾶλλον ἡ γυνὴ ἠσθάνειτο πειρασσότεραν ἡδονὴν εἰς τὸ ἔργον τῆς γυνὴς. Ὁ μὲν Ζεὺς διεκήρυξε ὅτι ἡ γυνή, ἡ δὲ Ἥρα ἐδιάσωσε πὲ ὁς εἶχε δίκημα ἀπὸ τὴ γυνή.

Dumque ea per terras fatali lege geruntur
tutaque bis geniti sunt incunabula Bacchi,
forte Iovem memorant, diffusum nectare, curas
seposuisse graves vacuumque agitasse remissos
320cum Iunone iocos et “maior vestra profecto est,
quam quae contingit maribus” dixisse “voluptas.”
Illa negat. Placuit quae sit sententia docti
quaerere Tiresiae: venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
325corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu;
deque viro factus (mirabile) femina septem
egerat autumnos. Octavo rursus eosdem
vidit, et “est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae”
dixit “ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
330nunc quoque vos feriam.” Percussis anguibus isdem
forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
dicta Iovis firmat. Gravius Saturnia iusto
nec pro materia fertur doluisse, suique
335iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte.
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
scire futura dedit, poenamque levavit honore.
The judgement of Tiresias

While these things were brought about on earth because of that fatal oath, and while twice-born Bacchus�s cradle remained safe, they say that Jupiter, expansive with wine, set aside his onerous duties, and relaxing, exchanging pleasantries, with Juno, said � You gain more than we do from the pleasures of love.� She denied it. They agreed to ask learned Tiresias for his opinion. He had known Venus in both ways.

Once, with a blow of his stick, he had disturbed two large snakes mating in the green forest, and, marvellous to tell, he was changed from a man to a woman, and lived as such for seven years. In the eighth year he saw the same snakes again and said �Since there is such power in plaguing you that it changes the giver of a blow to the opposite sex, I will strike you again, now.� He struck the snakes and regained his former shape, and returned to the sex he was born with.

As the arbiter of the light-hearted dispute he confirmed Jupiter�s words. Saturnia, it is said, was more deeply upset than was justified and than the dispute warranted, and damned the one who had made the judgement to eternal night. But, since no god has the right to void what another god has done, the all-powerful father of the gods gave Tiresias knowledge of the future, in exchange for his lost sight, and lightened the punishment with honour.

Ὅταν εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐγίνοντο πάντα, καὶ τὴν ἄφυκτον Θέλησιν τῆς εἱμαρμένης, ὁ δὶς γεννημένος Βάκχος ἀνεξέφερτο εἰς ἀσφάλειαν, λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς εὔθυμος ἦν, ὁ ἀφρόντιστος, διαχυθεὶς τῷ νέκταρι, διέξηβε παίζων μετὰ τὴν Ἥραν, καὶ συνωμίλουν περὶ διαφόρων χαροποιῶν πραγμάτων. Ναὶ, τῆς λέγει ὁ Ζεὺς, αἱ γυναῖκες λαμβάνουσι περισσοτέραν ἡδονὴν συνευριαζόμεναι μὲ τοὺς ἄνδρας, παρὰ οὗτοι μὲ αὐτάς. Εἰς τοῦτο ἡ Ἥρα δὲν ἐπείθετο, ὅθεν ἀπεφάσισαν νὰ πειθῶσιν εἰς τὸν Τερεσίαν, ὅς τις εἶχε γνῶσιν τῆν ἡδονὴν τῆς ῥώπτος ὡς ἄρρην, καὶ ὡς γυνή· ἐπειδὴ μίαν φορὰν κτυπῶντας εἰς ὂν σκοτεινὸν δάσος δύω ὄφιδια ἀντεμωμένα, ἄρρην ὢν πρότερον, ἔγινε γυνὴ ἐπὶ ἑπτὰ χρόνους. Εἰς δὲ τὸν ὄγδοον χρόνον συναπαντᾷ τὰ αὐτὰ ὀφίδια, ὡς δοκιμάσω, εἶπε, ὁποίαν δύναμιν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐὰν τινὰς κτυπῶντας σᾶς ἠμπορῇ νὰ ἀλλάξῃ φύσιν. καὶ οὕτω κτυπῶντας τὰς ἔλαβε τὴν πρώτην μορφὴν του, γινόμενος πάλιν ἀνήρ. Τοῦτον λοιπὸν ἔβαλαν αἱρετὸν κριτὴν τῆς ἀσείας ταύτης φιλονεικίας μεταξὺ Διὸς, καὶ Ἥρας· αὐτὸς δὲ ἐβεβαίωσε τὴν γνώμην τοῦ Διὸς. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἥρα τὸν ὠργίσθη διὰ αὐτὴν τὴν κρίσιν, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, ἐστύφλωσε τὸν κριτὴν της, καταδικάσασα αὐτὸν νὰ διάγῃ εἰς αἰώνιον σκότος. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἀναιρέσῃ ἄλλος Θεὸς, ἐκεῖνο, ὅπερ ἔκαμεν ἄλλος ὁ Ζευς, εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῶν σωματικῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, ὁποὺ ἡ Ἥρα τοῦ εἶχεν ἀφαιρέσει, τὸν ἐχάρισε τῶν ἐσωτερικῶν τὸ προόγνωσιν τῶν μελλόντων, πρὸς παρηγορείαν τῆς λύπης του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ἀσφαλῶς μόνον ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου κατὰ φῶς τῶν προσβολῶν μᾶς παρίσταται εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, βλέπομεν περιπλῶτε· τί, πῶς ἤτο νὰ μεταμορφώθη αὐτὸς εἰς γυναῖκα, ἢ πάλιν εἰς ἄνδρα ἀπὸ δυνατικῶς. Ὁ Τίτος Λίβιος γράφει ὅτι αὐτὸς τις ἔγινε γυνὴ εἰς τὸ Σπολίτιον, πόλιν τῆς Ἰταλίας, ἀλλὰ ἤδοντος τῶν πολλῶν ὀλίγα παραδείγματα ἀσφαλίζονται. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁπόσοις φαίνεται ἠδονῶσαν ταῦτα παράδοξα εἰς τὰς Παλαιάς, τὸ ἐλάμβανον ὡς ἄμβωσι τῆς Ἐποχῆς. Ὁ Ἡρόδοτος, καὶ ἐπίκαιρον πάντως ὕστερον γὰ τὸ ἐξαλείψῃ. Καὶ εἰ ἄρα ἡ Ἰδέα ποτε δὲν ἔτυχε μὲν παρόμοια πράγματα, ἀλλὰ ἵνα τὸ παρακινήσεται ταῦτα εἰς τὸ πλειότερον, ἰδὲ ὅθεν ἐνίοτε φορᾶν γυναῖκες ἁρμόδεσι, καὶ τὸ συνέβη ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις πολλάκις ἐνίοτε τινές, ἡ φύσις πάντο οὕτως ὁποῖος νὰ διάφορα, ἰδὲ οἱ ἄνδρα τῶν γυναικῶν λέγονται ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ εἶναι ὁ πράγματα, ἢ Φοβερὰ εἶναι λοιπὸν τὸ συμβάν τῷ Τειρεσίᾳ, ἀλλ᾿ ἁπλῶς ἀσφαλῶς μᾶς τὸ φαῦλον μόνον· ἐὰν δὲ βαθύτερον, γνωρίζομεν εὐθὺς ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος οὗτος παρακινεῖ τινὰ πράγματα δύσμορφα ἰδὲ ἄσχημα, τὰ ὁποῖα οὐδέποτε κρύπτουσι πρέπουσαν ψυχήν· καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω μὲ βραχυλογίαν, ὁ Μῦθος παρακινεῖ τῆς παλαιᾶς καιροῦ τὸ γένος, καὶ ἐκεῖνο ὡς εἴπομεν εἶναι ἴδιον ἰδὲ μεγίστην τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς γένος.

Ὁ Τειρεσίας ἐκλαμβάνεται ἐδῶ ἀντὶ τοῦ λόγου, ὥσάν γὰ ἐπιμελεῖτο πάρα τοῦ Θεοῦ. Ὁ λόγος εἶναι ἄρρενον εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δίδει, ὅτε νὰ εἴπω οὕτω, τῆς ἀρχῆς εἰς τὴν γνῶσιν, ἀφοῦ ἀπ᾿ αὐτὸν γεννᾶ τὰ πάντα.

Ille per Aonias fama celeberrimus urbes
340inreprehensa dabat populo responsa petenti.
Prima fide vocisque ratae temptamina sumpsit
caerula Liriope. Quam quondam flumine curvo
implicuit clausaeque suis Cephisus in undis
vim tulit. Enixa est utero pulcherrima pleno
345infantem, nymphis iam tunc qui posset amari,
Narcissumque vocat. De quo consultus, an esset
tempora maturae visurus longa senectae,
fatidicus vates “si se non noverit” inquit.
Vana diu visa est vox auguris: exitus illam
350resque probat letique genus novitasque furoris.
Namque ter ad quinos unum Cephisius annum
addiderat poteratque puer iuvenisque videri:
multi illum iuvenes, multae cupiere puellae.
Sed fuit in tenera tam dura superbia forma:
355nulli illum iuvenes, nullae tetigere puellae.
Adspicit hunc trepidos agitantem in retia cervos
vocalis nymphe, quae nec reticere loquenti,
nec prior ipsa loqui didicit, resonabilis Echo.
Echo sees Narcissus

Famous throughout all the Aonian cities, Tiresias gave faultless answers to people who consulted him. Dusky Liriope, the Naiad, was the first to test the truth and the accuracy of his words, whom once the river-god Cephisus clasped in his winding streams, and took by force under the waves. This loveliest of nymphs gave birth at full term to a child whom, even then, one could fall in love with, called Narcissus. Being consulted as to whether the child would live a long life, to a ripe old age, the seer with prophetic vision replied �If he does not discover himself�.

For a long time the augur�s pronouncement appeared empty words. But in the end it proved true: the outcome, and the cause of his death, and the strangeness of his passion. One year the son of Cephisus had reached sixteen and might seem both boy and youth. Many youths, and many young girls desired him. But there was such intense pride in that delicate form that none of the youths or young girls affected him. One day the nymph Echo saw him, driving frightened deer into his nets, she of the echoing voice, who cannot be silent when others have spoken, nor learn how to speak first herself.

Χρόνῳ ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τὸ Φθινόπωρον, πολλεῖοφύλλον παρὰ φλέβας ἥδη δένδρων, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἀνέβησεν ἡ θρεπτικὴ ὕλη, τὰ ἐξύμνανα ἀπὸ τὰ φύλλα στον, κατακλίνοντα ἢ ὡς φαλακρὰ, διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται, ὅτι ὁ καιρὸς ἀναλαμβάνει τοῦτο ἀπὸ πρώτην τοῦ μορφὴ διὰ τί ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον φαλακροὶ γίνονται μόνον οἱ ἄνδρες. Τέλος πάντων μυθεύουσιν ὅτι ὁ Τερεσίας ἔγινε Κριτὴς δύω Θεῶν, ὅπου ἠθέλησαν νὰ μάθουν ποῖος ὀπολαμβάνει περισσοτέραν ἡδονὴν ὁ ἀνὴρ ἢ ἡ γυνὴ εἰς τὴν μίξιν. Σημαίνεται δὲ διὰ τὸν Δία τὸ πῦρ, καὶ διὰ τὴν Ἥραν ὁ ἀήρ, ὁ δὲ Τερεσίας κάμνει δίκαιαν κρίσιν, λέγοντας ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ λαμβάνει περισσοτέραν ἡδονήν. Τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι ὁ καιρὸς, μὲ πολλὰς δοκιμὰς, ἢ πείρας, ὅπου ἔκαμεν, ἀπέδειξεν ὅτι διὰ νὰ βλαστήσουν τὰ δένδρα ἢ τὰ φυτὰ, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἤδη τὰ ἔχουσι πλὴν τὰς αὔρας, ἢ διὰ νὰ γαρξ ἔχουν, ἐπὶ διὰ ταῦτα ἀπεφάσισαν τὴν Μῦσον ὅτι ἡ Ἥρα ἐτύφλωσε τὸν Τερεσίαν, καὶ τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι ὁ ἀήρ, ὅπου παριστάνεται διὰ τὴν Ἥραν, ἀρχῆς τοῦ χειμῶνος σκεπασμένος μὲ συννεφᾶ, καὶ κατηχνίας, κάμνει τὸν καιρὸν σκοτεινὸν, καὶ ζοφερὸν, καὶ κατὰ τινα τρόπον τυφλόν.

Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ζεὺς τῶ ἔδωσεν, ἀντὶ τῶν σωματικῶν, νοητοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς του· τὸ πάλιν μὲν ἐπρέπωκεν ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν χειμῶνα πλησιάζει εἰς ἡμᾶς, διασκορπίζων τὰ σύννεφα, δίδει δύναμιν εἰς τὸν καιρὸν διὰ νὰ λυπήσῃ τὴν δυσκρασίαν τῆς γῆς, διὰ νὰ βλαστήσῃ· ἢ μᾶλλον ἐπήνει ὁ Ἥλιος κρατεῖται εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους διὰ τὴν πρόγνωσιν τῆς μελλούσης καρποφορίας τῶν ἀγρῶν· διότε ὅσοι πεξούρων διὰ τὴν γεωργικήν, κατακόμβησαν τὸν χειμῶνα ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα πόσους κάρπους ἠμποροῦν νὰ ἐλπίσουν.

Τὸ τοιοῦτον ὅθεν μὲ τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον ἠμπορῶ νὰ εἰπῇ τις ὅτι ἀφέβλεπε τὰ μέλλοντα, ἀληθέστερον πουλάχιστον ὅτι ἐκοπίασε νὰ τὰ μέλλοντα ἀφηγοῦνται κατὰ συνδιγμάτα.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. καὶ Γ'.

Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Ἤχοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς φωνήν, ἢ ἤχου, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ναρκίσσου τῆς μεταβληθέντος εἰς ἄνθος.

Ὁ Νάρκισσος, ἐρασθεῖς τῆς ἰδίας του μορφῆς, τὴν ὁποίαν ἔβλεπεν εἰς μίαν βρύσιν, μεταβάλλεται μετὰ τὸν θάνατόν του εἰς ἄνθος, φέρον τὸ ὄνομά του. Αὐτὸς ἠγαπήθη ἀπὸ πολλὰς Νύμφας, ἐξαιρέτως δὲ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἠχώ, τῆς ὁποίας περιέχει ὁ Μῦθος.

Τοιοῦτον ὥστε ὁ Τειρεσίας ἔγινε περίφημος εἰς ὅλας τὰς Ἀοίου χώρας, διὰ τὸ ἀσφαλὲς τῆς ἀποκρίσεων, ὅπου ἐδίδου εἰς τὰ πλήθη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤρχοντο νὰ τὸν συμβουλευθῶσιν· ἀλλ' ἡ Λειριόπη πρώτη ἐγνώρισε τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν λόγων του. Αὐτὴ ἡ Νύμφη, βιασθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὸν Θεὸν τοῦ Κηφισοῦ ποταμοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος τὴν περιέπλεξε μὲ τὰ νερά του, συνέλαβεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸ παιδίον, ᾗ τὸ ὠνόμασε Νάρκισσον· τὸ ὁποῖον μόλις ἐγεννήθη, ἔγινεν ἀξιέραστον, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐκείνη κατ' ὑπερ

Corpus adhuc Echo, non vox erat; et tamen usum
360garrula non alium, quam nunc habet, oris habebat,
reddere de multis ut verba novissima posset.
Fecerat hoc Iuno, quia, cum deprendere posset
cum Iove saepe suo nymphas in monte iacentes,
illa deam longo prudens sermone tenebat,
365dum fugerent nymphae. Postquam Saturnia sensit
“huius” ait “linguae, qua sum delusa, potestas
parva tibi dabitur vocisque brevissimus usus”:
reque minas firmat. Tamen haec in fine loquendi
ingeminat voces auditaque verba reportat.
370Ergo ubi Narcissum per devia rura vagantem
vidit et incaluit, sequitur vestigia furtim,
quoque magis sequitur, flamma propiore calescit,
non aliter, quam cum summis circumlita taedis
admotas rapiunt vivacia sulphura flammas.
375O quotiens voluit blandis accedere dictis
et molles adhibere preces: natura repugnat
nec sinit incipiat. Sed, quod sinit, illa parata est
exspectare sonos, ad quos sua verba remittat.
Forte puer comitum seductus ab agmine fido,
380dixerat “ecquis adest?” et “adest!” responderat Echo.
Hic stupet, utque aciem partes dimittit in omnes,
voce “veni!” magna clamat: vocat illa vocantem.
Respicit et rursus nullo veniente “quid” inquit
“me fugis?” et totidem, quot dixit, verba recepit.
385Perstat et, alternae deceptus imagine vocis,
“huc coeamus!” ait: nullique libentius umquam
responsura sono “coeamus” rettulit Echo,
et verbis favet ipsa suis egressaque silva
ibat, ut iniceret sperato bracchia collo.
390Ille fugit fugiensque “manus complexibus aufer:
ante” ait “emoriar, quam sit tibi copia nostri.”
Rettulit illa nihil nisi “sit tibi copia nostri.”
Spreta latet silvis pudibundaque frondibus ora
protegit et solis ex illo vivit in antris.
395Sed tamen haeret amor crescitque dolore repulsae.
Extenuant vigiles corpus miserabile curae,
adducitque cutem macies et in aera sucus
corporis omnis abit. Vox tantum atque ossa supersunt:
vox manet; ossa ferunt lapidis traxisse figuram.
400inde latet silvis nulloque in monte videtur;
omnibus auditur: sonus est, qui vivit in illa.
How Juno altered Echo�s speech

Echo still had a body then and was not merely a voice. But though she was garrulous, she had no other trick of speech than she has now: she can repeat the last words out of many. Juno made her like that, because often when she might have caught the nymphs lying beneath her Jupiter, on the mountain slopes, Echo knowingly held her in long conversations, while the nymphs fled. When Saturnia realised this she said �I shall give you less power over that tongue by which I have been deluded, and the briefest ability to speak� and what she threatened she did. Echo only repeats the last of what is spoken and returns the words she hears.

Now when she saw Narcissus wandering through the remote fields, she was inflamed, following him secretly, and the more she followed the closer she burned with fire, no differently than inflammable sulphur, pasted round the tops of torches, catches fire, when a flame is brought near it. O how often she wants to get close to him with seductive words, and call him with soft entreaties! Her nature denies it, and will not let her begin, but she is ready for what it will allow her to do, to wait for sounds, to which she can return words.

By chance, the boy, separated from his faithful band of followers, had called out �Is anyone here?� and �Here� Echo replied. He is astonished, and glances everywhere, and shouts in a loud voice �Come to me!� She calls as he calls. He looks back, and no one appearing behind, asks �Why do you run from me?� and receives the same words as he speaks. He stands still, and deceived by the likeness to an answering voice, says �Here, let us meet together�. And, never answering to another sound more gladly, Echo replies �Together�, and to assist her words comes out of the woods to put her arms around his neck, in longing. He runs from her, and running cries �Away with these encircling hands! May I die before what�s mine is yours. She answers, only �What�s mine is yours!�

Scorned, she wanders in the woods and hides her face in shame among the leaves, and from that time on lives in lonely caves. But still her love endures, increased by the sadness of rejection. Her sleepless thoughts waste her sad form, and her body�s strength vanishes into the air. Only her bones and the sound of her voice are left. Her voice remains, her bones, they say, were changed to shapes of stone. She hides in the woods, no longer to be seen on the hills, but to be heard by everyone. It is sound that lives in her.

ὑπερβολὴ τὸ ἠγάπα, καὶ ἡ φύσις δὲν εἶχε κάμει ποτὲ παρόμοιον ὡραῖον βρέφος, ἐσυμβουλεύθη τὸν Τε- ρεσίαν, διὰ νὰ μάθῃ ἂν αὐτὸ ἤθελε ζήσει πολὺν και- ρόν, καὶ φθάσει ἕως εἰς τὸ γῆρας. Ὁ Τερεσίας τῆς ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι ἤθελε γηράσει, ἂν δὲν ἤθελε γνωρί- σει τὸν ἑαυτόν του. Αὕτη ἡ ἀπόκρισις ἐφάνη πολὺν καιρὸν ἀξιογέλαστος ἢ ματαία· ἀλλ' ὕστερον ἐβεβαίωσε μὲ τὸν παράξενον θάνατον, καὶ μὲ τὸ αἰνίγματον πά- θος τοῦ νέου. Ὅταν ὁ Νάρκισσος ἐπλήρωσε τὸν δέ- κατον ἕκτον χρόνον τῆς ἡλικίας του, καθὼς εἶχε τὴν ὡραιό- τητα εἰδὸς παιδίου, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰς χάριτας τῆς νεότητος, ἠγαπήθη δὲ ὕσω ἀπὸ πολλὲς νέες, ἢ ἀπὸ πολλὰ κο- ράσια· ἀλλ' ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά του, δὲν ἦτον ὀλιγωτέρα ἀπὸ τὴν διμορφίαν του, ἢ ποτὲ παιδίον, ἢ κοράσιον δὲν ἠξίωσε νὰ τὰ ἀρέσῃ. Ἐν μιᾷ δὲ τῶν ἡμερῶν, ἐν ᾧ ἐκυνήγει τὰ ἐλάφια, τὸν εἶδεν ἡ Νύμφη Ἠχώ, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ σιωπήσῃ, ὅταν ἄλλος νὰ λαλώσῃ, ἢ δὲν λαλεῖ χωρὶς νὰ λαλήσουν ἄλλοι. Εἶχε τότε τὸ κορμί της, καὶ δὲν ἦτον ἁπλῶς γυμνὴ φωνή· ὅμως δὲν ἐλάλει καλλιώ- τερα ἀπὸ τώρα, καὶ ἀπὸ ὅσους λόγους της ἤθελαν εἰ- πεῖ, δὲν ἠμπόρεσσε νὰ ἀποκριθῇ ἄλλο παρὰ τὸν ὑστερι- νόν. Αὕτη ἦτον μία ποινή, ὅπου ἡ Ἥρα τῆς εἶχε δώσει, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς ἐκείνη ἡ Θεὰ συχνάκις ἔπαγε νὰ πιάσῃ ἔξαφνα τὰς Νύμφας μὲ τὸν Δία, ἡ Ἠχὼ πλέον ἐμποδίζε πάντοτε μὲ τινὰς χαροποιὰς ὁμιλίας, ὅπου τῆς ἔλεγε, διὰ νὰ τῆς δώσῃ καιρὸν νὰ εὐθαρσήσωσι, ἢ νὰ μὴ πιασθῇ. Ἀλλὰ μὲ τὸν καιρὸν ἡ Ἥρα ἐκατάλαβε τὸ παίγνισμα, ἢ τῆς εἶπε· ἐγὼ θέλω

τωράξειν, ἐπειδὴ κατεδίκασαν αὐτὴν αἱ Νύμφαι νὰ μὴ λαλῇ ποτέ, παρὰ ὅσον ἄλλοι τῆς λαλήσαι, ἢ νὰ λέγῃ μόνον τὸν ὑστερώτερον λόγον.

Λοιπὸν μίαν ἡμέραν βλέψασα τὸν Νάρκισσον νὰ κυνηγῇ, ἐστράφη κατακόλλα, καὶ αὐθὶς τὸν ὑπολείπησε, χωρὶς ἐκεῖνος νὰ τὴν καταλάβῃ, καὶ βιαζομένη νὰ πλησιάσῃ, ἐφλογίστη περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ θυμίαμα, τὸ ὁποῖον πλησιάζον εἰς τὴν φωτίαν, αὐγάζει ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ φλόγας.

Sic hanc, sic alias undis aut montibus ortas
luserat hic nymphas, sic coetus ante viriles.
Inde manus aliquis despectus ad aethera tollens
405“sic amet ipse licet sic non potiatur amato!”
dixerat. Adsensit precibus Rhamnusia iustis.
Fons erat inlimis, nitidis argenteus undis,
quem neque pastores neque pastae monte capellae
contigerant aliudve pecus, quem nulla volucris
410nec fera turbarat nec lapsus ab arbore ramus.
Gramen erat circa, quod proximus umor alebat,
silvaque sole locum passura tepescere nullo.
Hic puer, et studio venandi lassus et aestu,
procubuit faciemque loci fontemque secutus.
415dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera crevit.
Dumque bibit, visae correptus imagine formae
spem sine corpore amat: corpus putat esse, quod unda est
adstupet ipse sibi, vultuque inmotus eodem
haeret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum.
420Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus
et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines
impubesque genas et eburnea colla decusque
oris et in niveo mixtum candore ruborem,
cunctaque miratur, quibus est mirabilis ipse.
425Se cupit imprudens et qui probat, ipse probatur,
dumque petit, petitur, pariterque accendit et ardet.
Inrita fallaci quotiens dedit oscula fonti!
In mediis quotiens visum captantia collum
bracchia mersit aquis, nec se deprendit in illis!
430Quid videat, nescit: sed quod videt, uritur illo,
atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat error.
Credule, quid frusta simulacra fugacia captas?
quod petis, est nusquam; quod amas, avertere, perdes.
Ista repercussae, quam cernis, imaginis umbra est:
435nil habet ista sui; tecum venitque manetque,
tecum discedet, si tu discedere possis.
Narcissus sees himself and falls in love

As Narcissus had scorned her, so he had scorned the other nymphs of the rivers and mountains, so he had scorned the companies of young men. Then one of those who had been mocked, lifting hands to the skies, said �So may he himself love, and so may he fail to command what he loves!� Rhamnusia, who is the goddess Nemesis, heard this just request.

There was an unclouded fountain, with silver-bright water, which neither shepherds nor goats grazing the hills, nor other flocks, touched, that no animal or bird disturbed not even a branch falling from a tree. Grass was around it, fed by the moisture nearby, and a grove of trees that prevented the sun from warming the place. Here, the boy, tired by the heat and his enthusiasm for the chase, lies down, drawn to it by its look and by the fountain. While he desires to quench his thirst, a different thirst is created. While he drinks he is seized by the vision of his reflected form. He loves a bodiless dream. He thinks that a body, that is only a shadow. He is astonished by himself, and hangs there motionless, with a fixed expression, like a statue carved from Parian marble.

Flat on the ground, he contemplates two stars, his eyes, and his hair, fit for Bacchus, fit for Apollo, his youthful cheeks and ivory neck, the beauty of his face, the rose-flush mingled in the whiteness of snow, admiring everything for which he is himself admired. Unknowingly he desires himself, and the one who praises is himself praised, and, while he courts, is courted, so that, equally, he inflames and burns. How often he gave his lips in vain to the deceptive pool, how often, trying to embrace the neck he could see, he plunged his arms into the water, but could not catch himself within them! What he has seen he does not understand, but what he sees he is on fire for, and the same error both seduces and deceives his eyes.

Fool, why try to catch a fleeting image, in vain? What you search for is nowhere: turning away, what you love is lost! What you perceive is the shadow of reflected form: nothing of you is in it. It comes and stays with you, and leaves with you, if you can leave!

Ὦ πόσαις φοραῖς ἤθέλησε νὰ πλησιάση εἰς αὐτὸν με πολλακείας καὶ παρακαλέσματα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις ἦτον αὐτῆς τοιαύτη, ὁποῦ ὡμάντιετο εἰς τὸν πόδον τῆς, ἡ δὲν τῆς ἄφινε νὰ ἀρχίσει αὐτὴ φωνῆς τὴν ὁμιλίαν, ἐπρόσμενεν ἀφορμήαν, ὥστε πάντοτε ἕτοιμος νὰ ἀποδείξῃ, ἐκεῖνα ὁποῦ ἐκεῖνος ἤθέλε λαλήσαι. Μίας φοραῖς λοιπὸν ἔχει τύχην ἐξευμάνιον ἀπὸ τῆς ὁπάδης τῆς, ἡ τὴν ἐφώναξε λέγων· ἐδῶ ποιὸς εἶναι· ἡ ἡ Ἠχὼ εὐθὺς ποῦ ἀπεκρίθη, εἶναι,· Ἄμεσον αὐτῶν τὸν φωνὼν ὁ Νάρκισσος, ἡ μὴ βλέπων τινὰ τριγύρω του, ἀπορῆσε. Κυττάζει εἰς κάθε μέρος, ἡ μὴ βλέπων τινὰ, φωνάζει μεγαλοφώνως,· Ἔλα· ἡ δὲ Νύμφη πάλιν του εἶπε τοῦ αὐτὸν λόγον. Κυττάζει ἄλλην μίαν φοράν, ἡ πάλιν μὴ βλέπων τινὰ νὰ ἔλθῃ, διὰ τί λοιπὸν, λέγει, διὰ τί μὲ φεύγεις; ἡ ἄμεσα ὅτι τοῦ ἀποκρίνεται τὸ ἐκείνην με τὰ αὐτὰ λόγια, με φεύγεις· Στέκει εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὁποῦ εὑρίσκετο, ἡ γελασμένος ἀπὸ τὴν εἰκόνα, ἡ φαντάσταν ἄλλης φωνῆς, λέγει· ἄς ἀνταμώθεμεν. Ἀποκρίνεται ἡ Νύμφη (ἡ ὁποῖα δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ ἀποκρίσῃ ἀρεσκότερόν της λόγον,) χωρὶς νὰ χάσῃ καιρὸν, ἄς ἀνταμώθεμεν· ἡ ἐπήγε ἔξω ἀπὸ τὸ δάσος, διὰ νὰ ἀγκαλιάσῃ τὸν Νάρκισσον· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος φεύγει αὐθὺς, ἡ ἔλε

χείρας μης. Αποθήσαι, λέγει ὁ Νάρκισσος, καλλίτερα παρὰ νὰ μέ ἀγκαλιάσῃς· εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπεκρίθη· νὰ μέ ἀγκαλιάσῃς. Μετὰ ταῦτα, ἀπὸ τὴν εὐτροπήν της, ὅτι κατεφρονήθη, ἐκρύβη μέσα εἰς τὰ δένδρη, ἢ σκεπαζόμενη μὲ φύλλα, δὲν ἔχει ἄλλην παρηγορίαν εἰμὴ τῆς δρυμής, ἢ τὰ ἀσήλαια. Ὅμως δὲν ἄφησε τὸν ἔρωτα, χαῦσα ἀπ' ἐμπροσθίας τοῦ Νάρκισσου· ἀλλὰ τερατῶον ἡ καταφρόνησίς της μεγαλυτέραν τοῦ ἔρωτα της· καὶ τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ τὰς λύπας, αὐτοτιμωρίαν, καὶ ἐρωτικῶν φροντίδων, ἐξήρανθη ὅλον της τὸ σῶμα, μειωθιόμενον ἀπὸ φοβερὰν ληπότητα, ὥστε τὰ κόκκαλά της ἐπολήθησαν μὲ τὸ πέτει, καὶ ἡ φυσική ὑγρότης διεχύθη εἰς καπνόν, καὶ δὲν τῆς ἔμεινεν εἰμὴ ἡ φωνή, καὶ τὰ κόκκαλα, τὰ ὁποῖα λέγουσι νὰ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας· καὶ ἔτσι κρυμμένη εἰς τὰ δένδρη, δὲν φαίνεται ποτὲ εἰς τὰ ὄρη. Ὅλος ὁ κόσμος τὴν ἀκούει, καὶ δὲν τὴν βλέπει τινας, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι πλέον ἄλλο τι παρὰ φωνή, ἡ ὁποῖα ζῆ εἰς αὐτήν, καθὼς αὐτὴ δὲν ζῆ παρὰ εἰς μίαν φωνίαν.

Ὁ Νάρκισσος τούτον κατεφρόνησεν αὐτὴν μὴ Νυμφῶν, ἢ ἄλλας ποιὸς τῶν πηγῶν, ἢ τῶν ὀρέων· ἀλλὰ τέλος πάντων μία ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, παροξυσμένη ἀπὸ τὴν καταφρόνησίν της, ἔσηκεν εὐχήν, ἢ σηκώνουσα τὰς χείρας της εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἄμποτες, εἶπε, νὰ πέσῃς ἢ σὺ εἰς ἔρωτα, ἢ νὰ μὴν ἀξιώσῃς ποτὲ νὰ τὸν χαρῇς.

Ἡ Ῥαμνυσία, Θεὰ τῶν καταφρονήσεων, ἢ τὰ πείσματα, ἥκουσεν αὐτοῦ τὴν προσευχὴν, ἢ ἐπίμαινεν πρὸς ἀπόκρισιν. Ἐπεὶ πλησίον εὑρίσκετο βρύσις μὲ νερὸν πολὺν καθαρὸν ἢ ἥσυχον, ὥστε ὡμοίαζε τὸ κρύσταλλον, τῶν ὁποίαν οὔτε βοσκοὶ, οὔτε πρόβατα, ἔ

Book III · NARCISSUS

NARCISSUS

Non illum Cereris, non illum cura quietis
abstrahere inde potest, sed opaca fusus in herba
spectat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam,
440perque oculos perit ipse suos; paulumque levatus
ad circumstantes tendens sua bracchia silvas
“ecquis, io silvae, crudelius” inquit “amavit?
Scitis enim, et multis latebra opportuna fuistis.
Ecquem, cum vestrae tot agantur saecula vitae,
445qui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in aevo?
Et placet et video; sed quod videoque placetque,
non tamen invenio: tantus tenet error amantem.
Quoque magis doleam, nec nos mare separat ingens,
nec via nec montes nec clausis moenia portis:
450exigua prohibemur aqua. Cupit ipse teneri:
nam quotiens liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis,
hic totiens ad me resupino nititur ore.
Posse putes tangi: minimum est, quod amantibus obstat.
Quisquis es, huc exi! quid me, puer unice, fallis,
455quove petitus abis? certe nec forma nec aetas
est mea quam fugias, et amarunt me quoque nymphae.
Spem mihi nescio quam vultu promittis amico,
cumque ego porrexi tibi bracchia, porrigis ultro:
cum risi, adrides; lacrimas quoque saepe notavi
460me lacrimante tuas, nutu quoque signa remittis,
et quantum motu formosi suspicor oris,
verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras.
Iste ego sum: sensi, nec me mea fallit imago.
Uror amore mei, flammas moveoque feroque.
465Quid faciam? roger, anne rogem? quid deinde rogabo?
quod cupio mecum est: inopem me copia fecit.
O utinam a nostro secedere corpore possem!
Votum in amante novum: vellem quod amamus abesset! —
Iamque dolor vires adimit, nec tempora vitae
470longa meae superant, primoque exstinguor in aevo.
Nec mihi mors gravis est posituro morte dolores:
hic, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset.
Nunc duo concordes anima moriemur in una.”
Narcissus laments the pain of unrequited love

No care for Ceres�s gift of bread, or for rest, can draw him away. Stretched on the shadowed grass he gazes at that false image with unsated eyes, and loses himself in his own vision. Raising himself a little way and holding his arms out to the woods, he asks, �Has anyone ever loved more cruelly than I? You must know, since you have been a chance hiding place for many people. Do you remember in your life that lasts so many centuries, in all the long ages past, anyone who pined away like this? I am enchanted and I see, but I cannot reach what I see and what enchants me� � so deep in error is this lover � �and it increases my pain the more, that no wide sea separates us, no road, no mountains, no walls with locked doors.

�We are only kept apart by a little water! Whenever I extend my lips to the clear liquid, he tries to raise his lips to me. He desires to be held. You would think he could be touched: it is such a small thing that prevents our love. Whoever you are come out to me! Why do you disappoint me, you extraordinary boy? Where do you vanish when I reach for you? Surely my form and years are not what you flee from, and I am one that the nymphs have loved! You offer me some unknown hope with your friendly look, and when I stretch my arms out to you, you stretch out yours. When I smile, you smile back. And I have often seen your tears when I weep tears. You return the gesture of my head with a nod, and, from the movements of your lovely mouth, I guess that you reply with words that do not reach my ears!

�I am he. I sense it and I am not deceived by my own image. I am burning with love for myself. I move and bear the flames. What shall I do? Surely not court and be courted? Why court then? What I want I have. My riches make me poor. O I wish I could leave my own body! Strange prayer for a lover, I desire what I love to be distant from me. Now sadness takes away my strength, not much time is left for me to live, and I am cut off in the prime of youth. Nor is dying painful to me, laying down my sadness in death. I wish that him I love might live on, but now we shall die united, two in one spirit.�

ἔχε τολμήσῃ νὰ τὴν πλησιάσῃ. Εὑρέθη τέλος τὸ χορτάρι ὥσαν πράσινον τέλιον, φυλαττόμενον ἀπὸ τὸ νερόν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ἴσκιον τοῦ δάσους, ὅπου ἐμπόδιζε τὴν καῦσιν τοῦ Ἡλίου νὰ βλάψῃ τὴν δροσίαν του. Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον ὁ Νάρκισσος, κουρασμένος ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἦλθε νὰ ἀναπαυθῇ, καὶ βλέπων τὸ νερὸν νὰ τρέχῃ ἀναμεταξὺ εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ἐπεθύμησε νὰ ὑπάγῃ καὶ ἔως εἰς τὴν βρύσιν· αὐτὸς δὲ πίνων ἐξάφθη ἀπὸ τὴν ὡραιότητα τῆς ἰδίας του προσώπου, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶδε μέσα εἰς τὸ νερόν. Ἐρᾷ τὸ φαινόμενον, δηλαδὴ τὴν σκιάν του, καὶ νομίζει νὰ εἶναι σῶμα ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου δὲν ἦτον παρὰ σκιά. Ἐμβαίνει εἰς ἀπορίας, στοχάζεται μὲ προσοχὴν μεγάλην τὸ πρόσωπόν του, καὶ μένει ἀκίνητος ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν βρύσιν ὡς ἄγαλμα. Θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀμμάτια του, παρομοιάζοντα δύω ὡραῖα ἄστρα, τὰ χείλη του, ὅπου ἦσαν ἄξια διὰ τὸν Βάκχον, καὶ τὰ μαλλία του, τὰ ἄξια διὰ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα. Βλέπει τὸν λαιμόν του, ὅπου ὁμοιάζει μὲ τὴν λευκότητα τοῦ πολυτίμου ἐλέφαντος· θαυμάζει τὸ μικροπρεπὲς πρόσωπόν του, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα κάλλη του, διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔχει τὴν δυστυχίαν. Ἐπιθυμεῖ τὸν ἑαυτόν του· ἐρᾷ, καὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι τὸ ἐρώμενον· ζητεῖ, καὶ εἶναι αὐτὸς τὸ ζητούμενον· αὐτὸς εἶναι ἡ καιομένη ὕλη, καὶ ἡ καίουσα φωτιά. Ὦ πόσαις φοραῖς ἐφίλησε τὴν ἀπατηλὴν βρύσιν! καὶ θέλοντας νὰ φιληθῇ, ἔβαλε εἰς τὸ νερὸν ἕως τὰς ἀγκῶνας, καὶ δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ εὕρῃ τὸ φαινόμενον. Δὲν ἤξευρε τί εἶναι τὸ ὁρώμενον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκαίετο δι᾽ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ἔβλεπε, καὶ μία καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ εἶναι, ἡ ὁποία τὸν ἀπατᾷ, ἀνήμμει καὶ ὀχλοσυστεῖ τοὺς

ζεσθαι νά ἀγκαλιάσης σύ φάντασμα· ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ζητεῖς, δὲν διαπίσκεται εἰς πάντα μέρος· ἀπόστρεψον ὀλίγον τὰς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἂν θέλῃς κάμει παρόντα τὸ ποθήμενον. Ἡ εἰκών ὁποῦ βλέπεις, εἶναι ἡ σκιὰ τοῦ σώματός σου, ἡ ὁποία ἀπὸ τὸ μέρον ἀντακλᾶται· ἡ παθήδυσά σε, ὡραιότης, δὲν ὑπάρχει ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ της, ἀλλὰ προέρχεται ἀπὸ σέ, ἂν μένῃς ἐκεῖ ὅπου μένεις, θὰ ἀνακαθῇ αὐτὸς ὁποῦ ἂν σὺ ξεμακρύνῃς.

Dixit et ad faciem rediit male sanus eandem
475et lacrimis turbavit aquas, obscuraque moto
reddita forma lacu est. Quam cum vidisset abire,
“quo refugis? remane, nec me, crudelis, amantem
desere!” clamavit: “liceat, quod tangere non est,
adspicere et misero praebere alimenta furori.”
480Dumque dolet, summa vestem deduxit ab ora
nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis.
Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem,
non aliter quam poma solent, quae candida parte,
parte rubent, aut ut variis solet uva racemis
485ducere purpureum nondum matura colorem.
Quae simul adspexit liquefacta rursus in unda,
non tulit ulterius, sed ut intabescere flavae
igne levi cerae matutinaeque pruinae
sole tepente solent, sic attenuatus amore
490liquitur et tecto paulatim carpitur igni.
Et neque iam color est mixto candore rubori,
nec vigor et vires et quae modo visa placebant,
nec corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo.
Quae tamen ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque,
495indoluit, quotiensque puer miserabilis “eheu”
dixerat, haec resonis iterabat vocibus “eheu”;
cumque suos manibus percusserat ille lacertos,
haec quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem.
Ultima vox solitam fuit haec spectantis in undam,
500“heu frustra dilecte puer!” totidemque remisit
verba locus, dictoque vale “vale!” inquit et Echo.
Ille caput viridi fessum submisit in herba;
lumina mors clausit domini mirantia formam.
Tunc quoque se, postquam est inferna sede receptus,
505in Stygia spectabat aqua. Planxere sorores
naides et sectos fratri posuere capillos,
planxerunt dryades: plangentibus adsonat Echo.
Iamque rogum quassasque faces feretrumque parabant:
nusquam corpus erat; croceum pro corpore florem
510inveniunt, foliis medium cingentibus albis.
Narcissus is changed into a flower

He spoke, and returned madly to the same reflection, and his tears stirred the water, and the image became obscured in the rippling pool. As he saw it vanishing, he cried out � Where do you fly to?� Stay, cruel one, do not abandon one who loves you! I am allowed to gaze at what I cannot touch, and so provide food for my miserable passion!� While he weeps, he tears at the top of his clothes: then strikes his naked chest with hands of marble. His chest flushes red when they strike it, as apples are often pale in part, part red, or as grapes in their different bunches are stained with purple when they are not yet ripe.

As he sees all this reflected in the dissolving waves, he can bear it no longer, but as yellow wax melts in a light flame, as morning frost thaws in the sun, so he is weakened and melted by love, and worn away little by little by the hidden fire. He no longer retains his colour, the white mingled with red, no longer has life and strength, and that form so pleasing to look at, nor has he that body which Echo loved. Still, when she saw this, though angered and remembering, she pitied him, and as often as the poor boy said �Alas!� she repeated with her echoing voice �Alas!� and when his hands strike at his shoulders, she returns the same sounds of pain. His last words as he looked into the familiar pool were �Alas, in vain, beloved boy!� and the place echoed every word, and when he said �Goodbye!� Echo also said �Goodbye!�

He laid down his weary head in the green grass, death closing those eyes that had marvelled at their lord�s beauty.

And even when he had been received into the house of shadows, he gazed into the Stygian waters. His sisters the Naiads lamented, and let down their hair for their brother, and the Dryads lamented. Echo returned their laments. And now they were preparing the funeral pyre, the quivering torches and the bier, but there was no body. They came upon a flower, instead of his body, with white petals surrounding a yellow heart.

Ὡς τόσον οὔτε φαγητοῦ, οὔτε ἀναπαύσεως φροντίς, δυσβατὸν νὰ τὸν ἀπομακρύνῃ ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον· ἀλλ' ἐντὸς πλαγιασμένος εἰς τὰ χόρτα, κοιτάζει ἀχρήτεα, οὐδὲ δύναται νὰ χορτάσῃ ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τὴν ἀπαράλληλον ὡραιότητα. Κάιεται, ἢ ἀποθνήσκει ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά της· ἀναστημονόμενος δὲ ὀλίγον, εἰς ὑψώνοντας τὰς χεῖράς του πρὸς τὰ δένδρα, ὁποῦ τὸν περιεκύκλωναν, ἔλεγεν οὕτως· "Ὦ δάση ποῖος ποτὲ ἐξ ὑμῶν τόσον ἐπηλεηρὰ; (διότι σεῖς τὸ ἠξεύρετε σκότεινα δάση, ὁποῦ ἐδώκατε πολλάκις μετοχὴν προσφορῆς εἰς τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ἐραστάς.) Ὅμως! εἰς τόσους αἰῶνας, ὁποῦ ἐπεράσατε, εἴδατε ποτὲ παρομοίαν λύπην, ἢ ἄλλον τινὰ, νὰ τρέχῃ τοιουτοτρόπως εἰς τὸ ἰδικόν του ἀξηνὸν τὸν ἀπελπισμόν; Βλέπω τὸ καλόν, ὁποῦ θέλω, εἰς δὲν ἠμπορῶ νὰ εὕρω ἐκεῖνο, ὁποῦ βλέπω, οὐδὲ ἐπιθυμῶ· ἐκεῖνο δὲ, ὁποῦ μὲ λυπεῖ περισσότερον εἶναι, ὅτι δὲν εἴμεθα χωρισμένοι οὔτε ἀπὸ μεγάλα πελάγη, οὔτε ἀπὸ ὑψηλὰ βουνὰ, οὔτε ἀπὸ ἰσχυρὰ τείχη, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀπὸ ὀλίγον νερόν. Αὐτὴ ἡ ὡραιότης, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπιζητῶ, ἔχει τὸν αὐτὸν ἔρωτα δι' ἐμέ, ἐπειδὴ ὁσάκις σκύπτω νὰ τὴν ἀσπασθῶ, τοσάκις σημώνεται οὐδὲ αὐτὴ νὰ κάμῃ τὸ ἴδιον, οὐδὲ πλέον ὀλίγον εἶναι τὸ διαχωρίζον ἡμᾶς, ὥστε φαίνεται ὅτι εἴμεθα σχεδὸν ἡψωμένοι.

μίαν μόνον ζωὴν. Μόλις ἔπαυσε νὰ παραπονῆται, καὶ ἡ πλάγη, ὅπου ποὺ ἐπύθλωνε, τοῦ ἔκαμε νὰ σφραγῇ πρὸς τὴν σκιὰν της, καὶ πότε ἔχυσε πόσα δάκρυα, ὥστε ἐδόλωσε τὸ νερὸν τῆς βρύσεως· ἡ ἐπειδὴ πότε ἡ εἰκών δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον καθαρά, διὰ τὴν δόλωσιν τοῦ νερῦ, ἄρχισε νὰ φωνάζῃ, βλέπων ὅτι ἐκείνην ἀλέφετο, πῆ φύγεις συθηρέ; στάσε, ἢ μὴ μὲ ἀφήσῃς πόσον ὀλίγαρα. Ἂν δὲν ἤμπορῶ νὰ σοῦ ἐγγίσω, ἂς μὲ εἶναι πᾶν συγχωρημένον νὰ σὲ βλέπω, ἢ τὰ βλέμματα τὰ σῆς νὰ εἶναι ἡ τροφὴ τῆς μωρέας μὲ. Ὅταν ἐπαραπονῆτο ἀνέχισε τὸ φόρεμα τς, καὶ χτυπώντας τὸ θῆθος μὲ τὰς χεῖρας τς, τὸ ἔκαμε νὰ ἐρυθειάσῃ ὥσᾶν τὰ ρόδα, τὰ ὄντα ἄσπρα ἢ κόμμενα μεμψιμοίρως, ἢ ὥς τὰ σταφύλια πρὸ τοῦ νὰ ὡθερμάσουν. Ἀλλὰ βλέπων πάλιν εἰς τὸ νερὸν τὸ ἴδιον, ὅπου ἔκαμνεν εἰς μίαν ἔτσι ξυφερὰν σάρνα, ἔπαυσε νὰ τὸν κτυπᾷ, ἢ ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτὴ ἔχασε τὰς δυνάμεις τς, καὶ ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἀναλύετο ἀπὸ τῆς φωτιᾶς, ὅπου εἶχεν ἡ καρδία τς, ὥσᾶν ὁ κηρὸς σὶμα εἰς τὴν φωτιᾶς, ἢ ὥς ἡ πάχνη ἀπὸ τὰς πρῶϊας τοῦ Ἡλίου ἀκτῖνες. Δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον του ἡ λαμπροσύθειοτης ἐκείνη, ἔτε ἡ δρωστιὰ, ἢ αὐταποκειμομένη μὲ τὴν ἁπαλότητα τς, ἔτε οἱ ἄλλοι χαρακτῆρες, ὅσοι τὸν ἐκίνησαν εἰς ἔρωτα. Δὲν εἶχε πλέον ἐκείνο τὸ κορμί, τὸ ὁποῖον ἡ παλαίτερος Ἠχώ εἶχεν ἀγαπήσει μὲ τόσον πολλὴ θερμότητα· ὅθεν βλέπουσα αὐτὸν εἰς μίαν ποιαύτην ἐλεεινὴν κατάστασιν, ἀγνὰ ἢ θυμωμένη κατ᾿ αὐτὸ, διὰ τὰς καταφρονήσεις, ὅπου ἔλαβεν, ἐλυπήθη κατὰ πολλὰ· ἢ ὅταν ἐκείνος ἐφώναζεν, οἴμοι, τοῦ ἀπεκρίνατο ὁμοίως τὸ οἴμοι, καὶ αὐτή· ἐὰν δὲ ἔκαμνε κτύπον τινὰ, κτυπώντας τὸ στῆθος τς,

πρὸς τὴν εἰκόνα του, ἦσαν αὐτοί· „Ὦ ὡραιότης μάταιος ἀγαπημένη!" τὰς αὐτὰς λόγας ἀφ' ἡ Ἡχὼ ἀνταπεκρίθη· ἀφ' πάλιν ἔλεγε λέγοντας, ἀφίνοντάς σε νὰ σιγήσης, ἀνταπεκρίθη κ' αὐτὴ ὁμοίως. Ὡς πόσον ἡ κεφαλή της ἔκλινεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν χλόην, ὁ δὲ Θάνατος τὰ ἔκλεισε τὰ ὄμματια, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀκόμη ἐκοίταζον εἰς τὴν βρύσιν τὰ ψευδῆ ὄμορφα κάλλη τα. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἄξιζεν εἰς αὐτὸν ἄξιος τὸ νὰ ποιήση πρὸς ἑαυτόν τα, ὅταν κατέβαινεν εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, ἔβλεπε πάντοτε τὴν εἰκόνα τα εἰς τὸ νερόν τῆς Στυγός. Αἱ ἀδελφαί τας Νυμφάδες, λυπήθησαν τὸν Θάνατόν τα, μὲ τὸν θρῆνον, ἔκοψαν τὰ μαλλία των, καὶ τὰ ἔρριψαν ἐπάνω τὸν εἰς ἀδελφόν τῆς. Αἱ Δρυάδες, ἀφ' ἡ Νύμφη Ἡχὼ (ἡ ὁποία ἀφ' ἀπεκρίνετο εἰς τὰς φωνὰς τῆ ἄλλων) δὲν ἐλυπήθησαν ὀλιγώτερον. Μετὰ πάντα ἐτοίμασαν τὰς Λαμπάδας, καὶ τὴν πυρὰν διὰ τὴν ἀποθάνασιν ἀδελφόν των· ὅμως δὲν εὗρασι τὸ σῶμά τα, ἀλλ' ἀντ' αὐτὸ ἑκάθισεν ἄνθος κρίνον, μὲ ὀλίγα τινὰ ἄσπρα φύλλα εἰς τὸ μέσον.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Cognita res meritam vati per Achaidas urbes
attulerat famam, nomenque erat auguris ingens.
Spernit Echionides tamen hunc ex omnibus unus,
contemptor superum, Pentheus, praesagaque ridet
515verba senis tenebrasque et cladem lucis ademptae
obicit. Ille movens albentia tempora canis
“quam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis huius
orbus” ait “fieres, ne Bacchica sacra videres!
Namque dies aderit, quam non procul auguror esse,
520qua novus huc veniat, proles Semeleia, Liber;
quem nisi templorum fueris dignatus honore,
mille lacer spargere locis et sanguine silvas
foedabis matremque tuam matrisque sorores.
Evenient; neque enim dignabere numen honore,
525meque sub his tenebris nimium vidisse quereris.”
Talia dicentem proturbat Echione natus.
Dicta fides sequitur, responsaque vatis aguntur:
Tiresias prophesies Pentheus�s fate

When all this became known it spread the prophet�s fame throughout the cities of Achaia, and his reputation was high. Still, Pentheus, the son of Echion, in scorn of the gods, alone amongst all of them, rejected the seer, laughed at the old man�s words of augury, and taunted him with the darkness, and the ruin of his lost sight. He, shaking his white head in warning, said �How happy you would be if these dispossessed orbs were yours, so as not to see the sacred rites of Bacchus! Now the day approaches, and I see it is not far off, when the new god, Liber, son of Semele will come, and unless you think him worthy to be done honour in your sanctuaries, you will be scattered, torn, in a thousand pieces, and stain your mother, and her sisters and the woods themselves with your blood. It will be! You will not think the god worthy of being honoured, and you will lament of me, that in my darkness I have seen too far.� Even as he speaks, Echion�s son thrusts him away. The truth of his words followed, the oracles of the prophet were performed.

Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος μας διδάσκει να μὴν ἐμβαθαίνομεν εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις τῶν μεγάλων Ἀρχόντων. Ἡ Ἡχὼ κρύπτει τεχνικῶς τὰς ἔρωτας τοῦ Διός, καὶ παιδεύεται χωρὶς νὰ φροντίση ἐκεῖνος τῆς ἢ βοηθείας, ἢ νὰ τὴν παρηγορήση εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν της. Δὲν ἀληθεύει λοιπὸν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος, ὡς ἀρχέτυπον, μᾶς διδάσκει μὲ τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς Ἡχοῦς, ὅτι οἱ μεγάλοι μᾶς ἀφίνουσι νὰ παιδευώμεθα, χωρὶς νὰ φροντίζουσι διὰ λόγου μας, ὅταν πράξαντες τὶ τῆς ἀρεσκείας των, καὶ εὑρίσκων φανῶμεν πλέον, τῆς νὰ μὴν νομίζωσιν ἐκεῖνο ἐκ τῆς βοηθείας μας; Πρὸς τί τοῖς μᾶς ὠφελεῖ ὅτι ὕστερα ὅλοι εἶναι τὸ τῆς φροντίδος, καὶ κινδύνους ὅσους μᾶς ἀκολουθοῦσιν εἰς τὴν θέλησιν των, δὲν μᾶς ἀποψύξει ποτὲ εἰς ἄλλο τι παρὰ ὀλίγην φωνὴν διὰ νὰ παραπονεσθῶμεν, καθὼς εἶναι ἡ τῆς ἀθλίας Ἡχοῦς. Προσέτι νομίζω, νὰ μᾶς διδάσκη, νὰ μὴ πεπιστεύωμεθα τὰ κακὰ ἔργα, διότι ὅσοι τὰ πεπιστεύονται παιδεύονται ὡς ἡ Ἡχώ, ἡ ὁποία ἐτιμωρήθη ἐπειδὴ ἔκρυψε τὰς μοιχείας τοῦ Διός. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι αὕτη κατοικεῖ εἰς τὰ δύο καὶ ἀπήλαια, ἐπειδὴ ἡ τοῦτο πλέον εἰς τούτους τόπους γίνεται ψόφος, καὶ ἀποδείκνυται εἰς τὰ μέρη, ὅπου εἶναι ἀπήλαια, καὶ κοιλώματα.

Διὰ δὲ τοῦ Ναρκίσσου, τὸ γενόμενον ἐρᾶται ἢ ἔπειτα ἢ ποῦ δὲν κατακαμβάνει ὅτι εἰσορᾶται οἱ ψηφάφοντες ἢ καὶ λέγεται ἢ ἐκεί- νοις, ὅσοι δὲν τιμῶν παρὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ τους, καὶ ὃ αὐτοὶ σέβονται παρὰ τῶν τῶν ψυχῶν τους. Σφόρουντες νὰ τοὺς ὠφελῇ περισσότερον ὑπὸ ἐκείνου, ὁ ποῖος τοὺς διδάσκει· Μᾶς παραστημαίνεται νέος ὁ Νάρκισσος· ἐπειδὴ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ νέοι ὑποκείνται εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἀδυναμίαν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐκεῖνος ἀπέθανε· ἤγουν εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἑαυτόν τους, ἢ ὅσα εἰ σὶν ἐδικά των· Ὁ Νάρκισσος ἐνομίσθη ὅτι ἦτον ἀδύνατον νὰ εὕρη κανένα κάλλιον, ἢ ἀγαπητότερον ἔξω ὑπὸ τὸν ἑαυτόν του· δὲν ἤθελε νὰ ἀ κροασθῇ τῶν ὀρθῶν τῆς λόγων, ὁ ὁποῖος ἤθελε νὰ ἐλέγξῃ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ ἀ πάτην του, ἢ ἔτσι ἀφήρεθη διὰ ἐκδικήσεως τὴν Θεάν· Ὁμοίως ἢ οἱ νέοι, ὅσσοι πολεμάρχως εἰς τὰς ἐπιστήμας, εἰς τὰς ἄλλας οὐδὲν ὀφέλος· τότε δὲν ἀγα πῶσι κατὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα· Αὐτὸ φαίνονται νὰ ἔχουν ὡς ἔμφυτον ὅλοι ποῦ ἀδυναμότατοι πᾶσαν γνῶσιν, ἢ ἐπιστήμην, ἢ ἔχουν μὲ τὴν δίω ξίν του καρπόν, καὶ τὴν ἐπασχόλησίν του νοός· αὐτὸ ἔξω ὅπου ὅλοι, ὅσοι εἶναι φιλ

Liber adest, festisque fremunt ululatibus agri;
turba ruit, mixtaeque viris matresque nurusque
530vulgusque proceresque ignota ad sacra feruntur.
“Quis furor, anguigenae, proles Mavortia, vestras
attonuit mentes?” Pentheus ait: “aerane tantum
aere repulsa valent et adunco tibia cornu
et magicae fraudes, ut, quos non bellicus ensis,
535non tuba terruerit, non strictis agmina telis,
femineae voces et mota insania vino
obscenique greges et inania tympana vincant?
Vosne, senes, mirer, qui longa per aequora vecti
hac Tyron, hac profugos posuistis sede penates,
540nunc sinitis sine Marte capi? vosne, acrior aetas,
o iuvenes, propiorque meae, quos arma tenere,
non thyrsos, galeaque tegi, non fronde, decebat?
Este, precor, memores, qua sitis stirpe creati,
illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit unus,
545sumite serpentis! Pro fontibus ille lacuque
interiit: at vos pro fama vincite vestra!
Ille dedit leto fortes, vos pellite molles
et patrium retinete decus. Si fata vetabant
stare diu Thebas, utinam tormenta virique
550moenia diruerent, ferrumque ignisque sonarent!
Essemus miseri sine crimine, sorsque querenda,
non celanda foret, lacrimaeque pudore carerent.
At nunc a puero Thebae capientur inermi,
quem neque bella iuvant nec tela nec usus equorum,
555sed madidi murra crines mollesque coronae
purpuraque et pictis intextum vestibus aurum.
Quem quidem ego actutum (modo vos absistite) cogam
adsumptumque patrem commentaque sacra fateri.
An satis Acrisio est animi contemnere vanum
560numen et Argolicas venienti claudere portas,
Penthea terrebit cum totis advena Thebis?
Ite citi” (famulis hoc imperat), “ite ducemque
attrahite huc vinctum! iussis mora segnis abesto.”
Hunc avus, hunc Athamas, hunc cetera turba suorum
565corripiunt dictis frustraque inhibere laborant.
Acrior admonitu est, inritaturque retenta
et crescit rabies, remoraminaque ipsa nocebant.
Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti,
lenius et modico strepitu decurrere vidi:
570at quacumque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant,
spumeus et fervens et ab obice saevior ibat.
Pentheus rejects the worship of Bacchus

Liber has come, and the festive fields echo with cries. The crowd all run, fathers, mothers, young girls, princes and people, mixed together, swept towards the unknown rites. Pentheus shouts �What madness has stupefied your minds, children of the serpent, people of Mars? Can the clash of brazen cymbals, pipes of curved horn, and magical tricks be so powerful that men, who were not terrified by drawn swords or blaring trumpets or ranks of sharp spears, are overcome by the shrieks of women, men mad with wine, crowds of obscenities, and empty drumming? Should I admire you, elders, who, sailing the deep seas, sited your Tyre here, your exiled Penates, and now let them be taken without a fight? Or you younger men, of fresher age, nearer my own, for whom it was fitting to carry weapons and not the thyrsus, your heads covered with helmets not crowns of leaves? Remember, I beg you, from what roots you were created, and show the spirit of the serpent, who, though one alone, killed many. He died for his spring and pool, but you should conquer for your own glory! He put brave men to death, but you should make craven men run, and maintain the honour of your country! If it is Thebe�s fate to stand for only a short time, I wish her walls might be destroyed by men and siege engines, that fire and iron might sound against her! Then we would be miserable but not sinful, we would lament our fate not try to hide it, our tears would be free from shame. But now Thebes will be taken by an unarmed boy, who takes no pleasure in fighting, or weapons, or the use of horses, but in myrrh-drenched hair, soft wreathes of leaves, and embroidered robes woven with gold. But, if you stand aside, I will quickly force him to confess that his pretended parentage and religion are inventions. Should Pentheus and the rest of Thebes be terrified of his arrival, when Acrisius had courage enough to defy a false god, and shut the gates of Argos at his coming? �Go quickly�, he ordered his attendants �bind him and drag him here, this conqueror! Don�t be slow in carrying out your orders!�

His grandfather, Cadmus, his uncle, Athamas, and the rest of his advisors reprove his words, and try in vain to restrain him. He is only made more eager by their warning, and his rage is maddened and grows with restraint, and he is provoked by their objections. So I have seen a river, where nothing obstructs its passage, flow calmly and with little noise, but rage and foam wherever trees and obstacles of stone held it back, fiercer for the obstruction.

Τιμωρία τοῦ Πενθέως, διότι κατεφρόνησε τὰς μαθεσίας τοῦ Τειρεσίου.

Ὁ Πενθεὺς, υἱὸς τοῦ Ἐχίονος, καὶ ἀπὸ Ἀγαύης, περιεπαίζε τὰς μαντείας τοῦ Τειρεσίου, ἐμποδίζων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῦ νὰ τιμήσουν τὸν Βάκχον, μάλιστα τοὺς φορτάζει τοῦ τοῦ πλήθους, ὡς διδόμενον τοῦ τοῦ φιέρου ἐμφασίν Σύλτα· ἀλλὰ ὁ Βάκχος, διὰ νὰ παιδεύση τὸν ἀσεβῆ του, λαμβάνει τὴν μορφὴν ἑνὸς ἠμισυνθέσοντος, καὶ δέχεται νὰ τὸν παρουσίασαν εἰς τὸν Πενθέα, καὶ νὰ τὸν φυλακώσουν.

Τὰ συμβάντα τοῦ Ναρκίσσου ἐπρόσθεσαν τοῦ Τειρεσίου μεγάλως ὑπόληψιν, καὶ τὸ ὄνομά του ἦτον περίφημον εἰς ὅλας τὰς πόλεις τῆς Ἀχαΐας. Μόνος ὁ Πενθεὺς, ἐχθρὸς τῶν Θεῶν ὡς ἐμπαίκτης τῶν ἱερῶν πραγμάτων, περιεπαίζε τὰς προφητείας ἐκείνας τοῦ σεβασμίου γέροντος, ὀνειδίζοντας τον διὰ τὴν τυφλότητα του, ὡς νὰ ἦτον τοιαύτη ἄτιμον πράγμα. Ὁ δὲ Τειρεσίας, ἀδικούμενος ἀπὸ τὸν τοιοῦτον ὀνειδισμὸν, τοῦ εἶπεν· ὦ πόσον ἤθελες εἶσαι εὐτυχὴς ἂν ἐτυφλώθης καὶ σύ, νὰ μὴν ἴδῃς τὰς τοῦ Βάκχου θυσίας! ἐπειδὴ ἔρχεται ἡμέρα, καὶ πιστεύω νὰ ἐπλησίασεν, καθ᾽ἣν ὁ Βάκχος ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Σεμέλης, μέλλει νὰ ἔλθῃ ἐδῶ, ὡς ἂν δὲν τὸν προσφέρῃς ἀρκετὰς θυσίας, ἢ ἂς δὲν τὸν τιμήσῃς μὲ βωμούς, θέλεις κατακοπῆ, ὡς θέλει σκορπισθῆ

ἡ τὰ μέλη σας· Τὰ δῶσιν Σέλης κομψνίσει με τὸ αἷμά σας, τὸ ὁποῖον Σέλες χύσῃ ἀπὸ πλω ἰδίας σας μητέρα, καὶ ἀπὸ τας ἀδελφάς τας, διὰ νὰ ἐνδικηΣῇ εἰ Θεοί. Ἔγω βέβαιος ὅτι Σέλες σοῦ συνέβη αὐτὴ ἡ συμφορά· ἐπειδὴ Σέλες καπαρεηήσει ἐπείνον τὸν Θεόν· ἐξ Σέλες εἰπῇ ποτέ, ὅτι βλέπω καλὰ με ὅλης με τῶν τυφλότης. Διέποσι ὁ Πουσδᾶς τὸν λόγον τῇ Τερεσίας, ὡς ἀνοήτῃ τινὸς ἐ μωρέ· ἀλλ' αὖθις τὰ λόγια τῇ μαῦτεως ἐβεβαιώΣησαν με τὸ ἔργον, καὶ ἐφάνη ἡ ἀλήΣεια τῇ φορρήσειώ τα.

Ecce cruentati redeunt et, Bacchus ubi esset,
quaerenti domino Bacchum vidisse negarunt;
“hunc” dixere “tamen comitem famulumque sacrorum
575cepimus”; et tradunt manibus post terga ligatis
sacra dei quondam Tyrrhena gente secutum.
Adspicit hunc Pentheus oculis, quos ira tremendos
fecerat, et quamquam poenae vix tempora differt,
“o periture tuaque aliis documenta dature
580morte” ait, “ede tuum nomen nomenque parentum
et patriam, morisque novi cur sacra frequentes.”
Ille metu vacuus “nomen mihi” dixit “Acoetes,
patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes.
Non mihi quae duri colerent pater arva iuvenci,
585lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit;
pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamis
decipere et calamo salientes ducere pisces.
Ars illi sua census erat. Cum traderet artem,
“accipe quas habeo, studii successor et heres,”
590dixit “opes.” Moriensque mihi nil ille reliquit
praeter aquas: unum hoc possum appellare paternum.
Mox ego, ne scopulis haererem semper in isdem,
addidici regimen dextra moderante carinae
flectere et Oleniae sidus pluviale capellae
595Taygetenque hyadasque oculis arctonque notavi
ventorumque domos et portus puppibus aptos.
Acoetes is captured and interrogated

See now, they return, stained with blood, and when their lord queries where Bacchus is, they deny having seen Bacchus, but reply, �We have captured this companion of his, a priest of his sacred rites� and they hand over a man of Tyrrhenian stock, with his hands bound behind his back, a follower of the worship of the god. Pentheus looks at him, with eyes made terrible by anger, and although he can scarcely wait for the moment of punishment, he says �O you who are about to die, and, by your death, teach the others a lesson, tell me your name, your parents� name and your country, and why you follow the customs of this new religion!�

Without fear, he answers �My name is Acoetes, and Maeonia is my country, my parents humble ordinary people. My father did not leave me fields for sturdy oxen to work, no flocks of sheep, nor any cattle. I am poor as he himself was, and he used to catch fish in the streams with a rod and line and a hook to snare them. His skill was his wealth, and when he bequeathed it to me, he said �Take what I have. Apply yourself to the work as my successor and heir.� Dying, he left me nothing but water. The only thing I can call my inheritance.

Soon, so that I was not stuck for ever to the same rocks, I learned how to guide boats, steering oar in hand, and to observe Capella and the rainy stars of the Olenian Goat, Ta�gete among the Pleiades, the Hyades, and the Arctic Bears, the houses of the winds, and the havens for ships.

Ὁ Βάκχος δὲν ἦτον μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς Θήβας· ἤχυσαν οἱ πόμποι ἀπὸ τὰ Βαγώδια, τὰ φορομνύουντε τὸν ἔρχομόν σαρηδὸν εἰς προϋπάντησιν τῆς ἀπὸ τὴν πόλιν ἄνδρες, γυναῖκες, νέοι, γέροντες, συμφέχοντες ὅλοι εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἑορτὴν, τῆς ὁποίας ἀκόμη δὲν ἔγνωσαν τὰς τελετάς. Ὦ τῆς μωρίας! λέγει ποτὲ ὁ Πενθεὺς, τί εἶναι τοῦτο ὅπου σᾶς κυριεύει, ἢ συγχύζει τὸν νοῦν σας, ὦ ἀνδρεία γένη τοῦ Ἄρεως; Λοιπὸν ἐνᾶς πρῶτος ὄργυιος, καὶ ἢ λάλημα αὐλῶν, καὶ μαγικαὶ ἀπάται. Θέλει ἠμπορέσει νὰ σᾶς συνάξουν τὸν νοῦν, καὶ νὰ σᾶς μαθύσειν ὁποιοτρόπως, ὥστε ἐκείνη μεγαλοψυχίαν σας, ἐκείνη ὁποίας δὲν ἐδαυφθήσαν οἱ ἰσχυρότεροι ἐχθροὶ νὰ νικήσουν, νὰ ἀφήσετε νὰ νικηθῆ σήμερον ἀπὸ ἀγνώσκης γυναικείας φωνᾶς, καὶ κωδώνων ὁ οἶνος ἤχους, καὶ μὲ ἐκείνην μανίαν, ὅπου προξενεῖ; Ἀλλὰ διὰ ποίους νὰ θαυμάσω περισσότερον; διὰ σᾶς μικρόλογοι γέροντες, ὅπου ὑποφέρετε νὰ δηλώθητε, νικώμενοι χωρὶς ἅρματα, ἀφ' ὧν ἀπεράσατε πόσας θαλάσσας, ἢ ἐθριαμβεύσατε εἰς τόσας κινδύνους, πρὸ τοῦ νὰ θεμελιώσητε ἐκείνην πόλιν ταύτην, διὰ νὰ εὕρητε εἰς αὐτὴν

σας ἰχυρὰ νέος, εἰς τῶν ὁποίων ἤθελον εἶναι διαπερέξερον νὰ φορῇ τὰ ὅπλα, παρὰ πλάδης κλημάτων, καὶ πεικεραλαίας σιδηρᾶς, παρὰ στέφανης ἀπὸ φύλλα· Ἐνθυμηθεῖτε, σας παρακαλῶ, ἀπὸ ποίον γένος κατάγεσθε· λάβετε τὴν μεγαλοψυχίαν ἐκείνης τῆς δράκοντος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ὀνομαστῇ πάππος σας, καὶ μόνος του ἀφανίσε τόσης ἐχθρές, καὶ ἀπέθανε πολεμῶντας διὰ μίαν βρύσιν. Ἀγωνίζησθε διὰ τὴν τιμήν σας νὰ νικήσετε, ἢ ἂν ἐκείνος ὁ δράκων κατέβαλεν ἀνδρείος στρατιώτας, σεῖς νικήσατε κἂν τὰς ἀμφιβολίας σας, καὶ φυλάξετε τὴν δόξαν, ὁπου οἱ πάτερες ἡμῶν σας ἐχάρισαν. Ἂν ἡ Μοῖρα δὲν συγχωρῇ νὰ ὑπάρχωσιν πλέον αἱ Θῆβαι, ἢ νὰ αὐξάσιν, ἃς κινδυνεύσωμεν κἂν ἀπὸ τὴν κατάδρομίαν τῆς ἐχθρῶν, ἢ ἂς ἀνοιχθῇ εἰς τὸ πέσιμόν της ὁ ὁμερὸς θόρυβος τῆς σιδήρου ἢ τῆς φατίας τῶν πολεμούντων ἢ πολεμικῶν· ἢ ἂν δυστυχήσαμεν, κἂν δυστυχῶμεν χωρὶς ἔγκλημα, καὶ θέλουσι κατηγορῇ τὴν τύχην μας, χωρὶς νὰ τὴν προσδωμεν, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μας θέλουν τρέχειν χωρὶς νὰ τὰ σπείρωμεν. Ἀμὴ πόσα αἱ Θῆβαι θέλουν διαλαθῇ ἀπὸ ἕνα ἀπόστολον παιδάριον, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν ἤξευρει τὴν τέχνην τοῦ πολέμου, μήτε γνωρίζει ἀσπίδα, οὔτε ἄλογον, καὶ ὅλα τα του ὅπλα εἶναι τὰ ναρκισσένα μαλλία του, ὁ κυβερνὸς στέφανος ἢ τὰ πορφυρὰ ἱμάτια του, στολισμένα μὲ χρυσάφι. Ἂν τον ἀφήσετε, ἐγὼ σας ὑπόσχομαι νὰ τον βιάσω νὰ ὁμολογήσῃ τὴν πλάνην του, καὶ ὅτι τὰ μυθευμένα του εἶναι μύθοι. Ἀράγε ὁ Ἀκρίσιος δὲν τον ἐκαταφρόνησε ὡς αὐτὸς ὡς ψευδὸν θεόν· δὲν του ἔκλεισε τὰς θύρας τῆς Ἄργους; ἢ ὕστερα ἀπὸ αὐτὰ ὅλα, ὡς ἀδαμάντος ξένος νὰ συγχίσῃ ἐμὲ

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ, ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 167

Θηβῶν τῆς πόλεως· Ὄχι, ὄχι, πόθεν τὸν δίχως φέρετε δεδεμένον ἐμπροσθέν με αὐτὸν τὸν ὑπερήφανον στρατηγόν, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐλπίζει νὰ νικήση χωρὶς πόλεμον. Εὐθὺς ὁ πάππος του Κάδμος, καὶ ὁ Ἀκτάμας, καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ φίλοι τε, καὶ συγγενεῖς, ἐβιάσθησαν νὰ τὸν ἐμποδίσωσιν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς μάτην. Αὐτὸς ἰσχυρογνώμων περισσότερον διὰ τὰς συμβουλάς των, αὐξάνει περισσότερον ὁ θυμός του, ὅσον πάσχει νὰ τὸν μεταπείσωσι, καὶ ὅσον ἔπασχον ἐκεῖνοι νὰ τὸν ἡμερώσωσι· τόσον περισσότερον ἀγρίευεν αὐτὸς, καθὼς οἱ χείμαρροι, οἱ τίνες μόλις δέχονται πάντα ἐμπόδιον, ξέχουσιν ποτὲ χειρότερον· ὅταν δὲ εὕρωσι πέτρας ἢ ξύλα εἰς τὸν δρόμον τως, καὶ ἐμποδίζωνται, ἀφρίζουν δόρυς, καὶ βροντοῦν, καὶ γίνονται ὁρμητικώτεροι· διὰ τοῦτο ἀνθίστωσιν. Ὡς τόσον οἱ ἄνθρωποι τοῦ Πενθέως γνείζουσιν ὀπίσω χρωσμένοι αἵματι, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτὸ ἐρωτώμενος ποῦ εἶναι ὁ Βάκχος, τὸν ἀπεκρίθησαν, ὅτι δὲν τὸν εἴδασιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι ἐπίασαν ἕνα ἀπὸ τῆς ὁπαδῆς του, καὶ ὑπηρέτας, ἐκ τοῦ Τυρρηνικῆς ἔθνους. Τοῦτον, μὲ τὰ χέρια δεδεμένα ὀπίσθεν, παρέδωκαν εἰς τὸν Πενθέα.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Forte petens Delum Chiae telluris ad oras
applicor et dextris adducor litora remis,
doque leves saltus udaeque inmittor harenae.
600Nox ubi consumpta est (aurora rubescere prima
coeperat), exsurgo, laticesque inferre recentes
admoneo monstroque viam, quae ducat ad undas.
Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat ab alto
prospicio comitesque voco repetoque carinam.
605“Adsumus en!” inquit sociorum primus Opheltes,
utque putat, praedam deserto nactus in agro,
virginea puerum ducit per litora forma.
Ille mero somnoque gravis titubare videtur
vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque:
610nil ibi quod credi posset mortale videbam.
Et sensi et dixi sociis: “Quod numen in isto
corpore sit, dubito; sed corpore numen in isto est.
Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis.
His quoque des veniam.” — “Pro nobis mitte precari”
615Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendere summas
ocior antemnas prensoque rudente relabi.
Hoc Libys, hoc flavus, prorae tutela, Melanthus,
hoc probat Alcimedon, et qui requiemque modumque
voce dabat remis, animorum hortator Epopeus,
620hoc omnes alii: praedae tam caeca cupido est.
“Non tamen hanc sacro violari pondere pinum
perpetiar” dixi: “pars hic mihi maxima iuris”;
inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni
de numero Lycabas, qui Tusca pulsus ab urbe
625exsilium dira poenam pro caede luebat.
Is mihi, dum resto, iuvenali guttura pugno
rupit et excussum misisset in aequora, si non
haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus.
Impia turba probat factum. Tum denique Bacchus
630(Bacchus enim fuerat), veluti clamore solutus
sit sopor aque mero redeant in pectora sensus,
“quid facitis? quis clamor?” ait “qua, dicite, nautae,
huc ope perveni? quo me deferre paratis?”
“Pone metum”, Proreus “et quos contingere portus
635ede velis” dixit: “terra sistere petita.” —
“Naxon” ait Liber “cursus advertite vestros.
Illa mihi domus est, vobis erit hospita tellus.”
Acoetes�s story � the beautiful boy

Heading for Delos, and being driven by chance onto the coast of the island of Chios, making shore by skilful use of the oars, giving a gentle leap, and landing on the wet sand, there we passed the night. As soon as the dawn began to redden, I ordered the getting in of fresh water, and showed the path that lead to a spring. I myself commanded the view from a high hill to find what wind promised, called my comrades and went back to the boat. �See, we are here� said Opheltes, the foremost of my friends, and led a boy, with the beauty of a virgin girl, along the shore, a prize, or so he thought, that he had found in a deserted field. The boy seemed to stumble, heavy with wine and sleep, and could scarcely follow. I examined his clothing, appearance and rank, and I saw nothing that made me think him mortal. And I felt this and said it to my companions �I do not know what god is in that body, but there is a god within! Whoever you are, O favour and assist our efforts, and forgive these men!� �Don�t pray for us� said Dictys, who was the quickest at climbing to the highest yard and sliding down grasping the rigging. So said Libys, and yellow-haired Melanthus, the forward look-out, and Alcimedon agreed, and Epopeus, who with his voice gave the measure and the pauses for the oarsmen to urge on their purpose. All the others said the same, so blind was their greed for gain.

�I still will not allow this ship to be cursed by a sacred victim to whom violence has been done� I said. �Here I have the greatest authority�. And I prevented them boarding. Then Lycabas the most audacious of them all began to rage at me, he who had been thrown out of Tuscany, and was suffering the punishment of exile from his city for a terrible murder. While I held him off, he punched me in the throat with his strong young fists, and would have thrown me semi-conscious into the sea, if I had not clung on, almost stunned, held back by the rigging. The impious crew cheered on the doer of it. Then, at last, Bacchus (for it was indeed Bacchus) was freed from sleep, as if by the clamour, and the sense returned to his drunken mind. �What are you doing? Why this shouting? he said. �Tell me, you seamen, how I came here? Where do you intend to take me?� �Have no fear�, said Proreus, �and, whatever port you wish to touch at, you will be set down in the country you demand!� �Naxos� said Liber, �set your course for there! That is my home: it will be a friendly land to you!

ΔΥΤΗΣ ὁδὸ ἡμμάρτησε λογισθη ὁ Πενθέας, ὑπῆν ἐ καλὸν βασιλέα, καὶ τύραννες. Διηγύται τινες ὅτι αὐτὸ ἠ μέθη βασιλείας, ᾧ λόγος νὰ ὑποδείξῃ τὸν μέθιον ὑπὸ τὸ βασιλείας τε, ἐκατύρε ὑπὸ τῆς ὑποηγμέλητης τε, καὶ κατὰ παντὰ τρόπον ἀπέχθη ὑπὸ τῆς ὀνειδιαμὸς τῶν, ᾗ ὑβρισθεὶς δὸς τὰ πέλλοι μεταξύ τῆ ἐπικατῦ ἐκαμοσήθησαν, δείλαστε νὰ ἐκδικῶσιν τοίνια ἀσσιδαιακὸν ἀς. Ἄλλοι δὲ λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ δυν τύραννος, καὶ ἀσεβὲ, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐμεί

χρειάζεται καθὼς σκληρότητα κατὰ τῆς Ἱερέως ἀπὸ παξιμυκτὴ Θρησκείας, ὅσοι οἱ ἐνύστερι συγχεῖες ἰς δεῖ νὰ δέχει γ' χρῦν καμμίας συναπολαβροφίω, ἄτε φιλίω μὲ ἀνθρώπων, ὅς τις δεῖ νὰ ἔχουαιν σέβας ἀπὸς τὲς Θεὲς ἰς ἱερετιμώτες αὐτῶν τῷ Θρησκείαν τὸ τῶν προγονιαείαν, ἐκοπιάζω νὰ ἐχαι θεραπσκὴ τὸν τόπον τῶν ἀπὸ ποῦ ἐξεῖ ἐχθὴ ἡ σύν εἰ μισοθεὲς εἰ μισαὶ θρώπης ἴδε τι ἐνὲς βασιλὶς ἰς δεῖ φι βεῖται τὸν Θεόν, ἀδκελὸν εἶναι νὰ ἀγαπᾷ πὲς ἀξοκνεύσκες Ἐκ τούτων λοιπὸν ἔλαβον αἰτίας νὰ σανθάσωσι τὸν μῦθον τοῦτον, ὁποῖος εἶναι ὡς εἶναι τοῦ ἀσεβοῦς τυράννου. Ὁ Πενθεὺς δεῖ νὰ καταπείθη ἄτε μὲ θαύματα, ἄτε μὲ ὑποδείξεις ἄλλας, ἀλλ' ἀνεπαίες παντὰ παντὰ, ἢ ἰσθεία νὰ μὴν εἶναι παντάπασι Θεοὶ, καθὼς κι' ὁ σταθὴς ἀγαπᾷ νὰ μὴν εἶναι Κεῖται. Τέλος πιαυτῶν θεσίδη ἀπὸ τὸ ἰσι δεῖ μαιτέρα τις, ὑποδειχνόντας, ὅτι οἱ ἀσεβεῖς δεῖ ἤματορσι νὰ εὑρεῖ χεῖρας, ἄτε καταβρύλω τινὰ, μαίτε ἐς τὰς οἱ ὁμοιοτέρας συγχεῖες τωΐ ἀ Πρὸς τούτους ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς φανερώνει δύω ἄλλα πράγματα, ἀφ' ὧν ὅτι δεῖ εἶναι ἄλλο τίνοσε ἁπλούστερον μᾶς ἐλευσικώτερον, μάλιστα ἐς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὅσαι αἱ γεαῖ διδασκαλίαι. Δεῖ εἶναι ἀσεὰ νὰ ὑπάγημη ζημώσες παραδείγματα ἐς μακρινούς τόπες, εἰ μᾶλλον ἐς τὸν μῦθον, ἢ ἐς τῇ Ἱστορίᾳ. Ἡμᾶς ἔχομεν μαρτυρίας ἐς τὰς τόπας μᾶς ἀρχαίας, ἐς ἐς τὰς τόπας τῶν γενιτόρων μᾶς. Ὅλος ὁ κόσμος παρατηρεῖ ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφὸς ἁρμαώθη κατὰ τὲς ἀδελφᾶς, διὰ τὲς νεωτεριστάς ἐς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὁ πατὴρ κατὰ τῇ υἱῷ, εἰ ὁ υἱῷ κατὰ τῷ πατρὸς, καθὼς εἰ ἐς τὸν παρόντα μῦθον, ἡ μαιτέρα κατὰ τῷ υἱῷ. Τὸ δεύτερον πράγμα, ὁποῖον σημαίνεται μὲ τὸν δυστυχίας τὲς Πενθέως εἶναι, ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ἔχει τὸ νὰ ἐπιχειρήσῃ νὰ ἐκβάλῃ μὲ τῇ βίαν τὲς διδασκείας μιλὸν πλήθων, ἀφ' ὁποίας εἰς λαὸς διεδόχθη ὡς μὲ κοινὸν γνώμην; εἰ καθὼς φύσις ὅσα κι' ἄνανυι, τὰ κι' ἄνανυι μὲ τὶ καιρόν, ἅτω πρέπει κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον νὰ διορθώσσται κι τὰ τοιαῦτης κακὰς, τὰ ὁποῖα δεῖ δύωνται νὰ θεραπευθῇ ἐς μίας στιγμῇ.

Per mare fallaces perque omnia numina iurant
sic fore, meque iubent pictae dare vela carinae.
640Dextera Naxos erat. Dextra mihi lintea danti
“quid facis, o demens? quis te furor—?” inquit Opheltes.
Pro se quisque timet: “laevam pete” maxima nutu
pars mihi significat, pars quid velit aure susurrat.
Obstipui “capiat” que “aliquis moderamina” dixi
645meque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi.
Increpor a cunctis, totumque inmurmurat agmen.
E quibus Aethalion “te scilicet omnis in uno
nostra salus posita est” ait, et subit ipse meumque
explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relicta.
650Tum deus inludens, tamquam modo denique fraudem
senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca
et flenti similis “non haec mihi litora, nautae,
promisistis” ait, “non haec mihi terra rogata est.
Quo merui poenam facto? quae gloria vestra est,
655si puerum iuvenes, si multi fallitis unum?”
Iamdudum flebam: lacrimas manus impia nostras
ridet et impellit properantibus aequora remis.
Per tibi nunc ipsum (nec enim praesentior illo
est deus) adiuro, tam me tibi vera referre,
660quam veri maiora fide: stetit aequore puppis
haud aliter quam si siccum navale teneret.
Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant
velaque deducunt geminaque ope currere temptant.
Impediunt hederae remos nexuque recurvo
665serpunt et gravidis distinguunt vela corymbis.
Ipse racemiferis frontem circumdatus uvis
pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam.
Quem circa tigres simulacraque inania lyncum
pictarumque iacent fera corpora pantherarum.
670Exsiluere viri, sive hoc insania fecit,
sive timor, primusque Medon nigrescere coepit
corpore et expresso spinae curvamine flecti.
Incipit huic Lycabas: “In quae miracula” dixit
“verteris?” et lati rictus et panda loquenti
675naris erat, squamamque cutis durata trahebat.
At Libys obstantes dum vult obvertere remos,
in spatium resilire manus breve vidit et illas
iam non esse manus, iam pinnas posse vocari.
Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare bracchia funes,
680bracchia non habuit, truncoque repandus in undas
corpore desiluit: falcata novissima cauda est,
qualia dimidiae sinuantur cornua lunae.
Undique dant saltus multaque adspergine rorant
emerguntque iterum redeuntque sub aequora rursus
685inque chori ludunt speciem lascivaque iactant
corpora et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant.
De modo viginti (tot enim ratis illa ferebat)
restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque trementi
corpore vixque meum firmat deus “excute” dicens
690“corde metum Diamque tene.” Delatus in illam
accessi sacris Baccheaque sacra frequento.”
Acoetes�s ship and crew are transformed

The treacherous men swore, by the sea and all the gods, it would be so, and told me to get the painted vessel under sail. Naxos was to starboard, but as I trimmed the sails on a starboard tack, they, each one, asked me �What are you doing, O madman? Acoetes, what craziness has got into you? Take the port tack!� most of them letting me know what they intended with a nod of the head, the others in a whisper. I was horrified. �Someone else can steer� I said, and distanced myself from the wickedness and deception. There were cries against me from all sides, the whole crew murmured against me. And one of them, Aethalion, cried �You seem to think that all our lives depend on you alone! Then he took my place himself, discharged my office, and abandoning Naxos took the opposite course.

Then the god, playfully, as though he had just realised their deceit, looked at the sea over the curve of the stern, and as though he were weeping said �Sailors, these are not the shores you promised me, and this is not the land I chose for myself? What have I done to merit punishment? Where�s the glory in men cheating a boy, or many cheating just one?� I was already weeping, but the impious crew laughed at my tears, and drove the ship quickly through the water.

Now I swear by the god himself (since there is no god more certainly present than he is) that what I say to you is the truth, though that truth beggars belief. The ship stands still in the waves, just as if it were held in dry dock. Amazed, the crew keep flogging away at the oars, and unfurling the sails, try to run on with double power. But ivy impedes the oars, creeping upwards, with binding tendrils, and drapes the sails with heavy clusters. The god himself waves a rod twined with vine leaves, his forehead wreathed with bunches of grapes. Around him lie insubstantial phantom lynxes, tigers, and the savage bodies of spotted panthers. The men leap overboard, driven to it either by madness or by fear. And Medon is the first to darken all over his body, and his spine to be bent into an arched curve.

Lycabas cries out to him �What monster are you turning into?� And in speaking his jaws widen, his nose becomes hooked, and his skin becomes hard and scaly. But Libys hampered when he wishes to turn the oars sees his hands shrink suddenly in size, and now they are not hands, but can only be called fins. Another, eager to grasp at the tangled ropes, no longer has arms, and goes arching backwards limbless into the sea. His newest feature is a scythe-shaped tail, like the curved horns of a fragmentary moon. The dolphins leap everywhere drenched with spray. They emerge once more, only to return again to the depths, playing together as if they were in a troupe, throwing their bodies around wantonly, and blowing out the seawater drawn in through their broad nostrils.

Of a group of twenty (that was how many the ship carried) I alone was left. The god roused me with difficulty, my body shaking with cold and terror, and barely myself, saying �Free your heart from fear, and hold off for Naxos! And consigned to that island, I have adopted its religion, and celebrate the Bacchic rites.

Ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ προσαρμοσθῇ εἰς

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 169

τὸ νὰ, μὲ τὸ νὰ τὴν γῆν σοφιστὴς ὡς μήτερα πάντων τῶν ζώων, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν εἶναι σεβάσμιος· καὶ πάλιν νὰ σοφιστὴς τὶς ὁποῖες ἔχει δύναμιν νὰ αὐξάνῃ τὰς τροφὰς τὰ πάντα, εἶναι ἀληθὰ θαυμαστώτερον ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ·

ΜΥΘΟΣ Η. Θ'. ἢ Γ'.

Οἱ Ναῦται μεταμορφωμένοι εἰς Δελφίνας, καὶ ὁ Πενθεὺς διασπασθεὶς ἀπὸ τὴν μητέρα του, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς θείας του.

Ὁ Βάκχος, ἀφήνοντας νὰ τὸν πιάσῃ, ὑπὸ τὴν τοῦ Ἀκοίτου μορφὴν, φέρεται ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Πενθέως, ὁ ὁποῖος διηγεῖται τὰ θαυμάσια ἔργα τοῦ Βάκχου του. Τέλος πάντων φυλακώνεται, ἀλλ' ἀλύει ὑπὸ τὴν φυλακίαν, θέλοντας νὰ τὸν κατακληθῇ. Διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν Πενθέα, συγκίνεῖ τόσον τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς μητρὸς του, ἢ τῶν θειῶν του, ὥστε αὐταὶ διασπαρατῶσιν αὐτὸν τὸν ἀσεβῆ, ἢ ἐλεεινῶς τὸν θανατώσωσι.

Κοιτάξει ὁ Πενθεὺς τὸν δέσμιον μὲ ἄγριον ὄμμα, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἀπεφάσισε νὰ μὴν ἀναβάλῃ τὸν θάνατόν του, λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔτσι· "Ὦ ἄθλιε, ὁποῦ πρέπει νὰ ἀποθάνῃς πρὸς παράδειγμα τῶν ἄλλων, εἰπέ μοι ὀλίγωρα τὸ ὄνομά σου, τὴν πατρίδα, καὶ τοὺς γονεῖς σου, καὶ διὰ τί ἠκολούθησες αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν θρησκείαν· Τότε ὁ Βάκχος, χωρὶς νὰ φοβηθῇ, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι ὠνομάζετο Ἀκοίτης, ἢ ἦτον Λύδιος, ἢ ἐκ πτωχῶν γονέων. Ὁ πατήρ μου, ἔλεγε,

ἔλεγε, δὲν μοῦ ἄφησες οὔτε γῆν, οὔτε πρόβατα· ἢ πτωχεία τε τὸν ἔβιασε νὰ γίνη ψαρᾶς, ἢ ἡ ἐπιτηδειό- της τε εἰς αὐτὸν τῶν τεχνῶν, ἦτον τὰ ὑπάρχοντά του ἢ πλέση· ὅθεν ἀποθησαύσαντας, ἄλλο δὲν μὲ ἄφησε παρὰ τὰς λίμνας, καὶ τὰ νερὰ, καὶ αὐτὴ εἶναι ὅλη ἡ πατρικὴ μὲ κληρονομία· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ πάθω μαι πάντοτε ὥσαν καρφωμένος εἰς τὰς σκοπέλες, ἔμαθα νὰ κυβερνῶ ἕνα καράβι, ἢ ἐσπούδασα ἐκείνων τὴν ἐπιστή- μην, ἡ ὁποία μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ προβλέπωμεν τὸν καλὸν ἢ τὸν ἐναντίον καιρόν· ἔμαθα νὰ γνωρίζω τὴν Ἄρκτον, τὸ ἄστρον τῆς βροχῆς τοῦ Αἰγόκερω, τὰς Ὑάδας (αἱ ὁποῖαι ἀνατέλλοντες ἢ δύναι προξενοῦσι βροχὰς) ἢ τὰς τοπὰς, ὅπου κατοικοῦσιν οἱ ἄνεμοι, ἢ ἡ πεῖρα με μὲ ἔκαμε νὰ μάθω ἢ τὰς ἐπιτηδειότερες λιμένας διὰ τὰ καράβια. Μίαν ἡμέραν πηγαίνοντες εἰς τὴν Δῆλον, ἐπλοίασα εἰς τὸν Χίον, ὅπου ἀράξαντες, ἐπεράσαμεν τὴν νύκτα· ὅταν δὲ ἐξημέρωσε, σηκωνόμενος ἐφώναξα τὰς ἄλλας συντρόφους μου νὰ ὑπάγουν νὰ φέρουν νερὸν διὰ τὸ καράβι, δείχνωντάς τους καὶ τὸν δρόμον τοῦ νερόν. Ὡς πρὸς ἐγὼ ἀναβὰς εἰς λόφον, διὰ νὰ ἰδῶ τί μᾶς ἔταξεν ὁ ἄνεμος, ἐσύναξα τὰς συντρόφους μὲ, καὶ ἐμβήκαμεν εἰς τὸ καράβι· καὶ ἰδὲ, μοῦ λέγει φωνῆς ὁ Ὀφέλτης, ἕμεθα ἕτοιμοι νὰ πλοήσωμεν, δείχνοντάς μὲ ὀθόνη καὶ παιδίον ὡραιότατον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβόσταζεν ἀπὸ τὸ χθὲς, καὶ τὸ εἶχον εὕρει κατὰ τύχην περιπατῶντας εἰς τὴν ἔρημον. Ὁποῖος ἤθελεν ἰδῆ αὐτὸ τὸ παιδίον, ὅπου δὲν ἠμπόρες νὰ σταθῆ καλὰ εἰς τὰ ποδάρια τε, μήτε νὰ περιπατήση, ἤθελεν εἰπῆ βέβαια ὅτι ἦτον πλήρες οἴνου, καὶ

ἡ γὰρ τὸ ρούχά του, τὸ προσωπόν του, ἤθη τῶν κατά- στασίν του, ἔμειναν ἀπὸ τὰ φαινόμενα νὰ εἶναι ἄλ- λο τι, ἤθη ὄχι ἐκεῖνο, ὁπὲ ἐξοχάζομεναι, ἤθη νὰ μιλῶ ἔχῃ τίποτες θνητὸν ἐπάνω του ὅθεν ἐφάνερωσα τὸν στοχασμόν μου ἤθη εἰς τοὺς συμβούλους μου, δὲν ἡξεύρω, λέγοντάς της, ποῖος ἀπὸ τῆς Θεᾶς εἶναι πλειότερος εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κορμί, ἀλλ' ὁποῖος ἢ ἂ εἶναι, τὸν παρακαλῶ νὰ μᾶς βοηθήσῃ, διλογῶντας τῆς κό- πτης μας, ἤθη συγχωρῶντας ἐκείνας, ὁπὲ τὸν ἐσκλά- βωσαν. Τότε ὁ Δίκτυς, ὁ ἐπιδεξιώτερος πάντων εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀναβῇ ἢ νὰ καταβῇ τὰ κοινὰ ὅπως παράβια, μοὶ λέγει ὑπερηφανέστατε, μιλῶ ἀναπαύεσαι νὰ πα- ρακαλῇς δι' ἡμᾶς, ὅτι ἀνάγκη δὲν εἶναι, καὶ δὲν νομίζομεν ἡμεῖς νὰ ἐφοβήθαμεν καμμίαν ἁμαρτίαν.

“Praebuimus longis” Pentheus “ambagibus aures”
inquit “ut ira mora vires absumere posset.
Praecipitem famuli rapite hunc cruciataque diris
695corpora tormentis Stygiae demittite nocti.”
Protinus abstractus solidis Tyrrhenus Acoetes
clauditur in tectis; et dum crudelia iussae
instrumenta necis ferrumque ignesque parantur,
sponte sua patuisse fores lapsasque lacertis
700sponte sua fama est nullo solvente catenas.
Perstat Echionides. Nec iam iubet ire, sed ipse
vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Cithaeron
cantibus et clara bacchantum voce sonabat.
Ut fremit acer equus, cum bellicus aere canoro
705signa dedit tubicen, pugnaeque adsumit amorem,
Penthea sic ictus longis ululatibus aether
movit, et audito clamore recanduit ira.
Monte fere medio est, cingentibus ultima silvis,
purus ab arboribus, spectabilis undique campus.
710Hic oculis illum cernentem sacra profanis
prima videt, prima est insano concita cursu,
prima suum misso violavit Penthea thyrso
mater. “Io, geminae” clamavit “adeste sorores!
ille aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris,
715ille mihi feriendus aper.” Ruit omnis in unum
turba furens; cunctae coeunt trepidumque sequuntur,
iam trepidum, iam verba minus violenta loquentem,
iam se damnantem, iam se peccasse fatentem.
Saucius ille tamen “fer opem, matertera” dixit
720“Autonoë! moveant animos Actaeonis umbrae.”
Illa, quis Actaeon, nescit dextramque precantis
abstulit: Inoo lacerata est altera raptu.
Non habet infelix quae matri bracchia tendat,
trunca sed ostendens deiectis vulnera membris
725“adspice, mater!” ait. Visis ululavit Agaue
collaque iactavit movitque per aera crinem
avulsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis
clamat “io comites, opus haec victoria nostrum est!”
Non citius frondes autumni frigore tactas
730iamque male haerentes alta rapit arbore ventus,
quam sunt membra viri manibus direpta nefandis.
Talibus exemplis monitae nova sacra frequentant
turaque dant sanctasque colunt Ismenides aras.
Pentheus is killed by the Maenads

�We have only listened to this winding tale�, said Pentheus, �so that our anger might spend its strength in delay. �You, attendants, remove this man, quickly, and let his body be tortured in greatest anguish, and send him down to Stygian night!� Acoetes, the Tyrrhenian, was dragged out, straightaway, and shut in a deep dungeon. But while the instruments of cruelty, the irons and the fire, were being prepared to kill him as had been ordered, the doors flew open by themselves, the chains loosening without any effort, so tradition holds.

The son of Echion persisted in his purpose, not ordering others to go, but now going himself, to where Mount Cithaeron, chosen for performing the rites, was sounding with the chants and shrill cries of the Bacchantes. As a brave horse snorts and shows his love for the fight, when the trumpeter�s brass gives the signal for attack, so the heavens pulsating from the long drawn-out cries stirred Pentheus, and, hearing the clamour, his anger flared again.

Near the middle of the mountainside, was a clearing surrounded with remote woods, free of trees, and visible from all sides. Here as he watched the mysteries, with profane eyes, his mother was the first to see Pentheus, the first roused to run at him madly, the first to wound him, hurling her thyrsus. She shouted �O you two, sisters, come! That huge boar, who is straying in our fields, that boar is my sacrifice.� They all rush on him in one maddened crowd: they converge together pursuing the frightened man, frightened now, speaking words free of violence now, cursing himself now, realising his own offence. Stricken, he still shouts �Help me, aunt Autono�! Let Actaeon�s shade move your spirit!

She, not remembering Actaeon, tears away the suppliant�s right arm. Ino, in frenzy, rips off the other. Now the unhappy man has no limbs to hold out to his mother, but, showing his wounded trunk shorn of its members, he cries �Mother, see!�. Agave howls, and twists her neck about, and thrashes her hair in the air, and tearing off his head, holding it in her bloody hands, shouts �Behold, sisters, this act marks our victory!�

The wind does not strip the leaves clinging there, from the high tree touched by an autumn frost, more quickly than this man�s limbs are torn by those terrible hands. Warned by such an example, the Theban women throng to the new religion, burn incense, and worship at the sacred altars.

Ὁ Λίβυς ἦτον ὁ Μέλανθος, οἱ ὄντες εἰς τὸν ὡραῖον, μοι εἶπασι τὰ αὐτά, ἦτον ἐπειδὴ ὁ πόθος τοῦ κέρδες εἶναι πάντοτε τυφλός, ὁ Ἀλκιμέδων ἢ ὁ Ἔποπος οἱ κυβερνῆται, ἢ οἱ λοιποί, ὅσοι εἶχον δικαίωμα εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν λείαν, ἔγιναν σύμφωνοι. Ὅσον ἔχω δὲν ὑπόφερω, τῆς λέγω, ποτὲ νὰ βάλετε εἰς τὸ πλοῖόν μας μίαν ἱεροσυλίαν· ἐπειδὴ ἐγὼ ὀξύρχω περισσότερον ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλον μέσα εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πλοῖόν με· ἢ ἐν πάντι ἐμπόδισα νὰ βάλωσι μέσα τὸ παιδίον. Ὁ δὲ Λυκάβας, ὁ ἐξωρισμένος ἀπὸ τὴν Τοσκάναν διὰ φόνον, ἔδειξε περισσότερον πάθος ἢ ἀνδρειότητα παρὰ οἱ ἄλλοι, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἐγὼ ἀντισταίνομαι, μὲ ἔδωκε μίαν τοιαύτην πληγὴν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν, ὥστε ἂν δὲν ἤμην κρατηθῆ ἀπὸ δύο χεῖρες, ἔπιπτον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ ὅλοι οἱ ἀσεβεῖς σύντροφοι του ἐπαίνεσαν τὸ ἔργον του. Τέλος πάντων ὁ Βάκχος

ἑρμάον) ἄρχησε νὰ φωνάζη ὡσαὺ νὰ εἶχε ξενυπνήση ποτὲ ἀπὸ τὴς συγχύσιν ὁποῦ ἐκεῖνοι ἐκάμναν· τί ποιεῖτε, λέγοντας, διὰ τί συγχύζεσθε; εἰπέτε μοι, ὦ ναῦται, πῶς ἦλθα ἕως ἐδῶ, καὶ ποῦ ἔχετε σκοπὸν νὰ με πηγαίνετε; Μὴ φοβεῖσαι, τὰ ἀποκρίνεται ὁ Πρωρεὺς, εἰπὲ μᾶς μόνον ποῦ θέλεις νὰ σὲ ὑπάγωμεν, κ᾽ θέλουσι σὲ διβάλῃ ὅπου κ᾽ ἂν ποθῇς. Εἰς τὴς Νάξον θέλω, λέγει, νὰ με πηγαίνετε, ἁρμενίσατε πρὸς ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος, ἢ θέλω σᾶς περιποιηθῆ εἰς τὸ παλάτιον μὲ μεγάλω δόξαν, ἢ ἐκεῖ θέλετε εὑρῇ μίαν γλύν, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι ἱκανὴ νὰ διβαιώσῃ πᾶς ἐπιθυμίας σᾶς. Οὕτως ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἄπιστοι, ὀμνύοντες ποτὰ νὰ τὸν διβαιώσωσι, μὲ ἐφόρτωξαν νὰ ἀναπειάσω τὰ πάντα εἰς τοῦ ἀέρα. Ἡ Νάξος ἦτον εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ, ὅθεν ἐγὼ ἅπλωσα τὰ πάντα κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ὀπέλης δὲν τὸ ὑποφέρε, λέγοντας μου, τί θέλεις ἄστογαστε νὰ κάμῃς; νὰ μᾶς χάσῃς θέλεις, ἢ τότε καθ᾽ ἕνας ἄρχησε νὰ φοβῆται, ἢ ἄλλοι μοὶ ἔλεγον νὰ ξέρω εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά, ἄλλοι μοὶ ἔλεγον τὴς γνώμην των εἰς τὸ αὐτί, καὶ ποσῶθεν μὲ ἐσύγχισαν, ὥστε ἐβιάσθην νὰ τᾶς εἰπῶ νὰ πιάσῃ ἄλλος τὸ τιμόνι, ὅτι ἐγὼ δὲν ἤθελα νὰ συμφωνήσω εἰς τὸ κρίμα τής, ἔστε νὰ γίνω ἄπιστος, καὶ ἕτσι ἄφησα τὴς κυβέρνησιν τοῦ πλοίου. Ὅλοι ἄρχησαν νὰ μὲ βλασφημοῦν, καὶ νὰ γογγύζαν ἐναντίον μὲ· εἷς δὲ, Αἰθαλίων ὀνόματι, πῶς, λέγει, Ἆρραγες ἡ σωτηρία μᾶς εἰς ἐσὲ νὰ κρέμαται; καὶ εὐθὺς διαδεχόμενός μὲ, ἐπῆρε τὸ τιμόνι εἰς τὸ χέρι, διὰ νὰ κάμῃ οὗσα δρόμον ἐναντίον ὅλως τοῦ φέροντος εἰς τὴς Νάξον. Τότε ὁ Βάκχος, ὁ ὁποῖος μέχρι τότε ἐπροσεποίηθη νὰ μὴ βλέπῃ πᾶς παρανομίας

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 173

πλάς των, κοιτάζει εις την Θάλασσαν από της φρύμνης όπως ενδεδημένος, ή όσαν να αρχίζει τότε μόνον να γνωρίση την πονηρίαν των, προσποιούμενος ότι κλαίει, λέγει τας· δεν είναι αυτό εκείνο, οπού μου ετάζετε, δεν είναι αυτός ό τόπος, εις τον οποίον σας επαρακάλεσα να με πηγαίνετε. Τί κακόν σας έκαμα ή με παίζετε; τί διάφορον Θαρρείτε από το αδικον, οπού εις εμέ κάματε; εγώ είμαι μοναχός, ή σεις πολλοί· ποίαν δόξαν ελπίζετε, άν συμφωνήσετε όλοι ομού διά να απατήσητε εν παιδίον; Όσον το κατ' εμέ, κύριες, εξ αρχής το εδακρύλαφα, ή έκλαιον διά την δυστυχίαν του· αλλά το ασεβές εκείνο πλήθος εγέλα διά τα δάκρυά μου, απολύθοντες τον δρόμον τας. Ως τόσον συνέβη ένα παράδοξον, ή θαύμα, εις τον Θεόν, οπού το εκαθώρισαν (επειδή δεν είναι μοχθάς άλλος Θεός πλέον οφθαλμοφανής ή παρών από αυτόν) ότι θέλω σας επί της αληθείας, πράγμα όμως, το οποίον υπερβαίνει την πίστιν. Το πλοίον εστάθη αιφνιδίως εις την μέσον της Θαλάσσης, όσαν να ήτον επάνω εις την άμμον. Εξέμαξαν οι συνόδοι μέ, ή έκαμεν πάσες ζόπορ διά να πηγαίνουν παρεμπρός, κατακεύνοντες εις τα άρμενα, διπλασιάζοντες ή τα πώπια· αλλ' εθαύμασαν βλέποντες τα πώπια φορωμένα αμπελόφυλλα, ή κλάδες της πισσώ, εμποδίζοντες να μη απαράξωσι. Τότε εφάνη ο Βάχος εμφανοδεί μας εστεφανωμένος από στάφλας, κρατώντες εις το χέρι όσαν ένα κοντάρ, περιπετασμένον από φύλλα κληματών, ή εφάνησαν τριγύρως τίγρες, ή παραδάλες, ή πάνθηρες. Οι σύντροφοί μέ, ή από την παραφροσύνην τας, ή από τον φόβον τας, επήδησαν

Metamorphoses

Book IV

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1At non Alcithoe Minyeias orgia censet
accipienda dei, sed adhuc temeraria Bacchum
progeniem negat esse Iovis, sociasque sorores
inpietatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos
5inmunesque operum famulas dominasque suorum
pectora pelle tegi, crinales solvere vittas,
serta coma, manibus frondentes sumere thyrsos
iusserat, et saevam laesi fore numinis iram
vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque nurusque
10telasque calathosque infectaque pensa reponunt,
turaque dant Bacchumque vocant Bromiumque Lyaeumque
ignigenamque satumque iterum solumque bimatrem:
additur his Nyseus indetonsusque Thyoneus,
et cum Lenaeo genialis consitor uvae,
15Nycteliusque Eleleusque parens et Iacchus et Euhan,
et quae praeterea per Graias plurima gentes
nomina, Liber, habes. Tibi enim inconsumpta iuventa est,
tu puer aeternus, tu formosissimus alto
conspiceris caelo, tibi, cum sine cornibus adstas,
20virgineum caput est. Oriens tibi victus, adusque
decolor extremo qua tingitur India Gange:
Penthea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum
sacrilegos mactas, Tyrrhenaque mittis in aequor
corpora, tu biiugum pictis insignia frenis
25colla premis lyncum; bacchae satyrique sequuntur,
quique senex ferula titubantes ebrius artus
sustinet et pando non fortiter haeret asello.
Quacumque ingrederis, clamor iuvenalis et una
femineae voces inpulsaque tympana palmis
30concavaque aera sonant longoque foramine buxus.
Alcithoe, daughter of King Minyas,
consents not to the orgies of the God;
denies that Bacchus is the son of Jove,
and her two sisters join her in that crime.
'Twas festal-day when matrons and their maids,
keeping it sacred, had forbade all toil.—
And having draped their bosoms with wild skins,
they loosed their long hair for the sacred wreaths,
and took the leafy thyrsus in their hands;—
for so the priest commanded them. Austere
the wrath of Bacchus if his power be scorned.
Mothers and youthful brides obeyed the priest;
and putting by their wickers and their webs,
dropt their unfinished toils to offer up
frankincense to the God; invoking him
with many names:—“O Bacchus! O Twice-born!
O Fire-begot! Thou only child Twice-mothered!
God of all those who plant the luscious grape!
O Liber!” All these names and many more,
for ages known—throughout the lands of Greece.
“Thy youth is not consumed by wasting time;
and lo, thou art an ever-youthful boy,
most beautiful of all the Gods of Heaven,
smooth as a virgin when thy horns are hid.—
The distant east to tawny India's clime,
where rolls remotest Ganges to the sea,
was conquered by thy might.—O Most-revered!
Thou didst destroy the doubting Pentheus,
and hurled the sailors' bodies in the deep,
and smote Lycurgus, wielder of the ax.
“And thou dost guide thy lynxes, double-yoked,
with showy harness.—Satyrs follow thee;
and Bacchanals, and old Silenus, drunk,
unsteady on his staff; jolting so rough
on his small back-bent ass; and all the way
resounds a youthful clamour; and the screams
of women! and the noise of tambourines!
And the hollow cymbals! and the boxwood flutes,—
fitted with measured holes.—Thou art implored
by all Ismenian women to appear
peaceful and mild; and they perform thy rites.”
The Festival of Bacchus

But Alcitho�, daughter of Minyas, will not celebrate the Bacchic rites, in acceptance of the god. She is rash enough to deny that Bacchus is the son of Jupiter, and her sisters share in her impiety.

The priest had ordered the observation of the festival, asking for all female servants to be released from work, they and their mistresses to drape animal skins across their breasts, free their headbands, wreathe their hair, and carry an ivy-twined thyrsus in their hand. And he prophesied that the god�s rage would be fierce if he was angered. The young women and mothers obey, leaving their baskets and looms, and their unfinished tasks, and burn incense, calling on Bacchus, on Bromius, �the noisy one�, Lyaeus, �deliverer from care�, on the child of the lightning, the twice-born, the son of two mothers, and adding to these calls Nyseus, �he of Heliconian Nysa�, Thyoneus, �the unshorn� who is Semele�s son, Lenaeus, the planter of joy-giving vines, Nyctelius, �the nightcomer�, father Eleleus, of the howls, Iacchus, of the shouts, and Euhan, of the cries, and all of the other names you have, Liber, among the peoples of Greece.

Unfading youth is yours, you boy eternal, you, the most beautiful sight in the depths of the morning and evening sky, your face like a virgin�s when you stand before us without your horns. The Orient calls you its conqueror, as far as darkest India, dipped in the remote Ganges. You, the revered one, punished Pentheus, and Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who carried the double-headed axe, and you sent the Tyrrhenians into the waves. You yoke together two lynxes with bright reins decorating their necks, Bacchantes and Satyrs follow you, and that drunken old man, Silenus, who supports his stumbling body with his staff, and clings precariously to his bent-backed mule. Wherever you go the shouts of youths ring out, and the chorus of female voices, hands beating on tambourines, the clash of cymbals, and the shrill piping of the flute.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'. Β'. ΚΑΙ Γ'.

Περὶ τῶν Δερμετῆς εἰς ὀφάειον, Σεμιραμίδος εἰς πελεγέραμ, καὶ Νηιάδος εἰς ὀφάριον μεταβληθέσεων.

Ἡ Ἀλκιόνη δὲ ἱστόρεται ὑπὸ τῶν τιμοείαν τοῦ Πενθέως διὰ περιπαίες κ. αὐτῇ τοῦ Βάχχου, κ. αὐτὶ νὰ τιμήση τὰς ἑορτάς του, κατατάγεται ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰς ἀδελφὰς τῆς εἰς τὰ συμβῆ ἐργώτερα, κ. ὅπου περιδιάβασιν τῶν διηγεῦται καὶ τινὰς μύθος. Ἅμα πέρας πάιταν τιμαράγται, μεταμορφώζοντας κ. αὐτὰς εἰς Νυκτερίδες, τὰ δὲ ὑφάσματά τῶν εἰς ἀμπελόψυλλα, καὶ εἰς κισσόν.

ἐν πείσθαι μέ ὅλα πάντα ἡ Ἀληθόη, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τῆ Μινύῃ, νά λάβον ὑποδοχὴ εἰς τὰ τῆ Θήβας τὰ Ὄργια τῆ Βάχχυ, ἀλλὰ διήγυριέται πάντοτε, ὅτι ὁ Βάχχος δεὸ εἶναι υἱὸς τῆ Διός. Ὁμοίως ἢ αἱ ἀδελφαί τῆς τῶν ἡκολούθησαν εἰς τὴν πλάγιον ἢ ἀπίστιαν τῆς. Ὡς πώσον ὁ Μέγας Ἱερεὺς ἐφορόαξε νὰ ζίγῃ ἡ Ἐρῆτη, ἵ νὰ λάμνυν ἀρχὴν αἱ θελάξαι, αἷς χόι αἱ οἰκογένειαι, καὶ ἐνδυόμεναι δέρματα, καὶ λύσσῃ αἱ μαινάδων, νὰ στεφανώσωσι μέ αὐτῇ, ἵ νὰ λάβῃ εἰς χείρας τὸν Θήρσον, δηλαδὴ εἷ ξύλον ὡς κοντάς, περιλιγμένον μέ ἀμπελόφυλλα. Φοβηζόντες πρὸς τοῦτοις ὅτι ἂν παραινώσωσιν, ἤθελαν παροξυνῇ τὴν ὀργὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἤθελαν ἰδῇ αἱματοχυσίας, καὶ ἄλλα μεγάλα κακά. Ὑπήκουσαν λοιπὸν αἱ γυναῖκες, αἷς ἂν παραγῇ ἅπασι· ἄφησαν τὰ ἐργόχειρά τῶν, ἔφεραν θυμάματα εἰς τὰς θανέζας τῆ Βάχχε, ὀνομάζοσαι αὐτὸν Βρόμιον, Λυαῖον, Πυριγενῆ, γεννημένον δύω φοραῖς, ἵ μόνον υἱὸν δύω μητέρων, Νυσέα, Θυωνέα, Λιναῖον, φυτουργὸν τῆς ἀμπέλης, Νυκτέλιον, Ἐλελέα, καὶ Ἴακχον, καὶ μέ ἄλλα ὀνόματα, ὅσα ἡ Ἑλλὰς προσήρμοσεν αὐτῷ. Ἡ νεότης σου, τοῦ ἔλεγον, θέλει εἶναι ἀειθαλής, καὶ ὁ καιρὸς δεὸ θέλει δυνηθῇ νά τὴν μεταλλάξῃ ποτέ. Σὺ θέλες ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὰς χάρειας καὶ τὴν ἀμορφίαν ὡς παιδίου· εἶσαι ὁ ὡραίτερος τῶν ἐπερανίων Θεῶν, καὶ ὅταν παρῇσαι χωρὶς κέρατα, ἔχες παρθένης μορφήν. Σὺ ἐνίκησας ὅλην τὴν Ἀνατολήν, ἀπὸ τὰ μακράτα ταῦτα μέρη ἕως ἐκεῖ ὅπου

“Placatus mitisque” rogant Ismenides “adsis,”
iussaque sacra colunt. Solae Minyeides intus
intempestiva turbantes festa Minerva
aut ducunt lanas, aut stamina pollice versant,
35aut haerent telae famulasque laboribus urgent.
E quibus una levi deducens pollice filum
“dum cessant aliae commentaque sacra frequentant,
nos quoque, quas Pallas, melior dea, detinet” inquit,
“utile opus manuum vario sermone levemus:
40perque vices aliquid, quod tempora longa videri
non sinat, in medium vacuas referamus ad aures.”
Dicta probant primamque iubent narrare sorores.
Illa, quid e multis referat (nam plurima norat),
cogitat et dubia est, de te, Babylonia, narret,
45Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus
stagna Palaestini credunt motasse figura;
an magis, ut sumptis illius filia pennis
extremos albis in turribus egerit annos;
nais an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis
50verterit in tacitos iuvenalia corpora pisces,
donec idem passa est; an, quae poma alba ferebat,
ut nunc nigra ferat contactu sanguinis arbor.
Hoc placet, hanc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est,
talibus orsa modis, lana sua fila sequente:
Only the daughters of King Minyas
are carding wool within their fastened doors,
or twisting with their thumbs the fleecy yarn,
or working at the web. So they corrupt
the sacred festival with needless toil,
keeping their hand-maids busy at the work.
And one of them, while drawing out the thread
with nimble thumb, anon began to speak;
“While others loiter and frequent these rites
fantastic, we the wards of Pallas, much
to be preferred, by speaking novel thoughts
may lighten labour. Let us each in turn,
relate to an attentive audience,
a novel tale; and so the hours may glide.”
it pleased her sisters, and they ordered her
to tell the story that she loved the most.
So, as she counted in her well-stored mind
the many tales she knew, first doubted she
whether to tell the tale of Derceto,—
that Babylonian, who, aver the tribes
of Palestine, in limpid ponds yet lives,—
her body changed, and scales upon her limbs;
or how her daughter, having taken wings,
passed her declining years in whitened towers.
Or should she tell of Nais, who with herbs,
too potent, into fishes had transformed
the bodies of her lovers, till she met
herself the same sad fate; or of that tree
which sometime bore white fruit, but now is changed
and darkened by the blood that stained its roots.—
Pleased with the novelty of this, at once
she tells the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe;—
and swiftly as she told it unto them,
the fleecy wool was twisted into threads.
The daughters of Minyas reject Bacchus

The Ismenides pray to Bacchus �Be satisfied with us, be gentle� and they celebrate the rites ordained. Only the daughters of Minyas remain inside, disturbing the festival, with the untimely arts of Minerva, drawing out strands of wool, twisting the threads with their fingers, or staying at their looms, and plying their servants with work. Then one of them, Arsippe, speaks, spinning the thread lightly with her thumb. �While the others are leaving their work, and thronging to this false religion, let us, restrained by Pallas, a truer goddess, lighten the useful work of our hands, and take turns in recalling a story to our idle minds, so that the time will not seem so long! Her sisters are pleased with this, and beg her to begin first. She wondered which of many she should tell (since she knew very many), and hesitated whether to tell about you, Babylonian Dercetis, who, as the Syrians of Palestine believe, with altered shape, your lower limbs covered with scales, swam in the waters, or how your daughter, assuming wings, lived her earliest years out among the white dovecotes. Or how a Naiad, with incantations, and all too powerful herbs, changed the bodies of youths into dumb fishes, until the same thing happened to her. Or how the mulberry tree that bore white berries now bears dark red ones, from the stain of blood. This one pleases her. She begins to spin this tale, which is not yet well known, as she spins her woollen thread.

„ ὁ Γάγγης ποταμὸς διαπερᾷ τὴν Ἰνδίαν. Σὺ ἐτιμώ- „ ρησας τὸν ἱερόσυλον Πενθέα, κ' Λυκοῦργον τὸν βα- „ σιλέα τῆς Θράκης, τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου. Σὺ ἔρριψας „ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν τοὺς ναύτας, ὡς ὑβριστὰς τῆς θεό- „ τητός σου. Σὺ φέρεσαι εἰς ἅμαξαν, συρομένην ἀπὸ „ Λύγκας, τὰς ὁποίας ἡμέρωσας, κάμνοντάς τας νὰ συν- „ ηθίσουν τὸν ζυγόν. Σὺ ἀκολουθεῖσαι ἀπὸ τὰς Βακ- „ χίδας, ἀπὸ τοὺς Σατύρους, κ' ἀπὸ τὸν γέροντα Σει- „ ληνὸν ὁ ὁποῖος πάντοτε μεθυσμένος, ἀφίνει τὰ μέλη „ του νὰ παραφέρωνται, κ' δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ σταθῇ ἂν „ δὲν ἀκουμβήσῃ εἰς τὴν ράχην του ὀναρίου του. Ὅπου „ κ' ἂν ὑπάγῃς ἡ χαρὰ κ' εὐφροσύνη σὲ συνοδο- „ φύσει, κ' δὲν ἀκούεται ἄλλο τι παρὰ τραγούδια, „ κ' μία χαρμόσυνος σύγχυσις φωνῶν ἀνδρῶν τε κ' „ γυναικῶν, ἀνακατωμένων μὲ τὴν ἁρμονίαν σαλπίγ- „ γων, κ' ἤχων διαφόρων".

Οὕτως αἱ Ἰσμηνοΐδες ἐτέλουν τὴν ἑορτὴν τοῦ Διονύσου, παρακαλέσαι αὐτὸν νὰ ταῖς εἶναι βοηθός. Μόναι αἱ θυγατέρες τοῦ Μινύε καθύβρεισαν τὰ ἱερὰ του μὲ παράκαιρον ἐργασίαν, ποτὲ μὲν γνέθουσαι, ποτὲ δὲ ὑφαίνουσαι, κ' βιάζουσαι κ' τὰς δούλας των νὰ δουλεύουν περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ συνωνηθισμένον. Μία δὲ ἀπὸ ἐκείνας, ὁποῦ ἔγνεθεν, λύουσα τὴν σιωπὴν „ ἐν ᾧ, „ λέγει, αἱ ἄλλαι σχολάζουσαι δοξάζουσι μυθώδη „ θεότητα, ἡμεῖς, αἱ ὁποῖαι, διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, κα„ ταγινόμεθα εἰς ἐνδοξοτέραν ἄσκησιν, ἠμπορούμεν „ εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν νὰ ἀνακουφίσωμεν τὸ ἐπωφελὲς „ ἐργόχειρόν μας μὲ διαφόρας ὁμιλίας, κ' ἂς εἰπῇ ἑκά„ στη ἡμῶν Ἱστορίαν τινὰ, διὰ νὰ μᾶς φαίνεται ὁ και„ ρὸς συντομώτερος." Εἰς ὅλας ὁ λόγος ἐφάνη ἀρεστὸς, ὅθεν τὴν παρεκάλεσαν ν

ἡ ὁποία ὡς πολυμαθὴς, στοχάζεται μὲ ποίαν ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς ἱστορίας, ὅπως ἤξευρες, νὰ λάβῃ ἀρχήν. Ἀμφιβάλλει ἂν πρέπει νὰ διηγηθῇ τὰ συμβάντα τῆς Δερκέτιδος, ἥτις μετεβλήθη εἰς ὀψάρια, πεσοῦσα, ὡς λέγουσιν, εἰς τὰς λίμνας τῆς Παλαιστίνης· ἢ τὴν ἱστορίαν τῆς Θυγατρὸς τῆς Σεμιράμιδος, τῆς μεταμορφωθείσης εἰς περιστεράν, διὰ νὰ περάσῃ τὰ γηράματά της ἐπάνω εἰς τὰς ὑψηλοτέρας πύργους τῆς Βαβυλῶνος. Ἠθέλησεν ἀκόμη τοιουτοτρόπως νὰ διηγηθῇ τίνι τρόπῳ ἡ Νηῒς μετεμόρφωσε τὰς νέας εἰς ὀψαρίδας μὲ τὴν μαγείαν τῆς Βακχώλης, ἢ μὲ τὴν δύναμιν τινὸς χόρτου, ἕως οὗ μετεβλήθη καὶ αὐτὴ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ζῷον. Τέλος πάντων εὐδοκιμεῖται τὴν συκαμινέαν, τῆς ὁποίας ὁ καρπὸς πρότερον ἄσπρος, εἶχε λάβῃ κόκκινος ἐξ αἵματος δυστυχῶν αἷμα, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ μῦθος τῆς ἐφάνη ἀρεστότερος, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἦτον ἁπλῶς κοινός.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Φαίνεται αἱμοί ὅτι ἡ παπορεῖ τινὰς νά μ' ἔρασθῶσιν ἐδῶ, σαφαζόμενος αὐτὸν τὸν Μῦθον, εἰδὰ τί οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἰσορροπῶσι τὸν Βάκχον μὲ στάλες ἀφίσαντο, ἢ μὲ κεράστα. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, ἂν δὲν κρύπτεται κάποια μυστηριώδης εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ κεράτα, καὶ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτό, ἢ θέλει εἶναι βέβαια ὄνειρον, ὥσαν ἐκεῖνα τῆς ἀρρώστων, καὶ ἔξω ἐρευνῶν ὅπως. Διότι, ἀγκάλα λέγει τινὰ ὅτι οἱ Ποιηταὶ τῇ ζω- γραφίας τοῦ εἶχαν ἕνεσιν, ἐγὼ ὅμως σχηματίζομαι ὅτι δὲν ἔφεραν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἢ διανοηθῶσιν ἁπλῶν ἀδύνατα, καὶ ἢ καὶ ποιήσωσιν ὕψη ὡς ἄμφαρον ἅμα καὶ ἔως εἰς τὴν Φύσιν εἶχαι παράδοξα τέρατα. Ἀλλ' ἐδῶ ἡ ὑπόθεσις πρέπει νά ἐνοηθῶσιν διαφορε- τικῶς, καὶ ὄχι κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον· διὰ τί ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου κρύπτεται εἶναι τόσον εὔλογον, ὅσον εἶναι τερατῶδες τὸ φαινόμενον.

Ὅλα εἰ τῇ λοιπόν, κ

55“Pyramus et Thisbe, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter,
altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis,
contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam
coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.
Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit:
60tempore crevit amor. Taedae quoque iure coissent:
sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare,
ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo.
Conscius omnis abest: nutu signisque loquuntur,
quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.
65Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim,
cum fieret paries domui communis utrique.
Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum
(quid non sentit amor?) primi vidistis amantes,
et vocis fecistis iter; tutaeque per illud
70murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant.
Saepe, ubi constiterant hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,
inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris,
“invide” dicebant “paries, quid amantibus obstas?
quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi,
75aut hoc si nimium est, vel ad oscula danda pateres?
Nec sumus ingrati: tibi nos debere fatemur,
quod datus est verbis ad amicas transitus aures.”
Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti
sub noctem dixere ”vale” partique dedere
80oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra.
Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes,
solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas:
ad solitum coiere locum. Tum murmure parvo
multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti
85fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent,
cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant;
neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo,
conveniant ad busta Nini lateantque sub umbra
arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis
90ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti.
Pacta placent. Et lux, tarde discedere visa,
praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem.
When Pyramus and Thisbe, who were known
the one most handsome of all youthful men,
the other loveliest of all eastern girls,—
lived in adjoining houses, near the walls
that Queen Semiramis had built of brick
around her famous city, they grew fond,
and loved each other—meeting often there—
and as the days went by their love increased.
They wished to join in marriage, but that joy
their fathers had forbidden them to hope;
and yet the passion that with equal strength
inflamed their minds no parents could forbid.
No relatives had guessed their secret love,
for all their converse was by nods and signs;
and as a smoldering fire may gather heat,
the more 'tis smothered, so their love increased.
Now, it so happened, a partition built
between their houses, many years ago,
was made defective with a little chink;
a small defect observed by none, although
for ages there; but what is hid from love?
Our lovers found the secret opening,
and used its passage to convey the sounds
of gentle, murmured words, whose tuneful note
passed oft in safety through that hidden way.
There, many a time, they stood on either side,
thisbe on one and Pyramus the other,
and when their warm breath touched from lip to lip,
their sighs were such as this: “Thou envious wall
why art thou standing in the way of those
who die for love? What harm could happen thee
shouldst thou permit us to enjoy our love?
But if we ask too much, let us persuade
that thou wilt open while we kiss but once:
for, we are not ungrateful; unto thee
we own our debt; here thou hast left a way
that breathed words may enter loving ears.,”
so vainly whispered they, and when the night
began to darken they exchanged farewells;
made presence that they kissed a fond farewell
vain kisses that to love might none avail.
When dawn removed the glimmering lamps of night,
and the bright sun had dried the dewy grass
again they met where they had told their love;
and now complaining of their hapless fate,
in murmurs gentle, they at last resolved,
away to slip upon the quiet night,
elude their parents, and, as soon as free,
quit the great builded city and their homes.
Fearful to wander in the pathless fields,
they chose a trysting place, the tomb of Ninus,
where safely they might hide unseen, beneath
the shadow of a tall mulberry tree,
covered with snow-white fruit, close by a spring.
All is arranged according to their hopes:
Arsippe tells the story of Pyramus and Thisbe

�Pyramus and Thisbe, he the loveliest youth, and she the most sought after girl, the East held, lived in neighbouring houses, in the towering city of Babylon, that Semiramis is said to have enclosed with walls of brick. Their nearness and their first childhood steps made them acquainted and in time love appeared. They would have agreed to swear the marriage oath as well, but their parents prevented it. They were both on fire, with hearts equally captivated, something no parent can prevent. They had no one to confide all this to: nods and signs were their speech, and the more they kept the fire hidden, the more it burned.

There was a fissure, a thin split, in the shared wall between their houses, which traced back to when it was built. No one had discovered the flaw in all those years � but what can love not detect? � You lovers saw it first, and made it a path for your voices. Your endearments passed that way, in safety, in the gentlest of murmurs. Often, when they were in place, Thisbe here, and Pyramus there, and they had each caught the sound of the other�s breath, they said �Unfriendly wall, why do you hinder lovers? How hard would it be for you to let our whole bodies meet, or if that is too much perhaps, to open to the kisses we give each other? Not that we are not grateful. We confess that we owe it to you that words are allowed to pass to loving ears� So they talked, hopelessly, sitting opposite, saying, as night fell, �Farewell�, each touching the wall with kisses that could not reach the other side.

One morning when Aurora had quenched the fires of night, and the sun�s rays had thawed the frosty grass, they came to their usual places. Then they decided, first with a little murmur of their great sorrows, to try, in the silence of night, to deceive the guards, and vanish outside. Once out of the house they would leave the city as well, and they agreed, in case they went astray crossing the open country, to meet by the grave of Ninus, and hide in the shelter of a tree. There was a tall mulberry tree there, dense with white berries, bordering a cool fountain. They were satisfied with their plan, and the light, slow to lose its strength, was drowned in the waters, and out of the same waters the night emerged.�

εἰσὶν λογισμοί μέσαι ἢ φρόνη εἶναι, ὅταν πίνοντες τινὰ ὀλίγον τι πλειότερον ὑπὸ τὸ συμβεσηκὸν τῶν, γίνεται πλέον εὔθυμος ἀπ᾽ ὅ,τι ἦ τῶν πρότερον ἢ ὕστερα εἶναι, καθὼς ἁμμικοί ὅσῃ πίνουσι, ποιοῦσι μεγαλαυχήσιν, ὑψηλὰ βαδίζοντες ἢ δὲ εἰ εἶναι τῶν, ὅσοι, ὡσὰ νὰ ἴδῃς ἐκείνης σοφρωσύνης τὸ κράτη, ἐπαυσθάζοντες, ἢ λαῦδσιν ἀρέβωσιν, ὅ,τι ἦ αὐτῆς ἔρχεται εἰς τὸν νοῦν. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἱστοροῦσι τὸν Βάκχον μὲ κέρατα, καὶ μὲ κεφαλὴν παρθένου, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς διπλῆς καταστάσεως, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ὁ οἶνος φέρει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Καὶ οὕτως τὸ κρασί, πινόμενον μετρημένως, ποιεῖ τοὺς ἄνδρας ὡς τὰ κορίτσια, δηλαδὴ εὔθυμος, ἥμερος, καὶ χαριτομένος μὲ ὑπερβολὴν δὲ πινόμενον, ποιεῖ αὐτοὺς ζῶα ἄλογα, μὴ ἔχοντες παντελῶς ἐπιστημὴν, ἢ ὡδὲ εἶναι ὡσὰν μὲ κέρατα, δηλαδὴ θυμώμενοι, καὶ γίνοντας ἀγρίοι.

Tunc pauper cornua sumit. Τότε πένης κέρατα λαμβάνει.

Ὁ αὐτὸς ὁ Μίδας ἐπιθυμεῖ καὶ τὸν Λυκούργον τὸν τῆς Θράκης Βασιλέα, μετανοήσας ἀφ᾽ ἅπερ ἔκαμε τῷ Διονύσῳ διότι θέλων νὰ ἀπαλλάξῃ τοὺς ὑποκειμένους του ἀπὸ τὴν ἐξιν τῆς μέθης, τοὺς ἐμπόδισε νὰ πίνουν κρασί, καὶ ἐπρόσταξε νὰ ἐκκοψῶσιν ὅλα τὰ ἀμπέλια τῆ Βασιλείας του.

Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἡ ἀσέλγεια καὶ ἀκολασία συνοδεύουσι τὴν μέθην, πλάττεται ὁ Διόνυσος συνοδευόμενος μὲ Σατύρους, καὶ Βακχίδας, τίγρας, τὶ Μαινάδας, καὶ παθήσεις σημαίνοντες διὰ τῶν Σατύρων τὴν ἀκολασίαν, καὶ διὰ τῶν Βακχίδων, αἵ ὁποῖαι ἔσαν γυναῖκες μαινόμεναι, τὴν μετὰ ζῆς παρακράτησιν.

Ἐσὶ δὲ ὡς Δρυετῆς, γράφει Διόδωρος ὁ Σικελιώτης, ὅτι πλησίον τῆς Ἀσκάλωνος, πόλεως τῆς Συρίας, εἶναι λίμνη γέματη ὀψαρίων, εἰς ἁποίαν τὸν ἀφοδὸν κύται Ναὸς τῆς Δερκετοῦς, τὴν ὁποίαν Γράφει ὀνομάζει Δαγών· διὰ τὶ ὁ Ἅγιος Ἱερώνυμος μὰς βεβαιώνει ὅτι τὸ Δαγὼν σημαίνει λύπην ὀλίσασι. Τὴν ὀνομάζουσι δὲ οἱ Σύριοι κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁμοδιάλεκτον Ἀτεργάτιν, ἤγουν χωρὶς ὀψάριον, ὅπερ πρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν τὰ Ἀθήναια, ἐπειδὴ ὀνομάζετο παρ' αὐτοῖς Σειάτις ἡ ἁπεχὴ τὸ νὰ ἐγκρατεύωνται ὑπὸ τὰ ὀψάρια ἐκ τῆς ἑορταζῆς τῆς Θεᾶς ταύτης.

Ἡ δὲ Σεμίραμις ἡ Βασιλὶς τῆς Ἀσσυρίων, λέγουσιν ὅτι ἀνετράφη ὑπὸ μίαν περιστερὰν, ὅθεν διὰ τὶ τὴν ὠνόμασαν Σεμιραμίδα, ἐπειδὴ οἱ Σύριοι τὴν περιστερὰν σεμιράμιδα ὀνομάζουσιν. Ὁ Διόδωρος λέγει, ὅτι ἐρρίφθη ὑπὸ τῆς μητέρας της εἰς μίαν ἔρημον, ὅπου τὰ περιστέρια ἔσκεπαζον αὐτὴν μὲ τὰς πτέρυγάς των, φέροντες δὲ φοβιῶν τῆς ἐφρόντιζον γιὰ τῆς σχεδὸν πεπηγὸς γάλα, ἤτοι τυρὶ, μὲ τὴν μήτλην των, ὑπὸ μίας καλύβας τῶν βοσκῶν, ὅθεν τὸ ἴδιον ἔδωσαν αἰτίαν εἰς τὸν μῦθον ὅτι μετεβλήθη ἡ Σεμίραμις εἰς περιστερὰν. Ἴσως δὲ διὰ τὸ ὅτι οἱ Ἀσσύριοι ἐπροσκύνουν τὴν περιστερὰν. Ἀληθεῖ δ' ὅμως ὅτι καθὼς οἱ Φοίνικες εἶχον εἰς τὰ σήματα ἐχίδναν, οὕτω δ' οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι ἐφόρουν περιστερὰν εἰς τὰ Ἀθήναια, οὕτω συνέβαινεν, ὅσον ὅτι Παράσιος Ἰερεμίας πρὸ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς Ἰερουσαλὴμ ὑπὸ τῶν Βαβυλωνίων, ἔλεγε φοβερὰ κατὰ τῆς μαχαίρας τῆς περιστερᾶς.

Γηλος πάντων ἡ Νηΐας, κατὰ τὸ Ὀρτηγίλλον καὶ Σπάτιον, ἤτον Νύμφη εἰς τὴς ὀνόσειν, διότι δὴ εἶναι πιθανὸν νὰ ὑπονοῆται δι' αὐτῆς ἐκείνη ἡ περίεργος πόρνη ὀνομαζόμενη καὶ αὐτὴ Νηΐας· ἐπειδὴ δ' Ὀβίδιος διὰ βραχυλογίαν λέγει ταῦτα λαλᾶ, ἀφίνω καὶ ἐγὼ εἰς ἄλλον ἀφυέστερον μου τὰ περισσότερα, καὶ ὡς με διδάξῃ τι ἐφέπτει νὰ εἴπω, χωρὶς δὲ πλάσω ἄλλον τινα παίδων γεῶν μύθον.

Περὶ ἔρωτος, ἰς Δαμάστε τῆ Πυράμῳ, καὶ τῆς Θισόβης.

Ὁ Πύραμος, ἐραστής τῆς Θισόβης, ὑπ᾿ ἐπαρχηλίσε τὰ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρικοῦ τῆς οἴκου, καὶ τὰ ὑπάγῃ τῆς τοῦ πατρικοῦ θέλ μίαν μοναστείου. Ἡ Θισόβη ἔτως ἀπόδω τῶν ἀπορράξασα ἔκει μίαν Λέανδρα, ἄρχησε νὰ ῥῆξῃ με πολλὴν τάχτητα ἀπὸ τῆς εἰς σε τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς. Ὁ δὲ Πύραμος ἐκατεσκεύασου. Ἐνδόμα ἐκεῖ μετὰ πολλὰ τὸ Πύραμον καὶ ἴδον ὑπάλυμμα τῆς ἐρωμένης τοῦ ὅλου ᾠκοδομηθέν, καὶ νομίζωντας νὰ τῶ ἔψαχεν ἡ Λέανδα, εὐθέως ἀπὸ τὸ μυθευθείσταν ὑπὸν τὸ Πύραμον βλέψεσα ἡμιδακί, με τὰ συλλιαν ἑσσαϊδαη ἰς αὐτῆ.

Ἔξανοληθέσσα λοιπὸν ἡ Ἀλκιθόη τὸ ἐργόχειρόν τῆς, ἄρχησε νὰ λέγῃ οὕτως· ὁ Πύραμος ἐκριμάτισσε νέος ἄμορφότατος, καὶ ἡ Θισβεν ὁμολῶς ἡ ὡραιοτάτη τῶν τῆς Ἀνατολῆς κοραϊσῶν. Κατφήιοω δὲ τῶν Βαβυλώνας, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ Σεμίραμις πεδεσφάλισσε με ὑψηλότατα τείχη, καὶ τὰ ὀσσήδια πῶν ἦσαν πληϊσίον. Ἡ οὖν γειτωνία ἐφορόξησινε τὴν γναιεκίαν καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα ὁ ὁποῖος ηὔξησε με τὸν καιρόν· ἦ γὰρ ἑτοίμως ἤθελον συζευχθῆ με τὸν δεσμὸν τοῦ γάμου, ἀλλ᾿ οἱ γονεῖς τῶν, ἔχοντες ἔχθραν, ἀμαμετάζυσι τῆς ἀπηγόρευον νὰ βλέπειν ἀλλήλες, ἴσως δὲ καὶ τὸ νὰ ἀγαπώντζι, τὸ ὁποῖον πρῦτο δὲν ἐδυνάντο βέβαια νὰ τοῦς τὸ ἐμποδίσουν.

Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe
egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum
95pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit.
Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti
caede leaena boum spumantes oblita rictus,
depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda.
Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe
100vidit et obscurum timido pede fugit in antrum,
dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit.
Ut lea saeva sitim multa conpescuit unda,
dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa
ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus.
105Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto
pulvere certa ferae totoque expalluit ore
Pyramus: ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam
repperit, “una duos” inquit “nox perdet amantes.
E quibus illa fuit longa dignissima vita,
110nostra nocens anima est: ego te, miseranda, peremi,
in loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires,
nec prior huc veni. Nostrum divellite corpus,
et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu,
o quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones.
115Sed timidi est optare necem.” Velamina Thisbes
tollit et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram;
utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti,
“accipe nunc” inquit “nostri quoque sanguinis haustus!”
quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum,
120nec mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit.
Ut iacuit resupinus humo: cruor emicat alte,
non aliter quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo
scinditur et tenui stridente foramine longas
eiaculatur aquas atque ictibus aera rumpit.
125Arborei fetus adspergine caedis in atram
vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix
purpureo tingit pendentia mora colore.
and now the daylight, seeming slowly moved,
sinks in the deep waves, and the tardy night
arises from the spot where day declines.
Quickly, the clever Thisbe having first
deceived her parents, opened the closed door.
She flitted in the silent night away;
and, having veiled her face, reached the great tomb,
and sat beneath the tree; love made her bold.
There, as she waited, a great lioness
approached the nearby spring to quench her thirst:
her frothing jaws incarnadined with blood
of slaughtered oxen. As the moon was bright,
Thisbe could see her, and affrighted fled
with trembling footstep to a gloomy cave;
and as she ran she slipped and dropped her veil,
which fluttered to the ground. She did not dare
to save it. Wherefore, when the savage beast
had taken a great draft and slaked her thirst,
and thence had turned to seek her forest lair,
she found it on her way, and full of rage,
tore it and stained it with her bloody jaws:
but Thisbe, fortunate, escaped unseen.
Now Pyramus had not gone out so soon
as Thisbe to the tryst; and, when he saw
the certain traces of that savage beast,
imprinted in the yielding dust, his face
went white with fear; but when he found the veil
covered with blood, he cried; “Alas, one night
has caused the ruin of two lovers! Thou
wert most deserving of completed days,
but as for me, my heart is guilty! I
destroyed thee! O my love! I bade thee come
out in the dark night to a lonely haunt,
and failed to go before. Oh! whatever lurks
beneath this rock, though ravenous lion, tear
my guilty flesh, and with most cruel jaws
devour my cursed entrails! What? Not so;
it is a craven's part to wish for death!”
So he stopped briefly; and took up the veil;
went straightway to the shadow of the tree;
and as his tears bedewed the well-known veil,
he kissed it oft and sighing said, “Kisses
and tears are thine, receive my blood as well.”
And he imbrued the steel, girt at his side,
deep in his bowels; and plucked it from the wound,
a-faint with death. As he fell back to earth,
his spurting blood shot upward in the air;
so, when decay has rift a leaden pipe
a hissing jet of water spurts on high.—
By that dark tide the berries on the tree
assumed a deeper tint, for as the roots
soaked up the blood the pendent mulberries
The death of Pyramus

�Carefully opening the door, Thisbe, slipped out, deceiving her people, and came to the tomb, her face veiled, and seated herself under the tree they had agreed on. Love made her brave. But a lioness fresh from the kill, her jaws foaming, smeared with the blood of cattle, came to slake her thirst at the nearby spring. In the moonlight, Babylonian Thisbe sees her some way off, and flees in fear to a dark cave, and as she flees, she leaves behind her fallen veil. When the fierce lioness has drunk deeply, returning towards the trees, she chances to find the flimsy fabric, without its owner, and rips it in her bloodstained jaws. Leaving the city a little later, Pyramus sees the creature�s tracks in the thick dust, and his face is drained of colour. When he also discovers the veil stained with blood, he cries, �Two lovers will be lost in one night. She was the more deserving of a long life. I am the guilty spirit. I have killed you, poor girl, who told you to come by night to this place filled with danger, and did not reach it first. O, all you lions, that live amongst these rocks, tear my body to pieces, and devour my sinful flesh in your fierce jaws! Though it is cowardly to ask for death�

He picks up Thisbe�s veil, and carries it with him to the shadow of the tree they had chosen. Kissing the token, and wetting it with tears, he cries, �Now, be soaked in my blood too.� Having spoken he drove the sword he had been wearing into his side, and, dying, pulled it, warm, from the wound. As he lay back again on the ground, the blood spurted out, like a pipe fracturing at a weak spot in the lead, and sending long bursts of water hissing through the split, cutting through the air, beat by beat. Sprinkled with blood, the tree�s fruit turned a deep blackish-red, and the roots, soaked through, also imbued the same overhanging mulberries with the dark purplish colour.�

αλλ' ἐπεῖνοι ἐξ ἴσου φέρον ἀλλήλης ἴσον ἢ περισσότερον ἔρωτα. Αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοῖς ἦσαν οἱ μυστικοὶ φίλοι τε καὶ παθῶν, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενοι νὰ λαλήσουν διὰ στόματος, ἐλάλουν διὰ τῆς σημείων· ὅσον δὲ ἔκρυπτον τὴν φλόγα τῶν, τοσοῦτον αὐτὴ ἐνδυναμώνετο. Ἦτον μία σχισμάδα εἰς τὸν τεί- χον, ὁποὺ ἐχώριζε τὰ σπήτια τῶν, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡμέ- ρας εἰς τόσας χρόνας δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ κατανοήσῃ ἀλλὰ τί δὲν ἐφόβειστο ὁ Ἔρως, ἀφοῦ ἀληθῶς τὸν ἰσοῤῥόπισε τυ- φλὸν; Αὐτοὶ οἱ ἐρασταὶ τὴν περιεργάσθησαν πρῶτοι, καὶ ἀπ' ἐπεῖ συνεχῶς ἐλαλήσαν· ἐπεῖνο ἦτον τὸ κρυφὸν πέρασμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ ἔρως ἄτρομος τοὺς ἀνήγ- γειλε τὴν σκέψιν τῶν, καὶ αἱ ἐρωτικοὶ λόγοι τῶν διέβαινον ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα εἰς τὸ ἄλλο τὸ αὐτίον. Πολ- λάκις ἀφιστάμενοι εἰς αὐτῶν τῶν τοποθεσίαν, ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα μέρος ἡ Θίσβη, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ Πύρα- μος, ἀφοῦ ἡ ἀντὶ τῶν ἀσπασμῶν, ἔπεμπον ἔκαστος ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος τῆς φωνῆς πρὸς τὴν ἄλλου τὴν σκέψιν, „ὦ „φθονερὸν τεῖχος, ἔλεγον, διὰ τί ἐναντιέσαι εἰς τὴν „ἐπιθυμίαν μας, διὰ τί δὲν μᾶς δίδεις ἄδειαν νὰ „ἀγκαλιάσωμεν; ἢ ἂν αὐτὴ ἡ χάρις εἶναι μεγάλη, „ἄνοιξε ὀλίγον, ὥστε κᾆν τὸ στόμα νὰ ἐγγίσῃ τὸ στόμα. „Ἡμεῖς ὅμως δὲν εἴμεθα ἀχάριστοι, καὶ γνωρίζομεν „ὅτι ὀφείλει νὰ σοῦ χρεώσωμεν χάριν διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν „δίαβασιν μᾶς δίδεις, δι' ἧς ἔχομεν τὴν παρηγο- „ρίαν, ἀφοῦ οἱ γλυκεῖς ἡμῶν νὰ ἀπολαμβάνωσιν „ἀπὸ τὴν συναναστροφήν". Οὕτω ματαίως συνομι- λοῦντες ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἀποχαιρετῶντο ὅταν ἡ νύκτα ἐπλησίαζε, δίδοντες, καθεὶς ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος του, διά- φορες ἀσπασμοὺς εἰς τὸν τεῖχον, ὥστε νὰ φθάσῃ

186 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

ἐμέμφοντο τὴν τύχην των. Τέλος πάντων, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐ- παραπονέθησαν ἀνωφελῶς πολὺ καιρόν, ἐσκοχάσθησαν νὰ εὕρειν τὴν νύμφην ἀπὸ τὰ δασήτια των, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν χώραν, καὶ νὰ ὑπάγειν εἰς τὸν πέλαγον τοῦ Νίνου, ὑ- ποκάτω εἰς συκαμινέαν, νεμονίου πλησίον μιᾶς βρύ- σεως. Ἀναμένει λοιπὸν τὴν νύκτα μὲ ἐπιθυμίαν με- γάλην, καὶ ὡς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος δὲν ἔδυσεν εἰς τὴν συμπτωματικὴν ὥραν, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἄργησε περισσότερον.

Ὡς πόσον ἔφθασεν ἀπὸ ἐνδυθῆσεν δῆθεν ἡ Θίσβη ἐπι- πηδεύουσα ἀπὸ τὸ πατρῷον τῆς οἰκητήριον, χωρεῖς νὰ τὴν καταλάβει κανείς, καὶ ἔστω με τὴν ἐκ τε ἔρωτος τό- λμαν ἢ φορβίαν, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν συκαμινέαν, πλη- σίον τοῦ τάφου τοῦ Νίνου, ἔχουσα κάλυμμα εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν της. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν μία λέαινα, αἱματω- μένη ἀπὸ τῆς προσφάτου σφαγῆς ἄλλων ζώων, ἤρχετο νὰ ποτισθῇ εἰς τὴν βρύσιν: τὴν ὁποίαν βλέψασα ἡ Θίσβη με τὸ φῶς τῆς σελήνης, ἔφυγεν δὴ, ἢ ἐκρύφθη μέσα εἰς ἕνα σπήλαιον: ἀλλὰ ἐν τῷ φεύγειν, διὰ κακὸν τύχης, τῆς ἔπεσε τὸ κάλυμμα κεφαλῆς της. τὸ ὁποῖον ἀνακαλύψασα ἡ Λέαινα, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἔπιε νερὸν, τὸ ἐξέσχισε μετὰ ὀδόντας: καὶ καθὼς τὰ ὀδόντια τῆς ἦσαν αἱματωμένα, τὸ ἐγέμισεν αἷμα. Ὡς πόσον ὁ Πύραμος, ὅ τις διε- λύγνυεν ὕστερος, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὸν ὡρισμένον τόπον, ὅπου βλέποντας τὰ ἴχνη τοῦ θηρίου, ἔγινεν ὠχρός, φοβού- μενος μήπως καμμία φθορέα τύχη ἥρπαξε τὴν ἐρω- μένην τε. ἀλλὰ ὅταν εὗρε τὸ κάλυμμα αἱματωμένον, ἤρ- χισε νὰ λέγῃ ἔτσι, μία μόνη ὀλέθριος νύκτα θέλει ἀπολέσει δύο ἐραστάς: ἀλλὰ ὁ ἕνας ἦτον ἄξιος νὰ ζή- σῃ ὅσον ζῶσιν οἱ Θεοί, ὁ δὲ ἄλλος ἔνοχος εἶναι θα- νάτου. Ἐγῶ, ἀθλία Θίσβη, ἐγῶ εἶμαι ἐκεῖνος,

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,
illa redit iuvenemque oculis animoque requirit,
130quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit.
Utque locum et visa cognoscit in arbore formam,
sic facit incertam pomi color: haeret, an haec sit.
Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum
membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo
135pallidiora gerens exhorruit aequoris instar,
quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura.
Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores,
percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos,
et laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum
140vulnera supplevit lacrimis fletumque cruori
miscuit et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens
“Pyrame” clamavit “quis te mihi casus ademit?
Pyrame, responde: tua te carissima Thisbe
nominat: exaudi vultusque attolle iacentes!”
145Ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam morte gravatos
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit illa.
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit et ense
vidit ebur vacuum, “tua te manus” inquit “amorque
perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum
150hoc manus, est et amor: dabit hic in vulnera vires.
Persequar exstinctum letique miserrima dicar
causa comesque tui; quique a me morte revelli
heu sola poteras, poteris nec morte revelli.
Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,
155o multum miseri meus illiusque parentes,
ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit,
conponi tumulo non invideatis eodem.
At tu quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus
nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum,
160signa tene caedis pullosque et luctibus aptos
semper habe fetus, gemini monimenta cruoris.”
Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum
incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.
Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes:
165nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater,
quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna.”
were dyed a purple tint.
Thisbe returned,
though trembling still with fright, for now she thought
her lover must await her at the tree,
and she should haste before he feared for her.
Longing to tell him of her great escape
she sadly looked for him with faithful eyes;
but when she saw the spot and the changed tree,
she doubted could they be the same, for so
the colour of the hanging fruit deceived.
While doubt dismayed her, on the ground she saw
the wounded body covered with its blood;—
she started backward, and her face grew pale
and ashen; and she shuddered like the sea,
which trembles when its face is lightly skimmed
by the chill breezes;—and she paused a space;—
but when she knew it was the one she loved,
she struck her tender breast and tore her hair.
Then wreathing in her arms his loved form,
she bathed the wound with tears, mingling her grief
in his unquenched blood; and as she kissed
his death-cold features wailed; “Ah Pyramus,
what cruel fate has taken thy life away?
Pyramus! Pyramus! awake! awake!
It is thy dearest Thisbe calls thee! Lift
thy drooping head! Alas,”—At Thisbe's name
he raised his eyes, though languorous in death,
and darkness gathered round him as he gazed.
And then she saw her veil; and near it lay
his ivory sheath—but not the trusty sword
and once again she wailed; “Thy own right hand,
and thy great passion have destroyed thee!—
And I? my hand shall be as bold as thine—
my love shall nerve me to the fatal deed—
thee, I will follow to eternity—
though I be censured for the wretched cause,
so surely I shall share thy wretched fate:—
alas, whom death could me alone bereave,
thou shalt not from my love be reft by death!
And, O ye wretched parents, mine and his,
let our misfortunes and our pleadings melt
your hearts, that ye no more deny to those
whom constant love and lasting death unite—
entomb us in a single sepulchre.
“And, O thou tree of many-branching boughs,
spreading dark shadows on the corpse of one,
destined to cover twain, take thou our fate
upon thy head; mourn our untimely deaths;
let thy fruit darken for a memory,
an emblem of our blood.” No more she said;
and having fixed the point below her breast,
she fell on the keen sword, still warm with his red blood.
But though her death was out of Nature's law
her prayer was answered, for it moved the Gods
and moved their parents. Now the Gods have changed
the ripened fruit which darkens on the branch:
and from the funeral pile their parents sealed
their gathered ashes in a single urn.
The death of Thisbe

�Now Thisbe returns, not yet free of fear, lest she disappoint her lover, and she calls for him with her eyes and in her mind, eager to tell him about the great danger she has escaped. Though she recognises the place and the shape of the familiar tree, the colour of the berries puzzles her. She waits there: perhaps this is it. Hesitating, she sees quivering limbs writhing on the bloodstained earth, and starts back, terrified, like the sea, that trembles when the slightest breeze touches its surface, her face showing whiter than boxwood. But when, staying a moment longer, she recognises her lover, she cries out loud with grief, striking at her innocent arms, and tearing at her hair. Cradling the beloved body, she bathes his wounds with tears, mingling their drops with blood. Planting kisses on his cold face, she cries out �Pyramus, what misfortune has robbed me of you? Pyramus, answer me! Your dearest Thisbe calls to you: obey me, lift your fallen head!� At Thisbe�s name, Pyramus raised his eyes, darkening with death, and having looked at her, buried them again in darkness.�

�When she recognised her veil and saw the ivory scabbard without its sword, she said, �Unhappy boy, your own hand, and your love, have destroyed you! I too have a firm enough hand for once, and I, too, love. It will give me strength in my misfortune. I will follow you to destruction, and they will say I was a most pitiful friend and companion to you. He, who could only be removed from me by death, death cannot remove. Nevertheless I ask this for both of us, in uttering these words, O our poor parents, mine and his, do not deny us the right to be laid in one tomb, we whom certain love, and the strangest hour have joined. And you, the tree, that now covers the one poor body with your branches, and soon will cover two, retain the emblems of our death, and always carry your fruit darkened in mourning, a remembrance of the blood of us both.�

Saying this, and placing the point under her heart, she fell forward onto the blade, still warm with his blood. Then her prayer moved the gods, and stirred her parents� feelings, for the colour of the berry is blackish-red, when fully ripened, and what was left from the funeral pyres rests in a single urn.�

εἰς ἓν τόσον κινδυνώδη τόπον, ἰδοὺ ἦλθα ἀρώτος ἐγώ. Ὦ λέοντες, οἱ κατοικοῦντες αὐτὰ τὰ φοβερὰ ἄσηλαια, ἐλπίζω νὰ ξεσχίσετε τοῦτο μὲ τὸ στόμα, ἐλπίζω νὰ σπαράξετε τὰ ἐντόσθιά μου· ἀλλὰ εἶναι ἴδιον τῶν δειλῶν νὰ ζητήσουν ἀπὸ ἄλλους τὸν Θάνατον, ἔχοντες τον εἰς χεῖρας των. Καὶ αὖθις ἁρπάζοντας τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς Θίσβης, ὑπῆγεν ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸ δένδρον, ὅπου εἶχον διορίσει, καὶ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸ ἐγέμισε δάκρυα, καὶ ἀπὸ μυρίας ἀσπασμούς, δέξου, λέγει, καὶ τὸ αἷμά μου· καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἐσφάγη μὲ τὸ σπαθί του, τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ μόλις τις ἐξέβαλεν ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθός του, πίπτοντας ἀπόσκελας, ὥστε ἔπνι ποιήσῃ τὸ αἷμα ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν του, καθὼς πηδᾷ τὸ νερὸν ἀπὸ τινα σχισμένον σωλήνα. Τότε καὶ ὁ καρπὸς τῆς δένδρου ἐμελανοποιήθη, ὤντας πρότερον ἄσπρος· ἐπειδὴ ποτισθεῖσα ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ δένδρου ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα, ἔδωσε τὸν βώλον της· καὶ εἰς τὰ σμυρνάκινα, τῆς ὁποίας καὶ εἰς τὸ ἑξῆς ἐφυλάχθη ἕως τῆς σήμερον. Ὡς τόσον ἡ Θίσβη, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν εἶχεν ἀποβάλει ἀκόμη τὸν φόβον, φοβουμένη μήπως ὁ Πύραμος τὴν προσμένει, τὸν ζητεῖ μὲ τοὺς νοεροὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ὥσαν καὶ μὲ τοὺς σωματικούς, καὶ φλογίζεται ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν νὰ τοῦ διηγηθῇ τὸν κίνδυνον, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἤδη ἐγλύτωσεν. Ἐγνώρισε καὶ τὸ δένδρον, καὶ τὸν τόπον, ἀλλὰ τὸ χρῶμα τοῦ καρποῦ τὴν ἔκανε νὰ ἀπορῇ. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐσκοπίζετο περὶ τούτου, εἶδε τὰ μέλη αἱματοπότιστα, καὶ τὸ κορμί, ὅπου ἔκινησε τὰ ποίδια, ἡ ἐταράττετο ἀκόμη. Ἐξαπέστη ὀπίσω βλέψασα αὐτὸ τὸ θέαμα, καὶ ὠχρίασεν ὡς νεκρὰ, ἤρχισε νὰ τρέμῃ ἀπὸν φόβον, ὥσαν ἡ Θάλασσα, ὅταν ταράττεται ἀπὸ ὀλίγου ἀέρος φύσημα· ἀναγνωρίσασα

απὸ τὴν λύπην ἢ ἀπόγνωσιν. Ρίπτεται ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ κορμί του, τὸν ἀγκαλιάζεται συνάλωσα, ἢ γεμίζει ἀπὸ δάκρυα πλῆν πληγῶν του, ἀνακατώνουσα αὐτὰ μέ τὸ αἷμα, ἢ δίδει εἰς τὸν ἐρωμένον της τὰ ἔξυσερα ἢ τὰ ψώνατα φιλήματα, λέγουσα ἔπως "Ὦ Πύραμε ποῖα τύχη μᾶς χαλάζει σήμερον; ἀποκρίσου με Πύραμε, ἢ Θίσβη εἶναι ἢ προσλαλῶσά σοι. Παμφίλατε μου Πύραμε, ἀνάσον με, σήκωσαι ὁλίγον τὴν κεφαλήν, κἂν διὰ νὰ ἴδης ὅτι ἢ Θίσβη σὲς ἀπάτησον". Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν λόγον ὁ Πύραμος ἀνοίξει ὁλίγον τὰ ὀμμάτια του, καὶ τὰ ἐσφάλισεν. Ἀλλ' ὅταν ἡ Θίσβη ἀναγνωρίσῃ τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς κεφαλῆς της, καὶ τὴν θήκην κενὴν ἀπὸ τὸ ξίφος, Αἰτία, ὦ δυστυχέστατε, λέγει, τὸ χέρι σου λοιπὸν καὶ ὁ ἔρως σου σέ ἐφόνευσαν". Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ σοι δώσω τὸ αἷμα μου, καθῶς ἢ σύ μοι ἔδωκες τὸ ἐδικόν σου, ἔχω, ἀγαπητέ μου Πύραμε, ἔχω καὶ ἐγὼ χέρι, ὅπου θέλει μέ ἐνδυναμώσει νὰ σέ ἀκολουθήσω. Ναί, θέλω σοι ἀκολουθήσει Πύραμε, ἢ ἂν εἴπωσι ποτὲ ὅτι ἐγὼ εἶμαι αἰτία τοῦ θανάτου σου, θέλει εἰπῆ ὅτι σὲ ἐδόλωσα· καὶ ἂν ἐγὼ σὲ ἔβαλα εἰς τὸν κίνδυνον, ἠξεύρω ἢ νὰ σὲ συνοδεύσω· καὶ καθῶς μόνος ὁ θάνατος ἠμπόρεσε νὰ μὲ χωρίσῃ ἀπὸ σοῦ, αὐτὸς πάλιν θέλει μᾶς ἑνώσει. Σᾶς ὁρκίζω ὅμως, ἄθλιοι γονεῖς τοῦ Πυράμου ἢ τῆς Θίσβης, νὰ μὴ φανῆτε τόσον σκληροὶ εἰς τὴν τύχην μας, ἀλλὰ νὰ μᾶς βάλλετε εἰς ἕνα ἢ τὸν αὐτὸν τάφον, ἐπειδὴ ἢ ὁ ἔρως ἢ ὁ θάνατος μᾶς ἐνώσαμεν! "Καὶ σὺ ὦ δένδρον ἀσπλαγχνικόν, ὅπου τώρα σκεπάζεις ἕνα μόνον κορμί, ἢ μετ' ὀλίγον θέλεις σκεπάσει δύο, φύλαξον τὰ σημεῖα τῆς δυστυχίας μας,

„ 189 Βλάστησον εἰς τὸ ἔξης ἀκατεπαύστως κάρπους, „ μαυροφρεμούς, διὰ τὸν θάνατον δύω ἐράστων ". Μόλις ἐπλείσισε τὸν θρῆνον, καὶ βύθισσα τὸ ξίφος ἐναντίον τοῦ στήθους της, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦτον ἔτι ζεστόν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Πυράμου, ἔπεσεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πληγήν της, καὶ ἀπέθανεν. Ὡς πόσον δὲ αἱ ὑστεριναὶ εὐχαί της ἐπαρακλήθησαν εἰς συμπάθειαν καὶ τῆς Θεᾶς, καὶ τῶν γονέων της, ἐπειδὴ τὰ μὲν σύκαμνα δὲν ὡρίμαζουσι ποτὲ χωρὶς νὰ μαυρίσουν, τὸ δὲ ἐναπολειφθὲν ἀπὸ τὰ κορμία των, ἀφ' οὗ ἐκαύθησαν, ἔπεσεν εἰς ὅλον καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τάφον.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Φαίνεται ὅτι ἐκακοπάθησαν ὁ Πύραμος καὶ ἡ Θίσβη, ἐπειδὴ ἠγάπησαν χωρὶς τὸ θέλημα τῶν γονέων των, καὶ ὅτι οἱ γονεῖς των ἐλυπήθησαν, διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔδειξαν, μεγάλην σκληρότητα. Μάθετε λοιπόν, ὦ ἀπειθῆ παιδία, ἀπὸ τὰ συμβάντα τοῦ Πυράμου καὶ ἀπὸ Θίσβης, νὰ μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας σας εἰς τὰς καλὰς συμβουλὰς τῶν γονέων σας, ἀλλὰ νὰ τοὺς ὑπακούετε πάντοτε · καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὸ ἴδιον παράδειγμα, μάθετε καὶ σεῖς ὦ αὐστηροὶ γονεῖς, νὰ μὴν ἐκδιώκετε ἀκαταγώνιστον τὸν ἄκαιρον ἔρωτα τῶν ψυχῶν σας.

Οὗτος ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀξιοπαράδειγμα, ὅτι οἱ νέοι δὲν ὤφειλαν νὰ κυβερνῶνται ὑπὸ τὰ πάθητων μὲ τόσην τυφλότητα καὶ ἰσχυρογνωμίαν, ὥστε νὰ καταφρονῶν τὰς συμβουλὰς, καὶ γνώμας τῶν γονέων των. Νουθετεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰς παρθένους νὰ μὴ ἀφήνουν τίποτε, ὅπου νὰ βλάπτῃ καὶ ὀλίγον εἰς τὴν τιμὴν των· διότι μ' ὅλον ὅτι ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Πυράμου καὶ τῆς Θίσβης ἦτον καθαρός, ὅμως οἱ ἄνθρωποι συνηθίζουσι νὰ κρίνουν διαφορετικά, ὅταν ἴδουν μίαν παρθένον ἢ ἀφήσῃ τὴν πατρικήν της οἰκίαν, διὰ νὰ ἀκολουθήσῃ τὸν ἐρασταί, εἶναι ὡς τόσαι πληγαὶ κατὰ τῆς τιμῆς· ἡ δὲ παραμικροτέρα πληγὴ τῆς τιμῆς εἶναι θανατηφόρος, ἢ ἀθεράπευτος.

Πρὸς τούτοις διδάσκονται οἱ Γονεῖς νὰ ὑποφέρωνται τὰς μακροχρονίους μάχας, αἱ ὁποῖαι κρατοῦν εἰς διχόνοιαν τὰς φαμιλίας· διότι ὅταν δύο ἐχθρῶν παιδία, ποιοῦν ἐρωτικὴν φιλίαν μὲ τιμήν, δηλαδὴ μὲ σκοπὸν συγκαταλλαγῆς, διὰ νὰ διανεκῶνται νὰ φιλῶνται καὶ οἱ γονεῖς των, τοῦτο εἶναι θεία συνέργεια, διὰ νὰ γίνῃ εἰρήνη μεταξὺ ἐκείνων, ὅπου πρώτερον ἐχθρεύοντο. Πρέπει λοιπὸν οἱ γονεῖς μᾶς νὰ μάθουν νὰ εἶναι συγκαταβατικώτεροι εἰς τὰ μικρὰ μας σφάλματα, ἀφήνοντες τὴν πολλὴν σκληρότητα, τῆς ὁποίας ἡ βλάβη πίπτει ἐπάνω, καὶ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ παιδία των.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ε'. Βιβλίον δ'.

Περὶ τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς μεταμορφώσεως εἰς λιβανικὴ ῥάβδον, καὶ τῆς Κλυτίας εἰς τὸ κάλεμμον Ἡλιοτρόπιον.

Desierat, mediumque fuit breve tempus, et orsa est
dicere Leuconoe: vocem tenuere sorores.
“Hunc quoque, siderea qui temperat omnia luce,
170cepit amor Solem: Solis referemus amores.
Primus adulterium Veneris cum Marte putatur
hic vidisse deus: videt hic deus omnia primus.
Indoluit facto, Iunonigenaeque marito
furta tori furtique locum monstravit. At illi
175et mens et quod opus fabrilis dextra tenebat
excidit. Extemplo graciles ex aere catenas
retiaque et laqueos, quae lumina fallere possent,
elimat (non illud opus tenuissima vincant
stamina, non summo quae pendet aranea tigno),
180utque leves tactus momentaque parva sequantur
efficit et lecto circumdata collocat arte.
Ut venere torum coniunx et adulter in unum,
arte viri vinclisque nova ratione paratis
in mediis ambo deprensi amplexibus haerent.
185Lemnius extemplo valvas patefecit eburnas
admisitque deos: illi iacuere ligati
turpiter; atque aliquis de dis non tristibus optat
sic fieri turpis: superi risere, diuque
haec fuit in toto notissima fabula caelo.
So ended she; at once Leuconoe
took the narrator's thread; and as she spoke
her sisters all were silent.
“Even the Sun
that rules the world was captive made of Love.
My theme shall be a love-song of the Sun.
'Tis said the Lord of Day, whose wakeful eye
beholds at once whatever may transpire,
witnessed the loves of Mars and Venus. Grieved
to know the wrong, he called the son of Juno,
Vulcan, and gave full knowledge of the deed,
showing how Mars and Venus shamed his love,
as they defiled his bed. Vulcan amazed,—
the nimble-thoughted Vulcan lost his wits,
so that he dropped the work his right hand held.
But turning from all else at once he set
to file out chains of brass, delicate, fine,
from which to fashion nets invisible,
filmy of mesh and airy as the thread
of insect-web, that from the rafter swings.—
Implicit woven that they yielded soft
the slightest movement or the gentlest touch,
with cunning skill he drew them round the bed
where they were sure to dally. Presently
appeared the faithless wife, and on the couch
lay down to languish with her paramour.—
Meshed in the chains they could not thence arise,
nor could they else but lie in strict embrace,—
cunningly thus entrapped by Vulcan's wit.—
At once the Lemnian cuckold opened wide
the folding ivory doors and called the Gods,—
to witness. There they lay disgraced and bound.
I wot were many of the lighter Gods
who wished themselves in like disgraceful bonds.—
The Gods were moved to laughter: and the tale
was long most noted in the courts of Heaven.
The Cytherean Venus brooded on
Leucono�s story: Mars and Venus

Arsippe ceased. There was a short pause and then Leucono� began to speak, while her sisters were quiet.

�Love even takes Sol prisoner, who rules all the stars with his light. I will tell you about his amours. He was the first god they say to see the adulteries of Venus and Mars: he sees all things first. He was sorry to witness the act, and he told her husband Vulcan, son of Juno, of this bedroom intrigue, and where the intrigue took place.� Vulcan�s heart dropped, and he dropped in turn the craftsman�s work he held in his hand. Immediately he began to file thin links of bronze, for a net, a snare that would deceive the eye. The finest spun threads, those the spider spins from the rafters, would not better his work. He made it so it would cling to the smallest movement, the lightest touch, and then artfully placed it over the bed. When the wife and the adulterer had come together on the one couch, they were entangled together, surprised in the midst of their embraces, by the husband�s craft, and the new method of imprisonment he had prepared for them.

The Lemnian, Vulcan, immediately flung open the ivory doors, and let in the gods. There the two lay shamefully bound together, and one of the gods, undismayed, prayed that he might be shamed like that. And the gods laughed. And for a long time it was the best-known story in all the heavens.�

Ὁ ἥλιος ἀνακαλύπτει τὴν μετὰ τὸ Ἄρεως μοιχείαν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης· ἡ δὲ θεὰ ἐκδικεῖται, παρακινήσασα τὸν Ἥλιον ἵνα γίνῃ ἐραστὴς τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς θυγατρὸς τοῦ Ὀρχάμου. Ἡ Κλυτία, ἡ ἀγαπῶσα τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, μεταμορφοῦται εἰς τὸ αὐτὸς κι φυτὸν, κεκαμμένον πάντοτε πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου εἶναι ὁ Ἥλιος.

Ὅταν ἡ Ἀλκιθόη ἐτελείωσε τὴν ὁμιλίαν της, αἱ ἀδελφαί της ἔκαμαν κάποιαν ἐπανάληψιν τῶν Μύθων, καὶ ἔπειτα ἡ Λεύκοθόη ἄρχισε νὰ λαλῇ οὕτως· „Αὖ ὁ Πύραμος, καὶ ἡ Θίσβη ἐδοκίμασαν τὴν ὀργὴν „τοῦ ἔρωτος, δὲν ἔλειψε κὶ ὁ Ἥλιος, αὐτὸς ὁ ἐρασμιώ- „τατος Θεὸς, ὁ φωτίζων τὸν Κόσμον, νὰ τὴν δοκιμά- „σῃ ὁμοίως. Ἀκούσατε λοιπὸν τὰς ἐρωτάς του, καὶ τὴν „αἰτίαν αὐτῶν. Βλέπων αὐτὸς πρῶτος ὅλα τὰ γινό- „μενα εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ εἰς τὴν γῆν, εἶδε καὶ τὴν „μοιχείαν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης μὲ τὸν Ἄρην· μὴν ὑποφέ- „ροντας δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν καταφρόνησιν, ἀνήγγειλε τῷ ἀν- „δρί της Ἡφαίστῳ τὸν μὴ τοῦ Ἄρεως ἔρωτά της, δείχνον- „τάς του καὶ τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ὑπήγαιναν πρὸς αὐταμοι- „βήν. Εἰς τὸν Ἥφαιστον ἐπροξένησεν αὐτὴ ἡ εἴδησις „ὄχι ὀλίγην λύπην, ὥστε ἔπεσαν τὰ σφυρία ἀπὸ τὰς „χεῖράς του, καὶ τὸ τεκτονικὸν ἔργον, ἐν ᾧ τότε ἐνασχο- „λεῖτο. Ἐσκοπήθη λοιπὸν νὰ τοὺς πιάσῃ, καὶ κατα- „σκευάζει ἁλύσεις καὶ δίκτυα τοσοῦτον λεπτὰ, ὥστε „σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἀόρατα, ἐπειδὴ ὀμμάτια δὲν ἐδύναντο „νὰ τὰ ἴδῃν, κὶ τὸ νῆμα τῆς ἀράχνης εἶναι καταπολ- „λὰ χονδρὸν πρὸς σύγκρισιν ἐκείνων· πλὴν κατασκευ- „άζοντάς τα τόσον λεπτὰ, τὰς ἔδωκεν ἀρκετὴν δύναμιν, „κὶ μὲ αὐτὰ ἐπερικύκλωσεν ἐπιτηδειότατα τὴν κλίνην, „ὅπου ἤθελε νὰ θεατρίσῃ τὴν ἐντροπήν του, ἅμα δὲ κὶ „τὴν κακίαν τῆς γυναικός του. Καὶ οὕτως, ὅταν ἔπεσαν „ὁ Ἄρης καὶ ἡ Ἀφροδίτη εἰς τὸ κρεββάτι, εὑρέθη- „σαν πιασμένοι εἰς τὰ δίκτυα, τῶν ὁποίων ἐγνώ- „ρισαν τὴν ἐνέργειαν, πρὶν νὰ τὰ ἴδῃν μὲ τὰς ὀφθαλ-

μές των. Ὁ δὲ Ἥφαιστος ἐν πευκῇ λωδίκῃ τῆς δώρον τοῦ ποιητῶρος, ὅπου ἦχυντο δεδεμένοι, ἐμβάλλοντας ὅλους τοὺς Θεοὺς, διὰ νὰ ἰδῶσι τὰ ἀγναλίσματά των. Ἐντράπῃ λοιπὸν ὁ Ἄρης παρ' ὑπερβολῆς· ὅμως ἄλλος τις τῶν Θεῶν, ὅστις δὲν ἦτον ἀπὸ τοὺς πλέον αὐστηροὺς, ἐφθόνησεν αὐτῷ τῆς ἐντροπῆς, καὶ ἤθελε πῆν ἀγοράσῃ ἀσμένως μὲ τοιαύτην τιμῆν. Ὅλοι οἱ Θεοὶ ἐγέλασαν καταπολλὰ, διηγούμενοι διὰ πολὺν καιρὸν τῆς ὑπόθεσιν αὐτὴν πρὸς χαρεντισμὸν εἰς τὰ Οὐράνια. Ἡ Ἀφροδίτη ὅμως δὲν ἀλησμόνησε τὴν ὕβρησιν, ὅπου τῆς ἐκάμεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ἀλλ' ἀνέμενε καιρὸν νὰ τὸν ἐκδικήσῃ μὲ παρόμοιον ἐρῶτα. Τί σοι ὠφελεῖ τώρα, θεϊάσμιε Θεῖε Ἥλιε, νὰ εἶσαι ὁ ὡραιότερος τῶν Θεῶν; τὶ διάφορον ἔχεις ἀπὸ τὴν ἀσύγκριτον ἀραιότητά σου, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰς αἰωνίους ἀκτῖνας, ὅσαι σοῦ στεφανοῦν τὸν κεφαλὴν; Σύ, ὁ μὲ τὰς φλόγας σου δυνάμενος νὰ καύσῃς τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον, καίεσαι τώρα ἀπὸ νέαν φωτίαν. Σὺ δὲ, ὁ βλέπων κατὰ ἐξαίρεσιν ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, κοιτάζεις τώρα μόνον τὴν Λευκοθόην, καρφώνοντες πρὸς αὐτὴν τῆς Κόρης ἐκείνης τὴν ὄψιν· καὶ τὰ βλέμματα ἐκεῖνα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐξαποστέλλεις εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Πολλάκις ἀπουδάζεις περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ συνηθισμένον σου νὰ ἀνατέλλῃς, ἢ πολλάκις ἀργοπορεῖς νὰ δύσῃς, ἔχοντες μεγάλην ἐπιθυμίαν νὰ βλέπῃς τὸ ποθούμενόν σου, καὶ ὥστε ποιεῖς τὰς τοῦ χειμῶνος ἡμέρας μεγαλητέρας καὶ φορτινατέρας. Κάμμιον φορὰν ὁ ἔρως σου προξενεῖ ὀλιγοθυμίαν εἰς τὸν δρόμον σου, ἢ ἡ σύγχυσις ἡ πάσχα τὴν ψυχήν σου, μεταβαίνει συγκάμις εἰς τὸ φῶς σου, τὰ ὁποίου ὁ ξάφνου σκοτασμὸς φοβίζει ὅλον τὸν Κόσ-

190Exigit indicii memorem Cythereia poenam,
inque vices illum, tectos qui laesit amores,
laedit amore pari. Quid nunc, Hyperione nate,
forma colorque tibi radiataque lumina prosunt?
Nempe tuis omnes qui terras ignibus uris,
195ureris igne novo; quique omnia cernere debes,
Leucothoen spectas, et virgine figis in una,
quos mundo debes oculos. Modo surgis Eoo
temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,
spectandique mora brumales porrigis horas,
200deficis interdum, vitiumque in lumina mentis
transit et obscurus mortalia pectora terres.
Nec, tibi quod lunae terris propioris imago
obstiterit, palles: facit hunc amor iste colorem.
Diligis hanc unam; nec te Clymeneque Rhodosque
205nec tenet Aeaeae genetrix pulcherrima Circes,
quaeque tuos Clytie quamvis despecta petebat
concubitus ipsoque illo grave vulnus habebat
tempore: Leucothoe multarum oblivia fecit,
gentis odoriferae quam formosissima partu
210edidit Eurynome. Sed postquam filia crevit,
quam mater cunctas, tam matrem filia vicit.
Rexit Achaemenias urbes pater Orchamus, isque
septimus a prisco numeratur origine Belo.
the Sun's betrayal of her stolen joys,
and thought to torture him in passion's pains,
and wreak requital for the pain he caused.
Son of Hyperion! what avails thy light?
What is the profit of thy glowing heat?
Lo, thou whose flames have parched innumerous lands,
thyself art burning with another flame!
And thou whose orb should joy the universe
art gazing only on Leucothea's charms.
Thy glorious eye on one fair maid is fixed,
forgetting all besides. Too early thou
art rising from thy bed of orient skies,
too late thy setting in the western waves;
so taking time to gaze upon thy love,
thy frenzy lengthens out the wintry hour!
And often thou art darkened in eclipse,
dark shadows of this trouble in thy mind,
unwonted aspect, casting man perplexed
in abject terror. Pale thou art, though not
betwixt thee and the earth the shadowous moon
bedims thy devious way. Thy passion gives
to grief thy countenance—for her thy heart
alone is grieving—Clymene and Rhodos,
and Persa, mother of deluding Circe,
are all forgotten for thy doting hope;
even Clytie, who is yearning for thy love,
no more can charm thee; thou art so foredone.
Leucothea is the cause of many tears,
Leucothea, daughter of Eurynome,
most beauteous matron of Arabia's strand,
where spicey odours blow. Eurynome
in youthful prime excelled her mother's grace,
and, save her daughter, all excelled besides.
Leucothea's father, Orchamas was king
where Achaemenes whilom held the sway;
and Orchamas from ancient Belus' death
might count his reign the seventh in descent.
The dark-night pastures of Apollo's steeds
Leucono�s story: Venus�s revenge

�But Cytherea, remembering the informer, exacted punishment, and took revenge on him. He who harmed her secret affair, was equally harmed by love. Son of Hyperion, what use to you now, are beauty, lustre, and radiant light? Surely, you who make all countries burn with your fires, burn with a new fire. You, who should discern everything, contemplate Leucotho�, and your eyes, that ought to be fixed on the whole earth, are fixed on one virgin girl. Sometimes you rise too early in the dawn sky. Sometimes you sink too late into the waves. Thinking of her, you lengthen the winter hours. Sometimes you vanish, your mind�s defect affecting your light, and, obscured, terrify men�s hearts. It is not because the moon�s shadow, closer to the earth, eclipses you, that you fade. It is that love of yours that determines your aspect. You only love her.

�You forget Clymene, Phaethon�s mother, and the nymph Rhode, and Perse, the most beautiful mother of Aeaean Circe, and Clytie, although despised, seeks union with you, and, even now, suffers its deep wounds. Leucotho� makes you forget them all, she whom loveliest Eurynome gave birth to, among the people who produce sweet-smelling incense. But when the daughter grew to womanhood, she outshone her mother, as her mother surpassed all others. Her father Orchamus ruled the Achaemenian Cities of Persia, seventh in line from ancient Belus, the founder.�

ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 193

„ μου. Τὸ αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ὠχρότητος σου δεῖ εἶναι ἡ σε- „ λήνη, ἥτις πλησιάζουσα περισσότερον εἰς τὴν γῆν, „ νὰ ἐμποδίζῃ τὴν λάμψιν σου· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἔρως εἶναι ἐκεῖνος, „ ὅπου σὲ μεταβάλλει, καὶ σὲ παροξύνει αὐτὴν τὴν ὠ- „ χρότητα. Σὺ ἀγαπᾶς ἀλλοτε εἰμὴ μόνον τῶν παρόντων „ αὐτῶν, ἃ σὺ ἐνδυμεῖσαι πλέον ἔστε τὴν Κλυμένην, „ ἔστε τὴν Ῥόδον, ἔστε τὴν μητέρα τῆς Κίρκης. Σὺ „ ἔβλεψες πλέον τὴν Κλυτίαν, ἡ ὁποία σὲ παύει νὰ „ σὲ ἀγαπᾷ, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι τὴν κακοφορεῖς. Μόνη ἡ „ Λευκοθόη δύναται νὰ σὲ χαροποιῇ, ἐξαλείψασα „ ἀπὸ τὴν καρδίαν σου πᾶσαν ἄλλην ὡραιότητα·

Ἡ Λευκοθόη αὕτη, ὦ ἀδελφαί μου, ἦτον Θυγάτηρ τῆς ὡραιότητος Εὐρυνόμης, τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ ὑπερέ- βαινε τῇ τῆς ὁμορφίᾳ, καθὼς ἡ μήτηρ της ἔνικε ὅλας τὰς παρθένους· τῆς καιρὸς τῆς Ὀρχαμος, ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ζ'. Βασιλεὺς τῆς Περσίδος, ἦτου πα- τὴρ της· Λέγουν ὅταν τὰ ἅλογά του Ἡλίου ἐξενου- ράζοντο ἀπὸ τὸν δρόμον τῆς ἡμέρας, ἃ αὐτὰ χόρτον ἐτρέφοντο ἀμβροσίαν, εἰς τὰ δυτικὰ παραθαλάσσια, ἔλαβεν αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς τὴν μορφὴν Εὐρυνόμης, τῆς μη- τρὸς τῆς Λευκοθόης, ἃ ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα της, ὅπου τὴν εὗρεν, ἔχουσαν παρὰ αὐτὴν δώδεκα θερα- παντίδας, ἐναγχολεμένας εἰς τὸ γνέξειν, ἃ φιλώντας την ὡς μήτηρ της, εἶπε, λέγει, εἶ μυστικόν νὰ εἴπω τῆς κυρίας σης, ὅθεν ἀναχωρήσατε δὴ ὀλίγην ὥραν. Μόλις ἐκεῖναι ἔξω, ἃ ἰδὼν ὁ Ἥλιος, μείνα- ντας μοναχὸς μὲ αὐτήν, τῆς ἐφανέρωσε τὸ εἶναί του, ἃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, λέγοντάς της· ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ Θεός, ὅς τις μετρῶ τοὺς χρόνους· εἰμαι παντεπόπτης, καὶ δι'

αὐτῆς τῆς μεταμορφώσεώς της ἐρριζομένον εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ τὰ μέλη της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς φύλλα, τὸ δὲ πρόσωπόν της εἰς ἓν ἄνθος λεγόμενον Ἡλιοτρόπιον· Ὅμως, αὖ καὶ κρατῆται ἀπὸ τὴν ρίζαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, γυρεύει πάντο- τε πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου φαίνεται ὁ Ἥλιος, φυλάττουσα, καὶ μὲ τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν της, τὴν πρώτην ἀγάπην της πρὸς αὐτόν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Πρὶν ὁμιλήσω περὶ τῆς μεταμορφώσεως τῆς Αἰόλου τῆς, φαίνεται μοι εὔλογον νὰ εἴπω ὀλίγα τινὰ περὶ τῆς μοιχείας τοῦ Ἄρεος, καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἥλιος ἐσκέπασεν ἐμπρόσθεν παν- τός. Καὶ πρῶτον ἀναφέρομεν εἰς τὴν Ἀστρολογίαν τῶν μοι- χῶν ταύτην, καὶ τὴν Ἀποτελεσματικὴν τῶν μοι- χῶν, σημαίνει, ὅτι ὅσοι ἡνιοδῶσι τῇ τῆς συζυγίας τῇ πλάνῃ, δι- δόντα φύσει πόρνον, καὶ μοιχόν· εἰ δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος δὲν εἶναι μάκρυς, ἢ αὐτὸς ἐκκαλεῖ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν καιρόν· οἱ φρονέστεροι δὲ θέλουσι μέμβειν νὰ κρύπτωνται, καὶ θέλουσι δυστυχῶς πάντοτε διακεν- δυνεύονται. Ἔτι ἀνάγεται αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος καὶ εἰς τὴν Ἠθικήν, ἐπειδὴ οἱ πολεμάρχοι, καὶ εὐπόλεμοι ἄνδρες ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον κλίνουσιν εἰς ναι ἐρωτικοί, καὶ οἱ περισσότεροι εἶναι μοιχοί·

Ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Ἄρεος, καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἔχει καὶ φυσικὰ αἴτια· ὁ μὲν Ἄρης, ὡς πλάνης τοῦ πυρός, σημαίνει τὴν θερμότη- τα, ἡ δὲ Ἀφροδίτη, μίαν συγκερασμένην ὑγρότητα· καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν συσσωρευγνὴν τῶν δύο τούτων ποιοτήτων, αἱ ὁποῖαι παρακινοῦσι τοὺς ἀν- θρώπους εἰς ἔρωτα, γίνεται ἡ γέννησις.

Πλήν, αἱ καὶ οἱ Μῦθοι τῶν Θεῶν προσαρμόζονται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς φυσικὰ αἴτια· ὑποκείμως δὲ εἰς τὰ Ἠθικά, φαίνεται ὅμως ὅτι ὁ Ὅμηρος μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον παρακινεῖ τοὺς ἀν- θρώπους εἰς τὴν ἀκηδίαν καὶ περιφρόνησιν τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς εὐκόλως ἔχει τοῦ εἶναι νὰ παιδεύει τοὺς κακούς,

„ Οὐκ ἀρετῇ νικᾷ ἔργῳ· κιχάνει τοι βραδὺς ὠκύν, „ Ὡς ὁ χωλὸς Ἥφαιστος ἑῷ βραδὺς εἷλεν Ἄρηα, „ Ὠκύτατόν περ ἐόντα Θεῶν οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσι, „ Χωλὸς ἐών, τέχνῃσι τό μιν μοιχεύοντ' ὀφέλλει.

Δημώδ. ἐν τῇ τοῦ Ὁμήρου Ὀδυσ. θ'. 329.

Ἐπὶ τῆς κακῆς, καταφρονητῆς τῶν Νόμων, ὅσον δυνατόν, ὅσον δυνατώτερον, ἐχθρὸς καὶ τῶν εἶναι, ἡ ἀργὴ τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἥτις δύναται να ἀφθάνῃ πρόσθεν· ἡ τιμωρητικὴ ἀργά, θέλει σὲ φθάσει, ὡς καὶ ὁ Ἥφαιστος, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι χωλὸς καὶ βραδύτερος ἐπὶ τῶν θεῶν, ἔπιασε μὲ τὰ δίκτυα τὸν τοῦ Ἄρεος, τὸν πάντων βιαιότερον καὶ δυσκατέργαστον.

Ἀλλ' ἄφες μοι συγχώρησαι να λαλήσω, ἢ νὰ ἐπῶ μᾶλλον τὸν Ὅμηρον ἢ ἐγὼ τὸν νοῦ μου μᾶς, λέγω ὅτι ὁ Μήδειος ἱστορεῖται τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς ψῆς νὰ μέλει αἰκάσσειν ἐκείνης, αἵτινες δύνανται νὰ ἐκδειχθῶσιν ὅτι εἶναι ἐπικίνδυνον νὰ χρῶνται τῆς τοῦ αἰμιδίου τῆς ἄλλου, παρὰ τὰ τῆς θείας· καὶ φόρα φυσερῶν τὸ πάθων, ἰδιῶσι νὰ θαυμάσῃ, ἢ φανερώνοντας τὸ θέλει διορθώσῃ ὁ ποιητῆς· ἡ παλλακίσσου θέλει ὁρισθῆ καίμεταί τινὲς ὠφέλεια. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ἂν καὶ θέλε κάμῃ χρέος τοῦ αὐτὴν τῆς θαυμασμῆς, ἀεὶ καὶ θέλει βιάσῃ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην νὰ ἐκδιδόσῃ τῇ καταφρονήσου, ὅπου τὸν ἔκαμεν, ἐμπνέουσα εἰς αὐτὸν ἕνα ἔρωτα, ὑπὸ τοῦ ὁποίου ἔλαβε πρωτύτερον θλίψιν παρὰ ὑπόλαυσιν.

Πλὴν δὲ τῆς Ἀσκληπίας, ἢ τῆς ὁποίας ἐγνωρίζετο τὸ δένδρον, ὅπου κατέκοπτον τοῦ, ἢ διὰ ἐπιγνώσθη ὅτι ἢ αὐτὴ ἐφθάρθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος ἀπὸ τὰ αὐτὰ αἰτία, ὅσα πρόσθεν εἴρηνται τῆς φύλλης, ἐπειδὴ ἡ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον περισσώμει

Book IV · LEUCOTHEA AND CLYTIE

LEUCOTHEA AND CLYTIE

Axe sub Hesperio sunt pascua Solis equorum.
215Ambrosiam pro gramine habent: ea fessa diurnis
membra ministeriis nutrit reparatque labori.
Dumque ibi quadrupedes caelestia pabula carpunt,
noxque vicem peragit, thalamos deus intrat amatos,
versus in Eurynomes faciem genetricis, et inter
220bis sex Leucothoen famulas ad lumina cernit
levia versato ducentem stamina fuso.
Ergo ubi ceu mater carae dedit oscula natae,
“res” ait “arcana est. Famulae, discedite neve
eripite arbitrium matri secreta loquendi.”
225Paruerant: thalamoque deus sine teste relicto
“ille ego sum” dixit, “qui longum metior annum,
omnia qui video, per quem videt omnia tellus,
mundi oculus. Mihi, crede, places.” Pavet illa, metuque
et colus et fusus digitis cecidere remissis.
230Ipse timor decuit. Nec longius ille moratus
in veram rediit speciem solitumque nitorem:
at virgo, quamvis inopino territa visu,
victa nitore dei posita vim passa querella est.
Invidit Clytie (neque enim moderatus in illa
235Solis amor fuerat), stimulataque paelicis ira
vulgat adulterium diffamatumque parenti
indicat. Ille ferox inmansuetusque precantem
tendentemque manus ad lumina Solis et “ille
vim tulit invitae” dicentem defodit alta
240crudus humo, tumulumque super gravis addit harenae.
Dissipat hunc radiis Hyperione natus iterque
dat tibi, qua possis defossos promere vultus.
Nec tu iam poteras enectum pondere terrae
tollere, nympha, caput corpusque exsangue iacebas.
245Nil illo fertur volucrum moderator equorum
post Phaethonteos vidisse dolentius ignes.
Ille quidem gelidos radiorum viribus artus
si queat in vivum temptat revocare calorem:
sed quoniam tantis fatum conatibus obstat,
250nectare odorato sparsit corpusque locumque,
multaque praequestus “tanges tamen aethera” dixit.
Protinus inbutum caelesti nectare corpus
dilicuit terramque suo madefecit odore:
virgaque per glaebas sensim radicibus actis
255turea surrexit tumulumque cacumine rupit.
are hid below the western skies; when there,
and spent with toil, in lieu of nibbling herbs
they take ambrosial food: it gives their limbs
restoring strength and nourishes anew.
Now while these coursers eat celestial food
and Night resumes his reign, the god appears
disguised, unguessed, as old Eurynome
to fair Leucothea as she draws the threads,
all smoothly twisted from her spindle. There
she sits with twice six hand-maids ranged around,
and as the god beholds her at the door
he kisses her, as if a child beloved
and he her mother. And he spoke to her:
“Let thy twelve hand-maids leave us undisturbed,
for I have things of close import to tell,
and seemly, from a mother to her child.”,
so when they all withdrew the god began,
“Lo, I am he who measures the long year;
I see all things, and through me the wide world
may see all things; I am the glowing eye
of the broad universe! Thou art to me
the glory of the earth!” Filled with alarm,
from her relaxed fingers she let fall
the distaff and the spindle, but, her fear
so lovely in her beauty seemed, the God
no longer brooked delay: he changed his form
back to his wonted beauty and resumed
his bright celestial. Startled at the sight
the maid recoiled a space; but presently
the glory of the god inspired her love;
and all her timid doubts dissolved away;
without complaint she melted in his arms.
So ardently the bright Apollo loved,
that Clytie, envious of Leucothea's joy,
where evil none was known, a scandal made;
and having published wide their secret love,
leucothea's father also heard the tale.
Relentlessly and fierce, his cruel hand
buried his living daughter in the ground,
who, while her arms implored the glowing Sun,
complained. “For love of thee my life is lost.”
And as she wailed her father sowed her there.
Hyperion's Son began with piercing heat
to scatter the loose sand, a way to open,
that she might look with beauteous features forth
too late! for smothered by the compact earth,
thou canst not lift thy drooping head; alas!
A lifeless corse remains.
No sadder sight
since Phaethon was blasted by the bolt,
down-hurled by Jove, had ever grieved the God
who daily drives his winged steeds. In vain
he strives with all the magic of his rays
to warm her limbs anew. — The deed is done—
what vantage gives his might if fate deny?
He sprinkles fragrant nectar on her grave,
and lifeless corse, and as he wails exclaims,
“But naught shall hinder you to reach the skies.”
At once the maiden's body, steeped in dews
of nectar, sweet and odourate, dissolves
and adds its fragrant juices to the earth:
slowly from this a sprout of Frankincense
takes root in riched soil, and bursting through
the sandy hillock shows its top.
No more
to Clytie comes the author of sweet light,
for though her love might make excuse of grief,
and grief may plead to pardon jealous words,
The transformation of Leucotho�

�Under western skies are the fields of the horses of the Sun: they have ambrosia to crop not grass. It nourishes their weary legs after the day�s work, and refreshes them for their labours. While his horses browse on celestial food and while night carries out her role, the god enters his loved one�s room, taking on the shape of her mother, Eurynome. There he finds Leucotho� in the lamplight, amongst her twelve maids, drawing out fine threads, winding them on her spindle. So he gives her a kiss, just as a mother her dear daughter, and says �This is secret: servants, depart, and don�t rob a mother of the power to speak in private.� They obey, and when there are no witnesses left in the room, the god speaks.

�Who measures the long year, I am he. I see all things, earth sees all things by me, I, the world�s eye. Trust me, you please me.� She is afraid, and, in her fear, distaff and spindle fall from her lifeless fingers. Her fear enhances her, and he, waiting no longer, resumes his true form, and his accustomed brightness. And, though the girl is alarmed by this sudden vision, overwhelmed by his brightness, suppressing all complaint, she submits to the assault of the god.

�Clytie was jealous (there were no bounds to her love for Sol), and goaded by anger at her rival, she broadcast the adultery, and maligning the girl, betrayed her to her father. He in his pride and savagery, buried her deep in the earth, she praying, stretching her hands out towards Sol�s light, crying �He forced me, against my will�, and he piled a heavy mound of sand over her.

�Poor nymph, Hyperion�s son dispersed this with shafts of light, and gave you a way to show your buried face, but you could not lift your head, crushed by the weight of earth, and lay there, a pale corpse. They say the god of the winged horses had seen nothing more bitter than this, since Phaethon�s fiery death. He tried to see if he could recall life to those frozen limbs, with his powerful rays. But since fate opposed such efforts, he sprinkled the earth, and the body itself, with fragrant nectar, and, after much lamenting, said �You will still touch the air�. Immediately the body, soaked through with heavenly nectar, dissolved, steeping the earth in its perfume. Tentatively, putting out roots, the shoot of a tree, resinous with incense, grew through the soil, and pierced the summit of the mound.

198

Καὶ ὅπως, χιζόντες τὸ αἷδος αὐτό, ἀνείσκωψα μιᾶς ὕψης, ὥστε κόμμι, ἡ ὁποία ἐκχέεσθαι, παρομοιάζεσθαι τῷ τὸ Συμπλήμματα.

Ἐμάθα πρὸς τὰ τοῦτο ὑπ᾽ ἐμὲ φίλον με, ἄνθρωπον πεπαιδευμένον, ὅστις περιελθὼν ὅλως τῷ Ἀνατολῇ, ὡς περιόχοντας οἱ Φιλόσοφοι εἶναι νὰ μάθεν Ὑπείμακε, ἢ νὰ γνωρίσουν τῆ Φύσης, ὅτι τὸ Ἡλιοφάνειον, φυσιώμενον πλησίον εἰς τὰ λιβανόφορα δένδρα, τὰ ξηραίνει, ὡς ἐὰν ἔπεφτε ξηρασία εἰς ἐκεῖνο εὐθύς. Στοχάσθησε λοιπὸν πόσον εἶναι πιθανὸν ὅτι ἡ φύσις ἢ διὰ τῶν φυτῶν νὰ ἔδωσεν ἀφθορίαν τῇ Μύρρᾳ.

Παραδέχεται εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μῦθον ἡ φύσις τοῦ Ἡλιοτροπίου φυ- τοῦ, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι καὶ τις πολύτιμος λίθος, φέρων τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα, ἔχων τινὰ αἱματώδεις φλέβας, ὁ ὁποῖος, ἐὰν βληθῇ εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ, βάλλει ἐρυθρὰς ὡς τὸ αἷμα τὰς ἀκτῖνας τοῦ Ἡλίου· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκτὸς ὑπὸ τὸ ὕ- δωρ, παρίστησι τὸν Ἥλιον, ὡς κάθρεφτις, ὡς δείχνῃ εὐσαφῶς ἐπὶ ἐκλείψεως του. Αὐτὸ λοιπὸν τὸ φυτόν, λέγει ὁ Μῦθος, ἔχει τοσούτην ἀγάπην εἰς τὸν Ἥλιον, ὥστε πάντοτε γυρεύει πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου ἐκεῖνος εἶναι, ὡς ὅταν δὲν λάμπῃ, εὑρίσκῃ ὁμόλογον ὑπὸ τὰ σύννεφα τῷ τὲ μύρῳ πλέκεται, ἢ κρύπτει τὸ ἄνθος της, λυπού- μενον πάντα διὰ τὴν ἀπουσίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης της· Τὰ Ἡλιοτρόπια εἶναι πολλῶν εἰδῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐδῶ φαίνεται ὅτι ὁμιλεῖται εἰς εἶδος μεγάλων ἡλιοτροπίων. Ἄν ἐνθυμᾶται εἶναι ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος κατέλειπε τὴν Κλυτίην, διὰ νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ τὴν Λευκοθέαν, ἤ τις λέγει ἡ ἱστορία αὐτὴ τοῦ Ἀπολ- λωνίου, καὶ ὑποκείμενοι, κατὰ τὸ γράψιμον ὡς ἄλλων τινῶν ἐξηγητῶν, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἀφίστερον τὸ φυτὸ, ὅταν εἰς μεγάλην ἀγάπην ἔπε- σε λοιπὸν Λευκοθέα· Τὸ νὰ ἀποδεχθῇ ὅτι ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἶναι πολ- λάκις ἀφορμὴ μεγάλων κακῶν, καὶ ὅτι ὁ ἔρως εἶναι ἔτι χει- ρότερος· ἄρχομα δὲ εἰς τὸ παρακάτω ὁ ἔρως τοῦ φυτοῦ, τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ εἰς ἀνέκπτον του, ἢ γὰρ ἄλλο ἀποδίδει ἐν ὕδος τῆς ταπεινώσεως, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐρευνήσομεν νὰ ἀγαπᾷ.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. Η'. Θ'. Ι'. καὶ ΙΑ'.

Περὶ τοῦ Δαφνίδος· τῆς Σκύλλης· τοῦ Κήρυκος· καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος· καὶ τῆς Σαλμακίδος.

Ἡ Ἀλκιθόη διηγεῖτο τὸ αὐτῷ εἰς ἄλληλα πράγματα περασμένα Μύθους πρὸς τὰς ἀδελφὰς της· διὰ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ Δαφνίδος τοῦ εἰς πέτραν μεταβληθέντος ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐφύλαξε τὰ πρόσταγμα τοῦ Κηρύκου· καὶ τῆς Σκύλλης· ἐξ ἧς ἤμουν ποτὲ μὲν ἄνθρωπος· ἐκ δὲ γυναικὸς καὶ Κήρυκος ἤτον ποτὲ μὲν ἄνθρωπος· ἐξ ἧς μετεβλήθη εἰς ὄφιν ἡ Σμίλαξ· καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων πτηνῶν μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς ἀδιάντην· καὶ περὶ τοῦ διηγήματος ὑπόδειγμα τοῦ Μύθου τῆς Σαλμακίδος· καὶ τοῦ Ἑρμαφροδίτου.

Ἀφοῦ ἡ Λευκονόη ἐπεράτωσε τὴν ὁμιλίαν της· καὶ ἤκουσαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τὸ θαυμάσιον ἐκεῖνα συμβάντα· αἱ μὲν ἔλεγον ὅτι ἦσαν ἀδύνατα· αἱ δὲ ὅτι οἱ Θεοὶ ἐδύναντο νὰ κάμουν πᾶν πράγμα· ὡς παντοδύναμοι· ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐσυμφώνουν νὰ ἦτον ὁ Βάκχος εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν Θεῶν. Ὡς πόσον αἱ ἀδελφαὶ τῆς Ἀλ-

μίδος, ἡ ὁποία δὲ εἶχε διηγηθῆ πρότερον, τὸν ὑπολείψωσαν νὰ εἴπῃ τὸ αὐτὸ ἀσέβιόν τινα Μῦθον. Ἐγὼ δὲ θέλω σᾶς διηγηθῆ, ἀπεκρίθη ἐκείνη, τὸ συμβὲν τῇ Ῥόδῳ Δαφνίδος, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ ὀργὴ μίας Νύμφης, παρ' αὐτοῦ καταφρονεμένης διὰ νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ ἄλλην, μετέβαλε εἰς πέτραν· πόσην δύναμιν ἔχουσιν ἡ λύπη καὶ ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἰς τὰς καταφρονεμένας ἐραστάς· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς ὁμιλήσει διὰ τὸν Σίφωνα, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον μήτε αὐτὴ ἡ φύσις δὲν ἤξευρε νὰ εἴπῃ τὶ ἦτον, ἐπειδὴ διὰ μέσου μετεβάλλετο, ὥστε συνέβαινεν εἰς αὐτὸν κατὰ καιρόν, ποτὲ μὲν ἦτον ἀνήρ, ποτὲ δὲ γυνή· ἔτι πάλιν διὰ τὸν Κήλιον, τὸν ποτὲ μὲν πρόσφιλον καὶ φίλον τοῦ Διός, τώρα δὲ ἀδάμαντα· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς προβάλῃ τὰ συμβάντα τῆς Κερκώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς βροχῆς· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς παραθέσει τὸν Κρόκον, καὶ Σμίλακα, οἱ ὁποῖοι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς λουλούδια αὐτῆς· ἀλλὰ θέλω ἐπιμεληθῆ νὰ σᾶς χαροποιήσω μὲ ἓν νέον καὶ ἀρεστὸν διήγημα, ἄξιον τῆς προσοχῆς σας. Γνωστόν σας εἶναι βέβαια, ὅτι ἡ κρήνη τῆς Σαλμακίδος εἶναι ἄτιμος, καὶ γυναικώνει τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲ τὰ νερά της· ἀλλ' ἴσως δὲν ἤξευρετε τὸ πῶς αἴτιον, ἂν καὶ δὲ ἡ δύναμίς της εἶναι γνωστὴ εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Αἱ Ναϊάδες μίαν φορὰν ἀνέθρεψαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια τῆς Ἴδης τὸ βρέφος, γεννηθὲν ἀπὸ τὸν Ἑρμῆν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, τὸ ὁποῖον ὡς κατάπολλὰ εὔμορφον, ἐδείκνυε εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν του τὴν ὡραιότητα, καὶ τὰς χάριτας τῶν Γονέων του· ὅθεν τοῦ ἔδωσαν τὸ σύνθετον ὄνομα, διὰ τοὺς χαρακτῆρας, ὅπου εἶχε καὶ τῶν δύο, δηλαδὴ τὸν ὠνόμασαν Ἑρμαφρόδιτον. Μόλις ἔφθασεν εἰς ἡλικίαν δε

At Clytien, quamvis amor excusare dolorem,
indiciumque dolor poterat, non amplius auctor
lucis adit venerisque modum sibi fecit in illa.
Tabuit ex illo dementer amoribus usa
260nympha larum inpatiens, et sub Iove nocte dieque
sedit humo nuda, nudis incompta capillis,
perque novem luces expers undaeque cibique
rore mero lacrimisque suis ieiunia pavit
nec se movit humo: tantum spectabat euntis
265ora dei vultusque suos flectebat ad illum.
Membra ferunt haesisse solo, partemque coloris
luridus exsangues pallor convertit in herbas;
est in parte rubor, violaeque simillimus ora
flos tegit. Illa suum, quamvis radice tenetur,
270vertitur ad Solem, mutataque servat amorem.”
Dixerat, et factum mirabile ceperat aures.
Pars fieri potuisse negant, pars omnia veros
posse deos memorant: sed non et Bacchus in illis.
his heart disdains the schemist of his woe;
and she who turned to sour the sweet of love,
from that unhallowed moment pined away.
Envious and hating all her sister Nymphs,
day after day,—and through the lonely nights,
all unprotected from the chilly breeze,
her hair dishevelled, tangled, unadorned,
she sat unmoved upon the bare hard ground.
Nine days the Nymph was nourished by the dews,
or haply by her own tears' bitter brine;—
all other nourishment was naught to her.—
She never raised herself from the bare ground,
though on the god her gaze was ever fixed;—
she turned her features towards him as he moved:
they say that afterwhile her limbs took root
and fastened to the around.
A pearly white
overspread her countenance, that turned as pale
and bloodless as the dead; but here and there
a blushing tinge resolved in violet tint;
and something like the blossom of that name
a flower concealed her face. Although a root
now holds her fast to earth, the Heliotrope
turns ever to the Sun, as if to prove
that all may change and love through all remain.
Thus was the story ended. All were charmed
to hear recounted such mysterious deeds.
While some were doubting whether such were true
others affirmed that to the living Gods
Clytie is transformed into the heliotrope

�The god of light no longer visited Clytie, nor found anything to love in her, even though love might have been an excuse for her pain, and her pain for her betrayal. She wasted away, deranged by her experience of love. Impatient of the nymphs, night and day, under the open sky, she sat dishevelled, bareheaded, on the bare earth. Without food or water, fasting, for nine days, she lived only on dew and tears, and did not stir from the ground. She only gazed at the god�s aspect as he passed, and turned her face towards him. They say that her limbs clung to the soil, and that her ghastly pallor changed part of her appearance to that of a bloodless plant: but part was reddened, and a flower like a violet hid her face. She turns, always, towards the sun, though her roots hold her fast, and, altered, loves unaltered.�

She finished speaking: the wonderful tale had charmed their ears. Part of them denies it could have happened, part says that the true gods can do anything. Though Bacchus is not one of those.

ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 201

„ γῶν, ἀφῆτε τὰ βουνὰ, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ηὐξήθη, ἠθέ- „ λησε νὰ λοῦη ξένους τόπους, καὶ ἀγνωρίστους ποτα- „ μὲς· ὅθεν ἐξῆχε πανταχῆ, ἡ ἡ ἔφεσις, ὅπως εἶχον „ εἰς τὸ νὰ περιφέρεται, τὸ ἐσμίκρυνε τὸν κόπον. Εἶδε „ λοιπὸν ἤδη πλὴ πλησίον πόλεις τῆς Λυκίας, ἢ Κα- „ ρίας, ὅτι εὑρῆκε νάμα εὐγλυκὸ ἐσωματισμένον εἰς μίαν βρύ- „ σιν, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ ὕδατα ἦσαν τόσον καθαρὰ, ὥστε „ ἐφαίνετο ἐν διυλίᾳ ἡ λάμνος. Δεν εἶχε ζύγυρω της „ κανένα φράγμα, οὔτε νὰ πλὴ θολάσση, ἢ παλά- „ μια, ἔτε ἄλλα χόρτα, ἀλλὰ μόνον μίαν φρασινά- „ δα, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἥλιος ποτὲ δὲν ἐξέμραινεν. Εἰς „ αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσην ἐσύνηθες μία Νύμφη νὰ ἔρχε- „ ται, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἐγυμνάζη ποτὲ εἰς κυνήγιον, ἔτε „ εἰς τόξιμον, ἢ πόξαν, κι μεταξὺ τῶν Νηϊάδων, αὐ- „ τὴ μόνη ἦτον πάντα ἀγνωρίστος εἰς τὴν Ἄρτεμιν· „ ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Σαλμακίς. Ταύτης, λέγεσι, νὰ ἐπε- „ θύμησαν πολλάκις αἱ ἀδελφαὶ της νὰ μεταχειρίζεται „ ἢ κοντάρι, ἢ τόξον, καὶ διὰ νὰ ζήση πλέον εὔφρό- „ νισον ζωὴν, νὰ ἤθελε διαμορφώσην τὸν καιρὸν της εἰς „ τρόπον, ὥστε ποτὲ μὲν νὰ ἀναπαύεται ἐν ἠσυχίᾳ, πο- „ τὲ δὲ νὰ κοπιάζη, κι νὰ γυμνάζεται μὲ τὸ κυνήγιον. „ Ὅμως αὐτὴ διέμενεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν σκηνείαν, κι „ ποτὲ μὲν ἐλούζετο εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσην, ἄλλοτε δὲ „ ἐντευξίζετο, κι πολλάκις ἐμεταχειρίζετο τὰ νερὰ αὐ- „ τῆ καθρέπτη, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ ὁποῖον σχῆμα ἦτον τὸ ἁρ- „ μοδιώτερον, διὰ νὰ φαίνεται ὡραιοτέρα. Ἐνδύετο ἐ- „ νίοτε ἐλαφρὸν καὶ διαφανὲς φόρεμα, καὶ ἐπλάγιαζον „ ἔσπανω εἰς φύλλα, ἢ χόρτα, ἡ δὲ συνηθισμένη της „ γύμναστις, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν ὁ μεγαλήτερος πόθος της, „ ἦτον τὸ νὰ εὐδολογῆ. Ὅταν τὸ πρῶτον εἶδε τὸν Ἑρ- „ μαφρόδιτον κατεγίνετο εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἄσκησιν, καὶ „ ὅρε-

ὀργανισμένῃ αὐτοῦ, ἐπεθύμησε νὰ τὸν ἀπολαύσῃ. Ὦ ποσον μέ ὅλον ὅτι ἐσπούδη δι' αὐτὸν, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ πλησιάσῃ χωρεὶς νὰ ἐπλυσθῇ, νὰ παρατηρήσῃ ἂν τὸ φόρεμά της ἦτον εὐάρμοστον, ἢ νὰ φτιάσῃ τὸ πρόσω- πόν της, διὰ νὰ φανῇ ὡραιότερα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῦ ἐλάλησεν οὕτως· Ὦ παιδίον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, ἄξιον νὰ σέ νομίζῃ πᾶς τις Θεόν, ἐὰν εἴσαι Θεός, μὲ φαί- νεσαι ὁ Ἔρως· ἐὰν δὲ πάλιν εἴσαι Θνητός, μακά- ριοι οἱ γεννήτορές σου, οἱ γεννήσαντές σου τοσοῦτον ὡ- ραῖον· μακαρία δέ μου ἡ ἀδελφή σου, ἡ ἔχουσα τοῦ- τον χαριτωμένον ἀδελφόν, μυριάκις δὲ μακαριωτέρα ἐκείνη, ἡ ὁποῖα τὴν σήμερον εὑρὲ μνηστή σε, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι εἴσαι δεδεμένος εἰς σύνδεσμον γάμου. Ἂν ἡ τύ- χη σὲ ἐχθείρισεν εἰς κάμμιαν Νύμφην, σὲ παρακα- λῶ νὰ θελήσῃς νὰ τῆς κλέψῃ διὰ ὀλίγην ὥραν τὸν ἔρωτά σου, ἢ διὰ τὸν ὑδονᾶς του· εἰδὲ καὶ εἴσαι ἔτι ἀσύζυγος, στέρξον νὰ γίνω ἐγὼ γυναίκά σου, καὶ ἀ- πὸ τὴν σήμερον νὰ ἔχωμεν μίαν ζυγήλαν καὶ μίαν κλίνην. Δὲν εἶπεν ἡ Νύμφη περισσότερα· ὁ δὲ νέος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ ἔρως ἦτον ἄγνωστος, ἐρυθρία- σε διὰ τὸ ἐλεύθερον τῆς ὁμιλίας της· ἀλλ' ἡ εὐτροπή, ὁποῦ τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ ἐρυθριάσῃ, ἐπρόσθησε νέαν ὡραιό- τητα εἰς τὰς φυσικάς του· ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἔλα- βε τὴν βαφὴν ἑνὸς κοκκίνου μήλου, ἢ τοῦ κοκκινο- βαμμένου ἐλέφαντος, ἢ τῆς σελήνης ὅταν ἀρχίνα νὰ ἐκλείπῃ. Ἡ Νύμφη ὅμως τὸν βιάζει περισσότε- ρον, καὶ τοῦ ζητεῖ φιλήματα, τουλάχιστον ὡς ἐκεῖνα, ὁποῦ ἤθελε δώσῃ μίας ἀδελφῆς του· ἀπλώνουσα δὲ τὰς χεῖρας διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀγκαλιάσῃ, ἄφησέ με, λέγει της ἐ- κεῖνος, ἢ θέλεις μὲ ἀναγκάσῃς νὰ σὲ ἀφήσω ἐγὼ,

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'.

„φοβερωτέρη μὴ τὸν χάσῃ, ἐφ᾽ ὧ ἤλπιζε νὰ τὸν ἀπολαύ- „σῃ, ὅθι ἔχει, τοῦ λέγει, σοῦ ἀφίνω αὐτοὺς τοὺς τό- „πους, καὶ χαίρου νὰς μὲ πᾶσαν ἐλευθερίαν· καὶ ὕστε „ἀπροσποιήθη ὅτι ἀληθινὰ ἀνεχώρησεν· ἀλλὰ μόνον „ἐκρύβη ὀπίσω εἰς τινὰς βάτους, μὲ τρόπον ὥστε νὰ „τὸν βλέπῃ μὲ ἀνοκλίας, ἢ αὐτὴ νὰ μὴ φαίνεται. Τότε „ὁ νέος, νομίζων νὰ εἶναι ἐλεύθερος, ἢ νὰ μὴ τὸν βλέ- „πῃ τινὰς, περιέρχεται τῇδε κἀκεῖσε, περιεργάζεται „τὴν βρύσιν, βάνει τὸ ποδάρι τοῦ εἰς τὸ νερόν, τὸ „ὁποῖον ἐφαίνετο ὅτι πλησιάζει, ὡς διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀσπα- „σθῇ· καὶ διὰ τὴν καθαρότητα τῆς βρύσεως, ἐπιθυμῶντας „νὰ λουσθῇ, ἐξεγυμνώθη ὅλος, καὶ ἡ Σαλμακὶς βλέπουσα „αὐτὸν τόσον ὡραῖον, ἐφλογίσθη ἀπὸ νέον πόθον νὰ τὸν „ἀπολαύσῃ, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο τὰ ὀμμάτια της ὡς φλόγα, ἢ „ὡς καθρέπτης ἐξεικονίζων τὸν Ἥλιον. Μετὰ βίας δύ- „ναται νὰ ἀργοπορήσῃ περισσότερον, καὶ νὰ ἀναβάλλῃ „πλέον, τὴν ἀπολαύσιν· φλογίζεται νὰ τὸν ἀγκαλιά- „σῃ, καὶ δὲν δύναται πλέον νὰ βαστάσῃ τὸ πάθος „της· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ νέος μόλις ἤκουσεν ὅτι ἐκείνη τὸν ἐγ- „γίζει, ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ ἐφαίνετο μέσα „εἰς τὴν βρύσιν ὡς εἴδωλόν τι ἐλεφάντινον, ἢ ὡς ἄν- „θος κρίνου μέσα εἰς διαυγὲς γυαλί. Ὅτι ἡ νίκη πλέ- „ον εἶναι, ἐκείνη τοῦ λέγει, ἐγώ σε ἐνίκησα, καὶ δὲν „ἡμπορεῖς πλέον νὰ ἐναντιωθῇς νὰ μὴ σὲ ἀπολαύσω· καὶ „εὐθὺς, καθὼς ἦτον γυμνὴ ῥίπτεται εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ „ἀγκαλίζεται τὸν Ἑρμαφρόδιτον, ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς ἐναν- „τιώνεται μὲ ὅλην τὴν του δύναμιν· ἀλλὰ μὲ ὅλον „ὅτι ὁ νέος οὕτως ἀγωνίζεται, αὐτὴ τὸν ἀσπάζεται „ἢ χωρὶς ἐκεῖνος νὰ θέλῃ, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ ἀντασπάζεται· „τὸν λούει

Poscitur Alcithoe, postquam siluere sorores.
275Quae radio stantis percurrens stamina telae
“vulgatos taceo” dixit “pastoris amores
Daphnidis Idaei, quem nymphe paelicis ira
contulit in saxum (tantus dolor urit amantes).
Nec loquor, ut quondam naturae iure novato
280ambiguus fuerit modo vir, modo femina Sithon.
Te quoque, nunc adamas, quondam fidissime parvo,
Celmi, Iovi, largoque satos Curetas ab imbri
et Crocon in parvos versum cum Smilace flores
praetereo, dulcique animos novitate tenebo.
285Unde sit infamis, quare male fortibus undis
Salmacis enervet tactosque remolliat artus,
discite. Causa latet, vis est notissima fontis.
Mercurio puerum diva Cythereide natum
naides Idaeis enutrivere sub antris;
290cuius erat facies, in qua materque paterque
cognosci possent; nomen quoque traxit ab illis.
Is tria cum primum fecit quinquennia, montes
deseruit patrios, Idaque altrice relicta
ignotis errare locis, ignota videre
295flumina gaudebat, studio minuente laborem.
Ille etiam Lycias urbes Lyciaeque propinquos
Caras adit. Videt hic stagnum lucentis ad imum
usque solum lymphae. Non illic canna palustris
nec steriles ulvae nec acuta cuspide iunci:
300perspicuus liquor est; stagni tamen ultima vivo
caespite cinguntur semperque virentibus herbis.
Nympha colit, sed nec venatibus apta, nec arcus
flectere quae soleat nec quae contendere cursu,
solaque naiadum celeri non nota Dianae.
305Saepe suas illi fama est dixisse sorores:
“Salmaci, vel iaculum vel pictas sume pharetras,
et tua cum duris venatibus otia misce.”
Nec iaculum sumit nec pictas illa pharetras,
nec sua cum duris venatibus otia miscet,
310sed modo fonte suo formosos perluit artus,
saepe Cytoriaco deducit pectine crines
et, quid se deceat, spectatas consulit undas;
nunc perlucenti circumdata corpus amictu
mollibus aut foliis aut mollibus incubat herbis;
315saepe legit flores. Et tunc quoque forte legebat,
cum puerum vidit visumque optavit habere.
is nothing to restrain their wondrous works,
though surely of the Gods, immortal, none
accorded Bacchus even thought or place.
When all had made an end of argument,
they bade Alcithoe take up the word:
she, busily working on the pendent web,
still shot the shuttle through the warp and said;
“The amours of the shepherd Daphnis, known
to many of you, I shall not relate;
the shepherd Daphnis of Mount Ida, who
was turned to stone obdurate, for the Nymph
whose love he slighted—so the rivalry
of love neglected rouses to revenge:
neither shall I relate the story told
of Scython, double-sexed, who first was man,
then altered to a woman: so I pass
the tale of Celmus turned to adamant,
who reared almighty Jove from tender youth:
so, likewise the Curetes whom the rain
brought forth to life: Smilax and Crocus, too,
transpeciated into little flowers:
all these I pass to tell a novel tale,
which haply may resolve in pleasant thoughts.
Learn how the fountain, Salmacis, became
so infamous; learn how it enervates
and softens the limbs of those who chance to bathe.
Although the fountain's properties are known,
the cause is yet unknown. The Naiads nursed
an infant son of Hermes, surely his
of Aphrodite gotten in the caves
of Ida, for the child resembled both
the god and goddess, and his name was theirs.
The years passed by, and when the boy had reached
the limit of three lustrums, he forsook
his native mountains; for he loved to roam
through unimagined places, by the banks
of undiscovered rivers; and the joy
of finding wonders made his labour light.
Leaving Mount Ida, where his youth was spent,
he reached the land of Lycia, and from thence
the verge of Caria, where a pretty pool
of soft translucent water may be seen,
so clear the glistening bottom glads the eye:
no barren sedge, no fenny reeds annoy,
no rushes with their sharpened arrow-points,
but all around the edges of that pool
the softest grass engirdles with its green.
A Nymph dwells there, unsuited to the chase,
unskilled to bend the bow, slothful of foot,
the only Naiad in the world unknown
to rapid-running Dian. Whensoever
her Naiad sisters pled in winged words,
“Take up the javelin, sister Salmacis,
take up the painted quiver and unite
your leisure with the action of the chase;”
she only scorned the javelin and the quiver,
nor joined her leisure to the active chase.
Rather she bathes her smooth and shapely limbs;
or combs her tresses with a boxwood comb,
Citorian; or looking in the pool
consults the glassed waters of effects
increasing beauty; or she decks herself
in gauzy raiment, and reposing lolls
on cushioned leaves, or grass-enverdured beds;
or gathers posies from the spangled lawns.
Alcitho� tells the story of Salmacis

When the sisters are silent, Alcitho� is called on next. Standing there, running her shuttle through the threads on her loom, she said �I will say nothing of that well-known story, the love of Daphnis, the Idaean shepherd-boy, whom a nymph, angered by a rival, turned to stone: so great is the pain that inflames lovers. Neither will I tell you how, the laws of nature conspiring to alter, Sithon became of indeterminate sex, now man, now woman: how Celmis, you too, now changed to steel, were a most loyal friend to the infant Jupiter: how the Curetes were born from vast showers of rain: how Crocus and Smilax were turned into tiny flowers. I will reject all those, and charm your imaginations with a sweet, new story.

�Now you will hear where the pool of Salmacis got its bad reputation from, how its enervating waters weaken, and soften the limbs they touch. The cause is hidden, but the fountain�s effect is widely known. The Naiads nursed a child born of Hermes, and a goddess, Cytherean Aphrodite, in Mount Ida�s caves. His features were such that, in them, both mother and father could be seen: and from them he took his name, Hermaphroditus.

�When he was fifteen years old, he left his native mountains and Ida, his nursery, delighted to wander in unknown lands, and gaze at unknown rivers, his enthusiasm making light of travel. He even reached the Lycian cities, and the Carians by Lycia. Here he saw a pool of water, clear to its very depths. There were no marsh reeds round it, no sterile sedge, no spikes of rushes: it is crystal liquid. The edges of the pool are bordered by fresh turf, and the grass is always green. A nymph lives there, but she is not skilled for the chase, or used to flexing the bow, or the effort of running, the only Naiad not known by swift-footed Diana.

�Often, it�s said, her sisters would tell her �Salmacis, take up the hunting-spear or the painted quiver and vary your idleness with some hard work, hunting!�� But she takes up neither the hunting spear nor the painted quiver, and will not vary her idleness with the hardship of hunting. She only bathes her shapely limbs in the pool, often combs out her hair, with a comb that is made of boxwood from Cytorus, and looks in the water to see what suits it best. Then draped in a translucent robe, she lies down on the soft leaves, or in the soft grass. Often she gathers flowers. And she was also busy gathering them, then, when she saw the boy, and what she saw she longed to have.�

„ ὅταν ἤλπιζε νὰ ἐλουσθῇ, τὸν περιεπλέξεν ὡς „ περιπλάσσεται ὁ ὄφις εἰς τὸν ἀέτον, ὅταν τὸν κρα- „ τῇ ὑψηλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἢ ὡς ὁ κισσὸς εἰς τὰ δέν- „ δρα. Ὡς τόσον ἐκεῖνος δὲν παύει νὰ τῆς ἐναντιῶται, „ ἀποφεύγοντας τὴν ὁποίαν ἀπόλαυσιν ἐκείνη ἐπι- „ θυμεῖ· ἀλλ' ὅσην κατακρότησιν ἡ αὐτὴ κάμνῃ, δὲν „ τὸν ἀποστρέφετο, μάλιστα ἐπιχειρεῖτο νὰ περισσὴν αὐ- „ τὴν τὸν ὑπερόπτην. Πεισματώνουσι λοιπὸν οἱ δύω, „ αὐτὴ μὲν νὰ δείχνῃ περισσοτέραν θερμότητα, αὐτὸς δὲ „ ἄλλην τόσην ψυχρότητα· τὸν παρακαλεῖ αὐτή, ἐκεῖνος „ τὴν ἀπορρίπτει· αὐτὴ τὸν ἐρεθίζει, μὴ θέλουσα νὰ „ τὸν ἀφήσῃ, ἢ ἐν ᾧ ἐκράτυνεν αὐτὸν ἐναγκαλισμένον, „ πίπτει κατ' αὐτῆς, ὦ ἀναιδέστατε, λέγουσα, ἐναντίου ὅσον „ θέλεις, δὲν δύνασαι νὰ μὲ φύγῃς ποτέ. Εἴθε, Μέγιστοι „ Θεοί, χαρίσετέ μοι τοῦτο, νὰ μὴ λάβῃ δύναμιν ὁ και- „ ρὸς νὰ τὸν χωρίσῃ ἀπὸ ἐμέ, οὔτε ἐμὲ ἀπὸ αὐτόν· „ ἡ παράκλησις, διὰ τὸ νὰ εἰσήκουσαν οἱ Θεοὶ τὴν δέησιν „ τῆς ἠνώθησαν τὰ κορμία των, ἢ ἀψὲ δύω κλάδοι φυ- „ όμενοι μετὰ τέχνης, κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον αὐξάνουσιν ὁμοῦ, „ οὕτως ἠνώθησαν ἡ αὐτοί, ὥστε τὰ δύω πρόσωπα ἔγιναν „ ἕν· καὶ ἂν καλῶς δὲν ἦσαν πλέον παρὰ οὐδὲ μόνον „ σῶμα, εἶχον διπλῆν μορφήν, καὶ δὲν ἐδύνατο τις „ νὰ εἰπῇ ὅτι αὐτὸ νὰ ἦτον τὸ σῶμα εἰς ἀνδρός, „ ἤτε μιᾶς γυναικός, ἐπειδὴ ἐφαίνετο ὅτι δὲν ἦσαν „ οὔτε τὸ ἕν, οὔτε τὸ ἄλλο, καὶ ὅμως ἐφαίνοντο ἀμφό- „ τερα. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμαφρόδιτος, βλέψαντας ὅτι τὰ νε- „ ρά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἤλπισε νὰ λουσθῇ, τὸν ἔβγαλαν „ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀνδρισμὸν τῆς ἀνδρός, χαρεὶς νὰ εἶναι

„ αυτω την παραμυθιαν, οτι οσοι ανδρες θελει ελ- „ θει εις την βρυσιν ταυτην να λουσθεν, να μην αυχαινειν „ ποτε, χωρις να γινωνται μισοι ανδρες, ι μισοι γυ- „ ναικες. Ο Ερμης, και η Αφροδιτη εχαρισαν το „ ποθουμενον εις τον υιον των, μεταδιδοντες εις την βρυ- „ σιν την θαυμασιαν δυναμιν, την οποιαν και αχρι „ της σημερον διαφυλαττει.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Δεν θελω πολυλογησει περι της τοσουτον θεσπεσιων Μυθων, αλ- λα θελω τας απερασει και εγω εν βραχυλογια, ως εκαμε και η Νυμφη εις την διηγησιν αυτην. Φαινεται λοιπον οτι ο Δαφνις μεταμορφωθη εις πετραν, επειδη μαθουσα η γυνη του οτι ηγαπησε αλλην, του εδωσεν ενα ποτον, το οποιον του εφερεν εις τοσαυτην α- ναισθησιαν, ωστε ωμοιασε τας πετρας.

Δια τον Σκυθωνα ενεπλασθη, οτι κατ αρεσκειαν του εγινετο ποτε μεν ανηρ, ποτε δε γυναι, εποιη τον ερμαφροδιτον, δηλαδη ποτε αρσην και ποτε θηλυν. δια δε αμαθειαν των Μυθων εις την Ισοριαν, και αχρι και σημερον, εσχηματισθη παρα των Σκυθων οτι εν τω Θρακη υπο το ονομα μιας θαυμασιας μαγας, τονομα Θρακιης, οποια ελατρευθη υπο της εντοπιων ως Θεα· οθεν ονο- μαζοντες τινες μεν Σκυθωνα, οι αγνοουντες ετι το νεον της ονοματος, τινες δε Θρακιαν, επως επλασθη ο μυθος, οτι ο Σκυθων ποτε μεν εγινετο ανηρ, ποτε δε γυναι, ως ηθελεν.

Οσον δε ειναι του Κηλμον, του μεταμορφωσαντα εις αδαματος, λεγουσιν οτι ητον φοβος του Διος, και οτι ο Ζευς αυτος ετι νεος, τον αγαπησε κατακολλα, αλλ αφ ης εδωσε του Κρονου, ενθυμηθηκες οτι ο Κηλμος ειχεν ειπη, οτι αυτος ο Ζευς ητον Δημος, τον μετεβαλε εις αδαματος. Ουτως υποδειγματι τινες οτι η μεταβολη του εγινε απο τιμωριαν του, η εκ φοβου δυεργασιαν η αυταμοιβλω, ως αλλοι λεγουσιν, επειδη αυτος, δια το να καθυβηση τον κυριοτη, εβαλθη εις σκοτεινην φυλακην, η εσκληρυνθη ως ο αδαμας ινα δε η να εξελθη απο η φυλακη αδαμας. Αλλ οι λεγοντες οτι η μεταμορφωσις εγινετο απο αυταμοιβλη, πλαττουσιν οτι βλεπων ο Ζευς τον πιστιν του Κηλμου, καμαρωθη.

Ες τις τον ηυδρενες, του εδωκε χαρισματα τοσον πλυσια, και τοσον ασφαλη η σφερα· ωσε ελαβον εκ τουτο αφορμη οι Ποηται να ειπωσιν οτι μετεβληθη εις αδαματα· επειδη και η πετρα αυτη ειναι η τιμιωτερα και στερεωτερα ολων εξ ολων. Ουτως και ημεις εαν ειναι το πραγμα τουτου, ημεις ως τοσον διδασκομεθα, οτι οφειλομεν πληρε να δουλευωμεθα, και να δουλευωμεν πιστως τους Βασιλεις, οι τινες δυναται, ως ο Ζευς, με το εν χερι να βλαψη τον κακουργον, και με το αλλο να ευεργετησωσιν.

Λεγουσι τινες τωρα οτι ο Κηλμος ητον ανθρωπος κατακολλα μεγαλοφρων, και οτι δεν εδυνασθη ποτε, και μετεμορφωθη εις αδαματα, επειδη ο αδαμας δεν δεχεται ευκολως παθος, η εγχαραξιν, η αδειασκεται, ως λεγουσιν, εν ειδος αδαμαντου εχον δυναμιν να κατωπαυη την θυμον, και παντα παθος ορμη.

Μένει νὰ λαλήσωμεν περὶ τὰ Κρόκου, καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος, καὶ περὶ ρασμόνων εἰς τὴν κρήνην τῆς Σαλμακίδος, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι βέβαια κακὸν πέρασμα. Περὶ τῆς Κουρήτων, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀναφέρ- ονται εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι ἐγνωρίσθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν βροχῶν, καθότι αὐτὸ τὸ ἔθνος γέμει παχυλόγων ἀνθρώπων, πα- ρασίτων, καὶ μωρῶν λέγεται δὲ μεταφορικῶς ὅτι βρέχει μωρία εἰς ἐκείνους τοὺς τόπους, ὅπου εἶναι πλῆθος μωρῶν. Ὁ Στράβων λέγει ὅτι ἀνομάσθησαν Κέρητες ὑπὸ τῆς κόρης, ἐπειδὴ ὅσον κεφαλῆθεν, ὡς μωροί. Ἀλλὰ δὲ ἐξηγῶμεν περὶ τοῦ Κρόκου, καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος.

Ὁ Κρόκος ἦτον ἕνας νέος, ἡ δὲ Σμίλαξ μία νέα Νύμφη, οἱ ὁ- ποῖοι ἠγαπῶντο κατασπαθαλλα, καὶ ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄνθη, ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἔρως των ἦτο καθαρός, καὶ ἀπέθανεν μὲ τὸ αὐτὸς σχῆμα, τὸ ὁποῖον εἰς κάθε καιρὸν ἐτιμήθη, ἤτοι μὲ τὸ τῆς παρθενίας.

Ἂς ἴδωμεν λοιπὸν τὶ μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Ἑρμαφροδίτου, ὅτι ὁ Ἑρμῆς καὶ

συν ἀχώρητοι αὐτοὶ οἱ δύο Πλάτωνι· ἐπειδὴ ὁ Πλίνιος γράφει (Βιβλ. ζ'. Κεφ. β'.) ὅτι ἔνει ἀναισχύντως Ἑρμαφρόδιτοι, οἱ ὁποῖοι συλλαμβάνουν ὁ ἕνας ἀπὸ τὸν ἄλλον, συμφυόμενοι ἀμοιβαίως, ὡς οἱ ἄνδρες μὲ τὰς γυναῖκας. Ὁ δὲ Ἀριστοτέλης φρονεῖ εἰς τὰ Φυσικὰ λύσιν ὁ Καλλιφάνης, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Πλίνιος ἐδιδάχθη τὰ παρ᾿ αὐτῷ ἱστορούμενα, ὅτι ἔχουσι τὸν μέσον δεξιὸν μαστὸν ἀνδρὸς, τὸν δὲ λαιὸν γυναικεῖον.

Book IV · HERMAPHRODITUS

HERMAPHRODITUS

Nec tamen ante adiit, etsi properabat adire,
quam se conposuit, quam circumspexit amictus,
et finxit vultum et meruit formosa videri.
320Tum sic orsa loqui: “Puer o dignissime credi
esse deus, seu tu deus es, potes esse Cupido,
sive es mortalis, qui te genuere, beati,
et frater felix, et fortunata profecto,
siqua tibi soror est, et quae dedit ubera nutrix:
325sed longe cunctis longeque beatior illa,
siqua tibi sponsa est, siquam dignabere taeda.
Haec tibi sive aliqua est, mea sit furtiva voluptas,
seu nulla est, ego sim, thalamumque ineamus eundem.”
Nais ab his tacuit. Pueri rubor ora notavit
330(nescit enim, quid amor), sed et erubuisse decebat.
Hic color aprica pendentibus arbore pomis
aut ebori tincto est, aut sub candore rubenti,
cum frustra resonant aera auxiliaria, lunae.
Poscenti nymphae sine fine sororia saltem
335oscula iamque manus ad eburnea colla ferenti
“desinis? aut fugio, tecumque” ait “ista relinquo.”
Salmacis extimuit “loca” que “haec tibi libera trado,
hospes” ait, simulatque gradu discedere verso,
tunc quoque respiciens, fruticumque recondita silva
340delituit, flexuque genu submisit. At ille,
scilicet ut vacuis et inobservatus in herbis,
huc it et hinc illuc, et in adludentibus undis
summa pedum taloque tenus vestigia tingit;
nec mora, temperie blandarum captus aquarum
345mollia de tenero velamina corpore ponit.
Now, haply as she culled the sweetest flowers
she saw the youth, and longing in her heart
made havoc as her greedy eyes beheld.
Although her love could scarcely brook delay,
she waited to enhance her loveliness,
in beauty hoping to allure his love.
All richly dight she scanned herself and robes,
to know that every charm should fair appear,
and she be worthy: wherefore she began:
“O godlike youth! if thou art of the skies,
thou art no other than the god of Love;
if mortal, blest are they who gave thee birth;
happy thy brother; happy, fortunate
thy sister; happy, fortunate and blest
the nurse that gave her bosom; but the joys
surpassing all, dearest and tenderest,
are hers whom thou shalt wed. So, let it be
if thou so young have deigned to marry, let
my joys be stolen; if unmarried, join
with me in wedlock.” So she spoke, and stood
in silence waiting for the youth's reply.
He knows nor cares for love—with loveliness
the mounting blushes tinge his youthful cheeks,
as blush-red tint of apples on the tree,
ripe in the summer sun, or as the hue
of painted ivory, or the round moon
red-blushing in her splendour, when the clash
of brass resounds in vain. And long the Nymph
implored; almost clung on his neck, as smooth
and white as ivory; unceasingly
imploring him to kiss her, though as chaste
as kisses to a sister; but the youth
outwearied, thus:
“I do beseech you make
an end of this; or must I fly the place
and leave you to your tears?” Affrighted then
said Salmacis, “To you I freely give—
good stranger here remain.” Although she made
fair presence to retire, she hid herself,
that from a shrub-grown covert, on her knees
she might observe unseen.
As any boy
that heedless deems his mischief unobserved,
now here now there, he rambled on the green;
Salmacis falls for Hermaphroditus

�She did not go near him yet, though she was quick to go to him, waiting until she had calmed herself, checked her appearance, composed her expression, and merited being seen as beautiful. Then she began to say� �Youth, O most worthy to be thought a god, if you are a god, you must be Cupid, or, if you are mortal, whoever engendered you is blessed, and any brother of yours is happy, any sister fortunate, if you have sisters, and even the nurse who suckled you at her breast. But far beyond them, and far more blessed is she, if there is a she, promised to you, whom you think worthy of marriage.� If there is someone, let mine be a stolen pleasure, if not, I will be the one, and let us enter into marriage together.�

�After this the naiad was silent. A red flush branded the boy�s face. He did not know what love was: though the blush was very becoming. Apples are tinged with this colour, hanging in a sunlit tree, or ivory painted with red, or the moon, eclipsed, blushing in her brightness, while the bronze shields clash, in vain, to rescue her. The nymph begged endlessly, at least a sister�s kiss, and, about to throw her arms round his ivory-white neck, he said �Stop this, or shall I go, and leave this place, and you?� Salmacis, afraid, turning away, pretended to go, saying, �I freely surrender this place to you, be my guest.� But she still looked back, and hid herself among bushes in the secluded woods, on her bended knees. But he, obviously at leisure, as if unobserved, walks here and there on the grass and playfully, at the end of his walk, dips his feet and ankles in the pool. Then, quickly captured by the coolness of the enticing water, he stripped the soft clothes from his slender body.

Ἀλλὰ Σταφύλαρχω τώρα ἢ τὴν βρύσιν τῆς Σαλμακίδος, ἀλλ'ἐπει­δὴ αὐτὴ ἔχει δύναμιν τοῦ παραδείσης, ἤτις μὴ πειςθῇ εἰς τὸ ἴσον σου τοῦ Σιληνοῦ ἢ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κλεοπάτου, ἔτι τε πολλὰ παρὰ τὸ τρόπον. Καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ αὐτῆς εὑρίσκονται βρύσει, τῶν ὁποίων τὸ ὕδωρ ἔχει τὴ δύναμιν ἔνθερῃ τὰ εὐτυχῆ, ἢ νὰ πε μεταβολὴν εἰς πέσσαν, νὰ μεθᾷ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, νὰ τοὺς ποίῃ ἀναιδεῖς, νὰ τοὺς ἀφαίρῃ τοῦ λόγου, καὶ τὴν μνήμην, νὰ ποίῃ σίδηρες, ἢ εὐσέχνης τὰ ὁμελίακας, νὰ με­ταβάλῃ τὸ σύγης, ἢ τὸ μαῦλι τῆ ζώης, ὅσα πίπτει. Ἀπὸ τὸ γεροῦ­παν, ἀλλὰ τί νὰ μὴ πιστώση ὅτι ἰδέα τῆς Σαλμακίδος ἡ βρύσις ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ γυναικοῦῃ τοὺς ἄνδρας. Βέβαιον εἶναι ὅτι τὸ Κλῖμα, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ζοῦμεν, ἔχει μεγάλην δύναμιν εἰς τὰ σώματα, καὶ ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶναι κατὰ τὸ πολὺ λευκοὶ ἢ μέλανες, κατὰ τὴν ποιότητα τοῦ ἀέρος, ὅπου ἀναπνέουσιν. Οὕτω καὶ οἱ κάτοικοι τῆς Καρίας, ὅπου ἀνεύρισκετο ἐκείνη ἡ βρύσις, ἦσαν τόσον χαυνοί, καὶ δύσκολοι εἰς ὅλας τὰς ἀνδροτέρας ἡδονάς, ὥστε ἀπεφαίνοντο ἀντί­φροδιτοι. Ἂν ἀγνοεῖται λοιπὸν τὸ πόθεν τὸ Ὁρυγεῖον τοῦ εἴδρα, καὶ ἀπὸ ποίας τινὰς ποταμοῦ ἐρχομένας ἐπηγάς, ἆρα γε δὲν ἠπίστευον αὐτὰ ποῦ εὔλογον ἦτον ὅτι καθὼς ἡ κακία τοῦ ἀέρος διαφθείρει εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὰ νερὰ, ὥσας ἡμ­πορεῖ νὰ περάσῃ ἢ εἰς τ

δοες ἰσχύσας τὰ μὲς παρασήμων τὴν ἡδονήν, καὶ ἀσφάλειαν. Σποκαδῦπε τὴν πρειγάφην, ἴστε ποῖα εἶναι τὰ ὀργανῆς, καὶ ὁποῖοι ἰσῦον ὕης διοέτζες, καὶ δεθ δέλεσε ἰδῇ, ὡς νομίζω, χαναΐ τοργάγμας ἐπὴ ὑα μὴ σας φανῇ ἠδονικήν· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ποιητης δεῦ ἡδέλε μας ἀφάυσιον τί πόσε, αἵ δύ μας ἐδώξηε με τὸ παράδειγμα τὰ Ἑρμαφροδίτης· πόσον εἶναι κινδυνώδες τὸ νὰ πλησιάσῃ τις εἰς αὐτὸν τῶν ἀρύσων. Μία παρασήρ του Ἑρμαφροδίτου ὡς ἴεον εὑρίσκης, ὕ ποιτ ἡ κόπον, τῆ νὰ καλλιέργῃ τὸ πνεῦμα τῆ. Ὅμως δέ ἀφοήρα κατλώπισον εἰς το ἀριμήνειον τῆς ἡδονῆς· τὸ βλέπει, τὸ σοχάζεται, καὶ μέ ὅλοι ότι δέῦ ἀγαθὰ τῶ Σαλμακίδι, τῆ κάμνει τὸ κατὰ διάμερ δία τὰ δ᾽ ἀγαπᾶ τῆν Σαλμακίδα, ἔμως δέῦ ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὑσορφύῃ τὸν πήνδυμον.

Μία δαάσκει λοιπόν, ὁ Μῦθος, ότι ὡς ἰσῦ ὕ πλέον φιλόπονει ἀνθρώπει, καὶ ὁι μεγαληέτεροι ἐνθηροι τῆς ἡδονῆς, μάλιςς δυίσνται νὰ φυλαχθῶσι ὑπὸ αὐτῆν· ότι ποῦει νὰ ὑποδυθολῇ τὰς ἀρορμας, κἂι δέ δέλησμεν νὰ ἱμνἰσταλθη, ἐπεδὴ ἀγκαῦα νὰ μὴν ὕ γαμὲν κλίσιον προσ τὴν ἡδονήν, αὐτῆ ὅμος ἐνέῦ ῥοφῆς ἑλυσήμας δέ ἀγ μας ἀπατῶ ἰς μας δηλώνει χαμῆος μας.

ΜΓΘΟΣ ΙΒ'.

Περὶ Μηνυίδων τῶν εἰς Νυκτερίδας μεταμορφώθεσσῶν.

Ἡ Ἀλκιόνη, καὶ αἱ ἀδελφαῖσιν μεταβάλλονται εἰς νυκτερίδας· ἐπειδὴ κατεφρόνησαν τὸν Βάκχον, καὶ τὰς Θυσίας τῇ τῆ δὲ ἱερὰ χειράτων μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς κιοσὸν, τῷ ἀμπελόφυλλα.

Ἀφ' ὧν αἱ Θυγατέρες τᾶ Μινύῃ ἐπελείωσαν ἐκάθε τὴν διήγησίν της, ὑπολύθη τὸ ἐργόχειρόν των, κι παντότε κατεφρόνησαν τὸν Βάκχον, ἔδειχναν ὅτι εὐδήλως σκεπτίδες, διὰ νὰ ατιμάσουν τήν ἑορτήν τα. Ἀλλὰ μόλις ἐτελείωσαν τὸν λόγον της, ἤρχησαν νὰ ἀκούουν ὀλόγυρά των αὖθα θάμβων συμπαύον, σαλπίγων κι αὐλῶν, κι μὴ βλέποντες τίποτε, ἐθάμβωσαν. Μία εὐωδία μύρε κι κρόκε πειχύεται εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα, ὅπου ἐδούλευαν· ὅπερ δὲ ὑπερβαίνει πᾶσαν πίστιν, τὰ ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὑφαινόμενα πάντα, κι τὰ φορέματα ποὺ εἶχαν φράσιμα, κι τὰ μὲν μετεβλήθησαν εἰς φύλλα κισσῆ, τὰ δὲ εἰς ἀμπελόφυλλα, τὸ δὲ νῆμα τῶν εἰς βλαστὸς, φέροντες τὸν κάρπόν κι τὰ φύλλα. Ἡ ἡμέρα ἤρχιζε νὰ κλίνῃ, καὶ νὰ δείχνῃ ἡ νὺξ τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ τότε μία φερινὴ σύγχυσις διέσεισεν ὅλον τὸ σπιτείον. Ἐφαίνοντο λαμπάδες ἀναμμέναι, κι τὰ δωμάτια ἔφερνον παντραχόθεν ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν. Θέαματα φοβερὰ, κι εἰκόνες θηρίων ὤφθησαν

σων εμφανισθεν εις τας οφθαλμους των, και ολη η οικια αντηχες απο τας φοβερας των φωνας. Θελουσιν αι δυστυ- χεις με παθει ζοφου να κρυφθουσι, ζητουσι τον δε πα- χυτερον, δια να αποφυγουσι την διωκουσαν αυτας πυρκαιαν· οφου δε εζητουν το σκοτος, ου μικρον δερμα συνετα- ζει τα συμπνεονια μελη των, και πτερυγες αλλοκοτα ειδες, ελαβον τον τοπον των χειρων των· το δε σκο- τος δεν τας αφησεν ουτε να ιδουσι τινι τροπω εχουν την φορεραν μορφην των. Δεν εφεροντο εις τον αερα με πτερα, αλλ εβασταζοντο με πτερυγας διαφανεις· και θελουσαι να λαλησουσι, εβγαζον μικραν φωνην, ανα- λογον με το μικρον σωματιον των, και επαραπονουντο με λεπτην κλαυθμον, το οποιον δεν ημπορουσε να ονομα- σθη φωνη. Ουτω λοιπον μετεβληθησαν εις νυκτεριδας, αι δεν κρυπτονται εις τα δαση, αλλα εις τας οικιας, και μισουσαι το φως, πετουσι μονον την νυκτα.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Tum vero placuit, nudaeque cupidine formae
Salmacis exarsit: flagrant quoque lumina nymphae,
non aliter quam cum puro nitidissimus orbe
opposita speculi referitur imagine Phoebus.
350Vixque moram patitur, vix iam sua gaudia differt,
iam cupit amplecti, iam se male continet amens.
Ille cavis velox adplauso corpore palmis
desilit in latices, alternaque bracchia ducens
in liquidis translucet aquis, ut eburnea siquis
355signa tegat claro vel candida lilia vitro.
“Vicimus et meus est!” exclamat nais et omni
veste procul iacta mediis inmittitur undis,
pugnantemque tenet luctantiaque oscula carpit,
subiectatque manus invitaque pectora tangit,
360et nunc hac iuveni, nunc circumfunditur illac;
denique nitentem contra elabique volentem
inplicat, ut serpens, quam regia sustinet ales
sublimemque rapit: pendens caput illa pedesque
adligat et cauda spatiantes inplicat alas:
365utve solent hederae longos intexere truncos,
utque sub aequoribus deprensum polypus hostem
continet, ex omni dimissis parte flagellis.
Perstat Atlantiades, sperataque gaudia nymphae
denegat. Illa premit, commissaque corpore toto
370sicut inhaerebat, “pugnes licet, inprobe” dixit,
“non tamen effugies. Ita di iubeatis! et istum
nulla dies a me nec me diducat ab isto.”
Vota suos habuere deos: nam mixta duorum
corpora iunguntur, faciesque inducitur illis
375una, velut, siquis conducat cortice ramos,
crescendo iungi pariterque adolescere cernit.
Sic ubi conplexu coierunt membra tenaci,
nec duo sunt et forma duplex, nec femina dici
nec puer ut possit: neutrumque et utrumque videntur.
380Ergo ubi se liquidas, quo vir descenderat, undas
semimarem fecisse videt, mollitaque in illis
membra, manus tendens, sed non iam voce virili,
Hermaphroditus ait: “Nato date munera vestro,
et pater et genetrix, amborum nomen habenti:
385quisquis in hos fontes vir venerit, exeat inde
semivir et tactis subito mollescat in undis.”
Motus uterque parens nati rata verba biformis
fecit et incesto fontem medicamine tinxit.”
now in the bubbly ripples dipped his feet,
now dallied in the clear pool ankle-deep;—
the warm-cool feeling of the liquid then,
so pleased him, that without delay he doffed
his fleecy garments from his tender limbs.
Ah, Salmacis, amazement is thy meed!
Thou art consumed to know his naked grace!
As the hot glitters of the round bright sun
collected, sparkle from the polished plate,
thine eyes are glistened with delirious fires.
Delay she cannot; panting for his joy,
languid for his caressing, crazed, distract,
her passion difficult is held in check.—
He claps his body with his hollow palms
and lightly vaults into the limped wave,
and darting through the water hand over hand
shines in the liquid element, as though
should one enhance a statue's ivorine,
or glaze the lily in a lake of glass.
And thus the Naiad, “I have gained my suit;
his love is mine,—is mine!” Quickly disrobed,
she plunged into the yielding wave—seized him,
caressed him, clung to him a thousand ways,
kissed him, thrust down her hands and touched his breast:
reluctant and resisting he endeavours
to make escape, but even as he struggles
she winds herself about him, as entwines
the serpent which the royal bird on high
holds in his talons; —as it hangs, it coils
in sinuous folds around the eagle's feet;—
twisting its coils around his head and wings:
or as the ivy clings to sturdy oaks;
or as the polypus beneath the waves,
by pulling down, with suckers on all sides,
tenacious holds its prey. And yet the youth,
descendant of great Atlas, not relents
nor gives the Naiad joy. Pressing her suit
she winds her limbs around him and exclaims,
“You shall not scape me, struggle as you will,
perverse and obstinate! Hear me, ye Gods!
Let never time release the youth from me;
time never let me from the youth release!”
Propitious deities accord her prayers:
the mingled bodies of the pair unite
and fashion in a single human form.
So one might see two branches underneath
a single rind uniting grow as one:
so, these two bodies in a firm embrace
no more are twain, but with a two-fold form
nor man nor woman may be called—Though both
in seeming they are neither one of twain.
When that Hermaphroditus felt the change,
so wrought upon him by the languid fount,
considered that he entered it a man,
and now his limbs relaxing in the stream
he is not wholly male, but only half,—
he lifted up his hands and thus implored,
albeit with no manly voice; “Hear me
O father! hear me mother! grant to me
this boon; to me whose name is yours, your son;
whoso shall enter in this fount a man
must leave its waters only half a man.”
Moved by the words of their bi-natured son
both parents yield assent: they taint the fount
with essences of dual-working powers.
� Salmacis and Hermaphroditus merge.

�Then she was truly pleased. And Salmacis was inflamed with desire for his naked form. The nymph�s eyes blazed with passion, as when Phoebus�s likeness is reflected from a mirror, that opposes his brightest unclouded orb. She can scarcely wait, scarcely contain her delight, now longing to hold him, now unable to keep her love to herself. He, clapping his open palms to his side, dives into the pool, and leading with one arm and then the other, he gleams through the pure water, as if one sheathed an ivory statue, or bright lilies behind clear glass. �I have won, he is mine�, the naiad cries, and flinging aside all her garments, she throws herself into the midst of the water.

�She held him to her, struggling, snatching kisses from the fight, putting her hands beneath him, touching his unwilling breast, overwhelming the youth from this side and that. At last, she entwines herself face to face with his beauty, like a snake, lifted by the king of birds and caught up into the air, as Hermaphroditus tries to slip away. Hanging there she twines round his head and feet and entangles his spreading wings in her coils. Or as ivy often interlaces tall tree trunks. Or as the cuttlefish holds the prey, it has surprised, underwater, wrapping its tentacles everywhere.

�The descendant of Atlas holds out, denying the nymph�s wished-for pleasure: she hugs him, and clings, as though she is joined to his whole body. �It is right to struggle, perverse one,� she says, �but you will still not escape. Grant this, you gods, that no day comes to part me from him, or him from me.� Her prayer reached the gods. Now the entwined bodies of the two were joined together, and one form covered both. Just as when someone grafts a twig into the bark, they see both grow joined together, and develop as one, so when they were mated together in a close embrace, they were not two, but a two-fold form, so that they could not be called male or female, and seemed neither or either.

�When he saw now that the clear waters which he had penetrated as a man, had made him a creature of both sexes, and his limbs had been softened there, Hermaphroditus, stretching out his hands, said, but not in a man�s voice, �Father and mother, grant this gift to your son, who bears both your names: whoever comes to these fountains as a man, let him leave them half a man, and weaken suddenly at the touch of these waters!� Both his parents moved by this, granted the prayer of their twin-formed son, and contaminated the pool with a damaging drug.�

Εν εστασιν ποτε ενος εθνος βαρβαρου, ωστε να μη εδειχθη κακεινα ειδος Θεσπιτος, και να μη εδιωκεσαν Εορτας εις τι- μην ηδ παρ αυτα λατρευομενων Θεων· αλλα δεν ηταν πολις καλλι- μιας Θρησκειας, ητις να μη ελαβεν ανθρωπος ασεβεις, η κατα- φρονητας ηδ Θειον, οι οποιοι επαχθησαν να αφανισουν τας Θειας λα- τρειας, η να θεμελιωσουν επανω εις τον αφανισμον μιας αλλην ασεβειαν. Τοιουτοι δε απεδειχθησαν αι Μινιαδες, αι θυ- γατερες του Μινιου, αι οποιαι ενεπαιξον την Εορτην Βακχικην εις αυταν απαγορευομενον αυλειον ηδ εργοχειρωντων. Αλλ επειδη θεος παντοτε παρασκευαζει το εγκλημα, ομως την τιμωριαν αλλω η εκεινα μετεμορφωθησαν εις νυκτεριδας.

Ευλογως δε παρομοιαζονται οι απο Θρησκειας καταφρονηται, με ταυτας απο τας νυκτας τα πτηνα, επειδη καθως αυτα πετουν εις το σκοτος,

μη ισοφεροντα τον Ηλιον, ουτω προς οι ασεβεις δεν ηχουν την αληθειαν, περιπτατουντες παντοτε εις την πλανην και σκοτος· και καθως αι νυκτεριδες ειναι φυσις αμφιβολα, ωστε δεν ημπορουν να ονομασθωσιν ουτε πτηνα, ουτε ποντικοι· ομοιως και οι ασεβεις δεν ομολογουσιν ουτε ανθρωπους, ουτε δαιμονας.

Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί μυθώδεσιν ὅτι τὰ παρὰ τῶν Μινύδων ὑφανόμενα πάντα ; ἐν ᾧ αἱ λοιπαὶ κατεγίνοντο εἰς τὰς τελετὰς τῆς Ἑορτῆς ; μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἀμπελόφυλλα , ἢ κίσσου , τὰ ὁποῖα ἐγίνωσκον εἶναι οἰκεῖα εἰς τὴν Ἑορτὴν τοῦ Βάκχου. Ἐκ τούτου διδασκόμεθα ὅτι, διὰ ἕν ἀποτέλεσμα τῆς Θείας Προνοίας, ἥτις παιδεύει τοὺς πονηροὺς πρὸς παράδειγμα ἢ οἰκοδομὴν τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνο αὐτό, τὸ ὁποῖον οἱ ἀσθενεῖς ἐστοχάζοντο νὰ κάμωσιν ἀφορμὴ ἀκαταφρονήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἢ τῆς Θρησκείας, ἐλειτούργησε μάλιστα διὰ νὰ ᾖ τὸ πλησίον ἀφορμὴ τιμῆς, ἢ δόξης τῶν καλῶν Σχολίων τύπῳ τῷ τοῦ Μύθου ὅπου τὰ ἴδια ἔργα μὴ ἀφαιρῶσι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰς ἡμέρας , τὰς ὁποίας ἡ Θέλησε νὰ φυλάξῃ διὰ λόγον τῆς, καὶ νὰ τὰς ἀφιερώνωμεν καὶ ὀλίγας στιγμὰς ἀπὸ τὸν χρόνον ὁποῖον μᾶς χαρίζει καθημερινῶς. Ἀλλ' ἡ Θέλησις εἶναι μεγάλη δυσκολία νὰ μανθάνωμεν ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον ὅπου αὕτη ἡ ἀλήθεια καθ'ἑαυτὴν μᾶς διδάσκει ἀφοῦ Βορδίδες μᾶς.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΓ'.

Περὶ τῆς Ἰνοῦς, καὶ τοῦ Μελικέρτου τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεότητας.

Ἡ Ἥρα ἐξεπολυμένη τῶν ἐν διατέμνειν αἱ κατὰ τὰ εἰκὸς θ' ἀ- νίχθη τῆς Ἰνοῦς, καὶ ἱμᾶται τοὺς ἀγγέλους τῆς Φέπορτον τύφλωσιν, ὥς αὐτὸς ὀρωθῇ ἐπὰ νὰ φονεύσῃ εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον, νομίζοντας τοῦ ὀμοίου. Ἡ Ἰνὼ κρημνίζεται ἀπὸ ἑνὰ σκόπελον μὲ τὸν υἱὸν της Μελικέρτιον· ἀλλ' ὁ Ποσειδῶν σπλαγχνισθεὶς, τοὺς μεταβάλλει εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεούς.

Ὕπως ἓν ὁ Βάκχος, πάμνοντας νὰ τὸν φοβῶνται, καὶ ἀλαβάνται εἰς ὅλην τὴν πόλιν τῆς Θήβης, ἐδόξασε καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἰνὼ τῆς θείας του πάντα, ὁθεν ὡς μέγας Θεὸς, ὥστε αὐτὴ μόνη δὲν ἐκινδύνευσεν ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς Θυγατέρας τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ ἄλλο τι δὲν ἔπαθε, παρὰ μόνον τὴν λύπην τῆς συμφορᾶς τῆς ἀδελφῆς της. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἥρα, ῥίψασα καὶ κατ' αὐτῆς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς της, νὰ βλέπουσα πῶς ἐκαυχᾶτο ὅτι ἦτον γυνὴ τοῦ Ἀθάμαντος, καὶ εἶχεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν παιδία, καὶ ὅτι ἀνέθρεψε τὸν νέον Βάκχον, δὲν ὑπέφερε τὴν δόξαν αὐτῆς, ἤτε τὴν ἄνακον ἀπόλαυσιν, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ Ἰνὼ ἐδύνατο νὰ λάβῃ ἀπὸ μίαν τοιαύτην τύχην. "Πῶς λοιπόν, λέγει καθ' ἑαυτήν, ὁ υἱὸς μίας παλλακίδος ἔλαβε τόσην δύναμιν νὰ μεταβάλλῃ εἰς ἄλλην μορφὴν τὰς

Finis erat dictis. Sed adhuc Minyeia proles
390urget opus spernitque deum festumque profanat,
tympana cum subito non adparentia raucis
obstrepuere sonis, et adunco tibia cornu
tinnulaque aera sonant; redolent murraeque crocique,
resque fide maior, coepere virescere telae
395inque hederae faciem pendens frondescere vestis.
Pars abit in vites, et quae modo fila fuerunt,
palmite mutantur; de stamine pampinus exit;
purpura fulgorem pictis adcommodat uvis.
Iamque dies exactus erat, tempusque subibat,
400quod tu nec tenebras nec possis dicere lucem,
sed cum luce tamen dubiae confinia noctis:
tecta repente quati pinguesque ardere videntur
lampades et rutilis conlucere ignibus aedes
falsaque saevarum simulacra ululare ferarum.
405Fumida iamdudum latitant per tecta sorores,
diversaeque locis ignes ac lumina vitant;
dumque petunt tenebras, parvos membrana per artus
porrigitur tenuique includit bracchia pinna.
Nec qua perdiderint veterem ratione figuram
410scire sinunt tenebrae. Non illas pluma levavit,
sustinuere tamen se perlucentibus alis;
conataeque loqui minimam et pro corpore vocem
emittunt, peraguntque leves stridore querellas.
Tectaque, non silvas celebrant lucemque perosae
415nocte volant, seroque tenent a vespere nomen.
Now though the daughters of King Minyas
have made an end of telling tales, they make
no end of labour; for they so despise
the deity, and desecrate his feast.
While busily engaged, with sudden beat
they hear resounding tambourines; and pipes
and crooked horns and tinkling brass renew,
unseen, the note; saffron and myrrh dissolve
in dulcet odours; and, beyond belief,
the woven webs, dependent on the loom,
take tints of green, put forth new ivy leaves,
or change to grape-vines verdant. There the thread
is twisted into tendrils, there the warp
is fashioned into many-moving leaves—
the purple lends its splendour to the grape.
And now the day is past; it is the hour
when night ambiguous merges into day,
which dubious owns nor light nor dun obscure;
and suddenly the house begins to shake,
and torches oil-dipped seem to flare around,
and fires a-glow to shine in every room,
and phantoms, feigned of savage beasts, to howl.—
Full of affright amid the smoking halls
the sisters vainly hide, and wheresoever
they deem security from flaming fires,
fearfully flit. And while they seek to hide,
a membrane stretches over every limb,
and light wings open from their slender arms.
In the weird darkness they are unaware
what measure wrought to change their wonted shape.
No plumous vans avail to lift their flight,
yet fair they balance on membraneous wing.
Whenever they would speak a tiny voice,
diminutive, apportioned to their size,
in squeaking note complains. Adread the light,
their haunts avoid by day the leafy woods,
for sombre attics, where secure they rest
till forth the dun obscure their wings may stretch
at hour of Vesper;—this accords their name.
The daughters of Minyas become bats

The story was finished, and the daughters of Minyas still pressed on with their work, spurning the god and profaning his festival, when suddenly harsh sounds sprang up from unseen drums, pipes with curved horns sounded, and cymbals clashed. Saffron and myrrh perfumed the air, and unbelievably their looms began to grow like greenwood, the cloth they were weaving put out leaves of hanging ivy, part altered to vines, and what were once threads changed into tendrils: vine shoots came out of the warp, and clusters of dark-coloured grapes took on the splendour of the purple fabric.

Now the day was past, and the time had come when you could not say that it was light or darkness, but a borderland of light and uncertain night. Suddenly the ceiling shook, the oil lamps seemed to brighten, and the house to shine with glowing fires, and fill with the howling of fierce creatures� deceptive phantoms. Quickly the sisters hide in the smoke-filled house, and, in various places, shun the flames and light. While they seek the shadows, a thin membrane stretches over their slender limbs, and delicate wings enfold their arms. The darkness prevents them knowing how they have lost their former shape. They do not rise on soft plumage, but lift themselves on semi-transparent wings, and trying to speak emit the tiniest squeak, as befits their bodies, and tell their grief in faint shrieks. They frequent rafters, rather than woods, and, hating the light, they fly at night, and derive their name, �vespertiliones�, from �vesper�, the evening.

„ τις Τυρίας Ναύτας ρίπτοντας με εις την Θάλασσαν, „ και νά παροξύνῃ μίαν μητέρα νά ἁπαράξῃ τα ἐν- „ τόσθια τα γνησία υἱὸν της, ἢ νά μεταμορφώσῃ τας Μι- „ νυείας Θυγατέρας εις πηγήν νέας μορφῆς· ἢ ἐγώ ἡ „ Ἥρα δέν δύναμαι νά κάμω ἄλλο τι παρά νά γενῶ „ δάκρυα, ὑποφέρουσα πάσας ἀδικίας; χωρίς νά ἡμ- „ πορέσω ποτέ νά ἐνδικηθῶ; Καί Θέλω αἰσχύνεσθαι „ μόνον νά ζεματαιώνω τὴν ὀργήν μου μέ μάταις λό- „ γοις· περιορίζουσα τὴν ἰσχύν μου εἰς ἀνωφελεῖς φοβε- „ ρισμούς· Ὄχι ὄχι, αὐτός ὁ Βάκχος μέ διδάσκει τί „ ὠφελεῖ νά κάμω, ἢ εἶναι συγχωρημένον νά διδάσκε- „ ται τις ἀπό τό παράδειγμα τοῦ ἐχθροῦ του. Αὐτός ἔδει- „ ξεν ἀρκετά μέ τήν σφαγήν τοῦ Πενθέως, πόσον δύ- „ ναμιν ἔχει ἡ μανία. Τάχα ἡ Ἴνω θέλει ἡμπορέσει „ νά ἀντιστᾶθῇ εἰς τήν μανίαν ἐκείνην, ἡ ὁποία παράπτει „ τό πνεῦμα τῶν ἀδελφῶν της; Ἄς τῆς δοκιμάσω λοι- „ πόν ὠφελεῖ νά συναισθανθῇ καί αὐτή ὡς ἐκεῖναι „ μεταξύ τῶν φρικωδεστέρων παραδειγμάτων τῆς ὀργῆς „ μου".

Είναι ούας όρμος επιληπτής τον οποίον ό αλέθειος ισμιος τα ομίλακος κατασημει σκοτεινόν, ή φοβερόν από όλα τα μέρη. Απ' αυτόν τον δρόμον κατάβαίνουν αί ψυχαί εις τον Άδην, αφ' ού διέβησαν από τόπας, ί ών οποίων ή σιωπή αυξάνει την φρικτήν θεωρίαν. Επει τα νεκρα ύδατα της Στυγος πάντοτε εξατμίζονται, ή επει πάντοτε κατάβαίνουν αί ψυχαί, χωριζόμεναι α- πό τα κορμία των. 'Ο φόβος, το ψύχος, ή οί σεισμοί κυριεύουσι πάντοτε αυτόν τον φρικτόν δρόμον· και το σκότος είναι τόσον πυκνόν· ώστε αί επει κατάβαινου- σαι ψυχαί, δυσκόλως διερίσκουσι την οδόν, την φέρουν εις εκείνην την μεγάλην πόλιν, όπου κείται το παλάτιον τού Πλούτωνος, ή όποία έχει μυρίας δρόμους, ἐ θύρας πάντοτε ανοικτάς· αφ' καθώς ή θάλασσα δέ- χεται τάς ποταμάς από όλα τα μέρη της γής, άστω ἐ ό τόπος αυτός δέχεται όλας τάς ψυχάς. Δέν είναι πο- τέ στενόχωρος, όσον πολύ καί άν είναι το πλήθος τού όχλου, όσον εις αυτόν καταβαίνουσι καθ' εκάστην ημέ- ραν· αλλ' είναι τόσον ύπερμεγέθης, ώστε τά πλήθη τά σωρηδόν εμβαίνοντα εις αυτόν, δέν στενοχωρεύονται ποτέ. Οί κάτοικοι της Επαρχίας εκείνης είναι σκιαί, πάντα- χόθεν πλανώμεναι, χωρίς σώματα, ἐ ασώματοι. Τι- νές μέν των συχνάζουσιν εις το δικαστήριον, άλλοι δέ εις τα δώματα τού καταχθονίου τυράννου· άλλοι μετέρχον- ται την οποίαν τέχνην επαγγέλλοντο ἐ εις τον Κόσμον, καί άλλοι τιμώνται καί τα εγκλήματα των.

Ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν ὁ Θυμὸς καὶ τὸ μῖσος ἔχον κυριεύ- σιν πάντελῶς τὴν Ψυχὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἀπεφάσισε νὰ ἀφίσῃ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, καὶ νὰ καταβῇ εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, διαβαίνουσα ἀπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον. Μόλις ἐπάτησε τὸ κατοχθόνιον τῆς Στύγος, ἔτα ἐκεῖσε πάντα ἀπὸ τὸ σέβας ἐταράχθησαν· καὶ ὁ Κέρβερος, ἀνοίγνων τὰ τρία τὰ σώ- ματα, εὕλακε τρεῖς εἰς μεγάλας φωνάς. Τότε ἡ Ἥρα ἔ- πραξε πρὸς τρεῖς Ἐρινύας, τὰς ἀμειλίκτας Θυγατέρας τῆς Νύκτος, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐκάθηντο ἐμπροσθίον εἰς τὰς ἀδαμάν- τοπεπλεγμένας Θύρας τῆς φυλακῆς, καὶ ἐπλέκουν τὰς ὀφιώδεις τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς των. Μόλις ἐγνώρισαν τὴν Ἥραν μεταξὺ τῶν σκιῶν καὶ τοῦ καταχθονίου σκότους, ἐσηκώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἐκάθην- το, ὁ ὁποῖος καλεῖται κατοικία τῆς πανούργων καὶ μοχθηρῶν. Ἐκεῖ ἐφαίνετο ὁ Τίτυος, προσφέρων πάντοτε τὰ σπλάγχνα του εἰς τὸν γύπα, διὰ νὰ

Σκαπλωμένον ἐσκέπαζεν δυνέα πλέθρα. Ἐνεῖ ὁ ἄθλιος Ταύταλος παίστατε παντοτε ἀπό τῆς δι λαρ μεταξύ τῆς ὑδάτων, ὀνομιζόμενος εἰς μάτην ν' ἀπολάυση τόν εἰς σίω κεφαλή τι ἐπιρρεμάμενον καρπόν, θεῖ φθάσοντα παρ'αὐτῆς, μόλις ἁπλώση τό χέρ διά ν' τόν ἐγγίση. Ἐνεῖ ὁ Σίσυφος κυλίει ἀϊδίως μία πέτρα, ἡ ὁποία παντοτε ἐανατίπτει εἰς τόν αὐτόν τόπον. Ἐνεῖ ὁ δυστυ- χής Ἰξίον σφέρεται ἀκατάπαυστως ἀπάνω εἰς ἕνα τρο- χόν, διώκων καί φθάσων τόν ἑαυτόν του ἀκατάπαυστως. Ἐνεῖ αἱ Δαναΐδες, αἱ φονεῖς τῆς συζύγων των, ἀντλοῦ- σιν ἀείτοτε νερόν, τό ὁποῖον χάνεται εἰς τῆς αὐτῶν σιγμίλο. Ἀφ' ἡ ἡ Ἥρα ἐκοίταζεν ὅλες αὐτές τῆς φή- μισμένες ποινάς με ἄγριον βλέμμα, καί μάλιστα τόν Ἰξίωνα, ἔπειτα δε' ὠ τόν Σίσυφον, διά τί εἶπε φορᾶς „ πῶς Ἑρμόνας, διά τί αὐτός μόνος τῆς ἀδελφῶν του „ τιμωρεῖται αἰώνίως, ἢ ὁ ὑψηλόθρονον Ἀθάμας εἶναι „ περισκεπασμένος ἀπό βασιλικά πλούτη, ξοδεύοντα „ εἰς τό Παλάτιόν του με παντός λογῆς ἡδονάς, καί ὠσάν „ ν' ἤμην ἐγώ παμμέγα ἀνίσχυρος, καί ν' μην εἶχον „ λόγον ν' εἰδικηστῶ, αὐτός καί ἡ γυνή του με κατα- „ φρονήσει, ὡ καθυβρίζουσι πάντοτε ὡ τό ὄνομά με, ὡ „ καί τῆς βωμές με "; Μετά ταῦτα ταῖς ἐφανέρωσε τό αἴτιον τῆς ὀργῆς της, ι τῆς ἔνδρας της· ταῖς λέγει τί ζητεῖ, ι τί θέλει· τό δε' ποθούμενόν της ἦτον ἡ τελέα σκολόδρυσις τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ Κάδμου. Ταῖς παρακαλεῖ να ἐμπνύσωσιν εἰς τόν Ἀθάμαντα τοιαύτην μανίαν, ἡ ὁποία ν' τόν κυριεύση τόσον, ὥστε ν' γίνη τεκνοφό- νος· καί ἥτω, συγχέσσα ὁμοῦ παρακλήσεις, δήσεις, καί ὑποσχέσεις, κατέπεισαν εὐκόλως ἐκείνας τάς κατακθονίας Θεότητας, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ μεγαλητέρα διχαρέσησις εἶναι τό ν' κακοποιήσι. Τότε ἡ Τισιφόνη, ἡ οὖσα παν-

Tum vero totis Bacchi memorabile Thebis
numen erat, magnasque novi matertera vires
narrat ubique dei, de totque sororibus expers
una doloris erat, nisi quem fecere sorores.
420Adspicit hanc natis thalamoque Athamantis habentem
sublimes animos et alumno numine Iuno,
nec tulit, et secum “potuit de paelice natus
vertere Maeonios pelagoque inmergere nautas
et laceranda suae nati dare viscera matri
425et triplices operire novis Minyeidas alis:
nil poterit Iuno nisi inultos flere dolores?
idque mihi satis est? haec una potentia nostra est?
ipse docet, quid agam (fas est et ab hoste doceri),
quidque furor valeat, Penthea caede satisque
430ac super ostendit: cur non stimuletur eatque
per cognata suis exempla furoribus Ino?”
Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo,
ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes.
Styx nebulas exhalat iners, umbraeque recentes
435descendunt illac simulacraque functa sepulcris.
Pallor hiemsque tenent late loca senta, novique,
qua sit iter, manes, Stygiam qua ducat ad urbem,
ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis.
Mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas
440urbs habet, utque fretum de tota flumina terra,
sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nec ulli
exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit.
Errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae,
parsque forum celebrant, pars imi tecta tyranni,
445pars aliquas artes, antiquae imitamina vitae.
exercent, aliam partem sua poena coercet
Sustinet ire illuc caelesti sede relicta
(tantum odiis iraeque dabat) Saturnia Iuno.
Quo simul intravit sacroque a corpore pressum
450ingemuit limen, tria Cerberus extulit ora
et tres latratus semel edidit. Illa sorores
Nocte vocat genitas, grave et inplacabile numen.
Carceris ante fores clausas adamante sedebant
deque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues.
455Quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras,
surrexere deae. Sedes scelerata vocatur:
viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda novemque
iugeribus distentus erat; tibi, Tantale, nullae
deprenduntur aquae, quaeque inminet, effugit arbor;
460aut petis aut urges rediturum, Sisyphe, saxum;
volvitur Ixion et se sequiturque fugitque;
molirique suis letum patruelibus ausae
adsiduae repetunt, quas perdant, Belides undas.
Throughout the land of Thebes miraculous
the power of Bacchus waxed; and far and wide
Ino, his aunt, reported the great deeds
by this divinity performed. Of all
her sisters only she escaped unharmed,
when Fate destroyed them, and she knew not grief—
only for sorrow of her sisters' woes.—
While Ino vaunted of her mother-joys,
and of her kingly husband, Athamas,
and of the mighty God, her foster-child;
Juno, disdaining her in secret, said;
“How shall the offspring of a concubine
transform Maeonian mariners, overwhelm
them in the ocean, sacrifice a son
to his deluded mother, who insane,
tears out his entrails; how shall he invent
wings for three daughters of King Minyas,
while Juno unavenged, bewails despite?—
Is it the end? the utmost of my power?
His deeds instruct the way; true wisdom heeds
an enemy's device; by the strange death
of Pentheus, all that madness could perform
was well revealed to all; what then denies
a frenzy may unravel Ino's course
to such a fate as wrought her sisters' woe?”
A shelving path in shadows of sad yew
through utter silence to the deep descends,
infernal, where the languid Styx exhales
vapours; and there the shadows of the dead,
descend, after they leave their sacred urns,
and ghostly forms invade: and far and wide,
those dreary regions Horror and bleak Cold
obtain.
The ghosts, arrived, not know the way,—
which leadeth to the Stygian city-gates,—
not know the melancholy palace where
the swarthy Pluto stays, though streets and ways
a thousand to that city lead, and gates
out-swing from every side: and as the sea
with never-seen increase engulfs the streams
unnumbered of the world, that realm enfolds
the souls of men, nor ever is it filled.
Around the shadowy spirits go; bloodless
boneless and bodiless; they throng the place
of judgment, or they haunt the mansion where
abides the Utmost Tyrant, or they tend
to various callings, as their whilom way; —
appropriate punishment confines to pain
the multitude condemned.
To this abode,
impelled by rage and hate, from habitation
celestial, Juno, of Saturn born, descends,
submissive to its dreadful element.
No sooner had she entered the sad gates,
than groans were uttered by the threshold, pressed
by her immortal form, and Cerberus
upraising his three-visaged mouths gave vent
to triple-barking howls.—She called to her
the sisters, Night-begot, implacable,
terrific Furies. They did sit before
the prison portals, adamant confined,
combing black vipers from their horrid hair.
When her amid the night-surrounding shades
they recognized, those Deities uprose.
O dread confines! dark seat of wretched vice!
Where stretched athwart nine acres, Tityus,
must thou endure thine entrails to be torn!
O Tantalus, thou canst not touch the wave,
and from thy clutch the hanging branches rise!
O Sisyphus, thou canst not stay the stone,
catching or pushing, it must fall again!
O thou Ixion! whirled around, around,
thyself must follow to escape thyself!
And, O Belides, (plotter of sad death
upon thy cousins) thou art always doomed
Juno is angered by Semele�s sister Ino

Then indeed Bacchus�s divinity was spoken of throughout Thebes, and Ino, his mother�s sister, told about the new god�s great powers, everywhere. Of all her sisters she was the only one free from trouble, except that which her sisters made. Juno considered this woman, and the lofty pride she had in her sons, her marriage to King Athamas, and her foster-child Bacchus, and could not bear it. She said, to herself, �That son of my rival could change the Maeonian sailors, and immerse them in the sea, and give the flesh of a child to be torn in pieces, by his own mother, and enfold the three daughters of Minyas in strange wings. Can Juno do nothing except lament her troubles, unavenged? Is that enough for me? Is that my only power? He teaches me what to do (it is possible to learn from the enemy): he has shown enough, and more than enough, of the power madness has, by the killing of Pentheus. Why should Ino not be tormented, and follow her relatives� example in her madness?�

There is a downward path, gloomy with fatal yew trees: it leads through dumb silence to the infernal regions. The sluggish Styx exhales vapour, and, by that way, the shadows of the newly dead descend, entombed with full rites, and the ghosts of those, at last, given proper burial. The wide, thorny waste is cold and pallid, and the newly arrived shades are ignorant of the road that leads to the Stygian city, where black Dis has his cruel palace. The roomy city has a thousand entrances, and open gates on every side, and as the ocean accepts the rivers of all the world, so this place accepts all the souls, and is never too small for any populace, nor notices the crowds that come. There the bloodless shadows wander without flesh or bone. Some crowd the forum, some the house of the ruler of the depths, others follow their trades, imitating their previous lives, and still others incur punishment.

Leaving her place in heaven, Saturnian Juno endured the journey there, giving in to such a degree to anger and hatred. As soon as she entered and the threshold sighed at the touch of her sacred body, Cerberus lifted his triple head and let out his threefold baying. She called out for the dread, implacable Furies, the Sisters, the children of Night. They sat in front of the prison gates, closed with steel, combing out their hair, of black snakes. The goddesses rose together, recognising her shadow in the darkness. The place is called Accursed. Here Tityos offers up his innards to be torn, stretched out over nine fields. You, Tantalus, cannot catch the drops of water, and the tree you grasp at, eludes you. You, Sisyphus, attack or pursue the stone that always returns. Ixion turns, and follows after himself and flees, and the forty-nine Belides, who dared to plot the destruction of their cousins, their husbands, fetch again, with incessant labour, the water they have lost.

216 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

ποτε πεδορυβημενη, εχωδεσε με το χερε της πα μισουπεσμενα μαλια της, ρι ψασα εις πας ωμας της πα εμποροσθεν εις το προσωπον της ηρεμαμενα οφιδια, ηξη ειπε προς την "Ηραν", δει εναι κρεια περιττολογιας πα προσαγματα σε, ωγιναν εργον· ηξελθε απο την μισητην παυτην βασιλειαν, ει ηπαγε να χαρης, εις τον Ουρανον αερα γλυκυτερον· ει τερψινοτερον· ου οπως η "Ηρα δυχαειση̃μενη, επεσρεψον εις τον Ουρανον, οπε η Θαυμαντιας "Ιρις την εραντισε με δροσον, δια να την καθαριση απο τον ατμον πα "Αδη.

Ὡς ποσὸν ἡ σκληρὰ Τισιφόνη ἐβλάβεν εἰς τὸ χέρι τὴν ὀλεθρίαν λαμπάδα, ἢ ἐνδυομένη φόρεμα ὅλον αἱματωμένον, ἐξῆλθεν ὀφίδιον αὐτὰ ζώνης, ἢ ἀφίησα τὰς καπνογεννικὰς τοπικάς, συμφοριασμένη μὲ τὴν λύπην, μὲ τὸν φόβον, μὲ τὸν ὁρμὸν, καὶ μὲ αὐτήν την περίκωδη μανίαν, τὴν παραιτοῦσαν τὸ λογικὸν εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἦλθεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Ἀθάμαντος, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ θύραι λέγονται νὰ ἤχησαν ἢ νὰ ἤλλαξαν τὸ χρῶμα· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἥλιος ἀπεμακρύνθη, σηκωνόντας ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὰς ἀκτῖνας του. Τότε ἡ Ἰνὼ καὶ ὁ Ἀθάμας ἐκπεπληγμένοι, ἤθελον νὰ φύγουν ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιον, ἀλλ' εὗρισκαν τὰς θύρας ἐμφραγμένας ἀπὸ τὴν Τισιφόνην, ἡ ὁποία ἐξαπλώνουσα τὰς χεῖράς της, αἱ περιπετυλιμέναι ἀπὸ ὄχοντρας, ἐτίναξε τὰ μαλλιά της, καὶ οὕτως ἐξύπνησε τὰ ὀφίδια, καὶ ἄλλα μὲν ἔπεσαν εἰς τὰ νῶτά της, ἄλλα δὲ εἰς τὸ στῆθος, μὲ φέρνοντα συριγμάτα, καὶ ἐξέρασαν ὅλα ἰοβόλον σίελον, δεικνύοντα τὰς πυρίνους γλώσσας των, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ῥίπτουσι βέλη. Ἡ Τισιφόνη λοιπὸν ἐκβάλλουσα ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιά της δύο ἀπὸ τὰ ὀφίδια, μὲ τὸ λοιμικὸν χέρι της τὰ ἔρριψεν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 217

ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν Ἰνὼ, καὶ εἰς τὸν Ἀθάμαντα. Αὐτὰ δὲ ἐμβῆκαν αὐθὺς εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς πλαιταρῶν ἐπειρ- γῶν, καὶ τὰς ἐπέρνησαν δυσφόρες γνώμας καὶ λυσσώδεις φαντασίας· πλὴν ἔξωθεν τὰ σώματά των δὲν ἐφαίνοντο πληγαί, ἐπειδὴ μόνη ἡ ψυχή των κατετήμετο σφοδρῶς.

Ἡ Τισιφόνη εἶχε φέρει μεθ' ἑαυτῆς κάποια ἰοβόλα ποτὰ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀφρὸν τῆς Κερβέρου, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ φαρμάκι τῆς Ἐχίδνης, ἀπὸ ἀκατάπαυστον πλάνην καὶ τυφλὴν τυ- φλὴν, ἀπὸ ἔγκλημα καὶ λύσσαν καὶ φόνων ἔφεσιν, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀνακατώνησε μὲ αἷμα ζέον, καὶ ἔβρασαν ὅλα ὁμοῦ, βάνουσα καὶ ἰὸν ἀπλόχειρον χλωρόν· καὶ ἐνῶ ὁ Ἀθάμας καὶ ἡ Ἰνὼ ἔμειναν ὡς ἀναίσθητοι ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἔχυσεν εἰς τὰ στήθη των αὐτὸ τὸ φαρμάκι, τὸ ὁποῖον διεπέρασεν εἰς ὅλων καρδίαν των, φέρον εἰς αὐτὴν φοβερὰς ἀναταραχάς. Τέλος πάντων, διὰ νὰ μὴν ἀλησμονήση τίποτε, στρέφουσα πολλάκις ἑλικηδὸν ἐπάνω των τὴν ὁποίαν ἐκράτει φλογερὴν λαμπάδα, ὡς νικήτρια, ἐ- πειδὴ ἐπελέωσε τὴν προσταγὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἐγύρισεν εἰς τὸν ᾅδην, καὶ ἀπεδύθη τὰς ὄφεις, τὰς ὁποίας εἶχεν ἐνδυθῆ.

Εὐθὺς ὁ Ἀθάμας, νομίζων νὰ εἶναι εἰς τὸ κυνή- γιον, ἄρχισε νὰ δείχνη τὴν μανίαν του εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ παλατίου του. Φωνάζει, ὥσαν νὰ ἐφώναζε τοὺς κυνηγούς εἰς τὰ δάση, νὰ ἁπλώσουν τὰ δίκτυα, διὰ νὰ πιάσουν τὰ ὁποῖα ἔβλεπε ζῶα. Ἰδοὺ, λέγει, μία λέαινα μὲ δύο σκύμνους της. Καὶ εὐθὺς, κρατούμενος ἀπὸ τὴν λύσσαν τῆς κυνηγετικῆς δυστυχῆς του συζύγου, ἁρπάζει ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας της τὸν μικρὸν Λέαρχον, ὁ ὁποῖος του ἅπλωνε τὰ χέρια, γελῶντας ὡς βρέφος πρὸς τὸν πατέρα του· καὶ τινάζωντάς τον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἐσωτέρεψεν εἰς τὰς πέ- τρας τὸ κρανίον.

λύσῃ νινεμένην, ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν ὁποίων λύσσαν ἐνέπυρσεν εἰς αὐτὴν τὸ ἰοβόλον ποτόν, ἤρχισε νὰ ὀλολύζῃ, κᾆ νὰ φεύγῃ μὲ μαλλιὰ ξεπλεγμένα, ὁμῶς μὲ τὸν μικρὸν Μελι- κέρτην, τοῦ ὁποίου ἐβαστάζετο εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της, ἐπι- καλουμένη πρὸς βοήθειαν τὸν Βάκχον. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Θέλψις κᾆ ἡ δυστυχία της ἦσταν ἡ χαρὰ τῆς Ἥρας, ἡ ὁποία ἐμπαίζουσα τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Βάκχου ἔλεγεν, ἄς νάμην, ἔλεγεν, ἄς νάμην σήμερον τῶν ἀμοιβῶν τῆς φροντίδος σοῦ ἐκείνος, τοῦ ὁποίου ἀνέτρεφες αὐτὸς ἄς σὲ βοηθήσῃ. Εἰς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἦτον μέγας σκόπελος, κατεσπαρμένος ἀπὸ τὰ κύματα, τὰ ὁποῖα καθ᾿ ἑκάστην τὸ ἐκτυποῦσαν εἰς τὸν πάτον, κᾆ ἡ κορυφή του ἦτον ὀξεῖα, κᾆ τοιαύτης λογῆς ἀπλώνετο ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὥστε τὴν ἐδιαφύλαττον εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος ἀπὸ τῶν βροχῶν. Ἡ Ἰνώ, ἐνδυναμωμένη ἀπὸ τὴν μανίαν της, ἀνέβη χω- ρὶς δυσκολίαν, κᾆ χωρὶς φόβον ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν σκό- πελον, κᾆ ἐπήδησεν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν μὲ τὸ βρέφος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβάσταζεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Ἀφροδίτη (ὡς μήτηρ τῆς Ἁρμονίας, μητρὸς τῆς Ἰνοῦς) τὴν ἐ- σπλαγχνίσθη ὡς ἐγγονόν της, κᾆ ἀπεφάσισε νὰ τὴν βοη- θήσῃ· ὅθεν κολακεύουσα τὸν θεῖόν της τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, τοῦ ἔλεγεν· „ὦ κραταιὰ θεότης τῶν ὑδάτων, ὦ Ποσει- δῶν, ἥτις ἔλαβες διὰ μερίδιόν σου τὸ δεύτερον βασί- λειον τοῦ Κόσμου, σὲ ζητῶ μέγα πρᾶγμα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ ζητούμενον εἶναι πρὸς τιμήν σου κᾆ δόξαν· ἐσπλαγχνίσθη τὰς ἐδικάς μου, τὰς ὁποίας βλέπεις παλευ- ομένας ἀπὸ τὰ κύματα, κᾆ παίγνια τῶν ἀνέμων εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης. Πρόσθες αὐτὰς εἰς τὸν ἀριθμόν ἐκεῖνον τῶν θεῶν, ὅσοι σὲ γνωρίζουσι διὰ βασιλέα των.

Quos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva
465vidit et ante omnes Ixiona, rursus ab illo
Sisyphon adspiciens “cur hic e fratribus” inquit
“perpetuas patitur poenas, Athamanta superbum
regia dives habet, qui me cum coniuge semper
sprevit?” et exponit causas odiique viaeque,
470quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi
staret, et in facinus traherent Athamanta sorores.
Imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum
sollicitatque deas. Sic haec Iunone locuta,
Tisiphone, canos ut erat turbata capillos,
475movit et obstantes reiecit ab ore colubras
atque ita “non longis opus est ambagibus” inquit:
“facta puta, quaecumque iubes. Inamabile regnum
desere teque refer caeli melioris ad auras.”
Laeta redit Iuno, quam caelum intrare parantem
480roratis lustravit aquis Thaumantias Iris.
Nec mora, Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit
inportuna facem, fluidoque cruore rubentem
induitur pallam tortoque incingitur angue
egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur euntem
485et Pavor et Terror trepidoque Insania vultu.
Limine constiterat: postes tremuisse feruntur
Aeolii pallorque fores infecit acernas,
solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita coniunx,
territus est Athamas. Tectoque exire parabant:
490obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinys,
nexaque vipereis distendens bracchia nodis
caesariem excussit. Motae sonuere colubrae,
parsque iacent umeris, pars circum pectora lapsae
sibila dant saniemque vomunt linguisque coruscant.
495Inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues
pestiferaque manu raptos inmisit. At illi
Inoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant
inspirantque graves animas. Nec vulnera membris
ulla ferunt: mens est, quae diros sentiat ictus.
500Attulerat secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni,
oris Cerberei spumas et virus Echidnae
erroresque vagos caecaeque oblivia mentis
et scelus et lacrimas rabiemque et caedis amorem,
omnia trita simul; quae sanguine mixta recenti
505coxerat aere cavo viridi versata cicuta.
Dumque pavent illi, vergit furiale venenum
pectus in amborum praecordiaque intima movit.
Tum face iactata per eundem saepius orbem
consequitur motis velociter ignibus ignes.
510Sic victrix iussique potens ad inania magni
regna redit Ditis sumptumque recingitur anguem.
to dip forever ever-spilling waves!
When that the daughter of Saturnus fixed
a stern look on those wretches, first her glance
arrested on Ixion; but the next
on Sisyphus; and thus the goddess spoke;—
“For why should he alone of all his kin
suffer eternal doom, while Athamas,
luxurious in a sumptuous palace reigns;
and, haughty with his wife, despises me.”
So grieved she, and expressed the rage of hate
that such descent inspired, beseeching thus,
no longer should the House of Cadmus stand,
so that the sister Furies plunge in crime
overweening Athamas.—Entreating them,
she mingled promises with her commands.—
When Juno ended speech, Tisiphone,
whose locks entangled are not ever smooth,
tossed them around, that backward from her face
such crawling snakes were thrown;—then answered she:
“Since what thy will decrees may well be done,
why need we to consult with many words?
Leave thou this hateful region and convey
thyself, contented, to a better realm.”
Rejoicing Juno hastens to the clouds—
before she enters her celestial home,
Iris, the child of Thaumas, purifies
her limbs in sprinkled water.
Waiting not,
Tisiphone, revengeful, takes a torch;—
besmeared with blood, and vested in a robe,
dripping with crimson gore, and twisting-snakes
engirdled, she departs her dire abode—
with twitching Madness, Terror, Fear and Woe:
and when she had arrived the destined house,
the door-posts shrank from her, the maple doors
turned ashen grey: the Sun amazed fled.
Affrighted, Athamas and Ino viewed
and fled these prodigies; but suddenly
that baneful Fury stood across the way,
blocking the passage— There she stands with arms
extended, and alive with twisting vipers.—
She shakes her hair; the moving serpents hiss;
they cling upon her shoulders, and they glide
around her temples, dart their fangs, and vomit
corruption.—Plucking from the midst two snakes,
she hurls them with her pestilential hand
upon her victims, Athamas and Ino, whom,
although the vipers strike upon their breasts,
no injury attacks their mortal parts;—
only their minds are stricken with wild rage,
inciting to mad violence and crime.
And with a monstrous composite of foam—
once gathered from the mouth of Cerberus,
the venom of Echidna, purposeless
aberrances, crimes, tears, hatred—the lust
of homicide, and the dark vapourings
of foolish brains; a liquid poison, mixed,
and mingled with fresh blood, in hollow brass,
and boiled, and stirred up with a slip of hemlock—
she took of it, and as they trembled, threw
that mad-mixed poison on them; and it scorched
their inmost vitals—and she waved her torch
repeatedly, within a circle's rim—
and added flame to flame.—
Then, confident
of having executed her commands,
the Fury hastened to the void expanse
where Pluto reigns, and swiftly put aside
the serpents that were wreathed around her robes.
At once, the son of Aeolus, enraged,
Tisiphone maddens Athamas and Ino

After Saturnia had looked grimly, glancing fiercely, at all these, and at Ixion above all, looking back from him to Sisyphus, she asks the Furies �Why does this son of Aeolus, suffer perpetual torment, while his brother Athamas, who, with his wife, scorns me, lives, in his pride, in a rich palace?� And she expounds the causes of her hatred, her journey, and what it is she wishes. What she wished was that the House of Cadmus should no longer stand, and that the Sisters should drive Athamas mad.� She urged the goddesses help, mingling promises, commands and prayers together. When Juno had finished speaking, Tisiphone, grey-haired as she was, shook her locks, flinging back the snakes that concealed her face, and said �It does not need all these words: consider it done, whatever you have ordered. Leave this unlovely kingdom, and go back to heaven with its sweeter air.� Juno returned happily, and Iris, her messenger, the daughter of Thaumus, purified her, as she was about to enter heaven, with drops of dew.

Without delay, Tisiphone, the troubler, grasped a torch soaked with blood, put on a dripping red robe, coiled a writhing serpent round her waist, and left the spot. Grief went as her companion, and Panic, and Terror, and Madness with agitated face. She took up her position on the threshold, and they say the pillars of the doorway of Aeolus�s palace shook, the doors of maple-wood were tainted with whiteness, and the sun fled the place. Athamas and his wife, Ino, were terrified at these portents of doom, and they tried to escape the palace. The baleful Erinys obstructed them, and blocked the way. Stretching out her arms, wreathed with knots of vipers, she flailed her hair, and the snakes hissed at her movements. Some coiled over her shoulders, some slid over her breast, giving out whistling noises, vomiting blood, and flickering their tongues.

Then she pulls two serpents from the midst of her hair, and hurls what she has snatched with a deadly aim. They slither over Ino and Athamas, and blow their oppressive breath into them. Their limbs are not wounded: it is the mind that feels the dreadful stroke. She had brought foul poisonous liquids too, spume from the jaws of Cerberus, Echidna�s venom, those that cause vague delusions, dark oblivions of the mind, wickedness and weeping, rage and love of murder, all seethed together. She had boiled them, mixed with fresh blood, in hollow bronze, stirred with a stalk of green hemlock.

While they stood trembling, she poured this venom of the Furies over the breasts of the two of them, and sent it into the depths of their minds. Then, brandishing her torch, encircled them with fire, by fire�s swift movement, whirling it round in repeated orbit. So having conquered them, and carried out her orders, she returned to the wide kingdom of mighty Dis, and unloosed the serpent she had wrapped around her.

ὀνομάζομαι Ἀφροδίτη ἀπὸ τὸν ἄφρον τῶ Ὠκεανῦ· εἰς αὐτὰς πᾶς χάριτας πρόσθες, σὲ παρακαλῶ, τὶ παντὶν, διὰ νὰ μὲ ὑποχρεώσῃς περισσότερον. Ὑπήκουσον ὁ Ποσειδῶν τῶ δέησιν αὐτὴν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, ἰ ἀφαιρῶν πᾶν μέρος θνητὸν ἀνήκομενον εἰς ἐκείνας, τὲς ἔσπευσε σεβάσμιον μεγαλειότητα, καὶ δίδωντάς τε ἄλλα πρόσωπα, καὶ ἄλλα ὀνόματα, τὼ μὲν Μητέρα ἐκάλεσε Λευκοθέαν, τὸν δὲ υἱὸν ὀνόμασε Παλαίμονα.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.

Περὶ τῶν συντρόφων τῆς Ἴνυς, αἳ ὁποῖαι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς πέτρας, καὶ ὅρνεα.

Φοβουμένη ἡ Ἥρα μήπως αἱ σύντροφοι τῆς Ἴνυς λάβωσι τὸ αὐτὸ χάριν παρὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, τὰς μεταβάλλει εἰς σκοπέλας ἢ ὄρνεα.

Αἱ Θηβαῖδες γυναῖκες, αἳ ὁποῖαι ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ συντροφεύωσιν τὴν Ἴνυν, τὴν ὑπολήθησαν μὲ τὰς ὀφθαλμὲς ὅσον καιρὸν ἐδυνήθησαν· ἀλλ' ὅταν ἔφθασαν πλησίον τῆς σκοπέλης, ἢ δὲ τὴν εὑρῆκαν, δὲν ἀμφέβαλλον πλέον διὰ τὸν θάνατον τῆς. Τότε ἤρχησαν νὰ κλαίωσι πλησίον τῆς δυστυχίας τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τίλλουσαι τὰς τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς των, καὶ σχίζουσαι τὰ φορέματα των, ἐμέμφοντο τὴν Ἥραν, διὰ τὴν αἰδίαν ἢ σκληρότητα τῆς· ἡ ὁποία, παροξυνομένη ἀπὸ τὰς ὕβρεις των, ἢ μὴ δυναμένη νὰ τὰς ὑποφέρῃ, „καλὰ, λέγει, θέλω σᾶς νὰ με γείνητε ἢ σέας ὑπομνήματα „ἢ μαρτυρίαι τῆς σκληρότητός μου." Ἡ δὲ ὁ λόγος τῆς ἔγινεν ἔργον, ἐπειδὴ μία ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἡ ὁποία ἐφέρετο περίσσοτέραν ἀγάπην πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, θέλουσα νὰ ῥιφθῇ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ σαλεύσῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου, ὅπου ἐπάτει, ἢ αὐτῆς μέρος ἔμεινεν ἐπὶ φοβεροῦ βράχου, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἤθελε νὰ κρημνισθῇ.

Ἄλλη δέ, Θέλσσα νά πτυήθῃ τὸ σῆθος τῆς, με ἀπὸ κέ- νεια, μθώσθη ὅτι τὰ σκέλια τῆς ἐσφηρυμόντο, ἢ δὲδ τῆς ἦτον δυνατὸν να τὰ διπλώσῃ πλέον. Ἄλλη πάλιν Θέ- λες να φορέγηῃ τας χέρας διὰ να παρακαλέσῃ τας Θα- λασσίες Θεότητες, ἀλλ' ὅσα τοῖς μεταμορφωμένη εις πέ- ρας, ἥπλωσε λιθίνας χείρας· ἢ ἄλλη, Θέλσσα να ἐπι- δεῖ ζῶσῃ πὰ μαλλία τῆς, ἀπορέε, αἰδανομίσαν ὅτι αὐτα ἢ ὄμὰ τὰ δάκτυλα τῆς ἦσαν πέτερνα. Τέλος ἔμειναν ὅλαι εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου τὰς ἔφθασαν ἢ μεταβολήτων.

Μέρος δέ τῶν δυσχχῶν μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα πετόμενα εἰς τὴν Θαλασσαν, τὴν ἐγχίλσαι με πὰς ἄκρας τῦ πτερύγων τῶν, καὶ ὥσαν να ἐνθυμῦνται τῆς παλαίαν μυείαν του, γυρεύον αὐτοῦ συνεσχὰς μέρη τῆς σήμερον.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙA τῆς ΙΓ'. & ΙΔ'. Μῦθ.

Δ' ἡ Θέλεια εἶναι ἀρκετὸν τὸ κατάλλοντας οἱ μακαὶ εἰς τὸν Ἄ- δην μόνον, ἀλλὰ ἐπιμένουσιν ἀπολλάκις ἡ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον φόρος παραδείγματα. Εἰ ἄλλως γάρις ὑπερορῶ καὶ μῖσος σης κακίας. Οὕτω τιμώρειται, εἰά τι κατα φρονεῖ τῶν Ἡρῶ· ἢ εἰα ἱὰ κατενδ λωσιλέ πόσον εἶναι κινδυνώδες γὰ συναναρεφάμενα τας α- σεβείας, καὶ ότι εἴ ιαι εὕ καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ γὰ συναναρεφασταί τις κα- κύργης, ὡς γὰ ἢ ποη ἦ αὐτὸς ποιήσος, μυθάλσειον ότι ὅσμ ἠγάπην τὴν Γῦο, ἦ τῷ ἐσωτέρῳ φόλον, ἐπαιδά Δηῖσα ὡς ἦ αὑτή.

Protinus Aeolides media furibundus in aula
clamat “io, comites, his retia tendite silvis!
hic modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole leaena:”
515utque ferae sequitur vestigia coniugis amens
deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum
bracchia tendentem rapit et bis terque per auras
more rotat fundae rigidoque infantia saxo
discutit ora ferox. Tum denique concita mater,
520seu dolor hoc fecit seu sparsi causa veneni,
exululat passisque fugit male sana capillis
teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis
“euhoe Bacche” sonat. Bacchi sub nomine Iuno
risit et “hos usus praestet tibi” dixit “alumnus.”
525Inminet aequoribus scopulus: pars ima cavatur
fluctibus et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas,
summa riget frontemque in apertum porrigit aequor.
Occupat hunc (vires insania fecerat) Ino,
seque super pontum nullo tardata timore
530mittit onusque suum; percussa recanduit unda.
At Venus, inmeritae neptis miserata labores,
sic patruo blandita suo est: “O numen aquarum,
proxima cui caelo cessit, Neptune, potestas,
magna quidem posco, sed tu miserere meorum,
535iactari quos cernis in Ionio inmenso,
et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est,
si tamen in medio quondam concreta profundo
spuma fui Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab illa.”
Adnuit oranti Neptunus et abstulit illis,
540quod mortale fuit, maiestatemque verendam
inposuit nomenque simul faciemque novavit
Leucothoeque deum cum matre Palaemona dixit.
shouts loudly in his palace; “Ho, my lads!
Spread out your nets! a savage lioness
and her twin whelps are lurking in the wood;—
behold them!” In his madness he believes
his wife a savage beast. He follows her,
and quickly from her bosom snatches up
her smiling babe, Learchus, holding forth
his tiny arms, and whirls him in the air,
times twice and thrice, as whirls the whizzing sling,
and dashes him in pieces on the rocks; —
cracking his infant bones.
The mother, roused
to frenzy (who can tell if grief the cause,
or fires of scattered poison?) yells aloud,
and with her torn hair tangled, running mad,
she carries swiftly in her clutching arms,
her little Melicerta! and begins
to shout, “Evoe, Bacche!”—Juno hears
the shouted name of Bacchus, and she laughs,
and taunts her;—“Let thy foster-child award!”
There is a crag, out-jutting on the deep,
worn hollow at the base by many waves,
where not the rain may ripple on that pool;—
high up the rugged summit overhangs
its ragged brows above the open sea:
there, Ino climbs with frenzy-given strength,
and fearless, with her burden in her arms,
leaps in the waves where whitening foams arise.
Venus takes pity on her guiltless child,
unfortunate grand-daughter, and begins
to soothe her uncle Neptune with these words;—
“O Neptune, ruler of the deep, to whom,
next to the Power in Heaven, was given sway,
consider my request! Open thy heart
to my descendants, which thine eyes behold,
tossed on the wild Ionian Sea! I do implore thee,
remember they are thy true Deities—
are thine as well as mine—for it is known
my birth was from the white foam of thy sea;—
a truth made certain by my Grecian name.”
Neptune regards her prayer: he takes from them
their mortal dross: he clothes in majesty,
and hallows their appearance. Even their names
Ino becomes the goddess Leucotho�

Then Athamas, raving through the centre of his palace, cries out � Friends, spread the nets through these woods! I have just seen a lioness here, with her two cubs� and in his madness he followed his wife�s steps as if she were a wild beast. Then he snatched his son Learchus, who was laughing and waving his little arms, from his mother�s protection, and whirled him round, two or three times, in the air, in the manner of a sling, and dashed the infant�s head fiercely against the solid rock. Then the mother, roused at last by the pain this caused, or by reason of the poison sprinkled on her, howled like an animal, and fled, insanely, tearing at her hair. In her naked arms she carried you, Melicertes, and cried out �Euhoe, Bacchus�. Juno laughed aloud at Bacchus�s name, saying �Such help as this may your foster-son give you!�

A cliff overhung the water, carved out at its base by the breakers, and it sheltered the waves it hid, from the rain. Its summit reared up and stretched out, in front, over the water, into empty space. Ino climbed up there (madness had lent her strength) and unrestrained by fear threw herself and her burden into the sea: the wave foamed white where she fell. Venus, pitying her granddaughter�s undeserved sufferings, coaxed her uncle, saying � O Neptune, god of the waters, whose power only ceases near heaven, it�s true that what I ask is great, but take pity on those who are mine, whom you see, fallen into the vast Ionian waters, and add them to your sea-gods. Some kindness is due me from the sea, if once I was made from the spume in the midst of the deep, and from that my Greek name, �foam-born� Aphrodite, remains.� Neptune accepted her prayer, and taking from them what was mortal, gave them greatness, giving them at the same time new names and forms, calling the god Palaemon, and his mother, Leucotho�, the white goddess.

Πρὸς τάδης τὰ τέκνα αἱ δυστυχῆς αὐτῆς βασιλίδος παιδάγονται ἦ αὐτὰ παρομοίως, μέ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, καὶ μετέχουσι τῆς τιμωρίας της, ἀγκαλὰ δέν μετέχουσι τὸ ἐγκλήματος της. Δῶ διδασκό- μεθα λοιπὸν ἐκ τῆδε ὅτι ἡ τιμωρία ἡ παρέργον φθάνει ἕως εἰς τὰ παιδία, καὶ ὅτι οἱ κεραυνισμένοι ἀπὸ Θεὸν Σήμα δὲν σβύονται πολλάκις παρὰ εἰς τὸ αἷμα τῆς φύσης αὐτῶν· Τέλος πάντων ἂν ἐγλαφύ ὅτι ὅλ' ἴχνον φῶς, τὸ ὁποῖον νὰ μᾶς μένει εἰς ἡ καρδία μας· εἰ δέν δέν μανθάνομεν ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦτο νὰ φοβῆσθε τοῦ Θεοῦ, σωφρο- νιζόμενοι μέ αὐτὸν τὸν σωτήριον φόβον;

Ἀλλ' ἐπειδή ὁ Θεὸς δὲν ἀποδέχεται τὰ ἁμαρτωλὰ, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ἧς κατακαρδίου τὸν ἴδιον κόσμον, καὶ πῶς ἆθλες τιμωρίας, πότε ἐνέργει ἡ παγρατιασία; Δῆλον ὅτι μᾶς εἶναι ἡ Ἰνὼ καὶ ὁ Μελικέρ- της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς Θαλάττιος Θεότητας, εἰα τὴν σπλαγχνίαν τῶν Θεῶν, δηλαδὴ ἐσώθησαν, ὅταν ἐνομίζοντο ἀφανισμένοι.

Πρέπει τώρα νὰ εἴπωμεν βραχέα τινὰ ἦ εἰα τὸν Ἅιδην, τὸν πε- ριγραφόμενον εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μῦθον, εἰα τὶ ὁποῖοι οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἤθέλησαν νὰ παρακινήσουν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους νὰ εἶναι καλοὺς, ἦ πῶς οἱ Θρᾶκες, ὡς λέγει ὁ Κικέρων, ἔκλαιον εἰς τὴν γέννησιν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἢ ἔχαιρον ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου του, ἢ πῶς Παλαιὸς εἶπεν ὅτι ἡ μεγαλητέρα εὐτυχία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἶναι τὸ νὰ μὴ γεννηθῇ ἢ μετὰ τὴν γέννησίν του νὰ μὴ ζήσῃ πολὺν καιρόν.

Μετὰ τὸν Κέρβερον συναπαντῶνται δύω αἱ Ἐρινύες· τοῦ δηλοῦσιν ὅτι μόλις γίνεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, εὐθὺς βασανίζεται καὶ διώκεται ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη τῆς ψυχῆς. Βέβαια αἱ Ἐρινύες μᾶς ἐξεικονίζουσι πάσας ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τὰ πάθη, ὅσα μᾶς φέρουσιν εἰς ἔχθρας, ὑποψίας, αἰσχύνας καὶ ἄλλας κακίας, ὅσαι μεταβάλλουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον εἰς δαίμονα. Μαρτυροῦσι δὲ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν Ἐρινύων· διότι ἡ Μέγαιρα σημαίνει μῖσος, ἡ δὲ Τισιφόνη, τὴν ἐκδίκησιν, ἢ φονέα· ἡ δὲ Ἀληκτὼ μᾶς παρίστησιν ἐκείνην τὴν ἀπαύστον σύγχυσιν καὶ ταραχήν, ἡ ὁποία συμβαδίζει πάντοτε τὰ πάθη μας.

Αἱ λοιπαὶ τιμωρίαι, αἱ περιγραφόμεναι εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, δύνανται παρομοίως νὰ ὑποδείξωσιν εἰς τὰ πάθη τὰ κινήματα τῆς ψυχῆς. Ὁ Τίτυος, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ ἔνδοσθεν, κατετρώχθη ὑπὸ τὸν γῦπα, αὐξανόμενα πάντοτε κατὰ φοράν, ἐκείνην τὰ πάθη, σημαίνει τὰς ἀτελευτήτους ἔχθρας καὶ μάχας, τὰς ὁποίας φέρουσί τινες καὶ μετὰ θάνατον κάτω εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, ὅπου θὰ τοὺς βασανίζωσιν ὡς καὶ εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν κατακεκριμένην διὰ κολάσεως, ἢ τῆς δικαίας τιμωρίας. Ἡ πεῖνα τοῦ Ταντάλου σημαίνει τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία οὐδὲ δύναται νὰ χρησιμεύῃ εἰς τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν ὅλων τῶν ἀγαθῶν. Ὁ τροχὸς τοῦ Ἰξίονος σημαίνει τὴν ἀχαριστίαν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπιθαλπόμενοι μόνον φρασκάζονται, ὅ τι τὸ παρὸν εἶναι· Σίσυφος δὲ ὁ ἀεί, μάτην ἐλπίζων ποτὲ ἀνάπαυσιν, δὲν ἀφίνει ὥστε τοὺς ἄλλους νὰ ἦσαν ἥσυχοι, πειρώμενος ἀπαύστως νὰ προξενήσῃ στάσεις καὶ καταστροφὰς εἰς τὴν ἐπικράτειαν, ἢ πολιτείαν, ὅπου

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 223

βασανίζεια τῆς ψυχῆς. Καὶ ὄντως, αὖ κατὰ οἱ κακέργοι δέν τιμω- ροῦνται κατεμφορόθεν τῆ ἀδρόπποι, δέν συρῶνται εἰς τὰ δικαιοθέια, κι κανεὰς δέν ἱξέληι τὰ ἐγκλήματα τῶ θίμος ἢ συμέθοἲς τοῦ εἶναι παντοτε ἐμαρόδευ των, καὶ τᾶς ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ τῆς κατηγορῖᾶ, καἰ κατάδικα ζει. Βέβαια δέν, εἶναι κανεὰς κακέργος, ἥμι ἐξαίρετοί λόγος, τὸ ὕποπτευει, κι κνώμι γι ὕποτειά εἶναι ἀρκετά, ὅτι δέν δύναται νὰ ἴσχυα γιὰ κατάδίκι τὰ ποαίδευματά τιχ, αᾶ κι νὰ ἴκειπεν αὐτός ὁ ἴδιος που ἴξυπυγε, κι ὅλοι οἱ Κειται τὰ Κόσμα νὰ ἤδέλαο τον μαρτυρήσαι ἀ- δῶον.

Οὕτως οἱ Παλαιοί, ἀν κ δέν ἦσαν πεφασίσμένι μέ ἐκεῖνο τὸ φῶς τὸ ὑδήγεν ἡμάς τους Χριστιανούς, ἤδέλησαν νὰ διδάξουν ὅτι ἢ Κόλασις ἄρχηνα ὕπὸ τῶν παροόαν ζωιῶ· καὶ ὅτι μετὰ θανάτοιν δύ- εἰσκοῦνται σκληρότερα καὶ πικρότερα τιμωρειᾶι, ὡς μὴ ἔχουσα ποτὲ τέλος.

Περὶ τῆς Ὥρας εἶναι ψεῖπτοῦ νὰ ὁμιλήσω. μέ τὸ νὰ εἴ πα ἀρκέ- τα εἰς τὸν τῆς Μῦθου· ὄθεν τὸ λόγον ἀποδέχετο, ὅτι δέν εἶναι παραδόξον αὖ αὐτῇ, ἢ νομιζομένη Θέα τῆ πλήστης, παρεῖχεν ἡμᾶς Ἑρινύας, δηλαδὴ τὰ πάθη ᾷ βέβαια τ᾽ δέν ὑποπλώσιν. οἱ ἄν- θρωποι, καὶ τί δέν κατάθει εἰσο διὰ τὴς ὑπάκησιν τῆ πλήστης

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΕ'.

Περὶ τὸ Κάδμος, κἰ τῆς γυναικὸς τὸ Ἀρμονίας, τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἴς Δράκοντας.

Ὁ Κάδμος, ὺὰς τὸ Ἀγήνορος, κ ἢ γυνή τὸ Ἀρμονίας, Θυγάτηρ τὸ Ἄρεως καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, μεταβάλλονται εἰς Δράκοντας, κατὰ τὴν φορὰ τῆς Θέου αἰτιοῦν των.

ρώπους ἀρδῶς τὴν γυναικά του, μετὰ δακρύων τῆς ἔλεγε· „ πλησίασον, γλυκυτάτη μου συμβία, πλησίασον, σὲ „ παρακαλῶ, ἔτι ὑπῆρχε μέρος τι ἐμοῦ· λάβε τὸ „ χέρι μου, τὸ ὁποῖον σοι δίδω, ἐν ὅσῳ εἶναι ἀκόμη χέρι, „ καὶ πρὶν ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸν τόπον μου ὁ δράκων ὁλοτελῶς „. Ἤθελε νὰ εἴπῃ περισσότερα, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ γλῶσ- σά του διεμοιράσθη εἰς δύο, ψιθύρων, μὴ δυνάμενος πλέον νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον, μόνον ἐσύριξεν, ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις του ἀ- φῆκεν εἰς χρῆσιν αὐτοῦ μόνον τὴν φωνὴν ταύτην. Τότε ἡ γυ- νή του ἤρχισε νὰ φωνάζῃ, καὶ νὰ κτυπᾷ τὸ στῆθος της, „ μεῖνον Κάδμε μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ, καὶ ἐκδύθητι τὸ φρικτῶδες εἶ- „ δος, καὶ φανῇς τόσον εὔμορφος εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς „ μου, ὅσον εἶσαι ποθεινὸς εἰς τὴν ψυχήν μου. Τί „ βλέπω ἡ δυστυχής, ὦ Κάδμε; τί ἔγιναν αἱ χεῖρές „ σου; ποῦ εἶναι οἱ πόδες σου; καὶ ὦ πρὸς σὲ λαλῶ, τί „ ἔγινεν ὅλον σου τὸ σῶμα; ὦ Θεοί! ἐπειδὴ εἶμαι συμ- „ μέτοχος τῶν δυστυχιῶν του, διὰ τί δὲν μετέχω καὶ τῆς „ τύχης του; Σεῖς, ὦ Θεοί, ἐμεταμορφώσατε τὸ ἥμισυ „ μόνον τοῦ Κάδμου, λοιπὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν μεταμορφώσητε ὅ- „ λον, μεταβάλλετε καὶ τὴν γυναῖκά του „. Καὶ ἡ μὲν ἔλεγε ταῦτα, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἔγλειχε τὴν συμβίαν του, καὶ ἐσύ- ριζεν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν της, καὶ ἀναγκαλίζων αὐτήν, ὡς ἔδειχνον ὅτι δὲν ἔχασε τὸ λογικόν. Ὅσοι ἦσαν παρόντες εἰς τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἔγιναν οἱ αἰδήμονες, καὶ ἐκστατικοί· ἡ δὲ τα- λαίπωρος Ἁρμονία, ὡς γυναικοῦσα πάντοτε τὸν σύζυ- γόν της, τὸν ἐχάϊδευε, μ᾽ ὅλον ὅτι εἶχεν ὀφιώδη μορ- φήν, καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ αὐτῇ τῇ στιγμῇ ἐφάνησαν δύο ὄφεις. Οὕτ- ως αὕτη ἔγινε πάλιν σύμβιος τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ οὗτοι ἤρχισαν νὰ σύρωνται καὶ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, καὶ ἐκρύβησαν εἰς ἕν σκιερὸν δάσος. Δὲν δάκνουσι ποτὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώ- πους, οὔτε βλάπτουσι τινά, ἀλλ᾽ εἶναι ὄφεις ἀθῷοι πα-

Sidoniae comites, quantum valuere secutae
signa pedum, primo videre novissima saxo;
545nec dubium de morte ratae Cadmeida palmis
deplanxere domum, scissae cum veste capillos,
utque parum iustae nimiumque in paelice saevae
invidiam fecere deae. Convicia Iuno
non tulit et “faciam vos ipsas maxima” dixit
550“saevitiae monimenta meae.” Res dicta secuta est.
Nam quae praecipue fuerat pia, “persequar” inquit
“in freta reginam” saltumque datura moveri
haud usquam potuit scopuloque adfixa cohaesit.
Altera, dum solito temptat plangore ferire
555pectora, temptatos sensit riguisse lacertos;
illa, manus ut forte tetenderat in maris undas,
saxea facta manus in easdem porrigit undas;
huius, ut arreptum laniabat vertice crinem,
duratos subito digitos in crine videres:
560quo quaeque in gestu deprensa est, haesit in illo.
Pars volucres factae; quae nunc quoque gurgite in illo
aequora destringunt summis Ismenides alis.
and forms are altered; Melicerta, changed,
is now Palaemon called, and Ino, changed,
Leucothoe called, are known as Deities.
When her Sidonian attendants traced
fresh footprints to the last verge of the rock,
and found no further vestige, they declared
her dead, nor had they any doubt of it.
They tore their garments and their hair—and wailed
the House of Cadmus— and they cursed at Juno,
for the sad fate of the wretched concubine.
That goddess could no longer brook their words,
and thus made answer, “I will make of you
eternal monuments of my revenge!”
Her words were instantly confirmed—The one
whose love for Ino was the greatest, cried;
“Into the deep; look—look—I seek my queen.”
But even as she tried to leap, she stood
fast-rooted to the ever-living rock;
another, as she tried to beat her breast
with blows repeated, noticed that her arms
grew stiff and hard; another, as by chance,
was petrified with hands stretched over the waves:
another could be seen, as suddenly
her fingers hardened, clutching at her hair
to tear it from the roots.—And each remained
forever in the posture first assumed.—
But others of those women, sprung from Cadmus,
were changed to birds, that always with wide wings
skim lightly the dark surface of that sea.
Juno transforms the Theban women

Ino�s Sidonian attendants followed the marks of her feet as best they could, only to see her last leap from the pinnacle of rock. Not doubting that she was dead, they mourned for the House of Cadmus, beating their breasts, tearing at their clothes and hair, saying that the goddess had shown too little justice, and too much cruelty, to the rival who had made her jealous. Juno could not bear their protests, and said �I will make you the best monument to my cruelty�. What she said was done. Now the one who had been most faithful cried �I will follow the queen into the sea�, and starting her leap could not move at all, and stuck fast, fixed to the cliff. Another felt her raised arms grow rigid, when she tried to beat her breasts, as she had been doing. Another chanced to stretch her hands out to the waves of the sea, but now hands made of stone were extended over the same waves. One, as she tore at the crown of her head to pull out her hair, you might see, suddenly with stiffened fingers amongst her hair. Whatever gesture they were caught in, there they remained. Others, Theban women, changed to birds, also, now, skim the surface of those depths with their wings.

τοῦ, καὶ ἡμέροι, διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐνθυμῶνται πλέον προτέραν φύσιν των.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ἡ μὲν εἰς τοὺς δυστυχοῦς Ἀργείους, ἤ τὴν μὴ σφόδρα εὐτυχῆ μὲν ὕστερον φύσιν εἰς τὸ προτύτερον ζῴον. Λέγουσί μας ἐδιώχθη ἀπὸ τὴν Βασιλείαν ὕστερα ἀπὸ μεγάλα δυστυχήματα καὶ ὑπῆγε μέ τὴν γυναῖκά του τὴν Ἁρμονίαν εἰς τὰ μέρη τῆς Ἰλλυρίας, ἢ ἐπειδὴ κατῳκοῦν ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωποι ὠμοὶ ὡσπερ ὄφις, ὑποκατελήφθη τῆς γνώμης καὶ εἰς τὰ ἤθη ἰδιαιτέρως βαρβάρων, μέ τῆς ὁποίας ἀνάμιξης, ἡ μεταβολὴ τῆς ζωῆς ταύτη. Ἤ ἡ φυσική ἀγριότης τῶν Ἰλλυρίων, ἡ ὤθησε αἰτίαν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς Δράκοντες. Ἐπειδὴ λέγεται ὅτι οἱ παλαιοί Ἰλλύριοι εἶχον δύο κόρας εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ἢ ἔβλεπον πολὺ ἐξωμε, ὥστε ἔκταταζον μέ τὸ βλέμμα των, δῆλα ὄφεων τινῶν, ὅσους ποτέ τυχὸν κοιτάζουν ὀλίγον ἀρχήν.

Ἡ δεύτερα δὲ παρατήρησις, ἢ τὰ δυστυχήματα εἶναι οἱ καλλιώτεροι ἄρχοντες τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἤ τὴς συμφορᾶς, ἀλλ' τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ σοφίαν, τῶν σφοδρῶν ἀρετῶν εἰ ὅτε αἱ μεθ, τῶν συμβολῶν, ἀλλὰ τάχα, λέγουσιν ἄλλοι, μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἢ ἡ γυνὴ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς ὄφις ὕστερα μετὰ τὰς δυστυχίας, ὅσας ὑπέφερον τὸ περισσότερον ἀνθρώπινον ἀπὸ τῆς ζωῆς ταύτη, ἐκθησαν εἰς τὰ γηροκομεῖα τῶν φρονιμωτέρων, καὶ συνετωτέρων παρά τιν, ὅσοι ἐφέρθησαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον διέξηται βασιλικῶν.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΘ'. Κ, ΙΖ'.

Περί τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδύσης γεννηθέντων Δρακόντων· ἐκ τῆς μεταβο- λῆς τῆς Ἄτλαντος εἰς βουνόν.

Πρῶτος ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Διὸς καὶ τῆς Δανάης κόπτει τῆς Μεδύσης τὴν κεφαλήν, ἡ ὁποῖα εἶχε τὸν διάμαντα τὰ μαλλία της ἀντί δράκοντες, καὶ τὰ μεταμβάλλει εἰς ἠλέκτρα· ἀπὸ δὲ τὸ αἷμα τῆς κεφαλῆς της γεννῶνται ὄφεις. Γέννησις τοῦ Πηγάσου. Ὁ Ἄτλας μὴ θέλησας νὰ δώσῃ φιλοξενίαν τὸν Περσέα, μεταμορφώνεται εἰς βουνόν.

Ἡ μόνη παρηγορία της ἔμενεν εἰς τὰς δυστυχίας της, καὶ ἦτον αὐτὴ, ὅτι ἔβλεπεν πῶς ὁ Βάκχος ὁ ἐγγονός της εἶχε νίκησιν τῆς Ἰνδοῦς, καὶ ἐπροσκυνεῖτο ἐκεῖ ὡς Θεός, καὶ ὅλη ἡ Ἑλλὰς εἶχεν ἀφιερώσει εἰς τιμήν του πολλὰς Ναούς. Δὲν ἔμεινε παρὰ μόνος ὁ Ἀκρίσιος, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ἤθελε νὰ τὸν ὁμολογήσῃ Θεόν, μάλιστα ἐκήρυττε πόλεμον καὶ τῆς νέας ταύτης Θεότητος. Δὲν ἤθελε νὰ κατακειθῇ ὥστε νὰ ἐκατήγετο ὁ Βάκχος ἀπὸ τὸν Δία, ὥστε ἡ Δαναὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ του νὰ συλλάβῃ τὸν Περσέα ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Δία, μεταμορφωμένου εἰς χρυσίαν βροχήν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι πρᾶγμα ἰσχυρότερον ἀπὸ τὴν παρουσίαν τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁ Ἀκρίσιος μετενόησεν ὀλίγον ὅτι δὲν

ἐφοσκευάσησε τὸν Βάχχον, καὶ δὴ ἐπίσδυσε νὰ εἶναι υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς ὁ ἔργονος τοῦ Περσέως. Ὁ μὲν εἶχε λάβει τόπον εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, συμφειδμηθείς με τὶς ἀθανάτης Θεάς, ὁ δὲ ἄλλος, κομίζων τὰ εὔδοξα λάφυρα ἑνὸς τέρατος, ἐπέτα εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς Οἰκουμένης ἴσαν νὰ ἐφέρετο ἐπὶ τῶν πτερύγων τῆς νίκης. Ἐν ᾧ διέβαινε λοιπὸν ἐν μιᾷ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπὶ τῆς ἄμμου τῆς Ἀφρικῆς, τὰ ἐπῆσαν μεσίκαι σταλαγματίαι αἵματος, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐβάστα εἰς χείρας τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης, καὶ ἡ γῆ δεχομένη αὑτάς, ἐβλάστησεν ἀῦθις ἐκείνα τὰ διάφορα εἴδη ὄφεων, τὰ διευρισκόμενα εἰς τὴν Ἐπαρχίαν ἐκείνην, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς ὁποίας εἶναι μισητὴ εἰς τὰς ἰδίας αὐτῆς ἐγκατοίκους.

Nescit Agenorides natam parvumque nepotem
aequoris esse deos: luctu serieque malorum
565victus et ostentis, quae plurima viderat, exit
conditor urbe sua, tamquam fortuna locorum,
non sua se premeret; longisque erroribus actus
contigit Illyricos profuga cum coniuge fines.
Iamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant
570fata domus releguntque suos sermone labores,
“num sacer ille mea traiectus cuspide serpens”
Cadmus ait “fuerat, tum, cum Sidone profectus
vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, dentes?
Quem si cura deum tam certa vindicat ira,
575ipse precor serpens in longam porrigar alvum.”
Dixit, et ut serpens in longam tenditur alvum
durataeque cuti squamas increscere sentit
nigraque caeruleis variari corpora guttis.
In pectusque cadit pronus. Commissaque in unum
580paulatim tereti tenuantur acumine crura.
Bracchia iam restant: quae restant bracchia tendit
et lacrimis per adhuc humana fluentibus ora
“accede, o coniunx, accede, miserrima,” dixit
“dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange manumque
585accipe, dum manus est, dum non totum occupat anguis!”
Ille quidem vult plura loqui, sed lingua repente
in partes est fissa duas: nec verba volenti
sufficiunt, quotiensque aliquos parat edere questus,
sibilat: hanc illi vocem natura reliquit.
590Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora coniunx
“Cadme, mane, teque, infelix, his exue monstris!
Cadme, quid hoc? ubi pes, ubi sunt umerique manusque
et color et facies et, dum loquor, omnia? cur non
me quoque, caelestes, in eandem vertitis anguem?”
595Dixerat: ille suae lambebat coniugis ora
inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat
et dabat amplexus adsuetaque colla petebat.
Quisquis adest (aderant comites), terretur: at illa
lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis.
600Et subito duo sunt iunctoque volumine serpunt,
donec in adpositi nemoris subiere latebras.
Nunc quoque nec fugiunt hominem nec vulnere laedunt
quidque prius fuerint, placidi meminere dracones.
Unwitting that his daughter and his son
are Ocean deities, Agenor's son,—
depressed by sorrow and unnumbered woes,
calamities, and prodigies untold,—
the founder fled the city he had built,
as though fatalities that gathered round
that city grieved him deeper than the fate
of his own family; and thence, at last
arrived the confines of Illyria;
in exile with his wife.—
Weighted with woe,
bowed down with years, their minds recalled the time
when first disaster fell upon their House:—
relating their misfortunes, Cadmus spoke;
“Was that a sacred dragon that my spear
impaled, when on the way from Sidon's gates
I planted in the earth those dragon-teeth,
unthought-of seed? If haply 'tis the Gods,
(whose rage unerring, gives me to revenge)
I only pray that I may lengthen out,
as any serpent.” Even as he spoke,
he saw and felt himself increase in length.
His body coiled into a serpent's form;
bright scale's enveloped his indurate skin,
and azure macules in speckled pride,
enriched his glowing folds; and as he fell
supinely on his breast, his legs were joined,
and gradually tapered as a serpent's tail.—
Some time his arms remained, which stretching forth
while tears rolled down his human face, not changed
as yet, he said; “Hither, O hapless one!
Come hither my unhappy wife, while aught
is left of manhood; touch me, take my hand,
unchanged as yet—ah, soon this serpent-form
will cover me!”
So did he speak, nor thought
to make an end; but suddenly his tongue
became twin-forked. As often as he tried,
a hissing sound escaped; the only voice
that Nature left him. —
And his wife bewailed,
and smote her breast, “Ah, Cadmus, ah!
Most helpless one, put off that monster-shape!
Your feet, your shoulders and your hands are gone;
your manly form, your very colour gone; all—all
is changed!—Oh, why not, ye celestial Gods,
me likewise, to a serpent-shape transform!”—
So ended her complaint. Cadmus caressed
her gently with his tongue; and slid to her
dear bosom, just as if he knew his wife;
and he embraced her, and he touched her neck.
All their attendants, who had seen the change,
were filled with fear; but when as crested snakes
the twain appeared in brightly glistening mail,
their grief was lightened: and the pair, enwreathed
in twisting coils, departed from that place,
and sought a covert in the nearest grove.—
There, then, these gentle serpents never shun
mankind, nor wound, nor strike with poisoned fangs;
for they are always conscious of the past.
Cadmus and Harmonia become serpents

The son of Agenor, Cadmus, did not know that his daughter and little grandson were now sea-gods. Conquered by the pain of this run of disasters, and daunted by all he had seen, the founder departed his city, as if the misfortunes of the place and not himself were oppressing him. Driven to wandering, at length his journey carried him and his wife to the borders of Illyria. Now, weighed down by age and sadness, they thought of the original destiny of their house, and in talk reviewed their sufferings. Cadmus said �Surely that snake, my spear pierced, must have been sacred, when, fresh from Sidon, I scattered the serpent�s teeth, a strange seed, over the earth? If that is what the gods have been avenging with such sure anger, may I myself stretch out as a long-bellied snake.� And, so speaking, he did extend into a long-bellied snake, and felt his skin hardening as scales grew there, while dark green patches checkered his black body. He lay prone on his breast, and gradually his legs fused together thinning out towards a smooth point. Still his arms were left to him, and what was left of his arms he stretched out, and, with tears running down his still human cheeks, he said �Come here, wife, come here, most unfortunate one, and while there is still something left of me, touch me, and take my hand, while it is still a hand, while the snake does not yet have all of me.�

He wanted to say so much more, but suddenly his tongue was split in two, and though he wished for words none came, and whenever he started on some plaintive sound, he hissed: this was the voice that Nature bequeathed him. Then, striking her naked breast with her hands, his wife cried out �Cadmus, wait, unhappy one, tear away this monstrous thing! Cadmus, what is it? Where are your feet? Where are your hands, shoulders, face, colour, everything � while I speak? Why do you not change me as well, you gods, into this same snake�s form? She spoke. His tongue flickered over his wife�s face, he slid between her beloved breasts as if known there, and clasped her, and searched about for the neck he knew so well. Everyone who was there (their comrades were present) was horrified, but she stroked the gleaming neck of the crested serpent, and suddenly there were two snakes there, with intertwining coils, until they sought the shelter of the neighbouring woods. Even now they do not avoid human beings or wound them, quiet serpents, remembering what they once were.

Οὕτως ὁ Θεῖος Περσεὺς, ὑπὸ ἐναντίων ἀνέμων τῇ δὲ κἀκεῖσε φερόμενος ὡς νεφέλη εἰς τὸ ἀμέτρητον διάστημα τῆς Οὐρανῆς, βλέπει τὴν γῆν ὑποκάτω του, καὶ μετὰ ὑπεράν- ωθεν τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον. Διέβη εἰς πλησίον τῆς Βορείου Πόλεως, καὶ τέλος ἦλθεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας τῆς ἀρκτίνου. Πολλάκις ἐφέρθη παρὰ τὸ δυτικόν μέρος, καὶ πολλά- κις πάλιν παρὰ τὸ ἀνατολικόν. Βλέπων δὲ ὅτι ἡ ἡμέ- ρα ἔληγε, καὶ μὴ θέλων νὰ μείνῃ πλέον νύκτα εἰς τὸν δρόμον, ἐστάθη εἰς τὸ τῆς Ἄτλαντος Βασίλειον, καὶ ἀ- πεφάσισε νὰ καταλύσῃ, διὰ νὰ ἡσυχάσῃ, ἕως ὅτου ὁ Ἑως- φόρος ἤθελεν ἀναλάβει τὸ φῶς τῆς Αὐγῆς, ἢ δὲ τὸν ἡμερινὸν δρόμον. Ὁ Ἄτλας ἦτον πᾶσον ὑψηλὸς, ὥστε ἕνας γίγας, ἤθελε φανῆ μικρόστατος παραβαλλόμενος μετ᾿ αὐτόν. Ὑπερέβαινε δὲ κάθε ἄνθρωπον διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν του, καὶ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ σώματός του, ἦτον Μονάρχης τῆς ἐσχάτου Ἐπαρχίας τοῦ Κόσμου, καὶ τῆς με- γάλης ἐκείνης Θαλάσσης, ὅπου ὁ Ἥλιος ὑπάγει νὰ

μυας, ηδ χιλιας ενδες αλλε ειδος ζωων. Οι ηππoι τε ησαν γεματοι δενδρα, τῶ οποιων οι κλαδοι ηδ τα φυλλα ησαν ολοχρυσα, ἡ εγκαρποφορεν μηλα χρυσα. Υ- πῆς λοιπον ο Περσαδς εις επισκεψιν τας, τα αμιλη- σοσ ὡπως · „ αδ ἡ ευκλεια τῆ γυνης ειναι δορειῃ να σε „ παρακινησῃ, μαθε οτι εγω ειμαι υος τε Διος· ἐαν „ δε φροτιμῆς πα εννοξα κατερδωματα, ισως λαβης „ αιτιαν να θαυμασῃ κ τα εδινια με. Παρακαλωσε να „ με φιλοξενησης μιαν νυκτα μονον, κ αδ δυναται τι „ ἡ φιλια με, σοι τῳ προσφερω μεθ χαρας ·· Ὸ Α'τλας, ενθυμημενος ονα παλαιον δησμον, του οποιον ειχε λαβη απο τῆς Θεμιδα, οτι εμελλε ποτε να ελ- θῃ εκει εις ιδος του Διος να λοῃ τους χρυσους κατπες τῆ δενδρων τῆ, φοβουμενος τὴν πληρωσιν τε χρησμε, επειεταιχιοσε τῆς ηπῳς του ωσαν με λογυ- ηδ, ηδ τῆς παρεδαπεν εις φυλαξιν ονος φοβερὸ Δρα- κοντος, δια να μιαν κανενας ξενος ηδ λεπλατη- σῃ τῆς πολυτιμης κατπης του. Ουπο λοιπον δεδ εδεχ- θῇ εἰ του Περσαος αλλα τον αποβαλε λεγων ·· „ μη „ ξοχασθῆς να με απαηθησης με την παυσησιν τῶ λο- „ δων κατερδωματων σε, κ φυλαξε απο τον Συμον με, „ τον δυναμενον να σε διοδξῃ να μη κιρυτης αδικας „ πατερα σε ονα Θεον ··, κη φορος τοις φοβεισμασιν, εσρφθεσε κ τῳ βιαν, δια τι βλεπων οτι ο Περσαος δεν επινειτο, μιγνυων εις τῆ αιθιστασιν ηδ λογους δυμενης, ηθελησε να τον αμτωξῃ με πα χερεα. Αλλ ο Περσαος, αιδανομενος τον εαυτον τε ανιχυρο- τερον, ( διοτι ποιος δυναται να συγκειη τὴν δυναμιν του με εκεινον τῆ Ατλαντος ; )) επειδῆ, τῆ λεγει, „ δεδ κατακδυνσαι να με φιλοξενησης, λαβε παρ εμε „ το παρον δωρον ··, κῃ ουτως τῆ εβαλε απο οφθαλ-

μων την φοβεραν κεφαλην της Μεδουσης. Μολις ειδε αυτως ο μεγας Ατλας, εσπασεν απο το να ειναι ανθρωπος, και μετεμορφωθη αυτος εις ορος. Τα γενεια ι μαλλια του εγινεν δασος, οι δε ωμοι του, κι αι χειρες του εγιναν λοφοι· η κεφαλη του εσχηματισε την υψηλοτερην κορυφην του βουνου, τα δε πλευρα του μετεβληθησαν εις πετρας, κι υψωθη εις τοσον υψος, ωστε οι Θεοι κατηδρυσαν εις τας ωμας του τον Ουρανον με ολα τα αστρα, τα αναπαυοντα επανω του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Λέγεται πως ότι διά από Μεδούσης, η οποία ήτον η ωραιοτέρα τής τριάδος, σημαίνεται η ηδονή. Και βέβαια θέλει πει να συμπεραίνοντα ότι είναι μεγάλη χάριτα η ηδονή, διότι διά την απόλαυσιν μέσα μόνιμο σιγηλώ, αρχαίζουσι τινες να δυσηυχή αιώνα ως. Αλλά τι μάς διδάσκουσι τα οφίδια τα γεννηθέντα εκ του αίματος της Μεδούσης; Εθανάτων να αποδείξω ότι δεν είναι παράδοξον να χυθώσιν οφίδια υπό σεσηπότα αίματα, επειδή τώτο είναι φυσικόν υποκείμενον· αλλ' ημείς ζητούμεν εδώ άλλο τι, τώχι τα της φύσεως υποκείμενα· ζητούμεν διδασκαλίαν, τώι πρός μάθησιν μετά σοφίας, αλλά μάλλον πρός απαρτισμόν κι διόρθωσιν της ηδονής μάς. Συνεζώμαι λοιπόν ότι διά της όφεως, της από αίματος της Μεδούσης, σημαίνονται οι άς σημειώσεις εγώ οι τω ενα βέβαια εγκληματικάς ηδονάς γενόμενα. Και και όλα εκ της όψεως των αποφαίνεται πηδούν δυσφυσιών, ώς μετά πολλώ άσης την καταβάλλει κι της ψυχής. Αυτή μάς κάμνει να καταφρονώμεν την τιμήν, κι να αγαπώμεν την ατιμίαν, κι όλαι αι οδοί αι φέρουσαι εις απόπλασίαν της, μάς φαίνονται ευμορφοι κι χαρμόσυνοι, ξέχοντες πρόθυμως όπου αυτή μάς κράζει, αν κι να είναι δύσβατος κι ανδιόδευτος ο δρόμος· αλλ' αφού ευτή την απολαύσαμεν, κι την δυσλόγιστον πολύν καιρόν, μάς αφίνει εις απομείναντα οφίδια, τα οποία μάς θανατώσι, δηλαδή την μετάνοιαν, ώ λύπη ότι εφθείραμεν κακώς την ζωήν μας, εν ώ εδυνάμεθα να την περάσωμεν καλώς και ωφελίμως.

Sed tamen ambobus versae solacia formae
605magna nepos dederat, quem debellata colebat
India, quem positis celebrabat Achaia templis.
Solus Abantiades ab origine cretus eadem
Acrisius superest, qui moenibus arceat urbis
Argolicae contraque deum ferat arma genusque
610non putet esse Iovis; neque enim Iovis esse putabat
Persea, quem pluvio Danae conceperat auro.
Mox tamen Acrisium (tanta est praesentia veri)
tam violasse deum quam non agnosse nepotem
paenitet: inpositus iam caelo est alter, at alter
615viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri
aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis.
Cumque super Libycas victor penderet harenas,
Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae.
Quas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues:
620unde frequens illa est infestaque terra colubris.
Inde per inmensum ventis discordibus actus
nunc huc, nunc illuc exemplo nubis aquosae
fertur et ex alto seductas aethere longe
despectat terras totumque supervolat orbem.
625Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit:
saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus.
Iamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti,
constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe,
exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes
630evocet Aurorae, currus Aurora diurnos.
Hic hominum cunctis ingenti corpore praestans
Iapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus
rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis
aequora subdit equis et fessos excipit axes.
635Mille greges illi totidemque armenta per herbas
errabant, et humum vicinia nulla premebant.
Arboreae frondes auro radiante nitentes
ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant.
“Hospes,” ait Perseus illi, “seu gloria tangit
640te generis magni, generis mihi Iuppiter auctor;
sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras.
Hospitium requiemque peto.” Memor ille vetustae
sortis erat: Themis hanc dederat Parnasia sortem:
“Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro
645arbor, et hunc praedae titulum Iove natus habebit.”
Id metuens solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas
moenibus et vasto dederat servanda draconi
arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes.
Huic quoque “vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum,
650quam mentiris” ait, “longe tibi Iuppiter absit!”
vimque minis addit manibusque expellere temptat
cunctantem et placidis miscentem fortia dictis.
Viribus inferior (quis enim par esset Atlantis
viribus?) “at quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est,
655accipe munus!” ait, laevaque a parte Medusae
ipse retro versus squalentia protulit ora.
Quantus erat, mons factus Atlas: nam barba comaeque
in silvas abeunt, iuga sunt umerique manusque,
quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen,
660ossa lapis fiunt: tum partes auctus in omnes
crevit in inmensum (sic, di, statuistis) et omne
cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo.
The fortune of their grandson, Bacchus, gave
great comfort to them—as a god adored
in conquered India; by Achaia praised
in stately temples. — But Acrisius
the son of Abas, of the Cadmean race,
remained to banish Bacchus from the walls
of Argos, and to lift up hostile arms
against that deity, who he denied
was born to Jove. He would not even grant
that Perseus from the loins of Jupiter
was got of Danae in the showering gold.
So mighty is the hidden power of truth,
Acrisius soon lamented that affront
to Bacchus, and that ever he refused
to own his grandson; for the one achieved
high heaven, and the other, (as he bore
the viperous monster-head) on sounding wings
hovered a conqueror in the fluent air,
over sands, Libyan, where the Gorgon-head
dropped clots of gore, that, quickening on the ground,
became unnumbered serpents; fitting cause
to curse with vipers that infested land.
Thence wafted by the never-constant winds
through boundless latitudes, now here now there,
as flits a vapour-cloud in dizzy flight,
down-looking from the lofty skies on earth,
removed far, so compassed he the world.
Three times did he behold the frozen Bears,
times thrice his gaze was on the Crab's bent arms.
Now shifting to the west, now to the east,
how often changed his course? Time came, when day
declining, he began to fear the night,
by which he stopped his flight far in the west—
the realm of Atlas—where he sought repose
till Lucifer might call Aurora's fires;
Aurora chariot of the Day.
There dwelt
huge Atlas, vaster than the race of man:
son of Iapetus, his lordly sway
extended over those extreme domains,
and over oceans that command their waves
to take the panting coursers of the Sun,
and bathe the wearied Chariot of the Day.
For him a thousand flocks, a thousand herds
overwandered pasture fields; and neighbour tribes
might none disturb that land. Aglint with gold
bright leaves adorn the trees,—boughs golden-wrought
bear apples of pure gold. And Perseus spoke
to Atlas, “O my friend, if thou art moved
to hear the story of a noble race,
the author of my life is Jupiter;
if valiant deeds perhaps are thy delight
mine may deserve thy praise.—Behold of thee
kind treatment I implore—a place of rest.”
But Atlas, mindful of an oracle
since by Themis, the Parnassian, told,
recalled these words, “O Atlas! mark the day
a son of Jupiter shall come to spoil;
for when thy trees been stripped of golden fruit,
the glory shall be his.”
Fearful of this,
Atlas had built solid walls around
his orchard, and secured a dragon, huge,
that kept perpetual guard, and thence expelled
all strangers from his land. Wherefore he said,
“Begone! The glory of your deeds is all
pretense; even Jupiter, will fail your need.”
With that he added force and strove to drive
the hesitating Alien from his doors;
who pled reprieve or threatened with bold words.
Although he dared not rival Atlas' might,
Perseus made this reply; “For that my love
you hold in light esteem, let this be yours.”
He said no more, but turning his own face,
he showed upon his left Medusa's head,
abhorrent features.—Atlas, huge and vast,
becomes a mountain—His great beard and hair
are forests, and his shoulders and his hands
mountainous ridges, and his head the top
of a high peak;—his bones are changed to rocks.
Perseus and Atlas

Nevertheless even in their altered form, their grandson Bacchus gave them great consolation, whom conquered India worshipped, to whose newly created temples the Achaians thronged. Only Acrisius, son of Abas, born from the same roots (through Belus brother of Agenor), was an exception, who closed Argos within its walls, took up arms against the god, and did not consider him a child of Jupiter. Nor did he consider, as a child of Jupiter, his grandson Perseus, whom Dana� conceived of a shower of gold. Though later (such is truth�s power) Acrisius repented of outraging the god, and of not acknowledging his grandson. One had taken his place in the heavens, but the other was travelling through the gentle air, on beating wings, bringing back an amazing, monstrous prize, and as the victor hung above the Lybian sands, bloody drops fell from the Gorgon�s head. The earth caught them and gave them life, as species of snakes, and so that country is infested with deadly serpents.

He was driven from there by conflicting winds, carried this way and that, through vast spaces, like a raincloud. He flew over the whole world, looking down, through the air, from a great height, at remote countries. Three times he saw the frozen constellations of the Bears, three times the Crab�s pincers. Often he was forced below the west, often into the east, and now as the light died, afraid to trust to night, he put down in the western regions of Hesperus, in the kingdom of Atlas. He looked to rest there a while, till Lucifer summoned up Aurora�s fires, and Aurora the chariot of dawn. Here was Atlas, son of Iapetus, exceeding all men by the size of his body.

The most remote land was under Atlas�s rule, and the ocean, into which Sol�s panting horses plunged, and where his straining axle was welcomed. He had a thousand flocks, and as many herds of cattle straying through the grass, and no neighbouring soil was richer than his. The leaves of the trees, bright with radiant gold, covered branches of gold, and fruit of gold. Perseus said to him �Friend, if high birth impresses you, Jupiter is responsible for my birth. Or if you admire great deeds, you will admire mine. I ask for hospitality and rest.

Atlas remembered an ancient prophecy. Themis on Parnassus had given that prophecy. �Atlas, the time will come when your tree will be stripped of its gold, and he who steals it will be called the son of Jupiter.� Fearful of this, Atlas had enclosed his orchard with solid walls, and set a huge dragon to guard it, and kept all strangers away from his borders. To Perseus, he said �Go far away, lest the glory of the deeds, that you lie about, and Jupiter himself, fail you!� He added weight to his threats, and tried to push him away with his great hands, Perseus delaying resolutely, and combining that with calm words. Inferior in strength (who could equal Atlas in strength?), he said, �Well now, since you show me so little kindness, accept a gift� and ��� turning away himself, he held out Medusa�s foul head, on his left hand side. Atlas became a mountain, as huge as he himself had been. Now his hair and beard were changed into trees, his shoulders and hands into ridges. What had been his head before was the crest on the mountain summit. His bones became stones. Then he grew to an immense height in every part (so you gods determined) and the whole sky, with its many stars, rested on him.

Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἐλαφήθη εἰς τὸν Μῦθον περὶ τῆς γεννήσεως τοῦ Περσέως ὑπὸ τῆς Δανάης, καὶ ὑπὸ τὸν Δία, τὸν μεταμορφωθέντα εἰς βροχὴν χρυσίου, ἀφῆκε νὰ διηγήσωμαι καὶ τοῦτο ἐν βραχυλογίᾳ, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὀλίγα περὶ τούτου παραμαρβαίνει. Ἡ χρυσῆ βροχὴ, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ζεὺς μεταμορφώθη, ἐπάστευσε τὴν Δανάην, καὶ κατὰ μεταμορφωθῇ εἰς πύργον ἀχύρου, ἵνα ἐξ ἐκείνου δεν ἔχει κακίαν ἄφθαρμα πόσον χρυσὸν ὥστε νὰ μὴ δαμάζεται εὐκόλως διὰ τὸ χρυσόν.

Μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὅσοι ἐθυώντο ὑπὸ τινας Θεᾶς, ἦσαν υἱοὶ ἐκείνων τῶν Θεῶν, τὰς ὁποίας ἐπαρέσμον αὐτοὶ εἰς Πλάτωνα, ὡς ὁ Αἰνείας ἐπὸ Ἀφροδίτης, ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος τοῦ Ἄρεως, ὁ Μίνως τοῦ Διός, ὁ Αὐτόλυκος τοῦ Ἑρμῆ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ οἱ υἱοὶ οὗτοι κληρονομοῦσι καὶ τι ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως των, ἴσως ὁ Μίνως ἔγινε Βασιλεὺς, ἔνομος ὁ Αἰακὸς, ἀνδρεῖος ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος, καὶ κλέπτης ὁ Αὐτόλυκος. Οὕτως καὶ ὁ Περσεὺς λέγεται υἱὸς τοῦ Διός, κατὰ γέννησιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλακρινίου αὐτοῦ, ἢ διὰ τὸ εὐτυχῆσαι εἰς ὅλας τὰς τοῦ ἐπιχειρήσεις. Ἐπακόλουθε μὲ τὰς Γοργόνας, ἤτοι πλούσια καὶ δυστυχῆ, τῶν ὁποίων ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ Μέδουσα. Ἔπειτα ἔφερε τὰ ὅπλα τῆς κατὰ τῆς Μαυριτανίας, καὶ ὕστερον κατὰ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, ὅπου ἔλαβεν εἰς γυναῖκα τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, θυγατέρα τοῦ Κηφέως, τοῦ βασιλεύοντος τότε ὑπὸ τῆς πορομῆς τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸ τότε Βασίλειον τῶν Ἀργείων, σκοτώσας Πρίτον τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Νήσου Σερρῆς, ὑπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ὑπὸ

παρὰ ἦν πολυτιμωτέρων. Καὶ ὄντως, χωρὶς γὰρ κἀμωμαι τῶ ἐδῶ πολλὰς σχέσματε, ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ ἠθέλησε νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ τὴν ἀλήθειαν παντῦ, ἐπειδὴ αἱ φλέβες τοῦ χρυσοῦ, αἱ εὑρισκόμεναι εἰς τῆς γῆς, εἶναι μεμιγμέναι μὲ φαρμάκια, καὶ μὲ ἄλλας θανατοφόρους ὕλας.

Δυνάμεθα ἔτι νὰ προσθέσωμεν ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Δράκοντος (τὸ ὁποῖον ἔπρεπε νὰ φονεύσῃ τις πρῶτον, καὶ ἔπειτα νὰ κλέψῃ τοὺς χρυσοῦς καρποὺς) δείκνυται πόσον εἶναι δύσκολος καὶ κινδυνώδης ἡ ἀπόκτησις τῆς κακῆς τοῦ ὄψης, ἣ ὅμως διὰ τοῦ Δράκοντος δὲν ἐννοεῖται ἡ φιλαργυρία, ἥτις εἶναι φρόνιμος, τὸ πλέον ἀκοίμητος ὑπὸ χιλίους Δράκοντας. Αὕτη φυλάττει ὡς ὀφείλει τὸ φόβῳ τινὰς νὰ μὴ ἀποσπάσῃ τίποτε, ἐμποδίζει νὰ τὰ μεταχειρισθῶσιν ἄλλοι, οὐδὲ ἡ ἰδία, δὲν ἀναπαύεται ποτὲ ὡς οἱ δράκοντες· διότι λέγεται ὅτι αὐτὰ τὰ θηρία δὲν κοιμῶνται ποτὲ, ἢ πολλὰ ὀλίγον, καὶ ὅθεν διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ἔθεσαν εἰς τῆς σημαίας τῶν δράκοντα, θέλοντες νὰ δείξωσιν ὅτι ὁ στρατιώτης ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀγρυπνῇ πάντοτε. Τέλος ἡ φιλαργυρία δὲν χορταίνει ποτὲ, ὡς ὁ Δράκων, ἣ πάντοτε βασανίζεται, ὄχι μόνον ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος τοῦ φυλάττειν τὰ κεκτημένα, ἀλλὰ ἢ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον νὰ μὴ τὰ χάσῃ. Τοιοῦτο τοῦτο βλέπομεν καὶ εἰς τὸν Αὐλαῦρον, ὁ ὁποῖος φοβεῖται μήποτε ὁ Ἰάσων τοῦ κλέψῃ τὰς χρυσᾶς καρποὺς, ἢ τάχα τὸν θησαυρόν του, καθὸ συμβαίνει συνέχως καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους φιλαργύρους, μὲ ὅσους προσπαθοῦν ἢ ἂν ἔχουν ἐξουσίαν τῆς φυλάξεως.

Ὡς εἶπον ὅτι ὁ Ἄτλας ἦτον μέγας Μαθηματικός, καὶ ἐμυθολόγησε τὴν ἀστείαν τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως εἰς τὸ ὄνομά του, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἐπρῶτος εἶπε

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΗ'.

Περὶ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, τῆς ὁποίαν ὁ Περσεὺς ἠλευθέρωσεν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς Θαλασσίου τέρατος, ὡς περὶ τῶν κλάδων τῶν μεταβληθέντων εἰς κοράλλια.

Διαβάλων ὁ Περσεὺς ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰθιοπίων, ἐγίνεν ἐραστὴς τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε παραδοθῆ εἰς τὸ θαλάσσιον Θηρίον, ἣν ἠλευθέρωσεν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ ἐκείνου τοῦ κήτους· ἐν ᾧ δ' ἐκεῖνος ἀνέπαυετο ὑπὸ τὸν κόπον, οἱ μικροὶ κλάδοι, ἐπάνω εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἔπεσαν τινὲς σταλαγματῖαι τοῦ αἵματος τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κοράλλια.

Ἄρκει ἐτέρεττει φυλακόμενος ὅλας τὰς ἀνέμους εἰς τὸ αἰώνιον ἐκεῖνο φυλακεῖον, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ὡς ἐμβαίνει ποτὲ, ἐκτὸς διὰ προσταγῆς του· ἦ ὁ Ἥλιος ὁ ἀπαγγέλλων εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον νὰ ἀναλάβωσι τὰς ἐργασίας των, ἔσβεσε τὰς φλόγας τῶν ἄστρων, διαχέων ἀπανταχοῦ τὸ φῶς του, ὅταν ὁ Περσεὺς ἐσάλευε τὰς πτέρυγας του, ἢ τὸ σανδάλιε, ἢ ῥιπτόμενος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα μὲ ἀσυγκράτητον δύναμιν, ἤρχισε πάλιν τὸ σύνηθες πέρασμά του. Ἀφίνων δὲ ὄπισθέν του μέγα πλῆθος πόλεων, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, καὶ ἐλάβεν ὄνομα, εἴτε ἠθέλησαν νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὸ βασίλειον τοῦ Κηφέως. Ἐπειδὴ διὰ τὴν ἄδικον σκληρότητα τῆς Θεοῦ τῆς Ἀμμώνος, ἡ δυστυχὴς

Book IV · PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA

PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA

Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos,
admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto
665Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis
parte ab utraque pedes teloque accingitur unco
et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit.
Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis
Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva.
670Illic inmeritam maternae pendere linguae
Andromedan poenas iniustus iusserat Ammon.
Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes
vidit Abantiades (nisi quod levis aura capillos
moverat et tepido manabant lumina fletu,
675marmoreum ratus esset opus), trahit inscius ignes
et stupet et visae correptus imagine formae
paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas.
Ut stetit, “o” dixit “non istis digna catenis,
sed quibus inter se cupidi iunguntur amantes,
680pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque,
et cur vincla geras.” Primo silet illa, nec audet
adpellare virum virgo; manibusque modestos
celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset:
lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis inplevit obortis.
685Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri
nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque,
quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae,
indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda
insonuit, veniensque inmenso belua ponto
690inminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor.
Conclamat virgo: genitor lugubris et una
mater adest, ambo miseri, sed iustius illa.
Nec secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus
plangoremque ferunt vinctoque in corpore adhaerent,
695cum sic hospes ait: “Lacrimarum longa manere
tempora vos poterunt: ad opem brevis hora ferendam est.
Hanc ego si peterem Perseus Iove natus et illa,
quam clausam inplevit fecundo Iuppiter auro,
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator et alis
700aerias ausus iactatis ire per auras,
praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis
dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto:
ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.”
Accipiunt legem (quis enim dubitaret?) et orant
705promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes.
Augmented on all sides, enormous height
attains his growth; for so ordained it, ye,
O mighty Gods! who now the heavens' expanse
unnumbered stars, on him command to rest.
In their eternal prison, Aeous,
grandson of Hippotas, had shut the winds;
and Lucifer, reminder of our toil,
in splendour rose upon the lofty sky:
and Perseus bound his wings upon his feet,
on each foot bound he them; his sword he girt
and sped wing-footed through the liquid air.
Innumerous kingdoms far behind were left,
till peoples Ethiopic and the lands
of Cepheus were beneath his lofty view.
There Ammon, the Unjust, had made decree
Andromeda, the Innocent, should grieve
her mother's tongue. They bound her fettered arms
fast to the rock. When Perseus her beheld
as marble he would deem her, but the breeze
moved in her hair, and from her streaming eyes
the warm tears fell. Her beauty so amazed
his heart, unconscious captive of her charms,
that almost his swift wings forgot to wave.—
Alighted on the ground, he thus began;
“O fairest! whom these chains become not so,
but worthy are for links that lovers bind,
make known to me your country's name and your's
and wherefore bound in chains.” A moment then,
as overcome with shame, she made no sound:
were not she fettered she would surely hide
her blushing head; but what she could perform
that did she do—she filled her eyes with tears.
So pleaded he that lest refusal seem
implied confession of a crime, she told
her name, her country's name, and how her charms
had been her mother's pride. But as she spoke
the mighty ocean roared. Over the waves
a monster fast approached, its head held high,
abreast the wide expanse.—The virgin shrieked;—
no aid her wretched father gave, nor aid
her still more wretched mother; but they wept
and mingled lamentations with their tears—
clinging distracted to her fettered form.
And thus the stranger spoke to them, “Time waits
for tears, but flies the moment of our need:
were I, who am the son of Regal Jove
and her whom he embraced in showers of gold,
leaving her pregnant in her brazen cell, —
I, Perseus, who destroyed the Gorgon, wreathed
with snake-hair, I, who dared on waving wings
to cleave etherial air—were I to ask
the maid in marriage, I should be preferred
above all others as your son-in-law.
Not satisfied with deeds achieved, I strive
to add such merit as the Gods permit;
now, therefore, should my velour save her life,
be it conditioned that I win her love.”
To this her parents gave a glad assent,
for who could hesitate? And they entreat,
and promise him the kingdom as a dower.
Perseus offers to save Andromeda

Aeolus, son of Hippotas, had confined the winds in their prison under Mount Etna, and Lucifer, who exhorts us to work, shone brightest of all in the depths of the eastern sky. Perseus strapped the winged sandals, he had put to one side, to his feet, armed himself with his curved sword, and cut through the clear air on beating pinions. Leaving innumerable nations behind, below and around him, he came in sight of the Ethiopian peoples, and the fields of Cepheus. There Jupiter Ammon had unjustly ordered the innocent Andromeda to pay the penalty for her mother Cassiopeia�s words.

As soon as Perseus, great-grandson of Abas, saw her fastened by her arms to the hard rock, he would have thought she was a marble statue, except that a light breeze stirred her hair, and warm tears ran from her eyes. He took fire without knowing it and was stunned, and seized by the vision of the form he saw, he almost forgot to flicker his wings in the air. As soon as he had touched down, he said �O, you do not deserve these chains, but those that link ardent lovers together. Tell me your name, I wish to know it, and the name of your country, and why you are wearing these fetters. At first she was silent: a virgin, she did not dare to address a man, and she would have hidden her face modestly with her hands, if they had not been fastened behind her. She used her eyes instead, and they filled with welling tears. At his repeated insistence, so as not to seem to be acknowledging a fault of her own, she told him her name and the name of her country, and what faith her mother had had in her own beauty.

Before she had finished speaking, all the waves resounded, and a monster menaced them, rising from the deep sea, and covered the wide waters with its breadth. The girl cried out: her grieving father and mother were together nearby, both wretched, but the mother more justifiably so. They bring no help with them, only weeping and lamentations to suit the moment, and cling to her fettered body. Then the stranger speaks �There will be plenty of time left for tears, but only a brief hour is given us to work. If I asked for this girl as Perseus, son of Jupiter and that Dana�, imprisoned in the brazen tower, whom Jupiter filled with his rich golden shower; Perseus conqueror of the Gorgon with snakes for hair, he who dared to fly, driven through the air, on soaring wings, then surely I should be preferred to all other suitors as a son-in-law. If the gods favour me, I will try to add further merit to these great gifts. I will make a bargain. Rescued by my courage, she must be mine.� Her parents accept the contract (who would hesitate?) and, entreating him, promise a kingdom, as well, for a dowry.

Ἀνδρομέδη ὑπήγαγε νὰ λάβῃ τὴν τιμωρίαν τῆς μητρικῆς αἰδοῦς, ἡ ὁποία μήτηρ τῆς ἐτόλμησε νὰ παροτιμήσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν τῆς ὡραιότητα ἀπὸ ἐκείνων τῶν Νηρηΐδων. Αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν βλέπων ὁ Περσεὺς δεδεμένην εἰς σκόπελον, ἐνόμισε νὰ ἦτον κάποια μαρμάρινον ἀγάλματα, ἕως ὅτε εἶδε τὰ μαλλία τῆς νὰ πυματᾷν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ τὰ ὄμματια τῆς νὰ χύνουν δάκρυα. Ἡράσθη δὲ τῆς κόρης, χωρὶς νὰ τὸ σκεφθῇ, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ τὴν γνωρίσῃ, καὶ ἔμεινε τόσον πεπληγμένος ἀπὸ τῆς ὡμορφίας της, ὥστε ὠμέλησε νὰ κινῇ ὡς δέον τὰ πτέρυγάς του, ὀλίγου ἔλειπε νὰ πέσῃ εἰς τὰς πόδας τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ὥσαν διὰ νὰ τῆς προσφέρῃ τὰς πρώτας λατρείας. Κάπως λοιπόν, δὲν εἶναι ἁρμόδιον ἐκεῖναι αἱ ἁλύσεις, λέγει, νὰ κρατῶν δεδεμένον αὐτὸ τὸ ὡραῖον σῶμα, ἀλλὰ οἱ δεσμοὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἑνώνοντες τὰς ἐρωτώσας ψυχάς, αὐτοί εἶναι αἱ εὐτυχεῖς ἁλύσεις, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἁρμόδιον εἶναι νὰ σὲ κρατῶσιν δεδεμένην. Ἀλλ' εἰπέ μοι, σὲ παρακαλῶ, τὸ ὄνομά σου, ἢ τὴν πατρίδα σου, ἢ τὸ αἴτιον, διὰ τί εἶσαι δεδεμένη μὲ τόσα σίδηρα. Δὲν ἀποκρίνεται ἐκείνη τίποτε, ἐντρέπεται νὰ βλέπῃ ἐμπροσθέν τῆς ἕνα νέον, κι ἂν ὅμως εἶχε δεδεμένας τὰς χέρας, ἤθελε συγκαλύψῃ τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς. Δὲν δύναται νὰ κάμῃ ἄλλο τι παρὰ νὰ δακρύζῃ, καὶ νὰ τὸν παρακινῇ εἰς συμπλάγχνίαν, ἀφ' οὗ τὴν ἐνεπιάσεν ἔρως. Ὁ Περσεὺς τὴν παρακαλεῖ, καὶ ἐκείνη, διὰ νὰ μὴν ὑποστάνῃ ὅτι ὑπὸ ὑπαιτίως ἐγκλήματός τινος, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ κρύψῃ τὸ σφάλμα τῆς, τὸ φανερώνει τὸ ὄνομά τῆς, ἢ τὴν πατρίδα τῆς, διηγεμένη καὶ τῆς ὑψηλοφροσύνης τῆς μητρὸς τῆς. Μόλις ἤρχισε νὰ τελειώσῃ τὸν λόγον τῆς, καὶ ἤγερθη εἰς τὰ ὕδατα μεγάλη ζοφ, καὶ

236 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

μα Σαλδασης. Βλέψασα τὸ Θηρίον αὐτὸ ἡ παλαιπωρὸς Ἀνδρομέδη, ἔβαλε μεγαλωπάτην φωνήν. Ὁ πατήρ, ἡ δὲ μήτηρ της ἦσαν παρόντες εἰς τὸ θέαμα, ἀμφότεροι δυστυχεῖς ἢ ἀπελπισμένοι· ἀλλ' ἡ μήτηρ μὲ πρεπωδέσ­τε­ ρον δίκαιον ἀπὸ τὸν πατέρα, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὴ ἦτον αἰτία τοῦ δυστυχήμματος τῆς θυγατρός της. Ὅμως οἱ γονεῖς της δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὴν βοηθήσουν, ἢ δὲν ἔχουσιν ἄλλο τι νὰ τῆς δώσουν εἰ μὴ μάταια δάκρυα, καὶ ἄλλο τι δὲν δύνανται νὰ κάμνουν, εἰ μὴ νὰ σκεπάσουν τὸ σῶμα της μὲ τὰ ἐδικά τῶν, διὰ νὰ μὴ βλέπῃ τὸ θηρίον, ἢ νὰ φύγῃ φθάνοντας αὐτοὺς πρὸς αὐτήν. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς, σπλαγχνισθεὶς τὴν συμφοράν των, ἔχετε καιρόν, τοὺς λέγει, διὰ νὰ κλαύσητε τὴν δυστυχίαν σας, διὰ νὰ τὴν βοηθήσετε δὲ, πολλὰ ὀλίγον. Ἂν σᾶς τὴν ἐζήτουν εἰς γάμον ἐγώ, ὅστις εἶμαι υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ τῆς Νύμφης ἐκείνης, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐβίασεν αὐ­ τὸς ὁ Ζεὺς χυνόμενος ῥύσῃ χρυσῇ· ἐγώ, ὅστις ἐνίκησα τὴν Γοργῶν, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ μαλλία ἦσαν τόσα ὄφιδια, καὶ δὲν ἐδελίασα νὰ περάσω πε­ τώντας τόσον διάστημα τοῦ ἀέρος, δὲν ἀμφιβάλ­ λω ὅτι ἠθέλετε μὲ προετιμήσει ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλον, εἰ κ' ἐνδοξότατον ἄνθρωπον· ἀλλ' ἂν οἱ Θεοὶ μὲ βοη­ θήσουν, θέλω προσθέσει εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ προτερήματα ἢ μίαν μεγάλην εὐεργεσίαν. Θέλω ἀγωνισθῆ διὰ νὰ ἐλευθερώσω τὴν θυγατέρα σας, ἂν ὅμως μὲ ὑποσχε­ θῆτε νὰ μέ τὴν δώσητε διὰ γυναῖκα, ἀφ' οὗ τὴν ἐλευθερώσω ἀπὸ τὸν παρόντα κίνδυνον. Ἐκεῖνοι παράθὺς τὸ ἔταξαν τὸ ζητήμενον· καὶ ποῖοι γονεῖς δὲν ἤθελον δεχθῆ ὑπόσχεσιν τόσον ὠφέλιμον; Τὸ ἔταξαν μὲν, πλὴν τῆς θυγατέρος τῶν, καὶ τὴν ἐπικράτειάν τῶν ἢ τὸν βασιλικὸν στέφανον. Ἐν τοσούτῳ τὸ πέλωρ, πα­

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 237

ρομοιάζον εἶνα καρφέι, τὸ ὁποῖον σχίζει τὰ νερὰ μὲ ὑπερείχουσαν παχύτητα, ἐπλησίαζεν εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ὅπου ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη ἦτον δεδεμένη, καὶ εἶχεν ὠκύτητα τόσην, ὅσην μία σφενδόνη ἠμπορεῖ νὰ δώση. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς κτυπήσας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὰς πόδας του, ἐσηκώθη ἕως εἰς τὰ σύννεφα, ὁ δὲ κνώδαλον αὐτοῦ βλέπον, ἀπαντώντας τὸν ἰσκιόν του, μέσα εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἐκινήθη κατ᾽ αὐτὸ ὡς εἰς ἐχθρόν του· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Περσεύς, ὥσπερ ἀετὸς ὅταν βλέπῃ ὄφιν εἰς ἀέρα ἐξαπλωμένον εἰς τὸν Ἥλιον, καὶ ῥίπτεται ὀπίσθεν, διὰ νὰ τὸν πιάσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς μὲ τὰ ἀγκιστρώδη του νύχια, φοβούμενος μὴ γνεύσῃ νὰ τὸν δαγκάσῃ, πήγαινον ὄπισθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος εἰς τὴν ράχιν τοῦ Θηρίου, καὶ ἔχωσεν ὅλον τὸ ξίφος εἰς τὸν δεξιὸν ὦμον. Τὸ Θηρίον ἐπήδησεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὸν πόνον τῆς πληγῆς, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ἐκρύπτετο εἰς τὸ νερόν, ποτὲ δὲ ἀνέβαινεν ὅλον ἐπάνω, ὥσπερ ἀγριόχοιρος διωκόμενος ἀπὸ τὰς σκύλας, τὰς περὶ αὐτὸν ὑλακτώσας. Ἤθελε νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν Περσέα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος τὸ ἀποφεύγει μὲ ἐλαφρὸν πέταμα, χωρὶς νὰ πληγώσῃ, ἢ νὰ δαγκάσῃ, μὴ παύων νὰ τὸ κτυπᾷ παύστοτε ποτὲ μὲν εἰς τὰς λεπίδας, τὰς ὁποίας ἀπὸ τὸν θυμὸν ἀνοιγοκλείει, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς τὰ πλάτα, ἢ εἰς τὴν οὐράν, τὴν παρομοιάζουσαν ἕνα ὀψαρίου. Τέλος κατεπληγωμένον τὸ Θηρίον παντακόθεν, ἤρχισε νὰ ξερνᾷ αἷμα μὲ νερόν, τὸ ὁποῖον αἷμα ἐπήδησεν ἕως εἰς τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ Περσέως ὥστε ὁ Ἥρως δὲν ἠμπορῶν ἐμπιστευόμενος πλέον εἰς τὰ πτερά, ὑπῆγε νὰ ἐπανεμβαίνῃ εἰς μίαν πέτραν, ἥτις ἦτον ὑψηλοτέρα τῆς θαλάσσης, ὅταν τὰ νερὰ της ἡσυχάζουν, ὅταν δὲ πάλιν ἐφούσ-

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro
sulcat aquas, iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis,
sic fera dimotis inpulsu pectoris undis
tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto
710funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli:
cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa
arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo
umbra viri visa est, visa fera saevit in umbra.
Utque Iovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo
715praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem,
occupat aversum, neu saeva retorqueat ora,
squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues,
sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu
terga ferae pressit dextroque frementis in armo
720Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo.
Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras
attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis
versat apri, quem turba canum circumsona terret.
Ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis
725quaque patet, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis,
nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda
desinit in piscem, falcato vulnerat ense.
Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus
ore vomit: maduere graves adspergine pennae.
730Nec bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus
credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo
stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto.
Nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra
ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.
735Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum
inplevere domos: gaudent generumque salutant
auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis
incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.
740Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda,
anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena,
mollit humum foliis natasque sub aequore virgas
sternit et inponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae.
Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla
745vim rapuit monstri tactuque induruit huius
percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem.
At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant
pluribus in virgis et idem contingere gaudent
seminaque ex illis iterant iactata per undas.
750Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit,
duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque
vimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum.
As a great ship with steady prow speeds on;
forced forwards by the sweating arms of youth
it plows the deep; so, breasting the great waves,
the monster moved, until to reach the rock
no further space remained than might the whirl
of Balearic string encompass, through
the middle skies, with plummet-mold of lead.
That instant, spurning with his feet the ground,
the youth rose upwards to a cloudy height;
and when the shadow of the hero marked
the surface of the sea, the monster sought
vainly to vent his fury on the shade.
As the swift bird of Jove, when he beholds
a basking serpent in an open field,
exposing to the sun its mottled back,
and seizes on its tail; lest it shall turn
to strike with venomed fang, he fixes fast
his grasping talons in the scaly neck;
so did the winged youth, in rapid flight
through yielding elements, press down
on the great monster's back, and thrust his sword,
sheer to the hilt, in its right shoulder—loud
its frightful torture sounded over the waves.—
So fought the hero-son of Inachus.
Wild with the grievous wound, the monster rears
high in the air, or plunges in the waves;—
or wheels around as turns the frightened boar
shunning the hounds around him in full cry.
The hero on his active wings avoids
the monster's jaws, and with his crooked sword
tortures its back wherever he may pierce
its mail of hollow shell, or strikes betwixt
the ribs each side, or wounds its lashing tail,
long, tapered as a fish.
The monster spouts
forth streams—incarnadined with blood—
that spray upon the hero's wings; who drenched,
and heavy with the spume, no longer dares
to trust existence to his dripping wings;
but he discerns a rock, which rises clear
above the water when the sea is calm,
but now is covered by the lashing waves.
On this he rests; and as his left hand holds
firm on the upmost ledge, he thrusts his sword,
times more than three, unswerving in his aim,
sheer through the monster's entrails.—Shouts of praise
resound along the shores, and even the Gods
may hear his glory in their high abodes.
Her parents, Cepheus and Cassiope,
most joyfully salute their son-in-law;
declaring him the saviour of their house.
And now, her chains struck off, the lovely cause
and guerdon of his toil, walks on the shore.
The hero washes his victorious hands
in water newly taken from the sea:
but lest the sand upon the shore might harm
the viper-covered head, he first prepared
a bed of springy leaves, on which he threw
weeds of the sea, produced beneath the waves.
On them he laid Medusa's awful face,
daughter of Phorcys;—and the living weeds,
fresh taken from the boundless deep, imbibed
the monster's poison in their spongy pith:
they hardened at the touch, and felt in branch
and leaf unwonted stiffness. Sea-Nymphs, too,
attempted to perform that prodigy
on numerous other weeds, with like result:
so pleased at their success, they raised new seeds,
from plants wide-scattered on the salt expanse.
Even from that day the coral has retained
such wondrous nature, that exposed to air
it hardens.—Thus, a plant beneath the waves
Perseus defeats the sea-serpent

See how the creature comes parting the waves, with surging breast, like a fast ship, with pointed prow, ploughing the water, driven by the sweat-covered muscles of her crew. It was as far from the rock as a Balearic sling can send a lead shot through the air, when suddenly the young hero, pushing his feet hard against the earth, shot high among the clouds. When the shadow of a man appeared on the water� surface, the creature raged against the shadow it had seen. As Jupiter�s eagle, when it sees a snake, in an open field, showing its livid body to the sun, takes it from behind, and fixes its eager talons in the scaly neck, lest it twists back its cruel fangs, so the descendant of Inachus hurling himself headlong, in swift flight, through empty space, attacked the creature�s back, and, as it roared, buried his sword, to the end of the curved blade, in the right side of its neck. Hurt by the deep wound, now it reared high in the air, now it dived underwater, or turned now, like a fierce wild boar, when the dogs scare him, and the pack is baying around him. Perseus evades the eager jaws on swift wings, and strikes with his curved sword wherever the monster is exposed, now at the back encrusted with barnacles, now at the sides of the body, now where the tail is slenderest, ending fishlike. The beast vomits seawater mixed with purplish blood. The pinions grow heavy, soaked with spray. Not daring to trust his drenched wings any further, he sees a rock whose highest point stands above quiet water, hidden by rough seas. Resting there, and holding on to the topmost pinnacle with his left hand, he drives his sword in three or four times, repeatedly.

The shores, and the high places of the gods, fill with the clamor of applause. Cassiope and Cepheus rejoice, and greet their son-in-law, acknowledging him as the pillar of their house, and their deliverer. Released from her chains, the girl comes forward, the prize and the cause of his efforts. He washes his hands, after the victory, in seawater drawn for him, and, so that Medusa�s head, covered with its snakes, is not bruised by the harsh sand, he makes the ground soft with leaves, and spreads out plants from below the waves, and places the head of that daughter of Phorcys on them. The fresh plants, still living inside, and absorbent, respond to the influence of the Gorgon�s head, and harden at its touch, acquiring a new rigidity in branches and fronds. And the ocean nymphs try out this wonder on more plants, and are delighted that the same thing happens at its touch, and repeat it by scattering the seeds from the plants through the waves. Even now corals have the same nature, hardening at a touch of air, and what was alive, under the water, above water is turned to stone.

δοὺ ἔπαυε νὰ πολεμῇ μὲ τὸν ἐχθρόν του, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐδύπησεν ὅτι δὶς καὶ τρὶς μὲ τὸ ξιφάθι της. Ὅλον τὸ παραθαλάσσιον αὐτίχνησεν ἀπὸ τὰς πρώτας τῆς χειρᾶν, καὶ ἡ βοὴ ὥς εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ἡ Κασσιόπη, καὶ ὁ Κηφεύς, οἱ γονεῖς τῆς Παρθένου, ἐχάρον διὰ τὴν ἀνέλπιστον νίκην. Τρέχει νὰ ἀσπασθῶσι τὸν γαμβρόν των, ὁμολογεῖ τὸν Περσέα ὑπέρμαχον θεῶν των, καὶ λυτρωτὴς τῆς οἰκογενείας των. Λύουσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν ἀπὸ τὰς ἁλύσεις, καὶ ἀφίνεται ἐλεύθερα ἡ θαυμασία ὡραῖα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ τοιούτου λαμπροῦ κατορθώματος. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Περσέας νίπτει τὰς χεῖράς του, αἱματωμένας ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ φονευμένου Κήτους· διὰ νὰ μὴ βλαφθῇ ἡ κεφαλὴ τῆς Μεδούσης (τῆς ὁποίας τὰ μαλλία ἦσαν ὄφίδια) ἔπαυσεν εἰς τὴν ἄμμον, ποὺ ἔστρωσεν ὑποκάτω μερικὰ φύλλα καὶ δενδράκια, αὐξανόμενα εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν· τὰ ὁποῖα ὄντε ἔτι τρυφερὰ, καὶ ὁ μυελός των ὅτι διατηρῇ λείψανά τινα ζωῆς, ηὐχένθησαν οὕτως τὴν δύναμιν τῆς κεφαλῆς. διότι μὲ μόνον τῆς ψαύσης τῆς ἐλιθάσθησαν, καὶ τὰ φύλλα καὶ οἱ κλάδοι ἔγινον τόσον σκληροί, ὥστε ἐθαύμασαν ὅλαι αἱ Νύμφαι τῆς Θαλάσης, ἠθέλησαν νὰ κάμουν τὴν δοκιμὴν κ' εἰς ἄλλα δένδρα· βλέπουσι δὲ τὴν ἀπόβασιν νὰ ἀνταποκρίνεται εἰς τὴν προσδοκίαν των· ἔρριψαν εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν πλῆθος ἀπὸ αὐτά, τῶν ὁποίων εἶχον θαυμάσει τὴ παράδοξον μεταβολήν. Αὐτοὶ οἱ κλάδοι ἔγινεν ἔπειτα ὁ ἄφορος τὰ κοραλλία, τὸ ὁποῖον διατηρεῖ καὶ τὴν σήμερον τὸ ἰδίωμα του, δηλαδὴ νὰ σκληρύνεται μόλις τὸ ἐγγύσῃ ὁ ἀήρ, κ' ὢν τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν ἁπαλὸς κ' τρυφερὸς κλάδος, μεταβάλλεται εἰς πέτραν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ὕδατος.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Σὺ, ὁ πεισπάτω πάντοτε εἰς τῆς ἀκίας τοῦ δρόμον, χωρὶς νὰ φθάσῃς τὴν θέσαν σίκιιε· τῆς ὁσίας οἱ ἀνάδαποι βραχίονες ἄποτον ὑπερελύσίης, ἡ δὲ ψυχή σου θὲ λάβῃσα τὴν θέσαν σίκιιε, ὖθξ ἡ ἀειϊσης παράδειγμα νὰ τὴν φθάσῃ πάν ὖθξ τῇ παιδία σε·

Καὶ βέβαια τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης διδάσκει ὅλης τῆς ἀνθρώπης ὅτι εἶναι δυστυχία μεγάλη τὸ νὰ ἄψησῃ τις ὑπὸ ψύητπε- μας κατάρροηπας τῇ θεῖαν, ἐπειδὴ αὕτη ἡ νέα ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ χάσῃ τὴν ζωήν της, χωρὶς νὰ ἀφάξῃ κακὰ ἐγκλήματα ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ τὰ αὐθάδιες τῆς μητρός της, ἡ ὁποία ἀπεσίλεπσε νὰ καυχησῃ ὅτι ἦ τοῦ ὡραιοτέρα ὑπὸ τὰς Θεάς.

Ἂν λοιπὸν ἀνεξετάσωμεν καλῶς τὸν Μῦθον, θέλουσι εὑρῆ ὅτι εἶναι νουθεσία μία ἀποστροφῆς τῆς Παλαιῶν, εἴτε νὰ μᾶς ψέγῃ εἰς ἀλαζονείαν, ἢ ματαιοφροσύνην. Διότι ἡ Κασσιόπη ἡ μήτηρ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ὑπερηφανευομένη διὰ τῶν ὡραιότητος της, ἀντὶ νὰ γνωρίσῃ μὲ ὑπόκρισιν ἢ εὐγνωμοσύνην ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ δῶρον ὀφείλει νὰ ἐγκωμιάσῃ, ἀπολαμβάνη νὰ συγκριθῇ μὲ τὰς Νηρηΐδας εἴτε τὰς ὁποίας κατόπιν ἀπέλασεν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀγανάκτησιν. Διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔγεινε εἰς μίαν τιμωρίαν, ἡ ὁποία μετέβη ἕως εἰς τὸν θυγατέρα της, καὶ ἐχρησίμευσε δὲ ὁ πατὴρ ἔκεινος Κηφεὺς Αἰθιόπων βασιλεὺς, καὶ ἄλλοι παρὰ τῆς Κασσιόπης κατακερασθεὶς, ἐπαρακάλεσε τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μὲ τὰς ἐκδικήσεις, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔστειλε θηρίον εἰς τὸν τόπον, ἢ ἔκαμε φοβερὸν ἀφανισμὸν ὅλες ἐπικρατολογῶν, τὸ Μαντεῖον τίνι τρόπῳ νὰ ἡμερωθῆ οἱ θεοὶ ἀπεκάλυψεν, ὅτι ἡ μονογενὴς κόρη τὲ βασιλέως ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη, ἔπρεπε νὰ παραδοθῇ εἰς βοράν ἑνὸς θαλάσσης τέρατος.

Τοιουτοτρόπως ὁ Θεὸς, ἐνώπιον τὲ ὁποίου ὅλα τὰ ἄτοπα, καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ὡραιότερα ἢ τίμια εἰς τὰς ματαιότητας τῶν Ἀνθρώπων ἐξανίστανται, ὅταν καιρὸν ἐπαραχώρησε νὰ κατακλυσθῇ· ἤτις ὡς ὑπέρμαχος τῆς ἐξ ουρανοῦ δικαίον, καθὼς δὲν ἀφῆνε ἀναπόδοτον τὴν δυστυχίαν καὶ εὐσέβειαν αὐτῶν εἰς τὰς δυστυχίας, αὐτὸν στέλλει διάφορα μέσα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἀπροσδοκήτως τὰς ἐλαφρώνει ὑπὸ τὸν κίνδυνον, καὶ πάλιν τὰς δοξάζει. Ταῦτα οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἤθελον νὰ μᾶς δείξουσι λέγοντες ὅτι ἦλθεν ἔξαφνα ὁ Περσεὺς νὰ ἐλευθερώσῃ τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν ἀπὸ τὸ ἐκεῖνο κίνδυνον.

Εἶναι πίστιν αὐτὴ ἡ μέγα βασιλέα, καὶ ὡς τὸν Περσέως· Διὰ μέσα κήνδυνον, ἢ ὁ Περσεύς νὰ ἐφάνδασαν ἐδῶ θαλάττιον τέρας ἐπείδη Ποσειδώνιος ὁ Μέλας ὁμιλεῖ περὶ τούτα τῷ φειχτᾶ Σηνείς εἰς τὴν περιγραφὴν τῆς Συρίας.

Διὰ τὸ κοράλλιον, ἤτοι μερτυάβι, ἐπείδη, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Πλη- νίου μαρτυρίαν, εὑρίσκεται εἰς πλῆθος σήμα εἰς τὰς Ὀρκάδας Νή- σους, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας κατῴκησαν τὰ ἑξῆς, τὰ ὀνομαζόμενα Γοργόνες (περὶ ὧν ὡμιλήσαμεν) διὰ τῇ ἐμφυσιολογίᾳ ὅτι τὸ κοράλλιον ἐγίνε ὑπὸ τινὰς κλαδίσκας δένδρων, αἱ ὁποίαι ἐτέθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, διότι φιλεῖ νινέτῃ ἐκ τῆ Βασιλείᾳ, δη- λαδὴ ἡ Μέδυσα, δέδῃ ἡ γεν εὐκόλως ἡ εὐμενὲς ἡ κοράλλιον.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ι'.

Περὶ τῆς τῆς Μεδούσης κεφαλῆς, αἱ τρίχες εἰς ὄφεις μεταμορφώθησαν.

Ὁ Περσεὺς διηγεῖται τῷ Φινείᾳ τῆς Μεδούσης, πῶς ὕπνευσα λίαν αὐτὴν, ἢ πῶς μετεβλήθησαν αἱ τρίχες της εἰς ὀφίδια.

Dis tribus ille focos totidem de caespite ponit,
laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo,
755ara Iovis media est. Mactatur vacca Minervae,
alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum.
protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti
indotata rapit: taedas Hymenaeus Amorque
praecutiunt, largis satiantur odoribus ignes,
760sertaque dependent tectis et ubique lyraeque
tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti
argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis
atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu
Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis.
765Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi
diffudere animos, cultusque genusque locorum
quaerit Lyncides moresque animumque virorum.
narrat Lyncides moresque animumque virorum
Quae simul edocuit, “nunc, o fortissime,” dixit
770“fare, precor, Perseu, quanta virtute quibusque
artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora.”
Narrat Agenorides gelido sub Atlante iacentem
esse locum solidae tutum munimine molis;
cuius in introitu geminas habitasse sorores
775Phorcidas, unius partitas luminis usum.
Id se sollerti furtim, dum traditur, astu
supposita cepisse manu perque abdita longe
deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis
Gorgoneas tetigisse domos, passimque per agros
780perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque
in silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa.
Se tamen horrendae clipei, quem laeva gerebat,
aere repercusso formam adspexisse Medusae,
dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat,
785eripuisse caput collo; pennisque fugacem
Pegason et fratrem matris de sanguine natos
addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus,
quae freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto
et quae iactatis tetigisset sidera pennis.
790Ante exspectatum tacuit tamen. Excipit unus
ex numero procerum quaerens, cur sola sororum
gesserit alternis inmixtos crinibus angues.
Hospes ait: “Quoniam scitaris digna relatu,
accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma
795multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum
illa: neque in tota conspectior ulla capillis
pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret.
Hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae
dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide vultus
800nata Iovis texit; neve hoc inpune fuisset,
Gorgoneum crinem turpes mutavit in hydros.
Nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes,
pectore in adverso, quos fecit, sustinet angues.”
becomes a stone when taken from the sea.
Three altars to three Gods he made of turf.
To thee, victorious Virgin, did he build
an altar on the right, to Mercury
an altar on the left, and unto Jove
an altar in the midst. He sacrificed
a heifer to Minerva, and a calf
to Mercury, the Wingfoot, and a bull
to thee, O greatest of the Deities.
Without a dower he takes Andromeda,
the guerdon of his glorious victory,
nor hesitates.—Now pacing in the van,
both Love and Hymen wave the flaring torch,
abundant perfumes lavished in the flames.
The houses are bedecked with wreathed flowers;
and lyres and flageolets resound, and songs—
felicit notes that happy hearts declare.
The portals opened, sumptuous halls display
their golden splendours, and the noble lords
of Cepheus' court take places at the feast,
magnificently served.
After the feast,
when every heart was warming to the joys of genial Bacchus,
then, Lyncidian Perseus asked about the land and its ways
about the customs and the character of its heroes.
Straightway one of the dinner-companions made reply,
and asked in turn, “ Now, valiant Perseus, pray
tell the story of the deed, that all may know,
and what the arts and power prevailed, when you
struck off the serpent-covered head.”
“There is,”
continued Perseus of the house of Agenor,
“There is a spot beneath cold Atlas, where
in bulwarks of enormous strength, to guard
its rocky entrance, dwelt two sisters, born
of Phorcys. These were wont to share in turn
a single eye between them: this by craft
I got possession of, when one essayed
to hand it to the other.—I put forth
my hand and took it as it passed between:
then, far, remote, through rocky pathless crags,
over wild hills that bristled with great woods,
I thence arrived to where the Gorgon dwelt.
“Along the way, in fields and by the roads,
I saw on all sides men and animals—
like statues—turned to flinty stone at sight
of dread Medusa's visage. Nevertheless
reflected on the brazen shield, I bore
upon my left, I saw her horrid face.
“When she was helpless in the power of sleep
and even her serpent-hair was slumber-bound,
I struck, and took her head sheer from the neck.—
To winged Pegasus the blood gave birth,
his brother also, twins of rapid wing.”
So did he speak, and truly told besides
the perils of his journey, arduous
and long—He told of seas and lands that far
beneath him he had seen, and of the stars
that he had touched while on his waving wings.
And yet, before they were aware, the tale
was ended; he was silent. Then rejoined
a noble with enquiry why alone
of those three sisters, snakes were interspersed
in dread Medusa's locks. And he replied:—
“Because, O Stranger, it is your desire
to learn what worthy is for me to tell,
hear ye the cause: Beyond all others she
was famed for beauty, and the envious hope
of many suitors. Words would fail to tell
the glory of her hair, most wonderful
of all her charms—A friend declared to me
he saw its lovely splendour. Fame declares
the Sovereign of the Sea attained her love
in chaste Minerva's temple. While enraged
she turned her head away and held her shield
before her eyes. To punish that great crime
Minerva changed the Gorgon's splendid hair
to serpents horrible. And now to strike
Perseus tells the story of Medusa

To the three gods, he builds the same number of altars out of turf, to you Mercury on the left, to you Minerva, warlike virgin, on the right, and an altar of Jupiter in the centre. He sacrifices a cow to Minerva, a calf to the wing-footed god, and a bull to you, greatest of the gods. Then he claims Andromeda, without a dowry, valuing her as the worthiest prize. Hymen and Amor wave the marriage torch, the fires are saturated with strong perfumes, garlands hang from the rafters, and everywhere flutes and pipes, and singing, sound out, the happy evidence of joyful hearts. The doors fold back to show the whole of the golden hall, and the noble Ethiopian princes enter to a richly prepared banquet already set out for them.

When they have attacked the feast, and their spirits are cheered by wine, the generous gift of Bacchus, Perseus asks about the country and its culture, its customs and the character of its people. At the same time as he instructed him about these, one of the guests said �Perseus, I beg you to tell us by what prowess and by what arts you carried off that head with snakes for hair.� The descendant of Agenor told how there was a cave lying below the frozen slopes of Atlas, safely hidden in its solid mass. At the entrance to this place the sisters lived, the Graeae, daughters of Phorcys, similar in appearance, sharing only one eye between them. He removed it, cleverly, and stealthily, cunningly substituting his own hand while they were passing it from one to another. Far from there, by hidden tracks, and through rocks bristling with shaggy trees, he reached the place where the Gorgons lived. In the fields and along the paths, here and there, he saw the shapes of men and animals changed from their natures to hard stone by Medusa�s gaze. Nevertheless he had himself looked at the dread form of Medusa reflected in a circular shield of polished bronze that he carried on his left arm. And while a deep sleep held the snakes and herself, he struck her head from her neck. And the swift winged horse Pegasus and his brother the warrior Chrysaor, were born from their mother�s blood.

He told of his long journeys, of dangers that were not imaginary ones, what seas and lands he had seen below from his high flight, and what stars he had brushed against with beating wings. He still finished speaking before they wished. Next one of the many princes asked why Medusa, alone among her sisters, had snakes twining in her hair. The guest replied �Since what you ask is worth the telling, hear the answer to your question. She was once most beautiful, and the jealous aspiration of many suitors. Of all her beauties none was more admired than her hair: I came across a man who recalled having seen her. They say that Neptune, lord of the seas, violated her in the temple of Minerva. Jupiter�s daughter turned away, and hid her chaste eyes behind her aegis. So that it might not go unpunished, she changed the Gorgon�s hair to foul snakes. And now, to terrify her enemies, numbing them with fear, the goddess wears the snakes, that she created, as a breastplate.

Μετὰ τὴν νίκην, ὅτε ὁ Περσεὺς ἤθελε νὰ ἀποδώσῃ εἰς τοὺς Θεοὺς τὰ δικαιώματα, ἔκαμε τρεῖς βωμοὺς ἀπὸ χλωρὸν χόρτον, κι ἀνάψας τρεῖς ἑστίας, ἐθυσίασεν εἰς τὸν Ἑρμῆν εἰς μὲν τὸν εὐώνυμον, εἰς δὲ τὸν δεξιόν, τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ μίαν δάμαλιν, εἰς δὲ τὸν μεσαῖον, ταῦρον τῷ Διΐ. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὑπῆγε νὰ συγχαρῇ με τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἡ αὐτομοιβὴ τῆς νίκης του· ᾗ αὐτῇ ἤρχισαν νὰ ἑτοιμάζωσι τὸν μεγαλοπρεπῆ καὶ ἐνδόξου. Ὁ Ὑμέναιος καὶ ὁ Ἔρως ἀνάπτουσι τὰς νυμφικὰς λαμπάδας· παντοῦ ἦσαν εὐωδίαι καὶ θυμιάμματα, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο στέφανοι ἀπὸ ὥραῖα εὔοδη, κρεμασμένοι εἰς ὅλον τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Κηφέως, καὶ ἠκούοντο μουσικὰ ὄργανα, καὶ τραγούδια χαρμόσυνα. Ἤνοιξαν ὅλα τὰ ἀνάκτορα τοῦ παλατίου, μεγαλοπρεπῶς ἐστολισμένα, καὶ ἑτοιμάσθη διὰ τῆς Μεγαλειότητος τῆς Βασιλείας οἱ συμπόσιον τόσον πολυτελὲς, ὥστε ἡ πλέον περίεργος γεῦσις, καὶ ὁ πλέον πολύπειρος ὀφθαλμὸς ἤθελον μείνῃ εὐχαριστημένοι.

μέσα. Αφ' ἐπελείωσε τὸ συμπόσιον ἀφ' οὗ ἐφρατήθησαν ὅλοι ἱκανῶς, ἤρχισεν ὁ Περσεὺς νὰ ἐρωτᾷ διὰ τὰ ἤθη, κ' διὰ τὴν ἀρχαιότητα τῆ τόπῳ, κ' ἀφ' ἐ ὁ Κηφεὺς τῆ ἐδιημύθη ὅλα ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα ἐπόθει νὰ μάθῃ, τώρα εἶναι ὡφέλον, τᾷ λέγει, ὦ γενναῖε Περσεῦ, νὰ δυχαρεισήσῃς ἢ σὺ τὴν περιεργείαν ἡμᾶς, κ' νὰ μᾶς διηγηθῇς μὲ ποίαν δύναμιν κ' ἐπιτηδειότητα ἐκόπτες ἐκείνην τὴν φοβερὰν κεφαλήν, ἡ ὁποία αὐτὴ ἔχον ἀπέφερεις. Εὐθὺς ὑπήκουσεν ὁ Περσεὺς εἰς τὸν πενθερὸν τῷ, κ' λέγει τῷ, ὅτι εἰς τὸ Βασίλειον τῆς Ἄτλαντος ἦτον τόπος τῆ περικεκλεισμένος ἀπὸ ὑψηλὰ τείχη· ὅτι εἰς τὸν εἴσοδον τᾶ τόπῳ ἐκείνῳ διέτριβον δύω ἀδελφαί, Θυγατέρες τῆ Φόρκυος, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἔχουσαι ἀμφότεραι ἕνα μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, τὸν μετεχειρίζοντο ἀμοιβαίως ἡ μία μετὰ τὴν ἄλλην· ὅτι αὐτὸς μὲ ἐπιδεξιότητα τᾶς ὑπάπτευσεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν ᾧ ἡ μία ἔδιδε τὸν ὀφθαλμόν της εἰς τὴν ἄλλην, ἤπλωσε τὴν χεῖρα τῷ εἰς τόπον ἐκείνης, κ' μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν τέχνην τᾶς ἐστέρησε τὸ φῶς τῆ ὀφθαλμῖ· ὅτι μετὰ ταῦτα ἐνέβηκεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τῆς Μεδούσης ἀπὸ δρόμους κρυφοὺς καὶ δυσβάτους, διὰ τᾶς πέτρας, καὶ τὰ δάση· ὅτι διαβαίνων ἐκεῖθεν εἶχεν ἰδῆ πλῆθος ἀνθρωπίνων μορφῶν κ' ζώων μεταμορφωμένων εἰς λίθους μὲ μόνην τὴν θεωρείαν τῆς Μεδούσης· κ' ὅτι δὲν εἶδεν αὐτήν, εἰμὴ ὡς εἰς κάτοπτρον, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα τῷ· κ' ὅτι τὴν ἀπεκεφάλισεν ἐν ᾧ ἐκοιμῶντο κ' αὐτὴ κ' τὰ ὄφίδια της, κ' ὅτι ὁ Πήγασος τὸ πτερωτὸν ἄλογον, κ' ὁ ἀδελφὸς της Χρύσαορ, ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ ποταμηδὸν διαχυθὲν αἷμα της. Ἐδιηγήθη ὁποίους ὑπερέβη κινδύνους εἰς τοιαύτην μακρὰν ὁδοιπορίαν, ὁποίας πόλεις κ' θαλάσσας ἐπέρασεν ἀπεώπιτας, κ' εἰς ποῖα

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 243

τῆς τῆς ὁμιλίας τε ἐν τῷ περιφέρειν πᾶς τύχας τε, ὥστε οἱ ἀκροαζόμενοι αὐτὸν ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ ἀκούσουν τὸ τέλος· ὅ- θεν εἰς τὴν Μεγάλαιον, θέλων νὰ τὰ δώσῃ ἀφορμὴν νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, τὸν ἠρώτησε διὰ τί ἡ μία τῶν τρειῶν ἐκείνου ἀδελφῶν εἶχον ὀφίδια κολημένα εἰς τὰ ξύλα τῆς κεφαλῆς της „ Ἐγώ θέλω σᾶς εἰπῆ τὸ πᾶν αἴτιον" „ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Περσεύς, „ εἶναι καὶ πολλὰ περίεργον. „ Ἡ Μέδουσα, ὡς ὡραιοτέρα τῶν ἄλλων παρθένων τῆ „ καιρῦ τῆς, ἐπαρασίνησε πολλὲς εἰς ἔρωτα, ἡ πολλοὶ „ τῶν εἴτησαν εἰς γυναῖκα. Ἦτον κατὰ πᾶντα ὡ- „ ραία, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ μόνη τῆς κεφαλῆς της ἦτον ὡραιοτέρα, ἡ „ ὅσοι εἶχον περιεργασθῆ τὸ κόμον τῆς, ἐθαύμαζον τὴν „ διμορφίαν τῆς ὡς θαῦμα. Λέγεται ὅτι τὴν ἡράσθη ὁ „ Ποσειδῶν, ἡ ἔφθειρεν αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν ναὸν τῆς Ἀθη- „ νᾶς, ἡ ὁποία ἐσκέπασε μὲ τὴν ἀσπίδα τὸ πρόσω- „ πόν τῆς, ἐρυθριώσα ἀπὸ τὴν ἐντροπήν· καὶ διὰ νὰ „ μὴν ἀφήσῃ ἀτιμώρητον τὸ ἀμάρτημα, μετέβαλε τὰς „ ὡραίας πλόκας τῆς Μεδούσης εἰς ὀφίδια· καὶ τὸ σή- „ μερον ἡ Θεὰ, διὰ νὰ φοβῇ τὰς ἐχθρὸς τῆς, φέρει „ εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα τῆς τὰ ὄφεις, τοὺς ὁποίους ἔκαμε νὰ „ γεννηθοῦν αὐτὰ τῶν τριχῶν εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς ἀ- „ θλίας Μεδούσης „.

ΑΛ-

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ἡ μὲν ἔμαθομεν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Ἀταλάντης, τὰ ἐκ βουνοῦ παρόντα. Ὅμως δὲν θέλομεν λείψῃ νὰ προσθέσωμεν ἄλλα τῆς τελῶν μοιρηδόλμων χορασίων. Λέγεται λοιπὸν ὅτι ὁ Φόρκυς ἦτον βασιλεύς, ὅς τις ἀφῆκε τρεῖς Θυγατέρας μὲ πλάσματα μεγάλα, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἡ μεγαλυτέρα, καλουμένη Μέδουσα, ἐπλάτυνε περισσότερον τὸ Βασίλειον της μὲ τὴν γεωργικήν, ὅθεν καὶ ὠνομάσθη Γοργὼ, ἤγουν Γεώργιος ὑπὸ τῆς γεωργίας. Ἀλλὰ εἴδετε τί ἄραγε μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι αἱ τρεῖς εἶχαν ἕνα μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, τὸν ὁποῖον μετεχειρίζοντο ἀλληλοδιαδόχως, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς τὰς ἤπατησε, καὶ ἔκλεψεν αὐτὸν ὅταν ἡ μία τὸν ἔδιδε τῇ ἄλλῃ Τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι αἱ τρεῖς ἐκεῖναι ἀληθῶς εἶχον ἕνα μόνον ὑπηρέτην, τὸν ὁποῖον μετεχειρίζοντο εἰς τὴν κυβέρνησιν τῶν ὑποθέσεων των· διότι πρέπει νὰ εἰσῆν ὅτι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις Ὑπηρέτης, ἢ Σύμβουλος, εἶναι ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς τῆς Βασιλείσσης καὶ ἡ ἰσχύς της, ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς διεφθείρας αὐτὸν τὸν Ὑπηρέτην ἐν τῇ γνώμῃ τοῦ ἔχειν ἀνάδοχον τῶν Περσῶν ἤγουν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Μηδαίων ὅτι εἶχον ἡ Μέδουσα ὀφίδια, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς ἐπῆγεν κατ' αὐτὴν μὲ καράβια.

Ἀλλ' ἂς ἴδωμεν προσέτι τί θέλησε νὰ μᾶς παραστήσῃ ἡ φιλόμυθος Ἑλλὰς μὲ τὴν εἰκόνα τῶν τριῶν ἀδελφῶν, τὴν ὁποίαν ὡς ἐν ἐῤῥίφθη αἴνιγμα ἡμᾶς προβάλλει. Μηδαίσιοι ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες ἦσαν τρεῖς κακίαι ἅς ἡ φύσις φέρει. Ὁ πρῶτος, ἀδυνατίζουσα τὴν ψυχήν· ὁ δεύτερος, φθονῶσα βαθεῖαν ἔκπτωσιν· ὁ τρίτος, ταράττουσα τὸν λόγον, τὸν ὄντα ὡς ὀφθαλμὸν τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ σκοτίζουσα καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς σωματικοὺς ὀφθαλμούς.

Κατὰ ἀναλογίαν δὲ τῆς φύσεως τῶν ἐνεργειῶν, ἔδωκαν ἢ τὰ ὀνόματα τῆς φύσεως Γοργόνων, καὶ τὴν μὲν πρώτην ὠνόμασαν Σθενώ, ὅπερ δηλοῖ ἀσθένειαν, ἀδυναμίαν· τὴν δὲ δευτέραν

Ὁ Στράβων λέγει ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες ἦσαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὡραῖαι παρθέναι, καὶ ὅτι ἡ μόνη ὅλης τῆς δημοσίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ νοός, ὥστε ἔγινοντο ἀναίσθητοι ὥσπερ λίθοι, ἢ ἐκ τῆς εὐσεβείας· ὅθεν ὅτι οἱ βλέποντες τὴν Γοργώ ἐλιθώνοντο. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ θεῖαι ἦσαν τοῦ αὐτοῦ αἵματος, ὥστε ἡ μία δὲν διεχωρίζετο ὑπὸ τὴν ἄλλην, εἶπον οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι εἶχον αἱ τρεῖς μίαν μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, δηλαδὴ εἶχαν τὴν αὐτὴν ὄρεξιν, τὸν αὐτὸν χαρακτῆρα, καὶ τέλος αὐτὴ διάθεσιν νὰ πληγώνουν τὰς καρδίας.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν, ὧν, ὡς νομίζω, καὶ ὁ Ἐράσμιος, ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες σημαίνουσι τὰς φύσεις καὶ ἡδονάς, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας λιθώνονται ὅσοι δὲν ἀκροάζονται τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον, δηλαδὴ γίνονται ἀναίσθητοι εἰς τέλος ἀτιμίας, καὶ εὐσπολίας, καὶ εἰς κάθε ἄλλο παρόμοιον πάθος. Ὅσοι δὲ εἶναι ἐνωπλισμένοι μὲ τὴν ἀσπίδα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἢ τὴν ῥάβδον τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ, δηλαδὴ μὲ τὴν σοφίαν καὶ φρόνησιν νικοῦσιν εὐκόλως τὰ πάθη, τὰ ὁποῖα γίνονται ὀλέθρια εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους, τὰ δὲ τῆς Μεδούσης, αἱ εἰς ὄφεις μεταβληθέντες, σημαίνουσι τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ σοφίαν, τὰς ἀφωξεμμένας εἰς τὰς παρθένους, καὶ ὑπάνδρους γυναῖκας ὥστε χάσουν τὴν παρθενίαν καὶ τιμήν των.

Τέλος τῆς τετάρτης ΒΙΒΛΟΥ.

Metamorphoses

Book V

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1Dumque ea Cephenum medio Danaeius heros
agmine commemorat, fremida regalia turba
atria complentur: nec coniugialia festa
qui canat est clamor, sed qui fera nuntiet arma.
5Inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus
adsimilare freto possis, quod saeva quietum
ventorum rabies motis exasperat undis.
Primus in his Phineus, belli temerarius auctor,
fraxineam quatiens aeratae cuspidis hastam,
10“en” ait, “en adsum praereptae coniugis ultor,
nec mihi te pennae, nec falsum versus in aurum
Iuppiter eripiet.” Conanti mittere Cepheus
“quid facis?” exclamat, “quae te, germane, furentem
mens agit in facinus? meritisne haec gratia tantis
15redditur? hac vitam servatae dote rependis?
Quam tibi non Perseus, verum si quaeris, ademit,
sed grave Nereidum numen, sed corniger Ammon,
sed quae visceribus veniebat belua ponti
exsaturanda meis. Illo tibi tempore rapta est,
20quo peritura fuit: nisi si crudelis id ipsum
exigis, ut pereat, luctuque levabere nostro.
Scilicet haud satis est, quod te spectante revincta est
et nullam quod opem patruus sponsusve tulisti:
insuper, a quoquam quod sit servata, dolebis
25praemiaque eripies? Quae si tibi magna videntur,
ex illis scopulis, ubi erant adfixa, petisses.
Nunc sine, qui petiit, per quem haec non orba senectus,
ferre quod et meritis et voce est pactus, eumque
non tibi, sed certae praelatum intellege morti!”
While Perseus, the brave son of Jupiter,
surrounded at the feast by Cepheus' lords,
narrated this, a raging multitude
with sudden outcry filled the royal courts—
not with the clamours of a wedding feast
but boisterous rage, portentous of dread war.
As when the fury of a great wind strikes
a tranquil sea, tempestuous billows roll
across the peaceful bosom of the deep;
so were the pleasures at the banquet changed
to sudden tumult.
Foremost of that throng,
the rash ring-leader, Phineus, shook his spear,
brass-tipped of ash, and shouted, “Ha, 'tis I!
I come avenger of my ravished bride!
Let now your flittering wings deliver you,
or even Jupiter, dissolved in showers
of imitation gold.” So boasted he,
aiming his spear at Perseus.
Thus to him
cried Cepheus: “Hold your hand, and strike him not!
What strange delusions, O my brother, have
compelled you to this crime? Is it the just
requital of heroic worth? A fair
reguerdon for the life of her you loved?
“If truth were known, not Perseus ravished her
from you; but, either 'twas the awful God
that rules the Nereides; or Ammon, crowned
with crescent horns; or that monstrosity
of Ocean's vast abyss, which came to glut
his famine on the issue of my loins.
Nor was your suit abandoned till the time
when she must perish and be lost to you.
So cruel are you, seeking my daughter's death,
rejoicing lightly in our deep despair.—
“And was it not enough for you to stand
supinely by, while she was bound in chains,
and offer no assistance, though you were
her lover and betrothed? And will you grieve
that she was rescued from a dreadful fate,
and spoil her champion of his just rewards?
Rewards that now may seem magnificent,
but not denied to you if you had won
and saved, when she was fettered to the rock.
“Let him, whose strength to my declining years
restored my child, receive the merit due
Phineus seeks revenge for the loss of his bride

While the hero, the son of Danae, is recalling this succession of events, amongst the Ethiopians, the royal halls suddenly fill with a riot of complaints. It is not the sound of a wedding feast that rings out, but that which presages the use of arms. The festivities, turned to sudden confusion, could be likened to a calm sea that the fierce raging of the wind churns into rising waves. Phineus, the king�s brother, is first mover in this, a rash stirrer-up of strife, shaking his ashen spear tipped with bronze. �See,� he shouted �See, I come here as an avenger for the carrying off of my bride. Your wings won�t help you escape me, nor even Jupiter, changed to a shower of fool�s gold!��

As he prepared to throw the spear, Cepheus cried �What are you doing? Brother, what mad feelings drive you to crime? Are these the thanks you return for such service? Is this the gift with which you pay compensation for a life restored? If you want the truth it was not Perseus who took her from you, but Neptune, the stern god of the Nereids, and horned Jupiter Ammon, and that monster that came from the sea to glut itself on my own flesh and blood. It was then she was taken from you, when she was about to die: but perhaps, hard-hearted one, that is what you want, for her to die, and you to take comfort from my grief. Of course, it is not enough that you saw her fastened there, and brought her no help, you her uncle and her intended. Are you grieved that she was saved by someone else, and would you take away his prize? If it seemed so great a prize to you, you should have sought her among the rocks where she was chained. Now let the man who did seek it, take what he has earned and what was promised, since, thanks to him, I shall not have a childless old age. Realise that it is not Perseus, but the prospect of certain death that has displaced you.�

ΒΙΒΛΟΣ Α'. ιθ΄ Β'.

Περὶ τῆς μάχης τοῦ Περσέως κατ' ἐκείνων, οἵτινες ἤθελον νὰ τοῦ ἁρπάξωσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, δι' ὃ καὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας διὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Προίτου τοῦ ὁμοίως μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς λίθον.

Ὁ Φινεὺς, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Ἀνδρομέδα εἶχε δοθῆ διὰ γυναῖκα, ὅταν παραδοθῇ εἰς τὸ θαλάσσιον τέρας, ἔρχεται νὰ συγχύσῃ τὸν χαρὰν τῆς Γαμβρῆς Βασιλίδος μετὰ τοῦ Περσέως.

Ἐν ᾧ ὁ Περσεὺς ἐθαυμάζε τὰ θαυμαστὰ ἔργα τῆς εἰς τὸν πανδαρόν της, ἢ εἰς τῆς μεγαλομάτας τῆς Αὐλῆς της, μέγας θόρυβος ἠκούσθη εἰς τὸ παλάτιον, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ὡμοίαζε μὲ τὰς χαρμοσύνους ἐκείνας ᾠδὰς, τὰς γινομένας εἰς τὰ μεγαλοπρεπῆ συνοικήσια· ἀλλ᾽ ἦταν θόρυβος σπαθιῶν καὶ ἀπειλητικὸς πολέμου. Οὕτως ἡ συμποσία τῆς εὐωχίας μετεβλήθη εἰς αἰφνίδιον λύπην· καὶ ἐδύνατο νὰ παραβληθῇ μὲ τὴν θάλασσαν, ὅτε εἰς μίαν στιγμὴν μεταβάλλει τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ πράττουσιν ἀθροωστιπῶς οἱ ἄνεμοι τὴν γαλήνην της. Ὁ Φινεὺς, ὡς ἀρχηγὸς τῆς μάχης, ἐνέβη πρῶτος εἰς τὸ ἀνώγειον μὲ ἕν κοντάρι εἰς τὴν χεῖρά του, καὶ στρεφόμενος πρὸς τὸν Περσέα σὺ βλέπεις ἐμπροσθέν σου, τοῦ λέγει, τὸν ἐκδικητὴν μιᾶς γυναικὸς, τὴν ὁποίαν μοῦ ἥρπασες. Οὔτε αἱ πτερόεντες πτέρυγές σε, οὔτε αὐτὸς ὁ μυθώδης Ζεὺς, ὁ μεταβληθεὶς εἰς χρυσὸν διὰ νὰ σὲ γεννήσῃ, θέλει σὲ ἐλευθερώσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς χεῖράς μου. Καὶ καθὼς ἦταν ἤδη ἕτοιμος νὰ τὸν κτυπήσῃ, ἐμεσολάβησεν ὁ Κηφεὺς, καὶ τί θέλεις νὰ κάμῃς, ἀδελφὲ, τοῦ λέγει; ποῖος θυμὸς σὲ κινεῖ εἰς τὸ ποιῆσαι φόνιον πολέμημα; Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν εἶναι ἡ εὐχαρίστια διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν μοῦ ἔκαμεν εὐεργεσίαν; μὲ

„πταύτῳ ἀντεμοιβῇ θέλεις νὰ τὸν δικαιώσῃς διὰ „τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς ἐχάρισε ζωήν; Ναὶ σοῦ ἥρπασεν ὁ „Περσεὺς τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν· ἀλλ' ἡ ὀργὴ τῶν Νηρη- „ΐδων, ἡ θέλησις τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Ἄμμωνος, καὶ τὸ θαλάσ- „σιον ἐκεῖνο πέρας, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἕτοιμον νὰ καταφά- „γῃ τὰ ἐντόσθια μου, καὶ νὰ ῥοφήσῃ τὸ αἷμά μου. Θέλεις „λοιπὸν νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ ὁ Περσεὺς διὰ τὰ κακά, τῶν ὁ- „ποίων αὐτὸς δὲν εἶναι αἴτιος; καὶ διὰ λόγου θέλεις νὰ χα- „ρῇς εἰς τὰς θλίψεις μας, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μας; Δὲν ἀρ- „κεῖ τὸ νὰ ὑποπέσῃ ἡ παλαίπωρος Ἀνδρομέδη εἰς „τοιοῦτον φοβερὸν κίνδυνον· πηγαίνει λυποῦσαι διὰ τί ἠ- „λευθερώθη· καὶ ἐπειδὴ σὺ δὲν ἐπεδήμησας νὰ τὴν βοη- „θήσῃς, ἂν καὶ εἶσαι θεῖος της καὶ ἀρραβωνιασμένος της, „ὀργίζεσαι διὰ τί ᾕρεθη ἄλλος καὶ τὴν ἠλευθέρωσε; „Θέλεις νὰ τὸν στερήσῃς ἀπὸ μίαν ἀντεμοιβήν, διὰ τὴν „ὁποίαν ἔβαλε τὴν ζωήν του εἰς κίνδυνον; Ἂν ἠγάπας „τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, ἔφερες, βλέπων αὐτὴν δεδεμένην „εἰς τὴν πέτραν, νὰ τὴν ἐλευθερώσῃς. Ἄφες λοιπόν, „ὁ ἀποκτήσας αὐτήν, καὶ δι' οὗ δὲν ἤμεινεν ὀρφανὸν τὸ „γῆράς μου, ἀλλ' εἶμαι ἔτι πατήρ, ἄφες λέγω αὐτὸς νὰ „χαίρῃ τὸν ὠρεποντα μισθόν, καὶ τὴν ὁποίαν ὤφειαν ἐκέρ- „δησε διὰ τῆς ἀνδρίας του, καὶ διεργεσίας. Ὄχι ὄχι, „ἐγὼ αὐτὸν δὲν τὸν ἐπροτείμησα ἀπὸ σέ, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τὸν θά- „νατον, τὸν ὁποῖον ἔβλεπα ἔμπροσθέν μου." Εἰς αὐτὰ ὁ Φινεὺς μηδόλως ἀποκρινόμενος, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν βλέπων τὸν ἀδελφόν του, ποτὲ δὲ τὸν Περσέα, δὲν ἤξευρε ποῖος τῶν δύω ἦταν ὁ μεγαλήτερος ἐχθρός του, καὶ ποῖον τῶν δύω νὰ κτυπήσῃ πρῶτον. Τέλος, ἀφ' οὗ ἐδίσταξε κάμ- πόσον, ὑποχωρῶν ὀλίγον, ἔῤῥιψε τὸ δόρυ κατὰ τοῦ Περ- σέως, μὲ ὅσην δύναμιν τοῦ ἐδίδεν ὁ θυμός· ἀλλ' εἰς μάτην, ἐπειδὴ τὸ δόρυ ἐκτύπησε τὸ σκαμνίον, ὅπου ἐ-

30Ille nihil contra: sed et hunc et Persea vultu
alterno spectans petat hunc ignorat, an illum,
cunctatusque brevi contortam viribus hastam,
quantas ira dabat, nequiquam in Persea misit.
Ut stetit illa toro, stratis tunc denique Perseus
35exsiluit; teloque ferox inimica remisso
pectora rupisset, nisi post altaria Phineus
isset: et (indignum!) scelerato profuit ara.
Fronte tamen Rhoeti non inrita cuspis adhaesit.
Qui postquam cecidit ferrumque ex osse revulsum est,
40calcitrat et positas adspergit sanguine mensas.
Tum vero indomitas ardescit vulgus in iras,
telaque coniciunt, et sunt, qui Cephea dicunt
cum genero debere mori. Sed limine tecti
exierat Cepheus, testatus iusque fidemque
45hospitiique deos, ea se prohibente moveri.
Bellica Pallas adest et protegit aegide fratrem
datque animos. Erat Indus Athis, quem flumine Gange
edita Limnaee vitreis peperisse sub undis
creditur, egregius forma, quam divite cultu
50augebat, bis adhuc octonis integer annis,
indutus chlamydem Tyriam, quam limbus obibat
aureus; ornabant aurata monilia collum
et madidos murra curvum crinale capillos.
Ille quidem iaculo quamvis distantia misso
55figere doctus erat, sed tendere doctior arcus.
Tunc quoque lenta manu flectentem cornua Perseus
stipite, qui media positus fumabat in ara,
perculit et fractis confudit in ossibus ora.
Hunc ubi laudatos iactantem in sanguine vultus
60Assyrius vidit Lycabas, iunctissimus illi
et comes et veri non dissimulator amoris,
postquam exhalantem sub acerbo vulnere vitam
deploravit Athin, quos ille tetenderat arcus
arripit et “mecum tibi sint certamina” dixit:
65“nec longum pueri fato laetabere, quo plus
invidiae, quam laudis habes.” Haec omnia nondum
dixerat, emicuit nervo penetrabile telum
vitatumque tamen sinuosa veste pependit.
Vertit in hunc harpen spectatam caede Medusae
70Acrisioniades adigitque in pectus: at ille
iam moriens, oculis sub nocte natantibus atra
circumspexit Athin seque acclinavit ad illum
et tulit ad manes iunctae solacia mortis.
his words and deeds; and know his suit was not
preferred to yours, but granted to prevent
her certain death.”
not deigning to reply,
against them Phineus stood; and glancing back
from him to Perseus, with alternate looks,
as doubtful which should feel his first attack,
made brief delay. Then vain at Perseus hurled
his spear, with all the force that rage inspired,
but, missing him it quivered in a couch.
Provoked beyond endurance Perseus leaped
forth from the cushioned seats, and fiercely sent
that outwrenched weapon back. It would have pierced
his hostile breast had not the miscreant crouched
behind the altars. Oh perverted good,
that thus an altar should abet the wrong!
But, though the craven Phineus escaped,
not vainly flew the whizzing point, but struck
in Rhoetus' forehead. As the barb was torn
out of the bone, the victim's heels began
to kick upon the floor, and spouting blood
defiled the festal board. Then truly flame
in uncontrolled rage the vulgar crowd,
and hurl their harmful darts.
And there are some
who hold that Cepheus and his son-in-law
deserved to die; but Cepheus had passed forth
the threshold of his palace: having called
on all the Gods of Hospitality
and Truth and Justice to attest, he gave
no comfort to the enemies of Peace.
Unconquered Pallas is at hand and holds
her Aegis to protect her brother's life;
she lends him dauntless courage. At the feast
was one from India's distant shores, whose name
was Athis. It was said that Limnate,
the daughter of the River Ganges, him
in vitreous caverns bright had brought to birth;
and now at sixteen summers in his prime,
the handsome youth was clad in costly robes.
A purple mantle with a golden fringe
covered his shoulders, and a necklace, carved
of gold, enhanced the beauty of his throat.
His hair encompassed with a coronal,
delighted with sweet myrrh. Well taught was he
to hurl the javelin at a distant mark,
and none with better skill could stretch the bow.
No sooner had he bent the pliant horns
than Perseus, with a smoking billet, seized
from the mid-altar, struck him on the face,
and smashed his features in his broken skull.
And when Assyrian Lycabas had seen
his dear companion, whom he truly loved,
beating his handsome countenance in blood.
And when he had bewailed his lost life,
that ebbed away from that unpiteous wound,
he snatched the bow that Athis used, and said;
“Let us in single combat seek revenge;
not long will you rejoice the stripling's fate;
a deed most worthy shame.” So speaking, forth
the piercing arrow bounded from the cord,
which, though avoided, struck the hero's cloak
and fastened in its folds.—
Then Perseus turned
upon him, with the trusted curving sword,
cause of Medusa's death, and drove the blade
deep in his breast. The dying victim's eyes,
now swimming in a shadowous night, looked 'round
for Athis, whom, beholding, he reclined
upon, and ushered to the other world,—
sad consolation of united death.
The fight: the death of Athis

Phineus said nothing, but turned his face alternately from Perseus to his brother, not knowing whether to aim at the one or the other. Hesitating for a while he hurled his spear, throwing it with the energy of anger, but uselessly, at Perseus. Only when it had stuck fast in the bench, did Perseus leap up from where he was lying. Returning the weapon, fiercely, he would have pierced his enemy�s chest, if Phineus had not dodged behind the altars: and (shamefully) the wretch found safety in that refuge. Nevertheless the javelin was not without effect, and struck Rhoetus full face, who immediately fell, and, when the weapon had been pulled out of the bone, he kicked out and sprayed the laden tables with his blood. Then the crowd of men was truly ablaze with anger, and they hurled their spears, and there were those who said Cepheus deserved to die with his son-in-law.� But Cepheus had already crossed the threshold, calling on justice, good faith, and on the gods of friendship, to witness that what was being done was forbidden. Warlike Pallas came and protected her brother, Perseus, with her shield, the aegis, and gave him courage.

There was a youth from India, Athis, whom Limnaee, a nymph of the River Ganges is said to have given birth to, under its glassy waters. He was of outstanding beauty, his sixteen years unimpaired, enhanced by his rich robes, wearing his military cloak of Tyrian purple, fringed with gold. A gold collar ornamented his neck, and a curved coronet his myrrh-drenched hair. He was skilled at piercing anything with the javelins he launched, however distant, but was even more skilled at shooting with the bow. While he was bending the pliant tips in his hands, Perseus struck him, with a log that had been smouldering in the middle of the altar, and shattered his face to splintered bone.

When Lycabas, the Assyrian, closest to him, as a friend, and, most probably, a lover, saw his much praised features masked with blood, he wept bitterly for Athis, breathing out his life through that sad wound. He caught up the bow Athis had strung and said �Now match yourself with me! You will not have long to rejoice over the death of a child, an act which holds more shame than praise.� He had not finished speaking when the sharp arrow shot from the bowstring, but Perseus avoided it, and it was left hanging from a fold of his clothes. The grandson of Acrisius turned against him that scimitar, tried and proven in his killing of Medusa, driving it into his chest. But even in death, his eyes failing, he looked round for Athis, in that gloomy night, and fell next to him, taking for his solace, to the shadows, the fact of being joined with him in death.

κάθητο ὁ Περσεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐσηκώθη αὐτὸς ἁρπαζομέ- νος, ἢ ἁρπάζων τὸ βέλος τοῦ Ἀκτοῦ τοῦ, τὸ ἔρριψε κα- τὰ τοῦ Φινέας, ὡς τὶς ἔμελλε νὰ θανατωθῇ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἴδιον τοῦ ὅπλον, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ἤθελε κρυφθῆ ὀπίσω τοῦ Συ- μποσιακείου, τὸ ὁποῖον εἰς ἐλευθῶν πρὶν προεσίας ἔγινε καταφύγιον ἑνὸς κακοβούλου. Ὅπως τὸ βέλος δὲν ἔτυχε νὰ ἀτυπήσῃ τὸν Ῥοῖτον εἰς τὸ μέτωπον, ἢ τὸν κα- τεπάτησον. Ὅταν τοῦ τὸ ἔβγαλεν ἀπὸ τὴν κεφαλήν, τό- σον διεπαίχθη, ὥστε ἀποθνήσκων, κατέβρεξε μὲ τὸ αἷμά του ὅλας τὰς παρακειμένας τραπέζας. Τότε οἱ ἄν- θρωποι τοῦ Φινέας ἤρχισαν νὰ δείχνουν περισσοτέραν σκληρότητα ἢ ὀργὴν παρὰ φρόνησιν, ἢ νὰ ῥίπτωσιν βέ- λη, ἢ νὰ φωνάζωσιν, ὅτι πρέπει νὰ θανατωθῇ ὁ Κη- φεὺς ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν γαμβρόν του· ἀλλ' ὁ Κηφεὺς εἶχε φύ- γει ἀπὸ τὴν οἰκίαν, ἀφ' οὗ ἔκραξε μάρτυρας τῆς ξε- νίας τοὺς φόρους θεούς, ὅτι αὐτὸς δὲν ἦτον αἴτιος τῶν τοιού- των δυστυχιῶν, ἢ ὅτι ἀκόντων αὐτῶν ἐκινήθησαν. Ἡ πολε- μικὴ Ἀθηνᾶ δὲν ἤρχισε νὰ παρασταθῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πόλεμον, ἢ φοβουμένη διὰ τὸν ἀδελφόν της Περσέα, τὸν ἐσκέπαζε μὲ τὴν Αἰγίδα, καὶ ἐνδυνάμουνε τὴν τόλ- μαν του. Ὁ Φωδὶ εἶχε μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ Ἰνδόν τινα ὀνόμα- τι Ἄτιν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Νύμφη ἡ Λιμνιακὴ, ἡ θυγά- τηρ τοῦ Γάγγης ποταμοῦ, εἶχε γεννηθῆ εἰς τὰ νερὰ της. Οὗτος ἦτον δεκαὲξ χρόνων, ὡραῖος, καὶ ὑψηλοῦ ἀναστή- ματος, ἢ ἡ μεγαλοπρέπεια τῶν φορεμάτων του ηὔξανε τὴν φυσικήν του ὡμορφίαν. Ἔφορε πορφυρᾶν χλαμύδα, πε- ριπεποικιλμένην μὲ χρυσᾶ πλόκια· ἐκρέμαντο εἰς τὸν λαιμόν του χρυσαῖ ἁλυσεῖς, ἢ ἀδάμαντες, ἢ ἡ καταπυκνισ- μένη κόμη του ἦτον στολισμένη μὲ καμπύλον κάλυμμα. Πρὸς τούτοις ε

250 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

λέγοντα τὸ τόξον τε, ἐπλήγωσεν ὁ Περσεύς, ἁρπάξων ἐκ κομμάτιον ξύλο, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἔτι ἀναρμοσμένον ἐπὶ τῆς βωμοῦ, καὶ τοῦ ἔσπασε μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ πρόσωπον, ἐμβάλοντας τὸ εἰς τὰ κάγκαλα τῆς κεφαλῆς του. Ὁ Ἀσ- σύριος Λυκάβας, ὅς τις ἠγάπα θερμῶς τὸν νέον, βλέ- πων αὐτὸν κατεσπαρισμένον, ἢ πνέοντα τὰ λοίσθια διὰ τὸ ἀπὸ τὴν πληγήντι ἐγχυόμενον αἷμα, ἔκλαυσε πι- κρῶς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς φίλε του, ἢ ἁρπάξας τὸ τόξον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκεῖνος πρὸ ὀλίγου ἔντεινε, μετ' ἐμῆ, λέγει, φατρὸς τὸν Περσέα, μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔχεις τώρα νὰ πολεμή- σῃς δὲν θέλεις χαρῆ ὄχι πολλὰ καιρὸν τὸν νέον τούτου παιδὸς, ἢ τίνος ὁ θάνατος σὲ ἐφορέσθησε μάλ- λον μῖσος, ἢ ἔπαινον. Δὲν ἐπελείωσε τὸν λόγον, ἢ τὸ ὀξὺ βέλος ἐπήδησεν ἐκ τῆς τόξης του, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐκ- τύπησε τὸν Περσέα, ὅς τις τὸ ἀπέφυγε, ἢ ἔμενε κρε- μασμένον εἰς τὰς κόλπας τῶ φορεμάτων του. Ὁ Περσεὺς δὲν τὸν ἀφῆσε νὰ ἀδιατερώσῃ, ἀλλὰ ἕλκων ἔπαιω του μὲ τὸ ξιφαδὶ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ὀνομαστὸ διὰ τὸν φόνον τῆς Μεδού- σης, τὸν ἐσπλήγωσεν εἰς τὴν μέσην τῆς κορμῆς του· ὁ δὲ Λυκάβας θανατηφόρως πληγωμένος, ἔγχυσε τὰ ὑπὸ νύκτε νέοντα ὄμματα του πρὸς τὸν φίλον του Ἄτυν, καὶ πίπτων σιμὰ του, ἔλαβε κὰν τήνδε παρηγορείαν, τῆς Ἅδου ἐφόδιον, ὅτι ἀπέθανε μὲ αὐτὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐνδυμά- σῃ. Ὁρμώντες ἔπειτα ὁ Φόρβας, ἢ ὁ Ἀμφιμέδων ὁ- μοῦ, θυμωμένοι διὰ τὸν φόνον τῶ φίλων των, ἔπεσαν εἰς τὸ ἔδαφος, τὸ ὁποῖον διὰ τὸ ἐγχυθὲν αἷμα τόσον ἦτον ὀλισθηρὸν, ὥστε νὰ σαθῆ ἄνθρωπος εἰς τὰς πόδας δὲν ἐδυνάσθη. Θέλοντες δὲ νὰ σηκωθῆν, ἔπεσαν πάλιν καὶ οἱ δύο ἀπὸ μίαν πληγὴν ἁθρᾷ ξιφαδὶς, ἥτις τῆς ἑνὸς

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 251

ρασαδείς εἰς τὸν Περσέα μέ πέλεκιον, ἀντὶ πύρου, ἐδέχθη ἐπὶ μάχαιρα, ἀλλὰ μία μεγάλην λεκάνην, ἡ ὁποία τὰ ἔσωσσε τὴν κεφαλήν. Ἐπεσσε ἐπύπησσε Πολυδαίμονα, τὸν ἀπόγονον τῆς Σεμιράμιδος, τὸν Ἀβαΐν, τὸν Λύκητον, τὸν Ἕλικον, τὸν Φλεγύαν, καὶ τὸν Κλῶον, καὶ ἔκαμε τόσσην σφαγήν, ὥστε δὲν ἐδυάατο πλέον τις νὰ περάση, εἰμὴ ἐπάνω εἰς σωρὸν νεκρῶν. Ἐν τοσούτῳ ὁ Φινέος, μὴ τολμῶν νὰ πλησιάση εἰς τὸν Περσέα, ἔρριψεν ἀκόντιον κατ᾽ αὐτὸν, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ τύχη τὸ ἔστρεψε κατὰ τὸν Ἴδα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἕως πότε εἶχε φανῆ ἀδιάφορος. Τότε κοιτάζοντας ἀγρίως τὸν σκληρὸν Φινέα, ἐπειδὴ, λέγει, βιάζομαι νὰ λάβω μέρος εἰς τὴν μάχην, φυλάξου ἀπὸ τὸν ἐχθρόν, τὸν ὁποῖον μόνος σου ἐπαρόξυνες, ἢ πληρώσαι τὸ αἷμα μου μὲ τὸ ἐδικόν σου. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἤθελε νὰ ῥίψῃ τὸ βέλος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐσύχαλει ἀπὸ τὸ κορμί του, τὰ ἔλειψαν αἱ δυνάμεις, ἔπεσε νεκρὸς σῖμα εἰς τὰς ἄλλας. Ὁ Ὀδίτης, ὁ μέγιστος ἀξιωματικὸς τῆς βασιλείας, ἐφονήθη ἀπὸ τὸν Κλυμένον· ὁ Προτένων ἀπὸ τὸν Ψίδα, καὶ ὁ Ψύδις ἀπὸ τὸν Λυγκίδα. Ὁ γέρων Ἐμαθίων, ἀνὴρ δίκαιος, καὶ θεοσεβής, εὗρετο εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς θορύβης, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἡλικία του δὲν τὸν ἐσυγχώρει νὰ πολεμῇ μὲ τὴν χεῖρα, ἠγωνίζετο μὲ τὸν λόγον. Ἐξέτρεχεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἕν καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος, χωρὶς νὰ φοβηθῇ τὸν κίνδυνον, μεμφόμενος τὰ ὅπλα ἢ τὴν ἀπανθρωπίαν τοῦ Φινέως. Ὅλοι ὅμως οἱ κόποι του ἐματαιώθησαν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν ᾧ ἵστατο πλησίον τῆς βωμῆς, ἔχων ἀνεβασμένα τὰ χέιρα του, τρέμοντα, ὄχι ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ τὸ γήρατειον,

ρός. Ὁ Βροτέας, καὶ ὁ Ἄμμων, οἱ δίδυμοι, ἀδελφοί αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν πυγμαῖον ( αἳ ὅμως ἡ πυγμή ἐδύνατο νὰ νικήση τὰ ἀσάθλα ) ἐθανατώθησαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Φινέα. Ἄμφιος, ὁ τῆς Δημήτρος ἱερὸς, δὲν ἔλαβε καλλιτέρας τύχης, ὥστε τὸν ἀλαβέθησαν περισσότερον, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἦτον ἐνδεδυμένος τὰ ἱερὰ ἱμάτια. Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἱαπετέα, ὁ μὴ γονημένος διὰ τὸν πόλεμον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὰ ἔργα τῆς εἱρήνης, ἦτον παρὼν καὶ αὐτὸς διὰ νὰ ξορπάση τὸν πανήγυριν μὲ τὴν φωνὴν καὶ μὲ τὴν κιθάραν του, ἥτις ἦτον τόσον χαρμόσυμος, ὥστε ἡ γλυκύτης τῆς ἁρμονίας της, ἐώρετε νὰ νικήση τὰ σφηροπαίγνια τῶν πολεμιστῶν. Τούτον ἰδών ὁ Πέπταλος μὲ τὴν κιθάραν εἰς τὰς χεῖρας, καὶ πλησιάζων εἰς αὐτὸν μὲ τὸ μάχαιραν, ὑπάγε, τοῦ λέγει, εἰς τὸν ᾅδην νὰ τελεσφόρηση τὸ τραγώδιόν σου· καὶ αὐθὺς τοῦ ἔχωσε τὸ μάχαιραν εἰς τὸν ἀριστερὸν μήλιγγα. Ἔπεσεν ὁ δυστυχὴς μὲ τὴν κιθάραν του, καὶ ἔτι ἠδολέσκει νὰ ἐργάζη αὐτὸν μὲ τὰ ἀποθαμένα δάκτυλα του. Ἴσως δὲ νὰ ἔψαλλε τότε καὶ λυπηράν τινα ᾠδὴν προσήμουσαν εἰς τὴν συμφοράν του. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἀφήσεν ἀτιμώρητον ὁ Λύκορμας τὸν θάνατόν του, καὶ πέρνοντας μοχλὸν ἀπὸ τὴν θύραν, ἐπτύησε τοῦ Πεπτύλου εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ πέση αὐθὺς διχαλον ἐσφαγμένον πάντρε. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ Πελάτης ἤθελε νὰ ἐκβάλη καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ἄλλον μοχλὸν, τὸν ἔτρησε ὁ Κόρυθος διὰ βέλους, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον τοῦ ἐκάρφωσε τὸ χέρι εἰς τὴν θύραν. Ἐν τούτῳ τὸν πληγώνει ὁ Ἄβας μετὰ μαχαίρας εἰς τὸ πλευρόν, καὶ νεκρωθείς, δὲν ὕπεσεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔμεινε κρεμασμένος εἰς τὴν θύραν ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι του, τὸ καρφωμένον εἰς αὐτήν. Ἐφονεύθη εἰς τὴν σύγχυ

Ecce Syenites, genitus Metione, Phorbas
75et Libys Amphimedon, avidi committere pugnam,
sanguine, quo late tellus madefacta tepebat,
conciderant lapsi: surgentibus obstitit ensis,
alterius costis, iugulo Phorbantis adactus.
At non Actoriden Erytum, cui lata bipennis
80telum erat, hamato Perseus petit ense, sed altis
exstantem signis multaeque in pondere massae
ingentem manibus tollit cratera duabus
infligitque viro; rutilum vomit ille cruorem
et resupinus humum moribundo vertice pulsat.
85Inde Semiramio Polydegmona sanguine cretum
Caucasiumque Abarin Sperchionidenque Lycetum
intonsumque comas Helicen Phlegyanque Clytumque
sternit et exstructos morientum calcat acervos.
Nec Phineus ausus concurrere comminus hosti,
90intorquet iaculum: quod detulit error in Idan,
expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum.
Ille tuens oculis inmitem Phinea torvis
“quandoquidem in partes” ait “abstrahor, accipe, Phineu,
quem fecisti hostem pensaque hoc vulnere vulnus”;
95iamque remissurus tractum de vulnere telum
sanguine defectos cecidit conlapsus in artus.
Hic quoque Cephenum post regem primus Hodites
ense iacet Clymeni; Prothoenora percutit Hypseus,
Hypsea Lyncides. Fuit et grandaevus in illis
100Emathion, aequi cultor timidusque deorum;
qui, quoniam prohibent anni bellare, loquendo
pugnat et incessit scelerataque devovet arma.
Huic Chromis amplexo tremulis altaria palmis
decutit ense caput; quod protinus incidit arae
105atque ibi semianimi verba exsecrantia lingua
edidit, et medios animam exspiravit in ignes.
And Phorbas the descendant of Methion.
Who hailed from far Syene, with his friend
Amphimedon of Libya, in their haste
to join the battle, slipped up in the blood
and fell together: just as they arose
that glittering sword was driven through the throat
of Phorbas into the ribs of his companion.
But Erithus, the son of Actor, swung
a battle-ax, so weighty, Perseus chose
not combat with his curving blade. He seized
in his two hands a huge bowl, wrought around
with large design, outstanding from its mass.
This, lifting up, he dashes on his foe,
who vomits crimson blood, and falling back
beats on the hard floor with his dying head.
And next he slew Caucasian Abaris,
and Polydaemon—from Semiramis
nobly descended—and Sperchius, son,
Lycetus, long-haired Elyces, unshorn,
Clytus and Phlegias, the hero slew;—
and trampled on the dying heaped around.
Not daring to engage his enemy
in open contest, Phineus held aloof,
and hurled his javelin. Badly aimed—by some
mischance or turned—it wounded Idas, who
had followed neither side; vain-hoping thus
to shun the conflict.
Idas, filled with rage,
on Phineus gazed with futile hate, and said,
“Since I am forced unwilling to such deeds,
behold, whom you have made your enemy,
O savage Phineus! Let your recompense
be stroke for stroke.” So speaking, from the wound
he drew the steel, but, faint from loss of blood,
before his arm could hurl the weapon back,
he sank upon his knees.
Here, also, lies
Odytes,—noblest of the Cephenes,
save Cepheus only,—slaughtered by the sword
of Clymenus. And Prothoenor lies
the victim of Hypseus; by his side
Hypseus slaughtered by Lyncidas falls.
And in the midst of this destruction stood
Emathion, now an aged man, revered,
who feared the Gods, and stood for upright deeds.
And, since his years denied him strength for war,
he battled with his tongue, and railed, and cursed
their impious weapons. As that aged man
clings to the altar with his trembling hands,
Chromis with ruthless sword cuts off his head,
which straightway falls upon the altar, whence
The fight: The deaths of Idas, Chromis and others

Phorbas of Syene, the son of Metion, and Libyan Amphimedon, eager to commit to the fight, fell, having slipped on the ground, warm and drenched with blood on every side. Rising, they were stopped by the sword, piercing Phorbas�s throat, and Amphimedon�s ribs. But Perseus did not challenge Eurytus, son of Actor, who had a battle-axe, with his scimitar, instead, lifting a mixing bowl, embossed with decorations and very heavy in weight, high in the air, with both hands, he dashed it down on the man, who vomited bright red blood, and, lying on his back, beat the earth with his head. Then Perseus overthrew Polydegmon, born of the blood of Queen Semiramis, Abaris from Caucasia, Lycetus from the River Spercheos region, Helices with flowing hair, Clytus and Phlegyas, and trod on a mounting pile of the dying.

Phineus did not dare to fight hand to hand with his enemy, but threw his spear, which felled Idas, by mistake, who, though unavailingly, had no part in the fight, and was a follower of neither side. He, looking fiercely at Phineus, and said �Since I have been forced to take part, then, Phineus, acknowledge the enemy you have made, and repay me wound for wound!� He was about to hurl back the javelin he had pulled from his body when he collapsed dying, his limbs drained of blood.

Then Hodites, the greatest of the Ethiopians next to the king, was killed by Clymenus�s sword. Hypseus struck Protho�nor, and Lyncides struck Hypseus. One very old man, Emathion, was there who upheld justice, and feared the gods. He stepped forward, and since his age prevented him fighting, he warred in words, cursing their sinful weapons. Chromis decapitated him with his sword, as he clung to the altar with trembling hands, and the head fell straight on to the hearth, and there the half living tongue still uttered imprecations, and its life expired in the midst of the flames.

μολας καὶ Δωελλας, ὁ εἰς ἡπήματα, καὶ παρπὲς πλησίστατος ὑπὲρ τοὺς Ναςαμῶνας ὅλες, ἐκ τῆς Λυβίας, δεχόμενος βέλος εἰς τὸν βεβῶνα. Ὁ πληγώςας αὐτὸν Ἀλκυονεὺς, βλέπωντας αὐτὸν ποῦ ἤδη λειποψυχοῦντα, αὐχαειςκε, τὰ λέγει, νὰ ἀπολαύςῃς τώρα ἀπὸ τὸ ψῦχος τῆς γῆς, ὁποῦ ἐνκυείες, ὅςον δύναται νὰ ςηεπδόῃ τὸ κορμί ςου. Ἐν ᾧ ὅμως ἐκαυχάτο εἰς τὴν νίκην του, ἐκβαλὼν ὁ Περςεὺς τὸ βέλος ἀπὸ τὴν θέρμην πληγὴν τοῦ Δωελλα, ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν κατ' εὐθείαν εἰς τὸ πρόςωπον τοῦ Ἀλκυονέως, καὶ τὸ ἐξύπηςεν. Οὕτως βοήθηςε ἡ τύχη τὴν χείρα του, ἐξαντώςας δύο ἀδελφοὺς γεννηίους ἀπὸ μίαν μητέρα, μὲ δύο διάφορα τραύματα, τὸν Κλυτίαν, καὶ Κλαντίδα, ποῦ τὸν μὲν ἐξύπηςε ἀπὸ δύο ἀκόντια μὲ ἀκόντιον, τὸν δὲ ἐκτρώςας τὸ ςῶμα. Ἐφόνευςε καὶ Κελαδῶνα τὸν Μενδήςιον, καὶ τὸν Ἀςτρέα, τοῦ ὁποίου ὁ πατὴρ ἦτον ἀγνώριςος, ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἀπὸ τὴν Παλαιςτίνην, καὶ τὸν Ἐθίοπα, ὅςτις ἐφαρλεγςε τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ δὲν ἐδυνήθη τότε μὲ προφητείαν νὰ ἴδῃ ἅπερ ἔμελλε νὰ ςυμβῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἴδιον· ἐφόνευςε καὶ τὸν Θοάντα, τὸν ὁπλοφόρον τοῦ Βαςιλέως, καὶ τὸν ἀτίμον διὰ τὴν παβαςτείαν Ἀγώρτην. Ἡ ςφαγὴ ἦτον μεγάλη καὶ φοβερά· ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ λάβῃ τέλος ἡ μάχη, ἔπρεπεν ἔτι νὰ χυθῇ πολὺ περιςςότερον αἷμα· ἐπειδὴ ὅλοι ἐπόθουν νὰ φονεύςωςι τὸν Περςέα, καὶ ἕνας μόνος ἦτον ὁ ςκοπὸς ὅλων τῶν ἀκοντίων, καὶ πλῆθος ςυμμάχων ςτρατὸς εἶχον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέρη νὰ πολεμήςωςιν αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ὁπαδούς του. Εἰς μάτην ὁ πενθερὸς, καὶ ἡ πενθέρα τοῦ Περςέως, καὶ ἡ ςύζυγός του ποῦ βοηθοῦςι μὲ τὰς αὐχὰς των, εἰς μάτην γεμίζουςι τὴν οἰκίαν ἀπὸ φωνὰς καὶ ἀναςτεναγμούς, ἐπειδὴ ὁ ψόφος τῶν ὅπλων, ὁ ὀλολυγμὸς

σαν ἄλλω φωνῇ. Ἡ Ἐνυώ, ἡ Θεὰ τοῦ πολέμου, γε- μίζει πανταχῇ ἀπὸ αἷμα τοῦ τόπον, ἢ ἀναχινεῖ νέας ἐλπίδας. Ὁ Φινεύς, μετὰ χιλίων ὀπαδῶντε περικυκλώ- νει τὸν Περσέα ἀπὸ κάθε μέρος, ἢ τὰ βέλη, τὰ ρι- πτόμενα ὁλόγυρά τε, ἀπὸ τῆς ὀφθαλμῶν τε, καὶ εἰς τὰ ὦτία τε, ἔκαμναν περισσοτέραν βολὴν ἀπὸ τὴν χειμέριον χάλαζα. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς, διὰ νὰ φυλάξῃ τὰ νῶτα τε, ἀπερείδεται εἰς ἕνα στῦλον, κ᾽ δείχνων τὸ πρόσωπον εἰς τὰς ἐχθρούς τε, δέχεται πλέον ὁρμὴν τῶν μὲ δυσκολίαν ἐ- πάξιον τῆς γενέας τε. Τὸν κτυποῦν δεξιόθεν ὁ Ἐθέμων καὶ ὁ Μολπέας ἀπὸ τὰ δεξιέρα, κ᾽ ὥσπερ πεινασμένη τίγρις, ὅταν ἀκούσῃ εἰς φάραγγα τὸ μύγημα δύο ποι- μνίων, καὶ θέλει ἐν αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπάγῃ καὶ εἰς τὰ δύω μέρη, δισταλεῖσα ποῖον νὰ κτυπήσῃ πρότερον· τοῦ αὐτοῦ τρόπου κ᾽ ὁ Περσεὺς ἀμφιβάλει ἂν πρέπει νὰ κτυπή- σῃ εἰς τὰ δεξιά, ἢ εἰς τὰ δεξιερά. Τέλος ἐλευθερώ- νεται ἀπὸ τὸν Μολπέα πληγώσας αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν μη- ρόν, καὶ ἠναγκάσθη ὅτι τὸν ἔβλεψε νὰ φύγῃ, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἐθέμων, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἐπολέμει σιμότερα, δὲν τοῦ ἔδιδε καιρὸν νὰ καταδιώξῃ τὸν ἄλλον ἐχθρόν. Οὕτως ἠγρίωσεν ὁ Ἐθέμων ἀπὸ πλέον λύσσαν, ὥστε ἔγινε φο- βερώτερος· ἀλλὰ θέλων νὰ κτυπήσῃ τὸν Περσέα εἰς εἰς πλέον κεφαλήν, ἐκτύπησε τὸν στῦλον μὲ τόσην δύ- ναμιν, ὥστε ἐσυντρίφθη ἡ μάχαιρα, κ᾽ ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν τὸ τμῆμα αὐτῆς ἐπήδησε, κ᾽ ἐκαρώθη εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τε αὐχένος της, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ἤθελεν ἀποθάνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πλη- γήν, ἂν ὡς ὁ Περσεὺς δὲν ἔβυσσον εἰς πλέον μέσην τὰ κορμῆς τε μὲ τὸ ξίφος.

Τέλος βλέπων ὁ Περσέας ὅτι ἡ ἀνδρία ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ νικηθῇ ὑπὸ τὰ πλῆθος, ἐπειδὴ σᾶς μὲ βιάζετε, λέγει, Θέλω ζητήσαι βοήθειαν ἀπὸ τὸν ἐχθρόν μου.

Ἀποστρέψατε τὰ ὄμματά σας ὅσοι πολεμεῖτε πρὸς διαφεύξασίν με. καὶ ἔψωσεν ἐν ταὐτῷ τῆς Μεδού- σης εἰς φοβερὰ κεφαλήν. Ὁ Θέσαλος ἐμπαίζων αὐτόν, ἠκολούθει παρ' ἀνδραγαθίας του· Ἄλλες ζήτη- σον, τοῦ λέγει, νὰ φοβηθῆ παρὰ Γοργείας σου· ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἤθελε νὰ τὸν προσδῇ, ἔχων ἐψωσομένην τὴν χεῖρα, ἔμεινεν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ σχῆμα, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς μαρμάρινον ἄγαλμα· ὁμοίως καὶ ὁ Ἄμφυς, πλησιέ- στερος ὤν, καὶ θέλων διόλου νὰ ῥίψῃ, ἔμεινεν ἀκίνητος εἰς αὐτό. Ἐν ταύτῳ ὁ Νηλεὺς, ὡς τις ἐκαυχᾶτο ψευδῶς νὰ ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τὸν ἑπτάπλην Νεῖλον, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐ- πιβεβαιώσῃ τὸ ψεῦδος του, καὶ τὴν ματαιοδοξίαν του, εἶχεν ἐγχαράξει εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα του μετὰ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου τὰ ἑπτὰ στόματα τοῦ ποταμοῦ· Σκέψασαι, λέγει πρὸς τὸν Περσέα, τὴν ἀρχαιογονίαν, καὶ τὸ γένος μου, καὶ θέ- λεις ὑπάγῃ, εἰς τὸν ᾅδην μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν παρα- μυθίαν, ὅτι ἀπέθανες ἀπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ γενναιοτέ- ρου ἀνθρώπου. Μόλις ἠδυνήθη νὰ τελειώσῃ τὸν ὕστε- ρον λόγον τῆς ὑπερηφάνου ὁμιλίας του, καὶ ἐξέγραψεν μὲ τὸ σῶμα ἀνοικτόν, ὥσπερ θέλων νὰ εἴπῃ καὶ ἕτερα· ὅ- μως δὲν τοῦ ἐμφαίνε πλέον φωνή, καθὼς δὲν εἶχε πλέον οὔτε ζωήν. Ὁ Ἔρυξ βλέπων αὐτὸν μακρόθεν· εἰς σχῆμα πολεμίου, χωρὶς νὰ κινεῖται παντελῶς, ἤρχι- σε νὰ λέῃ βλασφημίαν, ὀνειδίζων τὴν ῥαθυμίαν των. Ὄχι ὄχι, τοὺς φωνάζει, δὲν εἶναι ἡ δύναμις τῆς Γορ- γόνος κεφαλῆς, ἥτις σᾶς κάμνει ἀκινήτους, ὡς βλέ- πω, ἀλλ' ὁ φόβος σας, καὶ ἡ μικροψυχία σας. Ἀκο- λουθήσατέ ἐμὲ μόνον μὲ τὴν συνήθησαν γενναιότη- τα, καὶ χωρὶς δυσκολίαν θέλομεν θανατώσει κατὰ γῆς ὑψηλόφρονα τοῦτον, ὡς τὶς μᾶς ἀντιπολεμεῖ μὲ μα- γευμένα ὅπλα. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἤθελε νὰ κινηθῇ, ἔμεινε

Hinc gemini fratres Broteasque et caestibus Ammon
invicti, vinci si possent caestibus enses,
Phinea cecidere manu, Cererisque sacerdos
110Ampycus, albenti velatus tempora vitta.
Tu quoque, Lampetide, non hos adhibendus ad usus,
sed qui, pacis opus, citharam cum voce moveres,
iussus eras celebrare dapes festumque canendo.
Quem procul adstantem plectrumque imbelle tenentem
115Pettalus inridens “Stygiis cane cetera” dixit
“manibus” et laevo mucronem tempore fixit.
Concidit et digitis morientibus ille retemptat
fila lyrae, casuque fuit miserabile carmen.
Nec sinit hunc impune ferox cecidisse Lycormas
120raptaque de dextro robusta repagula posti
ossibus inlisit mediae cervicis: at ille
procubuit terrae mactati more iuvenci.
Demere temptabat laevi quoque robora postis
Cinyphius Pelates: temptanti dextera fixa est
125cuspide Marmaridae Corythi lignoque cohaesit.
Haerenti latus hausit Abas: nec corruit ille,
sed retinente manum moriens e poste pependit.
Sternitur et Menaleus, Perseia castra secutus,
et Nasamoniaci Dorylas ditissimus agri,
130dives agri Dorylas, quo non possederat alter
latius aut totidem tollebat turis acervos.
Huius in obliquo missum stetit inguine ferrum:
letifer ille locus. Quem postquam vulneris auctor
singultantem animam et versantem lumina vidit
135Bactrius Halcyoneus “hoc, quod premis” inquit, “habeto
de tot agris terrae” corpusque exsangue reliquit.
Torquet in hunc hastam calido de vulnere raptam
ultor Abantiades; media quae nare recepta
cervice exacta est in partesque eminet ambas.
140Dumque manum Fortuna iuvat, Clytiumque Claninque,
matre satos una, diverso vulnere fudit:
nam Clytii per utrumque gravis librata lacerto
fraxinus acta femur, iaculum Clanis ore momordit.
Occidit et Celadon Mendesius, occidit Astreus,
145matre Palaestina, dubio genitore creatus,
Aethionque sagax quondam ventura videre
(tunc ave deceptus falsa), regisque Thoactes
armiger et caeso genitore infamis Agyrtes.
his dying tongue denounces them in words
of execration: and his soul expires
amid the altar flames.
Then Broteas
and Ammon, his twin brother, who not knew
their equals at the cestus, by the hand
of Phineus fell; for what avails in deed
the cestus as a weapon matched with swords.
Ampycus by the same hand fell,—the priest
of Ceres, with his temples wreathed in white.
And O, Iapetides not for this
did you attend the feast! Your voice attuned
melodious to the harp, was in request
to celebrate the wedding-day with song,—
a work of peace; as you did stand aside,
holding the peaceful plectrum in your hand,
the mocking Pettalus in ridicule said,
“Go sing your ditties to the Stygian shades.”
And, mocking thus, he drove his pointed sword
in your right temple. As your limbs gave way,
your dying fingers swept the tuneful strings:
and falling you did chant a mournful dirge.—
You to avenge enraged Lycormas tore
a huge bar from the door-post, on the right,
and dashing it against the mocker crushed
his neck-bones: as a slaughtered bullock falls—
he tumbled to the ground.
Then on the left.
Cinyphian Pelates began to wrench
an oak plank from the door-post, but the spear
of Corythus, the son of Marmarus,
pinioned his right hand to the wooden post;
and while he struggled Abas pierced his side.—
He fell not to the floor, but dying hung
suspended from the door-post by his hand.
And of the friends of Perseus, Melaneus
was slain, and Dorylas whose wealth was large
in Nasamonian land. No other lord,
as Dorylas, such vast estates possessed;
no other owned so many heaps of corn.
The missile steel stood fastened in his groin,
obliquely fixed,—a fatal spot—and when
the author of his wound, Halcyoneus
the Bactrian, beheld his victim thus,
rolling his eyes and sobbing forth his soul,
he railed; “Keep for yourself of all your lands
as much as you can cover.” And he left
the bleeding corpse.
But Perseus in revenge
hurled after him a spear, which, in his need,
he ripped out from the wound, yet warm, and struck
the boaster on the middle of his nose.
The piercing steel, passed through his nose and neck,—
remained projecting from the front and back.
And while good fortune helped his hand, he slew
Clanis and Clytius, of one mother born,
but with a different wound he slaughtered each:
for, leveled by a mighty arm, his ashen spear
drove through the thighs of Clytius, right and left,
and Clanis bit the javelin with his teeth.
And by his might, Mendesian Celadon
and Atreus fell, his mother of the tribes
of Palestine, his father was unknown.
Aethion, also, who could well foresee
the things to come, but was at last deceived
by some false omen. And Thoactes fell,
The fight: Lampetides, Dorylas and others

Then two brothers fell at the hands of Phineus. They were Broteas, and Ammon the famous boxers, who would have been able to overcome anything, if boxing gloves were able to overcome swords, and Ampycus, priest of Ceres, his forehead wreathed with white fillets. And you Lampetides, summoned, but not for this purpose, who played the lute and sang, the work of peace, ordered to help celebrate the feast, and recite the bridal songs. Pedasus, mockingly shouted to him, as he stood to one side holding his unwarlike plectrum, �Go and sing the rest to the Stygian shades!� and pierced his left temple with his blade. He fell, and tried to pluck the lyric strings again, with dying fingers, and, falling, struck a plaintive note.

Lycormas, angered, did not allow him to die without taking revenge. Grasping a heavy bar from the door on his right, he struck Pedasus, in the middle of his neck-bones, and he fell dead to the ground, like a bullock at the sacrifice. Pelates, from the banks of Cinyps, tried to take the bar from the left door, and, while attempting to do so, his right hand was transfixed by the spear of Corythus, from Marmarica, and pinned to the wood. Abas pierced him in the side as he was fastened there, and he did not fall, but hung there, dying, from the post to which his hand was nailed. Melaneus, a follower of Perseus�s cause, was also killed, and Dorylas, the wealthiest man in the fields of Nasamonia, Dorylas whose wealth was in fields, than whom no man held a greater tract, nor could pile up as many heaps of spices. A missile thrown from the side stuck in his groin, that fatal place. When Halcyoneus of Bactria, the perpetrator of the wound, saw him gasping for life, his eyes rolling, he said �Of all your lands you shall have only this earth you lie on!� and left his bloodless corpse. But Perseus, the avenger, the descendant of Abas, turned against him the spear, pulled hot from the wound. Catching the nose, it went through the middle of the neck, jutting out front and back.

While Fortune aided his hand, Perseus killed Clytius and Clanis, born of one mother, with different wounds. An ashen spear, from his strong arm, went through both Clytius�s thighs, while Clanis�s jaw bit on a javelin. Mendesian Celadon was killed, Astreus, of unknown father and Syrian mother, Aethion, once skilled in telling the future, now deceived by lack of foresight, Thoactes, the armour-bearer of the king, and Agyrtes, notorious for murdering his own father.

256 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

ώσαν να τον επίσχε η γη από τα πόδας, και έμεινεν ακίνητος, μη ων άλλο τι, ειμή άψυχον είδωλον. Τοιούτου οπως έλαβον την αρμόζουσαν τιμωρίαν όλοι οι κακόζηλοι εκείνοι· αλλ' ο Ακόντιος, ο οποίος εμάχετο προς βοήθειαν του Περσέως, εμβλέψας εξ απροσεξίας εις την κεφαλήν της Μεδούσης, έλαβε μοίραν της τιμωρίας και, απολιθωθείς και αυτός ώσπερ εκείνοι. Τούτον ο Ασυάγης νομίζων ότι ζώντα, εκτύπησε με το ξίφος του, αλλ' ήχησεν ώς σίδηρον εις τον πέτραν· και ούτος εκπληττόμενος ελιθώθη και αυτός, διατηρήσας τον χαρακτήρα, και το πρόσωπον ανθρώπου εμπεπλημένου θαυμάζοντος. Ενομίζετο πολύς καιρός διά να επαριθμήσω κατ' όνομα όλων των άλλων. Έμειναν ότι διακόσιοι από τον πόλεμον, και διακόσιοι προς την θέαν της Μεδούσης μετεμορφώθησαν εις πέτρας. Τότε ο Φινεύς ήρχισε να μετανοή διά τον οποίον έκαμεν άδικον και σκληρόν πόλεμον· αλλά τι να καμωθή, και πού να καταφύγη προς βοήθειαν; Άλλο τι δεν βλέπει ειμή αγάλματα διαφόρων σχημάτων, γνωρίζει όλας τας μορφάς των, τας προσκαλεί κατ' όνομα, τας ζητεί βοήθειαν, και μη πιστεύων εις τα όμματά του, θέλει να πληροφορηθή διά της αφής. Εγγίζει λοιπόν τους πλησιεστέρους του, αλλά δεν είναι άλλο τι ειμή μάρμαρα· όθεν ούτος ρίψας τα όπλα, προστρέχει εις τα δεήσεις, και αποφεύγων την θέαν της φρικτής κεφαλής, η οποία του εφανέρωσε την αυτήν τιμωρίαν, απλώνει τας χείρας του προς τον Περσέα, και του ζητεί την ζωήν. '' Επίκησας, γυναικόπατε Περσεύ, λέγει του, '' επίκησας· κρύψον το τέρας σε παρακαλώ, κρύψον την κεφαλήν, η οποία μας κάμνει να βλέπωμεν τόσα θαυμάσια. Ούτε μίσος, ούτε επιθυμία βασιλείας '' με επαρώτρυνησαν να λάβω τα όπλα· μόνον ηθέλησα ''

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 257

,,πάλιν ἢ σὺ τὸ αὐτόν· μιᾶς ἐρωμένης με ὁ πόθος με ,,ἤγειρέ με, ἢ με παρώξυνεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὴν μάχην· ,,σὺ ἔχεις δίκαιον διὰ τὴν ὁποῖαν της ἐνάρετον ἀνέργε- ,,σίαν· ἐγὼ δὲ διὰ τὸ νὰ ἤμην ἀπὸ πόσον καιρὸν ἀρ- ,,ραβωνιασμένος. Ὡς πόσον πάρα με ἐδικαίωσίν μου ,,σὲ ἀφίνω νὰ νικητεύῃς, ἢ σὲ ζητῶ τὴν ζωήν μόνον, ,,τὰ δὲ ἐπίλοιπα ἅς εἶναι ὅλα ἐδικά σου''. Αὐτὸ εἶ- πεν ὁ Φινεύς, χωρὶς νὰ πολυμήσῃ νὰ στρέψῃ τὰ ὄμ- ματά του ἀπρὸς ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ὁποῖον παρεκάλει. Ὁ δὲ Περσεύς ,,δειλέ, του λέγει, ἐγὼ θέλω νάθω, σοῦ δώ- ,,σω τὸ ζητούμενόν σου, ἐπειδὴ οἱ μικρόλογοι ἢ δειλοί ,,νομίζουσι μέγα αὐτὸ τὸ χάρισμα. Μὴ φοβῆ ἕτοι- ,,μος εἶμαι νὰ σε εὐχαριστήσω· δὲν θέλεις εὑρεῖ ,,ποτὲ σωματικὸν ὅπλον νὰ σε βλάψῃ· μάλιστα θέλω σε ,,δώσω ἢ ὑπόμνημα εἰς ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἢ θέλεις σε ,,βλέπη πάντοτε εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς νυμφῆς μας· ἢ ἄν ,,ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη εἶχε ἔρωτα τινὰ διὰ λόγου σου, θέλει ,,παρηγορεῖσθαι τηλαυγῶς βλέπουσα τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἐρώ- ,,μενοῦ της''. Μόλις της ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρι- σίν, ἢ γυρίζωντας τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰ ὄμματα τοῦ Φινέως, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐκεῖνος ἐδυ- νάσθη καμμίαν νὰ μὴ τὴν ποιπάξῃ, εὐθὺς τὸν ἀ- πεξήρανε, ἢ θέλων αὐτὸς νὰ χύσει τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἀπὸ τὰ αἷμα μέρος, δὲν ἐδυνήθη, ἐπειδὴ ὁ λαιμός του ἢ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἦσαν ἀπολιθωμένοι, ἢ τὰ ὄμματά του ὁμοίως ἐλιθώθησαν πρὶν λάβῃ καιρὸν νὰ τὰ κλεί- σῃ. Ἔμεινε λοιπὸν ὡχματισμένος καθὼς ἔστων ἐπα- ρασταθῇ εἰς τὸν Περσέα, ἔχων εἰς τὸ λίσιον χεῖρά του τὴν τῆς δειλίας, ἢ τὸ αἷμα στὸ ἕτερα, ὁποῦ ἐφαί- νεταν παρεκάλει τὸν Περσέα νὰ τοῦ χύσει.

δέ τις ὁμοῦ μέ τῶν Ἀνδρομέδην τῶν συμβίων του, καὶ μόλις ἐφθασον ἐπεὶ, ἐξοχάσθη πὸ ἐνδυνήση τὸν πάππου τῶ Ἀκρισίου, ἅ ἢ δεὶ τῆ ἔφερεπε μία ποιαύτη χάρις. Ὸ Προῖτος ἀδελφὸς τῶ Ἀκρισίας τῶ ἔχει αὔταξη τὸ Βασίλειον· ὅσον ὸ Περσέας εἶδος πῆ ἐπολέμησε, καὶ ἐκεῖνος δεὶ ἐδυνώθη νὰ διαφευτεύῃ ὖτε μέ τὰ ὅπλα τῆ, ὖτε μέ τῶν ὁποίων ἀκρόπολιν ἀδίνως εἶχε κυριεύση, ἀπὸ τὰς ἴσχυρας δυνάμεις τῆς φοβερᾶς ἢ ὀφιοπλοκάμης κεφαλῆς.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑΣ.

Δι᾿ εἶναι εὔκολον νὰ καταλάβωμεν τῆν εἰκόνα τῆ Μύθο τῆτε ἀπὸ τὰ ἐξ αὐτὰ ὡραιοπλάσματα συμβόλια. Βλέπομεν τον Φινέας, ὅς τις δεὶ ἀγαπᾶ τῶν ἡσυχίαν ἢ ἐρημίαν τὸ βασιλεῦ· ἀφονιοῦ μᾶλλον πόλεμον πόλεμον, ἢ τῆν κεντικὴ σύμφυραν δεὶ θέλει συνευπάτῃ δοξάζεσθαι. Ἅ δὲ ἐπεὶ ἐχύρησι τοῦ πάθος, διαμαρτία πάντα εἶδα νὰ αὐξελέσιαν τὸ πάθος του. Ἀλλ᾿ ὕστερα ἀπὸ τότε ἀδικίας, ἢ αἱματοχυσίας μεγάλων ἀνδρῶν, ἢ ἱερῶν ἀλσῶν ἢ εἰρηνικῶν, νικᾶται ἢ αὐτος ὸ χασιώδης ἢ κακόβουλος, ἢ μέ τον θάνατόν τῆ λαμβάνει τέλος, ἢ μάχη. Τάχα δεὶ εἶναι αὐτὴ ἢ εἰκών τῆ ἐμφυλίῳ πολέμῳ, τὸ ὁποῖο ἢ σκληρότης ἐφαρμόζεται κοινὸς εἰς ὅλους, καὶ δεὶ διαλάβει ὖτε τὰ θεῖα, ὖτε τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, καὶ αἱ ὑψη ἀρχαὶ τῆ εἶναι πάντοτε ἀδικι, τὸ δὲ τέλος πάντοτε ὀλέθριον εἰς τῆς αἰτίας τῆς.

Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Ὀβίδιος, ὡς κατὰ πάντα δεξιός, ὑποδεικνύει μέ τὸ σύμ- βολον τῆς Ἴδης, ὁ ὁποῖος καίτοι ἀδιάφορος εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν μάχην, ὅ- μως ἐφοίτησεν εἰς αὐτήν, ὅτι δεῖ εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἀδιαφορῇ εἰς τοὺς ποιητὰς πολέμους. Καὶ βέβαια ἡ ἀδιαφορεία δεῖ νὰ σώζεται εἰς τοὺς φίλους, εἰς τοὺς συγγενεῖς, καὶ εἰς τὰς φιλίας. Διότι ὅσοι προσποιοῦνται νὰ εἶναι ἀδιάφοροι, καὶ πρῶτα ὑποσχόμενοι νὰ ἰδοῦν τὸ ὑποβησόμενον, καὶ τότε νὰ φανερωθῶσι, κατὰ τίνα μέθοδον γίνονται δῆλοι ὅτι θέλουσιν ὑποσχέ- σθαι τὰ αὐτὰ εἰς ἐκείνους οἱ ὑποσχέται. Ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ὁ φρόνιμος, ὡς ἔχων πάντοτε τέτοιαν βοήθειαν, βλέπων ὅτι ὁ ἀδιά- φορος παροξύνει τὸν καιρὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ, ὅταν δὲν θέλῃ ἔ- χῃ πλέον τέτοιαν ἀνάγκην ἀπὸ βοήθειαν, διαλέγει βέλτιον νὰ ἰδῇ τὸν ἀδιάφορον νὰ χαθῇ, παρὰ νὰ δεσμεύεται πάντοτε εἰς ἐπι- σφαλῆ καὶ δειλὴν ἢ φανερὰν βοήθειάν του, ἢ βοήθειαν ἐχθροῦ του.

Άλλ' οἱ περὶ σαμὸ ὁμολογηταὶ ἰδοδάλλω διὰ τί ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ σκε- πάζει τὸν Περσέα μὲ τῆς ἀσπίδος τῆς Νεμέζω ὅτι δικαιότητα με τετο ὅτι ἡ κρίσις καὶ φρόνησις, αἱ διὰ πὶ ἀλληγορέμεναι, δὲν ἐγκαταλείπουσι ποτὲ τῆς μεγάλης ἐρανης ἀπὸ μετεχον τῆς δι- δῶν, καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω ἄτος, μήτε εἰς αὐτὰς τῆς ἀγάπασης καλά- τη. Καὶ βέβαια δὲν ἀρκεῖ εἰς τὸν Ἀρχιστράτηγον νὰ εἶναι μόνον εἰ- δήμων τῆς πολεμικῆς τέχνης, ἀλλ' εἶναι ἀνάγκη νὰ ἔχῃ ἀντίστοιχον καρδίαν, καὶ νὰ ἡξεύρῃ νὰ διὰ φυλαττῇ εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς μάχης, καὶ εἰς πλῶι πταν αὐτῶν, ἐκεῖνο τὴν ἀδσυμίαν καὶ δύναστης, δι' ἧς ἀφορδεντα συσχῶς τὰ πράγματα, ὅταν φαίνεται ὅτι εἶναι ἀπελπισ- μένα. Τέλος νομίζω ὅτι ὁ μῦθος μᾶς ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς κατ' ἐξαίρετον τρόπον φροντίζει διὰ τῆς μεγάλης ἀρετᾶς, τῆς ὑπερβαί- νούσης τὸ κοινόν, τῆς ὁποίας ἡμεῖς ὀνομάτιζομεν Ἥρωες, καὶ ὅτι ἂν εἶναι δίκαιος ὁ πόλεμος, τὸν ὁποῖον πολεμεῖ, τῆς χάρις ὁ Θεὸς τιμᾷ αὐτὸν, ὕστον μεγάλαι καὶ ἂν εἶναι αἱ δυσκολίαι, καὶ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ποιεῖν ταῦτα.

Ὧδε πάντες νὰ ἐφοβήσαωλ τὸν Περσέα, διὰ τί ἀρχεῖ φαίνεται ὅτι ἀπίσει καὶ διδέει εἰς τῆς δυνάμητα καὶ ἀνδεία, καὶ προσ- τρέψει εἰς δεσποτικὸν βοήθειαν, ἤγουν εἰς τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, διὰ νὰ καταβάλῃ τῆς ἐχθρᾶς της.

Plus tamen exhausto superest: namque omnibus unum
150opprimere est animus, coniurata undique pugnant
agmina pro causa meritum impugnante fidemque:
hac pro parte socer frustra pius et nova coniunx
cum genetrice favent ululatuque atria complent.
Sed sonus armorum superat gemitusque cadentum,
155pollutosque semel multo Bellona penates
sanguine perfundit renovataque proelia miscet.
Circueunt unum Phineus et mille secuti
Phinea: tela volant hiberna grandine plura
praeter utrumque latus praeterque et lumen et aures.
160Applicat hic umeros ad magnae saxa columnae,
tutaque terga gerens adversaque in agmina versus
sustinet instantes. Instabat parte sinistra
Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabataeus Echemmon.
Tigris ut auditis diversa valle duorum
165exstimulata fame mugitibus armentorum
nescit, utro potius ruat, et ruere ardet utroque,
sic dubius Perseus, dextra laevane feratur,
Molpea traiecti submovit vulnere cruris,
contentusque fuga est: neque enim dat tempus Echemmon,
170sed furit et, cupiens saltu dare vulnera collo,
non circumspectis exactum viribus ensem
fregit, et extrema percussae parte columnae
lammina dissiluit dominique in gutture fixa est.
Non tamen ad letum causas satis illa valentes
175plaga dedit: trepidum Perseus et inermia frustra
bracchia tendentem Cyllenide confodit harpe.
Verum ubi virtutem turbae succumbere vidit,
“auxilium” Perseus “quoniam sic cogitis ipsi”
dixit “ab hoste petam. Vultus avertite vestros,
180siquis amicus adest!” et Gorgonis extulit ora.
“Quaere alium, tua quem moveant miracula” dixit
Thescelus; utque manu iaculum fatale parabat
mittere, in hoc haesit signum de marmore gestu.
Proximus huic Ampyx animi plenissima magni
185pectora Lyncidae gladio petit; inque petendo
dextera deriguit nec citra mota nec ultra est.
At Nileus, qui se genitum septemplice Nilo
ementitus erat, clipeo quoque flumina septem
argento partim, partim caelaverat auro,
190“adspice” ait, “Perseu, nostrae primordia gentis:
magna feres tacitas solacia mortis ad umbras,
a tanto cecidisse viro”: pars ultima vocis
in medio suppressa sono est, adapertaque velle
ora loqui credas, nec sunt ea pervia verbis.
195Increpat hos “vitio” que “animi, non viribus” inquit
“Gorgoneis torpetis” Eryx: “incurrite mecum
et prosternite humi iuvenem magica arma moventem!”
Incursurus erat: tenuit vestigia tellus,
inmotusque silex armataque mansit imago.
the armour-bearer of the king; and, next,
the infamous Agyrtes who had slain
his father. These he slew; and though his strength
was nearly spent, so many more remained:
for now the multitude with one accord
conspired to slaughter him. From every side
the raging troops assailed the better cause.
In vain the pious father and the bride,
together with her mother, fill the halls
with lamentations; for the clash of arms,
the groans of fallen heroes drown their cries.—
Bellona in a sea of blood has drenched
their Household Gods, polluted by these deeds,
and she endeavours to renew the strife.
Perseus, alone against that raging throng,
is now surrounded by a myriad men,
led on by Phineus; and their flying darts,
as thick as wintry tail, are showered around
on every side, grazing his eyes and ears.—
Quickly he fixed his shoulder firm against
the rock of a great pillar, which secured
his back from danger, and he faced his foes,
and baffled their attack.
Upon his left
Chaonian Molpeus pressed, and on his right
a Nabathe an called Ethemon pressed.—
As when a tiger from a valley hears
the lowing of two herds, in separate fields,
though hunger urges he not knows on which
to spring, but rages equally for each;
so, Perseus doubtful which may first attack
his left or right, knows not on which to turn,
but stands attentive witness to the flight
of Molpeus, whom he wounded in the leg.
Nor could he choose—Ethemon, full of rage,
pressed on him to inflict a fatal wound,
deep in his neck; but with incautious force
struck the stone pillar with his ringing sword
and shattered the metal blade, close to the hilt;
the flying fragment pierced its owner's neck,
but not with mortal wound. In vain he pled
for mercy, stretching forth his helpless arms:
perseus transfixed him with his glittering blade,
Cyllenian.
But when he saw his strength
was yielding to the multitude, he said,
“Since you have forced disaster on yourselves,
why should I hesitate to save myself?—
O friends, avert your faces if ye stand
before me!” And he raised Medusa,s head.
Thescelus answered him; “Seek other dupes
to chase with wonders!” Just as he prepared
to hurl the deadly javelin from his hand,
he stood, unmoving in that attitude,
a marble statue.
Ampyx, close to him,
exulting in a mighty spirit, made
a lunge to pierce Lyncides in the breast;
but, as his sword was flashing in the air,
his right arm grew so rigid, there he stood
unable to draw back or thrust it forth.
But Nileus, who had feigned himself begot
by seven-fold Nile, and carved his shield with gold
and silver streams, alternate seven, shouted;
“Look, look! O Perseus, him from whom I sprung!
And you shall carry to the silent shades
a mighty consolation in your death,
that you were slain by such a one as I.”
But in the midst of boasting, the last words
were silenced; and his open mouth, although
incapable of motion, seemed intent
to utter speech.
Then Eryx, chiding says;
“Your craven spirits have benumbed you, not
Medusa's poison.—Come with me and strike
this youthful mover of magician charms
down to the ground.”—He started with a rush;
the earth detained his steps; it held him fast;
he could not speak; he stood, complete with arms,
a statue.
Such a penalty was theirs,
Perseus uses the Gorgon�s head

There is yet more to be done, despite what he has endured: the purpose of all is to overwhelm this one man. The bands of conspirators oppose him on all sides, in a cause opposed to justice, and good faith. His father, with helpless loyalty, and his new bride and her mother, support him to the best of their abilities, filling the palace with their cries. But the clash of weapons and the groans of the fallen, drown them out, and at the same time Bellona, goddess of war, pollutes and drenches the penates, the household gods, with blood, and stirs renewed conflict.

Phineus and a thousand followers of Phineus, surround the one man. Spears to the right of him, spears to the left of him, fly thicker than winter hail, past his eyes and ears. He sets his back and shoulders against a massive stone column, and protected behind, turns towards the opposing crowd of men, and withstands their threat. The Chaonian, Molpeus, presses him on the left, and on the right Ethemon, a Nabatean. Like a tiger, goaded by hunger, that hears the bellowing of two herds of cattle in separate valleys, and does not know which it would rather rush at, fired up to rush at either, so Perseus hesitates whether to strike right or left. He drives Molpeus off, piercing him with a wound to the leg, and is content to let him go: but Ethemon allows him no time, and raging and eager to give him a wound high on the neck, flails at him, incautiously and violently, and fractures his sword, striking it on the extreme edge of the column. The blade is detached, and fixes itself in its owner�s throat. The wound it gives him is not serious enough to cause his death, but as he stands there, quivering, and uselessly stretching out his defenceless arms, Perseus stabs him with Cyllenian Mercury�s curved sword.

When Perseus saw indeed that, his efforts would succumb to the weight of numbers, he said �Since you plan it like this, I will ask help of the enemy. If there are any friends here, turn your face away!� and he held up the Gorgon�s head. �Find others, who might be worried by your marvel� said Thesculus, but as he prepared to throw his deadly javelin, he was frozen, like a marble statue, in the act. Ampyx, next to him, thrust his sword straight at the heart of the courageous descendant of Lynceus, and, in thrusting, his right hand stiffened, without movement this way or that. But Nileus who falsely claimed that he was born of the Nile with its seven mouths, his shield engraved with its seven streams, part gold, part silver, cried �Perseus, see, the sources of my people: it will be a great consolation to you to take with you, in death, to the silent shadows, the knowledge of having fallen to so noble a man�. The last echo of his voice was cut off in mid-flight, and you might believe his mouth still wished to speak, though it was no longer pervious to words.

Eryx rebuked them, saying, �Lack of courage, not the power of the Gorgon, freezes you. Rush in with me and knock this youth and his magic weapon to the ground!� He had started his rush, but the floor held his feet fast, and there he stayed, unmoving stone, a fully-armed statue.

Συμπεραίνω ὅτι θέλει νὰ ὑποδείξη ὅτι διὰ τῆς κεραίας, τὴν ὁποίαν βαστᾷ καὶ δείχνει εἰς τὰς ἐχθράς της, εἰκονίζονται αἱ μεταξὺ τῶν βασιλέων συχνῶς γενόμεναι συμμαχίαι, καὶ ἡ ἐκ αὐτῶν βοήθεια εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους. Ὅτι δὲν εἶναι Βασίλειον πράγμα σταθερὸν καὶ βέβαιον, τὸ ὁποῖον νὰ μὴ ὑπόκειται εἰς δεινὰς περιπέτειας καὶ κινδύνους.

εἰκὰς βοηθείας κυνηγέσσους τινὰ Πολυίδειαν, εἰ τῇ λείποντα αἱ ἄλλαι βοήθειαι· διότι δὴ ἡς Μεδούσης, ἥτις δεῖ ψηφὰ γὰ μιᾷ τῇ Νέῳ, Σκεινίσ ετα εἱ Κράτος ἀσεθὲς ἢ ἀθρήσκον, μὲ τὸ ὸ παῖδα ὁ ἀθρώπομαχλαξ: ἰς κάμης συμμαχίας. Ἰδὲ ὁποῖ ἂν ὑπέκειαν ῥῖδες μία δῶν ἱ Παρειὲ ἢ βέβαια αὕτη δὲ εὐρίσκεται εἰς τὰ ὅσα μᾶς διδάσκει καὶ ἱ Ἄγιου χωρὶν δοδῆ αἱ πλάνες ἡς Διαθήκης, ἀνθρωποί τῆς, ἥτις ἄρχηθ καρῆα ἢ τὸν κατὰ Θεὸν, δεῖ ἐφοβήθησαν γὰ κάμουν παρμοίας συμμαχίας. Ὁ Ἀβραὰμ ἔκαμε συμμαχίαν ἰς φιλίαν μὲ τὸν Ἔφρων, ἰς Μαμβρῆ, ἰς μὲ αὐτὴς ἡς Σοδομίτης, ἥτις ὁποίων ἦτον πασίδηλος ἡ ἀσέβεια· ὁ Ἰσαὰκ μὲ τὸν Ἀβιμελὲχ ἰς Φιχὸλ, ἰς ὁ Ἰακὼβ μὲ τὸν εἰδωλολάτρην Λάβαν. Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ θεῖος Νόμος δεῖ ἠκύρωσε τὸ δικαίωμα τῦ τὸ φύσεως· ὅθεν οἱ Ἑβραῖοι εὐκάσι συμμαχίαν μὲ τὴς Αἰγυπτίους· ὁ Δαυὶδ μὲ τὸν Ἀγχοὺσ· ὁ Σολομὼν μὲ τὸν Χιράμ, τὸν βασιλέα ἥτις Τυρίων· ὁ Ἰωσαφὰτ μὲ τὸν Ἀχαὰβ, ἰς οἱ Μακκαβαῖοι μὲ τὴς Ρωμαίους. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν κήρυξιν ἡς Εὐαγγελίας, ὁ Ἅγιος Παῦλος ἄρκᾷ δεῦ μᾶς διδάξει τῆδ αὐτοῦ, ὅταν κατέφυγε εἰς τὸ δεσμοφύλαξ, δὴ ἕνα φυλαχθῇ ὑπὸ τὰς ἐνέδρας ἡς κακίας, δὴ ἵνα ἀντίσταθῇ εἰς τὴς ἀθρησκείας ἢ Πέει δὲ ἥτις λιθοδέντιαν ἀνθρώπων, ἄλλοτι δεῖ λέγεσθα εἶμαι μόνον ὅτι ἡ μετάβολή των φανεροῦν ὅτι ὁ Περσεῦς αἴτησε τὴς ἐνδρέσης ἰς μὲ τὴν διακημίᾳ ἢ αὐθαδίαν ἡς ὕφερον εἰς τοιαύτην κατάστασιν, ὥστε δεῖ ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ κάμουν κακέα ἀπὸ κακὸν, ὥστερ νὰ πέση εἰσαῦθις ἰς ἀγάλματα.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ'. ἰς Δ'.

Περὶ μεταμορφώσεως τῆς Πολυδέκτης εἰς λίθον, καὶ τῆς Μούσῃ εἰς ὄρνεα· καὶ τὸ κατα-

Πολυδέκτης ὁ Βασιλεύς τῆς Νήσου Σερίφου (εἰς πλα) ὁποίαν ὁ Περσεύς, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ του Δαναή, κλεισμένοι εἰς μίαν κιβωτόν, εἶχον ρίψθη ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης) θέλει νὰ μακρύνη τον υἱόν, διὰ νὰ χαίρῃ ἀθολώτερα τὴν μητέρα, καὶ πέμπει τον νὰ ἀποκεφαλίση τὴν Μέδουσαν, τῆς ὁποίας ἐκεῖνος τὴν ἔφερε τὴν κεφαλήν, βεβαιώσας πῶς τὴν ἔσφαξε. Ἀλλὰ μὴ θέλων ὁ Βασιλεύς νὰ πιστεύση τὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ ἀλήθειαν ἢ πόσον ἀληθὴς εἶναι ἡ κεφαλή τῆς Μεδούσης, βλέπει τον ἀφανισμόν του, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς πέτραν.

Ὡς πόσον αἱ Μοῦσαι, διὰ νὰ ἀπολαύσουν μίαν πηγήν, κατέφυγον εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς Πυρενίδος, ἀλλ' ἐκείνη ἀπὸ τὰ κάλλη των, ἔγινεν ἔρασμια των καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ βιασθῆ ἀπ' αὐτόν, ἔβαλαν πετασθῆ· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖναι διὰ νὰ μὴν ἀφανισθῆ, μεταμορφώθη ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς πηγῆς, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἐκεῖναι εἶχον φύγῃ, ἧ ὥσπερ ἐξανέστη.

Μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Πολυδέκτης, ὑψηλοφρονῶν περισσότερον διὰ τὸ Βασιλικὸν ἀξίωμα, παρὰ διὰ τὴν μεγαλειότητα τῆς βασιλείας του ( διότι ἀπὸ δὲν ἐξουσίαζε παρὰ τὴν μικρὰν Νῆσον τῆς Σερίφου ) ἤθελε νὰ διαφημῆται παντοῦ τὸ εὔδοξον ὄνομα τοῦ Περσέως, δὲν κατακρινόμενος ὅμως οὔτε ἀπὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν τοῦ νέου, οὔτε διὰ τὰς μεγάλας μοχθοπαθείας, ὅσας ἐκεῖνος ὑπέφερεν. Ἐφύλαττε λοιπὸν πάντοτε μῖσος κατὰ τοῦ Περσέως, καὶ τὸ πάθος τὴν ἡμέραν τὴν ἡμέραν ὅτι μᾶλλον αὐξανόμενον, ἔπειγε πάντοτε αὐτὸν νὰ αἰσχρώσῃ τὰς δόξας του, λέγων ὅτι ὁ Θάνατος τῆς Μεδούσης ἦτον ψεῦδος. Ὁ δὲ Περσεὺς δικαίως παροξυσμένος ἀπὸ τὰς ὕβρεις τοῦ Πολυδέκτου ,,ἐγὼ, λέγει του, ἡμεῖς θέλομεν ,,σὲ δώσει ἱκανὴν μαρτυρίαν τῆς ἀληθείας''. καὶ εὐθὺς παραγγείλας εἰς ὅλους τοὺς παρεστῶτας νὰ κλείσουν τὰ ὀμμάτια των, ἔδειξεν εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον τὴν κεφαλὴν, διὰ τῆς ὁποίας μετέβαλε παραχρῆμα εἰς λίθινον, τὸν ὄντα πρότερον ἔμψυχον βασιλέα.

200Hi tamen ex merito poenas subiere; sed unus
miles erat Persei, pro quo dum pugnat, Aconteus,
Gorgone conspecta saxo concrevit oborto.
Quem ratus Astyages etiamnum vivere, longo
ense ferit: sonuit tinnitibus ensis acutis.
205Dum stupet Astyages, naturam traxit eandem,
marmoreoque manet vultus mirantis in ore.
Nomina longa mora est media de plebe virorum
dicere: bis centum restabant corpora pugnae,
Gorgone bis centum riguerunt corpora visa.
210Paenitet iniusti tunc denique Phinea belli.
Sed quid agat? simulacra videt diversa figuris
agnoscitque suos et nomine quemque vocatum
poscit opem, credensque parum sibi proxima tangit
corpora: marmor erant. Avertitur, atque ita supplex
215confessasque manus obliquaque bracchia tendens,
“vincis” ait, “Perseu. Remove tua monstra tuaeque
saxificos vultus, quaecumque ea, tolle Medusae,
tolle, precor. Non nos odium regnique cupido
compulit ad bellum: pro coniuge movimus arma.
220Causa fuit meritis melior tua, tempore nostra.
Non cessisse piget. Nihil, o fortissime, praeter
hanc animam concede mihi: tua cetera sunto.”
Talia dicenti neque eum, quem voce rogabat
respicere audenti “quod” ait, “timidissime Phineu,
225et possum tribuisse et magnum est munus inerti,
(pone metum) tribuam: nullo violabere ferro.
Quin etiam mansura dabo monimenta per aevum,
inque domo soceri semper spectabere nostri,
ut mea se sponsi soletur imagine coniunx?”
230Dixit et in partem Phorcynida transtulit illam,
ad quam se trepido Phineus obverterat ore.
Tunc quoque conanti sua vertere lumina cervix
deriguit, saxoque oculorum induruit umor.
Sed tamen os timidum vultusque in marmore supplex
235submissaeque manus faciesque obnoxia mansit.
Victor Abantiades patrios cum coniuge muros
intrat et inmeriti vindex ultorque parentis
adgreditur Proetum: nam fratre per arma fugato
Acrisioneas Proetus possederat arces.
240Sed nec ope armorum, nec, quam male ceperat, arce
torva colubriferi superavit lumina monstri.
Te tamen, o parvae rector, Polydecta, Seriphi,
nec iuvenis virtus per tot spectata labores
nec mala mollierant, sed inexorabile durus
245exerces odium, nec iniqua finis in ira est.
Detrectas etiam laudem fictamque Medusae
arguis esse necem. “Dabimus tibi pignera veri.
Parcite luminibus!” Perseus ait oraque regis
ore Medusaeo silicem sine sanguine fecit.
and justly earned; but near by there was one,
aconteus, who defending Perseus, saw
medusa as he fought; and at the sight
the soldier hardened to an upright stone.—
Assured he was alive, Astyages
now struck him with his long sword, but the blade
resounded with a ringing note; and there,
astonished at the sound, Astyages,
himself, assumed that nature; and remained
with wonder pictured on his marble face.
And not to weary with the names of men,
sprung from the middle classes, there remained
two hundred warriors eager for the fight—
as soon as they could see Medusa's face,
two hundred warriors stiffened into stone.
At last, repentant, Phineus dreads the war,
unjust, for in a helpless fright he sees
the statues standing in strange attitudes;
and, recognizing his adherents, calls
on each by name to rescue from that death.
Still unbelieving he begins to touch
the bodies, nearest to himself, and all
are hard stone.
Having turned his eyes away,
he stretched his hands and arms obliquely back
to Perseus, and confessed his wicked deeds;
and thus imploring spoke;
“Remove, I pray,
O Perseus, thou invincible, remove
from me that dreadful Gorgon: take away
the stone-creating countenance of thy
unspeakable Medusa! For we warred
not out of hatred, nor to gain a throne,
but clashed our weapons for a woman's sake.—
“Thy merit proved thy valid claim, and time
gave argument for mine. It grieves me not
to yield, O bravest, only give me life,
and all the rest be thine.” Such words implored
the craven, never daring to address
his eyes to whom he spoke.
And thus returned
the valiant Perseus; “I will grant to you,
O timid-hearted Phineus! as behoves
your conduct; and it should appear a gift,
magnanimous, to one who fears to move.—
Take courage, for no steel shall violate
your carcase; and, moreover, you shall be
a monument, that ages may record
your unforgotten name. You shall be seen
thus always, in the palace where resides
my father-in-law, that my surrendered spouse
may soften her great grief when she but sees
the darling image of her first betrothed.”
He spoke, and moved Medusa to that side
where Phineus had turned his trembling face:
and as he struggled to avert his gaze
his neck grew stiff; the moisture of his eyes
was hardened into stone.—And since that day
his timid face and coward eyes and hands,
forever shall be guilty as in life.
After such deeds, victorious Perseus turned,
and sought the confines of his native land;
together with his bride; which, having reached,
he punished Proetus—who by force of arms
had routed his own brother from the throne
of Argos. By his aid Acrisius,
although his undeserving parent, gained
his citadels once more: for Proetus failed,
with all his arms and towers unjustly held,
to quell the grim-eyed monster, snake-begin.
Yet not the valour of the youth, upheld
by many labours, nor his grievous wrongs
have softened you, O Polydectes! king
of Little Seriphus; but bitter hate
ungoverned, rankles in your hardened heart—
there is no limit to your unjust rage.
Even his praises are defamed by you
and all your arguments are given to prove
Medusa's death a fraud.—Perseus rejoined;
“By this we give our true pledge of the truth,
avert your eyes!” And by Medusa's face
he made the features of that impious king
a bloodless stone.
Phineus is turned to stone�

They all deserved the punishment they suffered, except one of Perseus�s warriors. While he was fighting on his side, Aconteus, saw the Gorgon�s head, and took the shape of hardened stone. Astyages struck him with his long sword thinking he was still alive, and the blade gave a high-pitched ringing noise. While Astyages stood there amazed, the same power transformed him, and he remained there with a wondering look on his marble face. It would take a long time to tell the names of the middle ranks of men: two hundred bodies survived the fight, two hundred bodies were turned to stone, at sight of the Gorgon�s head.

Now, at last, Phineus regrets the unjust fight, but what can he do? He sees the figures in diverse attitudes, and recognises the men, and calling on each by name, asks his help. Disbelieving, he touches the bodies nearest to him. They are marble. He averts his gaze from Perseus, and in supplication, he stretches out his hands in acknowledgement, his arms still held out towards him. �Perseus�, he cries, �you have won! Take away that monstrous thing of yours: remove your head of the Medusa, whoever she may be, that turns men to stone. Take it away, I beg you! It was not hate, or desire for power, that drove me to war. I took up arms to win a bride! Your claim was greater by merit, but mine by precedence. I do not regret ending it. Give me nothing, except my life, most resolute of men, the rest is yours!� So speaking, not daring to look towards him to whom he directed his request, Perseus replied �Have no fear, most cowardly Phineus, I will grant both what I can grant, and what is a great gift to the fearful! You will not suffer the sword. Rather I will cause you to be an enduring monument through the ages, and you will always be seen in my father-in-law�s palace, so that my wife may find solace in the statue of her intended.� He spoke, and carried the head of Phorcys�s daughter to where Phineus had turned his frightened face. As Phineus tried to avert his gaze, his neck hardened, and the tears on his cheeks were turned to stone. Now the frightened face, the suppliant expression, the submissive hands, and the slavish appearance, remained, in marble.

The victorious descendant of Abas, with his bride, enters Argos, his ancestral city, and as the champion and vindicator of his grandfather Acrisius, who little deserves it, he attacks Proetus, who has made his brother a fugitive by force of arms, and seized his stronghold. But neither by force of arms, nor by possession of the stronghold he had taken in his wickedness, could he overcome the fierce gaze of the snake-wreathed monster.

Still, you, O Polydectes, king of tiny Seriphos, softened neither by the young man�s virtue, visible in all his efforts, nor by his suffering, nursed a harsh and unrelenting hatred, and there was no limit to your baseless anger. You disparaged the praise given him, and accused his account of the killing of Medusa of being a lie. �I will give you evidence of its truth. Friends, protect your eyes!� cried Perseus, and with the face of Medusa he turned the face of the king to bloodless stone.

Ἕως εὔθω ἐβόησεν πάντοτε ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν ἀδελφόν της, ἀλλὰ τέλος προπκυλώμενη ἀπὸ μίαν νεφέλην, ἀφῆκε τὰ Νῆσον τῆς Σερίφης, καὶ εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ παρὰ Νήσους τῆς Κύθνου ἢ Γύρου, ἢ ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὰς Θήβας, ἀπὸ τὴν συντομωτέραν ὁδόν, ὑψωθεῖσα ὑπὲρ τὴν Θάλασσαν. Ἐπειδὴ μετέβη εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος, ἀποπηδήσασα, ὅπως ἤρχισε νὰ ὁμιλῇ πρὸς τὰς ἐννέα ἐλλογίμους ἀδελφάς, ἢ δοξοτέρας τῆς δόξης, ἢ τοῦ ἐπαίνου. ,,Ἤκουσα νὰ γίγνεται ὁμιλία διὰ μίαν βρύσιν, ,, ἡ ὁποία ὡς ἀφορότης ἀνέβη ἀπὸ τὸ χλόη μὲ τὸ ,, κτύπημα τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ ὑπὸ ἐκείνου τοῦ γεννηθέντος ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῆς Μεδούσης. Ἡ φήμη αὐτῆς τῆς παραδόξως βρυσάσης πηγῆς, μὲ ἐπαρακίνησε νὰ ἔλθω νὰ ἴδω τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀφοῦ εἶδον τὴν θαυμασίαν ,, γέννησιν τοῦ ἵππου ἐκείνου. Τότε ἡ Οὐρανία, ἐκ μέρους ὅλων τῶν ἄλλων Μουσῶν, ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως: ,,Ὁποῖον ἢ ἂν εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς εὐγενοῦς ἐλεύσεώς σου, ,, μεγάλη καὶ γενναία Θεά, τοῦτο εἰς ἡμᾶς εἶναι κατὰ ,, πολλὰ ἀρεστόν, ἐπειδὴ ἔχομεν τὴν τύχην ἢ τιμὴν ,, νὰ χαίρωμεν τὴν παρουσίαν σου. ,,Ὅσα λέγονται διὰ ,, αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσιν, εἶναι ὅλα ἀληθινά, ἢ τὸ κτύπημα ,, τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ Πηγάσου, ἔκαμε τὸ χλόη ὥσαν νὰ ἐνθυμηθῇ νὰ μᾶς δώσῃ τὰ ἱερὰ ταῦτα ὕδατα. ,,Ἡ ὁποῖα ὡδήγησε τὴν Ἀθηνᾶ διὰ νὰ τὰ ἴδῃ. Πολλὴν ὥραν ἔμεινεν ἡ Θεὰ ὡς σχεσηκυῖα πρὸς τὸ ποιητικὸν πρᾶγμα, ἢ αὐτὴ ἐθαύμασε τὰ

μικρότερα οἰκήματα ἀπὸ τὸ ἐδικόν μας, καθ᾿ ὃν ἀπηξίωσαν καλύβας. Εἰς αὐτὰς τὰς δεήσεις ἀποβλέψασαι, καὶ τὴν πανωλείαν φοβούμεναι, κατελύσαμεν εἰς τὸν οἶκόν τε. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἔπαυσεν ἡ βροχή, ἢ ἀπώξειεν ὁ πατήρ, ἠθέλαμεν νὰ ἀποπερατώσωμεν τὴν ὁδοιπορείαν μας· ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Πειρῶδός μας ἐμπόδισε, καὶ κλείσας τὴν θύραν τῆς οἰκίας τε, ἐπεχείρησε νὰ μᾶς βιάσῃ, ἃν δὲν ἐφύγαμεν ἐν τάχει διὰ τῶν πτερύγων, τὰς ὁποίας τότε ἐνεδύθημεν. Μετὰ τὴν φυγήν μας, δὲν ἡσύχασαν οἱ φρένες τε σκληραί, ἀλλ᾿ ἀνέβη ἔπανω εἰς πύργον, μὲ σκοπὸν νὰ μᾶς ἀποπλανήσῃ· καὶ βλέπων ἡμᾶς φερομένας εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, θέλω σᾶς τι πολυσθῆναι, εἶπον, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δρόμου, καθ᾿ ὃν μὲ φεύγετε· καὶ ἔπειτα ἐκρημνίσθη, ὁ ἄφρων ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ πύργου, ὅθι ἀπέθανε, μολύνας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ μιαρόν τε αἷμα· ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐκδικηθῆμεν ἀπὸ τὴν ἀναίδειάν τε, καὶ ἀναισχυντίαν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Α Μῶσαι, ἤ μάλλον εἴπω αἱ ἐπιστῆμαι, αἱ θυγατέρες τῦ Οὐ- ρανῦ, εἰς κάθε κακόν ἄλαβον ἐχθροί, ἀλλὰ πάντοσε τᾶ ἐ- ντίμως. Ὅταν ἡ τυραννία ἔπαψε νὰ ξερριζώνῃ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἐ- τενώσθη νὰ πᾶς ἀποδιώξῃ, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι κανένα φράγμα πλέον πολέμιον εἰς αὐτήν, ὅσον ἡ ἀγάπη τῆς γραμμάτων, καὶ ἡ φιλοσο- φία, ἥτις διδάσκει ὅπα πάντων ἂν μεγαφρονώμεθα. Βέβαια οἱ τύ- ραννοι δὲν ἐχθρολογοῦνται ἀπὸ τι τοσοῦτον, ὅσον τῶν ὕμνων τῆς Μουσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι τῆς παραστέλλουσι τὴν κακίαν των, καὶ τὸς δι- δάσκουσι καὶ ὑβρίζουσιν, ἐλέγχουσαι τὴν ἀτιμίαν αὐτῶν. Δεὶ ἀφέ- τως νὰ θαυμάζωμεν ὅτι αἱ ἐπιστῆμαι, αἱ διδάσκουσαι τὴν λατρείαν τῆ Θεῦ, ἰ τὴν Δικαιοσύνην, καταδέχονται ὑπὸ μοχθηρὸς ἀνθρώπῦ

ὁμολογῆσαι πηγήν πάντων τῶν ἀγαθῶν, δι' ἃς ἐγκαταλείπει ποτὲ μάλιστα τὰς ὑπεραγαπᾶ, ἐ αὐτοὶ πάντοτε ἐρῶς καταχέουσιν ἦν ἔχθραν των.

Ταῦτα μὲς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπουμε τὰς Μούσας νὰ πηγαίνουν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἐνὸς τυράννῦ, ὥσπερ θέλε νὰ τοῦ δώσουν καλὰς συμβουλίας· ἀλλ' αὐτὸς τὰς κακολογεῖ, θέλε νὰ τὰς ἀτιμάσῃ, ὅτι οἱ κακοὶ ἀ συνηθίζουν νὰ κολακεύουν ἐκείνας, τὰς ὁποῖες θέλουν νὰ ὑποβλέψουν. Αἱ Μοῦσαι ὅμως ἐξάφνα ἐπερωτήσαντα, ἦ ἔφυγον τὴν βίαν τῦ τυράννῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος σκοπὸν εἶχεν νὰ τὰς ἀτιμάσῃ, ἀπώλυσε μόνον τὸ ἔλεος ἰδίᾳ.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος, ὡς καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοί, μετέχει καὶ τῆς Ἱστορίας· διότι ὁ Κορινθίας τυραννὸς Πυραιλος, ὡς ἐχθρὸς ἦν Μουσῶν, ἐρεύνατησε βασιλικῶς τὰς Φρυγίας, ἢ ἔμαθε τὸ κακὸ τοῦ ἐναντιοῦντο εἰς αὐτόν, τὰς ἐδίαξασεν ὑπὸ τὸ βασιλείαν τας, κατεδάφισεν ὅλα τὰ κολέας, ὅσα ἐπαραδίδοντο αἱ Δημόσιαι καὶ τέλος ἀπέθανεν ἀδίκως, δίχα τὸ νὰ ἐκπληρώσῃ τας παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ἢ πεπαιδευμένῃ ἀνδρῶν συμβουλὰς ἢ παραγγελίας.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος ἀποδύνει ὅτι αἱ Μοῦσαι φεύγουσι τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ δὲν κατοικοῦσιν εἰς, ὅπου συγχύσιας ἢ ὅπλα, ἀλλὰ ζητοῦσι πάντοτε τὴν ἡσυχίαν καὶ εἰρήνην. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἐναντιοῦμαι εἰς τὴν γνώμην αὐτήν, τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς παρέδωκεν ἡ Ἀρχαιότης, καὶ οἱ παλαιότεροι δέχονται καὶ τὴν σήμερον. Ἀλλὰ δίχα τι ἄρχαι μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἡ πολεμικὴ, ἅμα δὲ τὸ ἦν δυνατόν, ὑπῆγε νὰ ὑπερασπίζῃ τὰς Μούσας, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἰσὶν ὑποδέχονται ὡς ἡ θεοὶ ὑποδέχτης αὐτοῦ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνα, χωρὶς νὰ ξορμάξῃ δίχα τοῦ ἔργου, ἢ νὰ φοβηθῇ, τὸ δύρντος, τῶν ἀλανεφαλαίαν, ἢ τῶν δολίαν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ, ἢ οὖ λόγῳ

Καὶ ἔντος, αἱ εἰ Μοῦσαι δέν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ ἡ συλλογιστικὴ καὶ δημιουργικὴ δύναμις τοῦ νοῦ, ἕπεται ὅτι ἡ αὐτὴ Θεία δύναμις εἶναι ἐξαιρέτως ἀναγκαία εἰς τὰς μεγάλας ἰδέας ἀρετῆς, καὶ ἡ ἔχει εἶναι ὁ ὕλης τιμῆς, αἱ δὲ ἐλησιμολες εἰμὶ εἰς κανὸν ποὺ χρησιμολες.

Πάντοθεν παρασθέντες τὰς Μούσας, ἐπειδὴ ὅσοι ἀγαπῶσι τὰς ὑπηρεσίας, καὶ θέλουν νὰ τὰς ὑποκινήσωσι, ὀφείλει νὰ μένει, καὶ παρασὶ, ἡ σώφρων, δηλαδὴ ἐλεύθερον ὑπὸ ὅλα τὰ πάθη· διότι καθὼς τὸ ἀῤῥωστημένον σῶμα δὲν δύναται νὰ ἐξασκῆται εἰς σωματικὰς ἀγωνίας· οὕτω καὶ ὁ νοῦς διακόπτεμενος ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη, δὲν δύναται νὰ κατευθύνεται εἰς τὴν μελέτην, οὔτε εἰς καμμίαν ἄλλην πνευματικὴν ἄσκησιν.

Περὶ τῆς Πιερίδων τῆς εἰς κισσίτας μεταμορφώσεως.

Αἱ ἐννέα Πιερίδες, ἤτοι αἱ ἐννέα Θυγατέρες Πιέρου τοῦ Βασιλέως τῆς Θεσσαλίας μεταβάλλονται εἰς κισσίτας, ἐπειδὴ ἐπολμήθησαν νὰ ἁμιλλῶσι τὰς θείας Μούσας, καὶ ἡδὲ ἡ Μοῦσα, γέμασι ἀξάφνιον μεταμορφώσεων.

Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Μοῦσα οὕτως ὡμίλει, ἠκούσθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ψόφος πτερύγων, καὶ ὁμοῦ φωναὶ, ἡ ὁποία ἐφαίνετο ὅτι προήρχετο ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα, καὶ ἐχαιρέτα τὴν Θεάν. Ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ κατεπλάγη, καὶ ἐσήκωσεν ἀνω τὰ ὄμματά της, καὶ ἠρώτησε πόθεν προήρχετο ὁ ἦχος, ὁ παρομοιάζων ἀνθρωπίνας φωνάς. Αὐτὸς ἄλλο τι δὲν ἦτον

250Hactenus aurigenae comitem Tritonia fratri
se dedit: inde cava circumdata nube Seriphon
deserit, a dextra Cythno Gyaroque relictis,
quaque super pontum via visa brevissima, Thebas
virgineumque Helicona petit. Quo monte potita
255constitit et doctas sic est adfata sorores:
“Fama novi fontis nostras pervenit ad aures,
dura Medusaei quem praepetis ungula rupit.
Is mihi causa viae. Volui mirabile factum
cernere: vidi ipsum materno sanguine nasci.”
260Excipit Uranie: “Quaecumque est causa videndi
has tibi, diva, domos, animo gratissima nostro es.
Vera tamen fama est, et Pegasus huius origo
fontis”, et ad latices deduxit Pallada sacros.
Quae mirata diu factas pedis ictibus undas,
265silvarum lucos circumspicit antiquarum
antraque et innumeris distinctas floribus herbas
felicesque vocat pariter studioque locoque
Mnemonidas. Quam sic adfata est una sororum:
“O, nisi te virtus opera ad maiora tulisset,
270in partem ventura chori Tritonia nostri,
vera refers meritoque probas artesque locumque,
et gratam sortem, tutae modo simus, habemus.
Sed (vetitum est adeo sceleri nihil) omnia terrent
virgineas mentes, dirusque ante ora Pyreneus
275vertitur, et nondum tota me mente recepi.
Daulida Threicio Phoceaque milite rura
ceperat ille ferox iniustaque regna tenebat.
Templa petebamus Parnasia: vidit euntes,
nostraque fallaci veneratus numina vultu
280“Mnemonides” (cognorat enim), “consistite” dixit,
“nec dubitate, precor, tecto grave sidus et imbrem”
(imber erat) “vitare meo: subiere minores
saepe casas superi.” Dictis et tempore motae
adnuimusque viro primasque intravimus aedes.
285Desierant imbres, victoque aquilonibus austro
fusca repurgato fugiebant nubila caelo.
Impetus ire fuit: claudit sua tecta Pyreneus
vimque parat. Quam nos sumptis effugimus alis.
Ipse secuturo similis stetit arduus arce
290“qua” que “via est vobis, erit et mihi” dixit “eadem”,
seque iacit vecors e summae culmine turris
et cadit in vultus, discussisque ossibus oris
tundit humum moriens scelerato sanguine tinctam.”
Through all these mighty deeds
Pallas, Minerva, had availed to guide
her gold-begotten brother. Now she sped,
surrounded in a cloud, from Seriphus,
while Cynthus on the right, and Gyarus
far faded from her view. And where a path,
high over the deep sea, leads the near way,
she winged the air for Thebes, and Helicon
haunt of the Virgin Nine.
High on that mount
she stayed her flight, and with these words bespoke
those well-taught sisters; “Fame has given to me
the knowledge of a new-made fountain—gift
of Pegasus, that fleet steed, from the blood
of dread Medusa sprung—it opened when
his hard hoof struck the ground.—It is the cause
that brought me.—For my longing to have seen
this fount, miraculous and wonderful,
grows not the less in that myself did see
the swift steed, nascent from maternal blood.”
To which Urania thus; “Whatever the cause
that brings thee to our habitation, thou,
O goddess, art to us the greatest joy.
And now, to answer thee, reports are true;
this fountain is the work of Pegasus,”
And having said these words, she gladly thence
conducted Pallas to the sacred streams.
And Pallas, after she had long admired
that fountain, flowing where the hoof had struck,
turned round to view the groves of ancient trees;
the grottoes and the grass bespangled, rich
with flowers unnumbered—all so beautiful
she deemed the charm of that locality
a fair surrounding for the studious days
of those Mnemonian Maids.
But one of them
addressed her thus; “O thou whose valour gave
thy mind to greater deeds! if thou hadst stooped
to us, Minerva, we had welcomed thee
most worthy of our choir! Thy words are true;
and well hast thou approved the joys of art,
and this retreat. Most happy would we be
if only we were safe; but wickedness
admits of no restraint, and everything
affrights our virgin minds; and everywhere
the dreadful Pyrenaeus haunts our sight;—
scarcely have we recovered from the shock.
“That savage, with his troops of Thrace. had seized
the lands of Daulis and of Phocis, where
he ruled in tyranny; and when we sought
the Temples of Parnassus, he observed
us on our way;—and knowing our estate,
pretending to revere our sacred lives,
he said; ‘O Muses, I beseech you pause!
Choose now the shelter of my roof and shun
the heavy stars that teem with pouring rain;
nor hesitate, for often the glorious Gods
have entered humbler homes.’
“Moved by his words,
and by the growing storm, we gave assent,
and entered his first house. But presently
the storm abated, and the southern wind
was conquered by the north; the black clouds fled,
and soon the skies were clear.
“At once we sought
to quit the house, but Pyrenaeus closed
all means of exit,—and prepared to force
our virtue. Instantly we spread our wings,
Minerva on Helicon

Up to this point Tritonian Minerva had given her time, freely, in friendship, to this brother of hers, conceived in a shower of gold, but now, surrounded by vaulted cloud, she vanished from the island of Seriphos, and leaving Cythnus and Gyarus behind on her right, she headed for Thebes, and Mount Helicon, home of the virgin Muses, crossing the sea by whichever way seemed quickest. Reaching it, she alighted there, and spoke to the sisters, learned in song, saying �Talk of a new fountain has reached my ears, that gushed out from under the hard hoof of winged Pegasus, born of Medusa. That is the reason for my journey. I wanted to see this wonderful creation. He himself I saw born from his mother�s blood.�

Urania replied �Whatever reason brings you here, to see our home, goddess, you are dear to our hearts. But the tale is true: Pegasus is the source of our fountain�, and she led her to the sacred waters. Pallas, having looked in wonder, for a long time, at this stream, made by the blow of the horses hoof, gazed around her at the groves of ancient trees, the caves, and the grass, embroidered with innumerable flowers, and said that the daughters of Mnemosyne were equally happy in their home and their pursuits. At which one of the sisters answered, �O, Tritonia, who would have been one of our choir, if your virtues had not formed you for greater things, what you say is true, and you rightly approve our arts and our haunts. Our life is happy, if only it were safe. But (nothing is sacred to the wicked), all things frighten virgin minds. Dread Pyreneus�s destruction is in front of my eyes, and my mind has not yet recovered fully.

That fierce man had captured Daulis and the Phocian fields, with his Thracian warriors, and wrongly held the kingdom. We were heading for the shrine on Parnassus. He saw us going by, and his face showing apparent reverence for our divinity, he said (knowing us), �Mnemonides, wait, don�t be afraid, I beg you, to shelter from the rain and the lowering skies� (it was raining): �The gods have often entered humbler homes�. Responding to his words, and the weather, we gave the man our assent, and went into the entrance hall of the palace. The rain stopped, the north wind overcame the south, and the dark clouds fled from the clearing sky. We wished to go. Pyreneus closed the doors, and prepared for violence, and we escaped that only by taking to our wings. He stood on the highest summit, as if he would follow us, saying �Whatever is your way, is also mine�, and foolishly threw himself from the roof of the main tower. He fell headlong, breaking his skull, hammering the ground in dying, and staining the earth with his evil blood.��

εἰμὴ συνάθροισις ἐνέα μουσῶν, τῆς μιμημένων ἅπαν- τα με τὸν φαῦλον, ἢ ἐθρήνουεν τὴν δυστυχίαν των. Πα- ραπλήσασα ἡ Μοῦσα τὴν Θεὰν ἐκπληττομένην νὰ πῶς οἰκτὴ, τῇ ἐδιηγήθη τὴν τύχην των. „Δὲν εἶναι, λέ- „γει, πολὺς καιρὸς ἢ αὖται ἤβησαν τὸν ἀείσμον της „ἐρμέων. Πιέρος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Μακεδονίας ἔλαβον „ἐνέα Θυγατέρας ἀπὸ τὴν Εὐΐππην τὴν γυναῖκά „του, ἡ ὁποία ἐκυοφόρησεν εἰς ἅπαντας ὁσάκις ἐγεήη- „σεν. Αἱ αὐθάδεις αὗται ἀδελφαὶ εἰς ἡλικίαν γινόμε- „ναι, ὑπερηφανεύοντο καὶ διὰ τὸν ἀείσμόν των, καὶ διὰ „τὸ πνεῦμα των εἰς λόγον, ὥστε αὐθάδιασαν νὰ διά- „βουν τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ Θεσσαλίαν, καὶ νὰ ἔλθουν ἐδῶ „ἐδῶ νὰ φιλονεικήσουν μὲ ἡμᾶς εἰς τὰ τῆς μουσικῆς. „Παύσατε, μᾶς ἔλεγον, νὰ ἀπατᾶτε τὸν ἁμαθῆ λαὸν „μὲ τὴν ματαίαν γλυκύτητα τῆς ᾠδῶν σας. Πρέ- „πει νὰ φιλονεικήσητε μὲ ἡμᾶς διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν δόξαν „ἀδίκως ἰδιοποιήθητε, καὶ δὲν ἀμφιβάλλομεν ὅτι δὲν „θέλετε μᾶς ὑπερέχει εἰς τὴν μελῳδίαν ἢ ἐπιστήμην. „Δὲν δύνασθε νὰ προφασίσθητε εἰς τὸν ἀείσμόν σας, „ἐπειδὴ ἔστε ἐνέα, καθὼς ἢ ἡμεῖς. Πρέπει νὰ μᾶς „ἀφήσετε τὴν Ἱπποκρήνην, καὶ Ἀγανίππην τὰς πή- „γας, ἢ νὰ σᾶς ἀφήσωμεν ἡμεῖς τὰς ὡραίας πεδιάδας „τῆς Μακεδονίας, καὶ νὰ ἀναχωρήσωμεν μὲ ἐντροπὴν „εἰς τὰ ὄρη τῆς Θράκης. Ἂς ἐκλέξωμεν Νύμφας „τινὰς διὰ νὰ κρίνουν τὴν φιλονεικίαν μας, καὶ νὰ δώ- „κουν τὴν ψῆφον κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν. Ἦτον τῇ ἀλη- „θείᾳ ἐντροπή μας νὰ παραβληθῶμεν καὶ νὰ ἁμιλ- „λώμεθα μὲ τὰ παρθένας αὐτάς, ἀλλὰ ἐνομίσαμεν „πάλιν μεγαλητέραν ἐντροπὴν νὰ ἀποφύγωμεν τὴν „πρόσκλησιν, καὶ νὰ δείξωμεν ὅτι ταῖς ἀφίναμεν τὴν „νίκην. Ἐκλέχθησαν λοιπὸν Νύμφαι τινές, αἱ ὁποῖαι

„ωρμίδησαν εἰς τὰς ἔδρας τῶν κριτῶν των, ὅτι ἤθελαν νὰ μὴ δικάσωσι τὴν κρίσιν, & ἐκάθησαν δύω δύω διὰ νὰ ἀκροασθῶσι καὶ τὰ δύω μέρη. Τότε χωρὶς νὰ προσμείνῃ τὴν ψῆφον τῆς τύχης, τίνες ἡμῶν ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀρχίσουν πρῶται, μία ἐξ ἐκείνων ἐξηγάγθησεν αὐτὸ τὴν μάχην τῶν γιγάντων, δοξάζουσα καὶ μεγαλύνουσα τὰς ψευδῶς, καὶ συντρίβουσα τὴν τιμὴν ἢ δόξαν τῶν Θεῶν διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔκαμαν ἔργα εἰς τὸν φημισμένον ἐκεῖνον πόλεμον. Εἶπεν ὅτι ὁ Γίγας ὁ Τυφωεὺς ἐφόβησε τοὺς Θεοὺς μὲ τὴν παρουσίαν του, ὥστε ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγὴν, μὴ τολμήσαντες νὰ πολεμήσουν, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ἠθέλησαν ἡσυχάσει εἰς κανένα μέρος, ᾧ ὁ τόπος τῆς φυγῆς δὲν ἤθελε τοὺς ἀναγκάσῃ νὰ βαθῶσιν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, ὅπου κατέφυγον εἰς τὰς ἐπὶ ἑπταστόμου τοῦ Νείλου. Ἐπρόσθεσεν ὅτι ὁ Τυφωεὺς τοὺς ἠκολούθησεν ἕως ἐκεῖ, ἢ διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὴν θεομαχίαν, οἱ Θεοὶ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς διαφόρας μορφάς, ὁ μὲν Ζεὺς εἰς κριὸν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς τὴν Λιβύαν φαίνεται ὁ Ζεὺς Ἄμμων μὲ κέρατα· ὁ δὲ Ἀπόλλων εἰς κόρακα, ὁ Διόνυσος εἰς τράγον, ἡ Ἄρτεμις εἰς γαλῆν, ἡ Ἥρα εἰς δάμαλιν, ἡ Ἀφροδίτη εἰς ἰχθύδιον, καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς τὸ ὄρνεον, τὸ ὀνομαζόμενον Ἶβις. Μόλις ἐπέλεσε τὸ ᾠδῶν ταύτην, μᾶς ἐπροσκάλεσαν διὰ νὰ ᾠδήσωμεν & ἡμεῖς. Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, ὦ μεγίστη Θεὰ, δὲν δικαίως νὰ μείνῃς ἐδῶ περισσότερον καιρὸν, οὔτε νὰ ἀκούσῃς τὰ ᾄσματα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἡμεῖς ἐνικήσαμεν. Ὄχι ὄχι, τῇ ἀπεκρίθη ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, μὴν ὀκνήσῃς νὰ μὲ τὰ εἴπῃς ὅλα·" καὶ εὐθὺς ἐκάθισεν εἰς τὴν σκιὰν μικροῦ τινὸς δάσους. „Ἡμεῖς

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 269

πάλιν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον τὰ ἄγια. Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν ἐσηκώθη ἄδεια, ἔχουσα δεδεμένον τὸν νόον μὲ φύλλα κισσοῦ, κ᾽ μετὰ τινα προπαρόματα, ἐξαγώρησε πρὸς τὰ χῶρα τῶν ἁρπαγῶν τῆς Περσεφόνης.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ὁ Πλούταρχος ἐς τὸν περὶ Μουσικῆς λόγον ταῦτα λέγει ὅτι ὁ Πιέριος ἔχει συνθέσει ποιήματα τινα ἀπὸ τῶν Μουσῶν ὅθεν εἶναι πιθανὸς ἡ τῆς παραβολῆς αἰτία ὁποίαι εὐθὺς ἤμελλον νὰ παραβληθῶσι μὲ τὰς Μούσας νὰ εἴσιν περὶ τὰ ποιήματα ταῦτα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἦσαν, ὡς λέγουσιν, ὡραϊότατα, ἀλλ' ἀσεβῆ. Θεὸν ἄσημον τις λέγει καὶ ὁ Ὀβίδιος λέγει ὅτι αἱ Πιέριδες ἐξηγόρευσαν τὴν νίκην ἀπὸ Γιγάντων κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, οἱ ὁποῖοι Θεοὶ ἀναγκασθέντες, ὡς εἴπομεν, εἶπον, τὰ πρῶτα ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, μεταμορφωθέντες ἐς διάφορους μορφὰς ζώων, διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ὑπὸ τῶν διωκόντων αὐτοὺς ἐχθρῶν τῶν. Ἐγὼ δὲ φημὶ Δήμητρα ὡς δὲν παρέδωκεν ὅτι ἐμυθολογήθη νὰ μεταμορφωθῶσιν ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον οἱ Θεοὶ ἐς διάφορα εἴδη ζώων, ἐπειδὴ οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι δὲν ἀπεδοῦσαν ἀλάβαστον θεότητα εἰς κἄθε εἶδος ζώων, λαβόντες ἤτοι τὰ μᾶλλον ἢ ἧττον ζῶα ἐξησοιουμένα ἐς τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους αὕτη ἡ δεισιδαιμονία ἐφαίνετο γελοιώδης, ἔπλασαν ὅτι οἱ Θεοὶ ὄντως ὅτι ὀλίγοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν (ἐπειδὴ οἱ Θεοὶ τῶν Ἀρχαίων ἐπληθύναντο ἐς τὸν Οὐρανόν, καθὼς οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐς τὴν γῆν) ἐφοβήθησαν τὴν σκληρότητα τῆς ἀσεβείας τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ κατέφυγον ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, μεταμορφούμενοι ἐς διάφορα εἴδη ζώων, καὶ δὲν ἐσθένησαν ὁ Πιέριος τοῦτον τὸν μῦθον, ἐς ὃν παρέδωκεν ἐς τὰς Ἑλλάδας τῶν Κισσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐκάμνουν μεγάλην παραφωνίαν, ἢ κακοφωνίαν, εἰκονίζουσαι οἱ φαῦλοι Ποιηταί, καὶ δυστυχῶς, οἱ νομίζοντες ἑαυτοὺς σοφωτέρους ἐκείνων ὧν

Book V · THE NINE MUSES AND THE NINE MAGPIES

THE NINE MUSES AND THE NINE MAGPIES

Musa loquebatur: pennae sonuere per auras,
295voxque salutantum ramis veniebat ab altis.
Suspicit et linguae quaerit tam certa loquentes
unde sonent hominemque putat Iove nata locutum:
Ales erat, numeroque novem, sua fata querentes,
institerant ramis imitantes omnia picae.
300Miranti sic orsa deae dea: “Nuper et istae
auxerunt volucrum victae certamine turbam.
Pieros has genuit Pellaeis dives in arvis,
Paeonis Euippe mater fuit. Illa potentem
Lucinam noviens, noviens paritura, vocavit.
305Intumuit numero stolidarum turba sororum,
perque tot Haemonias et per tot Achaidas urbes
huc venit et tali committit proelia voce:
“Desinite indoctum vana dulcedine vulgus
fallere: nobiscum, siqua est fiducia vobis,
310Thespiades certate deae. Nec voce nec arte
vincemur, totidemque sumus. Vel cedite victae
fonte Medusaeo et Hyantea Aganippe,
vel nos Emathiis ad Paeonas usque nivosos
cedamus campis. Dirimant certamina nymphae.”
315Turpe quidem contendere erat, sed cedere visum
turpius. Electae iurant per flumina nymphae
factaque de vivo pressere sedilia saxo.
Tum sine sorte prior quae se certare professa est,
bella canit superum, falsoque in honore Gigantas
320ponit et extenuat magnorum facta deorum;
emissumque ima de sede Typhoea terrae
caelitibus fecisse metum cunctosque dedisse
terga fugae, donec fessos Aegyptia tellus
ceperit et septem discretus in ostia Nilus.
325Huc quoque terrigenam venisse Typhoea narrat
et se mentitis superos celasse figuris;
“duxque gregis” dixit “fit Iuppiter; unde recurvis
nunc quoque formatus Libys est cum cornibus Ammon.
Delius in corvo, proles Semeleia capro,
330fele soror Phoebi, nivea Saturnia vacca,
pisce Venus latuit, Cyllenius ibidis alis.”
and so escaped; but on a lofty tower
he stood, as if to follow, and exclaimed;
‘A path for you marks out a way for me.,
and quite insane, he leaped down from the top
of that high tower.—Falling on his face,
the bones were crushed, and as his life ebbed out
the ground was crimsoned with his wicked blood.”
So spoke the Muse. And now was heard the sound
of pennons in the air, and voices, too,
gave salutations from the lofty trees.
Minerva, thinking they were human tongues,
looked up in question whence the perfect words;
but on the boughs, nine ugly magpies perched,
those mockers of all sounds, which now complained
their hapless fate. And as she wondering stood,
Urania, goddess of the Muse, rejoined;—
“Look, those but lately worsted in dispute
augment the number of unnumbered birds.—
Pierus was their father, very rich
in lands of Pella; and their mother (called
Evippe of Paeonia) when she brought
them forth, nine times evoked, in labours nine,
Lucina's aid.—Unduly puffed with pride,
because it chanced their number equalled ours,
these stupid sisters, hither to engage
in wordy contest, fared through many towns;—
through all Haemonia and Achaia came
to us, and said;—
‘Oh, cease your empty songs,
attuned to dulcet numbers, that deceive
the vulgar, untaught throng. If aught is yours
of confidence, O Thespian Deities
contend with us: our number equals yours.
We will not be defeated by your arts;
nor shall your songs prevail.—Then, conquered, give
Hyantean Aganippe; yield to us
the Medusean Fount;—and should we fail,
we grant Emathia's plains, to where uprise
Paeonia's peaks of snow.—Let chosen Nymphs
award the prize—.’ 'Twas shameful to contend;
it seemed more shameful to submit. At once,
the chosen Nymphs swore justice by their streams,
and sat in judgment on their thrones of rock.
“At once, although the lot had not been cast,
the leading sister hastened to begin.—
She chanted of celestial wars; she gave
the Giants false renown; she gave the Gods
small credit for great deeds.—She droned out, ‘Forth,
those deepest realms of earth, Typhoeus came,
and filled the Gods with fear. They turned their backs
in flight to Egypt; and the wearied rout,
where Great Nile spreads his seven-channeled mouth,
were there received.—Thither the earth-begot
Typhoeus hastened: but the Gods of Heaven
deceptive shapes assumed.—Lo, Jupiter,
(As Libyan Ammon's crooked horns attest)
was hidden in the leader of a flock;
Apollo in a crow; Bacchus in a goat;
Diana in a cat; Venus in a fish;
The contest between the Pierides and the Muses

The Muse was speaking: wings sounded in the air, and voices in greeting came out of the high branches. The daughter of Jupiter looked up, and questioned where the sound came from, that was so much like mouths speaking, and thought it human, though it was birdsong. Nine of them, magpies, that imitate everything, had settled in the branches, bemoaning their fate. While she wondered, the other began speaking, goddess to goddess, �Defeated in a contest, they have been added only recently to the flocks of birds. Pierus of Pella, rich in fields, was their father, and Paeonian Euippe was their mother. Nine times, while giving birth, she called, nine times, to powerful Lucina. Swollen with pride in their numbers, this crowd of foolish sisters came here, to us, through the many cities of Achaia and Haemonia, and challenged us to a singing competition, saying �Stop cheating the untutored masses with your empty sweetness. If you have faith in yourselves, contend with us, you goddesses of Thespiae. We cannot be outdone in voice or art, and we are your equals in numbers. If you want, if you are defeated, you can grant us the Heliconian fountains, Hippocrene, of Medusa�s offspring, and Boeotian Aganippe. Or we will grant you the Emathian plains as far as snow-covered Paeonia! Let the nymphs decide the outcome.�

It was shameful to compete with them, but it seemed more shameful to concede. The nymphs were elected, and swore on their streams to judge fairly, and sat on platforms of natural rock. Then, without drawing lots, the one who had first declared the contest sang, of the war with the gods, granting false honours to the giants, and diminishing the actions of the mighty deities. How Typhoeus, issued forth from his abode in the depths of the earth, filling the heavenly gods with fear, and how they all turned their backs in flight, until Egypt received them, and the Nile with its seven mouths. She told how earth-born Typhoeus���� came there as well, and the gods concealed themselves in disguised forms. �Jupiter� she said, �turned himself into a ram, the head of the flock, and even now Libyan Ammon is shown with curving horns. Delian Apollo hid as a crow, Bacchus, Semele�s child, as a goat, Diana, the sister of Phoebus, a cat, Saturnian Juno a white cow, Venus a fish, and Cyllenian Mercury the winged ibis.�����������

δημιουργίας, θέλει δὲ εἰς τὴν Ποιητικὴν, νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὴν θείαν αὐτῆς πραγματείαν εἰς ἔργα τίμια, ἃ προσφέρουσι τῆς Θρη- σκείας, κατὰ μίμησιν ἐκεῖνο τὸ κατάλληλον τῆς ἀληθινῆς Ποιή- σεως, διὰ μέσου τῶν Μουσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι δὲν ἐξυμνοῦσιν μό- νον ἐπαίνους τῆς θείας τῶν ἡρώων καὶ ἐπειδὴ αἱ τῶν Ποιη- τῶν νόες ὀνομάζονται θεῖαι, ὀφείλει νὰ στέφωνται μόνον εἰς ἐκείνα, ὅσα εἶναι ἀρεστὰ, καὶ εὐαρεσδέκτα εἰς τὸν Θεὸν εἰ δὲ ὁ ἐν- θουσιασμὸς τῶν δὲν εἶναι πλέον ἱερὸς καὶ θεῖος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἀσέ- βεια μανία. Διὰ τοῦτο αἱ Μοῦσαι μυθολογοῦνται ὡς θεαί, αἱ θυγα- τέρες τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ ἄδουσι τοὺς ὕμνους τῶν θεῶν, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ὑποθή- ματα, ὡς θεία ἔμπνευσις, ὀφείλει νὰ ἐξαίρει ἐκεῖνο νὰ κοσμιδῶ- σι ὅλως διῶλου τὸν θρησκείας. Καὶ βέβαια ὅσον τις εἶναι σοφώ- τερος, τόσον λαλεῖ τὰ μεγαλοπρεπέστερα τῆς θεᾶς, καὶ οἱ συλλογισ- μοὶ εἶναι γενναιότεροι καὶ ὑψηλότεροι.

Περὶ τῆς παρὰ τῆ Πλάτωνος ἁρπαχθέ- σης Περσεφόνης, ἐξ Κυάνης Νύμφης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης.

Ὁ Πλάτων ἁρπάζει τὴν Περσεφόνην, καὶ μεταμορφώνει εἰς πηγὴν τὴν Κυάνην Νύμφην, ὡς τολμήσασαν νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὴν ἁρπαγήν.

Ὑπερτάτη ἡ Δημήτηρ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν χλόην τὸ ἄροτρον, ἡ ἔδωκε τὸν σῖτον πρῶτα χορηγίᾳ τῆς ἀνθρώπων πρώτη τὰ διώρισε νόμους, τὰ εὐῆθα τῆς δικαιοσύ- νης, ἡ τὴν τὰ βίε κοινωνίαν, καὶ ὅσα ἔχομεν καλά, εἶ- ναι ὅλα χαρίσματα ἀπὸ τὰ χεῖρας της λαμβανόμενα.

Δίναιον εἶναι λοιπὸν νὰ λάβωμεν τὰς ἐπαίνους τῆς· κ' ἐπείδη αὐτὴ ἡ Θεὰ εἶναι τῇ ὄντι ἀξία τῶν ὕμνων μας, εἴθε νὰ ἐδυνάμην κ' ἐγὼ νὰ λάλω ὕμνες, κ' ᾠδὰς προσήκοντας εἰς τὴν ἀξίαν τῆς! Ἡ Σικελία, ἡ περιβόητος ἐκείνη Νῆσος, εἶναι ὁ μέγας κ' ἀχανὴς τάφος τῶν Γιγάντων, κ' ὁ Τυφαῶς, ὁ τολμήσας νὰ διεγείρῃ πόλεμον κατὰ τῶν ἐπουρανίων Θεῶν, εἶναι ἐκεῖ πεθαμένος ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ βουνὰ· κ' ἐνᾦ ὁ δεξιός του βραχίων ἔχει ἐπιφορτισμένον τὸ Πέλωρον ὄρος, κ' ὁ ἀριστερὸς καταπιέζεται ἀπὸ τὸ ἀκρωτήριον τῆς Παχύνου, κ' τὰ σκέλη του ὑπὸ τὰς Λιλυβαίας, κ' ἡ Αἴτνη καλύπτει τὴν κεφαλήν του· ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐντότε ξερνὰ φλόγας μὲ ἄμμον κ' θειάφι ἀναμεμένας, μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο πάσχει συνεχῶς νὰ σηκώνῃ, κ' νὰ ἐλαφρώσῃ τὸ σώμα του ἀπὸ τὸ ἀνυπόφορον βάρος· διὸ γίνονται ἐνίοτε τοσοῦτον μεγάλοι σεισμοὶ, ὥστε φοβεῖται ὁ Πλούτων μήπως γίνωσι χαράδραι εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας οἱ ζῶντες νὰ βλέπουν τὰ μυστικά του, κ' ἀπὸ τὰς χαράδρας αὐτὰς διαβαίνον τὸ φῶς εἰς τὸ βαθὺ σκότος τοῦ ᾅδου, ξομάξῃ τὰς σκιὰς τῶν νεκρῶν. Ταῦτα ὁ Πλούτων φοβούμενος, ἐξέβηκεν ἀπὸ τὸ σκοτεινὸν τοῦ βασιλείου, κ' καθήμενος εἰς ἁμάξιον μὲ μαῦρα ἄλογα, περιῆλθε τῆς Σικελίας, διὰ νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὰ θεμέλια τῆς. Ἀφ' οὗ ἐπληροφορήθη ὅτι ἦσαν ἀσφαλῆ, ἀπέβαλε τὸν φόβον, κ' περιεπάτει ἐλεύθερος ὁλόγυρα εἰς ἐκεῖνα τὰ βουνὰ, τὰ σκεπάζοντα τῶν Γιγάντων τὰ σώματα. Ἡ Ἀφροδίτη διέτριβε τότε εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρυξ, κ' βλέψασα τὸν Πλούτωνα τῇδε κακεῖσε περιπατῶντα, ἐγκαλεσαμένη αὐτὸν τὸν πτερωτόν υἱόν της, τοῦ ὡμίλησεν οὕτως·,, ὦ υἱέ μου, ὃς τις εἶσαι ἡ χείρ μου, κ' ὅλη μου ἡ δύναμις, λάβε

„πάντας, τὰ πληγώσαν τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ ἔχοντος εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν του τῆς καταχθονίας πόλεως. "Ὅλοι οἱ ἐράσμιοι Θεοὶ σὲ φοβοῦνται" καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς αὐτὸς „σὲ γνωρίζει πυρεσσόν τα, καὶ ὁ κεραυνός σου νικᾶται ἀπὸ τὴν ἰσχὺν τῶν βολιδμάτων σου. "Ὅλα ὁμὲ τὰ ὕδατα δὲν δύνανται νὰ σβύσουν τὰς φλόγας σου" αἱ θαλάσσιοι Θεότητες ἐνικώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν βραχίονά σου, „καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ποσειδῶν εἶναι δοῦλος σου. Διὰ τί λοιπὸν „μόνον τὰ καταχθόνια νὰ ἐναντιῶνται εἰς τοὺς νόμους „σου; Διὰ τί δὲν αὐξάνεις τὰ τιμώρια τῆς κράτους σου, „καὶ τῆς κράτους τῆς μητρὸς σου; Ἰδὲ δύνασαι τώρα νὰ ἀποκτήσῃς τὸ τρίτον μέρος τοῦ κόσμου· ἐπιμελήσου νὰ „αὐξήσῃς τὴν δόξαν σου, ἡ ὁποία ἀρχίζει νὰ σποπτίζεται, καὶ συλογάσου πόσα ὑπερφρονοῦμεν εἰς τὰς ἐραστὰς. Ἡ μακροθυμία μας εἶναι ἡ αἰτία, δι᾽ ἧς καταφρονεῖται τὸ κράτος μας, καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις μας ἀρχίζουσι νὰ ἐλαττοῦνται πάντοτε;. Δὲν βλέπεις τὴν Ἀθήναιαν πῶς ἐξέλιπε παντελῶς ἀπὸ τὴν ὑποταγήν μας; „Δὲν βλέπεις τὴν Ἄρτεμιν ἐμπαίζουσαν τὰ βέλη σου, „καὶ τὰς φλόγας σου; Ἂν δὲν φροντίσωμεν διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν μας, ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆς Δήμητρος θέλει παρθενεύσει, ὡς μιμουμένη τὰ αὐτὰ ἔργα τῆς „Ἀρτέμιδος, καὶ ἔχουσα τὰς αὐτὰς ἐλπίδας. Ἂν μέλει „σοι λοιπὸν διὰ τὴν τιμὴν ἀμφοτέρων ἡμῶν, κάμε „τρόπον νὰ γίνῃ ἐραστὴς τῆς παρθένου ὁ Πλούτων, καὶ „νὰ λάβῃ αὐτὴν εἰς γυναῖκα του". Μόλις ἡ Ἀφροδίτη ἐτελείωσε τὸν λόγον της, καὶ ὁ Ἔρως ἤνοιξεν εὐθὺς τὴν φαρέτραν του, καὶ κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τῆς μητρὸς του, ἐκλέξας τὸ ὀξύτερον, καὶ ἀσφαλέστερον βέλος, ἔτεινεν εὐθὺς τὸ τόξον του, καὶ ἐπλήγωσε βαθύτατα τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ Πλούτωνος.

Hactenus ad citharam vocalia moverat ora:
poscimur Aonides. Sed forsitan otia non sint,
nec nostris praebere vacet tibi cantibus aures.”
335“Ne dubita, vestrumque mihi refer ordine carmen”
Pallas ait nemorisque levi consedit in umbra.
Musa refert: “Dedimus summam certaminis uni.
Surgit et inmissos hedera conlecta capillos
Calliope querulas praetemptat pollice chordas,
340atque haec percussis subiungit carmina nervis:
“Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro,
prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris,
prima dedit leges: Cereris sunt omnia munus.
Illa canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem
345carmina digna dea: certe dea carmine digna est.
Vasta giganteis ingesta est insula membris
Trinacris et magnis subiectum molibus urget
aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes.
Nititur ille quidem pugnatque resurgere saepe,
350dextra sed Ausonio manus est subiecta Peloro,
laeva, Pachyne, tibi, Lilybaeo crura premuntur,
degravat Aetna caput: sub qua resupinus harenas
eiectat flammamque ferox vomit ore Typhoeus.
Saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae
355oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes.
Inde tremit tellus, et rex pavet ipse silentum,
ne pateat latoque solum retegatur hiatu
inmissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras.
Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sede tyrannus
360exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum
ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae.
Postquam exploratum satis est loca nulla labare,
depositoque metu, videt hunc Erycina vagantem
monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem
365“arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia”, dixit,
“illa, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido,
inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas,
cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni.
Tu superos ipsumque Iovem tu numina ponti
370victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti.
Tartara quid cessant? cur non matrisque tuumque
imperium profers? agitur pars tertia mundi.
Et tamen in caelo, quae iam patientia nostra est,
spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris.
375Pallada nonne vides iaculatricemque Dianam
abscessisse mihi? Cereris quoque filia virgo,
si patiemur, erit: nam spes adfectat easdem.
At tu, pro socio, siqua est ea gratia, regno
iunge deam patruo.” Dixit Venus. Ille pharetram
380solvit et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis
unam seposuit, sed qua nec acutior ulla
nec minus incerta est nec quae magis audiat arcus,
oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornum
inque cor hamata percussit harundine Ditem.
Saturnian Juno in a snow-white cow;
Cyllenian Hermes in an Ibis' wings.’—
Such stuff she droned out from her noisy mouth:
and then they summoned us; but, haply, time
permits thee not, nor leisure thee permits,
that thou shouldst hearken to our melodies.”
“Nay doubt it not,” quoth Pallas, “but relate
your melodies in order.” And she sat
beneath the pleasant shadows of the grove.
And thus again Urania; “On our side
we trusted all to one.” Which having said,
Calliope arose. Her glorious hair
was bound with ivy. She attuned the chords,
and chanted as she struck the sounding strings:—
“First Ceres broke with crooked plow the glebe;
first gave to earth its fruit and wholesome food;
first gave the laws;—all things of Ceres came;
of her I sing; and oh, that I could tell
her worth in verse; in verse her worth is due.
“Because he dared to covet heavenly thrones
Typhoeus, giant limbs are weighted down
beneath Sicilia's Isle—vast in extent—
how often thence he strains and strives to rise?
But his right hand Pachynus holds; his legs are pressed
by Lilybaeus, Aetna weights his head.
Beneath that ponderous mass Typhoeus lies,
flat on his back; and spues the sands on high;
and vomits flames from his ferocious mouth.
He often strives to push the earth away,
the cities and the mountains from his limbs—
by which the lands are shaken. Even the king,
that rules the silent shades is made to quake,
for fear the earth may open and the ground,
cleft in wide chasms, letting in the day,
may terrify the trembling ghosts. Afraid
of this disaster, that dark despot left
his gloomy habitation; carried forth
by soot-black horses, in his gloomy car.
“He circumspectly viewed Sicilia's vast
foundations.—Having well explored and proved
no part was shattered; having laid aside
his careful fears, he wandered in those parts.
“Him, Venus, Erycina, in her mount
thus witnessed, and embraced her winged son,
and said, ‘O Cupid! thou who art my son—
my arms, my hand, my strength; take up those arms,
by which thou art victorious over all,
and aim thy keenest arrow at the heart
of that divinity whom fortune gave
the last award, what time the triple realm,
by lot was portioned out.
‘The Gods of Heaven
are overcome by thee; and Jupiter,
and all the Deities that swim the deep,
and the great ruler of the Water-Gods:
why, then, should Tartarus escape our sway—
the third part of the universe at stake—
by which thy mother's empire and thy own
may be enlarged according to great need.
‘How shameful is our present lot in Heaven,
the powers of love and I alike despised;
for, mark how Pallas has renounced my sway,
besides Diana, javelin-hurler—so
will Ceres' daughter choose virginity,
if we permit,—that way her hopes incline.
Do thou this goddess Proserpine, unite
in marriage to her uncle. Venus spoke;—
“Cupid then loosed his quiver, and of all
its many arrows, by his mother's aid,
selected one; the keenest of them all;
the least uncertain, surest from the string:
and having fixed his knee against the bow,
bent back the flexile horn.—The flying shaft
struck Pluto in the breast.
Calliope sings: Cupid makes Dis fall in love�

�This much she played on her lute, with singing voice. Then called on us, - but perhaps you are not at leisure, or free to listen to a repetition of our music?� �Do not stop� said Pallas, �but sing your song again as you arranged it!� and she sat amongst the light shadows of the grove. The Muse renewed her tale �We gave our best singer to the contest. Calliope, who rose, with her loose hair bound with ivy, tried out the plaintive strings with her fingers, then accompanied the wandering notes with this song.

��Ceres first turned the soil with curving plough, first ripened the crops and produce of the earth, first gave us laws: all things are Ceres�s gift. My song is of her. If only I could create a song in any way worthy of the goddess! This goddess is truly a worthy subject for my song.

��Trinacris, the vast isle of Sicily, had been heaped over the giant�s limbs, and with its great mass oppressed buried Typhoeus, he who had dared to aspire to a place in heaven. He struggles it�s true and often tries to rise, but his right hand is held by the promontory of Ausonian Pelorus, and his left hand by you, Pachynus. Lilybaeum presses on his legs, Etna weighs down his head, supine beneath it, Typhoeus throws ash from his mouth, and spits out flame. Often, a wrestler, he throws back the weight of earth, and tries to roll the high mountains and the cities from his body, and then the ground trembles, and even the lord of the silent kingdom is afraid lest he be exposed, and the soil split open in wide fissures, and the light admitted to scare the anxious dead.

��Fearing this disaster, the king of the dark had left his shadowy realm, and, drawn in his chariot by black horses, carefully circled the foundations of the Sicilian land. When he had checked and was satisfied that nothing was collapsing, he relinquished his fears. Then Venus, at Eryx, saw him moving, as she sat on the hillside, and embraced her winged son, Cupid, and said �My child, my hands and weapons, my power, seize those arrows, that overcome all, and devise a path for your swift arrows, to the heart of that god to whom the final share of the triple kingdom fell. You conquer the gods and Jupiter himself, the lords of the sea, and their very king, who controls the lords of the sea. Why is Tartarus excepted? Why not extend your mother�s kingdom and your own? We are talking of a third part of the world. And yet, as is evident to me, I am scorned in heaven, and Love�s power diminishes with mine.

���Don�t you see how Pallas, and the huntress Diana, forsake me? And Ceres�s daughter too, Proserpine, will be a virgin if we allow it, since she hopes to be like them. But you, if you delight in our shared kingdom, can mate the goddess to her uncle.� So Venus spoke: he undid his quiver, and at his mother�s bidding took an arrow, one from a thousand, and none was sharper, more certain, or better obeyed the bow. Then he bent the pliant tips against his knee, and with his barbed arrow struck Dis in the heart.�

Πλησίον τοῦ βουνοῦ τῆς Αἴτνης εἶναι μεγάλη λίμνη, Περγοῦσα ὀνομαζομένη, ὅπου δὲ φαίνονται ὀλιγώτεροι κύκνοι ἀπὸ ὅσους ἔχει ὁ Κάϋστρος ποταμός. Εἶναι περικυκλωμένη ἀπὸ δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα φαίνεται ὅτι στεφανώνουν τὰ ὕδατα αὐτῆς, ἢ μὲ τὰς κλάδας των, ἢ μὲ τὰ φύλλα των σχηματίζουσιν ὥσπερ κάλυμμα, ἀποκρύπτον τὸν καύσωνα τῆς Ἡλίου. Τοιουτοτρόπως ἡ τῶν δένδρων ἐκείνων σκιὰ φέρει, ἢ διατηρεῖ εἰς τὸν τόπον ἀέραν τινα δροσίαν, ἢ ἡ γῆ εἶναι πάντοτε γεμάτη ἀπὸ ἄνθη, ἢ τὸ ἔαρ ποτέ δὲν λείπει. Ἐκεῖ διέβη ἡ Περσεφόνη, ἢ συλλέγουσα κρίνα ἢ ἴα, συνεβάλλετο μὲ τὰς ἑταίρας αὐτῆς ποία εὐκαίρουσα νὰ συνάξῃ τὰ ὡραιώτερα ἄνθη· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Πλούτωνος ἔγινε ἐκ πρώτης ἀρχῆς τῆς ὥρας ἢ ἀφόρητος, μόλις τὴν εἶδε, τὴν ἠγάπησε, ἢ τὴν ἥρπαξεν εἰς θάρρος ἢ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν. Ἐνῶ ἡ Περσεφόνη διὰ μίαν τοιαύτην αἰφνίδιον ἁρπαγὴν, ἐφώναξε πολλάκις πρὸς βοήθειαν τῆς μητρὸς ἢ τὰς συνεταίρας τῆς, ἢ τὴν μητέρα τῆς, ἀλλ' ἐκτενέστερον τὴν μητέρα. Διεσχίσθησαν τὰ ἱμάτια τῆς ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν τοῦ Πλούτωνος διὰ νὰ τὴν ἁρπάξῃ, ἢ τῆς ἔπεσαν ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας τὰ πρὸ ὀλίγου συναθροισθέντα ἄνθη· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον πολλὰ νέα, ἢ ἡ παιδικὴ ἢ ἁπλότης τὴν ἐσυμβούλευσαν, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἔβλεπε τὸν κίνδυνον, δὲν ἔλειπε νὰ λυπηθῇ τὰ ἄνθη τῆς. Ἐν τούτῳ ὁ ἁρπάξας ἐπισπεύδει τοὺς ἵππους του, ἢ διὰ νὰ τοὺς παροξύνῃ περισσότερον, τοὺς κράζει κατ' ὄνομα, ἀφίνοντας ἢ τὰς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τους. Οὕτω διέβη μεγάλας λίμνας, ἢ τὰς τῶν Παλικῶν, τῶν ὁποίων τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πηγάζοντα ἢ πάντοτε θερμὰ ὕδατα ἐξουσιάζουσι θειάφεις, ἢ

λιμνῶν, ἀπὸ τῆς δύω ὕδατα τὰ Βανχέτα, τὰ ἀπὸ τὴν Κόρινθον κατερχομένης.

Μεταξὺ τῆς Κυανῆς, κ' Ἀρετούσης εἶναι τόπος τις, ὅπου ἡ θάλασσα φαίνεται πανταχόθεν περικεκλεισμένη ἀπὸ τοὺς σκοπέλους. Ἡ Κυανή, ἡ πλέον περίφημος ὅλων τῶν Νυμφῶν τῆς Σικελίας, ἥτις ἔδωκε τὸ ὄνομά της εἰς τὴν λίμνην, τὸ ὁποῖον φέρει κ' μέχρι τῆς σή- μερον, διέμενε τότε εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον. Προβαίνουσα λοιπὸν αὕτη ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ ἕως εἰς τὴν ζώνην, κ' βλέ- πουσα τὴν Περσεφόνην, ἡ ὁποία ἐφέρετο ἁρπακτικῶς ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλούτωνος, εἶπε πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν Θεόν „δὲν „θέλεις ὑπάγῃ μακρυτέρα, κ' δὲν δύνασαι νὰ ᾖς „γῆς γαμβρὸς τῆς Δήμητρος, χωρὶς τῆς θελήσεώς της „ἡ θυγάτηρ της ἔπρεπε νὰ ζητηθῇ μὲ δεήσεις, κ' ὄχι „μὲ τὴν βίαν ἔπρεπε νὰ τὴν παρακαλέσῃς, ὄχι νὰ „τὴν ἁρπάσῃς· κ' ἂν μοί εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ πα- „ρομοιάσω τὰ μικρὰ μὲ τὰ μεγάλα, λέγω σοι ὅτι ὁ „Ἀνάπης ἠγάπησε μίαν φορὰν κ' ἐμέ, ὅμως μὲ ἐκα- „τάπεισε μὲ τοὺς λόγους του, κ' εἰς τὸν γάμον μας δὲν „εὑρέθη παρὸν οὔτε φόβος, οὔτε δυναστεία". Μόλις ἔφθασε νὰ πληρώσῃ τοὺς λόγους τούτους, ἥπλωσε τὰς χεῖράς της διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐμποδίσῃ νὰ μὴ περάσῃ· ἀλλ' ὁ Πλούτων θυμωθεὶς δι' αὐτὸ τὸ ἐμπόδιον, ἔβιασε πε- ρισσότερον τὰ ἄλογά του, κ' ἐτύπησε τὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ σκήπτρόν του, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβύθισε εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, τὰ ἡ- νοιξε μέγα δρόμον, κ' τοῦ ἐδέχθη ὥσαν εἰς μίαν ἄ- βυσσον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸ ἁμάξιόν του, κ' μὲ τὴν λείαν του. Ἡ Κυανὴ λυπημένη διὰ τὸ συμβεβηκός, κ' ὅτι ἐμιάνθη- σαν τὰ νερὰ της μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ἁρπαγήν, δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ εὕρῃ παρηγορίαν, κ' ἐλλείψει ἀναπαύσεως, ἀνελύθη εἰς δάκρυα

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 275

πηγὴν, τῆς ὁποίας ἦτον Θεὰ. Ὅλα τὰ μέρη τὰ σω- μάτος της ἄρχησαν ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον νὰ ἁπαλύνωνται, πάντα καλὰ τῆς ἐγίναν δυσκολονάμπτα, καὶ τὰ ὄνυχιά της ἔχασαν τὴν σκληρότητα των· ὅσα δὲ ἦσαν ἁπαλὰ καὶ ἀδύνατα, οἷον τὰ μέλεα, οἱ πόδες της, τὰ δάκτυλα, τὰ μαλλιὰ της, ἔλαβον φρίκη τὴν φύσιν καὶ ποιότητα τὰ ὕδατος· ἐπειδὴ ὅσον τὰ σώματα εἶναι ἁπαλώτερα, τόσον δυσκολώτερον μεταβάλλουνται εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ στοιχεῖον ἔπειτα ὁ ὦμος, ἡ ῥάχη, τὰ πλευρὰ, καὶ τὸ στῆθος της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ῥεύματα, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἔλαβε τὸν τό- πον τοῦ πρότερον εἰς πᾶς φλέβας της ῥέοντος αἵματος· ὥστε δὲν ἔμειναν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα της τίποτε στερεόν, ἢ μὴ φεύγον τὴν ἁφήν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Πειν ομιλησαμεν περι της Περσεφονης, ημιζ ω να μη ειναγε εξω τα προκειμενα να ειπωμεν ολιγα τινα περι τα Τυφωνος του Διαβολου εκεινα Γιγαντος, ο οποιος σνεβασε ποσον φοβον εις τας Θεας κα Θεους περι το Δημησειον σαφηνειας μεν, πληδ πανηρο ος τις συμφορας πληθος σκεπειση κι αποιες αι τησεις πα διαμαν δια να βασιλησυν εις τλω Κροτιον, τα βασιλειον του Διος, η κατ αλλες εις την Αιγυπτον. Επι λεγυσιν οτι ο Τυφωνος ηπυν Σαυμασιας μεγεθης, κα πολυκεφαλος, επειδη σχεματισε μεγας σφραγμος, κι εκνιεσε πολυν κοσμον. Λεγυσι προς τνπις οτι ευχαζε φωτιας απο το σομα, κι ειχε τα χρειατα τα Διος, επειδη μεν τλω αιγλωττιαιν ενδυσιαιζεν ολα πα πισιματα εις το να πελεμησυν κατ αυτο τα Βασιλεας. Λεγυσι παλος οτι απεδωκεν ο Ερμης της χειρας τα Διι, επειδη δια της φρονησεως αικακεδησαν παλιν εις τλω υψωχηλω τα βασιλεως εσει τον ειχον αρισηι. Αλλοι λεγυσιν οτι ο Μυθος επλασθη δια να μας απορριψη απο τλω κενοδοξιαν κα υψηλοφροσυνιω, κι δια να μαθωμεν

δ'εις

ότι αυτή ειναι η πλέον ολίσθητος, και πλέον βλαβερά από όλας τας κακίας· πλάττεται δυσχερή τε όψη, και ότι σκέρνα φλόγες από το σώμα της. Και βέβαια ότι άμα η μανία της ενδιαμονής από τινα ψυχήν, τότε δή ούλαβείται πλέον ούτε άνθρωπία, ούτε δικαιοσύνη, ούτε θρησκεία. Διά ταύτα μυθολογούσιν ότι ο Τυφώξίς ήτον Γίγας, πολέμιος του Διός, τουτέστιν αυτά του Θεού, όστις εστίν η πηγή πάσης θρησκείας, πάσης δικαιοσύνης, και φιλανθρωπίας. Ζωγραφίζεται ο Τυφώξ με πολλάς κεφαλάς, και αύται δηλώσι τα διάφορα μέσα, τα οποία μεταχειρίζεται ο φιλόδοξος, και τήν ανησυχίαν και τάς φρεντίδας, ή τα κακά, όσα αφθονά εις τους άλλους ή εις τον εαυτόν του. Τέλος μετά πολλάς πολεμίας, ο Ζευς εφόνευσε τον Τυφώξ με τον κεραυνόν του· επειδή ακόμα ή ο φιλόδοξος, ή αποστάτης (διότι οι αποστάται ως επί το πλείστον είναι οι φιλόδοξοι) αντιστέκη μέχρι καιρόν εις τας θείας βουλήσεις, όμως εις το ύστερον κεραυνόνεται, και λαμβάνει τήν χρεωστουμένην τιμωρίαν.

385Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae,
nomine Pergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros
carmina cycnorum labentibus audit in undis.
Silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque
frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ictus.
390Frigora dant rami, tyrios humus umida flores:
perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco
ludit et aut violas aut candida lilia carpit,
dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque
implet et aequales certat superare legendo,
395paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti:
usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto
et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore
clamat; et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora,
conlecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis.
400Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis,
haec quoque virgineum movit iactura dolorem.
Raptor agit currus et nomine quemque vocando
exhortatur equos, quorum per colla iubasque
excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas,
405perque lacus altos et olentia sulphure fertur
stagna Palicorum, rupta fervenu terra,
et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho,
inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus.
Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae,
410quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus aequor.
Hic fuit, a cuius stagnum quoque nomine dictum est,
inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas.
Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo
agnovitque deam. “Nec longius ibitis!” inquit,
415“non potes invitae Cereris gener esse: roganda,
non rapienda fuit. Quodsi componere magnis
parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis:
exorata tamen, nec, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.”
Dixit et in partes diversas bracchia tendens
420obstitit. Haud ultra tenuit Saturnius iram,
terribilesque hortatus equos in gurgitis ima
contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto
condidit. Icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit
et pronos currus medio cratere recepit.
“There is a lake
of greatest depth, not far from Henna's walls,
long since called Pergus; and the songs of swans,
that wake Cayster, rival not the notes
of swans melodious on its gliding waves:
a fringe of trees, encircling as a wreath
its compassed waters, with a leafy veil
denies the heat of noon; cool breezes blow
beneath the boughs; the humid ground is sprent
with purpling flowers, and spring eternal reigns.
“While Proserpine once dallied in that grove,
plucking white lilies and sweet violets,
and while she heaped her basket, while she filled
her bosom, in a pretty zeal to strive
beyond all others; she was seen, beloved,
and carried off by Pluto—such the haste
of sudden love.
“The goddess, in great fear,
called on her mother and on all her friends;
and, in her frenzy, as her robe was rent,
down from the upper edge, her gathered flowers
fell from her loosened tunic.—This mishap,
so perfect was her childish innocence,
increased her virgin grief.—
“The ravisher
urged on his chariot, and inspired his steeds;
called each by name, and on their necks and manes
shook the black-rusted reins. They hastened through
deep lakes, and through the pools of Palici,
which boiling upward from the ruptured earth
smell of strong sulphur. And they bore him thence
to where the sons of Bacchus, who had sailed
from twin-sea Corinth, long ago had built
a city's walls between unequal ports.
“Midway between the streams of Cyane
and Arethusa lies a moon-like pool,
of silvered narrow horns. There stood the Nymph,
revered above all others in that land,
whose name was Cyane. From her that pond
was always called. And as she stood, concealed
in middle waves that circled her white thighs,
she recognized the God, and said; ‘O thou
shalt go no further, Pluto, thou shalt not
by force alone become the son-in-law
of Ceres. It is better to beseech
a mother's aid than drag her child away!
And this sustains my word, if I may thus
compare great things with small, Anapis loved
me also; but he wooed and married me
by kind endearments; not by fear, as thou
hast terrified this girl.’ So did she speak;
and stretching out her arms on either side
opposed his way.
“The son of Saturn blazed
with uncontrolled rage; and urged his steeds,
and hurled his royal scepter in the pool.
Calliope sings: Dis and the rape of Proserpine

��Not far from the walls of Enna, there is a deep pool. Pergus is its name. Ca�ster does not hear more songs than rise from the swans on its gliding waves. A wood encircles the waters, surrounds them on every side, and its leaves act as a veil, dispelling Phoebus�s shafts. The branches give it coolness, and the moist soil, Tyrian purple flowers: there, it is everlasting Spring. While Proserpine was playing in this glade, and gathering violets or radiant lilies, while with girlish fondness she filled the folds of her gown, and her basket, trying to outdo her companions in her picking, Dis, almost in a moment, saw her, prized her, took her: so swift as this, is love. The frightened goddess cries out to her mother, to her friends, most of all to her mother, with piteous mouth. Since she had torn her dress at the opening, the flowers she had collected fell from her loosened tunic, and even their scattering caused her virgin tears. The ravisher whipped up his chariot, and urged on the horses, calling them by name, shaking out the shadowy, dark-dyed, reins, over their necks and manes, through deep pools, they say, and the sulphurous reeking swamps of the Palici, vented from a crevice of the earth, to Syracuse where the Bacchiadae, a people born of Corinth between two seas, laid out their city between unequal harbours.

��Between Cyane and Pisaean Arethusa, there is a bay enclosed by narrow arms. Here lived Cyane, best known of the Sicilian nymphs, from whom the name of the spring was also taken. She showed herself from the pool as far as her waist, and recognising the goddess, cried out to Dis, �No�, and �Go no further!� �You cannot be Ceres�s son against her will: the girl should have been asked, and not abused. If it is right for me to compare small things with great, Anapis prized me and I wedded him, but I was persuaded by talk and not by terror.� Speaking, she stretched her arms out at her sides, obstructing him. The son of Saturn could scarcely contain his wrath, and urging on the dread horses, he turned his royal sceptre with powerful arm, and plunged it through the bottom of the pool. The earth, pierced, made a road to Tartarus, and swallowed the headlong chariot, into the midst of the abyss.

Άλλοι δυςάλχουσιν ότι διά τοῦ Τυφώος δηλοῦται οὗ δεσμοί, οὐ ὁμίως οὐ ἐςερχόμενοι ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἀλλ' οὐ ἡνέντες ἀνώθεν. Ὁ Γίγας, λέγουσιν, ἐπήγει με τὴν μάιν κατὰ τὸν Διατόλω, ἢ με τὴν ἄλλω τὴν Δυσὶν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ βασίλεια τὴν δύσμιον εἶναι κατατολλα δυντάμαρον, ἢ διαχείεται παταχύτης· ἀποδίδονται αὐτοὶ πολλὰ κεραλάς, ἐπειδὴ πλεῖςοι εἶναι ἡς οὐ ἀέμεοι, ἡς διάφοροι αἱ διαμέσες τῶν· τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἦτον σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ ὕστερα, καὶ τοῦ δεικνείο τὴν παχύτμητα ἡς ἀιρέμιον· τὰ μνεῖας τὰς ἐςέταγμένας ἀπὸ ὁ χεύςας, ἐπειδὴ δὲ πόσεται ἡσάι ἡς οὐ ἀέμεοι γίνονται ἀπὸ τὰς ξμρὰς ἡς Δερμὰς ἀτμίδας. Διὰ τῆς ψύςης τοῦ Διὸς, τοῦ διώκοντας αὐτὸν, καπερςίχη εἰς τὸ Κάυκασον ὄρας, ἐπειδὴ εὐ ἀέμεοι ἐπικρατοῦσι μάλιστα εἰς τὰ ὄρη. Τέλος ἐπειδὴ διεσκονται ἀέμεοι καὶ φωτίαι ὑπόγειοι, διὰ τῆς τοῦ ἐντασιν εἰπούτα ὅτι ὁ Ζὰς ἐδιακίωςε τὸν Τυφῶσα με κεραυνοὶ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ ὅτι ἐπάφη ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ βουνὰ αὐτῆς τῆς Νήσας. Λέγουσιν ἔτι ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ Γίγας ἀνασθέη ἀήν Νῆσον, ἀγωνιζόμενος νὰ ἐκτινάξη τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο φρατίον, καθότι αὐτὴ ἡ Νῆσος ὑπὲρ παςαλλὰς γέμει κοιλαμάτων, οὗςα κληθονται ἀέμεοι καὶ φωτίαι, ὠςίξουσι συνεχῶν σεισμῶν.

Διὰ πῆς Περσεφόνης σημαίνεται ἡ δικαρπία τῆς γῆς, καὶ διὰ τὸ νὰ εἶχε μ

εφύσθαι καὶ διφλασις τῆς βάσας εἰς τὸ κάτω πᾶς ῥίζας ἦν ἀπό- ρον, καὶ ἴσου ἄλλο αἴτιον ἡ ἰσχὺς ὁ ἴσχυρὸς ἁρπάξει τῆς Περσεφόνης, καὶ εἰς ἁμάξιον μὲ ἕξ ἀλόγων διὰ τὸ ὁρμήσει οἱ πάντα ἡ ἐξ μῆνας καθ' ὧν αἱ ῥίζαι ἦν σίτον τρέφουσι μέτρα εἰς τὴν γῆν. Λέγουσιν ὅτι μετὰ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς ἀποφασίσθη νὰ διὰ- βῇ ἓξ μῆνας, μὲ τὸν Πλούτωνα, κ εἰξ μὲ τὴν μητέρα Θεόν· διότι ὁ ἀποθεμένος σῖτος τοῦ Χειμῶνα εἶναι ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, κ τὸ Θέ- ρος ἀνώσει αὐτὸς. Κατὰ τὴν σχέσιν τοῦ ἔθους ὁ Βαρρῶν ἔφηγεν τὸν τρόπον Μύσου εἰς τὸ περὶ φύσεως Θεῶν τὰ Κικέρωνος. Φαί- νεται, λέγει, ὅτι ἡ Περσεφόνη εἶναι ὁ σπόρος τῶν καρπῶν, καὶ ἡ γῆ εἶναι ἡ μήτηρ τῆς, ἡ ὁποία παρὰ Λατίνοις ὀνομάζεται Ceres, διὰ τὸ κομίζειν τοὺς καρποῦς, παρὰ τοῦ Gero Λατινικὸ ῥήματος, τὸ κομίζω.

Ἄλλοι παράγουσι τὴν λατινικὴν λέξιν Proserpina παρὰ τῷ pro- serpere, ἤγουν ἑρπύζειν, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ῥίζαι τῶν σπόρων ἐμπορεῖ νὰ ἐκτείνωνται εἰς τὴν γῆν. Τέλος λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Περσεφόνη εἶναι θυ- γάτηρ ἢ τριετηρὶς, ὅτις σημαίνει σωφροσύνη ὁ χάρις, καὶ ὅτι ἡ Δημήτηρ εἶναι ἡ Θεὰ ἤτοι τοῦ σίτου ἐπειδὴ εἶναι αἰτία σίτου κ᾽, καὶ οὕτως αὐτοσχέδιως ἀποδίδονται ὅτι οἱ ἀσφαλῶν εἶναι ἡ μήτηρ τῆς κοινῆς χαρᾶς ὁ ἀγαλλιάσεως.

Ἡ Περσεφόνη ὀνομάζεται καὶ Ἑκάτη παρὰ τὸ ἑκατὸν, καθότι ἡ Δημήτηρ, ἡ μήτηρ τῆς σίτου, ἡ ἐκλαμβανομένη αὐτὴ ἡ γῆς, διὰ νὰ ἀποδώσῃ σαφέστερα, ἀποδίδει ἑκατονταπλάσιον τὸ σπόρον τοῦ καρποῦ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι τόπος τόσον εὔφορος σίτῳ, ὅσον ἡ Σι- κελία, ἔνθα ἤρχοντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι πανταχόθεν καὶ ἠγόραζον, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι

ἄλλο, κ' καθ' ὅλον τὴν σέληνον ἔναι ἐπίγες ἐπὶ ὑψηλὸς ἢ ὑπὸ γῆν. Περὶ τῆς Κυάνης δὲν θέλω εἰπῇ πολλά. Σικελίας, συγκεκραμένη μὲ τὰ νερὰ τῆς Ἄνδης, ἐς τὴν γῆν τῆς Συ- ρακούσης. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ἄνδης ἢ ἡ Κυάνη ἦσαν ἐρασταί, ἐπειδή, κατὰ τὰς Μυθολόγους, οἱ ποταμοί, ἢ αἱ πηγαί, αἱ ὁμοῦ, ἢ πλησίον ῥέοντες, εἶναι ὥσπερ εἰς γάμον συνεζευγμένοι. Ἤθελα ὅμως νὰ μάθω διὰ τί μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι ἡ Κυάνη ἀντετάχθη εἰς τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Περσεφόνης, ἢ διὰ τί μετεβλήθη εἰς βρύσιν. Ταῦτα ὡς νο- μίζω ἀποδεικνύει ὅτι οἱ μικροὶ δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ ἐνασχολῶνται εἰς τὰς ἐπιχειρήσεις τῶν μεγάλων, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἀπολαμβάνουσιν ἄλλο τι ἤμαν λύπην ἢ δυστυχίαν. Ἀλλ' ἄφετον τὸ ἠθικόν, λέγω ὅτι ἡ Κυάνη ἐ- ναντιώθη εἰς τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Περσεφόνης, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὸ ἀκάρπι- αν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁσάκις συνέβη ἀκαρπία εἰς τὸ Σικελίαν, τὸ μέ- ρος ἐκεῖνο, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἤτον αὐτὴ ἡ βρύσις κατὰ τινὰ τρόπον πλησίως ἠδυνήθη νὰ καρποφορήσῃ περισσότερον ἀπὸ καθὲ ἄλλο.

Περὶ τῆς ἰς ἀσκάλαβον μεταμορφώσεως παιδὸς.

Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Δημήτηρ λυπημένη περιφέρετο ζητοῦσα τὴν Θυγατέρα μετεμορφώθη ἰς ἀσκάλαβον παῖδα τινὰ, ὅς τις ἐπολέμησε νὰ τὴν καταγελάσει.

Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Δημήτηρ λυπημένη διὰ τὴν ἀρπαγήν τῆς Θυγατρὸς τῆς, τὴν ζητεῖ ἰς μάτην παντακοῦ καὶ διὰ ξήρας καὶ διὰ Θαλάσσης. Ἀνατέλλει ἡ αὐγή, ἔρχεται πάλιν ἡ νῦξ, κ' ἡ αὐγή, κ' ἡ νῦξ τὴν δείσκουσι

425At Cyane, raptamque deam contemptaque fontis
iura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus
mente gerit tacita lacrimisque absumitur omnis,
et quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas
ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem;
430extenuatur aquas. Molliri membra videres,
primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt,
caerulei crines digitique et crura pedesque:
nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus undas
transitus est: post haec umeri tergusque latusque
435pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos.
Denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas
lympha subit, restatque nihil, quod prendere possis.
Interea pavidae nequiquam filia matri
omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo.
440Illam non udis veniens Aurora capillis
cessantem vidit, non Hesperus. Illa duabus
flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna
perque pruinosas tulit inrequieta tenebras.
Rursus ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam
445solis ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus.
Fessa labore sitim conlegerat oraque nulli
colluerant fontes; cum tectam stramine vidit
forte casam parvasque fores pulsavit: at inde
prodit anus divamque videt, lymphamque roganti
450dulce dedit, tosta quod texerat ante polenta.
Dum bibit illa datum, duri puer oris et audax
constitit ante deam risitque avidamque vocavit.
Offensa est neque adhuc epota parte loquentem
cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta.
455Combibit os maculas, et quae modo bracchia gessit,
crura gerit; cauda est mutatis addita membris;
inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi,
contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est.
Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem
460fugit anum latebramque petit; aptumque colori
nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis.
Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,
dicere longa mora est: quaerenti defuit orbis.
Sicaniam repetit; dumque omnia lustrat eundo,
465venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset,
omnia narrasset: sed et os et lingua volenti
dicere non aderant, nec quo loqueretur habebat.
Signa tamen manifesta dedit notamque parenti,
illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro,
470Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis.
Quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam
scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos
et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis.
Nescit adhuc, ubi sit: terras tamen increpat omnes
475ingratasque vocat nec frugum munere dignas,
Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni
repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glaebas
fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos
ruricolasque boves leto dedit arvaque iussit
480fallere depositum vitiataque semina fecit.
Fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orbem
falsa iacet: primis segetes moriuntur in herbis,
et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber
sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres
485semina iacta legunt; lolium tribulique fatigant
triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen.
Cast with a mighty arm it pierced the deeps.
The smitten earth made way to Tartarus;—
it opened a wide basin and received
the plunging chariot in the midst.—But now
the mournful Cyane began to grieve,
because from her against her fountain-rights
the goddess had been torn. The deepening wound
still rankled in her breast, and she dissolved
in many tears, and wasted in those waves
which lately were submissive to her rule.
“So you could see her members waste away:
her hones begin to bend; her nails get soft;
her azure hair, her fingers, legs and feet,
and every slender part melt in the pool:
so brief the time in which her tender limbs
were changed to flowing waves; and after them
her back and shoulders, and her sides and breasts
dissolved and vanished into rivulets:
and while she changed, the water slowly filled
her faulty veins instead of living blood—
and nothing that a hand could hold remained.
“Now it befell when Proserpine was lost,
her anxious mother sought through every land
and every sea in vain. She rested not.
Aurora, when she came with ruddy locks,
might never know, nor even Hesperus,
if she might deign to rest.—She lit two pines
from Aetna's flames and held one in each hand,
and restless bore them through the frosty glooms:
and when serene the day had dimmed the stars
she sought her daughter by the rising sun;
and when the sun declined she rested not.
“Wearied with labour she began to thirst,
for all this while no streams had cooled her lips;
when, as by chance, a cottage thatched with straw
gladdened her sight. Thither the goddess went,
and, after knocking at the humble door,
waited until an ancient woman came;
who, when she saw the goddess and had heard
her plea for water, gave her a sweet drink,
but lately brewed of parched barley-meal;
and while the goddess quaffed this drink a boy,
of bold and hard appearance, stood before
and laughed and called her greedy. While he spoke
the angry goddess sprinkled him with meal,
mixed with the liquid which had not been drunk.
“His face grew spotted where the mixture struck,
and legs appeared where he had arms before,
a tail was added to his changing trunk;
and lest his former strength might cause great harm,
all parts contracted till he measured less
than common lizards. While the ancient dame
wondered and wept and strove for one caress,
the reptile fled and sought a lurking place.—
His very name describes him to the eye,
a body starred with many coloured spots.
“What lands, what oceans Ceres wandered then,
would weary to relate. The bounded world
was narrow for the search. Again she passed
through Sicily; again observed all signs;
and as she wandered came to Cyane,
who strove to tell where Proserpine had gone,
but since her change, had neither mouth nor tongue,
and so was mute. And yet the Nymph made plain
by certain signs what she desired to say:
for on the surface of the waves she showed
a well-known girdle Proserpine had lost,
by chance had dropped it in that sacred pool;
which when the goddess recognized, at last,
convinced her daughter had been forced from her,
she tore her streaming locks, and frenzied struck
her bosom with her palms. And in her rage,
although she wist not where her daughter was,
she blamed all countries and cried out against
their base ingratitude; and she declared
the world unworthy of the gift of corn:
but Sicily before all other lands,
for there was found the token of her loss.
“For that she broke with savage hand the plows,
which there had turned the soil, and full of wrath
leveled in equal death the peasant and his ox—
both tillers of the soil—and made decree
that land should prove deceptive to the seed,
and rot all planted germs.—That fertile isle,
so noted through the world, becomes a waste;
the corn is blighted in the early blade;
excessive heat, excessive rain destroys;
the winds destroy, the constellations harm;
the greedy birds devour the scattered seeds;
thistles and tares and tough weeds choke the wheat.
Calliope sings: Ceres searches for Proserpine

��Cyane, mourning the rape of the goddess, and the contempt for the sanctities of her fountain, nursed an inconsolable grief in her silent heart, and pined away wholly with sorrow. She melted into those waters whose great goddess she had previously been. You might see her limbs becoming softened, her bones seeming pliant, her nails losing their hardness. First of all the slenderest parts dissolve: her dusky hair, her fingers and toes, her feet and ankles (since it is no great transformation from fragile limbs to cool waters). Next her breast and back, shoulders and flanks slip away, vanishing into tenuous streams. At last the water runs in her ruined veins, and nothing remains that you could touch.

��Meanwhile the mother, fearing, searches in vain for the maid, through all the earth and sea. Neither the coming of dewy-haired Aurora, nor Hesperus, finds her resting. Lighting pine torches with both hands at Etna�s fires, she wanders, unquiet, through the bitter darkness, and when the kindly light has dimmed the stars, she still seeks her child, from the rising of the sun till the setting of the sun.

��She found herself thirsty and weary from her efforts, and had not moistened her lips at any of the springs, when by chance she saw a hut with a roof of straw, and she knocked on its humble door. At that sound, an old woman emerged, and saw the goddess, and, when she asked for water, gave her something sweet made with malted barley. While she drank what she had been given a rash, foul-mouthed boy stood watching, and taunted her, and called her greedy. The goddess was offended, and threw the liquid she had not yet drunk, mixed with the grains of barley, in his face. His skin, absorbing it, became spotted, and where he had once had arms, he now had legs. A tail was added to his altered limbs, and he shrank to a little shape, so that he has no great power to harm. He is like a lesser lizard, a newt, of tiny size. The old woman wondered and wept, and, trying to touch the creature, it ran from her and searched out a place to hide. It has a name fitting for its offence, stellio, its body starred with various spots.

��It would take too long to tell through what lands and seas the goddess wandered. Searching the whole earth, she failed to find her daughter: she returned to Sicily, and while crossing it from end to end, she came to Cyane, who if she had not been changed would have told all. But though she wished to, she had neither mouth nor tongue, nor anything with which to speak. Still she revealed clear evidence, known to the mother, and showed Persephone�s ribbon, fallen, by chance, into the sacred pool. As soon as she recognised it, the goddess tore her dishevelled hair, and beat her breast again and again with her hands, as if she at last comprehended the rape. She did not know yet where Persephone was, but condemned all the lands, and called them thankless and unworthy of her gift of corn, Sicily, that Trinacria, above all, where she had discovered the traces of her loss.

��So, in that place, with cruel hands, she broke the ploughs that turned up the soil, and, in her anger, dealt destruction to farmers, and the cattle in their fields, alike, and ordered the ever-faithful land to fail, and spoiled the sowing. The fertility of that country, acclaimed throughout the world, was spoken of as a fiction: the crops died as young shoots, destroyed by too much sun, and then by too much rain. Wind and weather harmed them, and hungry birds gathered the scattered seed. Thistles and darnel and stubborn grasses ruined the wheat harvest.

παντοτε εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν κόσμον, ἢ εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν φροντίδα. Ἰὼ μὲν νύκτα ἐβάστα δύο λαμπάδας, ἁψαμένας εἰς τὴν Αἴτνην τὸ ὄρος, ἢ ἔπω περεξέγε διὰ τῆς σκότας, χωρὶς να ἀναπαυσῇ ποτὲ· μόλις δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος ἡμαύρωνε τὰ ἄστρα, ἐξέρχον ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀνατολὴν εἰς τὴν Δύσιν, πάλιν ζήτουσα τὴν Θυγατέρα της Περσεφόνην. Καταπονημένη τέλος ἀπὸ τὸν ὑπερβολικὸν κόπον, ἐδιψησε σφόδρα, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δέν τῇ προσέφερσεν ἡ γῆ καμίαν βρύσιν, ὑπῆγε να προσῇ εἰς οἶκόν τινα μακράδον πέτρινον καὶ σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ ἄχυρα. Εὐρέθησαν ἐκεῖσον μία γραῖα καὶ ἕν, ἣ ὁποία τῇ ἔδωκε τὴν πρόστασιν ὑποχουλίω, με ὅλον ὅτι δὲν τὴν ἐγνώριζε. Ἡ Θεὰ τῇ ἐζήτησον ὀλίγον ὕδωρ, ἣ δὲ καλὴ γραῖα τῇ ἔδωκε καταψυχάζουσαν πότον γλυκύτατον, κριθάριον, ἤτοι πτισάνην, με μέλιτον ἀνέμιξε τὸ νερὸν ἑψημένον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶχον ἐπίσης προσφέρει. Ἐν ᾧ ἔπινον ἡ Θεὰ, ἰδὲ ἐμπρὸς ἐμφανίζεται τις εἰς παιδίον, καὶ βλέπον αὐτὸν ἐσώγυσαν ὅτι πίνουσα με πόσης ἀπληστίαν, ἤρχησαν να λέγῃ πολλὰς αὐθάδας, ὅτι να τὴν ὑβρίζῃ ὡς λαίμαργον, ἢ ἀδιάκριτον. Ἡ Δημήτηρ ὀργισθεῖσα διὰ τὰ λόγια τοῦ παιδὸς, ἔρριψεν ἐπάνω του τὸ ἐναπολειφθὲν τῆς ποτῆς, καὶ ἀλφίτου, καὶ ἐν παντὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἔγινε ποικίλλον, αἱ χεῖρες του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πόδας, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῶν ἄλλων μελῶν του, μία μακρὰ οὐρὰ, ἐπελείωσε τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν του, καὶ ἔπω συνεσταλῇ εἰς μικροτάτην μορφὴν, διὰ να μὴ ἤμπορῇ εἰς τὸ ἔξης να βλάψῃ τινά· ἢ ἐπὶ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, ἔγινον ἀσάλακος, καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις του ἔγιναν ἀνάλογοι με τὸ μικρόν του σῶμα. Ἐξώμαξε βλέπων τὸν ἑαυτόν του εἰς τοιαύτην κατάστασιν, καὶ ἔφυγε κλαίων ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τ

πρεπωδη μορφην τε, ὑπηγε νέα κρυφθῆ εἰς πᾶς ξύπας. Ἐκποτε, επειδη πα σίγηαπε, με πα οποῖοι εἶναι πε- ποιημένος παρομοιάσεσι τόσους μικρὸς ἀξέρας, ἔφερε παύτοτε ἰ ὄνομα ἀρμόζον εἰς τὸ χῶμα τω (α).

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Μυθύσσειν ὅτι τὸ φθονερόν τωπο, νῦν κατακάλλου παιδίον μιτε- βλήθη παρα τῆς Δημήτρος εἰς Ἀσκάλαβον, επειδη δὲν εἶναι αὐτο ζῶον πλέον, πολέμιον εἰς τὸ καλὸ που πλησίει ἐσον ὁ λοιδορος ἢ φθονερος ἄνθρωπος.

Ὁ Πλίνιος λέγει ὅτι τὸ δέρμα τς εἶναι ἐξαιρέτον ἰατρικὸν κατὰ τῆς ἐπιληψίας· καὶ ὅτι τὸ φθονερὸν αὐτο ζῶον, ὡσὰ νὰ μὴ ἠθελε νὰ μετακινεῖται ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸ ἰατρικὸν, ὅταν ἐκδύεται τὸ δέρμα- του, τρώγει τὸ αὐτὸ. Ἀλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲν ἀπο- βλέπει τον φθονερὸν, ἢ τον κατακάλλου, ἐπειδη μᾶς παριστᾶ παῖ- δας οἱ ὑψηφελει καὶ ἀειρίφθονον, πέτρεγλωπα τῆς Δημήτρα, διατι ἔξοχει ἀκαπος, ὡσοι πίθασμέν ψόμοι εἶσι.

Ἤδη γνωρίζω λοιπὸν ὅτι διὰ νὰ ἀποδειχθῇ πόσον εἶναι μισητοὶ οἱ ἐπιχαίροντες καὶ ὅσοι ἔχουσιν εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῶν ἄλλων, καὶ πό- σον μισοῦσιν εἶναι ἄξιοι τῆς πανταμοῦς κοινωνίας, ἀλλάσσεται ὅτι μεταμορφόνεται ὡς καὶ ἓν μικρὸν παιδίον, μεταμορφούμενον εἰς ἀ- σκάλαβον, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ δαγκώματα, ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἡμῶν, ἢ μᾶς ἀφήνουσι πολὺν πόνον, ἢ κατὰ διαφόρων τόπων βλά- πτουσι τὰς πληγὰς. Τοῦτο αὐτὸ ποιοῦσι καὶ οἱ κακαὶ γλῶσσαι ὑπο- κριταί, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἂν δὲν πρόξενουσι θάνατον, γίνονται ὅμως αἴ- τιοι μεγάλης λύπης· ἢ ἐπειδὴ κάθε ἐμπαθὴς εἶναι σχεδὸν κα- τάφαλος, διὰ τὸ ὕψος τῆς μοχθῆς καὶ ἀπειράστου. Προσέτι ὡς ἐκ τούτου, οἱ τινὲς ἀγαπῶσι νὰ ἀκούσωσι τὰ κατὰ τῶν πλησίον ψέγε- λάσματα, μισοῦσι ἢ φοβοῦνται τὰς γλώσσας, ἠξεύρωντες ὅτι τέλος ψεγελασθῇ ἡ αὐτὴ εἰς ἄλλον ἀφορμίαν.

Τέλος προσθέτομεν ὅτι μεταμορφοῦται εἰς ἀσκάλαβον, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς τὸ ζῶον τοῦτο περιπατεῖ σχολίως, καὶ φύσει διστάζον, οὕτω δὲν εἶναι ἀράγματα παχύτερον ἀπὸ τῶν ψιθύρων, ὁ διστακτικώτερον νὰ φθάσῃ ἀπὸ τὸν γέλω. Διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται ὅτι ὁ ψιθυριστὴς ἐπρόκειτο νὰ χάσῃ τὸν φίλον, παρὰ νὰ ἀποσιω- πήσῃ τὸ σκῶμμα.

Περὶ Ἀσκαλάφου τοῦ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς βύαν.

Ἡ Νύμφη Ἀρεθοῦσα φανεροῖ τῆς Δημήτρα ὅτι ὁ Πλούτων ἥρ- παξε τὴν Περσεφόνην. Ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος διὰ τὸ νὰ διαβάλῃ τὴν Περσεφόνην ὅτι ἔφαγεν εἰς τὸν Ἅιδου ἑπτὰ κόκκους ῥοιᾶς, με- ταβάλλεται παρ᾽ αὐτῆς εἰς βύαν, ὄρνεον ἀκαὶς οἶος.

Θέλει σῶς εἶναι βέβαια ὀχληρὸν νὰ διηγήσω ὅ- λες τὰς τόπους, τὰς πολεμούς, ἢ πᾶς Θαλάσσας, ὅπου ἡ λυπημένη Δημήτρα ἐζήτησε τὴν Θυγατέρα της Περσεφόνην. Αὕτη περιεξέτρεξεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, ἢ πό- σον τὴν ἐζήτησεν, ὥστε δὲν εἶχε πλέον ποῦ νὰ ὑπάγῃ. Ἠναγκάσθη λοιπὸν νὰ ἐπιστρέψῃ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὡδοίπορε παντα χῆς, ὑπῆγε καὶ εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅ- που μίαν φορὰν εὑρίσκετο ἡ Κυάνη· καὶ ἂν αὐτὴ ἡ Νύμφη ἤθελον ἔχει ἀκόμη τὴν πρώτην της μορφήν, ἤθελε τῇ φανερώσῃ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς τῆς Περσεφόνης ἀλλὰ ἡ Κυάνη δὲν εἶχε πλέον οὔτε φωνήν, οὔτε στόμα,

λούτε ἄλο τι ρήσιμον φαρὸ λαλιὰ. Ἔδειξέ με ὅπου ἀπὸ σημεῖα τινὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀναμέσων τῆ λύπη τῆς ἐδήμευσε μόλις· ἐπειδὴ τῇ ἔδειξεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ τὴν ἐκεῖ κατὰ τύχην ἐμπεσοῦσαν ζώνην τῆς Περσεφόνης. Μόλις τὴν εἶδες ἡ Δήμητρα, ἔτιλλε τὰς τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς της, καὶ ἔτυπτε ἀκαταπαύσ- τως τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ὥσαν νὰ εἶχε μάθη τότε πρῶτον τὸν στερμὸν καὶ ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Θυγατρός της. Ὅμως ἂν καὶ ἔμαθεν ὅτι ἡ Θυγάτηρ της ἐπάγη, δὲν ἠξεύρε ἔτι ποῦ ἐδείσκετο. Μέμφεται ὅλους τοὺς τόπους, ἀπὸ τοὺς ὁποίους ἐπέρασε, τοὺς ὀνομάζει ἀχαρίστους, καὶ ἀναξίους νὰ ἀπολαμβάνωσιν ἔτι πλέον τὰ δῶρα της καὶ τὰς εὐεργεσίας της. Περισσότερον ὅμως ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους τόπους ὀργίζεται τῇ Σικελίᾳ, ὅστις εἶχεν εὑρῆ τὰ σημεῖα τῆς ἁρπαγῆς. Ἔθου διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ κατὰ τινα τρόπον, ἐσύντριψεν ὅλα τὰ ἄροτρα, καὶ ἐξανάτω- σεν ὅλας τὰς γεωργούς, ἢ τὰ ζῶα, ὅσα ὑπηρέτουν εἰς τὸ γεωργεῖν. Ἐπρόσταξε καὶ τὴν γῆν νὰ μὴ ἀποδίδῃ τὰ ὅσα ἐδέχετο ἐν ἑαυτῇ ὡς εἰς παρακαταθήκην, καὶ διέφθειρε ὅλα τὰ σπαρτὰ, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἠλπίζετο πλούσιος θερισμός. Ἡ φύσει ἐκείνη πλουσία, ἡ πληθύνουσα τοὺς καρπούς, ἦ πάντοχόθεν διαχεομένη, ἐν ἁκαρεῖ ἐμαράνθη· τὰ γεννήματα διεφθάρησαν εἰς κάθε μέρος, τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς βροχάς, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ ἀνυδρίαν, καὶ ἄλλα ἀπὸ τοὺς σφοδροὺς ἀνέμους. Μόλις ἐσπείροντο, ἢ ἐγίνοντο βορὴ τῶν πετεινῶν, καὶ τὸ ἐνα- πολειφθὲν, ἐπήγετο ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ χόρτα, εἰς τὰ ὁ- ποῖα ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι ἐμεταμορφώθη. Τότε ἡ Ἀρε- θοῦσα, ἀναδύουσα ἀπὸ τὰ νερὰ της, καὶ ῥίψασα τὰ βεβρεγμένα μαλλία της εἰς τὴν πλάτην „ὦ Θεὰ, „ εἶπες, ὦ μήτ

Tum caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis
rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures
atque ait: “O toto quaesitae virginis orbe
490et frugum genetrix, inmensos siste labores
neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae.
Terra nihil meruit patuitque invita rapinae.
Nec sum pro patria supplex: huc hospita veni;
Pisa mihi patria est et ab Elide ducimus ortus;
495Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni
haec mihi terra solo est: hos nunc Arethusa penates,
hanc habeo sedem: quam tu, mitissima, serva.
Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas
advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora
500tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata
et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus
praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas
hic caput attollo desuetaque sidera cerno.
Ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor,
505visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris:
illa quidem tristis neque adhuc interrita vultu,
sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,
sed tamen inferni pollens matrona tyranni.”
Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces
510attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore
pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus oras
exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu
ante Iovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis
“pro” que “meo veni supplex tibi, Iuppiter” inquit,
515“sanguine proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris,
nata patrem moveat, neu sit tibi cura, precamur,
vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu.
En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est,
si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si
520scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus,
dummodo reddat eam: neque enim praedone marito
filia digna tua est, si iam mea filia non est.”
Iuppiter excepit: “Commune est pignus onusque
nata mihi tecum. Sed si modo nomina rebus
525addere vera placet, non hoc iniuria factum,
verum amor est; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori,
tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est
esse Iovis fratrem! — Quid quod non cetera desunt
nec cedit nisi sorte mihi? sed tanta cupido
530si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum,
lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic
ore cibos; nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.”
“For this the Nymph, Alpheian, raised her head
above Elean waves; and having first
pushed back her dripping tresses from her brows,
back to her ears, she thus began to speak;
‘O mother of the virgin, sought throughout
the globe! O mother of nutritious fruits!
Let these tremendous labours have an end;
do not increase the violence of thy wrath
against the Earth, devoted to thy sway,
and not deserving blame; for only force
compelled the Earth to open for that wrong.
Think not my supplication is to aid
my native country; hither I am come
an alien: Pisa is my native land,
and Elis gave me birth. Though I sojourn
a stranger in this isle of Sicily
it yet delights me more than all the world.
‘I, Arethusa, claim this isle my home,
and do implore thee keep my throne secure,
O greatest of the Gods! A better hour,
when thou art lightened of thy cares, will come,
and when thy countenance again is kind;
and then may I declare what cause removed
me from my native place—and through the waves
of such a mighty ocean guided me
to find Ortygia.
‘Through the porous earth
by deepest caverns, I uplift my head
and see unwonted stars. Now it befell,
as I was gliding far beneath the world,
where flow dark Stygian streams, I saw
thy Proserpine. Although her countenance
betrayed anxiety and grief, a queen She reigned
supremely great in that opacous world
queen consort mighty to the King of Hell.’
“Astonished and amazed, as thunderstruck,
when Proserpina's mother heard these words,
long while she stood till great bewilderment
gave way to heavy grief. Then to the skies,
ethereal, she mounted in her car
and with beclouded face and streaming hair
stood fronting Jove, opprobrious. ‘I have come
O Jupiter, a suppliant to thee,
both for my own offspring as well as thine.
If thy hard heart deny a mother grace,
yet haply as a father thou canst feel
some pity for thy daughter; and I pray
thy care for her may not be valued less
because my groaning travail brought her forth.—
My long-sought daughter has at last been found,
if one can call it, found, when certain loss
more certain has been proved; or so may deem
the knowledge of her state.—But I may bear
his rude ways, if again he bring her back.
‘Thy worthy child should not be forced to wed
a bandit-chief, nor should my daughter's charms
reward his crime.’ She spoke;—and Jupiter
took up the word; ‘This daughter is a care,
a sacred pledge to me as well as thee;
but if it please us to acknowledge truth,
this is a deed of love and injures not.
And if, O goddess, thou wilt not oppose,
such law-son cannot compass our disgrace:
for though all else were wanting, naught can need
Jove's brother, who in fortune yields to none
save me. But if thy fixed desire compel
Calliope sings: Ceres asks Jupiter�s help

��Then Arethusa, once of Elis, whom Alpheus loved, lifted her head from her pool, and brushed the wet hair from her forehead, saying �O great goddess of the crops, mother of that virgin sought through all the earth, end your fruitless efforts, and do not anger yourself so deeply against the faithful land. The land does not deserve it: it opened to the rape against its will. It is not my country, I pray for: I came here as a stranger. Pisa is my country, and Elis is my source. I am a foreigner in Sicily, but its soil is more to me than other lands. Here is my home: here are my household gods. Most gentle one, preserve it. A fitting time will come for me to tell you, how I moved from my country, and came to Ortygia, over such a great expanse of sea, when you are free of care, and of happier countenance. The fissured earth showed me a way, and slipping below the deepest caverns, here, I lifted up my head, and saw the unfamiliar stars.

���So, while I glided underground down there, among Stygian streams, with these very eyes, I saw your Proserpine. She was sad indeed, but, though her face was fearful still, she was nevertheless a queen, the greatest one among the world of shadows, the powerful consort, nevertheless, of the king of hell!� The mother was stunned to hear these words, as if petrified, and was, for a long time, like someone thunderstruck, until the blow of deep amazement became deep indignation. She rose, in her chariot, to the realms of heaven. There, her whole face clouded with hate, she appeared before Jove with dishevelled hair.

���Jupiter I have come to you in entreaty for my child and for your own� she cried. �If the mother finds no favour with you, let the daughter move you, and do not let your concern for her be less, I beg you, because I gave her birth. See, the daughter I have searched for so long, has been found, if you call it finding to lose her more surely, if you call it finding merely to know where she is. I can bear the fact that she has been raped, if he will only return her! A spoiler is not worthy to be the husband of your daughter, even if she is no longer my daughter.� Jupiter replied �Our child is a pledge and a charge, between us, you and I. But if only we are willing to give things their right names, the thing is not an insult in itself: the truth is it is love. He would not be a shameful son-in-law for us, if only you would wish it, goddess. How great a thing it is to be Jupiter�s brother, even if all the rest is lacking! Why, what if there is nothing lacking at all, except what he yielded to me by lot? But if you have such a great desire to separate them, Proserpine shall return to heaven, but on only one condition, that no food has touched her lips, since that is the law, decreed by the Fates.�

„ τὴν ὁποῖαν ἐζήτησας εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅλον, παύ- „ σαι ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγάλους κόπης σας, ἢ μὴ ὀργισθῆς „ μίαν χώραν, ἡ ὁποῖα πάσχει σοὶ ὑπὲρ τίνος· αὕτη ἡ „ χώρα δὲν εἶναι ὑπόλογος, ἀλλὰ συνεκῶς τὴν λαμπρότητά „ μὲ σὸν ἀνύψωμα τῆς δυναμέως τοῦ ἁρπαγέως τῆς Θυ- „ γατρός σε. Μὴ θαρρήσῃς ὅτι λαλῶ ὡς παρακαλῶ- „ σε πρὸς χάριν τῆς πατρίδος μου· ὄχι, ἐγὼ ἦλθα ἐ- „ δῶ ἀπὸ ἄλλον κόσμον· ἐπειδὴ ὁ τόπος τῆς γεννή- „ σέως μου εἶναι ἡ Πῖσα, τὸ δὲ γένος μου κατάγεται „ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, ἢ μόνον ὡς ξένη διαβίβῳ εἰς „ τὴν Σικελίαν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ εὖρον τὸν τόπον τόσον „ χαρμόσυνον, ἐδῶ ἀνεχώρησα, ἢ τόσον ἐκλεξα πρὸς „ κατοικίαν μου. Σὲ παρακαλῶ, μεγίστη Θεά, ἵνα διά- „ φυλάξῃς αὐτὴν τὴν χώραν, ἡ ὁποῖα βέβαια δὲν σοὶ „ ἔπταισε. Δὲν εἶναι πῶρα καιρὸ νὰ σοὶ εἰπῶ διά „ τι ἄλλαξα τόπον, ἢ πῶς ἦλθα ἐδῶ διὰ τῶν ὑδάτων „ τῆς Θαλάσσης. Θέλω σοὶ διηγηθῆ τὰ κατ' ἐμὲ ὅταν „ ἡσυχάσῃ τὸ πνεῦμά σας, ἢ δυνηθῆς ἵνα μὲ ἀκροάσῃς „ καλλίτερα. Ἐν τοσούτῳ θέλω σὲ εἰπῆ μόνον ὅτι ἡ „ γῆ μὲ ἀνοίγει δρόμον διὰ τὰ μεγίστου σώματός της, ἢ „ ἀφ' οὗ διέβω τὰ βαθύτερα τῆς γῆς, ἐδῶ ὑψόνω „ τὴν κεφαλὴν, ἢ βλέπω τὰ ἄστρα. Οὕτω διαβαίνου- „ σα πλησίον τῆς Στυγὸς, εἶδα τὴν ποθεινοτάτην σου „ Περσεφόνην, ἡ ὁποῖα ἦταν ἀληθινὰ σκυθρωπή, ἢ „ ἐδείκνυεν ὡς ἐμπεπληγμένη τὸ πρόσωπον· ἀλλ' ἦταν „ μεγίστη Βασιλίσσα τοῦ σκοτεινοῦ Κόσμου, ἢ κρατεῖ „ πυέλα, ἢ κυρία τοῦ καταχθονίου τυράννου„. Αὕτη ἡ διήγησις ἔκαμε τὴν Δήμητραν ἵνα μείνῃ ἄφωνος πολλὴν ὥραν, ἢ ἀπήντητος ὥσπερ σκόπελος· τελευταῖον δὲ, κα- θὼς ἀπὸ μίαν ἀμέτρητον λύπην, συνεχῶς κατασπ

δράξιον τις τὸ ἀχανὲς διάσημα τοῦ ἀέρος, μὲ ἀνεδόχυπτα πανύπτα, καὶ ἐπαράσθη εἰς τὸν Δία, μὲ πολλὰ δάκρυα εἰς τὰ ὄμματα, καὶ τὰ μαλλία ἀμελῶς ἐσκορπισμένα εἰς τὰς ὤμας της, καὶ μὲ ὅλα τὰ σημεῖα, ὅσα ἡ λύπη δύναται νὰ ἐγχαράξῃ εἰς πρόσωπον· καὶ „ ὦ Ζεῦ, τὸ λέγει, μὴ παραβλέψῃς σὲ παρακαλῶ, „ τὸν θρήνον μου, καὶ τὰς δεήσεις μου ὑπὲρ τὸ αἵματός „ μας, καὶ τὰ ἐδικά σου· καὶ ἂν ἡ μήτηρ δὲν δύναται νὰ „ ἐπιτύχῃ τίποτε ἀπὸ λόγου σου, ἂς ἡ δυστυχία τῆς „ Θυγατρὸς, ἂς παρακινήσῃ εἰς ἔλεος τὸν πατέρα, εἰς „ τὸν ὁποῖον δὲν πρέπει νὰ εἶναι ὁλιγώτερον ποθητὸν, „ ἂν δὲν ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τὴν δυστυχῆ μητέρα, τὴν κατακειμένην εἰς τὰ γόνατά σου. Τὴν ἐξήτησα παντοχοῦ, „ καὶ τέλος εὗρον αὐτήν, ἂν ὅμως δύνασαι νὰ ὀνομάσῃς „ εὕρεσιν τοῦτο τὸ νὰ ἐξεβαιώθην μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν ἔνθρωσιν της, ἢ εὕρεσιν, τὸ νὰ ἔμαθον μόνον ποῦ εὑρίσκεται. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο θέλω ὑποφέρῃ τὴν ἀρπαγήν „ της, ἐὰν μοι ἀποδοθῇ πάλιν. Ἡ Θυγάτηρ σου (διότι δὲν ἀξίζω νὰ τῆς εἴπω θυγατὴρ μας) ἔπρεπεν ἄπαντες νὰ ἀξιωθῇ ἄλλης τύχης, καὶ ὄχι νὰ γίνῃ γυνὴ ἑνὸς ἁρπάγος "· Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς ἀποκρινόμενος εἶπεν· „ ἡ Θυγάτηρ σου εἶναι ὁ ἀρραβὼν τῆς ἀγάπης μας, καὶ ἡ λύπη τῆς δυστυχίας της εἶναι κοινὴ καὶ „ εἰς ἐμέ. Πλὴν ἂν θέλωμεν νὰ μεθίσταμεν καθὼς „ πρέπει τὰ πράγματα, αὐτὴ ἡ ἁρπαγὴ δὲν εἶναι ὕβρις, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τεκμήριον ἀγάπης, καὶ δὲν μᾶς „ εἶναι μεγάλη ἐντροπὴ τὸ νὰ ἔχωμεν παρόμοιον γαμβρόν. Ὑπόθεσαι νὰ ὑστερῇ ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλο προτέρημα· ἀρά γε σοῦ φαίνεται μικρὰ ἀξία νὰ εἶναι ἀδελφὸς τοῦ Διός, Τί ἀρά γε τὸ λέγεις; ποῖα

ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε. 287

Περί τῶν Σειρήνων.

Αἱ Σειρῆνες, αἱ θυγατέρες τοῦ Ἀχελώου, καὶ τῆς Μελποιμένης Μούσης, ἢ τῆς Καλλιόπης, ὡς πισταί ὑπαδοί τῆς Περσεφόνης, κατελήφθησαν εἰς τὴν, κατὰ τὸν χρόνον τῆς Θεοῦ ἁρπαγῆς των, καὶ τότε ἐν θὺ ἐδόθησαν εἰς αὐτάς, διὰ νὰ ζητήσουν ἐκείνην διὰ ξηρᾶς· καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης.

Πικρῶς ἐπαιδεύθη ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος διὰ τὴν ἀδιαίρετον του· ἀλλὰ πόθεν προερχέται ὅτι ἡ σεῖς, ὦ θυγατέρες τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ἔχετε πόδας ὡς πτηνὰ ὀρνέων, πρόσωπον δὲ καὶ φωνὴν κορασίων; Μήπως, ὡραῖαι Σειρῆνες, διότι ἐσυνοδεύετε τὴν Περσεφόνην ὅταν ἐπαίζετε μετ' αὐτῆς εἰς τὰ ὑψώματα τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τὰ ἄνθη; Ἀφοῦ ἐζήτησατε παντοῦ γῆς, ἐποθήσατε πτέρυγας, διὰ νὰ σᾶς χρησιμεύσωσιν ἀντὶ κωπίων, ὡς νὰ πέτετε ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, καὶ νὰ ἔχητε μάρτυρας τῆς ἀθυμίας ὡς θλίψεώς σας ὡς τὴν θάλασσαν. Αὐτῆς λοιπὸν τῆς ἀγάπης σας εἰσήκουσαν οἱ Θεοί, καὶ ἐκαλύφθητε ἀπὸ πτερὰ, διὰ νὰ πέτετε ὀλίγωρα, κατὰ τὸν πόθον σας. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ χαθῆ ἐκείνη ἡ θαυμασία φωνή, ἡ ὁποία σᾶς ἐχαρίσθη διὰ νὰ ἦδε τὸ θέλγητρον ὡς ἡ χαρμοσύνη τῆς ἀκοῆς, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ στερηθῆ τῆς λαλιᾶς ἡ μεγάλη ὡμορφιά σας, τὸ πρόσωπον, καὶ ἡ φωνή σας ἔμειναν ἀπαράλλακτα ὡς μετὰ τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν σας.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Προείπον ἐς σὺ μέρος ἦς Ἐξηγήσεων τῶν ἀπὶ, ὅταν ὁ λόγος ἀποβλέπῃ τὴν Ἰσχείαν, εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ φέρῃ τις εἰς μέσον ἰσοτέραν τι. Λέγω λοιπόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τινες ἄλλοι, ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ποσὰ βασιλίσσαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἀξιοσάδες Νησία εἶναι πλησίον τῆς Ἰσχείας εἰς τὸ ὕψος, ὅπου εἶναι κρισμένη ἡ Νεάπολις μὲ τὸ Ἀκρωτήριον τῆς Ἀθῆς. Ἢ διὰ τὸ οἱ ὕψος αὐτοὶ ὠνομάτισαν σκόπελοι ἦς Σειρήνων. Ἐπειδὴ ἐλέγετο τῆς ἐπιστήματος, ἔκτισον Σχολείον ἐπάνω εἰς ἐκείνο τὸ τόπῳ. τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἄρχοντο συναχύδεν μαθηταὶ νὰ ἀπουδάζωσι. Ποῦ ἔκλιδη, Ἀχιλλὲς, ὅτι τὸ Σχολείον ἦταν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς αὐτόν, ὡς θέσα ἦς Ἐπισήμων. Τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἐκείνο ἔγνε ἴσοον ὀνοματοον, ὡς ἡ ἐν αὐτῇ ἀκμάζουσα αὐλλοττία, καὶ μαθήσις, ἔδωκαν ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μύθον στῆς ἠδυροσίας ἦς Σειρήνων. Μαρτυρεῖ τῷ ὁ Ὅμηρος ἀποδίδοντας εἰς τὰς Σειρήνας τὴν ἀρετὴν ἢ σοφίαν ἦς Μασῶν, κάδως ἢ τῶ γνώσιν τῆς Ἰσχείας, καὶ ἦς φυσικῆν πραγμάτων, καὶ τῆς τέχνης τῆς Μυσικῆς· διὰ ἦς ὁποῖες ἐνγοεῖ τὴν αὐθλοττίαν. Ἀφ' ὃ δὲ ἱκανόν καλοῦ παρεώδδετο εἰς τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἐκεῖο αἱ Ἐπισήμαι, ἄρχοσε νὰ ἀμελοῦνται ἀπὸ τῆς μετακχυέσερος, καὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν, ὁ ὕψος αὐτὸ ὁ συνηθεῖς φροῦ ἦγε σκολεοῦ φθαρὲς, ἀσελγείας, ἦς παρὰ τὰ ἔργα τῶν Ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ἐκειστε χέων ἀυδῆς ἀποσελλόμενοι νέοι, ἔυθερον τῶν κάμων, ἢ τὰ χρήμαια εἰς ἐιοποίαν, καὶ εἰς γυναῖκας, καὶ ἀπὸ νὰ ἐπίσρέψαν εἰς τοῦ παθῆδα τῶν πλούσιοι ἀπὸ ἐπιστήματος, ἐπίσσρεψον πάντοι ἢ ἀπὸ μάθησιν, καὶ ἀπὸ ἀργύετα. Διὰ τὸ ἄρχησε νὰ συσφημέινται τὸ Σχολείον, καὶ ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μῦθ

Dixerat. At Cereri certum est educere natam.
Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam ieiunia virgo
535solverat et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis,
Poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum
sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana
presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud
Ascalaphus vidit, quem quondam dicitur Orphne,
540inter Avernales haud ignotissima nymphas,
ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris:
vidit et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.
Ingemuit regina Erebi testemque profanam
fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha
545in rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit.
Ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur in alis,
inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues
vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas:
foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus,
550ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen.
Hic tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri
commeruisse potest: vobis, Acheloides, unde
pluma pedesque avium, cum virginis ora geratis?
an quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores,
555in comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis?
Quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe,
protinus, ut vestram sentirent aequora curam,
posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis
optastis, facilesque deos habuistis et artus
560vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis.
Ne tamen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures
tantaque dos oris linguae deperderet usum,
virginei vultus et vox humana remansit.
At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis
565Iuppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum.
Nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum,
cum matre est totidem, totidem cum coniuge menses.
Vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris:
nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri,
570laeta deae frons est, ut sol, qui tectus aquosis
nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit.
dissent, let Proserpine return to Heaven;
however, subject to the binding law,
if there her tongue have never tasted food—
a sure condition, by the Fates decreed.’
he spoke; but Ceres was no less resolved
to lead her daughter thence.
“Not so the Fates
permit.—The virgin, thoughtless while she strayed
among the cultivated Stygian fields,
had broken fast. While there she plucked the fruit
by bending a pomegranate tree, and plucked,
and chewed seven grains, picked from the pallid rind;
and none had seen except Ascalaphus—
him Orphne, famed of all Avernian Nymphs,
had brought to birth in some infernal cave,
days long ago, from Acheron's embrace—
he saw it, and with cruel lips debarred
young Proserpine's return. Heaving a sigh,
the Queen of Erebus, indignant changed
that witness to an evil bird: she turned
his head, with sprinkled Phlegethonian lymph,
into a beak, and feathers, and great eyes;
his head grew larger and his shape, deformed,
was cased in tawny wings; his lengthened nails
bent inward;—and his sluggish arms
as wings can hardly move. So he became
the vilest bird; a messenger of grief;
the lazy owl; sad omen to mankind.
“The telltale's punishment was only just;
O Siren Maids, but wherefore thus have ye
the feet and plumes of birds, although remain
your virgin features? Is it from the day
when Proserpina gathered vernal flowers;
because ye mingled with her chosen friends?
And after she was lost, in vain ye sought
through all the world; and wished for wings to waft
you over the great deep, that soon the sea
might feel your great concern.—The Gods were kind:
ye saw your limbs grow yellow, with a growth
of sudden-sprouting feathers; but because
your melodies that gently charm the ear,
besides the glory of your speech, might lose
the blessing, of a tongue, your virgin face
and human voice remained.
“But Jupiter,
the mediator of these rival claims,
urged by his brother and his grieving sister,
divided the long year in equal parts.
Now Proserpina, as a Deity,
of equal merit, in two kingdoms reigns:—
for six months with her mother she abides,
and six months with her husband.—Both her mind
and her appearance quickly were transformed;
for she who seemed so sad in Pluto's eyes,
now as a goddess beams in joyful smiles;
so, when the sun obscured by watery mist
conquers the clouds, it shines in splendour forth.
Calliope sings: Persephone�s fate����

��He spoke, and Ceres felt sure of regaining her daughter. But the Fates would not allow it, for the girl had broken her fast, and wandering, innocently, in a well-tended garden, she had pulled down a reddish-purple pomegranate fruit, hanging from a tree, and, taking seven seeds from its yellow rind, squeezed them in her mouth. Ascalaphus was the only one to see it, whom, it is said, Orphne bore, to her Acheron, in the dark woods, she not the least known of the nymphs of Avernus. He saw, and by his cruel disclosure, prevented Proserpine�s return. ������������ Then the queen of Erebus grieved, and changed the informant into a bird of ill omen: she sprinkled his head with water from the Phlegethon, and changed him to a beak, plumage, and a pair of huge eyes. Losing his own form he is covered by his tawny wings, and looks like a head, and long, curving claws. He scarcely stirs the feathers growing on his idle wings. He has become an odious bird, a messenger of future disaster, the screech owl, torpid by day, a fearful omen to mortal creatures.

��He indeed can be seen to have deserved his punishment, because of his disclosure and his words. But why have you, Sirens, skilled in song, daughters of Achelo�s, the feathers and claws of birds, while still bearing human faces? Is it because you were numbered among the companions, when Proserpine gathered the flowers of Spring? When you had searched in vain for her on land, you wanted, then, to cross the waves on beating wings, so that the waters would also know of your trouble. The gods were willing, and suddenly you saw your limbs covered with golden plumage. But, so that your song, born, sweetly, in our ears, and your rich vocal gift, might not be lost with your tongues, each virgin face and human voice remained.

��Now Jupiter, intervening, between his brother and grieving sister, divides the turning year, equally. And now the goddess, Persephone, shared divinity of the two kingdoms, spends so many months with her mother, so many months with her husband. The aspect of her face and mind alters in a moment. Now the goddess�s looks are glad that even Dis could see were sad, a moment ago. Just as the sun, hidden, before, by clouds of rain, wins through and leaves the clouds.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 289

Ὁ Ἀρχίππης ἐς τὸ ι'. Βιβλ. περὶ ἰχθύων γράφει ὅτι εἶναι τόποι τινὲς ἐς τὴν Θάλασσαν περιεκλεισμένοι ὡς οἱ κόλποι μεταξὺ τῆς γῆς, ὅπου τὰ κύματα ὠθούμενα ἀπὸ τῆς ἀέρος σωρεύονται, ἢ ποιοῦσιν ἦχόν τινα εὐαρμόνιον· ὅθεν οἱ πλέοντες παρακινοῦνται νὰ πλησιάσουν διὰ νὰ ἴδωσι τί εἶναι ἐκεῖ, καὶ πνίγονται ἐς ἐκεῖνα τὰ νερὰ, ἐπεὶ πάντοτε θερμαινόμενα, ἢ βράζουν ἀκατάπαυστα. Ἴσως τοῦτο ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν τῇ Μύθῳ.

Ἄλλος δέ τις γράφει ἀξιοπιστότερόν τι, ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ἦσαν ὡραῖαι γυναῖκες ἀσέλγειες, αἱ ὁποῖαι κατώκησαν ἐς τὴν αἰγιαλὴν τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἢ ἔθελγον μὲ τὴν γλυκύτητα τῆς φωνῆς των τοὺς πλέοντας πρὸς ἐκεῖνα τὰ μέρη, ἢ τοὺς ἐκράτησαν ἐκεῖ ἐς κεφαλισμὸν ἢ ἡδονὴν ἕως ὅπου τοὺς ἐγύμνωσαν, ἢ τοὺς ἔφερον εἰς παντελῆ ἔνδειαν. Διὰ τοῦτο μυθεύεται ὅτι ὅσοι ἐνικῶντο ἀπὸ τὰ τραγούδια τῆς Σειρήνων, ἐνταφύλλιον ἢ ἐπήγαινον εἰς ἀνάγκην.

Ἕτεροι λέγουσιν ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ἦσαν πτηνὰ τῆς Ἰνδίας, τὰ ὁποῖα θέλγουσι μὲ τὴν γλυκύτητα τῆς φωνῆς των τοὺς πλέοντας εἰς τὸ παραθαλάσσιον, τῆς θαλάσσης μὲ τὴν μελῳδίαν αὐτῶν, ἢ ἔχουν αὐτὰς ἢ γυναῖκες. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ὁδυσσεὺς πράγματι κατὰ τὸν Περσίου Ποητὴν διὰ τῆς Σειρήνων δὲν ἐννοεῖ τόσον ἀσέμνους γυναῖκας, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὀκνηρίαν. Vitanda est improba Siren Desidia. Φευκτέα ἐστὶν ἡ πονηρὰ Σειρὴν ἡ Ῥᾳθυμία.

Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι διὰ τῆς σειρήνων εἰκονίζονται αἱ ἡδοναί, ἢ μᾶλλον αὐταὶ δελγητρα· καὶ ὡς βεβαίωσιν τῆς γνώμης μου, λέγονται θυγατέρες τῆς Μουσῶν, καὶ τοῦ Ἀχελώου· ἐπειδὴ διὰ τῆς Μουσῶν σημαίνεται ἡ ἡδονὴ ἢ γλυκύτης, ἡ θέλγουσα ἡμᾶς, ἢ διὰ τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ὅστις ἐμεταμορφοῦτο εἰς ταῦρον, ζῶον ἀσελγές, δηλοῦται αὐτὴ ἡ ἀσέλγεια. Λέγεται ὅτι μᾶς φέρουσιν εἰς ἀπώλειαν, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' ὧν ἠδύνοντο νὰ ἐξυπνῶσιν, ἐποίουν νὰ κοιμηθῶσι, καὶ νὰ μεταφέρωνται μὲ βαθύτατον ὕπνον· διότι κατὰ οἱ κοιμώμενοι, οὕτω καὶ οἱ τῆς ἡδονῆς δοῦλοι, εἶναι νεκροί. Λέγεται ἀκόμη ὅτι εἰδώλειον τῆς ἀναδόσεως, ἤγουν διὰ νὰ νοηθῆναι ὅτι κακὸν εἶναι ἡ ἐμπιστία τῶν κολάκων, ἀποκλίνουσα ἀπὸ τῆς γνησίας φιλίας· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ κόλαξ εἶναι ἀρεσκώτερος ἀπὸ τοῦ νουθετοῦντα καὶ διδάσκοντα τὰ καλά, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ κόλακες προτιμῶνται ἀπὸ τῆς γνησίας φιλίας.

Καθὼς αἱ Σειρῆνες ἐξῆλλον ᾠδωδίᾳ, πᾶ ἀρεσώτερα εἰς ἐκείνης, τῆς ὁποίας ἤξευον νὰ πηγὴν· ἕτσι ὡς οἱ κόλακες δὲν λέγουσιν εἰμὴ ὅσα εἶναι κατὰ τὴν ἀρέσκειαν καὶ κατὰ τὸ πάθος τῆς κολακευομένων, διὰ νὰ τῆς ἀπατήσωσι. Λαλοῦσι περὶ ἔρωτος μὲ τὸν φιλοδόξον, περὶ δόξης καὶ μεγαλείου ἀπὸ τὸν φιλοδόξου· ὑπερψυχῶσι τὰ παράμικρα ἔργα τῆς ἀγαπώντων τῆς ἐπαίνης· ὡς οἱ λόγοι λαλοῦσι πάντοτε ἀπὸ γλυκύ· ὡς ὥσπερ αἱ Σειρῆνες, ἕτσι ὡς οἱ κόλακες ἀφανίζουσι πολλάκις τοὺς ἀκροωμένους μὲ λόγοια των· ἐπειδὴ μόλις δὲ μετὰ τῆς των κολακείας, ἀρχίζει νὰ ἀφορρύπτῃ τὴν φιλίαν, τὴν διασκέδασιν, καὶ τὴν εὐθυκρασίαν. Καὶ καθ᾿ ὁποῖον τῶν κ᾿ ἄλλα τῆς σωτηρίαν, ἃ παραδίδῃ ἀφ᾿ χεῖρας εἰς χεῖρας τῦ ἐχθρόντος, δηλαδὴ τῆς κολάκου, ποῖος δὲν ἀπελπίζεται διὰ τὴν δόξαν, ἢ εὐτυχίαν του.

Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἀρκεῖ, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται, νὰ ὡμιλήσωμεν περὶ τῦ Σειρήνων, ὥστε νὰ ἀναφέρωμεν ὡς αἴτιον, δι᾿ ὃ πλάττουνται ὁμοῦ σοὶ τῆς Περσεφόνης. Εἴπομεν ἀνώτερον ὅτι δι᾿ αὐτῆς τῆς Θεᾶς δηλοῦνται ἡ ἀδυναμία, καὶ διὰ τῦ Σειρήνων ἡ ἡδονή. ὥστως εὐκόλως συμπεραίνεται ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μύθου, ἀποδεικνύνται ὅτι ἡ ἡδυπάθεια ἀκολουθεῖ πάντοτε τὴν ἀδυναμίαν, καὶ ἂν δὲν εὕρῃ αὐτὴν, διατρέχει ἀσμένως ὅλα τὰ πελάγη, διὰ νὰ τὴν ἐπιτύχῃ, ὡς ἕτσι νὰ χρήσῃ, ἢ νὰ συζήσῃ. Καὶ βέβαια πᾶν ἐφάνησαν χωρὶς μεταξύ

ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 291

Περὶ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης, καὶ περὶ τῆ Ἀλφεῦ ποταμοῦ.

Ὁ Ζεὺς φιλώνας τὸν Πλούτωνα μὲ τὴν Δήμητραν, καὶ αὕτη ἡ Θέα, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἠσύχασε, μανθάνει ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν τίνι τρόπῳ μετεβλήθη εἰς πηγήν.

Ὁ Ζεὺς ἔγινε διαλλάκτης τῆς διαφορᾶς μεταξὺ τοῦ Πλούτωνος καὶ τῆς Δημήτρας, καὶ διεμοίρασεν εἰς αὐτοῖς τὸν χρόνον εἰς δύο, ὥστε ἡ Περσεφόνη νὰ διαζῇ ἓξ μήνας μὲ τὴν μητέρα της, καὶ ἄλλους ἓξ μὲ τὸν ἄνδρα της. Εὐθὺς ἡ Θέα, ἡ ὁποία πρὸ ὀλίγου εἶχε φανῆ συνθρανή ὡς καὶ εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ ἄδυτα ὄμματα, ἤλλαξε πρόσωπον καὶ διάθεσιν, τὸ ἔδειξε μεγάλην φαιδρότητα, παρομοιάζουσα τὸν Ἥλιον, ὅταν προβαίνῃ ἀπὸ τὰ σύννεφα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἔκρυπτον τὸ φῶς του καὶ τὴν λαμπρότητά του. Οὕτως ἡ Δήμητρα, εὐχαριστημένη διὰ τὴν τύχην τῆς Θυγατρὸς της, καὶ ἀλησμονήσασα τὴν προτέραν λύπην, ἠθέλησε νὰ μάθῃ παρὰ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης διὰ τί ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὴν πατρίδα της, καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ ἔγινε πηγή. Εὐθὺς ἐχαμίλωσαν τὰ ὕδατα της, καὶ ἡ Θέα ἐσήκωσεν ἔξω ἕως εἰς τὴν μέσην, καὶ ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐστέγνωσε τὰ μαλλία της, ἄρχισε νὰ διηγῆται εἰς τὴν Δήμητραν τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦ Ἀλφείου ποταμοῦ. „Ἐγὼ ἤμην,

Exigit alma Ceres, nata secura recepta,
quae tibi causa fugae, cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons.
Conticuere undae: quarum dea sustulit alto
575fonte caput viridesque manu siccata capillos
fluminis Elei veteres narravit amores.
“Pars ego nympharum quae sunt in Achaide” dixit,
“una fui, nec me studiosius altera saltus
legit nec posuit studiosius altera casses.
580Sed quamvis formae numquam mihi fama petita est,
quamvis fortis eram, formosae nomen habebam.
Nec mea me facies nimium laudata iuvabat,
quaque aliae gaudere solent, ego rustica dote
corporis erubui, crimenque placere putavi.
585Lassa revertebar (memini) Stymphalide silva:
aestus erat, magnumque labor geminaverat aestum.
Invenio sine vertice aquas, sine murmure euntes,
perspicuas ad humum, per quas numerabilis alte
calculus omnis erat, quas tu vix ire putares.
590Cana salicta dabant nutritaque populus unda
sponte sua natas ripis declivibus umbras.
Accessi primumque pedis vestigia tinxi,
poplite deinde tenus: neque eo contenta, recingor
molliaque impono salici velamina curvae
595nudaque mergor aquis. Quas dum ferioque trahoque
mille modis labens excussaque bracchia iacto,
nescio quod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur
territaque insisto propioris margine ripae.
“Quo properas, Arethusa?” suis Alpheus ab undis,
600“quo properas?” iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore.
Sicut eram, fugio sine vestibus: altera vestes
ripa meas habuit. Tanto magis instat et ardet,
et quia nuda fui, sum visa paratior illi.
Sic ego currebam, sic me ferus ille premebat,
605ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae,
ut solet accipiter trepidas urgere columbas.
Usque sub Orchomenon Psophidaque Cyllenenque
Maenaliosque sinus gelidumque Erymanthon et Elin
currere sustinui; nec me velocior ille.
610Sed tolerare diu cursus ego, viribus impar,
non poteram: longi patiens erat ille laboris.
Per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes,
saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla, cucurri.
Sol erat a tergo: vidi praecedere longam
615ante pedes umbram, nisi si timor illa videbat;
sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat et ingens
crinales vittas adflabat anhelitus oris.
Fessa labore fugae “fer opem, deprendimur” inquam,
“armigerae, Diana, tuae, cui saepe dedisti
620ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela pharetra.”
Mota dea est spissisque ferens e nubibus unam
me super iniecit. Lustrat caligine tectam
amnis et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit.
Bisque locum, quo me dea texerat inscius ambit
625et bis “io Arethusa io Arethusa!” vocavit.
Quid mihi tunc animi miserae fuit? anne quod agnae est,
siqua lupos audit circum stabula alta frementes,
aut lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit
ora canum nullosque audet dare corpore motus?
630Non tamen abscedit: neque enim vestigia cernit
longius ulla pedum: servat nubemque locumque.
Occupat obsessos sudor mihi frigidus artus,
caeruleaeque cadunt toto de corpore guttae,
quaque pedem movi, manat lacus, eque capillis
635ros cadit, et citius, quam nunc tibi facta renarro,
in latices mutor. Sed enim cognoscit amatas
amnis aquas, positoque viri, quod sumpserat, ore
vertitur in proprias, ut se mihi misceat, undas.
Delia rupit humum; caecisque ego mersa cavernis
640advehor Ortygiam, quae me cognomine divae
grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras.”
“And genial Ceres, full of joy, that now
her daughter was regained, began to speak;
‘Declare the reason of thy wanderings,
O Arethusa! tell me wherefore thou
wert made a sacred stream.’ The waters gave
no sound; but soon that goddess raised her head
from the deep springs; and after sue had dried
her green hair with her hand, with fair address
she told the ancient amours of that stream
which flows through Elis.—‘I was one among
the Nymphs of old Achaia,’—so she said—
‘And none of them more eager sped than I,
along the tangled pathways; and I fixed
the hunting-nets with zealous care.—Although
I strove not for the praise that beauty gives,
and though my form was something stout for grace,
it had the name of being beautiful.
‘So worthless seemed the praise, I took no joy
in my appearance—as a country lass
I blushed at those endowments which would give
delight to others—even the power to please
seemed criminal.—And I remember when
returning weary from Stymphal fan woods,
and hot with toil, that made the glowing sun
seem twice as hot, I chanced upon a stream,
that flowed without a ripple or a sound
so smoothly on, I hardly thought it moved.
‘The water was so clear that one could see
and count the pebbles in the deepest parts,
and silver willows and tall poplar trees,
nourished by flowing waters, spread their shade
over the shelving banks. So I approached,
and shrinkingly touched the cool stream with my feet;
and then I ventured deeper to my knees;
and not contented doffed my fleecy robes,
and laid them on a bending willow tree.
Then, naked, I plunged deeply in the stream,
and while I smote the water with my hands,
and drew it towards me, striking boldly forth,
moving my body in a thousand ways,
I thought I heard a most unusual sound,
a murmuring noise beneath the middle stream.
‘Alarmed, I hastened to the nearest bank,
and as I stood upon its edge, these words
hoarsely Alpheus uttered from his waves;
‘Oh, whither dost thou hasten?’ and again,
‘Oh, whither dost thou hasten?’ said the voice.
‘Just as I was, I fled without my clothes,
for I had left them on the other bank;
which, when he saw, so much the more inflamed,
more swiftly he pursued: my nakedness
was tempting to his gaze. And thus I ran;
and thus relentlessly he pressed my steps:
so from the hawk the dove with trembling wings;
and so, the hawk pursues the frightened dove.
‘Swiftly and long I fled, with winding course,
to Orchamenus, Psophis and Cyllene,
and Maenalus and Erymanthus cold,
and Elis. Neither could he gain by speed,
although his greater strength must soon prevail,
for I not longer could endure the strain.
‘Still I sped onward through the fields and woods,
by tangled wilds and over rocks and crags;
and as I hastened from the setting sun,
I thought I saw a growing shadow move
beyond my feet; it may have been my fear
imagined it, but surely now I heard
the sound of footsteps: I could even feel
his breathing on the loose ends of my hair;
and I was terrified. At last, worn out
by all my efforts to escape, I cried;
‘Oh, help me—thou whose bow and quivered darts
I oft have borne—thy armour-bearer calls—
O chaste Diana help,—or I am lost.’
‘It moved the goddess, and she gathered up
a dense cloud, and encompassed me about.—
The baffled River circled round and round,
seeking to find me, hidden in that cloud—
twice went the River round, and twice cried out,
‘Ho, Arethusa! Arethusa, Ho!’
‘What were my wretched feelings then? Could I
be braver than the Iamb that hears the wolves,
howling around the high-protecting fold?
Or than the hare, which lurking in the bush
knows of the snarling hounds and dares not move?
And yet, Alpheus thence would not depart,
for he could find no footprints of my flight.
‘He watched the cloud and spot, and thus besieged,
a cold sweat gathered on my trembling limbs.
The clear-blue drops, distilled from every pore,
made pools of water where I moved my feet,
and dripping moisture trickled from my hair.—
Much quicker than my story could be told,
my body was dissolved to flowing streams.—
But still the River recognized the waves,
and for the love of me transformed his shape
from human features to his proper streams,
that so his waters might encompass mine.
‘Diana, therefore, opened up the ground,
in which I plunged, and thence through gloomy caves
was carried to Ortygia—blessed isle!
To which my chosen goddess gave her name!
Where first I rose amid the upper air!’
“Thus Arethusa made an end of speech:
and presently the fertile goddess yoked
two dragons to her chariot: she curbed
their mouths with bits: they bore her through the air,
Calliope sings: Arethusa�s story

��Ceres, kindly now, happy in the return of her daughter, asks what the cause of your flight was, Arethusa, and why you are now a sacred fountain. The waters fall silent while their goddess lifts her head from the deep pool, and wringing the water from her sea-green tresses, she tells of the former love of that river of Elis.

���I was one of the nymphs, that lived in Achaia,� she said �none of them keener to travel the woodland, none of them keener to set out the nets. But, though I never sought fame for my beauty, though I was wiry, my name was, the beautiful. Nor did my looks, praised too often, give me delight. I blushed like a simpleton at the gifts of my body, those things that other girls used to rejoice in. I thought it was sinful to please.

���Tired (I remember), I was returning, from the Stymphalian woods. It was hot, and my efforts had doubled the heat. I came to a river, without a ripple, hurrying on without a murmur, clear to its bed, in whose depths you could count every pebble: you would scarce think it moving. Silvery willows and poplars, fed by the waters, gave a natural shade to the sloping banks. Approaching I dipped my toes in, then as far as my knees, and not content with that I undressed, and draped my light clothes on a hanging willow, and plunged, naked, into the stream. While I gathered the water to me and splashed, gliding around in a thousand ways, and stretching out my arms to shake the water from them, I thought I heard a murmur under the surface, and, in fear, I leapt for the nearest bank of the flood.

����What are you rushing for, Arethusa?� Alpheus called from the waves. �Why are you rushing?� He called again to me, in a strident voice. Just as I was, I fled, without my clothes (I had left my clothes on the other bank): so much the more fiercely he pursued and burned, and being naked, I seemed readier for him. So I ran, and so he wildly followed, as doves fly from a hawk on flickering wings, as a hawk is used to chasing frightened doves. Even beyond Orchemenus, I still ran, by Psophis, and Cyllene, and the ridges of Maenalus, by chill Erymanthus, Elis, he no quicker than I. But I could not stay the course, being unequal in strength: he was fitted for unremitting effort. Still, across the plains, over tree-covered mountains, through rocks and crags, and where there was no path, I ran. The sun was at my back. I saw a long shadow stretching out before my feet, unless it was my fear that saw it, but certainly I feared the sound of feet, and the deep breaths from his mouth stirred the ribbons in my hair. Weary with the effort to escape him, I cried out �Help me: I will be taken. Diana, help the one who bore your weapons for you, whom you often gave your bow to carry, and your quiver with all its arrows!� The goddess was moved, and raising an impenetrable cloud, threw it over me.

���The river-god circled the concealing fog, and in ignorance searched about the hollow mist. Twice, without understanding, he rounded the place, where the goddess had concealed me, and twice called out �Arethusa, O Arethusa!� What wretched feelings were mine, then? Perhaps those the lamb has when it hears the wolves, howling round the high fold, or the hare, that, hidden in the briars, sees the dogs hostile muzzles, and does not dare to make a movement of its body? He did not go far: he could see no signs of my tracks further on: he observed the cloud and the place. Cold sweat poured down my imprisoned limbs, and dark drops trickled from my whole body. Wherever I moved my foot, a pool gathered, and moisture dripped from my hair, and faster than I can now tell the tale I turned to liquid. And indeed the river-god saw his love in the water, and putting off the shape of a man he had assumed, he changed back to his own watery form, and mingled with mine. The Delian goddess split the earth, and plunging down into secret caverns, I was brought here to Ortygia, dear to me, because it has the same name as my goddess, the ancient name, for Delos, where she was born, and this was the first place to receive me, into the clear air.�

μοῦν, εἴτε, ποτὲ μία ἐκ τοῦ πλήθμου τῶν Νυμφῶν τῆς Ἐλίδος· ἠγάπησε δὲ τὸ παιδίον ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν ἄλλην Νύμφην, καὶ ἔπλεκον τὰ δίκτυα μὲ περισσοτέραν ἐπιτηδειότητα. Ἂν καὶ δὲν ἤθελα παντελῶς νὰ τιμῶμαι διὰ τὴν ὁμορφίαν μου, καὶ δὲν ἐποθοῦν ἄλλην δόξαν εἰμὴ τὸ, νὰ μὲ νομίζουν εὔψυχον καὶ γενναῖαν κόρην, ὅμως μὲ ὠνόμαζον ὡραῖαν. Ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ ἔπαινος, ὁ πᾶσιν διάφορος εἰς τὰς ἄλλας, δὲν μὲ ἔπρεπε παντελῶς, καὶ οὖσα ἀγροῖκος καὶ ἁπλῆ, ἠρυθρίων εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ὄνομα, καὶ ἐνόμιζα ὡς πταῖσμα τὸ νὰ εἶμαι ἀρεστή. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐπανεκάμπτησα ἀπὸ τὸν Στύμφηλον δρόμον, ποθῶσα ποτίσασθαι ( καὶ ἐνθυμοῦμαι ὅτι ἦτον μεγάλη ζέστη, τῆς ὁποίας καὶ ὁ κόπος τῆς κυνηγίας μὲ εἶχον αὐξήσει ) εὑρῆκα ποταμὸν ἔχοντα τὸ πλέον ἐξαίρετον νερὸν, τόσον διὰ τὴν καθαρότητά του, ( διότι σχεδὸν ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀριθμηθῇ ἡ ἄμμος του ) ὅσον καὶ διὰ τὸ ἥσυχόν του ῥεῦμα, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφαίνετο σχεδὸν ἀκίνητον. Αἱ παλαῖαι Ἰτέαι, καὶ ὑψηλαὶ Λεῦκαι, αἱ τρεφόμεναι μὲ τὸ ὕδωρ ἐκεῖνο, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι τᾶς ἐπλήρωσαν τὴν χρείαν των· ἐπειδὴ τοῦ ἔδιδαν ἀρεστὸν ἴσκιον, διὰ τοῦ ὁποίου διεσκέπτετο ἡ δροσιά του, καὶ ἡ πρασινάδα τῆς ὄχθης του. Ἐπλησίασα λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν βρύσιν αὐτήν, καὶ πρῶτον ἔβαλα μέσα μόνον τὸ ποδάκι μου, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐνέβηκα ἕως εἰς τὰ γόνατα· πέλον ἐγυμνώθην παντελῶς, καὶ ἐλούθην ὁλόγυμνη. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ λουομένη ἔπαιζα μὲ τὸ νερὸν, ἤκουσα πρῶτον εἰς τὸ βάθος τῆς βρύσεως, καὶ φοβηθεῖσα, ἐρρίφθην εὐθὺς εἰς τὴν πλησίον ὄχθην· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἀλφεὺς ἐκβαίνων ἀπὸ

παρουσίας της ἔπηξε τὸν φόβον με, ὅθεν ἔφυγα ὁλό- γυμνη, ἐπειδὴ εἶχα ἀφήσει τὰ φορέματά μου ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ὑποκάτω εἰς ἕν δένδρον. Ὅσον δὲ ἐγὼ ἔφυγα, τόσον ἐκεῖνος με ἐκυνήγει, κατάφλεγμένος ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ βλέποντάς με γυμνήν, ἐσκοχάζετο νὰ με νικήσῃ ὁμαλώτερα. Ἔφυγα λοιπὸν κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν μοι, καὶ ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀπηνὴς με ἐδίωκεν ὁμοίως· ἐγὼ τὸν ἔφυγα καθὼς φεύγει ἡ περιστερὰ τοῦ ἱέρα- κα, καὶ ἐκεῖνος με ὑπεδίωκε καθὼς ὁ ἱέραξ τὴν πε- ριστεράν. Ἔτρεξα χωρὶς νὰ δυνηθῇ νὰ με φθάσῃ ἕως εἰς τῶν Ὀρχομενῶν τὴν Ὀρχομενήν, ἕως εἰς τὴν Ψώ- φίδα πόλιν, καὶ τὰ βουνὰ τῆς Κυλλήνης, τῆς Μαινά- λης, καὶ τῆς Ἐρυμάνθου, καὶ τῆς Ἤλιδος τῶν γῆν. Ἐ- κεῖνος δὲν ἔτρεχεν ὀλιγώτερα, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἰσχυρότερός με ὑπέφερεν ὁμαλώτερα τὸν πόνον τῆς μακρᾶς δρόμου.

Διέβλιν μεγάλης πεδιάδας, καὶ βουνὰ σκεπασμένα »ἀπὸ δένδρα, σκοπέλης ξαχὲς καὶ φοβερνὲς, καὶ τό- »πους, εἰς τὰς ὁποίες μετὰ βίας ἐδύνατό τις νὰ εὕρη »δρόμον. Τέλος ἐκείνος με ὑπόλυξει πόσον σιμὰ, ὥ- »στε ἔχοντα ὀπίσω μου τὸν Ἥλιον, ἔβλεπα τὴν σκιὰν »της ἐμπροσθὲν μου· ἴσως νὰ με τὸν ἐπαράσυνεν ὁ φό- »βος μου, ἀλλ᾽ ἠσθανόμην βέβαια ἀπὸ τὸν κρότον της βα- »δίσματός της ὅτι ἤμην ἀγχεδὸν εἰς χεῖρας της· ἠσθανόμην »καὶ τὸ ἄσθμα τῆς σώματός της, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφύσα εἰς τὰ »μαλλία μου. Μὴ δυναμένη λοιπὸν νὰ ἀντιστάσω πλέον, »ἢ βλέπουσα ὅτι ἡ κάρασίς μου τὸν ἐβοήθει, ἤρχισα »νὰ ἐπικαλοῦμαι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν· βοήθει μοι, τῆς ἔλε- »γον, ὅτι ἔπεσα εἰς πονὰς χεῖρας της· δὸς βοήθειαν εἰς »μίαν δυστυχῆ, τὴν ὁποίαν πολλάκις ἠξίωσας νὰ βα- »στάση τὸ τόξον σου, ἢ τὰ βέλη σου

„ ἀφαίρεσεν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀφθαλμὲς τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος „ διὰ νὰ μὲ πιάσῃ ἄλλοτι δὲν εἶχε πλέον νὰ κάμῃ, „ εἰμὴ νὰ ἁπλώσῃ τὼ χεῖρά του. Ἐκεῖνος κατεπλάγη „ διὰ τὸ ἐξαίφνον ἀπαλλαγή μου, καὶ μὲ ἐζήτει ὁλό- „ γυρα εἰς τὸ νεφέλην· ἐπέρασε δύο φορὰς πλησίον „ εἰς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου ἡ Θεὰ μὲ εἶχε κεκλεισμένην, „ καὶ ἔπραξε συνεχῶς τὸ Ἀρεθοῦσαν, ἀγνῶν ὅτι αὐ- „ τὴ ἦτον πλησίον του. Ποῖον φόβον νομίζεις τότε νὰ εἶχον; „ ἔτρεμα ὡς τὸ πρόβατον, ὅταν ἀκούῃ τὸν λύκον ὁλόγυ- „ ρα εἰς τὸ ποίμνιον· ὡς ὁ λαγῶος, ὁ περικυκλωμένος „ ὢν εἰς τινα θαμνῶνα, καὶ βλέπων τὰ σκυλιὰ πλησίον „ του, δὲν ἀποτολμᾷ κὰν νὰ παρακινηθῇ. Ὡς πόσον ὁ „ Ἀλφειὸς δὲν παρεβαίνει περαιτέρω, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν ἔ- „ βλεπε παντελῶς σημεῖα, διὰ νὰ πιστεύσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ „ ἐπέρασα παρεμπόδιστος· ἐφύλαττον ὅμως μὲ προσοχὴν „ πλησίον εἰς τὸ συννεφον, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸ μόνον εἶχε τὰς „ ὀφθαλμές του. Τότε δυνατὸς καταψυχρὸς ἱδρὼς κατεῖχε „ ὅλα μου τὰ μέλη, καὶ ὅπου διὰ νὰ πατήσω, ἀφίνω ὀπί- „ σω μου ὕδωρ· μία δρόσος πίπτει ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιά μου, „ καὶ τέλος μεταμορφώνομαι εἰς ὕδωρ, συντομώτερον ἔτι „ καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον σοὶ ἔκαμα διήγησιν. Ἐγνώρισε „ δὲ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἐμὲ τὴν ἐρασμένην του εἰς τὰ πρὸ τῆς „ ὀφθαλμῶν του ῥέοντα ὕδατα, καὶ ἀφήνοντας τὴν ἀν- „ θρωπίνην μορφήν, ἀνέλαβε τὴν ἰδικήν του, καὶ ἐξά- „ πτη εἰς τὰ ἴδια του ὕδατα διὰ νὰ μιχθῇ μὲ τὰ ἰδικά „ μου. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἄρτεμις διὰ νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὸν σκοπόν „ του, ἔσχισεν εὐθὺς τὴν γῆν, καὶ μὲ ἔκαμε νὰ πε- „ ράσω διὰ τῆς βαθυτέρας της ἀσυλίας, ἕως οὗ ἔφθα- „ σα ἀπ' αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον εἰς τὴν Νῆσον τῆς Ὀρ- „ τυγίας, ἡ ὁποία πάλαι εἶδε νὰ ἔχωσιν τὰ ὕδατά „ με, καὶ καταφιλῶ με εἶναι ἀρεστή, καθότι ἡ παρ' ἐ-

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 295

„ με λατρεύομεν η Θεά, λαμβάνει τῆς ἐπωνυμίας ἀ- „ πὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Νήσου, ἥτις δι' αὐτῆς γίνεται γνωστὴ „ εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον ".

Εἰς τὴν Ἀλληγορείαν τοῦ ς'. Μύθου τοῦ παρόντος Βιβλίου δηλώ- σαμεν τί σημαίνεται διὰ τῆς Περσεφόνης, ἡ ὁποία ἐξηρπάσθη εἰς τὸν ᾅδην, καὶ ἄλλοτε ὑπὸ μιᾶς τῶν ἀρχαίων Θεῶν. Ἂς ἰ- δῶμεν τώρα τί δηλοῦται διὰ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, ἡ ὁποία ἐφανερώθη εἰς τὴν Δήμητραν ποῦ ἦτον ἡ Σικελίας του. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρεθού- σα δηλοῖ τὴν εἰς τοὺς σπόρους ἐγκεκλεισμένην δύναμιν, δι' ἧς εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ βλαστάνειν καὶ ἐμβαίνουσιν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ ὀνόματος τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, ὅπερ παράγεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς· ἤτοι ἀρετὴ παμμεγίστη. Μυθολόγοι λοιπὸν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρεθοῦσα ἐφανέρωσε ποῦ ἦτον ἡ Δήμητρα τὴν Περσεφόνην, ἐπειδὴ τὰ βλαστάνοντα εἰς τὴν ἀρετὴν, ἢ ὅταν εἰς τῶν ἀγρῶν, δεικνύουσιν ὅτι καὶ ἐνεδόθη τὸ ὑποκείμε- νον εἰς τὴν γῆν.

Book V · CALLIOPE SINGS OF TRIPTOLEMUS AND LYNCUS

CALLIOPE SINGS OF TRIPTOLEMUS AND LYNCUS

Hac Arethusa tenus. Geminos dea fertilis angues
curribus admovit frenisque coercuit ora
et medium caeli terraeque per aera vecta est
645atque levem currum Tritonida misit in urbem
Triptolemo; partimque rudi data semina iussit
spargere humo, partim post tempora longa recultae.
Iam super Europen sublimis et Asida terram
vectus erat iuvenis; Scythicas advertitur oras.
650Rex ibi Lyncus erat: regis subit ille penates.
Qua veniat, causamque viae nomenque rogatus
et patriam, “patria est clarae mihi” dixit “Athenae,
Triptolemus nomen. Veni nec puppe per undas,
nec pede per terras: patuit mihi pervius aether.
655Dona fero Cereris latos quae sparsa per agros
frugiferas messes alimentaque mitia reddant.”
Barbarus invidit; tantique ut muneris auctor
ipse sit, hospitio recipit somnoque gravatum
adgreditur ferro. Conantem figere pectus
660lynca Ceres fecit rursusque per aera iussit
Mopsopium iuvenem sacros agitare iugales.”
Finierat doctos e nobis maxima cantus.
At nymphae vicisse deas Helicona colentes
concordi dixere sono. Convicia victae
665cum iacerent, “quoniam” dixit “certamine vobis
supplicium meruisse parum est maledictaque culpae
additis et non est patientia libera nobis,
ibimus in poenas et, qua vocat ira, sequemur.”
Rident Emathides spernuntque minantia verba:
670conataeque loqui et magno clamore protervas
intentare manus, pennas exire per ungues
adspexere suos, operiri bracchia plumis;
alteraque alterius rigido concrescere rostro
ora videt volucresque novas accedere silvis.
675Dumque volunt plangi, per bracchia mota levatae
aere pendebant, nemorum convicia, picae.
Nunc quoque in alitibus facundia prisca remansit
raucaque garrulitas studiumque inmane loquendi.”
in her light car betwixt the earth and skies,
to the Tritonian citadel, and to
Triptolemus, to whom she furnished seed,
that he might scatter it in wasted lands,
and in the fallow fields; which, after long
neglect, again were given to the plow.
“After he had traveled through uncharted skies,
over wide Europe and vast Asian lands,
he lit upon the coast of Scythia, where
a king called Lyncus reigned. And there, at once
he sought the palace of that king, who said;
‘Whence come you, stranger, wherefore in this land?
Come, tell to me your nation and your name.’
“And after he was questioned thus, he said,
‘I came from far-famed Athens and they call
my name Triptolemus. I neither came
by ship through waves, nor over the dry land;
for me the yielding atmosphere makes way.—
I bear the gifts of Ceres to your land,
which scattered over your wide realm may yield
an ample harvest of nutritious food.’
“The envious Lyncus, wishing to appear
the gracious author of all benefits,
received the unsuspecting youth with smiles;
but when he fell into a heavy sleep
that savage king attacked him with a sword—
but while attempting to transfix his guest,
the goddess Ceres changed him to a lynx:—
and once again she sent her favoured youth
to drive her sacred dragons through the clouds.
“The greatest of our number ended thus
her learned songs; and with concordant voice
the chosen Nymphs adjudged the Deities,
on Helicon who dwell, should be proclaimed
the victors.
“But the vanquished nine began
to scatter their abuse; to whom rejoined
the goddess; ‘Since it seems a trifling thing
that you should suffer a deserved defeat,
and you must add unmerited abuse
to heighten your offence, and since by this
appears the end of our endurance, we
shall certainly proceed to punish you
according to the limit of our wrath.’
“But these Emathian sisters laughed to scorn
our threatening words; and as they tried to speak,
and made great clamour, and with shameless hands
made threatening gestures, suddenly stiff quills
sprouted from out their finger-nails, and plumes
spread over their stretched arms; and they could see
the mouth of each companion growing out
into a rigid beak.—And thus new birds
were added to the forest.—While they made
complaint, these Magpies that defile our groves,
moving their stretched-out arms, began to float,
suspended in the air. And since that time
their ancient eloquence, their screaming notes,
their tiresome zeal of speech have all remained.”
Calliope sings: Triptolemus. The Fate of the Pierides

��That was as far as Arethusa went. The goddess of all that is fertile, fastened twin dragons to her chariot, curbing them with the bit, between their teeth, and was carried through the air, between heaven and earth. Reaching Eleusis, by Athens, city of Tritonian Minerva, she gave her swift chariot to Triptolemus, and ordered him to scatter the seeds she gave, partly in untilled soil, partly in fields reclaimed, after lying for a long time fallow.

��Now the youth was carried high over Europe and Asia. He turned his face towards Scythia where, Lyncus was king. He stood before the king�s household gods. He was asked how he had come there, and the reason for his journey, his name and his country. He said �Athens, the famous city, is my home, Triptolemus, my name. I came not by ship, on the sea, or by foot, over land. The clear air parted for me. I bring you the gifts of Ceres. If you scatter them through the wide fields, they will give you back fruitful harvests, and ripening crops.� The barbarian was jealous. So that he might be the author, of so great a gift, he received him like a guest, but attacked Triptolemus, with a sword, while he was in deep sleep. As he attempted to pierce the youth�s breast, Ceres turned the king into a lynx, then ordered the youth, of Athens, the city of Mopsopus, to drive the sacred team back through the air.�

�So ended the singing, from the greatest of our singers, and the nymphs, with one harmonious voice, said that the goddesses of Helicon had taken the honours. When the losers hurled abuse at us, I said �Seeing that you deserve punishment enough for your challenge, and now add profanities to your offence, and since our patience is not unlimited, we will move on to sentence you, and follow where anger prompts us.� The Emathides laughed and ridiculed these threatening words, but as they tried to speak, and, attack us with insolent hands, making a great clamour, they saw feathers spring from under their nails, and plumage cover their arms. Each one saw the next one�s mouth harden to a solid beak, and a new bird enter the trees. When they wanted to beat their breasts in sorrow, they hung in the air, lifted by the movement of their arms, magpies now, the slanderers of the woods. Even now, as birds, their former eloquence remains, their raucous garrulity, and their monstrous capacity for chatter.�

Περὶ δὲ τῇ Ἀλφεῷ λέγει τινὲς ὅτι ἦτον μέγας κυνηγὸς, κ' ἠγάπησε καθ' ὑπερβολὴν τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἡ ὡραιοτέρα ἦν Νεράιδων τοῦ καιροῦ τῆ· βλέπων δὲ ὅτι ἐκαταφρονεῖ τὸ πάθ' αὐτῆς, ἔπνιγη εἰς ποταμὸν καλούμενον Νύκτιμον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομά τῃ μετεκλήθη Ἀλφεὸς. Ἄλλοι διϊσχυρίζονται ὅτι ὁ Ἀρκεῖος ποταμὸς εἶχε πάντοτε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτὸ, ἐξ ὃ Στράβων γράφει ὅτι ὅσα λέγονται περὶ αὐτοῦ εἶναι ψευδῆ· ὅτι ὁ ποταμὸς ἔχων τὰς ἀρχάς τῃ εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, δὲν διαπερᾷ ἀπὸ ὑποχεῖα διὰ νὰ ἔλθῃ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν νὰ μιχθῇ μὲ τὰ ὕδατα τῆς Ἀρέθουσης, ἀλλὰ ἔχει τὸ στόμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον εἰσβάλλει εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ δὲν συναπαντᾷ καμμίαν σπηλιὰν εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν νὰ χάνεται, ἐξ νὰ ἐκβαίνῃ ἐξαφνα ἀλλαχῇ, ὡς πολλοὶ ἄλλοι ποταμοί· παράδειγμα ἔχει πρὸς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς γνώμης ταύτης. Καθὼς πολλοὶ ἄλλοι ποταμοὶ εἰς τοὺς κόσμους συμβαίνει των, νὰ διαβαίνωσι δηλαδὴ ἀπὸ θάλασσαν καὶ Σικελίαν κ' πάλιν νὰ διαπερῶσι γλυκὰ ὡς πρότερον τὰ ὕδατα, ὥστε δύναται νὰ συμβαίνῃ τὸ τοιοῦτον κ' εἰς τὸν Ἀλφεὸν, ὡς τὸ μαρτυροῦσι πολλαὶ Συγγραφεῖς. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρέθουσα, ἡ ὁποία γεννᾶται ὡς ὁ Ἀλφειὸς εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, ὑπάγει διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς διαπερᾷ ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν δρόμον, ἡ μίγνυται εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν μὲ τὰ ὕδατα αὐτῆς τῆς πηγῆς, διὰ τοῦτο ἐπλάσθη ὁ Μῦθος τῷ Ἀλφειοῦ εἰς τῆς Ἀρέθουσας.

Ἀπέδωκαν τινὲς θείας λατρείας εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ποτάμιον διὰ τὰς ἐνεργείας του· ἐπειδὴ λέγουσιν ὅτι ἰδέα δέος τοῦ λέοντος, ἢ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἄλφος, ὅπερ δηλοῖ τὸν λευχὸν, παρωμοίωσε τοῦ λέοντος. Οὕτω διὰ νὰ ἔχωσι τὸν ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν μὲ θέας, καὶ διὰ νὰ τοὺς κρύψωσι εἰς τὸ κλέος τῶν ἢ ἰδέα τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἔπλασαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὅτι οἱ ποταμοί, τὰ δένδρα, αἱ πηγαί, ἢς αἱ Νεράϊδες εἶχον Θεὰς ἐνκεκρυμμένας, οἱ Δαίμονες τοῦ δάσους εἶχον ὅλα τὰ ἔργα τῆς ἀνθρώπων. Ἄλλοι ἐφέρουσι τὸν Μῦθον εἰς τὴν Ἀυχὴν, καὶ ἀρετὴν, λέγοντες ὅτι κατὰ ὃν τρόπον ὁ ὕλη εὐρίσκει μορφὴν, ὡς ἴδιον αὐτὸ ἀγάπη, διότι τοῦτο εἶναι μορφὴν ἢ ὕλη εἶναι ἀνώφελὴς, καὶ ἄρσης ἢ διὰ τὸ ἀρετὴν ὡς μορφὴν της.

Διὰ τοῦ μυθολέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἀκολουθεῖ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ λέγος σημαίνει καὶ ῥύπον ἢ πάντα, τὸ δὲ Ἀρέθουσα, ὡς γεννᾶται, δηλοῖ τὴς ἀρετὴν, οὕτω αἱ ψυχαὶ ὅσαι δὲν ἔχει νὰ ἀρετὴν εἶναι ἀσελὴς, ὥσπερ ἡ ἄμορφος ὕλη· καὶ καθὼς ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἐπάγε νὰ ἀνακαθῇ μὲ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, οὕτω ἡ ψυχὴ ὀφείλει κοπιάσιν διὰ νὰ συζεύχθῃ μὲ τὴν ἀρετὴν· καὶ πάλιν ὥσπερ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς καὶ ἡ Ἀρέθουσα πηγάζουσιν ἀμφότεραι ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, οὕτως ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ἡ ἀρετὴ παρέχονται ἀμφότεραι ὁμοίως· ἀλλ' ἀφ' ἑκατέρας ἐκεῖθεν, χεῖδον δὲν γνωρίζονται πλέον, καὶ μὲ κόπον διαμένουσι νὰ εὑρεθῶσι πάλιν.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.

Περὶ Τριοπολέμου, ἐ Λύγχα τῆς μετα- μορφώσεως εἰς Λύγχα.

Ἡ Δήμιτζα πέμπει τὸν Τριπτόλεμον εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς Κόσμου διὰ νὰ σπείρῃ σῖτον Γεωργικόν. Λύγκος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Σκυθίας θέλετα νὰ τὸν θανατώσῃ, ἀλλ' ἡ Θεὰ μεταμορφώνει εἰς Λύγκα αὐτὸν τὸν βασιλέα.

Ἀφοῦ ὡμίλησε πλατύτερον ἡ Ἀρέθουσα, καὶ τότε ἡ Δήμιτζα ἐφρόντισε νὰ ἐπισημάδῃ τὸ ἁμάξιόν της, τὸ συρόμενον ἀπὸ δύω μεγάλας Δράκοντας, τὰς ὁποίας αὐτὴ ἐκυβέρνα μὲ χαλινούς, ὡς ἄλογα, καὶ ἔπειτα ὑψωθεῖσα εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ διατρέχουσα τὸ μέσον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς, ἔστειλε τὸ ἁμάξιόν της εἰς τὸν Τριπτόλεμον, μὲ πρόσταγμα νὰ ῥίψῃ τοὺς σπόρους ὅσον εἰς τὴν ὠργωμένην γῆν, ὅσον καὶ εἰς τὴν ἀγεώργητον. Φερόμενος λοιπὸν αὐτὸς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν μὲ τὸ πτερωτὸν ἁμάξιον, ἔφθασε καὶ εἰς τὴν Σκυθίαν, ὅπου ἐβασίλευε τότε ὁ Λύγκος, καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν του. Ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν ἠρώτησε διὰ τὴν ὁδοιπορίαν του, διὰ τὸ ὄνομά του, καὶ διὰ τὴν πατρίδα του, καὶ πῶς ἔφθασεν ἐκεῖ. „ Ἐγὼ εἶμαι, τῷ ἀπεκρίθη ἐκεῖνος, ἀπὸ τὴν περιφήμην Ἀθῆναν, καὶ δὲν ἦλθα ἐδῶ διὰ ξηρᾶς, οὔτε διὰ θαλάσσης, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ φέρω μὲ χά-

εἴσματα τῆς Δήμητρας, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς μὲν σκορπιδῆν εἰς τὰς ἀρχὰς, θέλον γεννήσει πλησιοπάροχον κάρπον, ἀπὸ μάλιστα τὴν πλέον πολύτιμον ἐφορίαν, ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας δυνάμεθα οἱ ἄνθρωποι νὰ ἀπολαύσωσιν ἀπὸ τὴν μεγαλοδωρίαν τῆς Θεᾶς. Ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ βάρβαρος βασιλεύς, ἀφθονήσας τὰς τιμάς, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἔμελλον νὰ ἀποδοθῶσιν εἰς τὴν Θεὰν πρὸς ἀνταμοιβὴν τοιαύτης εὐεργεσίας, περιεστοίχησε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον, μὲ σκοπὸν νὰ ἰδιοποιηθῇ αὐτὸς τὴν δόξαν τοῦ νὰ δώσῃ αὐτὰ τὰ σπείσματα εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Ἐσκοπήθη λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν θανατώσῃ κοιμώμενον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν ἕτοιμος ἦτον νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν ξένον αὐτοῦ, ἡ Δήμητρα τὸν ἐμεταμόρφωσεν εἰς λύγκα, καὶ ἐπροστάξε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον νὰ ἀκολουθήσῃ διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος τὸν δρόμον του, καὶ νὰ φέρῃ παντοχῆ τῆς γῆς τὸ σπέρμα.

Οὕτως ἡ Καλλιόπη, ἡ μεγίστη μεταξὺ ἡμῶν τῶν Μουσῶν, ἔδωκε τέλος εἰς τὴν ᾠδὴν της, καὶ αἱ Νύμφαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶχον ἐκλεγῆ διὰ νὰ κρίνουν τὸν μουσικὸν ἀγῶνα, ὁμοφώνως ἐκήρυξαν νικητρίας τὰς Θεὰς τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖναι αἱ ἀρχεῖαι, αἱ τολμήσασαι νὰ μᾶς δοκιμάσωσιν, ἀντὶ νὰ ὑποταχθῶσιν ὡς νικημέναι εἰς τὴν δικαίαν ἀπόφασιν, ἤρχισαν νὰ μᾶς ὑβρίσωσιν· ὅθεν ἡμεῖς τότε τὰς εἴπαμεν· δὲν σᾶς ἔφθασε τὸ νὰ ἐτιμωρήθητε δικαίως διὰ τὴν αὐθάδειάν σας, ἀλλὰ προσθέτετε εἰς τὸ πταῖσμά σας καὶ τὰς ὕβρεις, νομίζουσαι νὰ παροξύνητε ἀπαραμύθητον τὴν ὑπομονὴν μας· Ὄχι ὄχι, δὲν μένετε ἀτιμώρητοι, καὶ θέλομεν προχωρήσει καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὅπως μᾶς φέρει ἡ ὀργή μας.

Here is the corrected text:

Αἱ πολέμιαι ἐκεῖναι ὡς παίζουν ἔτι τοὺς φοβερισμοὺς μας· ἀλλὰ βιαζόμενα νὰ λαλήσωσιν, ἢ νὰ συνέβαλ- λωσι τοὺς ἐμπαι-

χτὰς χερῶν των, εἶδον νὰ γεννῶνται πτερὰ ἀπὸ τὰς ὄνυχάς των, ἢ νὰ ἐνδύωνται ὁμοίως ἀπὸ πτερὰ οἱ βραχίονες των, ἢ τὸ σῶμα των νὰ λαμβάνῃ σχῆμα ῥάμφους, ἢ νὰ γίνωνται πτηνὰ διὰ τὰ δάση. Ἤθελον ποτὲ νὰ πα- ρασκευασθῶσι καὶ νὰ κτυπήσουν μὲ τὰς χείρας τὰ στήθη των, ἀλλ' ἐντύπησαν τὰ πτερὰ, ἢ τέλος μετεμορφώ- θησαν εἰς κίσσας, ἢ ἐπέταξαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ δένδρα. Ὅμως γυμνάζοντας ἢ τῷ σήμερον μὲ βραγχώδη φω- νὴν, ἢ ἡ ἀλήθειες, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον νὰ φλυαρῶσιν ἔ- μεναν ἔτι εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ πτηνά.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Φημίζεται ὅτι ὁ σῖτος ἐφύη πρῶτον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὴν Σικιλίαν, χωρὶς νὰ παρθῇ· ἢ ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐξεύρετο ὑπὸ τινος, ἤφθαρε πάλιν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ὕστερα πάλιν ἀνέβλαστε. Κέκροψ, ὁ τῆς Ἀ- θηνῶν βασιλεὺς, μαθὼν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Σικιλίαν ὁ σῖτος ἢ ποιεῖ Θησαυ- ροὺς εἰς ὅλους ἀφθόνους, ἤθελε νὰ πάρῃ ἀρκετὴν ποσότητα διὰ νὰ τὸν φέρῃ εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀφότου ὁ Τριπτόλεμος ἔ- φερε σῖτον, ἢ ἐγεώργησε τὴν γῆν εἰς τὰ πέριξ τῆς Ἐλευσῖνος, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πόλιν ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ πατὴρ τῆς, πολλὰ πλησίον τῆς Ἀ- θηνῶν, ἢ ἀφότου ἤδη ἐκεῖ ἡ ἐξέθρεψε τὸν καρπὸν, συνέγραψε καὶ τινα περὶ γεωργίας βιβλία, τὰ ὁποῖα πανταχῆ διεδήμευσε, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Δημήτρα ἔστειλε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον νὰ διδάξῃ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὸν τρόπον τοῦ σπείρειν τὸν σῖτον, ἢ τὸ γεωργεῖν.

Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ Σκυθία εἶναι ἄκαρπος τῆς, ἦ δὲν ἡμπορεῖ να βλαστήσει σῖτον, ἔλαβον ἀφορμὴν νὰ εἴπω ὁ Λῦγκος, ἦ ἐκεῖ ἐγέννησε ἦ ἐσπουδασμένη του Τριπτολέμη, τον ἐχάρισεν ἡ Ἰταργική διὰ να οἰκονομοποιήσῃ τὴν δόξαν τῆς ἐπαινετῆς πάσης ἐφευρέσεως· ἦ καθὼς αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἦτο

Ταῦτα περὶ Τριπτολέμου, ὅς τις ἔδωκε ἤδη Νόμους τοῖς Ἀ- θηναίοις, ὥστε διὰ να δώσῃ τροφὴν καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ἀφ' ἔδωκε τὴν τοῦ σώματος, διδάξας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὴν γῆσιν τοῦ σίτου. Φαίνεται μὲν τοῦτο διὰ τοὺς καλοὺς Νόμους τρέφεται ἡ ψυχή, καὶ διαφυλάτεται εἰς τὴν ἐπιείκειαν καὶ ἀφ' οἱ καλοὶ Νόμοι δέν εἶναι ἡ φθορά· τὸ δὲ δυνάμενον νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὴν φθορὰν, ἆρατε δέν εἶναι κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἦ θρεπτικόν· Γράφει ὁ Φιλόσοφος Ξενοκράτης ὅτι εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Ἐλευσίνης ἦσαν ἐγχαραγμέναι αὕται αἱ τρεῖς Γνῶμαι τοῦ Τριπτολέμου.

"Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου ἦ τὴν μητέρα σου, "Λατρεύε τοὺς Θεούς. "Ἀπέχη τῆς σαρκός.

Τέλος τῆς πέμπτης Βίβλου.

Metamorphoses

Book VI

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1Praebuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures
carminaque Aonidum iustamque probaverat iram.
Tum secum “laudare parum est; laudemur et ipsae
numina nec sperni sine poena nostra sinamus”
5Maeoniaeque animum fatis intendit Arachnes,
quam sibi lanificae non cedere laudibus artis
audierat. Non illa loco neque origine gentis
clara, sed arte fuit. Pater huic Colophonius Idmon
Phocaico bibulas tingebat murice lanas.
10Occiderat mater; sed et haec de plebe suoque
aequa viro fuerat. Lydas tamen illa per urbes
quaesierat studio nomen memorabile, quamvis
orta domo parva parvis habitabat Hypaepis.
Huius ut adspicerent opus admirabile, saepe
15deseruere sui nymphae vineta Timoli,
deseruere suas nymphae Pactolides undas.
Nec factas solum vestes spectare iuvabat;
tum quoque, cum fierent: tantus decor adfuit arti.
Sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes,
20seu digitis subigebat opus repetitaque longo
vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu,
sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum,
seu pingebat acu, scires a Pallade doctam.
Quod tamen ipsa negat, tantaque offensa magistra
25“certet” ait “mecum: nihil est, quod victa recusem.”
All this Minerva heard; and she approved
their songs and their resentment; but her heart
was brooding thus, “It is an easy thing
to praise another, I should do as they:
no creature of the earth should ever slight
the majesty that dwells in me,—without
just retribution.”—So her thought was turned
upon the fortune of Arachne — proud,
who would not ever yield to her the praise
won by the art of deftly weaving wool,
a girl who had not fame for place of birth,
nor fame for birth, but only fame for skill!
For it was well known that her father dwelt
in Colophon; where, at his humble trade,
he dyed in Phocean purples, fleecy wool.
Her mother, also of the lower class,
had died. Arachne in a mountain town
by skill had grown so famous in the Land
of Lydia, that unnumbered curious nymphs
eager to witness her dexterity,
deserted the lush vineyards of Timolus;
or even left the cool and flowing streams
of bright Pactolus, to admire the cloth,
or to observe her deftly spinning wool.
So graceful was her motion then,—if she
was twisting the coarse wool in little balls,
or if she teased it with her finger-tips,
or if she softened the fine fleece, drawn forth
in misty films, or if she twirled the smooth
round spindle with her energetic thumb,
or if with needle she embroidered cloth;—
in all her motions one might well perceive
how much Minerva had instructed her:
but this she ever would deny, displeased
to share her fame; and said, “Let her contend
in art with me; and if her skill prevails,
I then will forfeit all!”
Minerva heard,
and came to her, disguised with long grey hair,

ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'. Β'. Γ'. και Δ'.

Ἁμιλλα Ἀσίας και Ἀράχνης.

Ἡ Ἀράχνη θυγάτηρ τῷ Ἰδμονος μεταμορφώνεται παρὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς εις Ἀράχνιον. Ὁ Μῦθος περιλαμβάνει καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς ὁποίους ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ ἡ Ἀράχνη εἰκονίζουσιν εἰς τὰ ὑφάσματα των.

Φ ὕ Ἀσίδω μερώδη τῆς λόγης τῷ Μουσῶν, καὶ ἐπεκύρωσε τῶν νίκων των μέ τὰς ἐπαίνους, καὶ ἀνέπειν τον δίκαιον Θυμόν των, καὶ τῶ ἐνδήκησιν των, εἴτε καθ' ἑαυτῶ ότι ἦτον παραμινόν τὸ γὰ ἔπαυή τις τῆς ἄλης, ὦ δὲ ἐφρόντιζε νὰ ἐπανῆται ἐ αὐτός· ὦ ότι δεδ ἐφαρεπε νὰ ὑπομνῆ πλέον νὰ κατεφρονήσει ἀτιμωρητί ἢ Θεότητας. Οὕτως ἠγανάκτησον ξυθυσμμένη τῶ ὑψηλοροσύλλα τῆς Ἀράχνης, ἢ ὁποία ἐταυγάπο, ὡς τῦ εἴποι τινές, ότι μη ὑπέρβαινεν εἰς πλὰ πέχυλο, τῶ οποίαν ἐπαγγέλλετο ἢ Θεά. Ἡ κόρη ἐκείνη δὲν ἦτον πεείφημος διὰ τὴν λαμυρότητα τὰ γοθῆς, ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ τὴν ἐπισήμνιν τῆς ἧ ἐπιστηδεότητα. Ὁ Ἴδμων ἦτον πατήρ τῆς, ἧ ἔβαρον ἔρευὰ εἰς τὴν Κολοφῶνα· ἢ δὲ μήτηρ τῆς, ἢ οποία δὲν ἦτον ἀπὸ καλλιώτερον γένος, εἶχεν ἀποθάνῃ προ πολλῆ. Ὅμως ἢ κόρη ἔγινε πεείφημος καθ' ὅλας τὰς πόλες τῆς Λυδίας διὰ τὴν εὐτέλειαν τῆ ἐργοχείρων τῆς, καί τόσσον μεγάλη ἦτον ἢ ἐπιτηδεότης τῆς, ώστε ὖ καί ἀγχνές, αἱ Νύμφαι τῆ Τμώλο ὅρον ἄφιναν συνεχῶς πὰς ἀμπέλος των, καί τοὺς περηνὸς των κήπους, διὰ νὰ ἐργώντα νὰ βλέψιν, καί νὰ Θαυμάξιν πὰ ἐργόχειρα τῆς. Μέ τῶ αὐτῶ πεσιέργειαν ἐπήγαιναν εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν τῆς καί αἱ Νύμφαι τῆ Πακωλοῦ ποταμῆ, καί συνέξεχον οἱ ἐργνωμιασαί τῆς ἀπὸ ὅλα πὰ μέρη τῆς γῆς, καί ὄχι μόνον ἠρέσκοντο νὰ βλέψιν τὰ ἐργόχειρα τῆς· ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐδέλαβε μέ τόσην χάριν καί δεξιότητα, ώστε ἐλάμβανον μεγάλην εὐχαρίστησιν νὰ τῶ πεσιέργάζωνται, καί ὅταν στοι-

Pallas anum simulat falsosque in tempora canos
addit et infirmos, baculo quos sustinet, artus.
Tum sic orsa loqui: “Non omnia grandior aetas,
quae fugiamus, habet: seris venit usus ab annis.
30Consilium ne sperne meum. Tibi fama petatur
inter mortales faciendae maxima lanae:
cede deae veniamque tuis, temeraria, dictis
supplice voce roga: veniam dabit illa roganti.”
Adspicit hanc torvis inceptaque fila relinquit,
35vixque manum retinens confessaque vultibus iram
talibus obscuram resecuta est Pallada dictis:
“Mentis inops longaque venis confecta senecta.
Et nimium vixisse diu nocet. Audiat istas,
siqua tibi nurus est, siqua est tibi filia, voces.
40Consilii satis est in me mihi. Neve monendo
profecisse putes, eadem est sententia nobis.
Cur non ipsa venit? cur haec certamina vitat?”
Tum dea “venit” ait, formamque removit anilem
Palladaque exhibuit. Venerantur numina nymphae
45Mygdonidesque nurus: sola est non territa virgo.
Sed tamen erubuit, subitusque invita notavit
ora rubor rursusque evanuit, ut solet aer
purpureus fieri, cum primum aurora movetur,
et breve post tempus candescere solis ab ortu.
50Perstat in incepto stolidaeque cupidine palmae
in sua fata ruit: neque enim Iove nata recusat,
nec monet ulterius, nec iam certamina differt.
Haud mora, constituunt diversis partibus ambae
et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas
55(tela iugo iuncta est, stamen secernit harundo);
inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis,
quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum
percusso paviunt insecti pectine dentes.
Utraque festinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes
60bracchia docta movent, studio fallente laborem.
Illic et Tyrium quae purpura sensit aenum
texitur et tenues parvi discriminis umbrae,
qualis ab imbre solet percussis solibus arcus
inficere ingenti longum curvamine caelum:
65in quo diversi niteant cum mille colores,
transitus ipse tamen spectantia lumina fallit;
usque adeo quod tangit idem est, tamen ultima distant.
Illic et lentum filis inmittitur aurum
et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum.
and with a staff to steady her weak limbs.
She seemed a feeble woman, very old,
and quavered as she said, “Old age is not
the cause of every ill; experience comes
with lengthened years; and, therefore, you should not
despise my words. It is no harm in you
to long for praise of mortals, when
your nimble hands are spinning the soft wool,—
but you should not deny Minerva's art—
and you should pray that she may pardon you,
for she will grant you pardon if you ask.”
Arachne, scowling with an evil face.
Looked at the goddess, as she dropped her thread.
She hardly could restrain her threatening hand,
and, trembling in her anger, she replied
to you, disguised Minerva:
“Silly fool,—
worn out and witless in your palsied age,
a great age is your great misfortune!— Let
your daughter and your son's wife—if the Gods
have blessed you—let them profit by your words;
within myself, my knowledge is contained
sufficient; you need not believe that your
advice does any good; for I am quite
unchanged in my opinion. Get you gone,—
advise your goddess to come here herself,
and not avoid the contest!”
Instantly,
the goddess said, “Minerva comes to you!”
And with those brief words, put aside the shape
of the old woman, and revealed herself,
Minerva, goddess.
All the other Nymphs
and matrons of Mygdonia worshiped her;
but not Arachne, who defiant stood;—
although at first she flushed up—then went pale—
then blushed again, reluctant.—So, at first,
the sky suffuses, as Aurora moves,
and, quickly when the glorious sun comes up,
pales into white.
She even rushed upon
her own destruction, for she would not give
from her desire to gain the victory.
Nor did the daughter of almighty Jove
decline: disdaining to delay with words,
she hesitated not.
And both, at once,
selected their positions, stretched their webs
with finest warp, and separated warp with sley.
The woof was next inserted in the web
by means of the sharp shuttles, which
their nimble fingers pushed along, so drawn
within the warp, and so the teeth notched in
the moving sley might strike them.—Both, in haste,
girded their garments to their breasts and moved
their skilful arms, beguiling their fatigue
in eager action.
Myriad tints appeared
besides the Tyrian purple—royal dye,
extracted in brass vessels.—As the bow,
that spans new glory in the curving sky,
its glittering rays reflected in the rain,
spreads out a multitude of blended tints,
in scintillating beauty to the sight
of all who gaze upon it; — so the threads,
inwoven, mingled in a thousand tints,
harmonious and contrasting; shot with gold:
and there, depicted in those shining webs,
were shown the histories of ancient days:—
Minerva worked the Athenian Hill of Mars,
Pallas Minerva challenges Arachne

Pallas Minerva took the shape of an old woman: adding grey hair to her temples, and ageing her limbs, which she supported with a stick. Then she spoke, to the girl, as follows. �Not everything old age has is to be shunned: knowledge comes with advancing years. Do not reject my advice: seek great fame amongst mortals for your skill in weaving, but give way to the goddess, and ask her forgiveness, rash girl, with a humble voice: she will forgive if you will ask.� Arachne looked fiercely at her and left the work she was on: scarcely restraining her hands, and with dark anger in her face. Pallas, disguised it is true, received this answer. �Weak-minded and worn out by tedious old age, you come here, and having lived too long destroys you. Let your daughter-in-law if you have one, let your daughter if you have one, listen to your voice. I have wisdom enough of my own. You think your advice is never heeded: that is my feeling too. Why does she not come herself? Why does she shirk this contest?

The goddess said �She is here!� and, relinquishing the old woman�s form, revealed Pallas Minerva. The nymphs and the Phrygian women worshipped her godhead: the girl alone remained unafraid, yet she did blush, as the sky is accustomed to redden when Aurora first stirs, and, after a while, to whiten at the sun from the east. She is stubborn in her attempt, and rushes on to her fate, eager for a worthless prize. Now, Jupiter�s daughter does not refuse, and does not give warning, or delay the contest a moment. Immediately they both position themselves, in separate places, and stretch out the fine threads, for the warp, over twin frames. The frame is fastened to the cross-beam; the threads of the warp separated with the reed; the thread of the weft is inserted between, in the pointed shuttles that their fingers have readied; and, drawn through the warp, the threads of the weft are beaten into place, struck by the comb�s notched teeth. They each work quickly, and, with their clothes gathered in tight, under their breasts, apply skilful arms, their zeal not making it seem like work. There, shades of purple, dyed in Tyrian bronze vessels, are woven into the cloth, and also lighter colours, shading off gradually. The threads that touch seem the same, but the extremes are distant, as when, often, after a rainstorm, the expanse of the sky, struck by the sunlight, is stained by a rainbow in one vast arch, in which a thousand separate colours shine, but the eye itself still cannot see the transitions. There, are inserted lasting threads of gold, and an ancient tale is spun in the web.

εποίμαζες το ἔργον διὰ νὰ τὸ μεταχειρισῆ αὐτὴ χρωμά- των, ἢ πλοκὸν βελόνην αὐτὴ γραφίδος, διὰ νὰ ὑφάνη παρ- θένου ἰσοστασίαν· ἢ συντόμως εἰπεῖν, ἐκείνη εἰργάζετο ὅλα ταῦτα μὲ τόσον τέχνης, ἢ τελειότητα, ὥστε καθεὶς ἐξ ἀκοῆς ἤθελε συμπεράνῃ ὅτι ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀ- θηνᾶν. Ἡ κόρη ὅμως δὲν ἤθελε νὰ τὸ ὁμολογήσῃ, καθὼς ἂν νὰ τὸ ἔχῃ εἰς ὕβριν ὅτι ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ μίαν τόσον μεγάλην Θεάν, ἄς ἔλθῃ, ἔλεγε, νὰ φιλο- νεικήσῃ μετ᾿ ἐμέ· ὑπόσχομαι νὰ κάμω, ἢ νὰ ὑποφέ- ρω κάθε τίμημα ἂν ἐκείνη με νικήσῃ. Εὐθὺς ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, λαμβάνουσα γραίας μορφήν, ἐσπέσασε τὰς πολιὰς της μὲ ἄσπρας τρίχας, ἐπῆρε βακτηρίαν εἰς τὸ χέρι, ὥσαν διὰ νὰ στηριμασθῇ ἢ νὰ δυναμένε- ται, ἢ πλησιάσασα τὴν Ἀράχνην, τῆς ὡμίλησε ἔτσι· δὲν εἶναι, ὦ θύγατερ, κατὰ πάντα καταφρόνητον τὸ γῆρας· τουλάχιστον φέρει ἐμπειρίαν· τοῦτο πρέπει νὰ σὲ παρακινήσῃ νὰ μὴ καταφρονήσῃς τὰς συμβουλάς μου· ἀρκεσθήσου νὰ προτιμᾶσαι ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ κοράσια, εἰς τὸ νὰ ἐργάζεσαι τὸ μαλλὶ· ἀρκεσθή- σου νὰ εὑρίσκῃς ὅτι ὅλοι σοῦ παραχωροῦσιν αὐτὴν τὴν δόξαν, ἀλλ᾿ ὑποτάχθητι νὰ σὲ προτιμήσῃ μία Θεά· ζήτησαι της συγγνώμην διὰ τινα αὐθάδη λόγια, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐκβῆσαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα σου, καὶ ἂν κάμῃς τοῦτο δὲν ἀμφιβάλλω ὅτι θέλει σοι συγχωρήσει. Ἡ Ἀ- ράχνη τὴν ἐκοίταξεν ἀγρίως, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸν θυμὸν ἄφησε τὴν ἐργασίαν της, καὶ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε νὰ μὴ δείρῃ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, ἡ ὁποία ἔκρυπτε τὴν Θεότητα της ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν τῆς γραίας. Ὦ ἄθλια γραῖα, τῇ λέγει, ἥτις εἰς μάτην ἔζησας τόσον καιρόν, ὕπαγε νὰ δώσῃς τοιαύτας συμβουλὰς εἰς τὰς θυγατέρας σου, ἂν ἔχῃς· ἐγὼ δὲν χρειάζομαι συμβουλάς, ἢ δὲν μὲ λείπεται

γνῶσις διὰ νὰ καθοδηγήσθαι· ἢ διὰ νὰ μὴ νομίσῃς ὅτι δέχομαι τὴν συμβουλίαν σας, μάθε ὅτι μόνον στερεὰ εἰς τὴν ἀπόφασίν μου. Διὰ τί δὲ ἔρχεται αὐτή; διὰ τί ἀποφεύγει τὸν ὁποῖον τῆς προβάλλω ἀγῶνα"; Αὕτη ἤδη ἦλθε, τῇ ἀποκρίνεται ἡ Θεά, καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἡ γραῖα ἔγινεν ἄφαντος, καὶ ἐφάνη ἐμπρός της ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ. Αἱ ἐκεῖ παροῦσαι Νύμφαι, καὶ παρθένοι τὴν ἐγνώρισαν, καὶ προσεκύνησαν· μόνη ἡ Ἀράχνη ἔμεινεν ἀκίνητος, καὶ δὲν ἤδειξε καμμίαν εὐλάβειαν. Ὅμως ἠρυθρίασε, καὶ κάποια ἐρυθρότης ἐφάνη ξαφνικῶς της εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν της· ἀλλ᾿ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά της ἦτον μεγάλη, ἡ ἐρυθρότης δὲ ἐβάσταξε πολλῆς ὥρας, καὶ ἠφανίσθη αὖθις, καθὼς κοκκινίζει ὁ Οὐρανὸς ἀπὸ τὰς φωτεινὰς ἀκτῖνας τῆς Αὐγῆς, καὶ γίνεται πάλιν λευκὸς καθ᾿ ἣν στιγμὴν ἀνατέλλῃ ὁ Ἥλιος. Λοιπὸν ἡ ὑπερήφανος Ἀράχνη ἔμεινεν ἀμετάπειστος εἰς τὸν σκοπόν της, καὶ ἡ γελοιώδης ἔφεσις, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχε νὰ ὑπερβῇ τὴν Θεὸν, προεκάλεσε τὸν ἀφανισμόν της.

Διὸ ἀνέβαλε πλέον ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν πόθον τῆς ἀγώνος, ὥστε ἔδωκε κάμμιαν ἄλλην νουθεσίαν εἰς τὴν ὑπερήφανον κόρην, τὴν ὁποίαν κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς σκοπὸν εἶχε νὰ διαφυλάξῃ. Ἐκάθησαν λοιπὸν ἀμφότεραι χωρὶς, ἤρχισαν νὰ στερεώνωσι τὰς ἐργασίαν των, ἤ τὸ μετάξυ, ἤ νὰ τὸ βάσιν εἰς τὰ ἐργαλεῖα των. Τρέχει ἡ κερκὶς μεταξὺ τῶν ἀνωκαταβαινομένων νημάτων, ἤ ἡ μία καὶ ἡ ἄλλη μεταχειρίζεται τὴν χεῖρα της μὲ θαυμασίαν ἐπιτηδειότητα, ἤ ὁ πόθος τῆς νίκης τὰς κάμνει νὰ μὴ αἰσθάνωνται παντελῶς τὸν κόπον. Ἤθελες, ἰδῆ ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα ἤ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος νὰ

χάμη πὰ ὅσα ἐκεῖναι ἐπαράστησαν μὲ τὸ μετάξει. Στοχάσου τὸ μέγα ποσὸν, τὸ εἰς πὰ σύνεφα παρὰ τοῦ Ἡλίου σχεδιαζόμενον· δύνασαι βέβαια νὰ διανείμῃς εἰς αὐτὸ ἄπειρα χώματα, ἀλλὰ νὰ καταλάβῃς ὅσον δύνασαι τίνι τρόπῳ τὸ ἓν χῶμα περαπούται εἰς τὸ ἄλλο, καθότι τὸ ἐγγίζον φαίνεται σὺ πῆ τὸ αὐτὸν, αἳ πῆ αἱ ἄκραι των εἶναι διάφοροι. Οὕτως αἱ ἐπιδέξιοι ὑ φαίνεται ἀναπέτωνον τὸν χρυσὸν μὲ τὸ μετάξει, καὶ ἑκάστη αὐτῇ ἐπαράστησε παλαιάν τινα ἱστορείαν εἰς τὸ ἐργόχειρόν της. Ἡ μὲν Ἀθηνᾶ ἐξωράφισε τὸν ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἄρειον Πάγον, καὶ τὴν παλαιὰν ἐκείνην φιλονεικίαν της μετὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, ποῖος τὴν ἤθελε νὰ δώσῃ τὸ ὄνομα της Πόλεως. Ἐφαίνοντο οἱ δώδεκα μεγάλοι Θεοὶ καθήμενοι ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν ὑψηλὸν τῆς, καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν εἰς μεγαλοπρεπῆ Θρόνον, ὥστε ἔδειχνον ἁρμοδίως ὅτι ὑπὸ ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν ἄλλων Θεῶν. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἵστατο ὀρθιὸς ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὸ φοβερὸν δικαστήριον, καὶ μὲ τὴν ἰσχὺν τῆς Τριαίνης τῆς, σχίζων μεγάλην τινὰ πέτραν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐνέβηκεν ὡσὰν μία θάλασσα, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἔδειχνεν εἰς τὰς κριτάδας της ὅτι ἡ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὑπακοὴ τῆς πέτρας. Ἦτον ἱκανὸς ἔλεγχος ὅτι ἡ γῆ ἐκείνη ἦτον ἐδική της, καὶ ἔπρεπε νὰ τὴν ὀνομάσῃ αὐτός. Ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε ζωσθῆ εἰς ἑαυτήν, ἐβάστα τὴν ἀσπίδα εἰς τὸ κουπέλλον, τὴν περικεφαλαίαν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, εἰ τὴν Αἰγίδα εἰς τὸ στῆθος. Ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι ἐνέτυπε τὴν γῆν, ἡ ὁποία διὰ τὰ ἐντυπήματός της ἐβλάστησεν ἐλαίαν μὲ τὰ φύλλα εἰ μὲ τὸν καρπόν της. Οἱ Θεοὶ ἐφαίνοντο ὡς ἔκθαμβοι διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔβλεπον Θαύματα, τὸ

70Cecropia Pallas scopulum Mavortis in arce
pingit et antiquam de terrae nomine litem.
Bis sex caelestes medio Iove sedibus altis
augusta gravitate sedent. Sua quemque deorum
inscribit facies: Iovis est regalis imago.
75Stare deum pelagi longoque ferire tridente
aspera saxa facit, medioque e vulnere saxi
exsiluisse fretum, quo pignore vindicet urbem;
at sibi dat clipeum, dat acutae cuspidis hastam,
dat galeam capiti, defenditur aegide pectus,
80percussamque sua simulat de cuspide terram
edere cum bacis fetum canentis olivae
mirarique deos: operis Victoria finis.
Ut tamen exemplis intellegat aemula laudis,
quod pretium speret pro tam furialibus ausis,
85quattuor in partes certamina quattuor addit,
clara colore suo, brevibus distincta sigillis.
Threiciam Rhodopen habet angulus unus et Haemum
(nunc gelidi montes, mortalia corpora quondam !),
nomina summorum sibi qui tribuere deorum.
90Altera Pygmaeae fatum miserabile matris
pars habet: hanc Iuno victam certamine iussit
esse gruem populisque suis indicere bella.
Pinxit et Antigonen ausam contendere quondam
cum magni consorte Iovis, quam regia Iuno
95in volucrem vertit; nec profuit Ilion illi
Laomedonve pater, sumptis quin candida pennis
ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro.
Qui superest solus, Cinyran habet angulus orbum;
isque gradus templi, natarum membra suarum,
100amplectens saxoque iacens lacrimare videtur.
Circuit extremas oleis pacalibus oras:
is modus est, operisque sua facit arbore finem.
where ancient Cecrops built his citadel,
and showed the old contention for the name
it should be given.—Twelve celestial Gods
surrounded Jupiter, on lofty thrones;
and all their features were so nicely drawn,
that each could be distinguished.—Jupiter
appeared as monarch of those judging Gods.
There Neptune, guardian of the sea, was shown
contending with Minerva. As he struck
the Rock with his long trident, a wild horse
sprang forth which he bequeathed to man. He claimed
his right to name the city for that gift.
And then she wove a portrait of herself,
bearing a shield, and in her hand a lance,
sharp-pointed, and a helmet on her head—
her breast well-guarded by her Aegis: there
she struck her spear into the fertile earth,
from which a branch of olive seemed to sprout,
pale with new clustered fruits.—And those twelve Gods,
appeared to judge, that olive as a gift
surpassed the horse which Neptune gave to man.
And, so Arachne, rival of her fame,
might learn the folly of her mad attempt,
from the great deeds of ancient histories,
and what award presumption must expect,
Minerva wove four corners with life scenes
of contest, brightly colored, but of size
diminutive.
In one of these was shown
the snow-clad mountains, Rhodope,
and Haemus, which for punishment were changed
from human beings to those rigid forms,
when they aspired to rival the high Gods.
And in another corner she described
that Pygmy, whom the angry Juno changed
from queen-ship to a crane; because she thought
herself an equal of the living Gods,
she was commanded to wage cruel wars
upon her former subjects. In the third,
she wove the story of Antigone,
who dared compare herself to Juno, queen
of Jupiter, and showed her as she was
transformed into a silly chattering stork,
that praised her beauty, with her ugly beak.—
Despite the powers of Ilion and her sire
Laomedon, her shoulders fledged white wings.
And so, the third part finished, there was left
one corner, where Minerva deftly worked
the story of the father, Cinyras;—
as he was weeping on the temple steps,
which once had been his daughter's living limbs.
And she adorned the border with designs
of peaceful olive—her devoted tree—
which having shown, she made an end of work.
Arachne, of Maeonia, wove, at first
the story of Europa, as the bull
deceived her, and so perfect was her art,
Pallas weaves her web

Pallas Athene depicts the hill of Mars, and the court of the Aeropagus, in Cecrops�s Athens, and the old dispute between Neptune and herself, as to who had the right to the city and its name. There the twelve gods sit in great majesty, on their high thrones, with Jupiter in the middle. She weaves the gods with their familiar attributes. The image of Jupiter is a royal one. There she portrays the Ocean god, standing and striking the rough stone, with his long trident, and seawater flowing from the centre of the shattered rock, a token of his claim to the city. She gives herself a shield, a sharp pointed spear, and a helmet for her head, while the aegis protects her breast. She shows an olive-tree with pale trunk, thick with fruit, born from the earth at a blow from her spear, the gods marvelling: and Victory crowns the work.

Then she adds four scenes of contest in the four corners, each with miniature figures, in their own clear colours, so that her rival might learn, from the examples quoted, what prize she might expect, for her outrageous daring. One corner shows Thracian Mount Rhodope and Mount Haemus, now icy peaks, once mortal beings who ascribed the names of the highest gods to themselves. A second corner shows the miserable fate of the queen of the Pygmies: how Juno, having overcome her in a contest, ordered her to become a crane and make war on her own people. Also she pictures Antigone, whom Queen Juno turned into a bird for having dared to compete with Jupiter�s great consort: neither her father Laomedon, nor her city Ilium were of any use to her, but taking wing as a white stork she applauds herself with clattering beak. The only corner left shows Cinyras, bereaved: and he is seen weeping as he clasps the stone steps of the temple that were once his daughters� limbs. Minerva surrounded the outer edges with the olive wreaths of peace (this was the last part) and so ended her work with emblems of her own tree.

ξη δε προς την μεταφορα πολλη ή με παραδειγματα ποια αυταμοιβω ήμελε να λάβη διά την δυσάδη επιχειρησιν της, επαρασησε με λεπτα σημεια εις τας ακρας του υφασματος της, την καταδικη, και τιμωριαν τινων ασεβων. Εφαινετο εις το α' μερος Αιμος ο της Θρακης βασιλευς, και Ροδοπη η συμβια του μεταμορφωμενοι εις ορη, με το να ηθελησαν να οικειοποιηθη τα ονοματα του Διος και της Ηρας. Απο δε το αλλο η δυστυχια της Πυγμαιας βηνος, την οποιων η Ηρα μετεμορφωσεν εις γερανον, δια να ειναι πολεμιος εις το εθνος της. Επαρασησεν εις αλλω γωνιαν την υπερφανον Αντηγονην, η οποια απετολμησε να φιλονεικηθη με την Ηραν δια την ωμορφιαν, και προς τιμωριαν της μετεμορφωθη εις πτηνον παρ αυτης της Θεας, κ' απο το κρατος του πατρος της Λαομεδοντος, απο ολαι αι της Ιλιας δυναμεις δεν εδυναμωθησαν να εμποδισουν να μη μεταβη εις πελαργον. Εφαινετο εις την υστερνην γωνιαν ο ασθλιος Κινυρας ωλοφυρμενος, και εναγκαλιζομενος τας βαθμιδας του Ναου, και κλαιων την συμφοραν της Θυγατερος του, της μετεμορφωθεισης εις αυτας τας βαθμιδας, επειδη εμποδιζαν τον λαον να προσφερη την πρεπουσαν λατρειαν εις τους Θεους. Και το μεν εργοχειρον της Αθηνας επαρασησε παντα ταυτα· το ετελειωσε δε προστιθεμενη και το εις αυτην αφιερωμενον δενδρον, περιπλεκουσα αυτο με συμπεπλεγμενας κλαδας ελαιας.

Ας ίδωμεν παρὰ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τῆς Ἀράχνης. Ἐζωγράφησεν αὐτὴ τὸν παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς εἰς Ταῦρον μεταμορφωθέντα ἀπαιθεύοντα Εὐρώπην. Ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι βλέπεις ἀληθῶς καὶ τὸν Ταῦρον καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν παρθένον, ἡ ὁποία ἐκοίταζε τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ

ἱρπάγη, ἥν ἐπενάλειτο τῶν βοηθέων ἤ ὀπαδῶν τῆς φοβερᾶς πὰ πέει αὐτὴν κυματίζομενα ὕδατα, ἃ κρύπτασα τὰ δειλὰ πόδας τῆς. Ἐφαίνετο εἰς τὸ ὕρασμα ἃ ἡ Ἀστέλια, παλαίουσα μὲ τὸν ἀετὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὑπὸ μεταμορφωμένος ὁ Ζεὺς ἔβλεπες ἃ τὴν Λήδαν, θαλπομένην ὑπὸ τὰ πτερὰ τῆ κύκνης, ἃ τὴν Ἀντιόπην μὲ τὰ δύω δίδυμά της, τὰ ὁποῖα συνέλαβεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Θεόν, τὸν εἰς Σάτυρον μεταμορφωθέντα. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐφαίνετο ἃ εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς Ἀλκμήνης ὑπὸ τὸ σχῆμα τῆ Ἀμφιτρύωνος, ἃ καταβαίνων ἐν εἴδει χρυσῆς βροχῆς εἰς τὸν πύργον, ὅπου ἦτον ἡ Δανάη κεκλεισμένη, ἃ ἐν εἴδει πυρὸς ἐπισκέπτομενος τὴν Αἴγιναν, ἃ ὥσπερ ποιμένα τὴν Μνημοσύνην, ἃ ὥσπερ ὄφις ἑρπόμενος πλησίον εἰς τὴν Δηὼ Νυμφίαν. Ἄλλα πλὴν τῆς ἐρώτων τοῦ Διὸς, αὐτὴ ἔδειχνε ἃ τὰς τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος. Ἐφαίνετο οὗτος μεταμορφωμένος εἰς Ταῦρον εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας μίας τῆ θυγατέρων τοῦ Αἰόλου, ἃ εἰς σχῆμα τοῦ Ἐνιπέως ποταμοῦ, διὰ νὰ ἀπατήσῃ τὴν Τυρώδειαν, (ἡ ὁποία συνέλαβεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοὺς Ἀλωΐδας) ἃ τὴν Βισαλτίδα ἐν εἴδει κριοῦ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐφαίνετο ὡς ἵππος μὲ τὴν Δήμητραν, τὴν μητέρα τοῦ Ἀρίονος, ἃ πάλιν ἵππος μὲ τὴν τοῦ πτερόεντος ἵππου, δηλαδὴ μὲ τὴν Μέδουσαν, ἃ ὡς δελφὶν μὲ τὴν Μελάνθην. Ἐπαράστησε δὲ ὅλας αὐτὰς τὰς παρθένας εἰς τόπον, ὥστε διεκρίνετο ἃ ἡ πατρὶς των ἀπὸ τὸ φόρεμα, ἃ ἀπὸ τὸ πρόσωπόν των. Ἔβλεπες εἰς τὸ ὕφασμα ἐκεῖνο ἃ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα μὲ διαφόρους μορφάς, ἃ ἄλλοτε μὲν ἱέρακος, ἄλλοτε λέοντος, ἃ ἄλλοτε βοσκοῦ, διὰ νὰ ἀπατήσῃ Ἴσσαν, τὴν ὡραίαν τοῦ Μακαρέως θυγατέρα.

Maeonis elusam designat imagine tauri
Europam: verum taurum, freta vera putares.
105Ipsa videbatur terras spectare relictas
et comites clamare suas tactumque vereri
adsilientis aquae timidasque reducere plantas.
Fecit et Asterien aquila luctante teneri,
fecit olorinis Ledam recubare sub alis;
110addidit, ut satyri celatus imagine pulchram
Iuppiter implerit gemino Nycteida fetu,
Amphitryon fuerit, cum te, Tirynthia, cepit,
aureus ut Danaen, Asopida luserit ignis,
Mnemosynen pastor, varius Deoida serpens.
115Te quoque mutatum torvo, Neptune, iuvenco
virgine in Aeolia posuit. Tu visus Enipeus
gignis Aloidas, aries Bisaltida fallis;
et te flava comas frugum mitissima mater
sensit equum, sensit volucrem crinita colubris
120mater equi volucris, sensit delphina Melantho.
Omnibus his faciemque suam faciemque locorum
reddidit. Est illic agrestis imagine Phoebus,
utque modo accipitris pennas, modo terga leonis
gesserit, ut pastor Macareida luserit Issen;
125Liber ut Erigonen falsa deceperit uva,
ut Saturnus equo geminum Chirona crearit.
Ultima pars telae, tenui circumdata limbo,
nexilibus flores hederis habet intertextos.
it seemed a real bull in real waves.
Europa seemed to look back towards the land
which she had left; and call in her alarm
to her companions—and as if she feared
the touch of dashing waters, to draw up
her timid feet, while she was sitting on
the bull's back.
And she wove Asteria seized
by the assaulting eagle; and beneath the swan's
white wings showed Leda lying by the stream:
and showed Jove dancing as a Satyr, when
he sought the beautiful Antiope,
to whom was given twins; and how he seemed
Amphitryon when he deceived Alcmena;
and how he courted lovely Danae
luring her as a gleaming shower of gold;
and poor Aegina, hidden in his flame,
jove as a shepherd with Mnemosyne;
and beautiful Proserpina, involved
by him, apparent as a spotted snake.
And in her web, Arachne wove the scenes
of Neptune:—who was shown first as a bull,
when he was deep in love with virgin Arne
then as Enipeus when the giant twins,
Aloidae, were begot; and as the ram
that gambolled with Bisaltis; as a horse
loved by the fruitful Ceres, golden haired,
all-bounteous mother of the yellow grain;
and as the bird that hovered round snake-haired
Medusa, mother of the winged horse;
and as the dolphin, sporting with the Nymph,
Melantho.—All of these were woven true
to life, in proper shades.
And there she showed
Apollo, when disguised in various forms:
as when he seemed a rustic; and as when
he wore hawk-wings, and then the tawny skin
of a great lion; and once more when he
deluded Isse, as a shepherd lad.
And there was Bacchus, when he was disguised
as a large cluster of fictitious grapes;
deluding by that wile the beautiful
Erigone;—and Saturn, as a steed,
begetter of the dual-natured Chiron.
And then Arachne, to complete her work,
wove all around the web a patterned edge
of interlacing flowers and ivy leaves.
Arachne weaves hers in reply

The Maeonian girl depicts Europa deceived by the form of the bull: you would have thought it a real bull and real waves. She is seen looking back to the shore she has left, and calling to her companions, displaying fear at the touch of the surging water, and drawing up her shrinking feet. Also Arachne showed Asterie, held by the eagle, struggling, and Leda lying beneath the swan�s wings. She added Jupiter who, hidden in the form of a satyr, filled Antiope, daughter of Nycteus with twin offspring; who, as Amphitryon, was charmed by you, Alcmena, of Tiryns; by Dana�, as a golden shower; by Aegina, daughter of Asopus, as a flame; by Mnemosyne, as a shepherd; by Proserpine, Ceres�s daughter, as a spotted snake.�

She wove you, Neptune, also, changed to a fierce bull for Canace, Aeolus�s daughter. In Enipeus�s form you begot the Aloidae, and deceived Theophane as a ram. The golden-haired, gentlest, mother of the cornfields, knew you as a horse. The snake-haired mother of the winged horse, knew you as a winged bird. Melantho knew you as a dolphin. She gave all these their own aspects, and the aspects of the place. Here is Phoebus like a countryman, and she shows him now with the wings of a hawk, and now in a lion�s skin, and how as a shepherd he tricked Isse, Macareus�s daughter. She showed how Bacchus ensnared Erigone with delusive grapes, and how Saturn as the double of a horse begot Chiron. The outer edge of the web, surrounded by a narrow border, had flowers interwoven with entangled ivy.

Ὁ Βάχχος ἔβιασε τὴν Ἐργόνην, ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν ἵππου, καθὼς ὡράϊσε εἰς τὴν γῆν ὅταν ἐγέννησε τὸν ὀνομαστὸν Κένταυρον τὸν Χείρωνα. Τὰ πέλα τοῦ ὑφάσματος, εἴχον φύλλα κισσοῦ συμπεπλεγμένα μὲ διάφορα ἄνθη. Τὸ ἐργόχειρον ὅλον ἦτον τόσον ἐντελές, ὥστε οὔτε ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, οὔτε αὐτὸς ὁ Φθόνος ἠδύνατο πλέον νὰ κατηγορήσῃ εἰς αὐτό. Ἐξήλασε λοιπὸν ἡ Θεά, δὲν ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα της τὸ ἔσχισε, ἤ διὰ νὰ ἐπιδείξῃ ὅτι εὗρε μίαν ἀντίπαλον, ἡ ὁποία ἠδύνατο νὰ παραβληθῇ μὲ αὐτὴν, ἐκτύπησε τρὶς εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τὴν Ἀράχνην, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν ἔτι ἐβάστα εἰς χεῖρας σπερκίδα. Ἡ ἀθλία κόρη τόσον ἐλυπήθη, ὥστε ἡ ἀϋπολογιστία της, (ἥτις ἦτον ἀληθινὰ μεγάλη, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὴν δύναμιν μιᾶς Θεᾶς) τὴν ἐπαρώξυνε νὰ γίνῃ αὐτοκτόνος. Ἤθελε λοιπὸν ἡ παλαίπωρος νὰ κρεμασθῇ ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς της, πλὴν τὴν ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἤ τὴν ἐμπόδισεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἐσχάτον τοῦ ἔργου· „Ὄχι ὄχι, τῇ εἶπε, Θέλεις ζῆσῃ, ἀλλὰ „θέλεις ἀπομείνῃ κρεμασμένη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ὑποφέρουσα τὴν ὁποίαν τιμωρίαν ἡ ἀπόγνωσίς σου σὲ ἐπαρακίνησε νὰ ἐπιθυμήσῃς· ἤ διὰ νὰ ἐκπαιδευθῇ νῦν εἰς „τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον ἡ καταδίκη σου, ὁ αὐτὸς νόμος ἐπικρατήσει νῦν εἰς τοὺς ἀπογόνους σου". Ταῦτα εἶπεν ἡ Θεά, ἤ ἐν τῷ ἀναχωρεῖν ἐράντισε τὸ σῶμα τῆς Ἀράχνης μὲ τὸν χυμὸν ἀγνωστού τινος χόρτου, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐμαράνθησαν ἤ τὰ μαλλία της καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν της· ἐφάνη δὲ ἀντ' αὐτῆς μία κεφαλὴ τόσον μικρή, ὥστε ἦτον σχεδὸν ἀόρατος. Τὸ σῶμά της ἐσμικρύνθη παρομοίως, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰ πλευρά της ἀντὶ σκελῶν ἐπρόβαιναν δάκτυλοι πολλὰ μακροί, ἤ λεπτοί· τὸ δὲ ἐπίλοιπον

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.

Τοιαύτη όπως ή υπερήφανος Κόρη, μεταμορφωθείσα εις αράχνην, μετέρχεται πάντοτε την τέχνην της, εργαζομένη τα παλαιά της υφάσματα.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ή άράχνη τα ποιεί ίστια, κ' υφάσματα είναι τόσον ώραία κ' θαυμαστά, ώστε αξίως ή ποιητική εφύβρησις απέδωσέ την Αθηνά, ή οποία είναι ή θεά τών τεχνών καί επιστημών. Εάν στοχασθώμεν επιμελώς όλας τάς βάσεις, θέλομεν ίδεί βεβαίως ότι αν κ' οι ευρεταί τών θεών ήσαν Θεοί, ώς προεκήρυττον οι Αρχαίοι, όμως είχον θείον τι πνεύμα. Δυνάμεθα λοιπόν νά συμπεράνωμεν ότι οι άνθρωποι ευδιδάχθησαν την τέχνην του ϊστέργειν, ήτοι του υφαίνειν, παρά από τής αράχνης, καί εκ ταύτης επλάσαν οι Ποιηταί ότι είχαν φιλονεικίαν μεταξύ τής ανθρωπίνης φύσεως καί τής αράχνης το ζώδιον· ότι, ώς κ' ή Αράχνη ήτον θαυμασία υφάντρια, όμως ενικήθη από την Αθηνάν, ίνα αποδειχθή ότι ή φύσις του ανθρώπου είναι τής τών ζώων ανωτέρα, ώς το μαρτυρούσιν άπειρα υφάσματα.

Στοιχειοῦνται δύο παραγγέλματα ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, τὰ ὁποῖα δύνανται νὰ περιργύωσιν κατὰ πολλὰ διὰ τὴν εὐτυχίαν καὶ ἀνάπαυσιν τῆς ζωῆς. Τὸ μέν, ὅτι δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ καταφρονῶμεν ποτὲ τὰς συμβουλὰς καὶ νουθεσίας τῶν γερόντων, διότι, καθὼς εἶπέ τις τῶν ἀρχαίων, τὸ γῆρας εἰ καὶ ἔχει ὅτι ὀλίγα κακά, καὶ ὑστερεῖ τὴν ἐμπείαν τῶν πραγμάτων, ὅπερ ἔξει ἀναμφιβόλως μέγα καλόν. Οἱ γέροντες διαλέγονται περὶ πάντων τῶν ὄντων φρονιμώτερα ἀπὸ τοὺς νέους, καὶ ἑνὶ λόγῳ τὸ γῆρας εἶναι ἡ λαμπάς, ἥτις ὀφείλει νὰ ὁδηγῇ τὴν νεότητα. Τὸ δέ, ὅτι οἱ ἔχοντες θαυμαστὰ προτερήματα, καὶ ὑπερβάλλοντες τοὺς ἄλλους κατὰ τὰς ἐπιστήμας, καὶ τέχνας, δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ ὑπερηφανεύωνται διὰ τὰ χαρίσματα αὐτὰ περὶ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀποστελλόμενα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἐπειδὴ δύναται νὰ τὰ ἀφαιρέσῃ ἐν ἀκαρεῖ. Δὲν πρέπει νὰ φιλοσοφῇ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν πειρασμένον Διδάσκαλον, ὑπολαμβάνοντες ὡς ἰδιάσκητης τὰ ὅποῖα καλὰ ἐδιδάχθησαν παρ' αὐτῶν· δηλαδὴ δὲν ἀρέτη, ἀφ' οὗ ἀπέκτησάν τινα ἐπιστήμην, νὰ φαντάζωνται ὡς ἀστείας νὰ νικήσουν τὰ

Θεὸν

Θεοὺ μὲ πᾶ ὁποῖα ὁ πλᾶ ἐκείνης τῆς ἐδώκε, ἐπειδὴ, ὡς λέγει καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος, δύσκολον εἶναι ἄνθρωπος νὰ γινήσει Θεὸν. Ἀντωνῖος ὁ Πίος, ὅπου ὁ ἄρτιος, ἐσημείωσε γὰρ λέγει ὅτι αἱ λεπτολογίαι τῶν Σοφιστῶν ὁμοιάζουν μὲ τὰ ὑφάσματα τῆς ἀράχνης, τὰ ἔχοντα μεγάλας τεχνίας, ἢ διάφορον ὀλιγότατον· καὶ ὅτι οἱ Σοφισταὶ, διαλεκτικοὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ φιλόσοφοι, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ ἐπιστήμη ἐφορᾶται εἰς μαθήσεων μεταποίησιν τῆς ἐν σοφιστείαν ἵνα ὡς πρὸς Ἀραχνὴν χορὸς τῆς Ἀθήνης.

Non illud Pallas, non illud carpere Livor
130possit opus. Doluit successu flava virago
et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes.
Utque Cytoriaco radium de monte tenebat,
ter quater Idmoniae frontem percussit Arachnes.
Non tulit infelix laqueoque animosa ligavit
135guttura. Pendentem Pallas miserata levavit
atque ita “vive quidem, pende tamen, improba” dixit:
“lexque eadem poenae, ne sis secura futuri,
dicta tuo generi serisque nepotibus esto.”
Post ea discedens sucis Hecateidos herbae
140sparsit; et extemplo tristi medicamine tactae
defluxere comae, cum quis et naris et aures,
fitque caput minimum, toto quoque corpore parva est:
in latere exiles digiti pro cruribus haerent,
cetera venter habet: de quo tamen illa remittit
145stamen et antiquas exercet aranea telas.
Minerva could not find a fleck or flaw—
even Envy can not censure perfect art—
enraged because Arachne had such skill
she ripped the web, and ruined all the scenes
that showed those wicked actions of the Gods;
and with her boxwood shuttle in her hand,
struck the unhappy mortal on her head,—
struck sharply thrice, and even once again.
Arachne's spirit, deigning not to brook
such insult, brooded on it, till she tied
a cord around her neck, and hung herself.
Minerva, moved to pity at the sight,
sustained and saved her from that bitter death;
but, angry still, pronounced another doom:
“Although I grant you life, most wicked one,
your fate shall be to dangle on a cord,
and your posterity forever shall
take your example, that your punishment
may last forever!” Even as she spoke,
before withdrawing from her victim's sight,
she sprinkled her with juice—extract of herbs
of Hecate.
At once all hair fell off,
her nose and ears remained not, and her head
shrunk rapidly in size, as well as all
her body, leaving her diminutive.—
Her slender fingers gathered to her sides
as long thin legs; and all her other parts
were fast absorbed in her abdomen—whence
she vented a fine thread;—and ever since,
Arachne, as a spider, weaves her web.
Arachne is turned into a spider�

Neither Pallas nor Envy itself could fault that work. The golden-haired warrior goddess was grieved by its success, and tore the tapestry, embroidered with the gods� crimes, and as she held her shuttle made of boxwood from Mount Cytorus, she struck Idmonian Arachne, three or four times, on the forehead. The unfortunate girl could not bear it, and courageously slipped a noose around her neck: Pallas, in pity, lifted her, as she hung there, and said these words, �Live on then, and yet hang, condemned one, but, lest you are careless in future, this same condition is declared, in punishment, against your descendants, to the last generation!� Departing after saying this, she sprinkled her with the juice of Hecate�s herb, and immediately at the touch of this dark poison, Arachne�s hair fell out. With it went her nose and ears, her head shrank to the smallest size, and her whole body became tiny. Her slender fingers stuck to her sides as legs, the rest is belly, from which she still spins a thread, and, as a spider, weaves her ancient web.

Ἐκείνο δέ, ὁπερ ἔδωκε ἀφορμήν τῷ Μύθῳ τῆς φιλοσοφίας μεταξὺ Ποσειδῶνος ἢ Ἀθηνᾶς, τῆς ποίου νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τὴν πόλιν τῆς Ἀθηνῶν, εἶναι ἡ μεταμόρφωσις τῆς πόλεως αὐτῆς· διότι ἂν δίδωμεν πίστιν εἰς Σερβανόν, ἡ πόλις τῆς Ἀθηνῶν ἐκαλεῖτο πρότερον Ποσειδωνία παρὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, ἔπειτα δ' Ἀθηναὶ, παρὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς. Ἀλλ' ἐπιμελέστερον μεταπεργασάμενοι τὸν Μῦθον, βλέπομεν ὅτι ταῦτα εἶναι ὥσπερ ἐγκώμιον τῆς εἰρήνης τῆς ἡσυχίας, τοῦ Κόσμου, ἡ ὁποία σημαίνεται μὲ τὴν ἐλαίαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, καθὼς διὰ τῶν ὑδάτων, ἢ τῆς ἐπικρατείας τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, σημαίνεται ἡ σύγχυσις καὶ ἀκαταστασία. Βέβαια δὲν ἔνι πράγμα ἡσυχέτερον ἀπὸ τὸ ἔλαιον, ἤγουν θορυβωδέστερον ἢ ὁρμητικώτερον ἀπὸ τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἀναφέρει δὲ εἰς αὐτοῦ συμπλήρωσιν ὅτι οἱ Ἰστορικοὶ, ἀφ' ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ ἐφιλονείκησαν τότε μὲ αὐτὴν νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τὴν πόλιν ἢ ἐσυμφώνησαν νὰ τὴν ὀνομάσῃ ὁποῖος ἤθελε δώσειν τὸ ὠφελιμώτερον χάρισμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν τοὺς ἐχάρισε ἵππον εἰς ἀξίαν πολέμου, διότι ὡς λέγει, αὐτὸς κατεδάμασε τοὺς ἵππους, ἢ εὗρε τὸν τρόπον νὰ τοὺς μεταχειρίζεται. Ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τοὺς

φαίνεται ότι δεῖ στέλει νὰ μεντάδῃ τῖς τὰ ἐπίλοιπα. Μὲ ὕψος ἰς τὸ ὀδείσκετει εἰς τὴ Βιβλίον περὶ ἰχθύων, τὸ ὁποῖον ἀποδίδοται πῃ Πλιαρχῃ, ὅτι κάποιος Αἶμος, ἔρασττῆς τῆς ἰδίας τῆ ἀδελφῆς, ὀλίγασεν Ρόδον ἡ εἰκοσιοτῶν ἡ ὅπως ἀναχθῇ στὴν ἀδᾱδον τῆ μετανόησον Ἡρας· κ ἰαν ὴ Μῦσος δεῦ ὧν τρεῦ δύο ὑπερμενμῶν μετακμορφώσεἶν ἰς πέξας, ψόλα εἴπη ότι διὰ τῆς Ροδάπης σημαίνεται ἡ ἀσθλης ἐκεῖνη πόρνη, ἡ ὀπέα ἦρασδη τὸ Χαράξε ἀδελφὸς τῆς Σαφῆς· διότι ἁῦ ὁ Ἡρόδοτος ἁπηδῇ, αὐτὴ ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν Ὀράκλιου, καῦ διάλογος ἦσθελε μυσ̇λογηθῆ ότι μετεμορφώθη ἰς πέτρας, ἢ ἰς βανῦ, ἐπειδή, ὧς τὸ μαρτυρῖ ὁ Σ̇έδδων, οἱ ἐρασαῦτης, μετὰ τοῦ Σεδατοῦ της, τῆ ἔσησα μίας Πυραμίδα ἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον.

Περὶ δὲ τῆς Πυγμαίας, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ συμβάντα ποσὺ ζωγραφισμένα ἰς τὸ ὕφασμα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, εἶναι πιθανόν νὰ ἦτον μέσα πολὺ μικρὸ γένη, ἀλλὰ καθ᾿ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπερήφανες· διότι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ μικροί, καὶ ὁσαμέρας αἱ μικραὶ γυναῖκες, εἶναι ὑπερηφανίστεραι ἤπερ ἄλλων, καὶ ἐπαρμένοι, νομίζουσιν ἴσως νὰ ἀφοσιώσουν τι εἰς τὴν μικρότης τὸ ἀνάθημά των. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἔλαχον ὀνομασίαν μίας τῶν Πυγμαίων, ἐπειδὴ, ἢ τοῦ πολὺ μικρὸ, ἱερά, ἢ Πυγμαῖοι, οὗτοι νομιζόμενοι πρὸ τῇ, ἢ τοῦ πολὺ μικροὶ, ὑψώτεροι περιπατοῦντον ἀπὸ ἕνα ἢ μισὺ πόδα. Καὶ δὲν ἀρέσκει νὰ ὑπολάβη τις ὡς Μῦθον τὸ νὰ γεννῶνται ἄνθρωποι τόσον μικροί, ἐπειδὴ ἰς τὴν Ἰνδίαν ἔσχαν μίας φορὰς ἄνθρωπός τις, ὁ ὁποῖος, ἂν ᾖ σχεδὸν γέρων, ἦτον τόσον μικρός, ὥστε ἐφέρετο μέσα ἰς ἕνα κλουβὶ ψιττακῶ, ἤτοι παπαγάλλε. Ὁ Κάρδανος

πληγεῖσα εἰς πελαργόν, ἦτον ὑπερήφανος γυνὴ, ἡ ὁποία μετεμορφώθη εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πτηνόν, ἐπειδὴ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἡ φωνὴ του δὲν μετέχει παντελῶς μαστικῆς γλυκύτητος, ὅμως ὁ κρότος, τὸν ὁποῖον κάμνει ὁ πελαργὸς μὲ τὴν μάστικα του, τὸ εἶναι τόσον ἀρεστὸς, ὥστε τὸν βοηθεῖ συγχρόνως καὶ μὲ τὰς πτέρυγας, ὥσαν δια νὰ ἐπαυξέσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν του μαστικήν.

Μένει νὰ ὁμιλήσωμεν διὰ τὰς Θυγατέρας τῆς Πιέρου, αἱ ὁποῖαι διὰ τὴν ψευδοφροσύνην των ἰδ ὑπερηφανείαν, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κασσίδας τῆς γῆς, ἐπειδὴ ὅσαι τόσαι ζωγραφισμέναι εἰς τὰ πλεῖα του ὑφάσματος τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, εἶναι ὅλα παραδείγματα τῆς τιμωρίας τῆς ψευδοφροσύνης ἰδ ὑπερηφανείας.

Lydia tota fremit, Phrygiaeque per oppida facti
rumor it et magnum sermonibus occupat orbem.
Ante suos Niobe thalamos cognoverat illam,
tum cum Maeoniam virgo Sipylumque colebat;
150nec tamen admonita est poena popularis Arachnes
cedere caelitibus verbisque minoribus uti.
Multa dabant animos: sed enim nec coniugis artes
nec genus amborum magnique potentia regni
sic placuere illi, quamvis ea cuncta placerent,
155ut sua progenies; et felicissima matrum
dicta foret Niobe, si non sibi visa fuisset.
Nam sata Tiresia venturi praescia Manto
per medias fuerat divino concita motu
vaticinata vias: “Ismenides, ite frequentes
160et date Latonae Latonigenisque duobus
cum prece tura pia lauroque innectite crinem.
Ore meo Latona iubet.” Paretur, et omnes
Thebaides iussis sua tempora frondibus ornant
turaque dant sanctis et verba precantia flammis.
165Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba,
vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro,
et, quantum ira sinit, formosa: movensque decoro
cum capite inmissos umerum per utrumque capillos
constitit; utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos,
170“quis furor, auditos” inquit “praeponere visis
caelestes? aut cur colitur Latona per aras,
numen adhuc sine ture meum est? mihi Tantalus auctor,
cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas,
Pleiadum soror est genetrix mea, maximus Atlas
175est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem;
Iuppiter alter avus socero quoque glorior illo.
Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi
sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti
moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur.
180In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem,
inmensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem
digna dea facies. Huc natas adice septem
et totidem iuvenes et mox generosque nurusque.
Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam,
185nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo
Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam
exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit.
Nec caelo nec humo nec aquis dea vestra recepta est:
exsul erat mundi, donec miserata vagantem
190“hospita tu terris erras, ego” dixit “in undis”
instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Illa duorum
facta parens: uteri pars haec est septima nostri.
Sum felix: quis enim neget hoc? felixque manebo:
hoc quoque quis dubitet? tutam me copia fecit,
195Maior sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere,
multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet.
Excessere metum mea iam bona. Fingite demi
huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum,
non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum,
200Latonae turbam: qua quantum distat ab orba?
Ite, satis, propere ite, sacri est laurumque capillis
ponite.” Deponunt et sacra infecta relinquunt,
quodque licet tacito venerantur murmure numen.
All Lydia was astonished at her fate
the Rumor spread to Phrygia, soon the world
was filled with fear and wonder. Niobe
had known her long before,—when in Maeonia
near to Mount Sipylus; but the sad fate
which overtook Arachne, lost on her,
she never ceased her boasting and refused
to honor the great Gods.
So many things
increased her pride: She loved to boast
her husband's skill, their noble family,
the rising grandeur of their kingdom. Such
felicities were great delights to her;
but nothing could exceed the haughty way
she boasted of her children: and, in truth,
Niobe might have been adjudged on earth,
the happiest mother of mankind, if pride
had not destroyed her wit.
It happened then,
that Manto, daughter of Tiresias,
who told the future; when she felt the fire
of prophecy descend upon her, rushed
upon the street and shouted in the midst:
“You women of Ismenus! go and give
to high Latona and her children, twain,
incense and prayer. Go, and with laurel wreathe
your hair in garlands, as your sacred prayers
arise to heaven. Give heed, for by my speech
Latona has ordained these holy rites.”
At once, the Theban women wreathe their brows
with laurel, and they cast in hallowed flame
the grateful incense, while they supplicate
all favors of the ever-living Gods.
And while they worship, Niobe comes there,
surrounded with a troup that follow her,
and most conspicuous in her purple robe,
bright with inwoven threads of yellow gold.
Beautiful in her anger, she tosses back
her graceful head. The glory of her hair
shines on her shoulders. Standing forth,
she looks upon them with her haughty eyes,
and taunts them, “Madness has prevailed on you
to worship some imagined Gods of Heaven,
which you have only heard of; but the Gods
that truly are on earth, and can be seen,
are all neglected! Come, explain to me,
why is Latona worshiped and adored,
and frankincense not offered unto me?
For my divinity is known to you.
“Tantalus was my father, who alone
approached the tables of the Gods in heaven;
my mother, sister of the Pleiades,
was daughter of huge Atlas, who supports
the world upon his shoulders; I can boast
of Jupiter as father of my sire,
I count him also as my father-in-law.
The peoples of my Phrygia dread my power,
and I am mistress of the palace built
by Cadmus. By my husband, I am queen
of those great walls that reared themselves
to the sweet music of his sounding lyre.
We rule together all the people they
encompass and defend. And everywhere
my gaze is turned, an evidence of wealth
is witnessed.
“In my features you can see
the beauty of a goddess, but above
that majesty is all the glory due
to me, the mother of my seven sons
and daughters seven. And the time will come
when by their marriage they will magnify
the circle of my power invincible.
“All must acknowledge my just cause of pride
and must no longer worship, in despite
of my superior birth, this deity,
a daughter of ignoble Coeus, whom
one time the great Earth would not even grant
sufficient space for travail: whom the Heavens,
the Land, the Sea together once compelled
to wander, hopeless on all hostile shores!
Throughout the world she found herself rebuffed,
till Delos, sorry for the vagrant, said,
‘Homeless you roam the lands, and I the seas!’
And even her refuge always was adrift.
“And there she bore two children, who, compared
with mine, are but as one to seven. Who
denies my fortunate condition?—Who
can doubt my future?—I am surely safe.
“The wealth of my abundance is too strong
for Fortune to assail me. Let her rage
despoil me of large substance; yet so much
would still be mine, for I have risen above
the blight of apprehension. But, suppose
a few of my fair children should be taken!
Even so deprived, I could not be reduced
to only two, as this Latona, who,
might quite as well be childless.—Get you gone
from this insensate sacrifice. Make haste!
Cast off the wreathing laurels from your brows!”
They plucked the garlands from their hair, and left
the sacrifice, obedient to her will,
although in gentle murmurs they adored
Niobe rejects the worship of Latona

All of Lydia murmurs: the tale goes through the towns of Phrygia, and fills the whole world with talk. Niobe had known Arachne. As a girl, before her marriage, she had lived in Maeonia, near Mount Sipylus. Nevertheless she was not warned by her countrywoman�s fate, to give the gods precedence, and use more modest words. Many things swelled her pride, but neither her husband Amphion�s marvellous art in music, nor both of their high lineages, nor the might of their great kingdom of Thebes, pleased her, though they did please her, as much as her children did. And Niobe would have been spoken of as the most fortunate of mothers, if she had not seemed so to herself.

Now Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, prescient of the future, stirred by divine impulse, went through the middle of the streets, declaiming. �Women of Thebes, Ismenides, go, as a crowd, and wreathe your hair with laurel, and bring incense with holy prayer to Latona, and Latona�s children, Diana and Apollo. Latona commands it through my mouth.�

They obey: all the Theban women, as commanded, dress their temples with sweet-bay, and bring incense and words of prayer to the sacred flames.

Look, Niobe comes, followed by a crowded thong, visible, in her Phrygian robes woven with gold, and as beautiful as anger will let her be. Turning her lovely head with the hair falling loose over both her shoulders, she pauses, and looks around with pride in her eyes, from her full height, saying � What madness, to prefer the gods you are told about to the ones you see? Why is Latona worshipped at the altars, while as yet my godhead is without its incense? Tantalus is my father, who is the only man to eat the food of the gods. My mother is one of the seven sisters, the Pleiades. Great Atlas, who carries the axis of the heavens on his shoulders, is one of my grandfathers. Jupiter is the other, and I glory in having him as my father-in-law as well. The peoples of Phrygia fear me. Cadmus�s royal house is under my rule: and the walls, built to my husband�s lyre, and Thebes�s people, will be ruled by his power and mine. Whichever part of the palace I turn my eyes on, I look at immense wealth. Augment it with my beauty, worthy of a goddess, and add to this my seven daughters, as many sons, and soon my sons- and my daughters-in-law! Now, ask what the reason is for my pride, and then dare to prefer Latona to me, that Titaness, daughter of Coeus, whoever he is. Latona, whom the wide earth once refused even a little piece of ground to give birth on.

Land, sea, and sky were no refuge for your goddess. She was exiled from the world, until Delos, pitying the wanderer, gave her a precarious place, saying �Friend, you wander the earth, I the sea.� There she gave birth to twins, only a seventh of my offspring. I am fortunate (indeed, who can deny it?) and I will stay fortunate (and who can doubt that too?). My riches make me safe. I am greater than any whom Fortune can harm, and though she could take much away, she would leave me much more. Surely my comforts banish fear. Imagine that some of this host of children could be taken from me, I would still not, bereaved, be reduced to the two of Latona�s family. In that state, how far is she from childlessness? Go home � enough of holy things � and take those laurel wreaths from your hair!� They relinquish them, and leave the rite unfinished, except what is their right, reverencing the goddess in a secret murmur.

Ὑποθέτομεν λοιπὸν να ἐφοροληθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὴν Ὥραν, τῷ ἰδέαν θεατρίων τῶν ἐπιγείων εἰς μνημόσυνον, σκάλα εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Θεᾶς καί ἐπειδὴ οἱ συρρέοντες εἰς τὸν Ναὸν, ἐπάτουν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν πάτον τῶν, ἐκ τούτου ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Ὥρα πάντας μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς τὰς κλιμακίδας, δι᾿ ὧν ἀνέβαινον οἱ ἀφροδισταὶ τῆς τοῦ Ναοῦ τῆς.

Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ἡ ἐννοία τῆς Μύθου τῷ εἶναι ἑξαίρετος, ἐπειδὴ διδάσκει να εἴπῃ τῆς ὅτι οἱ πόδες, εἰς τούς ὁποίους ἀφανίζεται ὅλη ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ὑπερηφανία, ἰδὲ δεικνύεται τί εἶναι οἱ ἀφροδισταὶ, εἶναι τῆς ἀληθείας αἱ βαθμίδες, δι᾿ ὧν ἀναβαίνομεν εἰς τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ, καί τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ μας. Δέν εἶναι φράγμα ἐπισημότερον να κατασχῇ τὴν ἀλαζονείαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἰδὲ να τοὺς κάμνῃ να προσκυνῶσι τὸν νοῦν εἰς τὸ Θεόν, καί εἰς ἑαυτούς, ὅσον ἡ Σοφία τῶν πραγμάτων ἰδὲ χρημάτων.

Περὶ τῶν Ταύρου τοῦ ἁρπάξαντος τὴν Εὐρώπην, καί περὶ τῆς λευκῆς φρυγὲς εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν μετεμόρφωθη ὁ Ζεὺς διὰ να ἁρπάσῃ τὴν Λαοδάμειαν, ὡμιλήσαμεν ἀνώτερω. Ὅλοι οἱ καὶ ἂς ὄφεις, εἰκονίζει ἴσως τὴν δύναμιν τῶν ἀνωτέρων στοιχείων πρὸς τὰ κατώτερα σώματα, διὰ τῆς ὁποίας γεννῶνται τὰ πάντα. Ἀλλ᾿ ἂς διαβῶμεν περαιτέρω, ἢ ἂς μὴ ζητῶμεν φῶς εἰς πράγματα τε τόσον σκοτεινὰ.

Ὡμίλησα πνει ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀράχνης εἰς τὸν πρῶτον Μῦθον τῆς παρού- σης Βιβλίου, ὅμως ἀρνέομαι ἤ τε τό, ὅτι δι' αὐτῆς ἡ κύρα, ἡ ὁποία παρεσκίασε τὴν ἐργόχειρον ἡ ἀράγματος φέρουσα ἀτιμίαν ἤ τῆς Θεᾶς, δύο ἔμαθες τι ἐκ τῆς Σκηνῆς ἐπιδείκνυται ἡ Ἀράχνης, ἡ κατὰ παλαιῶν ἡ κακοδόξων Συγγραφέων, ἡ τινες ἐκ τῶν εἰ- δῶν ποιήματα φαίνεται ὅτι διεγείρουσι πόλεμον κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, ἡ τῆς Ἱεροπρεπείας. Ἀλλὰ καθὼς ἡ ματαία οἴησις, καὶ ἀλαζόνα τῆς Ἀράχνης, ἄλλο τι δὲν τῇ ἐφόρεσε εἰμὴ εὐτέλειαν, οὕτω ἡ ἐκεί- νοι δὲν ἀπολαμβάνουσιν ἄλλο τι ἀπὸ τοὺς κόπους των εἰμὴ ἀτιμίαν, ἡ τὸ μῖσος ὅλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἡ μετάνοια λοιπὸν τῆς Ἀρά- χνης, τῆς ἑνῶς πρὸς τιμωρίαν ἡ διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐτόλμησε νὰ φιλονει- κήσῃ μὲ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι ὅσοι μάχονται μὲ τὸν Θεόν, ἀγωνιζόμενοι κατ' αὐτοῦ, παρομοιάζονται τῆς ἀράχνης, τῆς ὁ- ποίας τὰ πλέον λεπτὰ ἔργα, ὅπου καὶ ἂν τύχωσι, νομίζονται ὡς ρύπος ἡ σκύβαλα. Εἴ γε δὲ καὶ τις αὐτὸς ὅτι οἱ ἄθεοι ἀσεβῶ- ντες ἡ ἀσεβεῖς εἶναι ὡς ἀράχναι, κλάδησα ὀλίγα ἐκ τὴν ἁγίαν Γραφήν· πλὴν ἂν ὑφάσματα των δὲν ἔχουσι καμμίαν δύναμιν νὰ ἐμποδίσωσι νὰ τὴν εἴδῃ ὁποῖος Θέλει, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ εἰς ἀνῆλον τὴν Ἀλήθειαν ἡ ὁποίας τοὺς ἐλέγχει ἡ κατακράζει.

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.

Περὶ Νιόβης τῆς εἰς μάρμαρον μετα- μορφώσεως.

Περιγράφεται ἡ τιμωρία τῆς Νιόβης, ἡ ὁποία ἐτόλμησε νὰ παρ- ομοιωθῇ τοῖς Θεοῖς

Ἐτρόμαξε ἡ Λυδία ὅλη διὰ τὸ συμβὰν τῆς Ἀράχνης, καὶ διεδόθη ἡ φήμη μέσα εἰς τὰς πόλεις τῆς Φρυγίας, ὡς ἐντὸς ὀλίγου εἰς τὰ πέρατα ὅλου τοῦ κόσμου. Ἡ Νιόβη, πρὶν ὑπανδρευθῆ, ὅταν κατῴκη εἰς τὸν Σίπυλον, εἶχε γνῶσιν τοῦ δυστυχοῦς ἐκείνης, ὅμως δὲν ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τὴν τιμωρίαν της νὰ ὁμολογῆ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῶν Θεῶν, νὰ σέβεται τὸ κράτος των, καὶ νὰ παύσῃ τὴν ὑπερηφάνειάν της. Τὰ αἴτια δὲ τῆς ἀλαζονείας της ἦσαν πολλά· ἡ ἀγχάλα ὁ ἀνήρ αὐτῆς ἦτον μέγας καὶ κραταιός, καὶ ἦσαν ἀμφότεροι ἀπὸ εὐγενεστάτου καὶ λαμπροτάτου γένους, καὶ εὔδοξον καὶ πλέον ἦτον τὸ βασίλειόν των, ὅμως δι᾿ ὅλα τὰ καλὰ ταῦτα, αἲ καὶ της ἦσαν ἀγαπητά, δὲν ὑπερηφανεύετο τόσον, ὅσον διὰ τὴν πολυτεκνίαν της· καὶ βέβαια ἡ Νιόβη ἠδύνατο νὰ ὀνομασθῆ ἡ πλέον εὐτυχισμένη ὅλων τῶν μητέρων, αἲ δὲν ἤθελε νομίζειν τὸν ἑαυτόν της τόσον εὐδαίμονα. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Τειρεσίου ἡ Μαντώ, ἡ ὁποία προέλεγε ὡς ὁ πατήρ της τὰ μέλλοντα, κινουμένη ἀπὸ θείαν ἔμπνευσιν, περιῆλθε τὴν πόλιν τῶν Θηβῶν, κηρύττουσα εἰς ὅλας τὰς γυναῖκας νὰ στεφανώσωσι μὲ δάφνην, νὰ κάμνουν προσευχὰς ἢ θυσίας, ἢ νὰ προσφέρωσι θυμιάματα εἰς τὴν Λητώ, ἢ εἰς τὰ δύω της τέκνα, καὶ ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἔλαβε παρὰ τῆς Θεᾶς τοιαύτην προσταγήν. Λοιπὸν ὑπήκουσαν παρ᾿ εὐθὺς ὅλαι αἱ γυναῖκες τῶν Θηβῶν, καὶ δαφνοφοροῦσαι κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ προσφιλῆ των, προσέφερον θυμιάματα εἰς τὴν Θεάν· ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Νιό-

σέρεως θεμελιωμένη, καὶ αὖ δοὺ ἀφέπει νὰ προστι- μᾶ ὦ ἀπὸ τῆς Λητῶ, τῆς θυγατρὰ τοῦ Κοίου, του γηγενοῦς Γίγαντος, εἰς τὴν ὁποῖαν ὅλη ἡ γῆ, ὅτε αὐτὴν περιῆλθε, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ δώσῃ τὸν μικρότερον ἀνωφελῆ τόπον διὰ νὰ γεννήσῃ μετ' ἡσυ- χίας. Τέλος ἡ Θεὰ αὐτὴ, τῆς ὁποῖαν προσκυνεῖ- τε εἶχε τόσον ὀλίγην δύσμένιν καὶ ὑπόληψιν, ὥστε δὲν ἐδόθη νὰ εὕρῃ κατακρύψιον οὔτε εἰς τὸν οὐρα- νὸν, οὔτε εἰς τὴν γῆν, οὔτε εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἔ- μεινε λοιπὸν ἐξωσμένη ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, ἔως οὗ ἡ Δῆλος Νῆσος, ἡ ὁποῖα ἔπλεε πότε ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, ὑπεδέχθη τὴν ταλαίπωρον αὐτὴν· τῇ δὲ πάρεσχε πλανωμένῃ, καὶ τῇ ἔδωκε διὰ ἐλεημοσύνην ἄστατον κ' ἀβέβαιον τινὰ κατοικίαν, ὅπου ἐγέννησε δύο μόνα τέκνα, ἤγουν τὸ ἐξόχον μέρος τῆς ἐδικῆς μου. Ὅτι εὐτυχῶ, ποῖος τὸ ἀρνεῖται; καὶ ὅτι θέλω εἶ- μαι πάντοτε εὐτυχὴς, ποῖος ἀμφιβάλλει; Ἡ εὐτυ- χία, ἀσφαλίζει τὴν εὐτυχίαν με· εἶμαι ἰσχυροτέρα ἢ αὐτῆς τῆς τύχης με, ἢ τοσοῦτον ὑψωμένη, ὥστε τὰ πλέον τρακτικὰ προσόμματα της, δὲν δύνανται ποτὲ νὰ με φθάσῃν· ὅ, τι καὶ ἂν ἐπιχειρηθῇ κατ' ἐμοῦ, δὲν δύναται νὰ με ἀφαιρέσῃ τόσα κακὰ, ὥστε νὰ μὴ με μείνωσι τὰ περισσότερα, ἐπειδὴ οἱ εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν με θησαυροί, εἶναι παντὸς φόβου ἀνώτεροι. Ἀλλ' ὑ- ποθέσετε ὅτι ἡ τύχη νὰ μοῦ ὑστερήσῃ μέρος τι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν τέκνων με, μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ἡ δυστυχία μου δὲν θέλει εἶναι ποτὲ τόσον μεγάλη, ὥστε νὰ καταντή- σω με δύω μόνα τέκνα. Παύσατε λοιπὸν ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ θυσιάζητε εἰς μίαν ἀνίσχυρον Θεάν, καὶ ῥίψατε εἰς τὸ πῦ

Indignata dea est summoque in vertice Cynthi
205talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta:
“En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis,
et nisi Iunoni nulli cessura dearum,
an dea sim dubitor perque omnia saecula cultis
arceor, o nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris.
210Nec dolor hic solus: diro convicia facto
Tantalis adiecit vosque est postponere natis
ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam reccidat, orbam,
dixit et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam.”
Adiectura preces erat his Latona relatis:
215“desine!” Phoebus ait: “poenae mora longa querella est.”
Dixit idem Phoebe: celerique per aera lapsu
contigerant tecti Calmeida nubibus arcem.
Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus,
adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum
220duraque mollierat subiectas ungula glaebas.
Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes
conscendunt in equos Tyrioque rubentia suco
terga premunt auroque graves moderantur habenas.
E quibus Ismenus, qui matri sarcina quondam
225prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem
quadrupedis cursus spumantiaque ora coercet,
“ei mihi!” conclamat medioque in pectore fixa
tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis
in latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo.
230Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae,
frena dabat Sipylus, veluti cum praescius imbris
nube fugit visa pendentiaque undique rector
carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura.
Frena tamen dantem non evitabile telum
235consequitur; summaque tremens cervice sagitta
haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum.
Ille, ut erat, pronus per crura admissa iubasque
volvitur et calido tellurem sanguine foedat.
Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres
240Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori,
transierant ad opus nitidae iuvenale palaestrae;
et iam contulerant arto luctantia nexu
pectora pectoribus, cum tento concita nervo,
sicut erant iuncti, traiecit utrumque sagitta.
245Ingemuere simul, simul incurvata dolore
membra solo posuere, simul suprema iacentes
lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt.
Adspicit Alphenor laniataque pectora plangens
advolat, ut gelidos complexibus adlevet artus,
250inque pio cadit officio: nam Delius illi
intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro.
Quod simul eductum est, pars est pulmonis in hamis
eruta cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras.
At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus
255adficit. Ictus erat qua crus esse incipit et qua
mollia nervosus facit internodia poples.
Dumque manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum,
altera per iugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est.
Expulit hanc sanguis, seque eiaculatus in altum
260emicat et longe terebrata prosilit aura.
Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando
bracchia sustulerat, “di” que “o communiter omnes,”
dixerat ignarus non omnes esse rogandos
“parcite.” Motus erat, cum iam revocabile telum
265non fuit, arquitenens. Minimo tamen occidit ille
vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta.
the goddess Niobe had so defamed.
Latona, furious when she heard the speech,
flew swiftly to the utmost peak of Cynthus,
and spoke to her two children in these words:
“Behold your mother, proud of having borne
such glorious children! I will yield
prestige before no goddess—save alone
immortal Juno! I have been debased,
and driven for all ages from my own—
my altars, unto me devoted long,
and so must languish through eternity,
unless by you sustained. Nor is this all;.
That daughter of Tantalus, bold Niobe,
has added curses to her evil deeds,
and with a tongue as wicked as her sire's,
has raised her base-born children over mine.
Has even called me childless! A sad fate
more surely should be hers! Oh, I entreat”—
But Phoebus answered her, “No more complaint
is necessary, for it only serves
to hinder the swift sequel of her doom.”
And with the same words Phoebe answered her.
And having spoken, they descended through
the shielding shadows of surrounding clouds,
and hovered on the citadel of Cadmus.
There, far below them, was a level plain
which swept around those walls; where trampling steeds,
with horny hoofs, and multitudinous wheels,
had beaten a wide track. And on the field
the older sons of Niobe on steeds
emblazoned with bright dyes and harness rich
with studded gold were circling.—One of these,
Ismenus, first-born of his mother, while
controlling his fleet courser's foaming mouth,
cried out, “Ah wretched me!” A shaft had pierced
the middle of his breast; and as the reins
dropped slowly on the rapid courser's neck,
his drooping form fell forward to the ground.
Not far from him, his brother, Sipylus,
could hear the whistling of a fatal shaft,
and in his fright urged on the plunging steed:
as when the watchful pilot, sensible
of storms approaching, crowds on sail,
hoping to catch a momentary breeze,
so fled he, urging an impetuous flight;
but, while he fled the shaft, unerring, flew;
transfixed him with its quivering death; struck where
the neck supports the head and the sharp point
protruded from his throat. In his swift flight,
as he was leaning forward, he was struck;
and, rolling over the wild horse's neck
pitched to the ground, and stained it with his blood.
Unhappy Phaedimus, and Tantalus,
(So named from his maternal grandsire) now
had finished coursing on the track, and smooth.
Shining with oil, were wrestling in the field;
and while those brothers struggled—breast to breast—
another arrow, hurtling from the sky,
pierced them together, just as they were clinched.
The mingled sound that issued from two throats
was like a single groan. Convulsed with pain,
the wrestlers fell together on the ground,
where, stricken with a double agony,
rolling their eyeballs, they sobbed out their lives.
Alphenor saw them die—beating his breast
in agony—ran to lift in his arms
their lifeless bodies cold—while doing this
he fell upon them. Phoebus struck him so,
piercing his midriff in a vital part,
with fatal shot, which, when he pulled it forth,
dragged with its barb a torn clot of his lung—
his blood and life poured out upon the air.
The youthful Damasicthon next was struck,
not only once; an arrow pierced his leg
just where the sinews of the thigh begin,
and as he turned and stooped to pluck it out,
another keen shaft shot into his neck,
up to the fletching.—The blood drove it out,
and spouted after it in crimson jets.
Then, Ilioneus, last of seven sons,
lifted his unavailing arms in prayer,
and cried, “O Universal Deities,
gods of eternal heaven, spare my life!”—
Besought too late, Apollo of the Bow,
could not prevail against the deadly shaft,
already on its way: and yet his will,
compellant, acted to retard its flight,
so that it cut no deeper than his heart.
The rumors of an awful tragedy,—
the wailings of sad Niobe's loved friends,—
the terror of her grieving relatives,—
all gave some knowledge of her sudden loss:
but so bewildered and enraged her mind,
that she could hardly realize the Gods
had privilege to dare against her might.
The gods� vengeance: Niobe�s sons are killed

The goddess was deeply angered, and on the summit of Mount Cynthus she spoke to her twin children. �See, it will be doubted whether I, your mother, proud to have borne you, and giving way to no goddess, except Juno, am a goddess, and worship will be prevented at my altars through all the ages, unless you help me, my children. Nor is this my only grief. This daughter of Tantalus has added insult to injury, and has dared to put her children above you, and has called me childless, may that recoil on her own head, and has shown she has her father�s tongue for wickedness.� Latona would have added her entreaties to what she had related, but Phoebus cried �Enough! Long complaint delays her punishment! Phoebe said the same, and falling swiftly through the air, concealed by clouds, they reached the house of Cadmus.

There was a broad, open plain near the walls, flattened by the constant passage of horses, where many wheels and hard hooves had levelled the turf beneath them. There, a number of Amphion�s seven sons mounted on their strong horses, and sitting firmly on their backs, bright with Tyrian purple, guided them using reins heavy with gold. While Ismenus, one of these, who had been the first of his mother�s burdens, was wheeling his horse�s path around in an unerring circle, and hauling at the foaming bit, he cried out �Oh, I am wounded!� and revealed an arrow fixed in his chest, and loosing the reins from his dying hands, slipped gradually, sideways, over his mount�s right shoulder.

Next Sipylus, hearing the sound of a quiver in the empty air, let out the reins, just as a shipmaster sensing a storm runs for it when he sees the cloud, and claps on all sail, so that not even the slightest breeze is lost. Still giving full rein, he was overtaken, by the arrow none can avoid, and the shaft stuck quivering in his neck, and the naked tip protruded from his throat. Leaning forward, as he was, he rolled down over the mane and the galloping hooves, and stained the ground with warm blood.

Unlucky Phaedimus, and Tantalus, who carried his grandfather�s name, at the end of the usual task imposed on them, had joined the exercise of the young men, and were gleaming with oil in the wrestling match. And now they were fully engaged, in a tight hold, chest to chest, when an arrow, loosed from the taut bow, pierced them both, as they were. They groaned as one, and fell as one, their limbs contorted with pain. As they lay there, they cast a last dying look, as one, and, as one, gave up the ghost. Alphenor saw them die, and striking at his breast in anguish, he ran to them to lift their cold bodies in his embrace. In this filial service he also fell, for Delian Apollo tore at his innermost parts with deadly steel. As the shaft was removed, a section of his lung was drawn with it, caught on the barbs, and with his life�s blood his spirit rushed out into the air.

But it was not a simple wound that longhaired Damasicthon suffered. He was hit where the shin begins, and where the sinews of the knee leave a soft place between. While he was trying to pull out the fatal shaft with his hand, another arrow was driven into his throat as far as the feathers. The rush of blood expelled it, and gushing out, spurted high in the air, in a long jet. The last son, Ilioneus, stretched out his arms in vain entreaty. �O you company of all the gods, spare me!� he cried, unaware that he need not ask them all. The archer god Apollo was moved, though already the dart could not be recalled: yet only a slight wound killed the boy, the arrow not striking deeply in his heart.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ϛ'. 317

ὑπήκοον εἰς τὸν πρόσταγμα τῆς Βασιλίσσης των, ῥίψασαι τὰς στέφανας των, ἢ ἀφίνουσαι τὰς ἤδη ἀρχλευμένας Θυ- σίας· πλὴν κατὰ μόνας ἔνδοθεν αὐτῷ ἐλάτρευσε τὴν Λητὼ, παροσφέρουσα εἰς αὐτὴν κρυφίως ἐν τῇ παρόδῳ τῆς των ἀφέπσων ἀναλάβειαν, ἢ προσκύνησιν.

Δικαίως λοιπὸν ἡ Θεὰ ὀργιζθεῖσα κατὰ τῆς ὑπερηφά- νου Νιόβης, ἐλάλησε τοιοῦσδε ὥσπερ πρὸς τὰς δύω υἱοὺς τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν κορυφῆς τοῦ Κύνθου ὄρους· „ ἐνδοξα τέκνα „ μου, διὰ τῶν γέννησιν τῶν ὁποίων δοξάζομαι, ἐγὼ, „ ἥτις δὲν εἶμαι κατωτέρα τινὸς ἄλλης τῶν Θεῶν, πλὴν „ τῆς Ἥρας, ἀμφιβάλλω πλέον ἂν εἶμαι Θεὰ, ἂν δὲ „ δὲν μὲ βοηθήσετε, ἀφαιροῦμαι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς Νιόβης, „ τῆς ἀπὸ πάντων αἰώνων εἰς ἐμὲ ἀφιερωμένους ἱεροὺς „ ναοὺς, καὶ δὲν εἶναι αὕτη μόνη ἡ λύπη μου. Ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ „ Ταντάλου προσέθηκε τὴν ὕβριν εἰς τὴν βλάβην, ἢ ἐτόλμησε μὲ προτιμήσῃ τὰ τέκνα τῆς εἰς ἐσᾶς, ἢ μὲ „ ὀνομάζει ἀθλίαν μητέρα, ἢ ἄπαιδα, ἢ ἄστοργον· αὐτὴ „ ἀπέδειξεν ὅτι ἔχει τὴν γλῶσσαν τοῦ πατρὸς τῆς Ταντάλου· ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς φέρετε εἰς τέλος ὥστε ἡ δόξα τῆς „ τῶν ὁποίαν ἐπάγεται νὰ μὲ κάμνῃ, καὶ ἡ εὐτυχία, „ τῶν ὁποίαν μὲ ἀποδίδει, νὰ στραφῇ ἐπάνω τῆς, ἢ νὰ „ νὰ εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία τῆς". Ἤθελε νὰ προσθέσῃ ἄλ- „ λα δεήσεις εἰς τὴν ὁμιλίαν τῆς", ἀλλ' οὐ χρεία, τῇ εἴ- „ πον ὁ Ἀπόλλων· ἀναβάλλεται ἡ ἐκδίκησις μὲ τὴν „ πολυλογίαν". Τὰ αὐτὰ τῇ ἀπεκρίθη ἢ ἡ Ἄρτεμις, „ καὶ εὐθὺς ἀμφότεροι, σκεπασμένοι εἰς νεφέλην, κατέ- „ βησαν ἐν τάχει εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Κάδμου.

Πλησίον τῆς Πόλεως ἔκειτο πεδίον τι ἢ ἄρρυχμαρος πεδιάς πρὸς ἄσκησιν τῶν ἵππων, ἢ ἱδρύη τῶν ἀνθρώ- πων. Μέρος τῶν νέων

γεναίων, διὰ νὰ ἐξασκηθῇ κατὰ τὴν συνήθειαν των. Ἀμ᾽ ἐν ᾧ Ἰσμηνὸς, ὁ πρωτότοκος ἤθελε νὰ στρέψῃ τὸν ἵππον ὁλόγυρα εἰς τὴν πεδιάδα, ἔξαφνα ἐβόησεν „ οἴμοι „τῷ ἀθλίῳ !" καὶ ἐξαίφνης πληγωθεὶς μὲ βέλος εἰς τὸ στῆθος, ὁ ἀφήνων τοὺς χαλινοὺς ἀπὸ τὴν γενναίαν χεί- ρα του, ἔπεσεν ὀλίγον κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὸ δεξιὸν μέ- ρος. Ὁ δεύτερος, ὄνοματι Σίπυλος, ἀκούων εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὸ σύρισμα τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ βαλλομένου βέλους, ἐ- κίνησε τὸν ἵππον του διὰ νὰ τὸ ἀποφύγῃ, μιμούμενος τὸν Ναύαρχον, ὅς τις φεύγει πρὸς τὸν λιμένα διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῇ ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπει χειμῶνα εἰς τὰ σύννεφα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκοπίασεν εἰς μάτην τὸν ἵππον, διότι τὸ διώκον αὐτὸν βέλος ἦτον ἀδιάδραστον, καὶ τὸν διεπέ- ρασε κατὰ κορυφὴν ἕως εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν, ὅθεν κλίνων ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς πόδας τοῦ ἵππου, καὶ ἔβρεξε τὸ χῶμα μὲ τὸ αἷμα του. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Φαίδιμος, ὃ ὁ Ταντά- λος, ὁ φέρων τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πάππου του, πελειώσαντες τὸν συνηθισμένον ἀγῶνα των, ἤθελον νὰ παλαίσουν ὁ εἷς μετὰ τοῦ ἄλλου, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ᾧ ἐναγκαλίζοντο ἀλλήλους, ἓν σφόδρον βέλος τοὺς ἐπλήγωσεν ἀμφοτέρους, καὶ ἐπάρ- φωσε τὸν ἕνα ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν ἄλλον. Ἀναστελάξησαν καὶ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, ὁμοῦ ἔπεσαν, ὃ ὁμοῦ ἀμπρόστερον ἐξεψύχη- σαν. Θέλων ποτε ὁ Ἀλφήνωρ νὰ τοὺς βοηθήσῃ, ἀπέ- θανε καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ ὅσιον ἔργον, ὥσαν νὰ ἤθελε πράξη ἁμαρτίαν τινά· διότι ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἤῤῥιψε κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τοι- οῦτον βέλος, ὥστε δὲν ἠδυνήθη τις νὰ τὸ ἐκβάλῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα του χωρὶς νὰ ἀπάσῃ ὃ μέρος τοῦ πνεύμονος. ὅθεν ὁ δυστυχὴς Ἀλφήνωρ ἔχασε τὴν ζωήν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 319

εἰς τὸν ἐαχηλον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐμβῆκε μέσῃ τῆ πτερνῇ, καὶ ἡ ὁρμητικὴ ἔκρυσις τῆ αἵματος, τὸ ἔρρηξε μακρὰν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα. Δύω ἔμειναν εἰμὶ μόνος ὁ Ἰλιονύδης, ὁ νεώτερος τῶ τέκνων τῆς Νιόβης, ὁ ὁποῖος εἰς μάτην ἁπλώσε τὰς χεῖρας τε πρὸς τὰς οὐρανὲς, ἐπικαλόμενος τῶ βοήθειαν ὅλων τῆ Θεῶν, μὴ εἰδὼς ὅτι ὅλοι δὲν ἤθελον τὸν ἀκροασθῆ, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ τοὺς παρακαλῆ ὅλους. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐσπλαγχνίσθη, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐδυνάθη νὰ ἐμποδίση τὸ τόξον, τὸ ὁποῖον πρότερον εἶχε σύρη κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ· ὅθεν ἀπέθανε καὶ αὐτός, πλῆν μὲ γλυκύτερον θάνατον, ἐπείδὴ τὸ σίδηρον ποὺ ἐπλήγωσεν ἐλαφρὰ τῆν καρδίαν. Ἡ φήμη τῆς ὀλεθρίας σκηνῆς, οἱ συναγμοὶ τῶ λαῦ, καὶ τὰ ὀδύρματα τῶ οἰκείων της, ἔγιναν οἱ λυπηροὶ μήνυται, οἱ ἀναγγείλαντες τῆ Νιόβη τὴν ἀξιοδάκρυτον συμφοράν, κἰ ἀνέλπιστον ζημίαν. Κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἠπόρησεν ἡ δυστυχὴς πόθεν ἀράγε προχλήθη ὁ πλέσης ὅλεθρος, ἔπειτα ἐξημώσθη κατὰ τῆ Θεῶν ὅτι ἐτόλμησαν νὰ τῆν παιδεύσουν, καὶ ὅτι εἶχον τοσαύτην ἐξουσίαν· ἐπείδὴ ὁ Ἀμφίων ὁ ἀνήρ της, μαθὼν τῆν δυστυχίαν, ἐφονεύθη ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τε, ἀπαλλαγεὶς τῆς ὀδύνης ὁμοῦ κἰ τῆ βίου. Ὦ πόσον ἡ παλαίπωρος Νιόβη ἔγινε τότε διαφορετικὴ ἀπὸ ἐκείνην τῆν ὑπερήφανον, ἡ ὁποία πρὸ ὀλίγου εἶχεν ἐμποδίση τὰς θυσίας τῆς Λητοῦς, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ καταπατήση τὰ θυσιαστήρια τῆς Θεᾶς. Ἡ Νιόβη ἡ βασιλίσσα, ἡ πάντοτε φερομένη ὥσπερ ἐπὶ θριαμβευτικῆς ἁμάξης, ἡ ζηλευομένη καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτοὺς τοὺς πλέον εὐδαίμονας, τώρα παρακινεῖ εἰς οἶκτον καὶ τοὺς δυσχερεστάτους, κἰ τῶν ἀσπλαγχνικωτάτους.

τῆς τελευταῖες ἀναπνοές. Ἀλλὰ μετ' ὀλίγον ὀρθοθεῖ- σα, καὶ ἄρασα πρὸς οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας „ὦ σκληρὰ „ Λητοῖ, ἐβόησε, χόρτασον τώρα ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ μας, „ καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς ὀδύνας μας· χόρτασον ἀπὸ τὸ πένθος με, „ καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μου· ἰδὲ ἐγὼ κατάκειμαι, ὡς θέλεις, „ μεταξὺ τῆς ἑπτὰ πεθαμένων υἱῶν με· εὐφράνθη- „ τι εἰς τὴν συμφορὰν με, θριάμβευσον, ὦ σκληρὰ, „ ὡς νικήτρια. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νικήτρια; μὲ ὅλην με τὴν „ δυστυχίαν, πάλιν ἔχω περισσότερα τέκνα ἀπὸ σὲ „ τὴν εὐτυχῆ, καὶ μετὰ τοσαύτας σφαγὰς, πάλιν „ δύναμαι νὰ εἰπῶ ὅτι ἐνίκησα". Μόλις ἐτελείωσε τοὺς λόγους της καὶ ἠκούσθη ὁ ἦχος τοῦ τόξου, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἐπέμπετο βέλος φοβερὸν εἰς ὅλας, πλὴν τῆς Νιόβης, ἐπειδὴ ἡ δυστυχία της εἶχεν ἀφαιρέσει τὸν φόβον, καὶ τὴν ἔκαμε πολυμέρωτέραν. Αἱ θυγατέρες της ἐθρήνουν στηκὰ εἰς τὰ πτώματα τῶν ἀδελφῶν των· ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ μία ἐκ αὐτῶν δέχεται τὸ βέλος εἰς τὸ στῆ- θος, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἔπαχε νὰ τὸ ἐβγάλῃ, ἔπεσε πρηνὴς ἐ- πάνω εἰς τὸ σῶμα ἑνὸς τῶν ἀδελφῶν της. Ἄλλη δὲ μία ἐν ᾧ παρηγόρει τὴν μητέρα, ἔχασεν ἔξαφνα τὴν λα- λιὰν, καὶ πληγωθεῖσα, χωρὶς νὰ καταλάβῃ τις πόθεν ἤρχετο τὸ βέλος, ἐνέκλεισεν ἔνδον τὸ σῶμα, καὶ δὲν τὸ ἤνοιξε πλέον οὔτε διὰ νὰ ἀναπνεύσῃ. Ἄλλη δὲ πάλιν θέ- λουσα νὰ φυλαχθῇ μὲ τὴν φυγὴν, εὗρε τὸν θάνατον εἰς τὸν δρόμον. Ἄλλη δὲ πίπτει νεκρὰ ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἡμι- θανὲς σῶμα τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· ἄλλη δὲ θέλει νὰ κρυφθῇ, καὶ ἄλλη λυπεῖται διὰ τὰς πληγὰς τῶν συναδέλφων της, καὶ φοβεῖται διὰ τὴν ἑαυτῆς της. Οὕτως, ἀφ' οὗ ἐφονεύ- θησαν ἓξ κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους, δὲν ἔμεινε πλέον πα- ρὰ ἡ τελευταία, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ πολυάθλιος

Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum
tam subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae,
mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi
270hoc essent superi, quod tantum iuris haberent.
Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto
finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.
Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab illa,
quae modo Latois populum submoverat aris
275et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem,
invidiosa suis, at nunc miseranda vel hosti.
Corporibus gelidis incumbit et ordine nullo
oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes.
A quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens
280“pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore,
pascere” ait “satiaque meo tua pectora luctu:
“Corque ferum satia” dixit, “per funera septem”
efferor. Exsulta victrixque inimica triumpha.
Cur autem victrix? miserae mihi plura supersunt,
285quam tibi felici: post tot quoque funera vinco.”
Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu.
Qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes:
illa malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris
ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores.
290E quibus una trahens haerentia viscere tela
imposito fratri moribunda relanguit ore:
altera solari miseram conata parentem
conticuit subito duplicataque vulnere tota est.
oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat.
295Haec frustra fugiens collabitur, illa sorori
inmoritur, latet haec, illam trepidare videres.
Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis
ultima restabat. Quam toto corpore mater,
tota veste tegens “unam minimamque relinque
300de multis minimam posco” clamavit “et unam.”
Dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit
exanimes inter natos natasque virumque,
deriguitque malis. Nullos movet aura capillos,
in vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis
305stant inmota genis, nihil est in imagine vivum.
Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato
congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri;
nec flecti cervix nec bracchia reddere motus
nec pes ire potest; intra quoque viscera saxum est.
310Flet tamen. Et validi circumdata turbine venti
in patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis
liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant.
Nor would she, till her lord, Amphion, thrust
his sword deep in his breast, by which his life
and anguish both were ended in dark night.
Alas, proud Niobe, once haughty queen!
Proud Niobe who but so lately drove
her people from Latona's altars, while,
moving majestic through the midst, she hears
their plaudits, now so bitterly debased,
her meanest enemy may pity her!—
She fell upon the bodies of her sons,
and in a frenzy of maternal grief,
kissed their unfeeling lips. Then unto Heaven
with arms accusing, railed upon her foe:
“Glut your revenge! Latona, glut your rage!
Yea, let my lamentations be your joy!
Go—satiate your flinty heart with death!
Are not my seven sons all dead? Am I
not waiting to be carried to my grave?—
exult and triumph, my victorious foe!
Victorious? Nay!—Much more remains to me
in all my utmost sorrow, than to you,
you gloater upon vengeance—Undismayed,
I stand victorious in my Field of Woe!”
no sooner had she spoken, than the cord
twanged from the ever-ready bow; and all
who heard the fatal sound, again were filled
with fear,—save Niobe, in misery bold,—
defiant in misfortune.—Clothed in black,
the sisters of the stricken brothers stood,
with hair disheveled, by the funeral biers.
And one while plucking from her brother's heart
a shaft, swooned unto death, fell on her face—
on her dear brother's corpse. Another girl,
while she consoled her mother, suddenly,
was stricken with an unseen, deadly wound;
and doubled in convulsions, closed her lips,
tight held them, till both breath and life were lost.
Another, vainly rushed away from death—
she met it, and pitched head-first to the ground;
and still another died upon her corse,
another vainly sought a secret death,
and, then another slipped beyond's life's edge.
So, altogether, six of seven died—
each victim, strickened in a different way.
One child remained. Then in a frenzy-fear
the mother, as she covered her with all
her garments and her body, wailed—“Oh, leave
me this one child! the youngest of them all!
My darling daughter—only leave me one!”
But even while she was entreating for its life—
the life was taken from her only child.
Childless— she crouched beside her slaughtered sons,
her lifeless daughters, and her husband's corpse.
The breeze not even moved her fallen hair,
a chill of marble spread upon her flesh,
beneath her pale, set brows, her eyes moved not,
her bitter tongue turned stiff in her hard jaws,
her lovely veins congealed, and her stiff neck
and rigid hands could neither bend nor move.—
her limbs and body, all were changed to stone.
Yet ever would she weep: and as her tears
were falling she was carried from the place,
enveloped in a storm and mighty wind,
far, to her native land, where fixed upon
a mountain summit she dissolves in tears,—
and to this day the marble drips with tears.
Niobe�s daughters are killed: Her fate.

The rumour of trouble, the people�s sorrow, and the tears of her own family, confirming sudden disaster to the mother, left her astounded that the gods could have done it, and angered that they had such power, and dared to use it. Now, she learned that the father, Amphion, driving the iron blade through his heart, had, in dying, ended pain and life together. Alas, how different this Niobe from that Niobe, the one, who a moment ago chased the people from Latona�s altar, and made her way through the city with head held high, enviable to her friends, and now more to be pitied by her enemies.� She threw herself on the cold bodies, and without regard for due ceremony, gave all her sons a last kiss. Turning from them she lifted her bruised arms to the sky, and cried out �Feed your heart, cruel one, Latona, on my pain, feed your heart, and be done! Be done, savage spirit! I am buried seven times. Exult and triumph over your enemy! But where is the victory? Even in my misery I have more than you in your happiness. After so many deaths, I still outdo you!�

She spoke, and the twang of a taut bowstring sounded, terrifying all of them, except Niobe. Pain gave her courage. The sisters, with black garments, and loosened hair, were standing by their brothers� bodies. One, grasping at an arrow piercing her side, falling, fainted in death beside her brother�s face. A second, attempting to comfort her grieving mother, fell silent, and was bent in agony with a hidden wound. She pressed her lips together, but life had already fled. One fell trying in vain to run, and her sister fell across her. One tried to hide, while another trembled in full view. Now six had been dealt death, suffering their various wounds: the last remained. The mother, with all her robes and with her body, protected her, and cried out �Leave me just one, the youngest! I only ask for one, the youngest of all!� While she prayed, she, for whom she prayed, was dead. Childless, she sat among the bodies of her sons, her daughters, and her husband, frozen in grief.

The breeze stirs not a hair, the colour of her cheeks is bloodless, and her eyes are fixed motionless in her sad face: nothing in that likeness is alive. Inwardly her tongue is frozen to the solid roof of her mouth, and her veins cease their power to throb. Her neck cannot bend, nor her arms recall their movement, nor her feet lead her anywhere. Inside, her body is stone. Yet she weeps, and, enclosed in a powerful whirlwind, she is snatched away to her own country: there, set on a mountain top, she wears away, and even now tears flow from the marble.

ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ. 321

Ἐφώναζες· „ἄφες μοι πᾶν αὐτὸν μόνον τὴν θυγατέρα, „ἄφες μοι πᾶν αὐτὸν· ὡς νεωτέρα, εἶναι γ' ἡ πλέον „αὐπταύτονος· δεῦ σέ ζητῶ εἰμὶ αὐτὴν μόνην „ Ἀλλ' ἐνῶ ἐξέρωνε τῶν δέσμω ταύτην, ἐκείνη, διὰ τὸν ὁποῖαν ἐθέετο, ἔπεσε νέκρα ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰς ὀφθαλμὲς της, ὥστε ἡ παλαίστωρος Νιόβη ἔμεινε μόνη ζωντενὴ μεταξὺ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἀνδρός της, κ' τῶν υἱῶν της, κ' τῶν θυγατέρων της, τοὺς ὁποίους ἔβλεπεν ὅλες νέκρους εἰς τὰς πόδας της. Τότε, ἐπειδὴ τὰ μεγάλα πάθη ἔχουσι δυναμὶν νὰ σκληρώσωσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, οὕτως ἐσκληρώθη κ' αὐτὴ ἀπὸ τῆς συμφοράης. Ὁ ἄνεμος πνέων τὰ τρίχας της κεφαλῆς της, δεῦ δυνάταται ποσῶς νὰ τὰς κινήση· τὸ πρόσωπόν της ἔλαβε ποιαύτην χροιὰν, εἰς τὴν ὁποῖαν δεῦ ἔφαίνετο αἷμα· τὰ ὄμματα της ἔμεναν κ' αὐτὰ ἀκίνητα ὑπὸ τὸ ἀπολιθωμένον μέτωπον. Ἡ Νιόβη δεῦ εἶναι πλέον ἄλογον ἄγαλμα· ὡς κ' αὐτὰ τὰ ἐσώτερα μέρη τὰ σώματος της ἔλαβον παρομοίαν τύχην, ἐπειδὴ κ' ἡ γλῶσσα της μὲ τὸν οὐρανίσκον ἐλιθώθησαν εἰς τὸ στόμα της, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ φλέβες τοῦ σώματος της δεῦ ἔχουν πλέον καμμίαν κίνησιν. Ὁ τράχηλος δεῦ κάμπτεται πλέον, καὶ οἱ βραχίονες δεῦ δύνανται οὔτε νὰ ἐκτανθοῦν, οὔτε νὰ συσταλῶσιν· οἱ πόδες δεῦ περιπατῶσι πλέον, καὶ τέλος ἔγινεν ὅλη μάρμαρον, μέχρι καὶ αὐτῆ τῆς σπλάχνων. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ἀκόμη κλαίει· καὶ περιπλανωμένη ἀπὸ τὸν ῥοῖβον ὁρμητικοῦ τινὸς ἀνέμου, ἐφέρθη εἰς τὰ πατρίδας της εἰς τῶν κορυφῶν μιᾶς βουνῆς, ὅπου τὸ μάρμαρον, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἐπάγη τὸ σῶμά της, ἄχει της σήμερον χύνει πλῆθος δακρύων.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Αρκεῖ μόνον να αἰσθανθῆ τις τὸν Μῦθον, διὰ να καταλάβῃ τοῦ σκοποῦ τῆς φρικτῆς τιμωρείας. Φαίνεται μοι ότι δεν διάβασε παλλάδα, ἀφροδίτης ποτὲ ψυχὴ, ὥστε να μὴ βλέπῃ φανερὰ ότι τὸ διήγημα της μὲν διδάσκει να αἰσχύνεται τῇ ὑπερηφάνειαν καὶ ἀλαζονείαν, καὶ να εἶναι μέτριοι καὶ σώφρονες εἰς τὴν τύχην, ἐνθυμούμενοι πάντοτε τὸ εἶναι μας εἰς ὁποιανδήποτε τύχην καὶ ἂν εὑρισκώμεθα· ότι εἴμεθα σκιαί, καὶ φάσματα, ὕφασμα ἀράχνης ἔλαφρα, καὶ δεν πρέπει ποτὲ να λέγωμεν ὅπερ εἶπε μίαν φοράν εἷς ὑπερήφανος, ὡς τις ἐνόμιζε να ὑψώσῃ ἑαυτὸν, ὥστε ἡ εὐαστία τύχη δὲν ἠδύνατο ποτὲ να τὸν βλάψῃ· "ὤχι, ἐγὼ ὑψώθην τόσον, ὥστε δὲν φοβοῦμαι πλέον να ἔχῃ βέλη ἡ τύχη, ἱκανὰ νὰ μὲ βλάψωσιν."

Λέγεται ἡ Νιόβη θυγατηρ τοῦ Ταντάλου, δι' οὗ σημειοῦται ἡ φιλαργυρία, καὶ τῆς Εὐρυανάσσης, δι' ἧς σημαίνεται ἡ αὐθαδεία, καὶ ὁ πλοῦτος, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνεια τῶν ἀνθρώπων γεννᾶται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἀπὸ τὰ δύο ταῦτα. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ δὲ ὑπῆρχον ποτὲ πλούσιοι πατέρες, καὶ θυγατέρες τινὲς μεγάλαι, οἱ ὁποῖοι δὲν ἤθελον νὰ νομίζουν νὰ εἶναι τοιοῦτοι, καὶ δὲν ἦσαν ματαιόδοξοι καὶ ὑπερήφανοι. Πλήθος γὰρ δημοσίᾳ τοῦ κόσμου τῆ μεγαλείᾳ τῶν ποίων ἐμβλέψαντα τὴν τοῦ Βασιλέως τὸν λόγον τῆς ὑπεροχῆς των. Ἄλλοι τοιοῦτοι ἐξ οὗ ἐφανέρωσαν ὅτι εἶναι θεοί, παύουσιν, ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ εἶναι καὶ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἤθελον εἶναι ἀειθαλεῖς θεοί, εἰς ἐνθυμοῦνται ὅτι εἶναι ἄνθρωποι. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνεια γεννᾶται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἀπὸ τὰ μεγαλεῖα, καὶ πλοῦτον, ἡ καταδρομὴ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἡ λύσις τῆς διαγωγῆς της, καὶ ὁ φόβος τοῦ ὁμολογεῖν καὶ κηρύττειν τὴν Παντοδυναμίαν του, εἶναι ἀποτελέσματα τῆς κενοδοξίας.

Ταῦτα διδασκόμεθα ἀπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Νιόβης, ἡ ὁποία διὰ τὸ νὰ ἤθελε πιεῖ αὐτὸν πάντα σε

Tum vero cuncti manifestam numinis iram
femina virque timent cultuque impensius omnes
315magna gemelliparae venerantur numina divae,
utque fit, a facto propiore priora renarrant.
E quibus unus ait: “Lyciae quoque fertilis agris
non impune deam veteres sprevere coloni.
Res obscura quidem est ignobilitate virorum,
320mira tamen. Vidi praesens stagnumque locumque
prodigio notum. Nam me iam grandior aevo
impatiensque viae genitor deducere lectos
iusserat inde boves gentisque illius eunti
ipse ducem dederat. Cum quo dum pascua lustro,
325ecce lacu medio sacrorum nigra favilla
ara vetus stabat tremulis circumdata cannis.
Restitit et pavido “faveas mihi” murmure dixit
dux meus; et simili “faveas” ego murmure dixi.
Naiadum Faunine foret tamen ara rogabam
330indigenaeve dei, cum talia rettulit hospes:
“Non hac, o iuvenis, montanum numen in ara est:
illa suam vocat hanc, cui quondam regia coniunx
orbem interdixit, quam vix erratica Delos
orantem accepit, tum cum levis insula nabat.
335Illic incumbens cum Palladis arbore palmae
edidit invita geminos Latona noverca.
Hinc quoque Iunonem fugisse puerpera fertur
inque suo portasse sinu, duo numina, natos.
Iamque Chimaeriferae, cum sol gravis ureret arva,
340finibus in Lyciae longo dea fessa labore
sidereo siccata sitim conlegit ab aestu,
uberaque ebiberant avidi lactantia nati.
Forte lacum mediocris aquae prospexit in imis
vallibus; agrestes illic fruticosa legebant
345vimina cum iuncis gratamque paludibus ulvam.
Accessit positoque genu Titania terram
pressit, ut hauriret gelidos potura liquores.
Rustica turba vetat. Dea sic adfata vetantes:
“Quid prohibetis aquis? usus communis aquarum est.
350Nec solem proprium natura nec aera fecit
nec tenues undas: ad publica munera veni.
Quae tamen ut detis, supplex peto. Non ego nostros
abluere hic artus lassataque membra parabam,
sed relevare sitim. Caret os umore loquentis
355et fauces arent, vixque est via vocis in illis.
Haustus aquae mihi nectar erit, vitamque fatebor
accepisse simul: vitam dederitis in unda.
Hi quoque vos moveant, qui nostro bracchia tendunt
parva sinu:” et casu tendebant bracchia nati.
360Quem non blanda deae potuissent verba movere?
Hi tamen orantem perstant prohibere minasque,
ni procul abscedat, conviciaque insuper addunt.
Nec satis est, ipsos etiam pedibusque manuque
turbavere lacus imoque e gurgite mollem
365huc illuc limum saltu movere maligno.
Distulit ira sitim: neque enim iam filia Coei
supplicat indignis nec dicere sustinet ultra
verba minora dea, tollensque ad sidera palmas
“aeternum stagno” dixit “vivatis in isto.”
370Eveniunt optata deae: iuvat esse sub undis
et modo tota cava submergere membra palude,
nunc proferre caput, summo modo gurgite nare,
saepe super ripam stagni consistere, saepe
in gelidos resilire lacus. Sed nunc quoque turpes
375litibus exercent linguas pulsoque pudore,
quamvis sint sub aqua, sub aqua maledicere temptant.
Vox quoque iam rauca est, inflataque colla tumescunt,
ipsaque dilatant patulos convicia rictus.
Terga caput tangunt, colla intercepta videntur,
380spina viret, venter, pars maxima corporis, albet,
limosoque novae saliunt in gurgite ranae.””
All men and women, after this event,
feared to incur Latona's fateful wrath,
and worshiped with more zeal the Deity,
mother of twins.—And, as it is the way
of men to talk of many other things
after a strong occurrence, they recalled
what other deeds the goddess had performed;—
and one of them recited this event:
'Twas in the ancient days of long-ago,—
some rustics, in the fertile fields of Lycia,
heedless, insulted the goddess to their harm:—
perhaps you've never heard of this event,
because those country clowns were little known.
The event was wonderful, but I can vouch
the truth of it. I visited the place
and I have seen the pool of water, where
happened the miracle I now relate.
My good old father, then advanced in years,
incapable of travel, ordered me
to fetch some cattle—thoroughbreds—from there,
and had secured a Lycian for my guide,
as I traversed the pastures, with the man,
it chanced, I saw an ancient altar,—grimed
with sacrificial ashes—in the midst
of a large pool, with sedge and reeds around,
a-quiver in the breeze. And there my guide
stood on the marge, and with an awe-struck voice
began to whisper, “Be propitious, hear
my supplications, and forget not me!”
And I, observing him, echoed the words,
“Forget not me!” which, having done, I turned
to him and said, “Whose altar can this be?
Perhaps a sacred altar of the Fauns,
or of the Naiads, or a native God?”
To which my guide replied, “Young man, such Gods
may not be worshiped at this altar. She
whom once the royal Juno drove away
to wander a harsh world, alone permits
this altar to be used: that goddess whom
the wandering Isle of Delos, at the time
it drifted as the foam, almost refused
a refuge.
There Latona, as she leaned
against a palm-tree—and against the tree
most sacred to Minerva, brought forth twins,
although their harsh step-mother, Juno, strove
to interfere.—And from the island forced
to fly by jealous Juno, on her breast
she bore her children, twin Divinities.
At last, outwearied with the toil, and parched
with thirst—long-wandering in those heated days
over the arid land of Lycia, where
was bred the dire Chimaera— at the time
her parching breasts were drained, she saw this pool
of crystal water, shimmering in the vale.
Some countrymen were there to gather reeds,
and useful osiers, and the bulrush, found
with sedge in fenny pools. To them approached
Latona, and she knelt upon the merge
to cool her thirst, with some refreshing water.
But those clowns forbade her and the goddess cried,
as they so wickedly opposed her need:
“Why do you so resist my bitter thirst?
The use of water is the sacred right
of all mankind, for Nature has not made
the sun and air and water, for the sole
estate of any creature; and to Her
kind bounty I appeal, although of you
I humbly beg the use of it. Not here
do I intend to bathe my wearied limbs.
I only wish to quench an urgent thirst,
for, even as I speak, my cracking lips
and mouth so parched, almost deny me words.
A drink of water will be like a draught
of nectar, giving life; and I shall owe
to you the bounty and my life renewed.—
ah, let these tender infants, whose weak arms
implore you from my bosom, but incline
your hearts to pity!” And just as she spoke,
it chanced the children did stretch out their arms
and who would not be touched to hear such words,
as spoken by this goddess, and refuse?
But still those clowns persisted in their wrong
against the goddess; for they hindered her,
and threatened with their foul, abusive tongues
to frighten her away—and, worse than all,
they even muddied with their hands and feet
the clear pool; forcing the vile, slimy dregs
up from the bottom, in a spiteful way,
by jumping up and down.—Enraged at this,
she felt no further thirst, nor would she deign
to supplicate again; but, feeling all
the outraged majesty of her high state,
she raised her hands to Heaven, and exclaimed,
“Forever may you live in that mud-pool!”
The curse as soon as uttered took effect,
and every one of them began to swim
beneath the water, and to leap and plunge
deep in the pool.—Now, up they raise their heads,
now swim upon the surface, now they squat
themselves around the marshy margent, now
they plump again down to the chilly deeps.
And, ever and again, with croaking throats,
indulge offensive strife upon the banks,
or even under water, boom abuse.
Their ugly voices cause their bloated necks
to puff out; and their widened jaws are made
still wider in the venting of their spleen.
Their backs, so closely fastened to their heads,
make them appear as if their shrunken necks
have been cut off. Their backbones are dark green;
white are their bellies, now their largest part.—
Forever since that time, the foolish frogs
muddy their own pools, where they leap and dive.
The story of Latona and the Lycians

Now all men and women are indeed afraid of the anger manifested by divine being, and all pay more respect to the great power of the goddess, the mother of the twins. As often happens, because of recent events they tell old stories, and one says �In Lycia�s fertile fields, in ancient times, also, the farmers spurned the goddess, and not without suffering for it. The thing is not well known, it is true, because the men were unknown, nevertheless, it was wonderful. I myself saw the place, and the lake made notable by the strangeness of it, since my father, getting old, and unable to endure the journey, had ordered me to collect some choice cattle from there, and one of the men of that country had offered himself as a guide. While I crossed the pastureland with him, there was an old altar, black with ashes, standing in the middle of a lake, surrounded by trembling reeds. My guide stopped and, shivering with fear, said in a murmur �Have mercy on me!� and I, similarly, said in a murmur �Have mercy!�

Then I asked him whether it was an altar to the Naiads, Faunus, or a local god, and my friend replied �Young man, it is no mountain spirit in this altar. She calls it hers, whom the queen of heaven once banned from the world, and whom vagrant Delos, a lightly floating island, would barely accept, at her prayer. There, between Pallas�s olive tree and a date-palm, Latona bore her twins, against their step-mother Juno�s will. Having endured her labour, even then she fled Juno, carrying the divine twins clasped to her breast.

Then, inside the borders of Lycia, home of the Chimaera, as the fierce sun scorched the fields, the goddess, weary from her long struggle, and parched by the radiant heat, felt her thirst: also her hungry children had drunk all her rich milk. By chance she saw a smallish lake in a deep valley. Countrymen were there, gathering bushy osiers, rushes, and the fine marsh sedges. The Titan�s daughter approached, and putting her knee to the ground, rested, to enjoy a drink of the cool water. The group of rustics denied it to her. The goddess, denied, spoke. �Why do you forbid me your waters? The use of water is everyone�s right. Nature has not made the sun, or the air, or the clear waves, private things. I come for a public gift, and yet I beg you to grant it to me as a suppliant. I was not preparing to bathe my limbs and my weary body here, only to quench my thirst. My mouth lacks moisture from speaking, my throat is dry, and there�s scarcely a path here for speech. A drink of water would be nectar to me, and I would bear witness to accepting life from it, as well: you will be giving life from your waves. Let these children move you, also, who stretch their little arms out from my breast.�

And it chanced that they did stretch out their arms. Who would not have been moved by the goddess�s winning words? Yet, despite her prayers they persisted in denying her, with threats, if she did not take herself off, and added insults besides. Not content with that, they also stirred the pool with their hands and feet, and churned up the soft mud from the depths, by leaping about, maliciously. Anger forgot thirst, for now the daughter of Coeus could not bear to beg from the unworthy, nor speak in words inferior to those of a goddess, and stretching her palms to the heavens, she said �Live in that swamp for ever!� It happened as the goddess wished: It is their delight to be under the water, now to submerge their bodies completely in the deep pool, now to show their heads, now to swim on the surface. Often they squat on the edges of the marsh, often retreat to the cool lake, but now as before they employ their ugly voices in quarrelling, and shamefully, even though they are under the water, from under the water they try out their abuse. Now their voices are also hoarse, their inflated throats are swollen, and their croaking distends their wide mouths. Their shoulders and heads meet, and their necks appear to have vanished. Their backs are green; their bellies, the largest part of their body, are white, and, as newly made frogs, they leap in their muddy pool.

περ ή Νιόβη, ώστε τέχνα, ώστε φίλοι, ώστε θησαυροί, ώστε δύσχετα δες ίσχυσαν τίποτε πρός τήν Θείαν Δίκην, ή οποία διέλυσε εις μίαν στιγμήν τα τον συρηφόν από όλα τούτα τα καλά, διά τα ο- ποία ύπερηφανεύετο. Αφ' ού στερηθή από τα πλούτη, τότε δέν έχει πλέον συγγενείς, ώ οι φίλοι την άληςμονούσιν, ώ ή εύγέ- νεια τα γυμνή από πλούτη, είναι ώς φύσιμα, φόβερον τοις πάσι. Η Νιόβη μετεβλήθη εις λίθον, ίσως διά τήν παν- τοτινήν της σκληρότητα εις τήν Θεών δόξαν. Άν αύτη, λέγει ό Κικέρων εις το Βιβλίον τής Τουσκουλάνων, άν αύτη δέν ύπερη- φανεύετο τόσον, ή δέν ετυφλώνετο από τήν εύγένειαν έπι- πτεν εις εκείνην τήν συμφοράν· ή άν ώ έπεσεν έν δόξη είς εις τήν εαυτής τύχην, καί έγνώριζεν ότι δέν είχε τέκνα άθάνατα άλλα θνητά, ώστε έδύναντο νά χωρίζωσι κατά τήν θέλησιν τού Θεού, ήθελε μετριάζει· ώ ή Θεία Δίκη δέν τήν άπολλύει έ- πειδή, ώς είπεν εις τά Παλαιόν, ούδεις δύναται νά είναι ευτυχής άκοντος τού Θεού.

Φέρεται δὲ ὡς ἄλλο αἴτιον τῆς ἀποστάσεως της, καὶ εἶναι τοῦτο, ὅτι ἀφ' οὗ ἐστερήθη τῆς θυγατρὸς της, ἐκήρυξε νὰ τὴν εἰκόνισεν εἰς μαρ- μάρειον ἄγαλμα, ἐκθλίβον αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν πάντα εἰς τὸν τάφον της. Εἰμὲ γνωστὸς, κατὰ τὸν Ἀγαθίαν Ἀνθολόγον, ὁ τύμβος οὗτος ἐχθρὸς μοι εἶχε νεκρόν· ὁ νεκρὸς εἰμὲ ἐκτὸς ἐκ ἔχει τάφον· ἀλλ' αὐ- τὸς ὅδε αὐτὸς νεκρός εἰμι, ὡς τάφος. Ὁ Παυσανίας, καὶ τινὲς τῶν εἰς τὸν Ὅμηρον Σχολιαστῶν λέγουσιν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ Σίπυλον ὄρος, ἀνέπεμψε μία πέτρα, ἔχουσα σχῆμα ἀνθρώπου κλαίον- τος ἐκ τοῦ Βορέου, καὶ σχεδόν ἀπὸ τὰς σταλαγμά- τας ὑδάτων, τὰ ἔρρεεν ἐν εἴδει δακρύων, ὡς τὸ εἶδε ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον.

Ἄλλοι τινὲς, παράγοντες τὸν Μῦθον ἀπὸ τῆς Ἱστορίας, λέγουσιν ὅτι συνέβη ποτὲ μέγας λοιμὸς εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν, ὁ τις ἐπεκράτ- ησε δέκα ἡμέρας, ὡς ὅλα τὰ τέκνα τῆς Νιόβης ἀπέθανον εἰς μίαν ὡς τὴν αὐτὴν ἡμέραν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος ὡς ἡ Σελήνη εἶναι αἴ- τιοι τοῦ λοιμοῦ, διότι γεννᾶται ἀπὸ τὴν θερμότητα, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς εὐωδιμίας, ὡς δὴ μιαίνεται ὁ ἀὴρ, ἐπλάσθη ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὡς ἡ Ἄρτεμις τὰ ἐθανάτωσαν μὲ τὰ βέλη των, διὰ νὰ γίνωνται οἱ αἰφνίδιοι θάνατοι.

ἔπρεπε νὰ διορθώνωνται, ἢ νὰ μετανοῶσι. Τέλος, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς δὲν εἰσακούει τὰς ἀδίκους ἢ ἐξ ὀργῆς γεννημένας προσευχάς.

Περὶ τῆς εἰς βατράχους μεταμορφώσεως ἀγροίκων.

Ἀφῆ Ἀπόλλω ἐπεριώδευσεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον διὰ νὰ ἀποφύγῃ τὴν ὀργὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἐφθάσεν εἰς τὴν Λυκίαν. Ἀγροῖκοί τι- νές, ἀκολουθοῦντες εἰς καταστορίαν λίμνης τινός, δὲν ἠθέλησαν νὰ ἀφήσουν νὰ πλησιάσῃ ἐκεῖσε διὰ νὰ δροσίσῃ. Ὑστερον ὠργίσθη ἡ Θεά, ἐζήτησεν ἐκδίκησιν παρὰ τοῦ Διός, ὅστις τοὺς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς βατράχους.

Πόσον ὅλοι ἐθαύμασαν τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ ἐκδίκησιν τῆς Θεᾶς, καὶ καθεὶς μὲ περισσότερον ζῆλον ἐλάτρευσε τὴν θεότητα τῆς. Καθὼς δὲ συμβαίνει πολλάκις τὸ ὑ- στερινὸν ἔργον νὰ ἐνθυμίζῃ τὰ πρῶτα, εἰς τῆς πολλῶν λαλιᾶς τῆς ἐνημερώθη καὶ τὸ ἐφεξῆς περάσιον. Οἱ πα- λαιοὶ κάτοικοι τῆς Λυκίας, ἔλεγον ἐκεῖνοι, ἐγνώρι- σαν καὶ αὐτοὶ μίαν φορὰν ὅτι οὐδεὶς δύναται νὰ κατα- φρονήσῃ ἀτιμώρητι τὴν μεγαλειότητα τῆς Θεᾶς ταύτης. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τὸ σύμβαν δὲν εἶναι πόσον γνωστόν διὰ τὴν ἀστελείαν ἐκείνων, οἵτινες ὑπέφερον τὰ ἀποτελέσ- ματα τῆς ὀργῆς της, ὅμως εἶναι καταπολλὰ θαυμάσιον.

Ἰδοὺ ἐγώ τῶν λίμνων, ἃ τὸν τόπον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔγινεν ὀνομαστὸς διὰ αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμα· ἐπειδὴ ὁ πατήρ μου γηραλέος ὢν, τῇ μὴ δυνάμενος πλέον ὑποδιοικεῖ τὰ, μὲ ἔστειλε μίαν φοράν εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον διὰ νὰ τὸ ἀγοράσω βόας ἐκλεκτούς, καὶ μοι ἔδωκεν ὁδηγόν ἀπὸ τὴ ἐντοπίαν. Ὡς δὴ περιεγχάζομεν μὲ τὸν ὁδηγόν μας τὶς ἀγρούς, τῇ πᾶσαν νομάς, ὅπου ἐδυνάμην νὰ εὕρω τὸ ζητήμενον, κὰὶ διέβαινον πλησίον λίμνης τινὸς, ἐπαρατήρησα ὅτι εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς ὕδατος ἔκειτο παλαιὸν Θυσιαστήριον περιφραγμένον ἀπὸ καλάμια, ἃ μαῦρον ἀπὸ τῶν φλόγα τῆς Θυσίας. Ὁ ὁδηγός μου βλέπων αὐτὸ, ἐστάθη ἀυθὲς, καὶ προσεκύνησε καθὼς καὶ ἐγὼ τὸν βωμόν· ἐκεῖνος μὲ ἀληλαγὴν καὶ ζέουσαν φωνὴν παρεκάλεσε τὴν Θεότητα τοῦ τόπου νὰ τοῦ φανῇ Βοηθὸς, τὸ δ' αὐτὸ ἔκαμα καὶ ἐγώ. Ἀφ' οὑ διέβημεν, τὸν ἠρώτησα ἂν ὁ βωμὸς ἐκεῖνος ὑπὸ ἀφιερωμένος εἰς τὰς Νηϊάδες, ἢ εἰς τοὺς Φαύνους, ἢ εἰς τινὰ αὐτόχθονα Θεόν· ὁ δέ μοι ἀπεκρίθη ὅτι τὸ Θυσιαστήριον ταῦτο δὲν ἔναι ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὰς Θεότητας τῆς θερῶν, ἀλλ' ὠκοδομήθη εἰς τιμὴν μιᾶς Θείας, τὴν ὁποίαν πάλαι ἡ Ἥρα ἠθέλησε νὰ ἐξορίσῃ ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, καὶ μόλις τὴν ὑπεδέχθη ἡ Δῆλος Νῆσος, ὅτις τότε ἐπλεον ὥσπερ μέγα πλοῖον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἡ ἴδια Νῆσος ἐκείνη ὑπεδέχθη τὴν Λητὼ ὑπὸ μίαν ἐλαίαν, ἢ εἴτε φοίνικα, ἢ εἰς τὸ πεῖσμα τῆς Ἥρας, ἐγέννησεν ἐκεῖ δύω παιδία· Λέγεται δὲ ὅτι μόλις τὰ ἐγέννησεν, ἤρχισε νὰ φύγῃ, φέρουσα εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της τὰς ἀρτιγενεῖς Θεότητες, δηλαδὴ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, καὶ τὴν Ἄρτεμιν. Ἀφ' οὑ ἐδιάστασε πολὺν δρόμον, εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τῆς μεγάλης καύσεως,

Sic ubi nescio quis Lycia de gente virorum
rettulit exitium, satyri reminiscitur alter,
quem Tritoniaca Latous harundine victum
385adfecit poena. “Quid me mihi detrahis?” inquit:
“a piget a non est” clamabat “tibia tanti.”
Clamanti cutis est summos direpta per artus,
nec quicquam nisi vulnus erat; cruor undique manat,
detectique patent nervi, trepidaeque sine ulla
390pelle micant venae; salientia viscera posses
et perlucentes numerare in pectore fibras.
Illum ruricolae, silvarum numina, fauni
et satyri fratres et tunc quoque carus Olympus
et nymphae flerunt, et quisquis montibus illis
395lanigerosque greges armentaque bucera pavit.
Fertilis inmaduit madefactaque terra caducas
concepit lacrimas ac venis perbibit imis;
quas ubi fecit aquam, vacuas emisit in auras.
Inde petens rapidum ripis declivibus aequor
400Marsya nomen habet, Phrygiae liquidissimus amnis.
So he related how the clowns were changed
to leaping frogs; and after he was through,
another told the tale of Marsyas, in these words:
The Satyr Marsyas, when he played the flute
in rivalry against Apollo's lyre,
lost that audacious contest and, alas!
His life was forfeit; for, they had agreed
the one who lost should be the victor's prey.
And, as Apollo punished him, he cried,
“Ah-h-h! why are you now tearing me apart?
A flute has not the value of my life!”
Even as he shrieked out in his agony,
his living skin was ripped off from his limbs,
till his whole body was a flaming wound,
with nerves and veins and viscera exposed.
But all the weeping people of that land,
and all the Fauns and Sylvan Deities,
and all the Satyrs, and Olympus, his
loved pupil—even then renowned in song,
and all the Nymphs, lamented his sad fate;
and all the shepherds, roaming on the hills,
lamented as they tended fleecy flocks.
And all those falling tears, on fruitful Earth,
descended to her deepest veins, as drip
the moistening dews,—and, gathering as a fount,
turned upward from her secret-winding caves,
to issue, sparkling, in the sun-kissed air,
the clearest river in the land of Phrygia,—
through which it swiftly flows between steep banks
The tale of Marsyas

When whoever it was had finished relating the ruin of the men of Lycia, another storyteller remembered the satyr, Marsyas, whom Apollo, Latona�s son, had defeated, playing on the flute, that Tritonian Minerva invented. He had exacted punishment. Marsyas cried �Why do you peel me out of myself? �Aah! I repent�, he screamed in agony. �Aah! Music is not worth this pain!� As he screams, the skin is flayed from the surface of his body, no part is untouched. Blood flows everywhere, the exposed sinews are visible, and the trembling veins quiver, without skin to hide them: you can number the internal organs, and the fibres of the lungs, clearly visible in his chest. The woodland gods, and the fauns of the countryside, wept, and his brother satyrs, Olympus his friend and pupil, still dear to him then, and the nymphs, and all who pastured their fleecy sheep and horned cattle on those mountains. The fertile soil was drenched, and the drenched earth caught the falling tears, and absorbed them into its deep veins. It formed a stream then, and sent it into the clear air. From there it ran within sloping banks, quickly, to the sea, the clearest river of Phrygia, taking Marsyas�s name.

ποιὸ ἀπὸ τὸν δρόμον, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν μεγάλην ζέσεως, ὸ μάλιστα ἐπειδὴ ἐβύζαρεν ἀκατεπάστως τὰ δύο βρέφη. Ἐπ ᾧ διέκειτο οὕτως, σχεδὸν ἀπελπισμένη, εἶδε κατὰ τύχην εἰς τὸ βάθος τινῶν κοιλάδων μίαν λίμνην, τῆς ὁποίας τὸ ὕδωρ ἦτον κατακολλὰ χαμηλόν, καὶ τινας ἀροϊκὲς, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἔκοπτον τὰς χοίνας, ἢ τ᾿ ἄλλα χόρτα, ὅσα φύονται εἰς τὰς λιμνώδες τόπους. Ἐπλησίασεν ἐκεῖ διὰ νὰ πίῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκεῖνοι τῆς ἐμποδίσαν· δι᾿ ὃ ἡ Θεὰ τοὺς ὡμίλησεν οὕτω· ,, διὰ ,, τί δὲν με ἀφήνετε νὰ πίω; ἡ φύσις τὰ ὕδατα εἶναι ,, εἰς ὅλους κοινὴ, καὶ ἡ φύσις δὲν τὸ ἔκαμε διὰ μερικὲς μόνον, ἀλλὰ δι᾿ ὅλους, καθὼς καὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἢ τὸ ,, φῶς. Ζητῶ μέρος εἰς τὸ κοινὸ ἀγαθὸ, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔγινε δι᾿ ἐμέ, καθὼς καὶ διὰ τοὺς ἄλλους· ὅμως σᾶς παρακαλῶ νὰ μὲ δώσητε ἐξ αὐτό· δὲν θέλω νὰ λούσω ,, εἰς τὴν λίμνην, ἀλλὰ μόνον νὰ ἀναψύξω τὴν δίψαν ,, μου. Ὁ καῦμος καὶ τὸ δρόμος μὲ ἔχουν ἐξαντλήσει, ,, ὥστε μόλις δύναμαι νὰ λαλήσω, καὶ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλέσω· μία ῥανὶς ὕδατος, μὲ εἶναι ὡς τὸ νέκταρ, ,, ἢ θέλω ὁμολογήσει ὅτι μοι ἐχαρίσατε τὴν ζωήν· καὶ ,, ἂν ἡ ἀνάγκη, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν κατὰ τὸ παρὸν εὑρίσκομαι δὲν εἶναι ἱκανὴ νὰ σᾶς συγκινήσῃ, ἐλεήσατε ,, κὰν τὰ δύο ταῦτα βρέφη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀπλώνουσι τὰς ,, χείρας, ὡσὰν διὰ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλέσουν νὰ κάμετε ,, τὴν χάριν ταύτην εἰς τὴν μητέρα των ·· καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐκεῖνα ἀπλώναν τότε τὰς χείρας των·· Ποῖος δὲν ἤθελε σπλαγχνισθῆ τοὺς ἐλεεινοὺς λόγους τῆς λυπημένης Θεᾶς; Ἀλλ᾿ οἱ ἀγροῖκοι ἐκεῖνοι χωρικοὶ δὲν ἐπερακινήθησαν παντελῶς, καὶ μὲ ὅλας τὰς δεήσεις δὲν ἐπέτυχε τὸ ποθητόν· μάλιστα ἄρχισαν

ΤΟΥ. Δι' ὃς ἐφύσασε πῶπο, ἀλλ' ἐθόλωσαν ἡ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς λίμνης μὲ τὰς πόδας ἡ μὲ τὰς χεῖρας τῶν, ἡ μὲ ἀξιοτιμώρητον κακίαν ἀνέβασαν τὴν λάσπην εἰς τὴν ἐπιφανείαν τῆ ὕδατος. Ἠγανάχτησε ποτε ἡ Θεὸ, ἡ ἀ- πὸ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀληθμόρησε τὴν δίψαν, καὶ χωρεὶς νὰ χάσῃ πλέον καιρὸν εἰς τὸ νὰ παρακαλῇ ἀναξίους ἀν- θρώπες, ἐνθυμμένη ὅτι ἦτον Θεὸ, ὕψωσε πρὸς Οὐ- ρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας της, ἡ, μείναιτε ὦ ἀχρεῖοι, τοὺς λέ- γει, μείναιτε αἰωνίως μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, ἡ εἰς τὴν λάσπην. Εἶπε, καὶ ὁ λόγος της ἔγινεν ἔργον. Ἐ- πήδησαν αὐθὶς οἱ χωρεῖται εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ, δεῖχνοντες ἔφε- σιν ποτὲ μὲν νὰ κρύπτωνται παντελῶς, ποτὲ δὲ νὰ ἐ- πιπλέωσι, προβαίνοντες μὲ μόνον τὴν κεφαλήν. Ἐ- νίοτε μὲν ἔβαινον ἔξω, ἐνίοτε δὲ πάλιν ἐπήδησαν μέ- σα, ἡ δὴ ἔπαυον νὰ ἀξιωθῶσι τῆς γλώσσης τῶν· ἡ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἦσαν εἰς τὸ βάθος τῆς λίμνης, ἡγωνίζου- ντο νὰ ὑβρίζωσι μὲ τὰς φωνάς τὴν Θεὸν, ἡ ὁποία δικαίως τὰς ἐπαίδευσαν. Ἀλλ' ἔξαιφνης ἡ φωνή τῶν ἔ- γινε βραχχώδης, ὁ λαρμὸς τῶν ἐχόνδινε ἡ ἐφρύπωσε, καὶ τὸ στόμα τῶν ἐπλατύνθη ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἔλεγον βλασφημίας. Τέλος οἱ ὦμοι τῶν ἡνωίδησαν μὲ τὴν κε- φαλήν, ἡ ἔλαβον πράσινον χροιάν. Ἡ ῥοικίλια τῶν, ἥ- τις εἶναι τὸ μεγαλήτερον μέρος τῆ σώματός τῶν, ἔγινε λάβη, καὶ ἀντὶ χωρεῖται ἐφάνησαν βάτραχοι εἰς τὴν λάσπην τῆς λίμνης.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Rustica progenies nescit habere modum, Οὐκ οἶδεν ἀγροῖκος ῥοπὴν ἢ χάριν ἔχειν.

Ἰδοὺ, ὡς δοκεῖ μοι, ἡ ὀξυγνωσία ὅλη τῆ Μύθου εἰς δύο λόγια. Ἐδῶ ζωγραφίζονται τὰ ἤθη τῆς χωρείτης, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον εἶναι ποικιλοὶ ἢ κακόστομοι. Αὐτοὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἔχουσι πυκνὸν ἰδίωμα, ὅσῳ τῆς παρακλήσης, ποσῶτω δὲ αὐθαδιάζουσιν, ἢ νὰ ἱλαρυνωμένοι.

Ὁ Ὀβίδιος λοιπὸν δὲν χρῆται ἀφυνδέως τὸν χαρακτῆρα τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Λυκίας χωρείτης, οἱ ὁποῖοι δὲν σπλαγχνίζονται οὔτε τὸν δεῖσιν τῆς λυπημένης μητρὸς, οὔτε τὰ βρέφη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἁπλώνω πρὸς αὐτὴν τὰς χειρίας των. Λέγει ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς βατράχους, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς οἱ βάτραχοι βλέπει τὸ ἑλῶδης τόπους, οὕτω καὶ οἱ χωρεῖται δὲν ἔχει οὐδὲν ἐπιθυμητέρον ἀπὸ τὰ οἰνοπωλεῖα, ὅ- που διὰ βίου φωνάζοντες ἢ γαργαρίζοντες, καὶ νομίζοντες ὅτι ἡ θέλου ἁποδιδῇ ἀπὸ τῶν διψάδας ἃς δὲν διὰ ῥίψιον συνέχως, ἵνα οὕτως εἰ- πῶ μετέσχον τῆς παιδείας τὸ ὄνομα.

Πρὸ τοίνυν, ἡ παραχις ἑξημιούσας πεῖσας, ἡ ὁποία ἀκολουθεῖ τῷ τε Νιόβης ἀρχέται, ἃς νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Ὀβίδιος δεῖξ ὡς τῆς μεγάλης ἢ τῆς μικρᾶς, καὶ μᾶλλον δὲ τὰς τῶν θεῶν γίνομενη κατὰ τινας δύστυχὴς ἢ σεβλημένας ἀνθρώπης, ὡς ὑπερ- οπτίας, ἥτις πολεμεῖ αὐτὸν τὸν Θεὸν, ἢ ἐγείρεται κατ' αὐτοῦ.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. ΚΑΙ Η'.

Τῶν Σατύρων, τῶν Νυμφῶν, ἢ ἄλλων ἀ- προσίκων τὰ δάκρυα μεταμορφώνονται εἰς ποταμόν. Ὁ ὦμος τῆ Πέλοπος ἐκ σαρ- κίνης γίνεται ἐλεφάντινος.

Talibus extemplo redit ad praesentia dictis
vulgus et exstinctum cum stirpe Amphiona luget.
Mater in invidia est. Hanc tunc quoque dicitur unus
flesse Pelops, umeroque, suas a pectore postquam
405deduxit vestes ebur ostendisse sinistro.
Concolor hic umerus nascendi tempore dextro
corporeusque fuit: manibus mox caesa paternis
membra ferunt iunxisse deos; aliisque repertis,
qui locus est iuguli medius summique lacerti,
410defuit. Impositum est non comparentis in usum
partis ebur, factoque Pelops fuit integer illo.
Finitimi proceres coeunt, urbesque propinquae
oravere suos ire ad solacia reges,
Argosque et Sparte Pelopeiadesque Mycenae
415et nondum torvae Calydon invisa Dianae
Orchomenosque ferax et nobilis aere Corinthus
Messeneque ferox Patraeque humilesque Cleonae
et Nelea Pylos, neque adhuc Pittheia Troezen,
quaeque urbes aliae bimari clauduntur ab Isthmo
420exteriusque sitae bimari spectantur ab Isthmo.
Credere quis posset? solae cessastis Athenae.
Obstitit officio bellum, subvectaque ponto
barbara Mopsopios terrebant agmina muros.
Threicius Tereus haec auxiliaribus armis
425fuderat et clarum vincendo nomen habebat.
Quem sibi Pandion opibusque virisque potentem
et genus a magno ducentem forte Gradivo
conubio Procnes iunxit. Non pronuba Iuno,
non Hymenaeus adest, non illi Gratia lecto.
430Eumenides tenuere faces de funere raptas,
Eumenides stravere torum, tectoque profanus
incubuit bubo thalamique in culmine sedit.
Hac ave coniuncti Procne Tereusque, parentes
hac ave sunt facti. Gratata est scilicet illis
435Thracia, disque ipsi grates egere diemque,
quaque data est claro Pandione nata tyranno,
quaque erat ortus Itys, festum iussere vocari.
down to the sea: and, therefore, from his name,
'Tis called “The Marsyas” to this very day.
And after this was told, the people turned
and wept for Niobe's loved children dead,
and also, mourned Amphion, sorrow-slain.
The Theban people hated Niobe,
but Pelops, her own brother, mourned her death;
and as he rent his garment, and laid bare
his white left shoulder, you could see the part
composed of ivory.—At his birth 'twas all
of healthy flesh; but when his father cut
his limbs asunder, and the Gods restored
his life, all parts were rightly joined, except
part of one shoulder, which was wanting; so
to serve the purpose of the missing flesh,
a piece of ivory was inserted there,
making his body by such means complete.
The lords of many cities that were near,
now met together and implored their kings
to mourn with Pelops those unhappy deeds.—
The lords of Argos; Sparta and Mycenae;
and Calydon, before it had incurred
the hatred of Diana, goddess of the chase;
fertile Orchomenus and Corinth, great
in wealth of brass; Patrae and fierce Messena;
Cleone, small; and Pylus and Troezen,
not ruled by Pittheus then,—and also, all
the other cities which are shut off by
the Isthmus there dividing by its two seas,
and all the cities which are seen from there.
What seemed most wonderful, of all those towns
Athens alone was wanting, for a war
had gathered from the distant seas, a host
of savage warriors had alarmed her walls,
and hindered her from mourning for the dead.
Now Tereus, then the mighty king of Thrace,
came to the aid of Athens as defense
from that fierce horde; and there by his great deeds
achieved a glorious fame. Since his descent
was boasted from the mighty Gradivus,
and he was gifted with enormous wealth,
Pandion, king of Athens, gave to him
in sacred wedlock his dear daughter, Procne.
But Juno, guardian of the sacred rites
attended not, nor Hymenaeus, nor
the Graces. But the Furies snatched up brands
from burning funeral pyres, and brandished them
as torches. They prepared the nuptial couch,—
a boding owl flew over the bride's room,
and then sat silently upon the roof.
With such bad omens Tereus married her,
sad Procne, and those omens cast a gloom
on all the household till the fateful birth
of their first born. All Thrace went wild with joy—
and even they, rejoicing, blessed the Gods,
when he, the little Itys, saw the light;
and they ordained each year their wedding day,
and every year the birthday of their child,
should be observed with festival and song:
The marriage of Procne and Tereus��������������

From such tales as these the company turns immediately to the present, and mourns the loss of Amphion and his children. The mother was blamed, though even then one man, her brother Pelops, is said to have wept for her and, after taking off his tunic, to have shown the ivory, of his left shoulder. This was of flesh, and the same colour as his right shoulder, at the time of his birth. Later, when he had been cut in pieces, by his father, it is said that the gods fitted his limbs together again. They found the pieces, but one was lost, between the upper arm and the neck. Ivory was used in place of the missing part, and by means of that Pelops was made whole.

The princes, of countries to the southwest, near neighbours of Thebes, gathered, and the cities related to Thebes urged their kings to go and offer sympathy. Argos and Sparta, and Peloponnesian Mycenae, Calydon not yet cursed for rejecting Diana, fertile Orchomenos, and Corinth famous for bronze; warlike Messene, Patrae, and low-lying Cleonae, Nelean Pylos, and Troezen not yet ruled by Pittheus; and whichever of the other cities were southwest of the Isthmus, lying between its two seas, or seen to the northeast of the Isthmus, lying between its two seas. But who can believe this? Athens, alone, did nothing. War prevented them doing so. A Barbarian army had crossed the sea and brought terror to the walls of the city of Mopsopius.

Tereus of Thrace routed these Barbarians, with his army of auxiliaries, and won a great name by his victory. Since Tereus was a master of men and riches, and happened to trace his descent from mighty Mars himself, Pandion, king of Athens, made them allies, by giving him his daughter Procne in marriage. Neither Juno, who attends on brides, nor Hymen, nor the three Graces, was there. The Eumenides, the Furies, held torches snatched from a funeral. The Eumenides, the Furies, prepared their marriage bed, and the unholy screech owl brooded over their house, and sat on the roof of their chamber. By this bird-omen, Procne and Tereus were joined. By this bird-omen, they were made parents. Thrace of course rejoiced with them, and they themselves gave thanks to the gods, and the day when Pandion�s daughter married her illustrious king, and the day on which Itys their son was born, they commanded to be celebrated as festivals: so, always, our real advantages escape us.

Ὁ Σάτυρος Μαρσύας ἐκδέρεται παρὰ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐπειδὴ ἐτόλμησε νὰ φιλονεικήσῃ μετ' αὐτοῦ τὸν Θεὸν εἰς τὴν τέχνην τῆς μουσικῆς τῆς αὐλῆς· Ὁ Τάνταλος, βουλόμενος νὰ δοκιμάσῃ τοὺς Θεούς, τοὺς προσέφερε εἰς βρῶσιν Πέλοπα τὸν υἱόν του· ἀλλ' οἱ Θεοὶ ἐκείνου μὲν ἐτιμώρησαν, τὸν δὲ Πέλοπα ἀνεκάλεσαν εἰς τὴν ζωήν.

Τοιαῦτα ὅπως διηγεῖτο εἰς ἕνα τῶν ἐξ Ἕβρου τῆς Λυδίας· ἁρμὸς δέ τις ἐνεθυμήθη τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Σατύρου Μαρσύου, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐνίκησεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Λητοῦς, παίζων μετ' αὐτοῦ τὰς αὐλᾶς, ἃς ἐπαίνεσε διὰ τὴν αὐθάδειάν του. Διὰ τί, ἔλεγεν ὁ Σάτυρος πρὸς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, διὰ τί με ξεσχίζεις τοιουτοτρόπως; Μετανοῶ, ἐφώναξε, γνωρίζω τὸ σφάλμα μου. Ἀπαιτεῖ ἄλλο τι περισσότερον μία ἁμαρτία; ἄχ! δὲν ἀξίζει τόσον μία αὐλός. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἅπως ἐφώνει καὶ ἐξεσχίζετο, ἐξεσύρθη ὅλον τὸ δέρμα ἀπὸ τὰ μέλη του. Ὁ Σάτυρος ἔγινεν ὅλος μία πληγή, τὸ αἷμα του τρέχει πανταχόθεν· φαίνονται γυμναὶ αἱ φλέβες, ἃ τὰ νεῦρά του· ἤθελες μετρήσει ἐν εὐκολίᾳ καὶ τὰ παλλόμενα σπλάγχνα του, καὶ ὅλας τὰς διαφανεῖς ἶνας τοῦ σώματός του. Ἔκλαυσαν αὐτὸν οἱ Φαῦνοι, οἱ Σάτυροι, αἱ Νύμφαι, ἃ ὅλοι οἱ Θεοὶ τῶν δρυμῶν, τῶν πεδιάδων, καὶ τῶν ὀρέων. Ὅλοι οἱ βοσκοί, ἃ ὅσοι ἄλλοι εἶχον ποίμνια εἰς τὰ μέρη ἐκείνα, ἐδάκρυσαν διὰ τὸν θάνατόν του. Οὗτοι ἐχύθησαν τόσα δάκρυα διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν τοῦ Μαρσύου, ὥστε ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔγινε μέγας ποταμός, φέρων τὸ ὄνομά του, καὶ τρέχει διὰ τὸν πεδίον τῶν ποταμῶν ὅλης Φρυγίας.

Ἀπὸ τὰ παλαιὰ ταῦτα παραδείγματα, τὸ πλῆθος στρέφει πάλιν τὸν νοῦν εἰς τὰ παρόντα. Κλαίουσι τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Ἀμφίονος, καὶ τῶν τέκνων του ὀδελύττονται ὅμως τὴν ὑπερηφάνειαν τῆς Νιόβης. Λέγεται δὲ ὅτι μόνος ὁ Πέλοψ ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῆς ἐκλαυσε τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς, διὰ ἀφαιρῶντας ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην τὰ ἱμάτιά του, ἐφανέρωσεν ὅτι ὁ εἷς τῶν ὤμων του ἦτον ἐλεφάντινος, ὄχι ἐκ γενέτης, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὅτου ἐφονεύθη παρὰ τοῦ Τανταλου τοῦ ἰδίου του πατρὸς, διὰ νὰ τὸν προσφέρῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τῶν Θεῶν, συνηθροίσαν οὗτοι ὅλα τὰ μέλη, διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀνακαλέσωσιν εἰς τὴν ζωήν, καὶ εὑρόντες αὐτὰ ὅλα, πλὴν τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὤμου, αὐτοῦ τοῦ σαρκίνου, κατεσκεύασαν νέον ὦμον ἐλεφάντινον, καὶ ἔτσι ὁ Πέλοψ δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον ἐλλειπής.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ τῆς Ζ'. καὶ Η'. ΒΑΣΟΥ.

Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Μαρσύας ἦτον φαῦλος Ποιητὴς, καὶ κακὸς Μουσικὸς, καὶ παρεσκήνετο ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν τοῦ Σατύρου, ἐπειδὴ ἐκτὸς ἀπὸ τοὺς στίχους τοῦ κακοὺς λόγους, ἔλεγον καὶ ἀπὸ αἰσχρολογίας. Συμπεραίνεται λοιπὸν ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μαρσύου εἰκονίζονται ὅλοι οἱ ἀπαίδευτοι Ποιηταὶ, καὶ οἱ γελοιότητες στιχηγοὶ, ὧν τοιοῦτον πᾶς ἄξιος ἐπαίνου, οἱ ὁποῖοι διὰ ὀλίγης στίχης των, μεστῆς κακολογίας, ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς ἐξ χείρονος κακοῦ, νομίζουσι νὰ εἶναι ἄξιοι μεγάλων ἐπαίνων· ὅθεν ὀφείλουσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι νὰ παρασυγκρίνωνται, ὡς ὁ Μαρσύας, μὲ ποὺς τῶν Νυμφῶν, δηλαδὴ μὲ τοὺς σοφοὺς Ποιητάς· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἀμαθὴς βούλεται νὰ κολασθῇ τὸν ἄδικον, φθονοῦντας τὰ καλὰ ἔργα οἱ ὁποῖοι εἶναι ἄξιοι εὐφημίας, καὶ τοιοῦτοι λοιποὶ στιχηγοὶ ἐμπαίζονται, καὶ ἐκδέρονται ὡς ὁ Μαρσύας· ἐπειδὴ καὶ νὰ ὑστερηθῶσι τὴν δόξαν, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον ἐνδυθῇ, εἶναι ὡσὰν νὰ ἐκδέρονται.

Ἀλλ' ὢν ὁ ἄβολιος Μαρσύας εἶναι ἡ εἰκών τῦ ἀπαιδεύτου ἀλαζόνος, διὰ τί νὰ χυθῇ τόσα δάκρυα διὰ ἕνα ἀμαθῆ ἀποδερματισμένον; καὶ διὰ τί πλήττουσιν ὅτι ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τῶν δακρύων ἐγίνε μέγας ποταμός; Ἐβούλατο ἄραγε νὰ μυθολογήσῃ ἀπὸ τὸ μεγαλείτερον διὰ τὸν Σάτυρον ἐκεῖνον ἔμψυχον ἢ πεπαιδευμένον; Νομίζω ὅτι ὄντες ὠφέλιμον εἰς τοὺς ἀμαθεῖς νὰ ζῶσιν οἱ ὅμοιοί των, διὰ νὰ βηθῶνται μετ' ἀλλήλων, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι οἱ ὅμοιοί του ἔκλαυσαν τὸν Μαρσύαν· καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀποδειχθῇ πόσον μέγα ἢ φοβερὸν εἶναι τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἀπαιδεύτων, μυθολόγησαν ὅτι ὁ μέγας ἐκεῖνος ποταμὸς ἐγίνεν ἀπὸ τὰ δάκρυά των, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι φανερὸν ὅτι ἀνείζοντα πολλ

Book VI · PELOPS

PELOPS

Usque adeo latet utilitas. Iam tempora Titan
quinque per autumnos repetiti duxerat anni,
440cum blandita viro Procne “si gratia” dixit
“ulla mea est, vel me visendam mitte sorori,
vel soror huc veniat! redituram tempore parvo
promittes socero: magni mihi muneris instar
germanam vidisse dabis.” Iubet ille carinas
445in freta deduci veloque et remige portus
Cecropios intrat Piraeaque litora tangit.
Ut primum soceri data copia, dextera dextrae
iungitur, et fausto committitur omine sermo.
Coeperat adventus causam, mandata referre
450coniugis et celeres missae spondere recursus:
ecce venit magno dives Philomela paratu,
divitior forma: quales audire solemus
naidas et dryadas mediis incedere silvis,
si modo des illis cultus similesque paratus.
455Non secus exarsit conspecta virgine Tereus,
quam siquis canis ignem supponat aristis,
aut frondem positasque cremet faenilibus herbas.
Digna quidem facies: sed et hunc innata libido
exstimulat, pronumque genus regionibus illis
460in venerem est: flagrat vitio gentisque suoque.
Impetus est illi comitum corrumpere curam
nutricisque fidem, nec non ingentibus ipsam
sollicitare datis totumque impendere regnum,
aut rapere et saevo raptam defendere bello—,
465et nihil est quod non effreno captus amore
ausit nec capiunt inclusas pectora flammas.
Iamque moras male fert cupidoque revertitur ore
ad mandata Procnes, et agit sua vota sub illa.
Facundum faciebat amor: quotiensque rogabat
470ulterius iusto Procnen ita velle ferebat.
Addidit et lacrimas, tamquam mandasset et illas.
Pro superi, quantum mortalia pectora caecae
noctis habent! ipso sceleris molimine Tereus
creditur esse pius laudemque a crimine sumit.
475Quid quod idem Philomela cupit patriosque lacertis
blanda tenens umeros, ut eat visura sororem,
perque suam contraque suam petit ipsa salutem.
Spectat eam Tereus praecontrectatque videndo
osculaque et collo circumdata bracchia cernens
480omnia pro stimulis facibusque ciboque furoris
accipit; et quotiens amplectitur illa parentem,
esse parens vellet: neque enim minus impius esset.
Vincitur ambarum genitor prece. Gaudet agitque
illa patri grates et successisse duabus
485id putat infelix, quod erit lugubre duabus.
so the sad veil of fate conceals from us
our future woes.
Now Titan had drawn forth
the changing seasons through five autumns, when,
in gentle accents, Procne spoke these words:
“My dearest husband, if you love me, let
me visit my dear sister, or consent
that she may come to us and promise her
that she may soon return. If you will but
permit me to enjoy her company
my heart will bless you as I bless the Gods.”
At once the monarch ordered his long ships
to launch upon the sea; and driven by sail,
and hastened by the swiftly sweeping oars,
they entered the deep port of Athens, where
he made fair landing on the fortified
Piraeus. There, when time was opportune
to greet his father-in-law and shake his hand,
they both exchanged their wishes for good health,
and Tereus told the reason why he came.
He was relating all his wife's desire.
Promising Philomela's safe return
from a brief visit, when Philomela appeared
rich in her costly raiment, yet more rich
in charm and beauty, just as if a fair
Dryad or Naiad should be so attired,
appearing radiant, from dark solitudes.
As if someone should kindle whitening corn
or the dry leaves, or hay piled in a stack;
so Tereus, when he saw the beautiful
and blushing virgin, was consumed with love.
Her modest beauty was a worthy cause
of worthy love; but by his heritage,
derived from a debasing clime, his love
was base; and fires unholy burned within
from his own lawless nature, just as fierce
as are the habits of his evil race.
In the wild frenzy of his wicked heart,
he thought he would corrupt her trusted maid,
her tried attendants, and corrupt even
her virtue with large presents: he would waste
his kingdom in the effort.—He prepared
to seize her at the risk of cruel war.
And he would do or dare all things to feed
his raging flame.—He could not brook delay.
With most impassioned words he begged for her,
pretending he gave voice to Procne's hopes.—
his own desire made him wax eloquent,
as often as his words exceeded bounds,
he pleaded he was uttering Procne's words.
His hypocritic eyes were filled with tears,
as though they represented her desire—
and, O you Gods above, what devious ways
are harbored in the hearts of mortals! Through
his villainous desire he gathered praise,
and many lauded him for the great love
he bore his wife.
And even Philomela
desires her own undoing; and with fond
embraces nestles to her father, while
she pleads for his consent, that she may go
to visit her dear sister.—Tereus viewed
her pretty pleading, and in his hot heart,
imagined he was then embracing her;
and as he saw her kiss her father's lips,
her arms around his neck, it seemed that each
caress was his; and so his fire increased.
He even wished he were her father; though,
if it were so, his passion would no less
be impious.—Overcome at last by these
entreaties, her kind father gave consent.
Greatly she joyed and thanked him for her own
misfortune. She imagined a success,
instead of all the sorrow that would come.
The day declining, little of his toil
remained for Phoebus. Now his flaming steeds
were beating with their hoofs the downward slope
of high Olympus; and the regal feast
was set before the guests, and flashing wine
was poured in golden vessels, and the feast
Tereus�s passion for Procne�s sister Philomela

Now, Titan, the sun, had guided the turning year through five autumns when Procne said, coaxingly to her husband, �If any thanks are due me, either send me to see my sister, or let my sister come here. You can promise my father she will return after a brief stay. It would be worth a great deal to me, if you allowed me to see Philomela.� Tereus ordered his ship to sea, and with sail and oar reached the harbour of Cecrops, and landed on the shore of Piraeus.

As soon as he gained access to his father-in-law, right hand was joined to right hand, and they began by wishing each other favourable omens. Tereus had started to tell of the reason for his visit, his wife�s request, and promise a speedy return if she were sent back with him, when, see, Philomela entered, dressed in rich robes, and richer beauty, walking as we are used to being told the naiads and dryads of the deep woods do, if only one were to give them like her culture and dress. Seeing the girl, Tereus took fire, just as if someone touched a flame to corn stubble, or burned the leaves, or hay stored in a loft. Her beauty was worthy of it, but he was driven by his natural passion, and the inclination of the people of his region is towards lust: he burnt with his own vice and his nation�s. His impulse was to erode her attendants care, and her nurse�s loyalty, even seduce the girl herself with rich gifts, to the extent of his kingdom, or rape her and defend the rape in savage war. There was nothing he would not dare, possessed by unbridled desire, nor could he contain the flame in his heart.

Now he suffered from impatience, and eagerly returned to Procne�s request, pursuing his own wishes as hers. Desire made him eloquent, and whenever he petitioned more strongly than was seemly, he would make out that Procne wished it so. He even embellished his speeches with tears, as though she had commissioned him to do that too. You gods, what secret darknesses human hearts hide! Due to his efforts, Tereus is viewed as faithful, in his deceit, and is praised for his crime. Moreover Philomela wishes his request granted, and resting her forearms on her father�s shoulders, coaxing him to let her go to visit her sister, she urges it, in her own interest, and against it. Tereus gazes at her, and imagining her as already his, watching her kisses, and her arms encircling her father�s neck, it all spurs him on, food and fuel to his frenzy. Whenever she embraces her father, he wishes he were that father: though of course his intentions would be no less wicked. The father is won over by the twin entreaties. The girl is overjoyed, and thanks her father, and thinks, poor wretch, that what will bring sorrow to both sisters is actually a success for both.

θεὸς τῷ Πέλοπος, ἢ φανέται ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος αὐτὸς τοῦ κατακρινίζει, ἢ ἀληθῆ νὰ τοῦ ἀποδείξῃ μισθόν· μὲ ὅλον τε τὸ δύναται τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι τὰ κατ᾽ αὐτὰ λεγόμενα εἶναι μάλιστα ἡ ὑποληψία του. Δὲν ἀμ- φιβάλλω ὅτι ὁ λόγος μου θέλει φανῇ παράξενος, ἐπειδὴ ἴδαμεν τὸν Πλάτανον φυτεύοντα τοῦ μόντα, διὰ νὰ τοῦ προσφέρῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τὰ φύλλα· καὶ πολὺ θέλει νὰ τοῦ κινοῦσεν κατὰ τὰ φαινόμενα, ἢ ὡς ἄλλο τι ἀσφαλέστερον· Ὁ γὰρ Ὅμηρος ἤρεσε τὸν Τάνταλον, τὸ τὸ τὸν εἰς τὰ φυσικὰ, ὅσον ἢ εἰς τὰ θεῖα. Θὰ ἀποδείξῃ εἰς ἄλλο μέρος ὅτι τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ μυθολογούμενα, εἶναι ὅλα σύμφωνά του. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴν φύγω ἀπὸ τὰ θεῖα τῆς παρούσης Μύθου, λέγω ὅτι ἔχων ἐκεῖνος περὶ τῶν Θεῶν ὑπόληψιν τόσον ψηλήν, ὥστε ἐσκάνδαλετο νὰ μὴν ἦτον καμμία θυσία ἀρκετὴ διὰ τοὺς Θεούς· ἢ ἐνόμισεν ὅτι ὁ ἄνθρωπος μόνον ἦτον ἡ ἐφάμιλλός των θυσία· ἐπει- δὴ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον δὲν εὑρίσκετο ἄλλο τι τιμιώτερον ἀπὸ τὸν ἀν- θρωπον. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ αὐτὴ ἡ θεοσέβεια εἶναι σκληρά, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἰδέαν μαρτυρεῖ τὴν εὐλάβειάν του περὶ τῶν Θεῶν δυὸ θέσεις του.

Ἱ. Ἐπὶ συνόδμευ ἀνθρώπου τὴν ψυχῆς, καρδία, ἦ θέλησις, ἐπειδὴ δύο τὰ ἐξόχωτα, τὰ νεῦρα, τὸ ἡ σάρξ, ὧς ὧν συντίθεται ὁ Τάνταλος δὲ εἶμεν μακάριον, διότι ἡ ψυχὴ ἀνθρώπου ἴσως θέλουσεν συμπεράναι ὅτι ἀνθρώπου, ἦ δὲδ διὰ τὰ σωμάτουν, διότι ἡ ψυχὴ κυρίως εἶναι ὁ πρὸς τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄλλω συντεταιαν ἀναρεσθέρῃ ἀπὸ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς, κρᾶσίας κατὰ σκληρότητα. Καθὼς δὲ ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἶναι υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐφαίνη ὅτι Τάνταλος ἦ θέλησε νὰ θυσίασῃ τὸν υἱόν του,

ἐπὶ γνώσιν τε Θεῖς, καὶ πᾶν λαξεύει κατ ἀξίαν, θώσαται νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι ἔχει τὸν Θεόν εἰς τὴν αἰχίαν του. Μυθαύσιον ὅτι ἔδωκε τὸν υἱόν του εἰς βρώσιν τοῖς Θεοῖς, ἐπειδὴ τὸν ἀφιέρωσεν εἰς τὴν θρησκείαν τῶν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐλεφάντινον ὦμον, τὸν ὁποῖον τὰ ἐδῶκα εἶχει εἰς τόπον τὰ ἐδῆ τὸ, ἀνώνιται διὰ διωδμείος, ἱ οἱ αὐτοί ται, δι ὧν οἱ Θεοὶ αἰσθάνονταν μισῆσαν καὶ δυσέβειαν τὰ πάρος εἰς παραποίησαι τὸ μὴν ἐξ Ἑλφας, εἰκονίζει τὰ πλούτη, καθὼς φησὶ καὶ Ὅμηρος ὅτι ὅλα τὰ πολύτιμα χρήματα εἶναι ἢ ἐλεφαντίνα, ἢ χρυσᾶ οἱ δὲ ὦμοι, δηλόσι τὸ κράτος, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν.

Περὶ Πρόκνης, Φιλομέλης, Τηρέως, ἰ Ἴτυος καὶ μεταμορφώσεων εἰς ὄρνεα.

Τηραῖ, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Θράκης, γίνεται ἐραστὴς τῆς Φιλομή- λης, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἀδελφὴ Πρόκνης τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ αὐτοῦ, δὲ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν ἄνδρα τῆς, δίδει αὐτῷ εἰς βρῶσιν τὸν υἱὸν του. Μαθὼν ὁ Τηραῖ τοιαύτην ἀπηνείαν, θέλει νὰ θανατώσῃ τὴν Πρό- κνην καὶ τὴν Φιλομήλαν, ἀλλ' ὁ θεὸς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς ὄρ- νιθα· ὁ μὲν Τηραῖ εἰς ἔποπα, ἡ Πρόκνη εἰς ἀηδόνα, ἡ δὲ Φιλο- μήλα εἰς χελιδόνα.

Ὅλοι οἱ πλησιόχωροι Ἡγεμόνες ἦλθαν νὰ ἐπι- σκεφθῶσι τὸν Πέλοπα, διὰ νὰ συλλυπηθῶσι με- τ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ πέριξ πόλεις παρεκάλεσαν τοὺς Βασιλεῖς των νὰ ὑπάγωσι προσωπικῶς νὰ τὸν παρηγο-

Iam labor exiguus Phoebo restabat, equique
pulsabant pedibus spatium declivis Olympi:
regales epulae mensis et Bacchus in auro
ponitur; hinc placido dantur sua corpora somno.
490At rex Odrysius, quamvis secessit, in illa
aestuat, et, repetens faciem motusque manusque,
qualia vult fingit quae nondum vidit, et ignes
ipse suos nutrit, cura removente soporem.
Lux erat, et generi dextram complexus euntis
495Pandion comitem lacrimis commendat obortis:
“Hanc ego, care gener, quoniam pia causa coegit
et voluere ambae, voluisti tu quoque, Tereu,
do tibi, perque fidem cognataque pectora supplex,
per superos oro, patrio ut tuearis amore
500et mihi sollicitae lenimen dulce senectae
quam primum (omnis erit nobis mora longa) remittas.
Tu quoque quam primum (satis est procul esse sororem)
si pietas ulla est, ad me, Philomela, redito.”
Mandabat pariterque suae dabat oscula natae,
505et lacrimae mites inter mandata cadebant.
Utque fide pignus dextras utriusque poposcit
inter seque datas iunxit natamque nepotemque
absentes pro se memori rogat ore salutent;
supremumque vale pleno singultibus ore
510vix dixit timuitque suae praesagia mentis.
Ut semel imposita est pictae Philomela carinae,
admotumque fretum remis tellusque repulsa est,
“vicimus” exclamat, “mecum mea vota feruntur”
exsultatque et vix animo sua gaudia differt
515barbarus et nusquam lumen detorquet ab illa,
non aliter, quam cum pedibus praedator obuncis
deposuit nido leporem Iovis ales in alto:
nulla fuga est capto, spectat sua praemia raptor.
Iamque iter effectum, iamque in sua litora fessis
520puppibus exierant, cum rex Pandione natam
in stabula alta trahit, silvis obscura vetustis,
atque ibi pallentem trepidamque et cuncta timentem
et iam cum lacrimis, ubi sit germana, rogantem
includit: fassusque nefas et virginem et unam
525vi superat frustra clamato saepe parente,
saepe sorore sua, magnis super omnia divis.
Illa tremit velut agna pavens, quae saucia cani
ore excussa lupi nondum sibi tuta videtur,
utque columba suo madefactis sanguine plumis
530horret adhuc avidosque timet, quibus haeserat, ungues.
Mox ubi mens rediit, passos laniata capillos,
lugenti similis, caesis plangore lacertis,
intendens palmas “o diris barbare factis,
o crudelis” ait “nec te mandata parentis
535cum lacrimis movere piis nec cura sororis
nec mea virginitas nec coniugialia iura!
Omnia turbasti: paelex ego facta sororis,
tu geminus coniunx, hostis mihi debita Procne.
Quin animam hanc, ne quod facinus tibi, perfide, restet,
540eripis? atque utinam fecisses ante nefandos
concubitus vacuas habuissem criminis umbras.
Si tamen haec superi cernunt, si numina divum
sunt aliquid, si non perierunt omnia mecum,
quandocumque mihi poenas dabis. Ipsa pudore
545proiecto tua facta loquar. Si copia detur,
in populos veniam; si silvis clausa tenebor,
implebo silvas et conscia saxa movebo:
audiet haec aether, et si deus ullus in illo est.”
went merrily, until the satisfied
assembly sought in gentle sleep their rest.
Not so, the love-hot Tereus, king of Thrace,
who, sleepless, imaged in his doting mind
the form of Philomela, recalled the shape
of her fair hands, and in his memory
reviewed her movements. And his flaming heart
pictured her beauties yet unseen.—He fed
his frenzy on itself, and could not sleep.
Fair broke the day; and now the ancient king,
Pandion, took his son-in-law's right hand
to bid farewell; and, as he wept,
commended his dear daughter, Philomela,
unto his guarding care. “And in your care,
my son-in-law, I trust my daughter's health.
Good reason, grounded on my love, compels
my sad approval. You have begged for her,
and both my daughters have persuaded me.
Wherefore, I do entreat you and implore
your honor, as I call upon the Gods,
that you will ever shield her with the love
of a kind father and return her safe,
as soon as may be—my last comfort given
to bless my doting age. And all delay
will agitate and vex my failing heart.
“And, O my dearest daughter, Philomela,
if you have any love for me, return
without too long delay and comfort me,
lest I may grieve; for it is quite enough
that I should suffer while your sister stays away.”
The old king made them promise, and he kissed
his daughter, while he wept. Then did he join
their hands in pledge of their fidelity,
and, as he gave his blessing, cautioned them
to kiss his absent daughter and her son
for his dear sake. Then as he spoke a last
farewell, his trembling voice was filled with sobs.
And he could hardly speak;—for a great fear
from some vague intuition of his mind,
surged over him, and he was left forlorn.
So soon as Philomela was safe aboard
the painted ship and as the sailors urged
the swiftly gliding keel across the deep
and the dim land fast-faded from their view,
then Tereus, in exultant humor, thought,
“Now all is well, the object of my love
sails with me while the sailors ply the oars.”,
He scarcely could control his barbarous
desire—with difficulty stayed his lust,
he followed all her actions with hot eyes. —
So, when the ravenous bird of Jupiter
has caught with crooked talons the poor hare,
and dropped it—ruthless,—in his lofty nest,
where there is no escape, his cruel eyes
gloat on the victim he anticipates.
And now, as Tereus reached his journey's end,
they landed from the travel-wearied ship,
safe on the shores of his own kingdom. Then
he hastened with the frightened Philomela
into most wild and silent solitudes
of an old forest; where, concealed among
deep thickets a forbidding old house stood:
there he immured the pale and trembling maid,
who, vainly in her fright, began to call
upon her absent sister,—and her tears
implored his pity. His obdurate mind
could not be softened by such piteous cries;
but even while her agonizing screams
implored her sister's and her father's aid,
and while she vainly called upon the Gods,
he overmastered her with brutal force.—
The poor child trembled as a frightened lamb,
which, just delivered from the frothing jaws
of a gaunt wolf, dreads every moving twig.
She trembled as a timid injured dove,
(her feathers dripping with her own life-blood)
that dreads the ravening talons of a hawk
from which some fortune has delivered her.
But presently, as consciousness returned,
she tore her streaming hair and beat her arms,
and, stretching forth her hands in frenzied grief,
cried out, “Oh, barbarous and brutal wretch!
Unnatural monster of abhorrent deeds!
Could not my anxious father's parting words,
nor his foreboding tears restrain your lust?
Have you no slight regard for your chaste wife,
my dearest sister, and are you without
all honor, so to spoil virginity
now making me invade my sister's claim,
you have befouled the sacred fount of life,—
you are a lawless bond of double sin!
“Oh, this dark punishment was not my due!
Come, finish with my murder your black deed,
so nothing wicked may remain undone.
But oh, if you had only slaughtered me
before your criminal embrace befouled
my purity, I should have had a shade
entirely pure, and free from any stain!
Oh, if there is a Majesty in Heaven,
and if my ruin has not wrecked the world,
then, you shall suffer for this grievous wrong
and time shall hasten to avenge my wreck.
“I shall declare your sin before the world,
and publish my own shame to punish you!
Tereus forces Philomela

Now little was left of Phoebus�s daily labour, and his horses were treading the spaces of the western sky. A royal feast was served at Pandion�s table, with wine in golden goblets. Then their bodies sated, they gave themselves to quiet sleep. But though the Thracian king retired to bed, he was disturbed by thoughts of her, and remembering her features, her gestures, her hands, he imagined the rest that he had not yet seen, as he would wish, and fuelled his own fires, in sleepless restlessness. Day broke, and Pandion, clasping his son-in-law�s right hand, in parting, with tears welling in his eyes, entrusted his daughter to him. �Dear son, since affectionate reasons compel it, and both of them desire it (you too have desired it, Tereus), I give her over to you, and by your honour, by the entreaty of a heart joined to yours, and by the gods above, I beg you, protect her with a father�s love, and send back to me, as soon as is possible (it will be all too long a wait for me), this sweet comfort of my old age.� You too, as soon as is possible (it is enough that your sister is so far away), if you are at all dutiful, Philomela, return to me!�

So he commanded his daughter and kissed her, and soft tears mingled with his commands. As a token of their promise he took their two right hands and linked them together, and asked them, with a prayer, to remember to greet his absent daughter, and grandson, for him. His mouth sobbing, he could barely say a last farewell, and he feared the forebodings in his mind.

As soon as Philomela was on board the brightly painted ship, and the sea was churned by the oars, and the land left behind them, the barbarian king cried �I have won! I carry with me what I wished for! He exults, and his passion can scarcely wait for its satisfaction. He never turns his eyes away from her, no differently than when Jupiter�s eagle deposits a hare, caught by the curved talons, in its high eyrie: there is no escape for the captive, and the raptor gazes at its prize.

Now they had completed their journey, and disembarked from the wave-worn ship, on the shores of his country. The king took her to a high-walled building, hidden in an ancient forest, and there he locked her away, she, pale and trembling, fearing everything, in tears now, begging to know where her sister was. Then, confessing his evil intent, he overcame her by force, she a virgin and alone, as she called out, again and again, in vain, to her father, her sister, and most of all to the great gods. She quivered like a frightened lamb, that fails to realise it is free, wounded and discarded by a grey wolf, or like a dove trembling, its feathers stained with its blood, still fearing the rapacious claws that gripped it. After a brief while, when she had come to her senses, she dragged at her dishevelled hair, and like a mourner, clawed at her arms, beating them against her breasts. Hands outstretched, she shouted �Oh, you savage. Oh, what an evil, cruel, thing you have done. Did you care nothing for my father�s trust, sealed with holy tears, my sister�s affection, my own virginity, your marriage vows? You have confounded everything. I have been forced to become my sister�s rival. You are joined to both. Now Procne will be my enemy! Why not rob me of life as well, you traitor, so that no crime escapes you? If only you had done it before that impious act. Then my shade would have been free of guilt. Yet, if the gods above witness such things, if the powers of heaven mean anything, if all is not lost, as I am, then one day you will pay me for this! I, without shame, will tell what you have done. If I get the chance it will be in front of everyone. If I am kept imprisoned in these woods, I will fill the woods with it, and move the stones, that know of my guilt, to pity. The skies will hear of it, and any god that may be there!�

ρήσασι. Τὸ Ἄργος, ἢ Σπάρτη, αἱ Μυκῆναι, καὶ ἡ Καλυδών, ἥτις δὲν ἦτον ὅτι μισητὴ εἰς τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, ἔστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν τὰς πρεσβεῖς των. Οὕτως ἐποίησαν καὶ ἡ Ὀρχομενός, ἡ Κόρινθος, ἡ Μεσσηνή, αἱ Πάτραι, ἢ Κλεωναί, ἢ Πύλος, ἢ ἡ Τροιζήν, ἢ ὅλαι αἱ ἄλλαι Πόλεις, αἱ κείμεναι ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ. Τί ἠθέλει τὸ πιστεύσῃ; Μόναι αἱ Ἀθῆναι ἔλειψαν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὸ χρέος, ἀλλὰ τὰς ἐμπόδισεν ὁ πόλεμος· διότι πλῆθη μεγάλα βαρβάρων καὶ διὰ ξηρᾶς ἢ διὰ θαλάσσης, ἐφόβιζον τότε καὶ ἐπολιόρκησαν ἐκείνην τὴν Πόλιν. Μετὰ πολὺν κόπον, τέλος ὁ Τηρεὺς, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Θρᾴκης, ἐδίωκε τοὺς ἐχθρούς της, καὶ μὲ τὴν νίκην αὐτῶν ἀπέκτησεν ἔνδοξον φήμην· ὅθεν βλέπων ὁ Πανδίων, ὁ ἦν Ἀθηνῶν βασιλεύς, ὅτι ἦτον μέγας καὶ δυνατὸς ὁ Τηρεὺς διὰ τὰ πλούτη του, ἢ διὰ τὰ ὑπὸ τὴν ἐξουσίαν του ἔθνη, ἢ ὅτι ἐκατήγετο ἀπὸ τὴν γενεὰν τοῦ Ἄρεως, τοῦ ἔδωκεν εἰς νυμφείαν μίαν τῶν θυγατέρων, Πρόκνην καλουμένην.

Ἀλλὰ οὔτε ἡ Ἥρα, οὔτε ὁ Ὑμέναιος, οὔτε αἱ Χάριτες δὲν ἐπαρευρέθησαν εἰς τὸν δυστυχῆ γάμον. Αἱ Εὐμενίδες ἐκράτησαν τὴν οἰνίαν, καὶ δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς ἡμέρας, καθ᾽ ἣν ἐτελεσθῆ αἱ γαμιαὶ τὰ ποιῆτα πεσφήμιον συνοικεσίου, ἐκάθητο σύαξ νυκτικόραξ ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ τεῖχος τοῦ παλατίου τῶν νεονύμφων. Μὲ τὸν σκυθρωπὸν τοῦτον οἰωνὸν ἐτέλεσαν τὸν γάμον των ὁ Τηρεὺς ἢ ἡ Πρόκνη, ἢ μὲ τὸν αὐτὸν οἰωνὸν ἐγεννήθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἕνα βρέφος.

Ὕλη ἡ Θράκη ἔχαρη χαρὰν μεγάλην, καὶ ἀπέδωκαν παντοχῇ τοῖς Θεοῖς τὰ δυκαεσθέλια· προσετάχθη δὲ νὰ παννηγυρίσεται κατ' ἔτος λαμπρῶς ἢ δημοσίας ἢ ἡμέρα τῶν γενεθλίων τῆς τε Προκνῆς, ἢ πρὸ Ἵστ

λάκις ἀγάλλονται διὰ ἐκείνα, διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔπρεπε μᾶλλον νὰ λυπεῦνται. Ἤσαν πέντε χρόνοι ἀφ' ὃ ὑστω- ράθη ἡ Πρόκνη, καὶ εἰς ὅλον αὐτὸ τὸ διάστημα δὲν εἶχον ἰδῆ τὴς ἀδελφῆς της· Ὅθεν παρεκάλεσε τὸν ἄν- δρα της νὰ τῆς ἀφήση νὰ ὑπάγῃ νὰ τὴν ἐπισκεφθῆ ἔ- τι μίαν φοράν. „ Ἂν ἀληθῶς, τῇ ἔλεγε, κολακεύ- „ σα αὐτόν, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι με ἀγαπᾶς, ἄφες με νὰ „ ὑπάγω νὰ ἴδω τὴς ἀδελφῆς μου, ἢ κάμε ἔστω νὰ „ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖ ὁποῦδα, ὑποσχόμενος εἰς τὸν πατέρα „ μὲ τὸν βασιλέα νὰ τὴν τὴν ἐπιστρέψῃς ἐντὸς ὀλίγου· „ Δὲν δύνασαι νὰ μὲ κάμῃς μεγαλυτέραν χάριν, καὶ „ τὸ μεγαλύτερον τεκμήριον τῆς ἀγάπης σου εἶναι τοῦτο, „ νὰ μὲ ἀφήσῃς νὰ ἴδω τὴς ἀδελφῆς μου ". Εὐθὺς ὁ Τηρεὺς προστάξει νὰ ἑτοιμάσῃ πλοῖα, καὶ ἐντὸς ὀλί- γου, ἔφθασον εὐτυχῶς εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ. Ἐμβαίνει ἀπὸ τὸ πλοῖον, ἀναζητεῖ τὸν πενθερόν του, ᾧ καὶ ἀναγγέλ- λει τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς του. Ἐπ' ᾧ δὲ τῷ ὑπέσχετο ὅτι ἡ Φιλομήλη ἐντὸς ὀλίγου ἤθελεν ἐπιστρέψῃ, ἰδοὺ ἐμ- βαίνει καὶ αὕτη εἰς τὸν οἰκίσκον, ὅπου ἦσαν ἐκεῖνοι. Ἔλαμπε τῇ ἀληθείᾳ διὰ τὴν μεγαλοπρέπειαν τῶν φο- ρεμάτων της, ἀλλὰ πολὺ περισσότερον διὰ τὴν ὡραιότη- τά της, παρομοιάζουσα τὰς Νηίδας ἢ Δρυάδας, αἱ ὁποῖαι πεπληροφόρηντο πόσον εὐμορφοι, ἐὰν ὅμως ἐπεσκευ- άζοντο μὲ τὰ αὐτὰ μεγαλοπρεπῆ στολίσματα. Μό- λις τὴν ἴδῃ ὁ Τηρεὺς ᾖ κατεπλάγη ὥσει χόρτος ἢ καλάμια ὅπου, ἢ ὥσπερ τὰ ξηρὰ φύλλα ῥιπτόμενα εἰς τὸ πῦρ. Ἤτον ἡ Φιλομήλη ἀξιέραστος, ᾧ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἤτον γεννημένος εἰς μίαν πόλιν, ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποι ῥέπουσιν ἐκ φύσεως εἰς τὰ ἀφροδίσια·

πέλος ὁ Πανδίων ἀπὸ τῆς θέσμιν καὶ τῆν δυῶ· χαίρει ἡ Φιλομήλη καὶ τὸν ἀγκαλιοῖ διὰ μίαν χάριν, ἡ ὁ- ποία ἤμελλε νὰ ἀφανίσῃ αὐτόν τε καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· ἀλλ' αὐτὴ τῆν ἐνόμιζεν ὠφέλιμον καὶ εἰς τὰς δυῶ. Ὅ- ταν ἐπλίσιον αἱ ἡμέραι, ἐκάθισαν εἰς τῆν τράπεζαν, καὶ μετὰ τῆν δείπνησιν, ἕκαστος ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνά του διὰ νὰ κοιμηθῇ. Ἀλλ' ὁ Τηρεύς, καὶ ἂν ἀνεχώρησεν ὥσπερ οἱ ἄλλοι, ὅμως εἶναι πάντοτε μὲ τῆν Φιλομή- λην, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ τῆν βλέπῃ μὲ τὰς σωματικὰς τὰς ὀφθαλμούς, τῆν βλέπει νοερῶς, καὶ ἀνακαλῶν εἰς τὴν τῆν μνήμην του τὸ πρόσωπόν της, τὰς χεῖράς της, καὶ τὰ σχήματά της, πλάττει κατὰ τῆν γνώμην του τὰ ὅσα ἀ- κόμη δὲν εἶδε, καὶ ἔτσι ζέφει ὁ ἄσωτος τῆν κακήνε- σταν αὐτοῦ φλόγα.

Talibus ira feri postquam commota tyranni
550nec minor hac metus est, causa stimulatus utraque
quo fuit accinctus, vagina liberat ensem
arreptamque coma flexis post terga lacertis
vincla pati cogit. Iugulum Philomela parabat
spemque suae mortis viso conceperat ense:
555ille indignantem et nomen patris usque vocantem
luctantemque loqui comprensam forcipe linguam
abstulit ense fero. Radix micat ultima linguae,
ipsa iacet terraeque tremens inmurmurat atrae;
utque salire solet mutilatae cauda colubrae,
560palpitat et moriens dominae vestigia quaerit.
Hoc quoque post facinus (vix ausim credere) fertur
saepe sua lacerum repetisse libidine corpus.
Sustinet ad Procnen post talia facta reverti.
Coniuge quae viso germanam quaerit: at ille
565dat gemitus fictos commentaque funera narrat,
et lacrimae fecere fidem. Velamima Procne
deripit ex umeris auro fulgentia lato
induiturque atras vestes et inane sepulcrum
constituit falsisque piacula manibus infert
570et luget non sic lugendae fata sororis.
And if I'm prisoned in the solitudes,
my voice will wake the echoes in the wood
and move the conscious rocks. Hear me, O Heaven!
And let my imprecations rouse the Gods—
ah-h-h, if there can be a god in Heaven!”
Her cries aroused the dastard tyrant's wrath,
and frightened him, lest ever his foul deed
might shock his kingdom: and, roused at once
by rage and guilty fear; he seized her hair,
forced her weak arms against her back, and bound
them fast with brazen chains, then drew his sword.
When she first saw his sword above her head.
Flashing and sharp, she wished only for death,
and offered her bare throat: but while she screamed,
and, struggling, called upon her father's name,
he caught her tongue with pincers, pitiless,
And cut it with his sword.—The mangled root
still quivered, but the bleeding tongue itself,
fell murmuring on the blood-stained floor. As the tail
of a slain snake still writhes upon the ground,
so did the throbbing tongue; and, while it died,
moved up to her, as if to seek her feet.—
And, it is said that after this foul crime,
the monster violated her again.
And after these vile deeds, that wicked king
returned to Procne, who, when she first met
her brutal husband, anxiously inquired
for tidings of her sister; but with sighs
and tears, he told a false tale of her death,
and with such woe that all believed it true.
Then Procne, full of lamentation, took
her royal robe, bordered with purest gold,
and putting it away, assumed instead
garments of sable mourning; and she built
a noble sepulchre, and offered there
her pious gifts to an imagined shade;—
lamenting the sad death of her who lived.
Philomela is mutilated

The king�s anger was stirred by these words, and his fear also. Goaded by both, he freed the sword from its sheath by his side, and seizing her hair gathered it together, to use as a tie, to tether her arms behind her back. Philomela, seeing the sword, and hoping only for death, offered up her throat. But he severed her tongue with his savage blade, holding it with pincers, as she struggled to speak in her indignation, calling out her father�s name repeatedly. Her tongue�s root was left quivering, while the rest of it lay on the dark soil, vibrating and trembling, and, as though it were the tail of a mutilated snake moving, it writhed, as if, in dying, it was searching for some sign of her. They say (though I scarcely dare credit it) that even after this crime, he still assailed her wounded body, repeatedly, in his lust.��

He controlled himself sufficiently to return to Procne, who, seeing him returned, asked where her sister was. He, with false mourning, told of a fictitious funeral, and tears gave it credence. Procne tore her glistening clothes, with their gold hems, from her shoulders, and put on black robes, and built an empty tomb, and mistakenly brought offerings, and lamented the fate of a sister, not yet due to be lamented in that way.

Με τὸν ἐρχομόν τῆς ἡμέρας, ἤσαν ἤδη ἕτοιμοι νὰ ἀναχωρήσουν, καὶ ὁ Πανδίων ἀναγκαλίζεται τὸν γαμ- βρόν του, καὶ κλαίων τὰ ἀσπάζεται τὴν Φιλομήλαν. "Ἐ- πειδὴ αἱ δύο ἀδελφαὶ οὕτως ἐπεθύμησαν, τῆ εἶπεν, ἐπειδὴ ἔτσι θέλεις καὶ σὺ ὦ Τηρεῦ, καὶ μόνη ἡ φι- λία εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ὁδοιπορίας σας, παραδίδω εἰς χεῖράς σας τὴν Φιλομήλαν, καὶ εἰς τὴν φύλαξίν σας. Σὲ παρακαλῶ διὰ τὴν συγγένειάν μας, καὶ διὰ τοὺς Θεούς, οἱ ὁποῖοι μᾶς ἀκούουσι, νὰ τῆ δείξῃς πατρι- κὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ νὰ μὲ τὴν στείλῃς πάλιν τὸ ταχύ- τερον, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι ἡ μόνη παρηγορία τοῦ γήρατός μου· ἡ παραμονὴ ἀργότερα θέλει μὲ φανῆ με- γαλωτάτη. Καὶ σὺ θύγατερ, διχαιῶσαι νὰ ἐπισκε- φθῆς τὴν ἀδελφήν σου, καὶ ἂν ἀγαπᾷς τὸν πατέρα σου, ἀφόνειψον τὸν πόθον του ἀπὸ τὸν ἐδικόν σου, καὶ γύρισαι ἐμπροῦθα τὸ ταχύτερον, καθὼς εὔχομαι καὶ ἐπιθυμῶ."

Ἐν τῷ παραγγέλλειν ταῦτα εἰς τὴν θυγατέρα του, ἠσπάζετο αὐτὴν θερμῶς, μιγνύων καὶ τὰ δάκρυα μὲ τὰς ἀσπασμάς. Τέλος ἐζήτησε τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ ἑνὸς καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ὡς ἀρραβῶνα τῆς ὑποσχέσεως των, καὶ ἀποχαιρετίσας αὐτούς, τοὺς ἐπαρακάλεσε νὰ ἀσπασθῶσιν ἐκ μέ- ρους του τὴν ἄλλην θυγατέρα του, καὶ τοὺς ἐγγόνους του. Με- τὰ βίας ἠδυνήθη νὰ τοὺς εἴπῃ τὸν τελευταῖον χαιρετισ- μόν, ἐπειδὴ ἐμποδίζετο ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναστεναγμούς, καὶ ἀ- πὸ τὰ δάκρυα· ὅθεν ἐφοβήθη μήπως ἡ σύγχυσις καὶ λύπη τῆς ψυχῆς του ἦσαν προοιώνισμα τινὸς ἀτυχήματος.

Ἀφ᾽ ἃ ἡ Φιλομήλη ἐμβήκει ἐς τὸ πλοῖον, κ ἀπεμακρύνθησαν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἐγέλασεν, ἐφανέρωσεν ὁ Τιρεὺς, δείχνων ἐς τὸ πρόσωπόν του ὑπέρμετρον χαράν· ἐγέλασεν· ἔχω ἐς τὰς χεῖρας μου τὸ ποθούμενον. Μόλις ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀναβάλῃ τὴν ἐλπιζομένην ἀπόλαυσιν κοιτάζων ἀσκαρδαμύκτι τὴν Φιλομήλην, δὲν ἐσήκωνε ποτὲ τὰ ὄμματά του ἀπὸ αὐτῆς, παρομοιάζων τοῦ ἀετοῦ, ὅστις ἔχων τὸ κυνήγιον ἐς τὰς ὄνυχας, μὴ δυνάμενον νὰ τὸ φύγῃ, λαμβάνει ἡδονήν νὰ τὸ κοιτάζῃ, κ ἀρχίνει νὰ τὸ κατατρώγῃ πρῶτον μὲ τὰ ὄμματα. Ὅταν ἔφθασαν ἐς τὴν Θρᾴκην, δὲν ἔφερεν ὁ Τιρεὺς τὴν Φιλομήλην ἐς τὸ βασιλικόν του παλάτιον, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐφυλάκωσεν ἐς ἓν σκοτεινὸν ἐπαύλιον παλαιοῦ τινὸς δρυμοῦ. Τότε ἤρχισεν ἡ παλαίτωρος νὰ φοβῆται κ νὰ ὑποπτεύῃ, κ ἠρώτα πῆ εἶναι ἡ ἀδελφή της, ἀλλ᾽ ἠρώτα ἐς μάτην. Τέλος ὁ βάρβαρος Τιρεὺς τῆς ἐφανέρωνε τὸν ἔρωτά του· ἡ δὲ, ἀντιώνεται ὅσον δύναται μία παρθένος· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον μόνη, κ χωρὶς καμμίαν βοήθειαν, τὴν ἐβίασε βιαίως, ἐν ᾧ ἐπεκαλεῖτο ἐς μάτην τὴν βοή-

πῆς, ἢ πῆς ἀδελφῆς πῆς, ἢ πλῶ ὑπεράσσισιν ἦῆ Θεῶν. Σποχαθῆτε πλῶ σύγχυσιν καὶ λύπλῳ πῆς παλαιτώρου κόρης, ἢ ὀποῖα παρωμοιαζε μῖαν ξομασμένῳ ἀμνάδα, πληφθείσαν ἀπὸ τὸν λύπον, ἥτις μὲ ὄλον ὅτι ἡλάθερώθῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα τῆς, δεὶ νομίζες ἀκόμη νὰ εἶναι φυλαγμένη ἀπὸ τὸν κῖνδυνον· ἢ μίαν περιστερόν, ἢ ὀποῖα βλέψεσα αἱματωμένα τὰ πτερώτης, φοβεῖται ἀκόμη τὸν ἱέρακα, ὅς τις τὴν ἔσφιγξε μὲ τὰς ὄνυχάς τε. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἡ δυστυχῆς Φιλομήλη ἤλθεν ὀλίγον τι εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῆς τῆς· ,,ὦ βάρβαρε, ἄρχισε νὰ λέγη, τιλλήσασα τὰ μαλλία τῆς, καὶ τλήττεσα τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ὦ ,,παηραμένε Τηρεῦ, πῶς δεὶ ἐδωνήθησαν νὰ σε ἐμποδίσωσι νὰ φράξης ἐνὸ ποιοῦν ἀσέβημα αἱ δείσσες ,,μῆ τὰ δάκρυα τὸ παθός μῆ, καὶ τὸ φέος σε πρὸς τὴν ,,σύζυγόν σε ἢ ἀδελφήν μῆ. ἢ ἡ τιμή μῆ, τὴν ὀποῖαν ,,ἔφερε μάλιστα νὰ διαφυλάξης; ὦ κακόβουλε, σύ ,,κατεπάτησες τὰ πάντα με ἔκαμες ἀντίζηλον τῆς ἀδελφῆς μῆ, ἢ ἔγινες σύνδουνος δύω ἀθλίων ἀδελφῶν. ,,Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ περιποίησις, τὴν ὀποῖαν ἐνκώσεις νὰ ,,κάμης εἰς τὸ γένος μου· δεὶ μὲ ἔφερεν αὕτη ἡ τιμωρεία. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σοῦ μείνη ἀπαράκτος ἡ μῆ ,,παρανομία, διὰ τί δεὶ μοῦ ἀρπάζεις καὶ τὴν ,,ζωῆς; Ἄμποτε νὰ με ἤθελες θανατώσῃ, πρῦν μοῦ ,,ἀφαιρέσης τὴν τιμὴν μῆ! καὶ ἡ ἀθλία ψυχή μῆ δεὶ ,,ἤθελε φέρῃ εἰς τὸν ἀδῶν τὰ ὁλέθεια σημεῖα τὸ ἐγκλήματος. Ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῶς ἔχουσι δύναμιν τινὰ οἱ Θεοί, ,,νὰ βλέψωσι τὴν κακέργίαν ταύτῳ, ἢ δεὶ ἔγκαθῆναν σὺν ἐμοῦ ταῦτα, ἢ ὀλίγαρα ἢ ἀργὰ θέλουν ,,με ἐνδικήσεις· καὶ ἀπορρίψασα ἢ ἐγὼ τὴν

Signa deus bis sex acto lustraverat anno.
Quid faciat Philomela? fugam custodia claudit,
structa rigent solido stabulorum moenia saxo,
os mutum facti caret indice. Grande doloris
575ingenium est, miserisque venit sollertia rebus.
Stamina barbarica suspendit callida tela
purpureasque notas filis intexuit albis,
indicium sceleris; perfectaque tradidit uni,
utque ferat dominae gestu rogat: illa rogata
580pertulit ad Procnen, nec scit, quid tradat in illis.
Evolvit vestes saevi matrona tyranni
fortunaeque suae carmen miserabile legit
et (mirum potuisse) silet. Dolor ora repressit,
verbaque quaerenti satis indignantia linguae
585defuerunt; nec flere vacat, sed fasque nefasque
confusura ruit, poenaeque in imagine tota est.
Tempus erat, quo sacra solent trieterica Bacchi
Sithoniae celebrare nurus: nox conscia sacris.
Nocte sonat Rhodope tinnitibus aeris acuti,
590nocte sua est egressa domo regina deique
ritibus instruitur furialiaque accipit arma.
Vite caput tegitur, lateri cervina sinistro
vellera dependent, umero levis incubat hasta.
Concita per silvas turba comitante suarum
595terribilis Procne furiisque agitata doloris,
Bacche, tuas simulat. Venit ad stabula avia tandem
exululatque euhoeque sonat portasque refringit
germanamque rapit; raptaeque insignia Bacchi
induit et vultus hederarum frondibus abdit
600attonitamque trahens intra sua moenia ducit.
Ut sensit tetigisse domum Philomela nefandam,
horruit infelix totoque expalluit ore.
Nacta locum Procne sacrorum pignera demit
oraque develat miserae pudibunda sororis
605amplexumque petit. Sed non attollere contra
sustinet haec oculos, paelex sibi visa sororis,
deiectoque in humum vultu iurare volenti
testarique deos, per vim sibi dedecus illud
illatum, pro voce manus fuit. Ardet et iram
610non capit ipsa suam Procne; fletumque sororis
corripiens “non est lacrimis hoc” inquit “agendum,
sed ferro, sed si quid habes, quod vincere ferrum
possit. In omne nefas ego me, germana, paravi.
Aut ego, cum facibus regalia tecta cremabo,
615artificem mediis inmittam Terea flammis,
aut linguam, aut oculos et quae tibi membra pudorem
abstulerunt, ferro rapiam, aut per vulnera mille
sontem animam expellam. Magnum quodcumque paravi:
A year had passed by since that awful date—
the sun had coursed the Zodiac's twelve signs.
But what could Philomela hope or do?
For like a jail the strong walls of the house
were built of massive stone, and guards around
prevented flight; and mutilated, she
could not communicate with anyone
to tell her injuries and tragic woe.
But even in despair and utmost grief,
there is an ingenuity which gives
inventive genius to protect from harm:
and now, the grief-distracted Philomela
wove in a warp with purple marks and white,
a story of the crime; and when 'twas done
she gave it to her one attendant there
and begged her by appropriate signs to take
it secretly to Procne. She took the web,
she carried it to Procne, with no thought
of words or messages by art conveyed.
The wife of that inhuman tyrant took
the cloth, and after she unwrapped it saw
and understood the mournful record sent.
She pondered it in silence and her tongue
could find no words to utter her despair;—
her grief and frenzy were too great for tears.—
In a mad rage her rapid mind counfounded
the right and wrong—intent upon revenge.
Since it was now the time of festival,
when all the Thracian matrons celebrate
the rites of Bacchus—every third year thus—
night then was in their secret; and at night
the slopes of Rhodope resounded loud
with clashing of shrill cymbals. So, at night
the frantic queen of Tereus left her home
and, clothed according to the well known rites
of Bacchus, hurried to the wilderness.
Her head was covered with the green vine leaves;
and from her left side native deer skin hung;
and on her shoulder rested a light spear.—
so fashioned, the revengeful Procne rushed
through the dark woods, attended by a host
of screaming followers, and wild with rage,
pretended it was Bacchus urged her forth.
At last she reached the lonely building, where
her sister, Philomela, was immured;
and as she howled and shouted “Ee-woh-ee-e!”,
She forced the massive doors; and having seized
her sister, instantly concealed her face
in ivy leaves, arrayed her in the trappings
of Bacchanalian rites. When this was done,
they rushed from there, demented, to the house
where as the Queen of Tereus, Procne dwelt.
When Philomela knew she had arrived
at that accursed house, her countenance,
though pale with grief, took on a ghastlier hue:
and, wretched in her misery and fright,
she shuddered in convulsions.—Procne took
the symbols, Bacchanalian, from her then,
and as she held her in a strict embrace
unveiled her downcast head. But she refused
to lift her eyes, and fixing her sad gaze
on vacant space, she raised her hand, instead;
as if in oath she called upon the Gods
to witness truly she had done no wrong,
but suffered a disgrace of violence.—
Lo, Procne, wild with a consuming rage,
cut short her sister's terror in these words,
“This is no time for weeping! awful deeds
demand a great revenge—take up the sword,
and any weapon fiercer than its edge!
My breast is hardened to the worst of crime
make haste with me! together let us put
this palace to the torch!
“Come, let us maim,
the beastly Tereus with revenging iron,
cut out his tongue, and quench his cruel eyes,
and hurl and burn him writhing in the flames!
Or, shall we pierce him with a grisly blade,
and let his black soul issue from deep wounds
The truth is revealed

The sun-god has circled the twelve signs, and a year is past. What can Philomela do? A guard prevents her escape; the thick walls of the building are made of solid stone; her mute mouth can yield no token of the facts. Great trouble is inventive, and ingenuity arises in difficult times. Cleverly, she fastens her thread to a barbarian�s loom, and weaves purple designs on a white background, revealing the crime. She entrusts it, when complete, to a servant, and asks her, by means of gestures, to take it to her mistress. She, as she is asked, takes it to Procne, not knowing what it carries inside. The wife of the savage king unrolls the cloth, and reads her sister�s terrible fate, and by a miracle keeps silent. Grief restrains her lips, her tongue seeking to form words adequate to her indignation, fails. She has no time for tears, but rushes off, in a confusion of right and wrong, her mind filled with thoughts of vengeance.

It was the time when the young Thracian women used to celebrate the triennial festival of Bacchus. (Night knew their holy rites: by night, Mount Rhodope rang with the high-pitched clashing of bronze). By night the queen left her palace, prepared herself for the rites of the god, and took up the weapons of that frenzied religion. Tendrils of vine wreathed her head; a deerskin was draped over her left side; a light javelin rested on her shoulder. Hurtling through the woods with a crowd of her companions, terrifying, driven by maddening grief, Procne embodies you, Bacchus. She comes at last to the building in the wilderness, and howls out loud, giving the ecstatic cry of Euhoe, breaks the door down, seizes her sister, disguises her with the tokens of a wild Bacchante, hides her face with ivy leaves, and dragging her along with her, frightened out of her wits, leads her inside the palace walls.

When Philomela realised that she had reached that accursed house, the wretched girl shuddered in horror, and her whole face grew deathly pale. Procne, once there, took off the religious trappings; uncovered the downcast face of her unhappy sister, and clutched her in her arms. But Philomela could not bear to lift her eyes, seeing herself as her sister�s betrayer. With her face turned towards the ground, wanting to swear by the gods, and call them to witness, that her shame had been visited on her by force, she made signs with her hands in place of speech. Procne burned, and could not control her anger, reproaching her sister for weeping, saying �Now is not the time for tears, but for the sword, or for what overcomes the sword, if you know of such a thing. I am prepared for any wickedness, sister; to set the palace alight with a torch, and throw Tereus, the author of this, into the midst of the flames; or to cut out his eyes and tongue, and the parts which brought shame to you; or to force out his guilty spirit through a thousand wounds! I am ready for any enormity: but what it should be, I still do not know yet.�

δέ πάλιν μέσον πεπλεισμένη εἰς τὰ δέσμα, Θέλω νὰ γεγίσει ἀπὸ τὸν ἦχον τῆς ἐγκλήματός σου, ἀφοῦ Θέλω μνήσει κατὰ σὲ πᾶς πέτρας παρὸς ἐνδύνισιν. Ὁ οὐ- ρανὸς Θέλει ἀκούσει τὸ ἀδόκημά σου ἀπὸ τῆς φωνᾶς μου, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰ παράπονά μου, καὶ ἂν εἶναι Θεὸς εἰς τὰς ἐρανυες, ἴσως Θέλει με ἀσπαγχνιᾷ, ἢ δὲν Θέ- λες ῥίψει ἀπλᾶς τῆς κεραυνὲς του παρὰ εἰς τὴν κε- φαλὴν σου". Τὰ λόγια αὐτὰ παρώξυναν τὸν τύραν- νον, ἀλλ' ὁ φόβος ποὺ δὲν ἦταν κατώτερος ἀπὸ τὸν θυ- μόν του, ἄθελεν φερόμενος ἀπὸ τὰ δύο ταῦτα πάθη, ἀ- πὸ τὸν θυμὸν διηλαδὴ καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, διέγραζε τὸν ἑαυτόν του, καὶ ἁρπάζων τὴν Φιλομήλην ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιὰ τῆς δούει της τὰς χεῖρας ὀπίσω εἰς τὴν πλάτυν. Ἡ δυστυχὴς ἔκλινεν εὐθὺς τὸν λαιμὸν τῆς, ἐπειδὴ βλέπου- σα γυμνὸν τὸ ἀσπάθι εἰς χέρας τὸ δημίου τῆς, ἤλπιζεν ὅτι ἤθελε τὴν θανατώσῃ. Ἀλλ' ὁ Τήρευς δὲν εἶχε τοιοῦτον σκοπόν. Ἤθελε μόνον νὰ τῆς ἀφαιρέσῃ τὰ μέ- σα νὰ μὴ διαπνεύη νὰ τὸν θεανίσῃ, εἴτε νὰ καλέσῃ τὸν πατέρα τῆς εἰς βοήθειαν τῆς· καὶ διὰ νὰ τὴν βιάσῃ εἰς παντοτινὸν σιώπην, ἁρβήσας τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόματος, τὴν κόπτει με τὸ ἀσπάθι του. Ἡ γλῶσσαν πέπτουσα κατὰ γῆς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι γογγύζει ἀνόμως· πάλ- λεται, ἢ πηδᾷ ὡς ἡ οὐρὰ ὄφεως τινὸς ἡμιθανατισμένου, ἢ ἀποθνήσκουσα ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἐζήτει νὰ ὑπάγῃ πάλιν εἰς τὴν κυρίαν τῆς. Λέγεται (μόλις ἀποτολμῶ νὰ τὸ πιστεύσω) ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀπάνθρωπον ἔργον, νὰ ἐξεδίδεινε πολλάκις τὴν ἀσέλγειάν του εἰς τὸ διεσ- παραγμένον σῶμα. Ὡς πόσον δὲν εὐσκολύνθη πάν- τελῶς, ἔτι βεβρεγμένος ὢν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῆς Φιλομή- λης, νὰ παρασταθῇ εἰς τὴν Πρόκνιν, ἡ ὁποία ἀμέ- σως τὸν ἠρώτησε

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. ς'. 341

περδῇ, ἀρχίσε νὰ ἀναστακῇ, τὸ ἔπεστα τῆ εἶπεν ὅτι ἔ- χει ἀπόθανε, καὶ μὲ τὰ δάκρυα του ἐβεβαίωσε τὸ ψεῦδος. Ἡ Πρόκνη διδὺς ἀνεδύθη μὲ πενθήμα, ἔ- κτησαν ἓν κενοτάφιον εἰς μνημεῖον τῆς ἀδελφῆς της, τὸ ἐ- τέλεσαν ὅλας τὰς συνήθεις θυσίας, ὡς νὰ ἦτον ἀληθὴς ὁ θάνατος της, καὶ μετεχειρίσθη κάθε ἄλλο μέσον διὰ νὰ κλαύση μεγαλοπρεπῶς τὴν ἀδελφήν της, τὴν ὁποίαν δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ θρηνῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον. Οὕτως ἐπέρασον ὁλόκληρος χρόνος, χωρὶς νὰ δυνηθῇ ἡ Φιλομήλη νὰ φανερώσῃ τὴν δυστυχίας της. Τὸ νὰ φύγῃ ἦταν ἀδύνατον, ἐπειδὴ ἦτου ἐσφαλισμένη εἰς φυ- λακὴν μὲ τείχη ἰσχυρὰ, καὶ δὲν εἶχε γλῶσσαν διὰ νὰ ἀπαγγείλῃ τὴν κατάστασιν τῆς. Ἀλλὰ πολλάκις ἡ λύ- πη διεγείρει τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ ἡ δυστυχία ποιεῖ ἐπιτήδειον τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Οὕτω καὶ αὐτὴ ὕφανεν εἰς πάνον πάντα τὰ ἀξιοθρήνητα τύχης της, τὸ πα- ρέδωκεν αὐτὸ εἰς μίαν γυναῖκα, παραγγείλασα αὐτῇ μὲ σχήματα νὰ τὸ φέρῃ εἰς τὴν βασιλίσσαν. Ἐκείνη ἀγνοοῦσα ὅτι τὸ πάνιον περιέχε τὴν πανουργίαν τοῦ βασιλέως, τὸ ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Πρόκνην, ἡ ὁποία μα- θοῦσα τὴν ἀπανθρωπίαν καὶ σκληρότητα τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἔμεινεν ἀπὸ τὴν θλῖψιν πολλὰς ὥρας ἄφωνος, μὴ δυ- ναμένη νὰ εὕρῃ λόγια ἀξία τῆς ἀγανακτήσεώς της· ἀλλὰ καθ'ἑαυτὴν ἐσκέπτετο νὰ σπάσῃ κάθε φραγμὸν τοῦ δικαίου διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, τὸ ἡ πεφορτωμένη ψυχή της ἐφρόντιζε τὰς ἡδονὰς τῆς ἐκδικήσεως.

Ἦτον ποτὲ ὁ καιρὸς, καθ'ὃν αἱ τῆς Θράκης γυναῖκες ἑώρταζον τὰ Τριετῆ Ὄργια τοῦ Βάκχου. Τὴν νύκτα τῆς ἑορτῆς ἐκείνης τὸ ὄρος τῆς Ῥοδόπης ἀντήχει ἀπὸ τὰς φωνὰς τῶν Βακχῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν πάταγον τοῦ χαλκοῦ. Κατ'αὐτὴν τὴν νύκτα ἡ Εὐρυδίκη ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιόν της, διὰ νὰ συνευρεθῇ μὲ τὰς ἄλλας, ἐνδεδυμένη τὰ συνηθισμένα τῆς ἑορτῆς ἐκείνης φορέματα. Ἦτον ἐστεφανωμένη μὲ ἀμπελόφυλλα, ἐφόρει νεβρίδα, ἤτοι δέρμα ἐλάφου, κρεμάμενον ἀπὸ τὸν ἀριστερὸν ὦμον της, καὶ ἔβαστα εἰς τὴν χεῖρα θύρσον μεστόν.

Οὕτω συμφορισμένη ἀπὸ πλῆθος γυναικῶν, ἔρχει εἰς τὰ δάση, καὶ φερομένη ἀπὸ τὴν μανίαν τῆς λύσσης της, προσεποιεῖτο ὅτι ἐκμεσώσετο ἀπὸ τὸ ἐνθουσιῶδες τοῦ Βάκχου. Τέλος ἡ φοβερὰ Πρόκνη ἔρχεται πλησίον τῆς στάθμης, ὅπου ἦτον κεκλεισμένη ἡ ἀδελφή της· καὶ φωνάξασα το, ὀδοί ὀδοί, ἔσπασε τὴν θύραν τῆς φυλακῆς, καὶ ἐκβαλοῦσα τὴν ἀδελφήν της ἀπὸ τὸν ὀλέθριον ἐκεῖνον τόπον, ἐνέδυσεν αὐτὴν τὰ ἱμάτια τῆς ἑορτῆς, καὶ κακαλύψασα τὸ πρόσωπόν της μὲ φύλλα κισσοῦ, τὴν ἔφερεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν της. Ὅταν ἡ Φιλομήλη κατελάβεν ὅτι ἦτον εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς ἐχθρᾶς της, ἔτρεξεν ἡ ἀθλία, καὶ ἔκρυψεν ὅλον της τὸ πρόσωπον· ἀλλ' ἡ Πρόκνη ὥρισε ταύτην ἀσφαλῆ, τῆς ἐπέβαλε τὴν Βακχικὴν στολήν, καὶ ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν ἀγκαλιάζῃ· ἡ δέ, ὡς νὰ ἦτον συμμέτοχος τῆς μοιχείας τοῦ Τηρέως, δὲν ἐτόλμα νὰ σηκώσῃ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς νὰ ἴδῃ τὴν ἀδελφήν της, ὡσοῦ νὰ ἐξέσπετο διὰ τὸ ἔγκλημα, τοῦ ὁποίου δὲν ἦτον ἔνοχος. Ἤθελε νὰ πράξῃ τοὺς Θεοὺς πρὸς μαρτυρίαν τῆς δυναστείας τοῦ Τηρέως, ἀλλ' ἀστερημένη τῆς λαλίας, μετεχειρίσθη τὰ χείρας, ἢ μὲ τὰ σχήματα, ἐξήγησε τὴν ἔννοιάν της. Ἡ ἄλαλος ὁμιλία τῆς Φιλομήλης παρώξυνε περισσότερον τὴν Πρόκνην, καὶ μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ χαλινώσῃ τὸν θυμόν της διὰ τὰ δάκρυα τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· „ὄχι ὄχι, τῆς λέγει, δὲν „χρειάζονται τώρα δάκρυα, ἀλλὰ ὅπλα θέ, καὶ ἂν εἶναι „ἄλλο τι φοβερώτερον τοῦ ὅπλου, πρέπει νὰ

quid sit, adhuc dubito.” Peragit dum talia Procne,
620ad matrem veniebat Itys. Quid possit, ab illo
admonita est: oculisque tuens inmitibus “a quam
es similis patri” dixit. Nec plura locuta
triste parat facinus tacitaque exaestuat ira.
Ut tamen accessit natus matrique salutem
625attulit et parvis adduxit colla lacertis
mixtaque blanditiis puerilibus oscula iunxit,
mota quidem est genetrix infractaque constitit ira
invitique oculi lacrimis maduere coactis:
sed simul ex nimia mentem pietate labare
630sensit, ab hoc iterum est ad vultus versa sororis
inque vicem spectans ambos “cur admovet” inquit
“alter blanditias, rapta silet altera lingua?
Quam vocat hic matrem, cur non vocat illa sororem?
Cui sis nupta, vide, Pandione nata, marito.
635Degeneras: scelus est pietas in coniuge Tereo.”
Nec mora, traxit Ityn, veluti Gangetica cervae
lactentem fetum per silvas tigris opacas.
Utque domus altae partem tenuere remotam,
tendentemque manus et iam sua fata videntem
640et “mater, mater” clamantem et colla petentem
ense ferit Procne, lateri qua pectus adhaeret,
nec vultum vertit. Satis illi ad fata vel unum
vulnus erat: iugulum ferro Philomela resolvit.
Vivaque adhuc animaeque aliquid retinentia membra
645dilaniant. Pars inde cavis exsultat aenis,
pars veribus stridunt: manant penetralia tabo.
His adhibet coniunx ignarum Terea mensis
et patrii moris sacrum mentita, quod uni
fas sit adire viro, comites famulosque removit.
650Ipse sedens solio Tereus sublimis avito
vescitur inque suam sua viscera congerit alvum.
Tantaque nox animi est, “Ityn huc accersite” dixit.
a thousand.—Slaughter him with every death
imagined in the misery of hate!”
While Procne still was raving out such words,
Itys, her son, was hastening to his mother;
and when she saw him, her revengeful eyes
conceiving a dark punishment, she said,
“Aha! here comes the image of his father!”
She gave no other warning, but prepared
to execute a horrible revenge.
But when the tender child came up to her,
and called her “mother”, put his little arms
around her neck, and when he smiled and kissed
her often, gracious in his cunning ways,—
again the instinct of true motherhood
pulsed in her veins, and moved to pity, she
began to weep in spite of her resolve.
Feeling the tender impulse of her love
unnerving her, she turned her eyes from him
and looked upon her sister, and from her
glanced at her darling boy again. And so,
while she was looking at them both, by turns,
she said, “Why does the little one prevail
with pretty words, while Philomela stands
in silence always, with her tongue torn out?
She cannot call her sister, whom he calls
his mother! Oh, you daughter of Pandion,
consider what a wretch your husband is!
The wife of such a monster must be flint;
compassion in her heart is but a crime.”
No more she hesitated, but as swift
as the fierce tigress of the Ganges leaps,
seizes the suckling offspring of the hind,
and drags it through the forest to its lair;
so, Procne seized and dragged the frightened boy
to a most lonely section of the house;
and there she put him to the cruel sword,
while he, aware of his sad fate, stretched forth
his little hands, and cried, “Ah, mother,—ah!—”
And clung to her—clung to her, while she struck—
her fixed eyes, maddened, glaring horribly—
struck wildly, lopping off his tender limbs.
But Philomela cut through his tender throat.
Then they together, mangled his remains,
still quivering with the remnant of his life,
and boiled a part of him in steaming pots,
that bubbled over with the dead child's blood,
and roasted other parts on hissing spits.
And, after all was ready, Procne bade
her husband, Tereus, to the loathsome feast,
and with a false pretense of sacred rites,
according to the custom of her land,
by which, but one man may partake of it,
she sent the servants from the banquet hall.—
Tereus, majestic on his ancient throne
high in imagined state, devoured his son,
The pitiless feast

While Procne was going over these things, Itys came to his mother. His arrival suggested what she might do, and regarding him with a cold gaze, she said �Ah! How like your father you are!� Without speaking further, seething in silent indignation, she began to conceive her tragic plan. Yet, when the boy approached, and greeted his mother, and put his little arms round her neck, and kissed her with childish endearments, she was moved, her anger was checked, and her eyes were wet with the tears that gathered against her will. But, realising that her mind was wavering through excess affection, she turned away from him, and turned to look at her sister�s face again, till, gazing at both in turn, she said �Why should the one be able to speak his endearments, while the other is silent, her tongue torn out?�

Though he calls me mother, why can she not call me sister? Look at the husband you are bride to, Pandion�s daughter! This is unworthy of you! Affection is criminal in a wife of Tereus�

Without delay, she dragged Itys off, as a tigress does an unweaned fawn, in the dark forests of the Ganges. As they reached a remote part of the great palace, Procne, with an unchanging expression, struck him with a knife, in the side close to the heart, while he stretched out his hands, knowing his fate at the last, crying out �Mother! Mother!�, and reaching out for her neck.� That one wound was probably enough to seal his fate, but Philomela opened his throat with the knife. While the limbs were still warm, and retained some life, they tore them to pieces. Part bubble in bronze cauldrons, part hiss on the spit: and the distant rooms drip with grease.

The wife invites the unsuspecting Tereus to the feast, and giving out that it is a sacred rite, practised in her country, where it is only lawful for the husband to be present, she sends away their followers and servants. Tereus eats by himself, seated in his tall ancestral chair, and fills his belly with his own child. And in the darkness of his understanding cries �Fetch Ithys here�.

„μεγ. Ὅσον τὸ κατʹ ἐμὲ εἶμαι ἕτοιμος νὰ φράξω ὁποιου- „δήποτε τόλμημα· ἢ θέλω καύσει τὸ παλάτιον ἢ ῥί- „ψω τὸν τύραννον εἰς τὸ μέσον τᾶ πυρός, ἢ θέλω κό- „ψει τὴν γλῶσσαν τς, ἢ ὀξορύξει τὰς ὀφθαλμοὺς τς, ἢ „σφαράξω τὰ μέλη ἐκεῖνα, τὰ ὁποῖα σοι ἀφαίρεσαν τὴν „παρθενίαν σε, ἢ θέλω ἐκβάλη μὲ ἀναρίθμητες πλη- „γὰς τὸν ἐπάρατον ψυχήν τς· μεγάλα εἶναι ἢ φοβε- „ρὰ ὅσα ἐμελέτησα, ὅμως ἔτι ἀμφιβάλλω τί μέλλει „νὰ φράξω". Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Πρόκνη ἔλεγε ταῦτα, ἰδὲ ἔρ- χεται πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ μικρὸς Ἴτυς ὁ υἱός της, ἰθὺς μόλις τὸν εἶδεν, ἐσκοπῆθη τί νὰ κάμῃ διὰ νὰ ἐνδυναμωθῇ σκληρό- τερα, ἢ κατεφίλησε αὐτὸν ἀγρίως „ἄχ, λέγει, πό- „σον ὁμοιάζεις τὸν πατέρα σε". Ἰθὺς χωρὶς νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, ὥρμησε νὰ φράξῃ τὸ πλέον σκληρόν ἔργον, οἷον δύναταί ποτε νὰ σκοπῆθῃ μήτηρ· ἀλλʹ ἀφʹ ὅτι ὁ Ἴτυς ἐπλησίασεν εἰς αὐτὸν, ἢ ἀγκαλιάζουσα τὸν μὲ τὰ μικρὰ τς χέρια, τὸν κατεφίλει, ἢ τὸν ἐκολά- κευε παιδαριώδης, ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ὡς μήτηρ, ἢ παύων- τας ὁ θυμός της, ἄρχισε στανιῶς νὰ κλαίῃ. Ὡς δὲ ἐπαρετήρησεν ὅτι ἡ καρδία της ἐκατακαίνετο ἀπὸ τὴν μητρικὴν ἀγάπην, ἔστρεψε τὰς ὀφθαλμούς της πρὸς τὴν ἀδελφήν της, ἢ κοιτάζουσα ἀμοιβαίως ἢ τὰς δύω „διὰ „τί, εἶπεν, ὁ εἷς νὰ με παρακινῇ μὲ τὰ λόγια τς „ἰθὺς ἡ ἄλλη νὰ εἶναι ἄφωνος; διὰ τί νὰ μὴ δύναται „ἡ μία νὰ ὀνομάσῃ ἀδελφήν της ἐκείνην, τὴν ὁποίαν „ὁ ἄλλος κράζει μητέρα; Πῶς; Πρόκνη; ἐνικήθης; „ὄχι ὄχι, μὴ βλέπε πλέον τὸν υἱόν, ἀλλὰ στοχάσου „μόνον τὸν κακόν τὸ ἔπαθες· ἐδῶ ἡ διασπλαγχνία „εἶναι ἔγκλημα, ἰθὺς ἀρετὴ εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία εἰς ἀσε- „βέστατον γεννήτορα· ἰθὺς οὕτως ὥσπερ τίγρις ἁρπάξα- σα νεβρόν, ἢ φ

ἔτως ἀρπάζει ἢ ἐκείνην τοῦ Ἴτυν, ἢ ἀναχωρήσασα μὲ τῷ ἀδελφῷ της εἰς τὸ ἐσώτερον μέρος τοῦ παλατίου, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Ἴτυς ἁπλῶνες εἰς τῇ Πρόκνῃ τὰς ἀγκάλας τω, ἔχων ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τὸν Θάνατον, μὲ ὅ- λον ὅτι ἐφώναζε τὸ, μήτερ, μήτερ, ἢ τῇ ἔβρεχε μὲ τὰ δάκρυά τω, ἢ ἤθελε νὰ τῇ ἀγκαλιάση, ἐκείνη τό- σον ἠγρίωσε, ὥστε τὸν ἐπλήγωσε μὲ μάχαιραν, χω- ρὶς νὰ δειλιάση ποσῶς, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ στρέψη τὰ ὀμμά- τιά της. Βέβαια τὸ μόνον ἔτραῦμα ἦταν ἱκανὸν διὰ νὰ θανατώση τὸ παιδίον· ὅμως ἡ Φιλομήλη τῶ ἔκοψε καὶ τῇ κεφαλῆ, ἢ ἔκαμεν εἰς λεπτὰ ὅλον τὸ τὸ σῶμα.

Ἔπειτα μέρος μὲν αὐτοῦ ἔβρασαν, μέρος δὲ ἔψησαν, καὶ ὑπὸ φαντασσεῶς ὅτι κατὰ τὸ παλαιὸν ἔθος, ὁ ἀνὴρ τῆς ἔσωρεπε νὰ γαλθῇ μόνος του κατ᾽ ἐκείνῃ τῇ ξορτῇ, ἡ Πρόκνη ἐφορέστατε νὰ ἀναχωρήσῃ ὅλα, ἢ ἀφοσέφερον εἰς τὸν Τηρέα τὴ βρώσιμα. Οὗτος λοιπὸν ἔφαγεν ὁ Ἴτυλις τὴ σάρκα του, καὶ τὸ αἷμά του, καὶ ἀφ᾽ ὃ ἔφαγον ὀλίγον, εἴπε νὰ φράξῃ τὸν υἱόν του τὸν Ἴτυον. Τότε ἡ Πρόκνη, μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ ὑποκρύπτῃ τὴν χαλεπὴν χαράν της, ἢ ποθέσσα νὰ φανερώση μὲ τὸ στῶμα της τὴν συμφοράν· „μέσα σου ἔχεις, „ „τοῦ εἶπε, τὸ ζητούμενον". Ἐκεῖνος κοιτάζει ὀλόγυρά του, ἢ ἐρωτᾶ ποῦ εἶναι ὁ Ἴτυς, ἢ πάλιν τὸν κράζει, ἢ πάλιν τὸν ἀναζητεῖ. Τῶρα ἔρχεται ἢ ἡ Φιλομήλη αἱματωμένη ὅλη, ἢ πεφορυγμένη σὰν ξίγας, ἢ ῥίπτει τὴ κεφαλὴν τοῦ Ἴτυος εἰς τὰς πόδας τοῦ Τηρέως. Ποτὲ δὲν ἐπεθύμησε τόσον νὰ λαλήσῃ ἢ νὰ δείξῃ ἢ μὲ τοὺς λόγους τῇ χαρὰν τῆς καρδίας της, ὅσον εἰς τῇ φοβερὰν ταύτην περιλασίαν. Ὁ Τηρεὺς μετὰ κραυγῆς μεγάλης

ρυγάδας. Θέλει νὰ αἰώξῃ τὸν σύμαχόν της, διὰ νὰ δύ- γάλῃ τὸν υἱόν της, κλαίει & ὀδύρεται, φωνάζων καὶ λέ- γων ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς ἦταν ὁ ἐλεινὸς πάθος τῆς ὕβης της. Τρέχει μὲ τὸ σπαθὶ εἰς τὸ χέρι κατὰ τῆς Φιλομήλης & Πρόκνης, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἔφυγον μὲ τόσον ταχύτητα, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἦσαν ὄρνεα· καὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ εἶχον πτερὰ, διότι ἡ μὲν Πρόκνη, μετεμορφώθείσα εἰς ἀ- ηδόνα, ἔφυγεν εἰς τὰ δάση· ἡ δὲ Φιλομήλη, γινομένη χελιδών, ἐπέταξεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ σπήτια· ἔμειναν δὲ & σημεῖα αἵματος εἰς τὰ πτερὰ & τῶν δύω, εἰς ἀνάμ- νησιν τῆς φονοκτονίας. Ὁμοίως & ὁ Τηρεὺς, ὠθούμε- νος ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην, καὶ ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἐκδικήσεως, μετεβλήθη εἰς πτηνόν, ἔχων λόφον ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς του, & μακρὰν ῥύτιδα ἀντὶ κοντακίου· ὠνομάσθη δὲ 'Έ- ποψ, & θλιβερὸν φαίνεται τὸ ἀρδόπρόσωπόν του. Ὁ πόνος & ἡ ἔκδηξις τῆς συμφορᾶς ταύτης ἔφθασε & εἰς τὰς Ἀ- θήνας, καὶ ἡ λύπη ἐθανάτωσε πρὸ καιροῦ τὸν ἀθλιον Πανδίονα, ὄντα ἀκόμη εἰς τὸ παχύστατον γῆρας.

Dissimulare nequit crudelia gaudia Procne,
iamque suae cupiens exsistere nuntia cladis,
655“intus habes, quem poscis” ait. Circumspicit ille
atque ubi sit quaerit. Quaerenti iterumque vocanti,
sicut erat sparsis furiali caede capillis,
prosiluit Ityosque caput Philomela cruentum
misit in ora patris: nec tempore maluit ullo
660posse loqui et mentis testari gaudia dictis.
Thracius ingenti mensas clamore repellit
vipereasque ciet Stygia de valle sorores;
et modo, si posset reserato pectore diras
egerere inde dapes inmersaque viscera gestit,
665flet modo seque vocat bustum miserabile nati,
nunc sequitur nudo genitas Pandione ferro.
Corpora Cecropidum pennis pendere putares:
pendebant pennis. Quarum petit altera silvas,
altera tecta subit; neque adhuc de pectore caedis
670excessere notae, signataque sanguine pluma est.
Ille dolore suo poenaeque cupidine velox
vertitur in volucrem, cui stant in vertice cristae;
prominet inmodicum pro longa cuspide rostrum:
nomen epops volucri, facies armata videtur.
and gorged himself with flesh of his own flesh—
and in his rage of gluttony called out
for Itys to attend and share the feast!
Curst with a joy she could conceal no more,
and eager to gloat over his distress,
Procne cried out,
“Inside yourself, you have
the thing that you are asking for!” — Amazed,
he looked around and called his son again:—
that instant, Philomela sprang forth—her hair
disordered, and all stained with blood of murder,
unable then to speak, she hurled the head
of Itys in his father's fear-struck face,
and more than ever longed for fitting words.
The Thracian Tereus overturned the table,
and howling, called up from the Stygian pit,
the viperous sisters. Tearing at his breast,
in miserable efforts to disgorge
the half-digested gobbets of his son,
he called himself his own child's sepulchre,
and wept the hot tears of a frenzied man.
Then with his sword he rushed at the two sisters.
Fleeing from him, they seemed to rise on wings,
and it was true, for they had changed to birds.
Then Philomela, flitting to the woods,
found refuge in the leaves: but Procne flew
straight to the sheltering gables of a roof—
and always, if you look, you can observe
the brand of murder on the swallow's breast—
red feathers from that day. And Tereus, swift
in his great agitation, and his will
to wreak a fierce revenge, himself is turned
into a crested bird. His long, sharp beak
is given him instead of a long sword,
and so, because his beak is long and sharp,
he rightly bears the name of Hoopoe.
They are transformed into birds

Procne cannot hide her cruel exultation, and now, eager to be, herself, the messenger of destruction, she cries �You have him there, inside, the one you ask for.� He looks around and questions where the boy is. And then while he is calling out and seeking him, Philomela, springs forward, her hair wet with the dew of that frenzied murder, and hurls the bloodstained head of Itys in his father�s face. Nor was there a time when she wished more strongly to have the power of speech, and to declare her exultation in fitting words.

The Thracian king pushed back the table with a great cry, calling on the Furies, the snake-haired sisters of the vale of Styx. Now if he could, he would tear open his body, and reveal the dreadful substance of the feast, and his half-consumed child. Then he weeps, and calls himself the sepulchre of his unhappy son, and now pursues, with naked sword, the daughters of Pandion.

You might think the Athenian women have taken wing: they have taken wings. One of them, a nightingale, Procne, makes for the woods. The other, a swallow, Philomela, flies to the eaves of the palace, and even now her throat has not lost the stain of that murder, and the soft down bears witness to the blood. Tereus swift in his grief and desire for revenge, is himself changed to a bird, with a feathered crest on its head. An immoderate, elongated, beak juts out, like a long spear. The name of the bird is the hoopoe, and it looks as though it is armed.

Τὰ τῆ παρόντος Μύθε εἶναι ὅλα πιθανὰ, πλὴν ὡς εἰς ὄρνεα μεταμορφώσεως. Πιθανόν εἶναι βέβαια γαμβρὸς νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ τὴν γυναικαδέλφην της, ὁμοίως & γυναῖκα, σκοτωμένη ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην & ὀργήν, νὰ φονεύσῃ τὸν υἱόν της, διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, & νὰ τὸν δώσῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τοῦ ἀνδρός της. Ἱστορία παραδείγματα διδάσκει τὰ δυνατεύει νὰ κάμῃ μία λυπημένη καὶ μανιώδης γυναίκα. Δὲν εἶναι τὶ ἀπίθανον ὡς ἀλήθειας εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον' ἕνα μόνον εἶναι μυθῶδες, δηλαδὴ τὸ νὰ μεταβληθῶσαν εἰς πτηνὸν ὁ Τηρεύς, ἡ Πρόκνη, & ἡ Φιλομήλη. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ, μετὰ τὴν βίαν τῆ Τηρέως, ἡ

γυμνακαδέψη τε, καὶ ἡ συμβία τε ἐπίστρεψε εἰς τὰς Ἄσίας με παραδόξου ταχύτητα, διὰ τὸ μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἐγένετο πουλιά. Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Τηρεὺς μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἔποπα, ἐπειδὴ τότε ἐφόρει τοῦ Δαυϊδικὰ ἐφ' ἡ κεφαλὴ εἶδος πτηνοῦ, καὶ ἤθελον τινὲς ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἦν αἰσχρὸς, καὶ ἀσεβὴς τύραννος διὰ τὸ μετεβλήθη εἰς ἔποπα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ζῶον τοῦτο εἰς τὴν κόπρον ἡ ἀκαθαρσίαν, καὶ μὲ τὴν ῥύγχος μακρὰν καὶ ὀξείαν, τυραννικῶς πολεμεῖ τὰ ἄλλα ὄρνεα. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἡ συμβία του μετεβλήθησαν ἡ μὲν εἰς χελιδόνα, ἡ δὲ εἰς ἀηδόνα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ λάλημα τῶν πτηνῶν εἶναι κλαυθμερὸν, καὶ γοῶδες. Ἴσως διὰ τοῦτο ἀναφέρουσι τινὲς τὸν Μῦθον καὶ εἰς τὴν Μουσικήν, καθότι ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἁρμονίας εἶναι τόσον μεγάλη, ὥστε κινεῖ τὴν ψυχὴν πότε μὲν εἰς χαρὰν, πότε δὲ εἰς λύπην· καὶ ὥσαν ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ψυχὴ, κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγόρειους, συντεθειμένη ἀπὸ ἀριθμοὺς, κινεῖται ὁμοίως, ὥσπερ ἐκ συμπαθείας, ἀπὸ τὴν ἁρμονίαν, καθὼς καὶ ἀπὸ ᾠσμόν τινα ἤχων.

Ὅ δὲ ἱστόρησε οἱ Παλαιοὶ διὰ τὸ Μῦθον νὰ ἀφηγίζουν ὅτι Ἥδῃ ἐθέληϲ τὴς ἀνθρώπης, μάλιστα κ̃ τῆς εὐαρεστήτερης πσελοσχέμον ἀπὸ τὰ ὁπλα ἦ ἐχώραν τῶν. Δῷ εἶναι βέβαια Ἡσιόδατος ποσῦ αὐτυκης ἐκ κρατύμα, ὅπε συμμαχία πῶσον ἐξεμήμιον ἔνθα ψυχῆ, ἢ ἀπὸ τῆν φιλίαν, νὰ μὴ διώδατα νὰ ἀλαμερῆι δύσλῶς ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος ἦ αἰχρῶν ἥδονω. Ἡμεῖς βέβαια διωόμεδα νὰ φυλαχθῶμεν μὲ τὰ ὁπλα μας ἀπὸ τὰ ὁπλα ἦ ἐνδρῶν μας, ἀλλ' ἐδῶ γε ἐναντίας διόμεν ἡμεῖς τὰ ὁπλα τὰ ἐνδρα μας, διὰ νὰ μας ὑπῆσῃ. Λοιπὸν ὁ σκοπὸς τὲ Μῦθε εἶναι νὰ μ

675Hic dolor ante diem longaeque extrema senectae
tempora Tartareas Pandiona misit ad umbras.
Sceptra loci rerumque capit moderamen Erechtheus,
iustitia dubium validisne potentior armis.
Quattuor ille quidem iuvenes totidemque crearat
680femineae sortis: sed erat par forma duarum.
E quibus Aeolides Cephalus te coniuge felix,
Procri, fuit; Boreae Tereus Thracesque nocebant,
dilectaque diu caruit deus Orithyia,
dum rogat et precibus mavult quam viribus uti.
685Ast ubi blanditiis agitur nihil, horridus ira,
quae solita est illi nimiumque domestica vento,
“et merito!” dixit: “quid enim mea tela reliqui,
saevitiam et vires iramque animosque minaces,
admovique preces, quarum me dedecet usus?
690Apta mihi vis est: vi tristia nubila pello,
vi freta concutio nodosaque robora verto
induroque nives et terras grandine pulso.
Idem ego cum fratres caelo sum nactus aperto
(nam mihi campus is est), tanto molimine luctor,
695ut medius nostris concursibus insonet aether
exsiliantque cavis elisi nubibus ignes.
Idem ego cum subii convexa foramina terrae
supposuique ferox imis mea terga cavernis,
sollicito manes totumque tremoribus orbem.
700Hac ope debueram thalamos petiisse, socerque
non orandus erat, vi sed faciendus Erechtheus.”
Haec Boreas aut his non inferiora locutus
excussit pennas: quarum iactatibus omnis
adflata est tellus latumque perhorruit aequor.
705Pulvereamque trahens per summa cacumina pallam
verrit humum pavidamque metu caligine tectus
Orithyian amans fulvis amplectitur alis.
Dum volat, arserunt agitati fortius ignes.
Nec prius aerii cursus suppressit habenas,
710quam Ciconum tenuit populos et moenia raptor.
Illic et gelidi coniunx Actaea tyranni
et genetrix facta est, partus enixa gemellos,
cetera qui matris, pennas genitoris haberent.
Non tamen has una memorant cum corpore natas,
715barbaque dum rutilis aberat subnixa capillis,
implumes Calaisque puer Zetesque fuerunt.
Mox pariter pennae ritu coepere volucrum
cingere utrumque latus, pariter flavescere malae.
Ergo ubi concessit tempus puerile iuventae,
720vellera cum Minyis nitido radiantia villo
per mare non notum prima petiere carina.
Before the number of his years was told,
Pandion with the shades of Tartarus,
because of this, has wandered in sad dooms.
Erectheus, next in line, with mighty sway
and justice, ruled all Athens on the throne
left vacant by the good Pandion's death.
Four daughters and four sons were granted him;
and of his daughters, two were beautiful,
and one of these was wed to Cephalus,
grandson of Aeolus. — But mighty Boreas
desired the hand of Orithyia, fair
and lovable.—King Tereus and the Thracians
were then such obstacles to Boreas
the god was long kept from his dear beloved.
Although the great king (who compels the cold
north-wind) had sought with prayers to win her hand,
and urged his love in gentleness, not force.
When quite aware his wishes were disdained,
he roughly said, with customary rage
and violence: “Away with sentimental talk!
My prayers and kind intentions are despised,
but I should blame nobody but myself;
then why should I, despising my great strength,
debase myself to weakness and soft prayers?—
might is my right, and violence my strength!—
by force I drive the force of gloomy clouds.
“Tremendous actions are the wine of life!—
monarch of Violence, rolling on clouds,
I toss wide waters, and I fell huge trees—
knotted old oaks—and whirled upon ice-wings,
I scatter the light snow, and pelt the Earth
with sleet and hail! I rush through boundless voids.
My thunders rumble in the hollow clouds—
and crash upon my brothers—fire to fire!
“Possessed of daemon-rage, I penetrate,
sheer to the utmost caverns of old Earth;
and straining, up from those unfathomed deeps,
scatter the terror-stricken shades of hell;
and hurl death-dealing earthquakes through the world!
“Such are the fateful powers I should use,
and never trust entreaties to prevail,
or win my bride—Force is the law of life!”
And now impetuous Boreas, having howled
resounding words, unrolled his rustling wings—
that fan the earth and ruffle the wide sea—
and, swiftly wrapping untrod mountain peaks
in whirling mantles of far-woven dust,
thence downward hovered to the darkened world;
and, canopied in artificial night
of swarthy overshadowing wings, caught up
the trembling Orithyia to his breast:
nor did he hesitate in airy course
until his huge wings fanned the chilling winds
around Ciconian Walls.
There, she was pledged
the wife of that cold, northern king of storms;
and unto him she gave those hero twins,
endowed with wings of their immortal sire,
and graceful in their mother's form and face.
Their bird-like wings were not fledged at their birth
and those twin boys, Zetes and Calais,
at first were void of feathers and soft down.
But when their golden hair and beards were grown,
wings like an eagle's came;—and feather-down
grew golden on their cheeks: and when from youth
they entered manhood, quick they were to join
the Argonauts, who for the Golden Fleece,
sought in that first ship, ventured on the sea.
Boreas and Orithyia

This tragedy sent Pandion down to the shadows of Tartarus before his time, before the last years of old age. His rule over the kingdom, and his wealth passed to Erectheus, whose ability for sound government, and superiority in warfare, was never in doubt. He had four sons and the same number of daughters, and two of the daughters were rivals in beauty. Of these two, Procris made you happy in marriage, Cephalus, grandson of Aeolus. But you, Boreas, god of the north wind, were long denied your beloved, Orithyia, harmed by your origins, with Tereus, among the Thracians.

This was so while Boreas wooed her, and preferred prayers to force. But when charm got him nowhere, he bristled with anger, which is his usual mood for too much of the time, and said �I deserve it! Why have I relinquished my own weapons, force and ferocity, and anger and menacing moods, and turned to prayers, that are unbecoming for me to use? Force is fitting for me. By force, I drive forward the mists, by force move the sea. I overturn knotted oaks, harden the snow, and strike earth with hail. And, when I meet my brothers under the open sky (since that is my battleground) I struggle so fiercely with them that the midst of the heavens echoes with our collisions, and lightnings leap, hurled from the vaulted clouds. So, when I penetrate the hollow openings of the earth, and apply my proud back to the deepest cave roofs, I trouble the shades, and the whole world with the tremors. That is how I should have sought a wife, and not become Erectheus�s son-in-law by prayer but by action.�

With these, or other equally forceful words, Boreas unfurled his wings, by whose beating the whole world is stirred, and made the wide ocean tremble. Trailing his cloak of dust over the mountain summits, he swept the land, and, shrouded in darkness, the lover embraced his Orythia, with his dusky wings, as she shivered with fear. As he flew, his own flames of passion were fanned, and burned fiercer. Nor did the thief halt in his flight through the air, till he reached the walls of the city and people of Thrace, the Cicones.

There the girl from Attica married the chilly tyrant, and became a mother, giving birth to twin brothers, who took after their mother, in everything else but their father�s wings. Yet they say the wings were not present, on their bodies, when they were born, but while they still were lacking beards, to match their red hair, Calais, and Zetes, as boys, were wingless. But both alike, soon after, began to sprout the pinions of birds on their shoulders, and both their jaws and cheeks grew tawny. And, when their boyhood was over, the youths sailed, as Argonauts, with the Minyans, in that first ship, through unknown seas, to seek the glittering wool of a golden fleece.

Περὶ Ὠρειθύας, τῆς ἁρπαγείσης παρὰ τῷ Βορέᾳ.

Ὁ Βορέας ἄνεμος ἁρπάζει Ὠρείθυαν τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ Ἐρεχθέως, μὴ δυνηθεὶς κατὰ ἄλλον τρόπον ἵνα τὴν κατακτήσῃ· ἔλαβε δὲ ἀπὸ αὐτὴν δύο υἱοὺς διδύμους, τὸν Κάλαϊν καὶ τὸν Ζήτην, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὀλίγον καιρὸν μετὰ τὴν γέννησιν των πτερωθέντες, ἔγινον ὅμοιοι μὲ τὸν πατέρα των.

Ἀποθανόντος τοῦ Πανδίωνος, διεδέχθη τὴν βασιλείαν Ἐρεχθεὺς, ὁ υἱὸς του, αὐτὸς στολισμένος μὲ ἀρετὲς ἀμφιβάλλετο δὲ ἂν ἦτον ἐπισημότερος διὰ τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ἢ διὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν του, ἢ διὰ τὰ ὅπλα του· Ἔλαβε τέσσαρας υἱεῖς, καὶ τέσσαρας θυγατέρας, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας δύο ἦσαν κατάκοπα ὡραῖαι. Κέφαλος, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Αἰόλου, ἐνυμφεύθη τὴν μίαν, Πρόκριν καλουμένην, καθὼς ὁ γάμος ἔτσι τὸν ἔκαμεν εὐτυχῆ· ἡ δὲ ἄλλη Ὠρείθυα ὀνομαζομένη, ἠγαπήθη πολὺν καιρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ Βορέα ἀνέμου· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν Θρᾴκην, καὶ ἐνθυμοῦντο ἔτι τὰ ἀπαιδευσίαν τοῦ Τηρέως, ἡ παῖς του, καὶ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἦσαν τὰ ἐμπόδια, τὰ ἐναντιούμενα εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά του. Οὕτως ἠγάπησεν εἰς μάτην τὴν Ὠρείθυαν τόσον καιρόν, ὥστε ἔφαι-

φαίνετο ότι ἐξαποστίμα νὰ τὴν ἀποκλαύση μᾶλλον μὲ τὰς δεήσεις του, παρὰ μὲ τὴν βίαν· ἀλλὰ βλέπων ὅτι ἡ μακροθυμία του ἦτον ἀνωφελής, νικημένος ἀπὸ τὸν φυσικόν Θυμόν του „ δικαίως, εἶπε, μὲ μεταχειρίζεται „ μὲ τόσην ἀχαριστίαν, δικαίως μὲ κατεφρόνησε. Διὰ τί νὰ ἀφήσω τὰ συνήθη μου ὅπλα, τὴν βίαν μου, κ' „ τὰ ἀπειλητικά μου φυσήματα; Διὰ τί νὰ μεταχειρι-„ζωμαι δεήσεις καὶ κολακείας ἀσυμβίβαστας εἰς ἐμέ, αἱ „ ὁποῖαι μοῦ παρέχουσι καὶ ἀτιμίαν; Ἡ βία εἶναι πρέ-„πουσα εἰς ἐμέ, αὕτη μόνη μοῦ εἶναι σύμφυλος· μὲ „ αὐτὴν διασκορπίζω τὰ σύννεφα, παραταῶ τὴν θά-„λασσαν, κατεδαφίζω τὰς μεγάλας δρῦς, παγαίνω τὴν „ χιόνα, κ' πλήττω τὴν γῆν μὲ τὴν χάλαζαν. Ὅταν „ συναντήσω τὰς ἄλλας ἀνέμους τὰς ἀδελφάς μου εἰς τὸν „ ἀέρα, ὅστις εἶναι ἡ πεδιὰς τῶν πολέμων μας, τὰς κτυ-„πῶ τόσον δυνατά, ὥστε ἀηδιάζει ὅλος ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ „ τὰ σύννεφα ῥίπτουσι πῦρ καὶ φλόγας. Ὅταν δὲ πά-„λιν περιέρχομαι τὰ ἀσήλια τῆς γῆς, σκυβάλω τοὺς „ ὥμους, κ' ἀλλοιῶ τὴν οἰκουμένην. Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ δύ-„ναμις, τὴν ὁποίαν ἔπρεπε νὰ μεταχειρισθῶ, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσω τὴν Ὠρείθυιαν. Δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ παρακα-„λέσσω τὸν Ἐρεχθέα νὰ μοῦ γίνη προξενητής, ἀλλ' ἔ-„πρεπε μᾶλλον νὰ τὸν ἀναγκάσω μὲ τὴν βίαν. Ταῦ-τα λέγων παρώξυνε τὸν Θυμόν του, κ' ἄρχισε νὰ πτυ-πᾶ τὰς πτέρυγας του, κ' μὲ τὸ φοβερὸν αὐτὸ πτύσημα, ἐτάραξεν ὅλος τὴν γῆν, κ' εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν διέγει-ρε κύματα ὥσπερ βουνά, καὶ σκεπασμένος μὲ μαῦρον σύννεφον, καὶ σύρων ὀπίσω του φορέματα του, μὲ τὸ ὁ-ποῖον σκεπάζει τὴν γῆν, κ' σηκώνει τὸν κονιορτόν ἅρπαξε τὴν Ὠρείθυιαν, κ' τὴν ἐσκέπασε μὲ τὰ πτε-ρά του. Ηὔξησαν αἱ φλόγες του μὲ τὸ πέτασμα, κ' ἀπὸ τὴν

ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 549

τῶν ὁποίων παρακύψας ἐκφορέσησεν εἰς τὴν ψυχήν της ἡ ὄψις τῆς ὡμορφίας της, ὦ χωρεῖς νὰ ἀργοπορήση ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Θράκην, ὅπου τὴν κατέστησε βασίλισσαν τῶν ψυχῶν ἐκείνων τόπων, καὶ μετ' οὐ πολὺ ἐγέννησε δύο παιδία δίδυμα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἰς μὲν τὴν χάριν καὶ ὡραιότητα ὡμοίαζαν τὴν μητέρα των, εἰς δὲ τὰς πτέρυγας τὸν πατέρα των. Ἄξιαι ὅμως ὅτι δὲν ἐγκαλήθησαν μὲ τὰ πτερά, ἀλλ' ὅτι τὰ ἀπέκτησαν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ γένεια, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Καλαΐς καὶ ὁ Ζήτης ἦσαν ἄπτεροι, ἕως ἐνδράθησαν, καὶ ὅταν ἤρχησαν νὰ ἀποκτῶσι γένεια, τότε ἤρχησαν νὰ φαίνωνται καὶ τὰ πτερύγια· ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἦλθεν εἰς ἡλικίαν, ἐνώθησαν μὲ τοὺς γενναίους ἐκείνους ὁπαδοὺς τοῦ περιφήμου Ἰάσονος, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσουν τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, ἐπιβάντες εἰς τὸ πλοῖον, ὅπερ ἔπλεεν τὸ πρῶτον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.

Δὲν δύναμαι νὰ περιλαμβάνῃ ὁ Μῦθος οὗτος ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ ἁπλῆν ἱστορίαν· ἰδὰ δὲ περιέχῃ καὶ μυστικόν τι, ἀφίνω νὰ τὸ διερμηνεύσωσιν ἄλλοι ἐπιστημόνες ἐμοῦ. Λέγεται ὅτι ἡ Ὠρείθυια δὲν ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ τοῦ Βορέου, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τινα νέον ὀνομαζόμενον Βορέαν, ὁ ὁποῖος μὴ δυνάμενος διὰ τῶν λόγων νὰ τῆς ἄλλαξῃ τὴν διάθεσιν τὴν ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Θράκην. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι δὲν ἡρπάγη ἀπὸ τὸν Βορέαν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοὺς κατοίκους τῆς Θράκης, τοὺς ἔχοντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Βορέου. Ὁ Σωκράτης εἰς τὸν τοῦ Πλάτωνος Φαῖδρον διηγεῖται ὅτι ἡ Ὠρείθυια, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἐρεχθέως ἔπαιζεν ἀπὸ τὸν ἄνεμον εἰς τὸν Ἰλισσὸν ποταμὸν, καὶ ἐπέσῃ εἰς αὐτὸν. Ὡς ἐπειδὴ ἦτον εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπέσῃ, ἦτον ἥρπασεν αὐτὴν ὁ ἄνεμος ἐκεῖνος ὀνομαζόμενος Βορέας, οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἔλαβον ἀφορμὴν αὐτὴν νὰ κατασκευάσουσι τὸν Μῦθον.

Ταῦτα εἰσὶ σχεδὸν ὅσα φέρονται διὰ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Ὠρειθύας, ἄλλα δὲ ἄλλοι τινὲς διηγοῦνται ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μύθου τούτου δεικνύεται ὅτι ὁ πόλεμος δὲν εἶναι ἀκοινώνητος μὲ τὸ πολιτικὸν καὶ εὐγενὲς ἦθος. Οὕτω διὰ τοῦ Θρακὸς ἐκείνου, ὡς τὸν νυμφολήπτην τῆς Ὠρειθύας σημαίνεται ὁ πολεμικὸς ἀνήρ· διότι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ὁ Ἄρης ἦτον τὸ πάλαι ὁ Θεὸς τῶν Θρακῶν, καθότι αὐτοὶ πάντες ἦσαν πολεμικοί· ἐξ δὲ διὰ τῆς Ὠρειθύας, ἥτις ἦτον Ἀθηναία, δηλοῦται τὸ πολιτικὸν ἢ εὐγενὲς ἦθος· ἐπειδὴ εἶναι πρὸς πᾶσι γνωστὸν ὅτι αἱ Ἀθῆναι ἦσαν ἡ πηγὴ τῆς σοφίας, καὶ ὅτι ἤρχοντο εἰς αὐτὰς πανταχόθεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ νὰ παιδεύωνται, καὶ νὰ μανθάνωσι τὰς ἐπιστήμας.

Ὅσον δὲ διὰ τὸν Ζήτην ἢ Κάλαϊν, τῆς δίδυμας υἱὸς τῆς Ὠρειθυίας, δί᾿ αὐτῆς ὑφίσταντο οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ δείξουν τὴν εὐσχημοσύνην τῆς γυναικείου τῆς Θράκης· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ χρυσμὸς εἶναι ἐλαφρὸς, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ δηλοῦσι τὴν ταχύτητα ἢ ἐλαφρότητα, διὰ τοῦ πλάσματος ὅτι τὰ δύο αὐτὰ παιδία τοῦ Βορέα ἐπτερώθησαν, διὰ νὰ ἀποδείξουν ὅτι τὰ τέκνα ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ὁμοιάζουσιν εἰς τοὺς γονέας των.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ Θεσσαλοὶ ὡς ἀγαπῶντες τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ἔφερον κάποια φορέματα μὲ μανίκια μεγάλα, τὰ ὁποῖα ὠνομάτισαν, ὡς ἐν παρομοίᾳ, τὰ πτερὰ τῶν Θεσσαλῶν, καὶ ὅτι μετεχειρίζοντο πάλιν καὶ ἐνδύματα ὁμοίως πτερωτά, ἐπειδὴ ἦσαν πολύβαθα, ὡς τὰ πτερὰ τῶν λαμπρῶν περιστερῶν, καὶ ἐκ τότε ἐπλάσθη ὅτι ὁ Ζήτης καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς ἦσαν πτερωτοί. Ἄλλος δὲ τις πρὸ τούτων ἔλεγεν ὅτι εἶχαν ταχυτάτα παιδία νὰ μαθαίνουν εἰς ὅλους τῶν ἃ ἐσκεπτάζοντο.

Metamorphoses

Book VII

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1Iamque fretum Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant,
perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam
Phineus visus erat, iuvenesque Aquilone creati
virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant,
5multaque perpessi claro sub Iasone tandem
contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas.
Dumque adeunt regem Phrixeaque vellera poscunt
lexque datur Minyis magnorum horrenda laborum,
concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes
10et luctata diu, postquam ratione furorem
vincere non poterat, “frustra Medea, repugnas:
nescio quis deus obstat” ait; “mirumque, nisi hoc est,
aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur.
Nam cur iussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur?
15Sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quem modo denique vidi,
ne pereat, timeo? quae tanti causa timoris?
Excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas,
si potes, infelix! — Si possem, sanior essem.
Sed trahit invitam nova vis, aliudque cupido,
20mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque,
deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo,
ureris et thalamos alieni concipis orbis?
Haec quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat an ille
occidat, in dis est. Vivat tamen! idque precari
25vel sine amore licet: quid enim commisit Iason?
Quem, nisi crudelem, non tangat Iasonis aetas
et genus et virtus? Quem non, ut cetera desint,
ore movere potest? Certe mea pectora movit.
At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur ore
30concurretque suae segeti, tellure creatis
hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi.
Hoc ego si patiar, tum me de tigride natam,
tum ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor.
Cur non et specto pereuntem oculosque videndo
35conscelero? Cur non tauros exhortor in illum
terrigenasque feros insopitumque draconem?
Di meliora velint. Quamquam non ista precanda,
sed facienda mihi. — Prodamne ego regna parentis,
atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra,
40ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis
virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar?
Si facere hoc aliamve potest praeponere nobis,
occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo,
non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae,
45ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri.
Et dabit ante fidem, cogamque in foedera testes
esse deos. Quid tuta times? accingere et omnem
pelle moram: tibi se semper debebit Iason,
te face sollemni iunget sibi, perque Pelasgas
50servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba.
Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque
et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam?
Nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus,
frater adhuc infans: stant mecum vota sororis,
55maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam,
magna sequar: titulum servatae pubis Achivae
notitiamque loci melioris et oppida, quorum
hic quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque locorum;
quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis,
60Aesoniden mutasse velim; quo coniuge felix
et dis cara ferar et vertice sidera tangam.
Quid, quod nescio qui mediis concurrere in undis
dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis
nunc sorbere fretum, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis
65Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo?
Nempe tenens, quod amo, gremioque in Iasonis haerens
per freta longa ferar: nihil illum amplexa verebor
aut, siquid metuam, metuam de coniuge solo. —
Coniugiumne vocas speciosaque nomina culpae
70imponis, Medea, tuae? Quin adspice, quantum
adgrediare nefas, et, dum licet, effuge crimen.”
Dixit, et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque
constiterant, et victa dabat iam terga Cupido.
Over the storm-tossed waves, the Argonauts
had sailed in Argo, their long ship to where
King Phineus, needy in his old age, reigned—
deprived of sight and feeble. When the sons
of Boreas had landed on the shore,
and seen the Harpies snatching from the king
his nourishment, befouling it with beaks
obscene, they drove those human-vultures thence.
And having suffered hardships and great toils,
after the day they rescued the sad king
from the vile Harpies, those twin valiant youths,
Zetes and Calais came with their chief,
the mighty Jason, where the Phasis flows.
From the green margin of that river, all
the crew of Argonauts, by Jason led,
went to the king Aeetes and required
the Golden Fleece, that he received from Phryxus.
When they had bargained with him, full of wiles
he offered to restore the Golden Fleece
only to those who might to him return,
victorious from hard labors of great risk.
Medea, the king's daughter, near his throne,
saw Jason, leader of the Argonauts,
as he was pressing to secure a prize—
and loved at sight with a consuming flame.
Although she struggled to suppress her love,
unable to restrain herself, she said,
“In vain I've striven to subdue my heart:
some god it must be, which I cannot tell,
is working to destroy my hapless life;
or else it is the burning flame of love
that in me rages. If it is not love,
why do the mandates of my father seem
too harsh? They surely are too harsh. Why do
I fear that he may perish whom I have
seen only once? What is the secret cause
that I am agitated by such fears?—
It is no other than the god of Love.
“Thrust from your virgin breast such burning flames
and overcome their hot unhappiness—
if I could do so, I should be myself:
but some deluding power is holding me
helpless against my will. Desire persuades
me one way, but my reason still persuades
another way. I see a better course
and I approve, but follow its defeat. —
“O royal maiden, why are you consumed
with love for this strange man, and why are you
so willing to be carried by the nuptial ties
so far from your own country, where, indeed,
are many brave men worthy of your love?
“Whether for life or death his numbered hours
are in the mercy of the living Gods,
and that he may not suffer risk of death,
too well foreseen, now let my prayers prevail—
righteously uttered of a generous heart
without the stress of love. What wicked thing
has Jason done? His handsome person, youth,
and noble ways, would move a heart of stone.
“Have I a heart of flint, or was I born
a tigress to deny him timely aid?—
Unless I interpose, he will be slain
by the hot breath of brazen-footed bulls,
or will be slaughtered by the warriors, sprung
miraculous from earth, or will be given
to satisfy the ravenous appetite
of a huge dragon.
“Let my gloating eyes
be satiate with his dying agonies!
Let me incite the fury of these bulls!
Stir to their blood-lust mad-born sons of Earth!
Rouse up the never-sleeping dragon's rage!—
“Avert it Gods!—
“But why should I cry out
upon the Gods to save him from such wrong,
when, by my actions and my power, myself
may shield him from all evils?
“Such a course
would wreck the kingdom of my father—and by me
the wily stranger would escape from him;
and spreading to the wind his ready sails
he would forget and leave me to my fate.—
Oh, if he should forget my sacrifice,
and so prefer those who neglected him,
let him then perish in his treachery.—
“But these are idle thoughts: his countenance,
reveals innate nobility and grace,
that should dispel all fear of treachery,
and guarantee his ever-faithful heart.
The Gods will witness our united souls,
and he shall pledge his faith. Secure of it
my fear will be removed. Be ready, then—
and make a virtue of necessity:
your Jason owes himself to you; and he
must join you in true wedlock. Then you shall
be celebrated through the land of Greece,
by throngs of women, for the man you saved.
“Shall I then sail away, and so forsake
my sister, brother, father, Gods, and land
that gave me birth? My father is indeed
a stern man, and my native land is all
too barbarous; my brother is a child,—
my sister's goodwill is good help for me;
and heaven's supreme god is within my breast.
“I shall not so be leaving valued hopes,
but will be going surely to great things.
And I should gain applause from all the world,
as having saved the threatened Argonauts,
most noble of the Greeks; and in their land,
which certainly is better than my own,
become the bride of Jason, for whose love
I should not hesitate to give the world—
and in whose love the living Gods rejoice
so greatly; for his sake they would bestow
their favors on my head, and make the stars
my habitation.
“Should I hesitate
because the wreck-strewn mountains bar the way,
and clash together in the Euxine waves;
or fear Charybdis, fatal to large ships,
that sucks the deep sea in its whirling gulf
and spouts far upward, with alternate force,
or Scylla, circled with infuriate hounds
howling in rage from deep Sicilian waves?
Medea agonises over her love for Jason

And now the Argonauts were ploughing through the sea in their ship, built in Thessalian Pagasae. They had visited Phineus, king of Thracian Salmydessus, living out a useless old age in perpetual blindness, and the winged sons of Boreas had driven the birdlike Harpies from the presence of the unhappy, aged man. At last, after enduring many trials, under their famous leader, Jason, they reached the turbulent river-waters of the muddy Phasis, in the land of Colchis. While they were standing before King Aeetes, of Aea, requesting the return of the Golden Fleece, taken from the divine ram that carried Phrixus, and while extreme terms were being imposed, involving daunting tasks, Medea, the daughter of the king, conceived an overwhelming passion for Jason. She fought against it for a time, but when reason could not overcome desire, she debated with herself.

�Medea, you struggle in vain: some god, I do not know which, opposes you. I wonder if this, or something, like this, is what people indeed call love? Or why would the tasks my father demands of Jason seem so hard? They are more than hard! Why am I afraid of his death, when I have scarcely seen him? What is the cause of all this fear? Quench, if you can, unhappy girl, these flames that you feel in your virgin heart! If I could, I would be wiser! But a strange power draws me to him against my will. Love urges one thing: reason another. I see, and I desire the better: I follow the worse. Why do you burn for a stranger, royal virgin, and dream of marriage in an alien land? This earth can also give you what you can love. Whether he lives or dies, is in the hands of the gods. Let him live! I can pray for this even if I may not love him: what is Jason guilty of? Who, but the heartless, would not be touched by Jason�s youth, and birth, and courage? Who, though the other qualities were absent, could not be stirred by his beauty?

He has stirred my heart, indeed. And unless I offer my help, he will feel the fiery breath of the bronze-footed bulls; have to meet that enemy, sprung from the soil, born of his own sowing; or be given as captured prey to the dragon�s greed. If I allow this, then I am born of the tigress: then I show I have a heart of stone and iron! Why can I not watch him die, and shame my eyes by seeing? Why do I not urge the bulls on, to meet him, and the wild earth-born warriors, and the unsleeping dragon? Let the gods also desire the better! Though it is not for me to pray for, but to bring about.

Shall I betray my father�s country? Shall some unknown be saved by my powers, and unhurt because of me, without me, set his sails to the wind, and be husband to another, leaving Medea to be punished? If he could do that, if he could set another woman above me, let him die, the ungrateful man! But his look, his nobility of spirit, and his graceful form, do not make me fear deceit or forgetfulness of my kindness. And he will give me his word beforehand, and I will gather the gods to witness our pledge. Why fear when it is certain? Prepare yourself, and dispel all delay: Jason will be for ever in your debt, take you to himself in sacred marriage, and through the cities of Pelasgian Greece, the crowds of women will glorify you as his saviour.

Carried by the winds, shall I leave my native country, my sister, my brother, my father, and my gods? Well then, my father is barbarous, and my country is savage, and my brother is still a child: my sister�s prayers are for me, and the greatest god is within! I will not be leaving greatness behind, but pursuing greatness: honour as a saviour of these Achaean people, familiarity with a better land and with cities whose fame is flourishing even here, the culture and arts of those places, and the man, the son of Aeson, for whom I would barter those things that the wide world owns, joined to whom I will be called fortunate, dear to the gods, and my head will be crowned with the stars.

What of the stories of mountains that clash together in mid-ocean, and Charybdis the bane of sailors, now sucking in, now spewing out the sea, and rapacious dog-headed Scylla, yelping over the Sicilian deeps? Well, holding what I love, clinging to Jason�s breast, I shall be carried over the wide seas: in his arms, I will fear nothing, or if I am afraid, I will only be afraid for him.

But do you call that marriage, Medea, and clothe your fault with fair names? Consider instead, how great a sin you are near to, and while you can, shun the crime!� She spoke, and in front of her eyes, were rectitude, piety, modesty: and now, Cupid, defeated, was turning away.

Περὶ τοῦ Φίνεως, καὶ τῶν Ἀρπύων, καὶ περὶ ταξιδίου τοῦ Ἰάσσονος, καὶ τῆ λευσομάλλου Δέρατος.

Ὁ Ἴασων ὑπάγει εἰς τὴν Κολχίδα, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ τὸ λευσόμαλλον Δέρας. Ἡ Μήδεια πράττῃ τὸ Ἰάσονος, ἢ μὲ τῆς βοήθειας τῆς, ἐκεῖνος ἀποκτᾶ τὸ λευσοῦν Δέρας, φονεύσας τὸν φυλάττοντα αὐτὸ Δράκοντα. Μετὰ ταῦτα ἀναχωρεῖ ὁμῆ μὲ τὴν Μήδειαν.

Ἦν πολύς καιρός ἀφ᾽ ὧ οἱ ἀνδρειότεροι τῆς Θεσσαλίας ἐπλανῶντο τῇ δὲ κακείῳ εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν. Εἶχον ἐπισκεψθῇ τὸν ἄθλιον Φινέα, τῷ ὁποίῳ ἦτον βαρύτερον τὸ λυπηρότερο τὸ γῆρας, διὰ τὴν τυφλότητα τα, τὸ οἱ δύο τᾶ Βορέες μοι, ὁ Κάλαις καί ὁ Ζήτης, εἶχον διάξῃ τὰς Ἀρπύας, αἳ ὁποῖαι ἥρπαζον πᾶ ξορᾶ ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τᾶ δυσυχές ἐκείνης γέροντος, ὸ ὅτως οἱ γυναῖοι ἔτει Θεσσαλοί, ἀφ᾽ ὧ ὑπέφερον πολλοὺς πόπους ὑπὸ τὴν ὁδηγίαν τοῦ Ἱάσονος, ὑφάσαν εἰς τὸ χεῖλος τᾶ Φάσιδος ποταμᾶ, καὶ ὑπήγαν δύστις νὰ φροσκυνήσουν τὸν Βασιλέα, τῆς ὁποίῳ ἐφανέρωσαν τᾶ αἶτιον τοῦ παξίδις των. Ἔμαθον δὲ παρ αὐτὰ ὅλας τὰς κινδύνας καὶ πᾶς δυσκολίας, ὅσας ἄφεπε νὰ ὑπερέβασι διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσωσι τὸ χρυσοῦν Δέρας· ἀλλὰ δὸρ ἐφοβήθησαν παντελῶς, ὐ ἐν τῷ μεπαξῦ ἡ Μήδεια ἦράδη τᾶ Ἱάσονος. Τῇ ἁληθείᾳ αὐτη ἀντισχάδη πολὺν καιρὸν εἰς τὸν ἔρωτα μέ ὅλας πᾶς δυνάμες τᾶ λόγῳ, ἀλλά βλέψασα ὅτι εἰς μάτην ἠγωνίζετο· ἀνωφελῶς ἀγωνίζομαι, λέγει· Θεός τις μέ ἀντιπολεμεῖ. Ἄγνοῶ τί εἶναι ἐκείνο, τὸ ὁποῖον μέ πληγώνει, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι εἶναι ὁ ὀνοματόμενος ἔρως. Διὰ τί ἀρᾶγε αἱ πρὸς τὸν Ἱάσονα προσταγαί τᾶ παξὸς με, μέ φαίνονται πόσον σχληραί; καὶ τῇ ἁληθείᾳ εἶναι αὔστηραί, καὶ βλέπω ὅτι σχληρός εἶναι ὁ πατὴρ με. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί φοβοῦμαι πόσον μὴ καθῆ ὕνας ξένος, τὸν ὁποῖον δὲ εἶδα εἰμι μῖον μόνον φοράν· πόθον ὁ πόσος φόβος; Ἔμβαλε, Μήδεια,

χορπάσω τὰ ὁμμάτια μέ μέ τὸ θέαμα τὸ θαυμάσιον· Διατί νὰ μιλῶ ἔχω τοσαύτην αὐτολμίαν, ὥστε νὰ παροξύνω κατ' αὐτοῦ ἢ τοὺς ἀγρίους ταύρους, καὶ τοὺς ἀγηγενεῖς στρατιώτας, καὶ τὸν ἄγριον δράκοντα; Ὄχι, ὄχι, μὴ γένοιτο δίκαιοι Θεοί· καὶ ἀνκαλὰ, ἀντὶ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλῶ, δύναμαι ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς μου νὰ πάρνω τὰ ὅσα σᾶς ζητῶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς, μὲ ὅλον τῶν εἰσακούσατε πᾶ δίχως μέ. Ἀλλὰ νὰ προδώσω τὸν πατέρα μου, ἢ νὰ λυτρώσω ἕνα ξένον μέ τὴν βοηθείαν μου, ὁ ὁ- ποῖος δύναται ἔπειτα νὰ μὲ ἀφήσῃ, ἢ νὰ ὑπάγῃ ἀλλαχοῦ νὰ ἐρασθῇ ἄλλης τινός; Ἂν μέλλῃ νὰ φανῇ τόσον ἀχάριστος, ἂς χαθῇ ὁ ἀχάδειστος· Ἄξιος εἶναι θανάτου. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἔχει ἕνα τοιοῦτον ἀφρόσωπον, ὥστε νὰ φοβῆμαι τοσαύτην ἀπιστίαν· ἡ δυχεία τοῦ δὲν μοῦ συγχωρεῖ νὰ τὸ ὑποπτεύσω, καὶ ἡ γυναιότης του μὲ βεβαιοῖ ὅτι δὲν θέλει ἀλησμονήσει τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ- γάπης μου εὐεργεσίαι. Πρῶτον θέλω τὸν ὑποσχεθῇ σει νὰ ὁρκισθῇ, καὶ οἱ Θεοὶ θέλουσιν εἶναι μάρτυρες τῶν ὅρκων του, καὶ τῶν ὑποσχέσεών του. Τί πλέον νὰ φοβηθῶ μετὰ ταῦτα; Ἑτοιμάσου λοιπὸν, ὦ Μήδεια, εἰς τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν, καὶ μὴ ἀργοπορήσῃς περισσότε- ρον. Ὁ Ἰάσων πληροφορημένος διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην σου, θέλει σε χρεώσῃ ἢ τὴν ζωήν του, ἢ σωτηρίαν· θέλει σε νυμφεύσῃ χαρμοσύνως, ἢ σώτειραν θέλει σε ὀ- νομάσῃ εἰς ὅλας τὰς πόλεις τῆς Ἑλλάδος. Ἀλλὰ πῶς δύναμαι νὰ ἀφήσω τὸν ἀδελφόν μου, καὶ τὴν ἀ- δελφήν μου, τὴν πατρίδα, τὸν πατέρα, καὶ τὰς θεάς μου, ἢ νὰ παραδώσω εἰς τὰς ἀνέμους τὴν ζωήν μου, καὶ τὰς ἐλπίδας μου; Καὶ διατί ὄχι· ὁ πατήρ μου εἶναι σκληρὸς, ἡ πατρὶς μου βάρβαρος ἢ ἀπαίδευτος, ὁ ἀδελφός μου ἔτι βρέφος, καὶ ὁ πόθος τῆς ἀδελφῆς

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perseidos aras,
75quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat.
Et iam fortis erat pulsusque resederat ardor,
cum videt Aesoniden exstinctaque flamma reluxit.
Erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore,
utque solet ventis alimenta adsumere quaeque
80parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla
crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires,
sic iam lentus amor, iam quem languere putares,
ut vidit iuvenem, specie praesentis inarsit.
Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus
85illa luce fuit: posses ignoscere amanti.
Spectat et in vultu veluti tum denique viso
lumina fixa tenet nec se mortalia demens
ora videre putat, nec se declinat ab illo.
Ut vero coepitque loqui dextramque prehendit
90hospes et auxilium submissa voce rogavit
promisitque torum, lacrimis ait illa profusis:
“Quid faciam, video (non ignorantia veri
decipiet, sed amor): servabere munere nostro;
servatus promissa dato.” Per sacra triformis
95ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo,
perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta futuri
eventusque suos et tanta pericula iurat.
Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas
edidicitque usum, laetusque in tecta recessit.
“Safe in the shielding arms of him I love,
on Jason's bosom leaning, I shall be
borne safely over wide and hostile seas;
and in his dear embrace forget my fears—
or if for anything I suffer dread,
it will be only for the one I love.—
“Alas, Medea, this vain argument
has only furnished plausible excuse
for criminal desires, and desecrates
the marriage rite. It is a wicked thing
to think upon. Before it is too late
forget your passion and deny this guilt.”
And after she had said these words, her eyes
were opened to the prize of modesty,
chaste virtue, and a pure affection:
and Cupid, vanquished, turned away and fled.
Then, to an ancient altar of the goddess named
Hecate, Perse's daughter took her way
in the deep shadows of a forest. She
was strong of purpose now, and all the flames
of vanquished passion had died down; but when
she saw the son of Aeson, dying flames
leaped up again. Her cheeks grew red, then all
her face went pale again; as a small spark
when hid beneath the ashes, if fed by
a breath of wind grows and regains its strength,
as it is fanned to life; so now her love
that had been smoldering, and which you would
have thought was almost dead, when she had see
again his manly youth, blazed up once more.
For on that day his graceful person seemed
as glorious as a God;—and as she gazed,
and fixed her eyes upon his countenance,
her frenzy so prevailed, she was convinced
that he was not a mortal. And her eyes
were fascinated; and she could not turn
away from him. But when he spoke to her,
and promised marriage, grasping her right hand:
she answered, as her eyes suffused with tears;
“I see what I will do, and ignorance
of truth will not be my undoing now,
but love itself. By my assistance you
shall be preserved; but when preserved fulfill
your promise.”
He swore that she could trust in him.
Jason promises to marry Medea

She went to the ancient altars of Hecate, daughter of the Titan Perses, that the shadowy grove conceals, in the remote forest. And now she was strong and her passion, now conquered, had ebbed, when she saw the son of Aeson and the flame, that was dead, relit. Her cheeks flushed, and then her whole face became pallid. Just as a tiny spark that lies buried under the ashes, takes life from a breath of air, and grows and, living, regains its previous strength, so now her calmed passion, that you would have thought had dulled, when she saw the young hero, flared up at his visible presence.

It chanced that Aeson�s son was more than usually handsome that day: you could forgive her for loving him. She gazed at him, and fixed her eyes on him as if she had never looked at him before, and in her infatuation, seeing his face, could not believe him mortal, nor could she turn away. So that when, indeed, the stranger grasped her right hand, and began to speak, and in a submissive voice asked for her help, promising marriage, she replied in a flood of tears. �I see what I am doing: it is not ignorance of the truth that ensnares me, but love. Your salvation is in my gift, but being saved, remember your promise!�

He swore by the sacred rites of the Triple Goddess, by the divine presence of the grove, by the all-seeing Sun, who was the father of King Aeetes, his father-in-law to be, and by his own good fortune, and by his great danger. Immediately, as he was now trusted, he accepted the magic herbs from her, and learnt their use, and returned to the palace, joyfully.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 355

„ μὰ συμφωνεῖ με τὸν ἐδικόν μου. Εἷς Θεὸς ἰσχυρότερος „ πάντων με παρακινεῖ, καὶ παροξύνει με. Δῶ „ Θέλω ἀφήσει μεγάλα φράγματα, καὶ Θέλω ἀπολαύ- „ σει μεγάλα. Θέλω δοξασθῆ ότι ἐφύλαξα τοὺς ἀν- „ δρειοτέρους νέους τῆ Ἑλλάδος· Θέλω κατοικήσει εἰς „ τόπον ὡραῖστον· Θέλω ἰδῆ Πόλεις, τῆ ὁποίων ἡ „ φήμη ἔφθασεν ὥς ἐδῶ, καὶ ὄχι ὀλιγώτερον περιβό- „ λητες διὰ τὰς ἐπιστήμας καὶ τέχνας, ἤ διὰ τὸ μέγα „ πλῆθος τῆ ἐγκατοίκων των. Πρὸ παύτων δὲ Θέλω „ ἀκολουθήσει τὸν Ἰάσονα, τὸν ὁποίον προτιμῶ ἀπὸ „ ὅλα τὰ κάλλα τῆ κόσμου. Ὅλοι Θέλεν με μακαρί- „ ζει, καὶ Θέλεν κλίνη ότι ἀπέλαυσα τῆς δόξης αὐτῆ „ τῆ Θεῶν, ἐὰν ἀγαπηθῶ ἀπὸ τὸν Ἰάσονα. Ἤξεύρω „ ότι ἡ Θάλασσα τόσους ἔχει κινδύνους ὅσα εἶναι τὰ „ κύματα τῆς· ότι ἡ Χάρυβδις, πάντοτε πολεμία τῆ „ πλεόντων, ποτὲ μὲν κατακπίνει τῆν Θάλασσαν, ποτὲ „ δὲ τῆν ξερνᾶ πάλιν· ότι ἡ Σκύλλα εἶναι περιε- „ κλωμένη ἀπὸ ἀγρίους κύνας, οἱ ὁποίοι φοβίζουσι καὶ „ τὰς γοργοτέρας· ἀλλ' ὅταν ἀπολαύσω τὸ ποθητόν „ μου εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ Ἰάσονος, Θέλω περάσει ἀφό- „ βως ὅλα αὐτὰ τὰ πελάγη. Δὲν Θέλω φοβηθῆ τί- „ ποτε ἐναγκαλιζόμενη τὸν Ἰάσονα, ἤ ἄν φοβηθῶ τι, „ Θέλω φοβοῦμαι μόνον διὰ τὸν σύζυγόν μου. Ἀλλὰ „ πῶς ὀνομάζω γάμον τῆν φυγήν; Ὦ ἀθλία Μή- „ δεια, τὸ πάθος σε τυφλώνει, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀπατή- „ σῆς τῆν ἑαυτήν σου, δίδεις τιαῦτα ὡραῖα ὀνόματα „ εἰς τὸ σφάλμα σου. Στοχάσου μάλλον τῆν ἀτιμίαν τῆς „ ἐπιχειρήσεώς σου, καὶ ἔως ἔτι ἔχεις καιρόν, καὶ δύνα- „ σαι, φύλαξε τῆν προτέραν τιμήν σου, καὶ ἀγωνίσου „ νὰ ἀποφύγης τὸ ἔγκλημα".

Ἀφ' ὧ καθ' ἑαυτῆν εὐελέησε πάντα, ἐπαρασκέυασαν

„ Θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε ἐδικός μέ; " Ὁ Ἴάσων τῇ ὑποσχέσῃ προθύμως πᾶ ὅσα ἐζήτει, ὀμνύων εἰς τὸν Ἄρτεμιν, τῇ ὁποίᾳ ἦτον ἀφιερωμένος ὁ βωμός, ἀφῇ προσκαλεσάμενος μάρτυρα τὸν Ἥλιον, τὸν πάππον τῆς Μηδείας, τὸν παντεπόπτην, ἴ φρονοῦντα τὰ μεθόντα, ὅτι θέλει εἶναι πάντοτε ἐδικός της. Τότε ἐκείνη καταπεισθεῖσα, τοῦ ἔδωκεν αὖθις κάποια μαγικὰ χόρτα, ἴ ἀφ' ὧ τὸν ἐδίδαξε ἴ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν, τὸν ἄφησε νὰ ὑπάγῃ ὅλον περιχαρῆ διὰ τῆς ἐλπίδα τῆς νίκης.

Τῇ ἐπαύριον, ἀνατείλαντος τοῦ Ἡλίου, συνηθροίσθη το πλῆθος εἰς μίαν πεδιάδα ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὸν Ἄ- ρειν, καὶ ἐκάθισον εἰς τὰς πέριξ λόφους· ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐκάθισεν εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ, μὲ ὅλα τὰ βασιλικὰ παράσημα, μὲ τὸν στέφανον εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ μὲ ἐλεφάντινον σκῆπτρον εἰς τὴν χείρα, περικυκλωμέ- νος ἀπὸ ὅλες τὰς ἀξιωματικοὺς του. Τότε παρ' εὐθὺς ἐ- φάνησαν οἱ χαλκόποδες ταῦροι, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἔρριπταν φλόγας καὶ πῦρ ἀπὸ τὰ ῥουθούνια των, καὶ μὲ τὴν ἀνα- πνοὴν των ἐξήραναν καὶ ἔκαυσαν τὰ χόρτα. Ἂς στοχασθῇ πᾶς τις τὸν ἦχον περικλεισμένης τινὸς καμίνης, ἢ τοῦ τῆ ἀσβέστου, ὅταν τὴν σβύνουσι, καὶ ἔτσι θέλει συμπεράνῃ ὁμοῦ τῆς βουῆς τοῦ εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν τῶν ταύρων ἐκείνων ἐκκλεισμένου πυρός· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἰάσων, χωρὶς τὴν παρα- μικρὰν δειλίαν ἐπλησίασεν εἰς αὐτούς· οἱ δὲ βλέποντε- ς τον, ἔκλιναν τὰς φοβερὰς κεφαλάς των, καὶ τὰ σεσι- δηρωμένα κέρατα των, καὶ τυπῶντες τὴν γῆν μὲ τοὺς πόδας, ἐσήκωσαν σύννεφα ἀπὸ κονιορτοῦ, καὶ ἐγέμισαν ὅλον τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὰ καπνώδη μυκήματα των. Ἐφο- βήθησαν οἱ συντρόφοι τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τὰ φάρμακα τῆς Μηδείας, ὑπῆγεν ἀφόβως ἐναν- τίον των, καὶ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ σώματός των ἐξερχόμενον πῦρ δὲν

τοῦ

τοῦ ἔλαβε παντελῶς· μάλιστα κολακεύων αὐτὸν μὲ πολυμήραν χεῖρα, ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν ἡμερώνῃ, κἰ ἔπελος τὴν ὑπάγνασε νὰ δεχθῶσι τὸν ζυγὸν, νὰ σύρουν τὸ ἄροτρον, καὶ νὰ ὀργώσουν τόπον τινά, ὁ ὁποῖος ποτὲ δὲν ἐγεωργήθη. Ὅλοι οἱ Κόλχοι ἐθαύμασαν τὸ παράδοξον ἔργον, καὶ οἱ Ἀργοναῦται ἐχάρησαν διὰ τῆς τύχης τοῦ ἡγῆτος των, αὐξάνοντες τὴν ὑπολμίαν μὲ τὰς χαρμοσύνας φωνὰς των. Ἔλαβον ἔπειτα τὰ δρακόντεια ὀδόντια, τὰ φυλαττόμενα εἰς χαλκὴν περικεφαλαίαν, κἰ τὰ ἔσπειρον εἰς τὸν ὀργωμένον τόπον. Μόλις ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὴν γῆν ὁ φαρμακωμένος ἐκεῖνος σπόρος, ἤρχισε νὰ μαλακύνεται, κἰ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ὀδόντια ἐγεννήθησαν ἄνθρωποι. Καὶ καθὼς τὸ εἰς τὴν φυτελίαν κοιλίαν φερόμενον βρέφος, δὲν προβαίνει εἰς φῶς, ἂν δὲν γίνῃ τέλειον καθ' ὅλα τὰ μέλη του· Ἔτσι κἰ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι, οἱ γεννηθέντες εἰς τὰ σπλάγχνα τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τὰ ἐσπαρμένα ὀδόντια, δὲν ἐξέβησαν ἔξω πρὶν λάβωσιν ἐντελῶς τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην μορφήν· καὶ, ὅπερ παραδοξότερον, ἐγεννήθησαν ὡπλοι, κἰ ὡρμήσαν εὐθὺς κατὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος. Τότε βλέποντες οἱ ὁπαδοὶ τῶν στρέφοντας κατ' αὐτοῦ τὰ φοβερὰ των κοντάρια, ἀπελπίσθησαν διὰ τὴν σωτηρίαν του. Ὡς κἰ αὐτὴ ἡ Μήδεια, ἡ ὁποῖα τὸν εἶχεν ἀσφαλίσει, δὲν ἠδυνήθη νὰ μὴ φοβηθῇ, κἰ βλέψασα ὅτι ἦταν μόνος, κἰ πολεμούμενος ἀπὸ τόσους ἐχθρούς, μετέβαλε τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ ἔμεινε ψυχρά, κἰ ἄχρωμος· φοβηθεῖσα δὲ μήπως τὰ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἔδωκε χόρτα δὲν εἶχον ἀρκετὴν δύναμιν, ἐψιθύρισε καὶ μαγικά τινα λόγια, διὰ νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ περισσότερον, κἰ μετεχειρίσθη ὅλα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς τέχνης της. Ἐν τούτῳ ὁ Ἴασων ῥίψας μίαν μεγάλην πέτραν ἀναμένον τῶν ἐχθρῶν του, κἰ

100Postera depulerat stellas aurora micantes:
conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum
consistuntque iugis. Medio rex ipse resedit
agmine purpureus sceptroque insignis eburno.
Ecce adamanteis Vulcanum naribus efflant
105aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus herbae
ardent; utque solent pleni resonare camini,
aut ubi terrena silices fornace soluti
concipiunt ignem liquidarum adspergine aquarum,
pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas
110gutturaque usta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus
obvius it. Vertere truces venientis ad ora
terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro,
pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco
fumificisque locum mugitibus impleverunt.
115Deriguere metu Minyae: subit ille, nec ignes
sentit anhelatos (tantum medicamina possunt),
pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra,
suppositosque iugo pondus grave cogit aratri
ducere et insuetum ferro proscindere campum.
120Mirantur Colchi, Minyae clamoribus augent
adiciuntque animos. Galea tum sumit aena
vipereos dentes et aratos spargit in agros.
Semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno,
et crescunt fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes.
125Utque hominis speciem materna sumit in alvo
perque suos intus numeros componitur infans,
nec nisi maturus communes exit in auras,
sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago
effecta est hominis, feto consurgit in arvo,
130quodque magis mirum est, simul edita concutit arma.
Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas
in caput Haemonii iuvenis torquere parantes,
demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi.
Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat illum;
135utque peti vidit iuvenem tot ab hostibus unum,
palluit et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit;
neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen
auxiliare canit secretasque advocat artes.
Ille gravem medios silicem iaculatus in hostes
140a se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos.
Terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres
civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi
victoremque tenent avidisque amplexibus haerent.
Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles:
145obstitit incepto pudor. At complexa fuisses
sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.
Quod licet, adfectu tacito laetaris agisque
carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum.
Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem,
150qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis
dentibus horrendus custos erat arboris aureae.
Hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci
verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos,
quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt,
155somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro
heros Aesonius potitur spolioque superbus
muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans
victor Iolciacos tetigit cum coniuge portus.
Then by the goddess of the triple form,
Diana, Trivia, or Luna called,
and by her sacred groves and fanes, he vowed,
and by the hallowed Sun that sees all things,
and by his own adventures, and his life,—
on these the youthful Jason took his oath.—
With this she was assured and quickly gave
to him the magic herbs: he learnt their use
and full of joy withdrew into his house.
Now when the dawn had dimmed the glittering stars,
the people hastened to the sacred field
of Mars, and on the hills expectant stood.—
Arrayed in purple, and in majesty
distinguished by his ivory sceptre, sat
the king, surrounded by a multitude.
Below them on the visioned Field of Mars,
huge brazen-footed bulls were breathing forth
from adamantine nostrils living flames,
blasting the verdant herbage in their path!
As forges glowing with hot flames resound,
or as much quick-lime, burnt in earthen kilns,
crackles and hisses as if mad with rage,
sprinkled with water, liberating heat;
so their hot throats and triple-heated sides,
resounding told of pent-up fires within.
The son of Aeson went to meet them. As
he came to meet them the fierce animals
turned on him faces terrible, and sharp
horns tipped with iron, and they pawed
the dusty earth with cloven feet, and filled
the place with fiery bellowings. The Minyans
were stark with fear; he went up to the bulls
not feeling their hot breath at all, so great
the power of his charmed drugs; and while he
was stroking their down-hanging dewlaps with
a fearless hand, he placed the yoke down on
their necks and made them draw the heavy plow,
and cut through fields that never felt the steel
before. The Colchians were amazed and silent;
but the loud shouting of the Minyans
increased their hero's courage. Taking then
the serpent's teeth out of a brazen helmet
he sowed them broadcast in the new-plowed field.
The moist earth softened these seeds that were steeped
in virulent poison and the teeth swelled up
and took new forms. And just as in its mother
an infant gradually assumes the form
of man, and is perfected through all parts
within, and does not come forth to the light
till fully formed; so, when the forms of men
had been completed in the womb of earth
made pregnant, they rose up from it,
and what is yet more wonderful, each one
clashed weapons that had been brought forth with him.
When his companions saw the warriors turn
as if with one accord, to hurl their spears,
sharp-pointed, at the head of Jason, fear
unnerved the boldest and their courage failed.
So, too, the maid whose sorcery had saved
him from much danger, when she saw the youth
encompassed by those raging enemies,
and he alone against so many—struck
with sudden panic, she turned ashen white,
her bloodless cheeks were blanched; and chilled with fear
she wilted to the ground; and lest the herbs,
so lately given him, might fail his need
she added incantations and invoked
mysterious arts. While she protected him
He seized upon a heavy stone, and hurled
it in the midst of his new enemies—
distracted by this cast, and murderous,
they turned from him, and clashing their new arms,
those earth-born brothers fought among themselves
till all were slaughtered in blood-thirsty strife.
Gladly the Greeks acclaimed him conqueror,
and pressed around him for the first embrace.
Then, too, Medea, barbarous Colchian maid,
although her modesty restrained her heart,
eagerly longed to fold him in her arms,
but careful of her good name, held aloof,—
rejoicing in deep, silent love; and she
acknowledged to the Gods her mighty gift
of incantations.
But the dragon, still
alert,—magnificent and terrible
with gorgeous crest and triple tongue, and fangs
barbed as a javelin, guards the Golden Fleece:
and Jason can obtain that quest only
if slumber may seal up the monster's eyes.—
Jason, successful, sprinkled on his crest
Lethean juices of a magic herb,
and then recited thrice the words which bring
deep slumber, potent words which would becalm
the storm-tossed ocean, and would stop the flow
of the most rapid rivers of our earth:
and slowly slumber sealed the dragon's eyes.
While that great monster slept, the hero took
the Golden Fleece; and proudly sailed away
bearing his treasure and the willing maid,
(whose aid had saved him) to his native port
Iolcus—victorious with the Argonauts.
Jason wins the Golden Fleece

The next day�s dawn dispelled the glittering stars. Then the people gathered on the sacred field of Mars and took up their position on the ridge. The king was seated in the middle, clothed in purple, and distinguished by his ivory sceptre. Behold, the bronze-footed bulls, breathing Vulcan�s fire from nostrils of steel. At the touch of their heat the grass shrivels, and as stoked fires roar, or as broken limestone, that has absorbed the heat inside an earthen furnace, hisses explosively, when cool water is scattered over it, so the flames sounded, pent up in their heaving chests and burning throats. Still the son of Aeson went out to meet them.

As he came to them, the fierce creatures, with their iron-tipped horns, turned their terrible gaze towards him, pawed the dusty ground with their cloven feet, and filled the air with the steam of their bellowing. The Minyans were frozen in fear. He went up to the bulls, not feeling their fiery breath (so great is the power of magic drugs!), and stroking their hanging dewlaps, with a bold hand, yoked them together, and forced them to pull the heavy blade, and till the virgin field with the iron plough. The Colchians were stunned, but the Argonauts increased their shouting, and heightened his courage.

Then he took the dragon�s teeth from the bronze helmet, and scattered them over the turned earth. The soil softened the seeds that had been steeped in virulent poison, and they sprouted, and the teeth, freshly sown, produced new bodies. As an embryo takes on human form in the mother�s womb, and is fully developed there in every aspect, not emerging to the living air until it is complete, so when those shapes of men had been made in the bowels of the pregnant earth, they surged from the teeming soil, and, what is even more wonderful, clashed weapons, created with them. The Pelasgians� faces fell in fear, and their courage failed them, when they saw these warriors preparing to hurl their sharp spears, at the head of the Haemonian hero. She also, who had rendered him safe, was afraid. When she saw the solitary youth attacked by so many enemies, she grew pale, and sat there, suddenly cold and bloodless. And in case the herbs she had given him had not been potent enough, she chanted a spell to support them, and called on her secret arts.

He threw a boulder into the midst of his enemies, and this turned their attack, on him, against themselves. The earth-born brothers died at each other�s hands, and fell as in civil war. The Achaeans cheered, and clung to the victor, and hugged him in eager embraces. You also, princess among the Barbarians, longed to hold the victorious man: but modesty prevented it. Still, you might have held him, but concern for your reputation stopped you from doing so. What you might fittingly do you did, rejoicing silently, giving thanks, for your incantations, and the gods who inspired them.

The final task was to put the dragon to sleep with the magic drugs. Known for its crest, its triple tongues and curved fangs, it was the dread guardian of the tree�s gold. But when Jason had sprinkled it with the Lethean juice of a certain herb, and three times repeated the words that bring tranquil sleep, that calm the rough seas and turbulent rivers, sleep came to those sleepless eyes, and the heroic son of Aeson gained the Golden Fleece. Proud of his prize, and taking with him a further prize, the one who had helped him gain it, the hero, and his wife Medea, returned to the harbour at Iolchos.

τ' ἀλλήλων τὰ ὅπλα των, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι αὐτοὶ οἱ γη- γενεῖς ἀδελφοὶ, ἐθανατώθησαν ἀμοιβαίως ὥστε μὲ ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον. Εὐφήμησαν τὴν νίκην αὐτῶν οἱ Ἕλληνες μὲ κάθε δυνατὸν τρόπον, καὶ ἤδραμον νὰ ἐναγ- καλισθῶσι τὸν νικητήν. Ἐπεθύμεσε καὶ σὺ Μήδεια νὰ τὸν ἐναγκαλισθῇς, ἀλλὰ δὲ σὲ ἐμπόδιζεν ἡ ἐντροπία, καὶ ἡ φροντὶς τῆς τιμῆς σε δὲν ἐπάντινε εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά σου. Ἔκαμες ὅμως ὅ,τι ἐδυνήθης, καὶ ἔχαιρες κρυ- φίως, ἀποδιδοῦσα τὰ εὐχαριστήρια τῆς Θεοῖς, οἱ ὁ- ποῖοι ἦσαν αἴτιοι ταύτης τῆς θαυμασίας τύχης. Δὲ τὸν ἔμενεν ἄλλο τι, εἰμὴ νὰ ἀποκοιμήσῃ τὸν ἄυπνον δρά- κοντα, τὸν φοβερώτατον διὰ τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχε ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς φρικτὸν λόφον, διὰ τὰς τρεῖς γλώσσας, τὰς ἐξερχομένας ἐκ τοῦ σώματος του, καὶ διὰ τὰ ὀξύτατα ὀ- δόντια του, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνοντο ὥστε τοσαῦτα κοπτερὰ μαχαίρια. Ὁ δράκων αὐτὸς ἐφύλαττε τὸ δένδρον, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκρέματο τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ ὁ Ἰάσων τοιοῦτον Θησαυρόν, ἦτο ἀνάγκη νὰ νική- σῃ τὸ θηρίον τοῦτο ῥίπτων ἐπάνω του τὸν χυμὸν χόρ- των τινῶν, καὶ προφέρων τινὰ λόγια τινὰ ἔχοντα δύναμιν ὑπνωτικήν, καὶ νὰ σταματήσῃ ποταμούς, καὶ νὰ κατακραύ- γωσι φωνάς, ἐκοίμισε καὶ τοῦτον· ἐπειδὴ ὁ ὕπνος, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν εἶχε κυριεύσῃ ποτὲ τὸν δράκοντα, ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον ἐνέβηκεν εἰς τὰ ὄμματα του. Τότε ὁ Ἰά- σων ἥρπασεν εὐθὺς τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ ὅλος γεγηθὼς καὶ ἔνδοξος διὰ τὸ λάφυρον, ἔλαβε μεθ' ἑαυ- τοῦ ὡς ἄλλο λάφυρον καὶ ἐκείνην, ἥτις ἔγινεν αἰτία τῆς νίκης του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Α'. διαφθόμενο ὀλίγον εἰς τὰς οἰκίας τοῦ Φινέως, περιεργαζό- μενος τὰς Ἁρπύιας, ὡς ἠκολούθησαν τὸν πλοῦν τῆς Ἰάσο- νος. Δεῖ νὰ σπλαγχνίζεσθε αὐτὸν τὸν ἄθλιον τυφλὸν, τὸν πολεμούμενον ἀπὸ τὰς Ἁρπύιας, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶναι πάντοτε πλησίον ὡς τραπέζης του, διαφθείρουσιν ὅλα τὰ παρατιθέμενα, ἢ τοῦ ἁρπάζουσιν ὅ,τι ἢ χὼρ πάχει νὰ βάλῃ εἰς τὸ στόμα του. Ἂν ἀληθῆ τὰ λεγόμενα, ἐκεῖνος εἶναι τῇ ὄντι ἀξιοδάκρυτος· ἀλλ' ὡς εἶναι Μῦθος, ἂς ἰδοῦμεν τί σημαίνει, ἢ ὁποίαν ὠφέλειαν δυνάμεθα νὰ ἀπολαύσωμεν ἀπὸ αὐτόν. Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Φινεὺς ἐβασίλευσε τῆς Θράκης, ἢ τῆς Ἀρ- καδίας, ἢ τῆς Παφλαγονίας, καὶ ὅτι εἰς τὸ γῆρας του ἐτυφλώ- θη, ἢ μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ κατεργίνηται πλέον εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις τοῦ βασιλείου του, κατέλειπε τὴν φροντίδα τῆς διοικήσεως εἰς τὰς θυ- γατέρας του, αἱ ἐπειδὴ ἔκαμναν αὐτὸ ἐφρόντιζαν μόνον διὰ τὸ συμφέ- ρον των, καὶ ἔκαμναν τὰ κατὰ διεύθυνσιν διὰ νὰ ἰδιοποιήσωσιν ὅλην τὴν οὐσίαν, ἔπλασαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι αἱ Ἅρπυιαι ἥρπαζον τὴν πε- ρουσίαν τοῦ Φινέως. Προστάσσεται ὅτι δεῖ νὰ ζῶσι μὲ τὴν πρέπουσαν σεμνότητα, ἀλλὰ μὲ τὰ αἰσχρὰ των ἔργα ἤτοι μαθοῦσαι τὸν πατρικὸν των οἶκον. Διὰ τοῦτο εἶπον οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι ἐκεῖναι ἔφθειρον ἢ ἐμόλυνον ὅλα τὰ παρατιθέμενα φαγητὰ τοῦ πατρὸς των. Καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια ὁ- ποῖα τὰ τέκνα, ἢ μάλιστα τὰ θηλικὰ, ἔχωσι κακὰς, δύναται νὰ ἀπολαύσῃ τὴν φύσιμον παρὰ τὴν ἀσώτου καὶ δυναμώσῃ, τὸν δημιουργῆ δ' ἀπολυμβάνουσιν οἱ γονεῖς των τῆς ἀσκευασίας τὴν καὶ παιδοῦ, τὰ εὐφορώτερα φαγητά, καὶ διαφθείρουσι τὴν οἰκίαν των· ἐπειδὴ εἶναι ἄρα γε δυνατὸν νὰ εὑρεθῇ τις μεγαλειτέραν φθο- ράν ἀπὸ τὴν ἀτιμίαν; Λοιπὸν ὁ Ζήτης καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς, οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Βορέου, δι

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.

γύρος περιστατεῖ ἀφ' ἑαυτὴ τὴ ἤδη φορὸ ζωὴν ἀναγκαίων, κ ἀφοτιμᾶ νὰ ἀποθάνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖναν, παρὰ νὰ ξοδάλιση καὶ εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα. Μυθολται ὅτι αἱ Ἅρπυιαι διαφθείρει κ μιαίνσι τὰ φαγητὰ τοῦ Φινέω, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ζωὴ τῆ φιλαργύρη, ἡ τοκιστὴ, εἶναι ἄκρα, κ ἄτιμος. Ὁ Ζῆτος καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς (διότι ὁ Ὑψηλῆ Θεῖος ἐγνόει τὴν καλοκαγαθίαν, παράγων τὰ δύο ταῦτα ὀνόματα παρὰ τῆ, ζητεῖν τὸ καλόν·) διώχνυσι τὰς Ἁρπυίας, ἐπειδὴ λέγεται δὶς ἀνάγκης νὰ φωτιδῇ ὁ ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς ἀπὸ τὴν καλοκαγαθίαν, διὰ νὰ μισήσῃ τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία κατοικεῖ εἰς τὰς χειμαζείλης ψυχάς.

Ἔτι μυθολται ὅτι ὁ Ζῆτος κ Κάλαϊς ὤσαν περεωποὶ, ἐπειδὴ πρέπῃ τις νὰ σηκωθῇ εἰς ὕψος, διὰ νὰ ἐπιτύχῃ τὴν ἀληθῆ εὐτυχίαν καὶ δόξαν, αἱ ὁποῖαι δὲν εὑρίσκονται μεταξὺ τῶν γῆινων ἀναγμάτων. Πλαττάωνται δὲ υἱοὶ τοῦ Βορέα, ἵνα ἀποδείξῃ ὅτι ἡ ἐρευνία κ ζῆλος τοῦ ὄγκου ἀγαθοῦ, εἶναι πνευματικόν τι, μὴ πρεμχέμενον ἀπὸ τὴν σάρκα καὶ ὅπως εὕρῃ τις τὸ ἀληθὲς ἀγαθόν, τὸ ὁποῖον ὑφίσταται εἰς τὴν ἀρετὴν κ καθαρὰ συνείδησιν, διάχνει διαφόρως τῶν ἀναγκαίων, δηλαδὴ τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πάνυ συνφοράζουσαν τήν.

Αλλοι λέγουσιν ότι διά τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν εἰκονίζονται τρεῖς τάξεις ἀνθρώπων, οἵ ὁποῖοι συνήθως πλησιάζουσιν εἰς τοὺς βασιλεῖς καὶ ἀνακαπαύουσι τοὺς πολέμους. Πρῶτοι εἶναι οἱ κόλακες, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπεισερχόμενοι εἰς τὴν ψυχήν των τοὺς τυφλώνουσι μὲ ἀρεστὰ ψέμματα. Δεύτεροι, οἱ συκοφάνται, ἤ οἱ ψεύστεροι, οἵ ὁποῖοι παρακινοῦσι τοὺς βασιλεῖς νὰ ὑποπτεύωνται τοὺς φρονιμωτέρους ὑπηκόους των, καὶ τοὺς πιστοτέρους ἀξιωματικούς των. Καὶ τρίτοι, οἱ φέροντες τὰ πάντα εἰς διχόνοιαν καὶ ἀποστασίαν διὰ τὸ ἴδιον συμφέρον αὐτῶν, καὶ ὄχι διὰ τὸ συμφέρον τῶν βασιλέων. Οὗτοι τὰ τρία εἴδη μιαίνουσι κατὰ τὸν τρόπον τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν τὰς τραπέζας τῶν Μεγιστάνων, ἀτιμάζουσι τοὺς Βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἄρχοντες, καὶ ἀφοῦ τοὺς τυφλώσωσιν, ὡς ἔκαμον αἱ Ἅρπυιαι, τοὺς ἁρπάζουσι τὰς στέγας των, καὶ τὴν φορὰν των.

Ἄλλοι δέ τινες ἐρμηνεύουσι κατ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον, λέγοντες ὅτι διὰ τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν (αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐμυθολογήθησαν παρθένοι, καὶ ἐπομένως ἄτεκνοι) εἰκονίζονται αἱ κλοπαί, καὶ τὰ ἀδίκως ἀποκτηθέντα χρήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν φέρουσι κανένα καρπόν, μάλιστα διασκορπίζονται εἰς ὀλίγον καιρόν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αἱ Ἅρπυιαι πάλιν ἀρπάζουσιν αὐτά. Καὶ ὁ Φινεὺς πληρώνει ἀρκετὰ τὰς κλοπάς του, ἀφοῦ διὰ μίαν τοιαύτην κλοπὴν δὲν εὑρίσκει ἄνεσιν ἀπὸ τὰς τιμωρίας του, μήτε ἀπόλαυσιν. Οὕτως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Φινεὺς ἦτον τυφλός, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐστοχάζετο ὅτι ἡ ζωὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ὀλιγοχρόνιος, καὶ ὀλιγαρκής· ἀλλ᾽ ἐβασανίζετο ἀπὸ παντοίαν πείναν, καθότι ὁ πόθος τοῦ θησαυρίζειν, δὲν τὸν ἀφῆνε νὰ μεταχειρίζεται αὐτά, ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ νὰ εἶναι πλουσιώτερος. Δὲν εἶναι ἄρα γε αὕτη ἡ μεγαλυτέρα ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς τιμωρίας;

Haemoniae matres pro gnatis dona receptis
160grandaevique ferunt patres congestaque flamma
tura liquefaciunt, inductaque cornibus aurum
victima vota cadit. Sed abest gratantibus Aeson,
iam propior leto fessusque senilibus annis.
Cum sic Aesonides: “O cui debere salutem
165confiteor, coniunx, quamquam mihi cuncta dedisti
excessitque fidem meritorum summa tuorum,
si tamen hoc possunt (quid enim non carmina possunt?),
deme meis annis et demptos adde parenti.”
Nec tenuit lacrimas. Mota est pietate rogantis,
170dissimilemque animum subiit Aeeta relictus.
Nec tamen adfectus tales confessa “quod” inquit
“excidit ore tuo, coniunx, scelus? ergo ego cuiquam
posse tuae videor spatium transcribere vitae?
Nec sinat hoc Hecate, nec tu petis aequa. Sed isto,
175quod petis, experiar maius dare munus Iason.
Arte mea soceri longum temptabimus aevum,
non annis renovare tuis: modo diva triformis
adiuvet et praesens ingentibus adnuat ausis.”
Now when the valiant Argonauts returned
to Thessaly, their happy relatives,
fathers and mothers, praised the living Gods;
and with their hallowed gifts enhanced the flames
with precious incense; and they offered Jove
a sacred bullock, rich with gilded horns.
But Jason's father, Aeson, came not down
rejoicing to behold his son, for now
worn out with many years, he waited death.
And Jason to Medea grieving said:
“Dearest, to whom my life and love are due,
although your kindness has been great to me,
and you have granted more than I should ask,
yet one thing more I beg of you; if your
enchantments can accomplish my desire,
take from my life some years that I should live
and add them to my father's ending days.”—
And as he spoke he could not check his tears.
Medea, moved by his affection, thought
how much less she had grieved for her loved sire:
and she replied:—“A wicked thing you ask!
Can I be capable of using you
in such a manner as to take your life
and give it to another? Ask not me
a thing so dreadful! May the Gods forbid!—
I will endeavor to perform for you
a task much greater. By the powers of Night
I will most certainly return to him
the lost years of your father, but must not
deprive you of your own. — Oh grant the power,
great goddess of the triple form, that I
may fail not to accomplish this great deed!”
Jason asks Medea to lengthen Aeson�s life

The elderly Haemonian mothers and fathers bring offerings to mark their sons� return, and melt incense heaped in the flames. The sacrifice, with gilded horns, that they have dedicated, is led in and killed. But Aeson is absent from the rejoicing, now near death, and weary with the long years. Then Jason, his son, said �O my wife, to whom I confess I owe my life, though you have already given me everything, and the total of all your kindnesses is beyond any promises we made, let your incantations, if they can (what indeed can they not do?) reduce my own years and add them to my father�s!� He could not restrain his tears. Medea was moved by the loving request, and the contrast with Aeetes, abandoned by her, came to mind. Yet, not allowing herself to be affected by such thoughts, she answered �Husband, what dreadful words have escaped your lips? Do you think I can transfer any part of your life to another? Hecate would not allow it: nor is yours a just request. But I will try to grant a greater gift than the one you ask for, Jason. If only the Triple Goddess will aid me, and give her assent in person to this great act of daring, I will attempt to renew your father�s length of years, without need for yours.�

Ὁ Μῦθος τῆς Ἀρπυιῶν ἀναφέρει καὶ εἰς τὴν φύσιν τῶν ἀνέμων. Καθὼς εἰκονίζεται ἡ φύσις τῶν ποταμῶν, πηγῶν τε, καὶ βροχῶν διὰ τῶν Νηϊάδων, καὶ ἄλλων Νυμφῶν, καὶ ὁ μὲν ὑψηλότερος ἀήρ, καὶ ἡ διοίκησις τοῦ πυρὸς διὰ τοῦ Διὸς, ὁ δὲ κατώτερος διὰ τῆς Ἥρας, τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, καὶ ἡ γῆ διὰ τῆς Ἑστίας· οὕτως εἰκονίζεται διὰ τῶν Ἀρπυιῶν ἡ διοίκησις καὶ φύσις τῶν ἀνέμων. Διότι (ὡς εἰρήκαμεν καὶ εἰς ἄλλο μέρος τῶν Ἐξηγήσεων τούτων) οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἔκρυψαν ὑπὸ τὸ κάλυμμα τῶν Μύθων τὰς διδασκαλίας τῆς φυσικῆς καὶ ἠθικῆς Φιλοσοφίας, καὶ διὰ νὰ διδάσκωσιν εὐκολώτερα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐμίξαν τὸ ὠφέλιμον μὲ τὸ τερπνόν. Ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ γένησις τῶν Ἀρπυιῶν ὑποδηλοῖ ὅτι παράγονται τοὺς ἀνέμους, ἐπειδὴ μυθολογούμεναι θυγατέρες τοῦ Θαύμαντος, καὶ τῆς Ἠλέκτρας, δὲν σημαίνουσιν ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ τὸν δυσμασμόν εἰσὶν τῶν ἀνέμων, οἱ ὁποῖοι διεγείρονται ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ Ἡλίου ἀπὸ πλέον ἐπηρεασθὲν καὶ ἀπὸ πλέον καθαρώτατον ὕδωρ τῆς θαλάσσης. Τοῦτο ἀποδέχεται καὶ ἡ Ἶρις (ἥτοι τὸ καλούμενον Ὁμηρικὸν) ἡ νομιζομένη ἀδελφὴ τῶν ἀνέμων, ἐπειδὴ φοιτᾷ ἑξ ἴσου ἐπ' ἀναφορᾷ τῶν δυσμασμιῶν ἀπ' αὐτῶν εἰσκομένη εἰς τινας ἀφωρισμένας θέσεις, ἐπειδὴ μετὰ τούτων δὲν σχηματίζεται, καὶ ἵσταται ὑγιὴς ἀήρ, ἢ πρότερον ἠχλυωθὴ.

Πρὸς τάδε ἴδε καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν τριῶν Ἀρπυιῶν σ.

γει σφελειες συναλφοσιν του Ισσοιος. Διασχυειζονται τινες οτι ο Μυθος ειναι εν μαθημα Χημικης, συμπεραινοντες απο τα ιδια εκαμεν εις το πεδιδιον της, οτι δι αυτη της εργων του εικονιζονται αι μεταβολαι της χημικης σωματων, η δια το χρευσομαλλες Δερα- τος, το οποιον εκεινος απεκτησε μετα απειρης και το δυσκολιας, γινονται οι φιλοδοξοι Δι του Σχυνλιαου οτι το κλειμενα Δι πρω Βιβλιον κατακολασμενον ε δερματος χαγε εποιησε τον ευσον το ποιειν το λευσοντ, και οτι ο Ιασσων το αφαιρεσε του Αιητα, με τλω ημεθεια Μηδειας, ως Δυγατρος αυτο τα βασιλεως. Ειναι βεβαια γελοιωδης το να πισθυ- σιμ τις οτι συρεδησαν ταυρι, βι ποντες πυρ απο τα ομματα, η θαυδιωνια των, η οτι α επι τα εσαρμενα οδσης οχι μονον εγχνη- Σησαν απλως ανδρωποι, αλλα η οπλα επιπηδεια προς χρησιν αυ- την, η οτι εγχνη Φροβαντι, το οποιον κερθομενον ειδε χρευσα- δι αυτη εξεια. Καλεαος φρονιμος δεν πισταει αυτος πους Μυθους, αλλ επειδη οι πεισοοτεροι της ανθρωπων δεν τιμωσι πασια τα ω- φαματερα φραγματα, οτων ειναι ευκολες η αποκησης των, και δεν Σαυμαζεσιν ειμι μονον εκεινα, οσα δε διωνται να αποκτησωσι παρα με απειρες μογδες η δυσκαλιας. δια τε το οι Παλαιοι ε- καλυψαν τες φιλοσοφιες των υπο τας δυσεχεας της Μυθος, κα- θως οι Αιγυπτιοι της επισηματος των υπο τα Ιερογλυφικα.

Κατά τίνας οι Αργοναύται επεχείρησαν εκείνον τον πλουν διά να υπάγωσι να χρησιάζωνται υπό του Αισώρου καί διά του Χρυσομάλλου Αίγειου προς λόγον θυσίας. Είναι βέβαια ότι ό πόλεμος ακολουθεί το πλούτον ώσπερ η σκιά το σώμα, καί ότι οι πλείστοι παλαιοί πόλεμοι γίνονται ώς αρπαγήν καί λείαν, αι καί η εκδίκησις ύβρεως τινός είναι πολλάκις η αιτία αυτών. Επειδή λοιπόν ήτον φήμη ότι εις το Καύκασον όρος εύρίσκοντο χείμαρροι, φέροντες χρυσόν με τα ύδατά των, καί τον εσώριζον οι Σκύθαι με σανίδια ευτρημένα ώσαν κόσκινα, καί με πιττάκια δέρματος κριών, επεχειρήθηκαν τινές να επιχειρήσωσιν αυτόν τον πλουν, του οποίου η αντιμισθία ήτον ό χρυσός, όν ήλπιζον να αποκτήσωσι, καί καθώς εν τή υπαγωγή από των Θεσσαλιών εις εκείνας τάς τοποθεσίας, συνήντησαν πλήθος σκοπέλων, καί άλλας πολλάς δυσκολίας, αι οποίαι διά τον τόνε

τῷ Μύθῳ. Λέγεται ὅτι ἐδίδαχθη τὸν Ἰατρικὴν παρὰ τῷ Χείρωνος, ἐξ ἧς ἐκ τῆς ὀνομάσῃ Ἰάσων, ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰάσθω· ὅμως δέ εἶναι γνώσει ὡς ἰάσθη ποτὲ τινὰ ἔδει δὲ φησιτα νὰ πείσωμεν ὅτι ὁ Χείρων νὰ ἐθεράπευσεν ταῦρος μᾶλλον ἢ σωμάτων, ἢ τῆς Ψυχῆς, ἀλλ'ὅτι ἐδίδαξε τὸν Ἰάσονα ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα εἶναι ἐπιστάμενα εἰς τὸν ἄνδρειον, δηλαδὴ τῆς σώσειν ἢ φρόνησιν. Νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Ἰάσων ἐδίδαχθη παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ σταρὸ Διδασκάλῳ τὶ χρέιμα νὰ κυβερνᾶται ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς τῆς δύσκολας ἢ θεσμίχας πόσοι εἶναι τῆ αὐτῷ, αὐτοιναίων τῶν ἀκαθάρτων φύσιν με ποῖα μέσα διαφέρειν τὸ πέπληρωσιν τῆν ὀργὴν· με ποῖες διανάμεις τὰ ἀποδώσκῃ τὸ πάθος τῆς φιλοδοξίας· καὶ με ποῖα βότανα ἰᾶται ἡ φιλαργυρία, τὸ χρέλιον ἢ κακῶν. Οὕτως ὁ Ἰάσων, βοηθόμενος ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἰκυρότατα ὅπλα, ἐπίησε μεγάλα ἐμπόδια, ἢ ὑποδαίωντες εἰς τῆν Κολχίδα, ἐδάμασε ταῦρος, βάλλοντες φλόγας, διὰ τῶν ὁποίων σημαίνεται ἡ ὀργῆ, ἡ ἰκυροθυμία, ἢ τ' ἄλλα πάθη. Προσέτι διδασκόμεθα ἀπὸ τῆν Μύθον ὅτι τὸ αὐτὸν εἶναι νὰ καταδαμάζων τῆς ἀγρίους ταῦρος, ἢ ἄλλα θηρία, ἢ νὰ ὑποτάξῃ εἰς τὸν εὐθὺν λόγον πῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἢ σαρκὸς, ἢ πῆς ψυχῆς τὰ πάθη. Δὲν λέγω τίποτε περὶ τῶν ὀδόντων τοῦ ὄφεως, ἀπὸ τῶν ὁποίων ἐγένησαν πολεμάρχοι, ἀποστέλλων τῆς ἀναγνώστης εἰς τῆν Ἐξήγησιν τοῦ Μύθου τοῦ Κάδμου, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶναι ὁ Α'. τῆ Τετάρτη Βιβλίῳ.

Tres aberant noctes, ut cornua tota coirent
180efficerentque orbem. Postquam plenissima fulsit
et solida terras spectavit imagine luna,
egreditur tectis vestes induta recinctas,
nuda pedem, nudos umeris infusa capillos,
fertque vagos mediae per muta silentia noctis
185incomitata gradus. Homines volucresque ferasque
solverat alta quies: nullo cum murmure saepes,
inmotaeque silent frondes, silet umidus aer;
sidera sola micant. Ad quae sua bracchia tendens
ter se convertit, ter sumptis flumine crinem
190inroravit aquis ternisque ululatibus ora
solvit et, in dura submisso poplite terra,
“Nox” ait “arcanis fidissima, quaeque diurnis
aurea cum luna succeditis ignibus astra,
tuque triceps Hecate, quae coeptis conscia nostris
195adiutrixque venis cantusque artisque magorum,
quaeque magos, Tellus, pollentibus instruis herbis,
auraeque et venti montesque amnesque lacusque
dique omnes nemorum, dique omnes noctis adeste.
Quorum ope, cum volui, ripis mirantibus amnes
200in fontes rediere suos, concussaque sisto,
stantia concutio cantu freta, nubila pello
nubilaque induco, ventos abigoque vocoque,
vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces,
vivaque saxa sua convulsaque robora terra
205et silvas moveo, iubeoque tremescere montes
et mugire solum manesque exire sepulcris.
Te quoque, Luna, traho, quamvis Temesaea labores
aera tuos minuant; currus quoque carmine nostro
pallet avi, pallet nostris Aurora venenis.
210Vos mihi taurorum flammas hebetastis et unco
impatiens oneris collum pressistis aratro,
vos serpentigenis in se fera bella dedistis
custodemque rudem somno sopistis et aurum
vindice decepto Graias misistis in urbes.
215Nunc opus est sucis, per quos renovata senectus
in florem redeat primosque reconligat annos.
Et dabitis. Neque enim micuerunt sidera frustra,
nec frustra volucrum tractus cervice draconum
currus adest.” Aderat demissus ab aethere currus.
220Quo simul adscendit frenataque colla draconum
permulsit manibusque leves agitavit habenas,
sublimis rapitur subiectaque Thessala Tempe
despicit et Threces regionibus applicat angues:
et quasque Ossa tulit quasque altus Pelion herbas
225Othrysque Pindusque et Pindo maior Olympus
perspicit, et placitas partim radice revellit,
partim succidit curvamine falcis aenae.
Multa quoque Apidani placuerunt gramina ripis,
multa quoque Amphrysi neque eras inmunis, Enipeu;
230nec non Peneos, nec non Spercheides undae
contribuere aliquid iuncosaque litora Boebes.
Carpsit et Euboica vivax Anthedone gramen,
nondum mutato vulgatum corpore Glauci.
Three nights were wanting for the moon to join
her circling horns and form a perfect orb.
When these were passed, the rounded light shone full
and bright upon the earth.—Through the still night
alone, Medea stole forth from the house
with feet bare, and in flowing garment clothed—
her long hair unadorned and not confined.
Deep slumber has relaxed the world, and all
that's living, animals and birds and men,
and even the hedges and the breathing leaves
are still—and motionless the laden air.
Only the stars are twinkling, and to them
she looks and beckons with imploring hands.
Now thrice around she paces, and three times
besprinkles her long hair with water dipt
from crystal streams, which having done
she kneels a moment on the cold, bare ground,
and screaming three times calls upon the Night,—
“O faithful Night, regard my mysteries!
O golden-lighted Stars! O softly-moving Moon—
genial, your fire succeeds the heated day!
O Hecate! grave three-faced queen of these
charms of enchanters and enchanters, arts!
O fruitful Earth, giver of potent herbs!
O gentle Breezes and destructive Winds!
You Mountains, Rivers, Lakes and sacred Groves,
and every dreaded god of silent Night!
Attend upon me!—
“When my power commands,
the rivers turn from their accustomed ways
and roll far backward to their secret springs!
I speak—and the wild, troubled sea is calm,
and I command the waters to arise!
The clouds I scatter—and I bring the clouds;
I smooth the winds and ruffle up their rage;
I weave my spells and I recite my charms;
I pluck the fangs of serpents, and I move
the living rocks and twist the rooted oaks;
I blast the forests. Mountains at my word
tremble and quake; and from her granite tombs
the liberated ghosts arise as Earth
astonished groans! From your appointed ways,
O wonder-working Moon, I draw you down
against the magic-making sound of gongs
and brazen vessels of Temesa's ore;
I cast my spells and veil the jeweled rays
of Phoebus' wain, and quench Aurora's fires.
“At my command you tamed the flaming bulls
which long disdained to bend beneath the yoke,
until they pressed their necks against the plows;
and, subject to my will, you raised up war
till the strong company of dragon-birth
were slaughtered as they fought amongst themselves;
and, last, you lulled asleep the warden's eyes—
guards of the Golden Fleece—till then awake
and sleeping never—so, deceiving him,
you sent the treasure to the Grecian cities!
“Witness my need of super-natured herbs,
elixirs potent to renew the years of age,
giving the bloom of youth.—You shall not fail
to grant me this; for not in vain the stars
are flashing confirmation; not in vain
the flying dragons, harnessed by their necks,
from skies descending bring my chariot down.”
A chariot, sent from heaven, came to her—
and soon as she had stroked the dragons' necks,
and shaken in her hands the guiding reins—
as soon as she had mounted, she was borne
quickly above, through unresisting air.
And, sailing over Thessaly, she saw
the vale of Tempe, where the level soil
is widely covered with a crumbling chalk—
she turned her dragons towards new regions there:
and she observed the herbs by Ossa born,
the weeds on lofty Pelion, Othrys, Pindus
and vast Olympus—and from here she plucked
the needed roots, or there, the blossoms clipped
all with a moon-curved sickle made of brass—
many the wild weeds by Apidanus,
as well as blue Amphrysus' banks, she chose,
and not escaped Enipeus from her search;
Peneian stretches and Spercheian banks
all yielded what she chose:—and Boebe's shore
where sway the rushes; and she plucked up grass,
a secret grass, from fair Euboean fields
life-giving virtues in their waving blades,
as yet unknown for transformation wrought
on Glaucus.
All those fields she visited,
with ceaseless diligence in quest of charms,
Medea summons the powers and gathers herbs

Three nights were lacking before the moon�s horns met, to make their complete orb. When it was shining at its fullest, and gazed on the earth, with perfect form, Medea left the palace, dressed in unclasped robes. Her feet were bare, her unbound hair streamed down, over her shoulders, and she wandered, companionless, through midnight�s still silence. Men, beasts, and birds were freed in deep sleep. There were no murmurs in the hedgerows: the still leaves were silent, in silent, dew-filled, air. Only the flickering stars moved. Stretching her arms to them she three times turned herself about, three times sprinkled her head, with water from the running stream, three times let out a wailing cry, then knelt on the hard earth, and prayed:

�Night, most faithful keeper of our secret rites;

Stars, that, with the golden moon, succeed the fires of light;

Triple Hecate, you who know all our undertakings,

and come, to aid the witches� art, and all our incantations:

You, Earth, who yield the sorceress herbs of magic force:

You, airs and breezes, pools and hills, and every watercourse;

Be here; all you Gods of Night, and Gods of Groves endorse.

Streams, at will, by banks amazed, turn backwards to their source.

I calm rough seas, and stir the calm by my magic spells:

bring clouds, disperse the clouds, raise storms and storms dispel;

and, with my incantations, I break the serpent�s teeth;

and root up nature�s oaks, and rocks, from their native heath;

and move the forests, and command the mountain tops to shake,

earth to groan, and from their tombs the sleeping dead to wake.

You also, Luna, I draw down, eclipsed, from heaven�s stain,

though bronzes of Temese clash, to take away your pains;

and at my chant, the chariot of the Sun-god, my grandsire,

grows pale: Aurora, at my poisons, dims her morning fire.

You quench the bulls� hot flame for me: force their necks to bow,

beneath the heavy yoke, that never pulled the curving plough:

You turn the savage warfare, born of the serpent�s teeth,

against itself, and lull the watcher, innocent of sleep;

that guard deceived, bring golden spoil, to the towns of Greece.

Now I need the juice by which old age may be renewed,

that can regain the prime of years, return the flower of youth,

and You will grant it. Not in vain, stars glittered in reply:

not in vain, winged dragons bring my chariot, through the sky.�

There, sent from the sky, was her chariot. When she had mounted, stroked the dragons� bridled necks, and shaken the light reins in her hands, she was snatched up on high. She looked down on Thessalian Tempe far below, and sent the dragons to certain places that she knew. She considered those herbs that grow on Mount Ossa, those of Mount Pelion, Othrys and Pindus, and higher Olympus, and of those that pleased her, plucked some by the roots, and cut others, with a curved pruning-knife of bronze. Many she chose, as well, from the banks of the Apidanus. Many she chose, as well, from the Amphrysus. Nor did she omit the Enipeus. Peneus, and Spercheus�s waters gave something, and the reedy shores of Boebe. And at Anthedon, by Euboea, she picked a plant of long life, not yet famous for the change it made in Glaucus�s body.

Περὶ δὲ τοῦ Δράκοντος, ὅν τινα ἀπέκτεινε ὁ Ἴάσων καθ' ὅν τρόπον ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τῆς Μηδείας, λέγω ὅτι μᾶς ἱστορεῖ τὴν φύσιν, τὴν ὁποίαν δέεται καθεὶς νὰ δαμάσῃ μὲ τὴς φρόνησιν, καὶ θέλω, διότι ἡ Μήδεια γίνεται παρὰ τῷ Μήδῳ λαῷ, καὶ νὰ γλυφέζῃ διάφορα ἔργα καὶ γνώμας, ὡς τὸ ἀποδείχνει ὁ Ὀβίδιος εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ πλάγχθη... Πολλῶν δ' ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω· ἢ ὀφείλει νὰ γίνῃ γνώστης μὲ τὰ κα- λὰ τὰ ἀναστρέμματα, διὰ νὰ τὸν φοβῶνται, καὶ νὰ τὸν τιμῶσιν ὅταν προβιβασθῇ εἰς ἀξίωμα.

Τέλος πάντως ὅταν κατεργάζωμαι τὴν Μήδειαν, ἥτις ἐρᾷ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ τὸν συμπλέκει, δὲν δυσκολεύομαι νὰ πιστεύσω ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος θέλει νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ τὸ ἑξῆς, ὅτι ἡ Ἀρετὴ δὲν κινδυνεύει ποτέ, ἀλλ' εὑρίσκει πανταχῇ φίλους ἢ βοηθούς.

Περὶ Αἴσονος, πατρὸς τοῦ Ἰάσονος, τοῦ παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας ἀνανεωθέντος.

Ἡ Μηδέα, δεήσει τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ἀνενέωσεν Αἴσονα τὸν πατέρα του, ὃς τὴν ἐφύλαξεν ὅμως ἀπὸ μνήμην τῶν περασμένων πραγ- μάτων, ἢ τὰ γήρατος τὴν ἐμπειρίαν.

Ὅλοι κοινῶς ἑώρτασαν τὸν ἐρχομὸν τοῦ Ἰάσονος εἰς τὰς πατρίδας του, καὶ ἄνδρες καὶ γυναῖκες ἔφερον μὲ δῶρα εἰς τοὺς Ναούς. Παντὰ θυμίαν οἱ Βωμοὶ ἀπὸ τὰ Θυμιάματα, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰς Θυσίας τῶν χρυσοκε- ράτων ζώων, δι' ὧν ηὐχαρίστουν τὰς Θεὰς διὰ τὰ πέν- θη, ἅ τινα ἐπέστρεψαν σῶα καὶ ὑγιῆ ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν Ἰά- σονα. Ἀλλ' ὁ Αἴσων, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, δὲν ἐφαίνε- το μέτοχος τῆς χαρᾶς τῆς πανηγύρεως, ἡ ὁποία κατὰ τινα

ῥόπτον ἐτελεῖτο εἰς ὁδείαν τοῦ θείου της· ἐπειδὴ ἔκειτο εἰς τὴν κλίνην του κατατετρυμένος ἀπὸ τὸ γῆρας, καὶ πλη- σίον τοῦ Θανάτου. Τότε ὁ Ἰάσων ὡμίλησεν οὕτω πρὸς τὴν Μήδειαν· „Φιλτάτη μοι συμβία, ἥτις μέ ἔσωσας „ἀπὸ τῶν ζώων, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ὅλα, ἅ τινα ὑπερβαί- „νουσι πᾶσαν πίστιν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἀδυνατεῖ εἰς τὴν τέ- „χνην σου τίποτε, ἀφαίρεσον κάμποσους χρόνους ἀπὸ „τῆς ζωῆς μου, καὶ χάρισαί τους εἰς τὸν πατέρα μου, ἵνα „αὐξηθῶσιν αἱ ἡμέραι του"· καὶ ταῦτα λέγων, ἐδά- κρυσε θερμῶς. Ἡ Μήδεια ἐπαρεκινήθη ἀπὸ τὴν ὁρμητικὴν δέησίν του, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι αὕτη ἐγκατέλειψε τὸν πατέρα της προσεφάνερωσεν ὅτι δὲν ὡμοίαζε τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ὅμως ἡ ἐνθύμησις τοῦ ἰδίου της πατρὸς τὴν ἔπληξε περισσότερον· πλὴν ὑπερέκρυψε, καὶ ἔκρυψε τὸ πάθος της· „Ὁποῖον ἀσέβημα ἐζήτησας ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα „σου, ταλαίπωρε, καὶ ὁποίαν γνώμην ἔχεις τῆς ἀ- „γάπης μου· πῶς δύνασαι νὰ πιστεύσῃς ὅτι θέλω ἀπὸ „τῆς ζωῆς μου, διὰ νὰ αὐξήσω ἄλλου τινὸς τὴν ζωήν; „Ὁ Θεός, ἥτις δύνασαι νὰ με βοηθήσῃς, ἰσχυρὰ καὶ „θεία Ἑκάτη, ἄρνησόν με τὴν βοήθειάν σου, ἐὰν ἐπι- „χειρήσω ποτὲ τοιοῦτον ἔργον. Ὦ Ἰάσον Ἰάσον, δὲν „εἶναι δίκαιον τὸ ζήτημά σου." Ὅμως θέλω προσπαθήσει „νὰ σοῦ χαρίσω πολὺ περισσότερον ἀπ᾽ ὅ,τι ζητεῖς, „καὶ διὰ νὰ σὲ εὐχαριστήσω ( καὶ μὲ βοηθήσῃ ἡ Ἑκάτη „καὶ συγκατανεύσῃ εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον ὑψηλὸν ἐπιχείρημα ) „θέλω αὐξήσει τὰς ἡμέρας τοῦ πατρός σου, χωρὶς νὰ „ἀφαιρέσω κἂν μίαν στιγμὴν τῆς ἰδικῶν σου". Ἐλεί- ποντο τότε τρεῖς νύκτες διὰ νὰ πληρωθῇ ὁ κύκλος τῆς Σελήνης, καὶ ὅταν ἔγινε τὸ Πανσέληνον, ἐξῆλθεν ἡ Μήδεια μοναχὴ τὴν νύκτα, ἐσκορπισμένα ἄγνωστα τὸ στό- λισμά της, γυμνὲς τὰς πόδας

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 367

μετα εις τας ώμας της, & όπως ήρχε μεταξύ της σι- γής, & τήν σκιών της νυκτός. Οἱ ἄνθρωποι, τα πη- νά, τα θηρία, & ο κόσμος όλος ήσύχαζον εις βαθύ- τατον ύπνον. Ο άήρ άφωνος κείται· σιγώσιν ακίνητα και τα φύλλα τών δένδρων, και πόσσον γαλήνιός είναι ό άήρ, ώστε φαίνεται ότι κοιμάται και αυτός· μόνα τα άστρα είναι έξυπνα, και φωτίζει τόν ουρανόν και τήν γήν· προς τα οποία ύψώσασα τάς χείρας ή Μήδεια, έκαμε πρώτον τρείς γύρους, έβρεξε τρείς φοράς τα μαλ- λία της με το ύδωρ τού ποταμού, και άφού τρείς φοράς εφώναξε μεγάλως, κλίνασα τα γόνατα, ήρχισε να λέγη έπως· „ώ νύξ, ή φυλάττεισα πώς και μυστικώς „ όσα σοι έμπιστεύονται· άστρα, τα οποία όμού με „ τήν Σελήνην διαδέχεσθε το φώς τού ήλίου· και σύ „ώ τρικέφαλος Εκάτη, ή οποία οίδας τα κρύφια μου, „& τούς σκασμούς μου, & πάντοτε με εβοήθησες· ψδαί „και γέλγαι μαγικαί· γή ή χορηγούσα τοίς μάγοις „πόσσα θαυμάσια και ίσχυρα βότανα· άνεμοι, βουνά, „ποταμοί, λίμναι, και θεοί πάντες τών δασών, και „τής νυκτός, όσοι με βοηθείτε όπου θέλωμαι να ανα- „χαιτίσω τούς ποταμούς, με έκπληξιν μεγάλην τών „ίχθύων των, μέσα εις τας πηγάς των, δεύτε εις βοή- „θειαν μου. Με τήν δύναμιν, τήν οποίαν σείς δίδετε εις „τας μαγείας μου, παράττω τήν θάλασσαν, ή ανα- „καλώ τήν γαλήνην· αποδιώκω, ή εισάγω τα σύνε- „φα, λύω, ή δεσμεύω τούς ανέμους· κόπτω εις λεπτα „τούς δράκας με τήν οποίαν δύναμιν σείς δίδετε εις „τήν φωνήν μου· κινώ τας πέτρας, και τούς δρυμούς, „σείω τα όρη, κελεύω τήν γήν να μυκάται, και τούς „γενάρχας να εξέρχωνται από τας τάφας των· σύρω και „τήν Σελήνην αυτήν, ώς και ο ήχος τών χαλκών α- „γω-

Et iam nona dies curru pennisque draconum
235nonaque nox omnes lustrantem viderat agros,
cum rediit. Neque erant tacti, nisi odore, dracones,
et tamen annosae pellem posuere senectae.
Constitit adveniens citra limenque foresque
et tantum caelo tegitur refugitque viriles
240contactus statuitque aras de caespite binas,
dexteriore Hecates, ast laeva parte Iuventae.
Has ubi verbenis silvaque incinxit agresti.
haud procul egesta scrobibus tellure duabus
sacra facit cultrosque in guttura velleris atri
245conicit et patulas perfundit sanguine fossas.
Tum super invergens liquidi carchesia vini
alteraque invergens tepidi carchesia lactis
verba simul fudit terrenaque numina civit
umbrarumque rogat rapta cum coniuge regem,
250ne properent artus anima fraudare senili.
Quos ubi placavit precibusque et murmure longo,
Aesonis effetum proferri corpus ad auras
iussit et in plenos resolutum carmine somnos,
exanimi similem, stratis porrexit in herbis.
255Hinc procul Aesoniden, procul hinc iubet ire ministros
et monet arcanis oculos removere profanos.
Diffugiunt iussi. Passis Medea capillis
bacchantum ritu, flagrantes circuit aras
multifidasque faces in fossa sanguinis atra
260tingit et infectas geminis accendit in aris
terque senem flamma, ter aqua, ter sulphure lustrat.
Interea validum posito medicamen aeno
fervet et exsultat spumisque tumentibus albet.
Illic Haemonia radices valle resectas
265seminaque floresque et sucos incoquit atros.
Adicit extremo lapides oriente petitos
et quas Oceani refluum mare lavit harenas,
addit et exceptas luna pernocte pruinas
et strigis infames ipsis cum carnibus alas
270inque virum soliti vultus mutare ferinos
ambigui prosecta lupi; nec defuit illis
squamea Cinyphii tenuis membrana chelydri
vivacisque iecur cervi; quibus insuper addit
ora caputque novem cornicis saecula passae.
275His et mille aliis postquam sine nomine rebus
propositum instruxit mortali barbara maius
arenti ramo iampridem mitis olivae
omnia confudit summisque inmiscuit ima.
Ecce vetus calido versatus stipes aeno
280fit viridis primo, nec longo tempore frondes
induit et subito gravidis oneratur olivis.
At quacumque cavis spumas eiecit aenis
ignis et in terram guttae cecidere calentes,
vernat humus, floresque et mollia pabula surgunt.
285Quae simul ac vidit, stricto Medea recludit
ense senis iugulum, veteremque exire cruorem
passa, replet sucis. Quos postquam combibit Aeson
aut ore acceptos aut vulnere, barba comaeque
canitie posita nigrum rapuere colorem,
290pulsa fugit macies, abeunt pallorque situsque,
adiectoque cavae supplentur corpore rugae,
membraque luxuriant. Aeson miratur et olim
ante quater denos hunc se reminiscitur annos.
nine days and nine nights sought strong herbs,
and the swift dragons with their active wings,
failed not to guide the chariot where she willed—
until they reached her home. The dragons then
had not been even touched by anything,
except the odor of surrounding herbs,
and yet they sloughed their skins, the growth of years.
She would not cross the threshold of her home
nor pass its gates; but, standing in the field,
alone beneath the canopy of Heaven,
she shunned all contact with her husband, while
she built up from the ever-living turf
two altars, one of which upon the right
to Hecate was given, but the one
upon the left was sacred then to you,
O Hebe, goddess of eternal youth!
Festooning woodland boughs and sweet vervain
adorned these altars, near by which she dug
as many trenches. Then, when all was done,
she slaughtered a black ram, and sprinkled with blood
the thirsty trenches; after which she poured
from rich carchesian goblets generous wine
and warm milk, grateful to propitious Gods—
the Deities of earth on whom she called—
entreating, as she did so, Pluto, lord
of ghostly shades, and ravished Proserpine,
that they should not, in undue haste,
deprive her patient's aged limbs of life.
When certain she compelled the God's regard,
assured her incantations and long prayers
were both approved and heard, she bade her people
bring out the body of her father-in-law—
old Aeson's worn out body—and when she
had buried him in a deep slumber by
her spells, as if he were a dead man, she
then stretched him out upon a bed of herbs.
She ordered Jason and his servants thence,
and warned them not to spy upon her rites,
with eyes profane. As soon as they retired,
Medea, with disheveled hair and wild
abandon, as a Bacchanalian, paced
times three around the blazing altars, while
she dipped her torches, splintered at the top,
into the trenches, dark: with blood, and lit
the dipt ends in the sacred altar flames.
Times three she purified the ancient man
with flames, and thrice with water, and three times
with sulphur,—as the boiling mixture seethed
and bubbled in the brazen cauldron near.
And into this, acerbic juices, roots,
and flowers and seeds—from vales Hemonian—
and mixed elixirs, into which she cast
stones of strange virtue from the Orient,
and sifted sands of ebbing ocean's tide;
white hoar-frost, gathered when the moon was full,
the nauseating flesh and luckless wings
of the uncanny screech-owl, and the entrails
from a mysterious animal that changed
from wolf to man, from man to wolf again;
the scaly sloughing of a water-snake,
the medic liver of a long-lived stag,
and the hard beak and head of an old crow
which was alive nine centuries before;
these, and a thousand nameless things
the foreign sorceress prepared and mixed,
and blended all together with a branch
of peaceful olive, old and dry with years. —
And while she stirred the withered olive branch
in the hot mixture, it began to change
from brown to green; and presently put forth
new leaves, and soon was heavy with a wealth
of luscious olives.—As the ever-rising fire
threw bubbling froth beyond the cauldron's rim,
the ground was covered with fresh verdure — flowers
and all luxuriant grasses, and green plants.
Medea, when she saw this wonder took
her unsheathed knife and cut the old man's throat;
then, letting all his old blood out of him
she filled his ancient veins with rich elixir.
As he received it through his lips or wound,
his beard and hair no longer white with age,
turned quickly to their natural vigor, dark
and lustrous; and his wasted form renewed,
appeared in all the vigor of bright youth,
no longer lean and sallow, for new blood
coursed in his well-filled veins.—Astonished, when
released from his deep sleep, and strong in youth,
his memory assured him, such he was
years four times ten before that day!—
Medea rejuvenates Aeson

Then she returned, after nine days and nine nights surveying all the lands she had crossed, from her chariot, drawn by the winged dragons. The dragons had only smelt the herbs, yet they shed their skins of many years. Reaching her door and threshold, she stopped on the outside, and under the open sky, avoiding contact with any man, she set up two altars of turf, one on the right to Hecate, one on the left to Youth. She wreathed them with sacred boughs from the wildwood, then dug two trenches near by in the earth, and performed the sacrifice, plunging her knife into the throat of a black-fleeced sheep, and drenching the wide ditches with blood. She poured over it cups of pure honey, and again she poured over it cups of warm milk, uttering words as she did so, calling on the spirits of the earth, and begging the shadowy king and his stolen bride, not to be too quick to steal life from the old man�s limbs.

When she had appeased the gods by prayer and murmured a while, she ordered Aeson�s exhausted body to be carried into the air, and freeing him to deep sleep with her spells, she stretched him out like a corpse on a bed of herbs. She ordered Jason, his son, to go far off, and the attendants to go far off, and warned them to keep profane eyes away from the mysteries. They went as she had ordered. Medea, with streaming hair, circled the burning altars, like a Bacchante, and dipping many-branched torches into the black ditches filled with blood, she lit them, once they were darkened, at the twin altars. Three times with fire, three times with water, three times with sulphur, she purified the old man.

Meanwhile a potent mixture is heating in a bronze cauldron set on the flames, bubbling, and seething, white with turbulent froth. She boils there, roots dug from a Thessalian valley, seeds, flowerheads, and dark juices. She throws in precious stones searched for in the distant east, and sands that the ebbing tide of ocean washes. She adds hoar-frost collected by night under the moon, the wings and flesh of a vile screech-owl, and the slavering foam of a sacrificed were-wolf, that can change its savage features to those of a man. She does not forget the scaly skin of a thin Cinyphian water-snake, the liver of a long-lived stag, the eggs and the head of a crow that has lived for nine human life-times.

With these, and a thousand other nameless things, the barbarian witch pursued her greater than mortal purpose. She stirred it all with a long-dry branch of a fruitful olive, mixing the depths with the surface. Look! The ancient staff turned in the hot cauldron, first grew green again, then in a short time sprouted leaves, and was, suddenly, heavily loaded with olives. And whenever the flames caused froth to spatter from the hollow bronze, and warm drops to fall on the earth, the soil blossomed, and flowers and soft grasses grew.

As soon as she saw this, Medea unsheathed a knife, and cut the old man�s throat, and letting the old blood out, filled the dry veins with the juice. When Aeson had absorbed it, part through his mouth, and part through the wound, the white of his hair and beard quickly vanished, and a dark colour took its place. At a stroke his leanness went, and his pallor and dullness of mind. The deep hollows were filled with rounded flesh, and his limbs expanded. Aeson marvelled, recalling that this was his self of forty years ago.

368 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

„ γωνίζεται νὰ ἐλαττώση τὸς πόνους τῆς· ἢ μὲ τὴν μα- „ γικὴν δυναμίν μου ὡραίνω τὸ ἀμάξιόν τῆς, καθὼς „ πάλι τὸ τῆς Ἠοῦς. Ὑμεῖς ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἰσχυρὰ Θεότητες, „ ἐσβέσατε τὰς φλόγας, τὰς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ φοβε- „ ροῦ ἐκείνων ταύρων, καὶ τοὺς ἠναγκάσατε νὰ ὑποφέ- „ ρωσι τὸν ζυγόν, κι νὰ σύρωσι τὸ ἄροτρον· ὑμεῖς διε- „ γείρατε τὴν μάχην, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους „ πολεμήσαντες, ἐθανατώθησαν οἱ ὀφιογενεῖς ἄνδρες, καὶ „ ἀπεκοίμησατε τὸν δράκοντα, τὸν φυλάττοντα τὸ χρυ- „ σόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ ἐπέμψατε εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα τὸν „ πολύτιμον Θησαυρόν· χρείαν ἔχω πάρα νὰ μοι δώ- „ σητε βότανα, διὰ νὰ ἀνανεώσω τοῦ ζωῆς ἑνὸς ἀν- „ θρώπου, κι ἀπὸ τὸ βαθύτατον γῆρας νὰ αὐτὸν μεταφέ- „ ρω εἰς τὸ ἄνθος τῆς νεότητος· Ἀναμφιβόλως ἀπὸ λόγου „ σας τὴν χάριν αὐτὴν, μάλιστα ἄρχισα νὰ γνωρίζω „ ὅτι εἰσηκούσατε τὴν παράκλησίν μου. Τὰ ἄστρα ἐκεῖ- „ να δοῦ ἐστροβολοῦσιν εἰς μάτην ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς „ μου, οὔτε βλέπω εἰς μάτην ἀμάξαν συρομένην ὑπὸ „ δύο δρακόντων". Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Μήδεια ἔλεγε ταῦτα, κα- τέβη ἀληθῶς οὐρανόθεν ἡ ἀμάξα, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἀνα- βαίνουσα εὐθὺς, καὶ κολακεύσασα τὰς σύρουσας αὐτὴν δράκοντας, ἔλαβεν εἰς χεῖρας τὰς χαλινούς, κι ὑψώθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Οὕτω φερομένη, ἴδου ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας τῆς ὅλας τὰς Πόλεις τῆς Θεσσαλίας· ἀλλὰ δὲν κατέβαινεν εἰ μὴ μόνον εἰς τὰς τόπους ἐκείνους, ὅπου ἐνόμευε νὰ εὕρῃ τίποτα ἀπὸ τὰ ζητούμενα χόρτα. Εὗρε μερικὰ εἰς τὴν Ὄσσαν, εἰς τὸ Πήλιον, καὶ τὸν Πίνδον, εἰς τὴν Ὄθρυν, κι εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον· καὶ ἄλλα μὲν ἔκοψε μὲ ὅλας τὰς ῥίζας, ἄλλων δὲ ἔκοψε μόνον τὰ φύλλα. Εἰσμάξεν ἱκανὰ καὶ ε

τὰ νερὰ τῶ Σπερχειῶ, καὶ εἰς τὰς χοινώδεις ὄχθας τῆς Βοιβηΐδος λίμνης· ὑπῆγε νὰ ζητήσῃ καὶ εἰς τὴν ὄχθην τοῦ Ἀνθηδῶνος, ἡ ὁποία δὲν εἶχε γίνῃ ἔτι ὀνομαστὴ διὰ τὴν μεταβολὴν τοῦ Γλαύκου, ὅστις, ὢν πρότερον ἁλιεὺς, ἔγινε θαλάττιος Θεός. Ἐδαπάνησεν ἐν ἐννέα ἡμέρας, καὶ ἐννέα νύκτας διὰ νὰ συνάξῃ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα βότανα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον τοσαύτην δύναμιν, ὥστε μὲ μόνην τὴν μυρωδίαν τῶν, οἱ δράκοντες αὐτοί, οἱ σύροντες τὸ ἁμάξιόν της, ἤλλαξαν τὸ παλαιὸν δέρματων. Ἐπανελθοῦσα δὲ οἴκαδε, ἐστάθη εἰς τὴν θύραν τοῦ Παλατίου της, σκεπασμένη μόνον ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, χωρὶς νὰ ἀφήσῃ νὰ πλησιάσῃ ἀνὴρ εἰς αὐτήν, καὶ ἐκεῖ ἔστησε δύω βολακίνες βωμούς, καὶ τὸν μὲν δεξιὸν ἀφιέρωσε τῇ Ἑκάτῃ, τὸν δὲ ἀριστερὸν τῇ Νεότητι. Ἀφ' οὗ δὲ τὰς ἐπεριεκύκλωσεν ἀπὸ χόρτα, καὶ κλάδους δενδρῶν, ὄχι πολὺ μακραὶ ἔσκαψε δύω μικρὲς λάκκες, τὰς ὁποίας ἐγέμισε μὲ τὸ αἷμα ἑνὸς μαύρου προβάτου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔσφαξε πρὸς θυσίαν. Ἔπειτα εἰς μὲν τὸν ἕνα λάκκον ἔχυσεν οἶνον, εἰς δὲ τὸν ἄλλον γάλα· καὶ ταῦτα ποιοῦσα, ἐπρόφερε καί τινας λόγους, δι' ὧν ἐπεκαλεῖτο τὰς καταχθονίας δυνάμεις, δεομένη τοῦ Πλούτωνος καὶ τῆς Περσεφόνης νὰ μὴ βιασθῶσι νὰ λάβουν τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ γέροντος Αἴσονος. Τοὺς ὁποίας ἀφ' ἧ κατεφράϋνε μὲ μακρᾶς δεήσεις, ἐπρόσταξε νὰ φερθῇ ὁ Αἴσων ἔμπροσθεν τῶν βωμῶν, καὶ ἀποκοιμίσασα αὐτὸν ὕπνον βαθύτατον, τὸν ἐξάπλωσεν ὡς νεκρὸν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχε σκεπάσῃ τὴν γῆν. Ἐπρόσταξεν ἔπειτα τὸν Ἰάσονα καὶ τὰς ἄλλους νὰ ἀναχωρήσωσι, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἀποτολμήσητις νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὰς τελετάς της, διὰ νὰ μὴ β

δέα, ἔχουσα βακχικὸς διασμορφισμένα τὰ μάλια της, καὶ περιήγυρίσσα τὰς βωμὰς, εἰς τὰς ὁποίους ἔχει ἀναμμένον τὸ πῦρ, ἔβαλε πολλὰς λαμπάδας εἰς τὰς λάμπακας, τὰς γέμοντας αἵματος, ἢ πάλιν ἀναλαμβάνων ὑπὸς αἱματωμένας ἐπάνω εἰς τοὺς δύο βωμοὺς· ἔπλυσεν ἔπειτα τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Αἴσονος ἑξεῖς φοραῖς μὲ νερόν, ἑξεῖς μὲ θειάδι, ἢ πάλιν ἑξεῖς τὸ ἐκαθάρισε διὰ τοῦ πυρός. Ὡσποῦ ἔβραλαν εἰς μέγα χαλκεῖον τὰ χόρτα, ἢ τὰ εἰς αὐτὸ ἄλλα φάρμακα, δηλαδὴ αἱ ῥίζαι, ὅσας εἶχε συναγμένας εἰς τὰς κοιλάδας τῆς Θεσσαλίας, οἱ σπόροι, τὰ ἄνθη, καὶ τινες μαῦροι χυμοὶ, ἢ οἱ λίθοι, ὅσους μετεκόμισαν ἀπὸ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἀνατολῆς, καὶ ἡ ἄμμος, ἡ παρὰ τῆς θαλάσσης ῥιπτομένη εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν. Ἐπροσθήκασαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὰς πάχνας, τὰς χειρωμένας πλέον νύκτε εἰς τὸ φῶς τῆς Σελήνης, καὶ τὸ κρέας ἢ τὰ ἐντόσθια τοῦ Στρύγος, τὸ δέρμα ὄφεως τινός, τὸ ἥπαρ εἴδους ἐλάφης, ἢ τὴν κεφαλὴν κοράκης ἐννεακοσίων ἐτῶν. Τέλος, ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἔρριξαν εἰς τὸ χαλκεῖον πλῆθος ἄλλων εἰδῶν, τῶν ὁποίων ἀγνοοῦνται τὰ ὀνόματα, τὰ ἀναμέτησαν ὅλα μὲ ξηρὸν κλάδον ἐλαίας. Μόλις τὰ ἀναχέτησε δύο ἑξεῖς φοραῖς, ἢ αὐθις ἐκεῖνος ὁ κλάδος ἔγεινε φράσινος, ἢ ἔπειτα ἤρχισε νὰ βλαστᾷ, ἐνδυόμενος φύλλα καὶ ἐλαίας, καὶ ὅπου ἢ αὐτὸ ἔπεσον εἰς τὸν γῆν ἀπὸ τὸν ζωμὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸν βράζοντα εἰς τὸ χαλκεῖον, αὐθις ἐβλάστησαν χόρτα, καὶ ἄνθη. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια ἔκαμεν αὐτὸ τὸ δοκίμιον, ἤνοιξε μὲ μαχαίρας τὸν λαιμὸν τοῦ Αἴσονος, ἢ ἐξαντλήσασα ὅλον τὸ παλαιὸν αἷμά του, τοῦ ἐγέμισεν ἔπειτα τὰ ἀργεῖα ἀπὸ τὸν βρασμένον ζωμόν. Μόλις ὁ Αἴσων ἐδέχθη τὸν

ποιαῦ τῆς νεότητος ἀνέλαβε τὴν προτέραν διέξοδόν του, ἡ ὡραιότης ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὸ πρόσωπόν του, αἱ ῥυτίδες ἐγέμισαν, καὶ ὅλον ἐνεδυσαμώθη τὸ σῶμά του, καὶ οὕτως ἀναφεωθεὶς ὁ γέρων, ἐθαύμασε βλέπων τὸν ἑαυτόν του εἰς ἣν κατάστασιν ἦτον πρὸ τεσσαράκοντα χρόνων, χωρὶς νὰ ἀλησμονήσῃ τὸ παραμικρὸν ἀπὸ τὰ ὅσα ἡ ἐμπειρία τῆς γηρατείας τὸν εἶχε διδάξῃ.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ΄. ἢ Δ΄.

Περὶ ἀναφεώσεως τῶν τροφῶν τοῦ Βάκχου, ἢ περὶ Πελίου τοῦ φονευθέντος παρὰ τῶν ἰδίων αὐτοῦ Θυγατέρων.

Ἡ Μήδεια, δῆθεν τοῦ Βάκχου, ἀναφεοῖ τὰς Νύμφας, αἱ ὁποῖαι τὸν ἔθρεψαν· καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν Ἰάσονα ἀπὸ τοῦ Θείου του Πελίου, τεχνάζεται νὰ φονεύσουν αὐτὸν αἱ Θυγατέρες του, ἐν ᾧ ἤλπιζον νὰ τοῦ ἀναπλάσουν.

Ἀπὸ τὰ θαυμάσια τῆς Μηδείας βλέπων ὁ Βάκχος ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, παρεκάλεσε τὴν Μήδειαν νὰ ἀναφεώσῃ καὶ τὰς Νύμφας, τὰς τροφοὺς του, ἡ δὲ ἐπρώτευσε κατὰ τὴν θέλησίν του. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ ἐξακολουθήσῃ τὰς τέχνας της, ὑπεκρίθη ὀργισμένη κατὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Πελίου· τῆς δὲ αἱ Θυ-

Viderat ex alto tanti miracula monstri
295Liber, et admonitus iuvenes nutricibus annos
posse suis reddi, capit hoc a Colchide munus.
Neve doli cessent, odium cum coniuge falsum
Phasias adsimulat Peliaeque ad limina supplex
confugit. Atque illam, quoniam gravis ipse senecta est,
300excipiunt natae. Quas tempore callida parvo
Colchis amicitiae mendacis imagine cepit.
Dumque refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos
Aesonis esse situs, atque hac in parte moratur,
spes est virginibus Pelia subiecta creatis
305arte suum parili revirescere posse parentem.
Idque petunt pretiumque iubent sine fine pacisci.
Illa brevi spatio silet et dubitare videtur
suspenditque animos ficta gravitate rogantes.
Mox ubi pollicita est, “quo sit fiducia maior
310muneris huius” ait, “qui vestri maximus aevo est
dux gregis inter oves, agnus medicamine fiet.”
Protinus innumeris effetus laniger annis
attrahitur flexo circum cava tempora cornu.
Cuius ut Haemonio marcentia guttura cultro
315fodit et exiguo maculavit sanguine ferrum,
membra simul pecudis validosque venefica sucos
mergit in aere cavo: minuunt en corporis artus
cornuaque exurunt nec non cum cornibus annos,
et tener auditur medio balatus aeno.
320Nec mora, balatum mirantibus exsilit agnus
lascivitque fuga lactantiaque ubera quaerit.
Obstipuere satae Pelia: promissaque postquam
exhibuere fidem, tum vero impensius instant.
Ter iuga Phoebus equis in Hibero flumine mersis
325dempserat et quarta radiantia nocte micabant
sidera, cum rapido fallax Aeetias igni
imponit purum laticem et sine viribus herbas.
Iamque neci similis resoluto corpore regem
et cum rege suo custodes somnus habebat,
330quem dederant cantus magicaeque potentia linguae:
intrarant iussae cum Colchide limina natae
ambierantque torum. “Quid nunc dubitatis inertes?
Stringite” ait “gladios veteremque haurite cruorem,
ut repleam vacuas iuvenali sanguine venas.
335In manibus vestris vita est aetasque parentis:
si pietas ulla est nec spes agitatis inanes,
officium praestate patri telisque senectam
exigite et saniem coniecto emittite ferro.”
His, ut quaeque pia est, hortatibus impia prima est,
340et ne sit scelerata, facit scelus. Haud tamen ictus
ulla suos spectare potest, oculosque reflectunt
caecaque dant saevis aversae vulnera dextris.
Ille, cruore fluens, cubito tamen adlevat artus
semilacerque toro temptat consurgere et inter
345tot medius gladios pallentia bracchia tendens
“quid facitis, gnatae? quis vos in fata parentis
armat?” ait. Cecidere illis animique manusque.
Plura locuturo cum verbis guttura Colchis
abstulit et calidis laniatum mersit in undis.
Bacchus, from his celestial vantage saw
this marvel, and convinced his nurses might
then all regain their former vigor, he
pled with Medea to restore their youth.
The Colchian woman granted his request.
but so her malice might be satisfied
Medea feigned she had a quarrel with
her husband, and for safety she had fled
to Pelias. There, since the king himself
was heavy with old age, his daughters gave
her generous reception. And these girls
the shrewd Medea in a short time won,
by her false show of friendliness; and while
among the most remarkable of her
achievements she was telling how she had
rejuvenated Aeson, and she dwelt
particularly, on that strange event,
these daughters were induced to hope that by
some skill like this their father might regain
his lost youth also. And they begged of her
this boon, persuading her to name the price;
no matter if it was large. She did not
reply at once and seemed to hesitate,
and so she held their fond minds in a deep
suspense by her feigned meditation. When
she had at length declared she would restore
his youth, she said to them: “That you may have
strong confidence in this my promised boon,
the oldest leader of your flock of sheep shall be
changed to a lamb again by my prized drugs.”
Straightway a wooly ram, worn out with length
of untold years was brought, his great horns curved
around his hollow temples. After she
had cut his scrawny throat with her sharp knife
Thessalian, barely staining it with his
thin blood, Medea plunged his carcass in
a bronze-made kettle, throwing in it at
the same time juices of great potency.
These made his body shrink and burnt away
his two horns, and with horns his years. And now
thin bleating was heard from within the pot;
and even while they wondered at the sound,
a lamb jumped out and frisking, ran away
to find some udder with its needed milk.
Amazed the daughters looked on and, now that
these promises had been performed, they urged
more eagerly their first request. Three times
Phoebus unyoked his steeds after their plunge
in Ebro's stream, and on the fourth night stars
shown brilliant on the dark foil of the sky,
and then the treacherous daughter of Aeetes
set some clear water over a hot fire
and put in it herbs of no potency.
And now a death-like sleep held the king down,
his body all relaxed, and with the king
his guards, a sleep which incantations with
the potency of magic words had given.
The sad king's daughters, as they had been bid,
were in his room, and with Medea stood
around his bed. “Why do you hesitate,”
Medea said. “You laggards, come and draw
your swords; let out his old blood that
I may refill his empty veins again
with young blood. In your hands your father's life
and youth are resting. You, his daughters, must
have love for him, and if the hopes you have
are not all vain, come, do your duty by
your father; drive out old age at the point
of your good weapons; and let out his blood
enfeebled—cure him with the stroke of iron.”
Spurred on by these words, as each one of them
was filial she became the leader in
the most unfilial act, and that she might
not be most wicked did the wicked deed.
Not one could bear to see her own blows, so
they turned their eyes away; and every face
averted so, they blindly struck him with
their cruel hands. The old man streaming with
his blood, still raised himself on elbow, and
half mangled tried to get up from his bed;
with all those swords around him, he stretched out
his pale arms and he cried: “What will you do,
my daughters? What has armed you to the death
of your loved father?” Their wrong courage left
them, and their hands fell. When he would have said
still more, Medea cut his throat and plunged
his mangled body into boiling water.
Medea�s destruction of Pelias

Bacchus saw this wondrous miracle from heaven�s heights, and realising from it, that the Nymphs of Mount Nysa, who had nursed him, could have their youth restored, he secured that gift from the witch of Colchis. There was no end to her magic. Phasian Medea, pretending to a sham quarrel with her husband, fled as a suppliant to Pelias�s threshold, he who had usurped Aeson�s throne. There, the king�s daughters received her, since he himself was weighed down by the years. The lying Colchian soon won them over by a skilful show of friendship, and when she told them of one of her greatest gifts, the removal of Aeson�s many years, and lingered over it, hope was aroused in Pelias�s daughters that similar magic arts might rejuvenate their father.

They begged her, and told her to set a price however great. She was silent for a moment, and appeared to hesitate, keeping the minds of her petitioners in suspense by a show of solemn pretence. When, eventually, she promised to do it, she said �To give you greater confidence in my gift, your oldest ram, the leader of your flocks, will by turned into a young lamb again, by my magic drugs.� Straight away the woolly creature, worn out by innumerable years, was dragged forward, his horns curving round his hollow temples. When the witch had cut his wizened throat with her Thessalian knife, hardly staining the blade with blood, she immersed the sheep�s carcass in the bronze cauldron, along with her powerful magic herbs. These shrank its limbs, melted away its horns, and, with its horns, the years. A high-pitched bleating came from inside the vessel, and while they were wondering at the bleating, a lamb leapt out, and frisked away, seeking the udder and milk.

Pelias�s daughters were stunned, and now the truth of her promise had been displayed, they insisted even more eagerly. Three times Phoebus had unyoked his horses, after their plunge into the western ocean, and on the fourth night the stars were glittering in all their radiance, when the deceitful daughter of Aeetes set clear water, and herbs, but ineffectual ones, over a blazing fire. And now the king and his guards also were deep in death-like sleep, achieved by her incantations and the power of her magic spells. The king�s daughters, at her command, crossed the threshold, with the Colchian witch, and stood around his bed. �Why do you hesitate, so timidly?� she said. �Un-sheath your blades, and let out the old blood, so that I can fill the empty veins with new! You father�s life and youth are in your hands. If you have any filial affection, if those are not vain hopes that stir you, render your father this service, banish old age with your weapons, and drive out his poisoned blood with a stroke of the iron blade!�

Urged on by these words, the more love each had for him, the quicker she was to act without love, and did evil, to avoid greater evil. Nevertheless they could not bear to see their own blows, and turned their eyes away, and with averted faces, wounded him blindly with cruel hands. Streaming blood, the old man still raised himself on his elbow, and, though mutilated, tried to rise from his bed. Stretching his pallid hands out among the many weapons, he cried �Daughters, why are you doing this? What has made you take up weapons against your father�s life?� Their strength and courage vanished. But as he was about to utter more words, the Colchian witch cut his throat, and plunged his torn body into the seething water.

γατέρες τὴς ὑπεδέχθησαν φιλοφρόνως, καὶ ἐκείνη μὲ τὴς ἁπατηλῆς ὄψης της, ἀπέκτησεν δύο τῶν ἀγαπητῶν των. Διηγουμένη δὲ τὴς μεγάλας ἐργασίας, ὅσας παρ' αὐτῆς εἶχε λάβει ὁ Ἰάσων, καὶ μάλιστα τὴν ἀνατέωσιν τοῦ πατρὸς του, ταῖς ἔκαμε νὰ ἐλπίζουν τῶν αὐτῶν χάριν διὰ τὸν πατέρα των, ὅστις ἦτον ὑπέργηρος. Τὼ παρεκάλεσαν λοιπὸν νὰ ἀνανεώσῃ ἢ αὐτόν, ὑποσχόμεναι ὅτι τῇ ἤθελον εἶναι ἀπείρως ὑπόχρεοι, καθὼς ἄπειρος ἦτον ἡ ἐλπιζομένη χάρις. Ἡ Μήδεια ἐστάθη ὀλίγην ὥραν χωρὶς νὰ ἀποκριθῇ, καὶ ἐφαίνετο διστάζουσα εἰς τὸ ἔργον, καὶ μὲ προσποίησιν σεμνότητα, ἔτρεφε τὴν ἐξημμένην αἰών κηλῶν τῶν δεομένων. Τέλος πάντων ταῖς ὑπέσχεθη τὴς χάριν, ἢ διὰ νὰ τὰς βεβαιώσῃ περισσότερον, φέρτε μοι, εἶπε, τὸν „γερόντοτερον κριὸν τῆς ποίμνης σας, καὶ θέλω τὸν „ἀποκαταστήσει ἀμνὸν μὲ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς βότανής μου". Τῇ ἔφεραν ἕνα τὸν κριόν, καὶ αὐτὴ πιάσασα τὸν ἀπὸ τὰ κέρατα, τοῦ ἔκοψε τὴν κεφαλήν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον πολλὰ γέρων ἦλθεν ὀλίγον αἷμα. Ἔπειτα ἔβαλλεν αὐτὸν εἰς χαλκεῖον, μὲ τὸν ζωμὸν χόρτων τινῶν, τὰ ὁποῖα χόρτα ἔλαβον δύναμιν νὰ σμικρώσουσι τὸ κορμί της, καὶ νὰ τῇ ἀφαιρέσουν ὅλην μὲ τὰ κέρατα καὶ τὴς χρόνος. Ἤκουσαν ἐν ταυτῷ καὶ τὸ βλήχημα τοῦ ἀρνίου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐξῆρχεν δῆθεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἀγγεῖον, ἢ ἐζήτει τὴν μαστοὺς τῆς μάννης. Κατεπλάγησαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ παράδοξον αἱ θυγατέρες τῆς Πελίας, ἢ μετὰ τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν τῆς Μηδείας, τὴς παρεκάλουν θερμότερον, ἔτι μᾶλλον καταπεισθεῖσαι εἰς τὴν δύναμιν τῆς μαγείας της.

Είχαν περάσει ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι καὶ ἑπτὰ νύκτες μετὰ τὸ ἀνανεώσιμον τῆς φορᾶς· κατὰ δὲ τὴν τετάρτην νύκτα ἐλάμ- πον οἱ ἀστέρες, ὅτε ἔβαλεν ἡ Μήδεια εἰς τὸ πῦρ κα-

Σαρὸν ὕδωρ, μὲ χόρτα μὴ ἔχοντα καμμίαν δύναμιν, καὶ ἀποκοιμίσαντα τὸν βασιλέα, ἢ πᾶς φύλακάς του ὕπνον ὁμοῖον μὲ τὸν Θάνατον· „ τί διστάξετε, εἴπε πρὸς „ τὰς Θυγατέρας του, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐμβῆκαν τότε εἰς τὸν „ οἶκόν του, ἢ ἔστερον ὁλόγυρα εἰς τὴν ἁλίνην του, τί „ διστάξετε, ὦ μικρόψυχοι; λάβετε μαχαίρας, καὶ χύσατε τὸ γεγηρακὸς αἷμα, διὰ νὰ γεμίσω τὰς φλέβας του ἀπὸ νεαρόν. Ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ πατρὸς σας εἶναι τώρα εἰς τὰς χεῖρας σας· ἂν τὸν ἀγαπᾶτε, ἂν θέλετε „ νὰ μὴ ματαιωθῶσιν αἱ ἐλπίδες σας, παρέχετέ του αὐτὴν τὴν εὐεργεσίαν, ὁπλισθῆτε κατὰ τοῦ γήρατός του, „ ἢ διώξετέ το μὲ τὴν μάχαιραν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα του, διὰ „ νὰ τὸ διαδεχθῇ ἡ νεότης"· Εἰς αὐτὰς τὰς παραινέσεις, πρώτη ἐπλήγωσε τὸν πατέρα της ἡ ἔχουσα περισσότερον ἀγάπην πρὸς αὐτὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ φανῇ ἀσεβὴς πρὸς τὸν πατέρα της, ἔπραξε πρώτη τὸ ἀσέβημα· πλὴν δὲν ἐτόλμησαν νὰ στρέψωσι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς των εἰς τὰς ὁποίας πληγὰς τοῦ ἔκαναν μὲ τὰς χεῖρας των· Ἐξυπνᾷ γίνεται ὁ ἴσθλιος γέρων, ἂν ἡ πνιγμένος ὀλίγον εἰς τὸ αἷμα του, ἢ παρχει νὰ σηκωθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν ἁλίνην, ἀλλὰ δὲν δύναται νὰ κάμῃ ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ νὰ ἁπλώσῃ μεταξὺ τῶν μαχαιρῶν τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς τὰς Θυγατέρας του, λέγων· „ τί κάμνετε Θυγατέρες μου; ποία Ἐριννύς σας παρώξυνε κατὰ τοῦ πατρὸς σας"· Ἐκεῖναι ἔχασαν παρευθὺς τὴν ἀνδρείαν, καὶ ἔπεσαν τὰ μαχαίρια ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας των· ἀλλ' ἐνῷ ὁ Πελίας ἤθελε νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερα, ἡ Μήδεια, κόψασα ὁμοῦ μὲ τὴν λαλίαν τὸν τράχηλόν του, τὸν ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ θερμὸν ὕδωρ.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ τῆ Β΄. Γ΄. τῆ Δ΄. Μύθ.

Ἐπεὶ δὴ τοῦ Μύθου τούτου μὲν εἶναι ψυχικός, ἄλλοι δὲ πολιτικοί, καὶ τὸ ἄλλοι φυσικοί, ἡ δὲ ἀλήθεια εἶναι πολυσχιδὴς ἀπεῤῥύτου τι ἀδιάστου, καὶ οἱ Παλαιοί ὕστερον τὸν μυθοποιὸν αἷμᾶς ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐκ τῆς σεριώσεως, κατὰ τῆς Φιλοσόφης ἐνταῦτα πᾶλιν εἰς τὸ εἶναι, δήλαδὴ ἐκ τῆ Σκαπτῆ εἰς τὴν ζωὴν. Ἀεὶ ἀφέπει λοιπὸν νὰ πισθώσουμε ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἀνέῤῥησε τὸν Αἴσονα, ἐπειδὴ τῶν ὑπερβαίνει τῆς ὅρης τῆς φύσεως, καὶ εἶναι ἴδιον τῆς Θεῦ.

Τί δὲ μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος τῆ Αἴσονος; Λέγεται ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἐσύστησε τινὰς ἀσκήσεως, δι' ὧν ἡδέλζοντο ἡαῦ ἐνδυναμῦντο οἱ ἀδένες ἢ γυμνασίες, καὶ ἐκ τῆτυ ἐμψύσολογήσῃ ὅτι ἀναψύχης τῆς γεροντας. Καὶ ἄλλως ἔχμαα ἡ Μήδεια μεγάλω ἐμπαείας εἰς τὰ βόταῆνα, ἢ εἰς τίμ ἱατρικίω, πιθανὸν νὰ ἐμάχρησε μὲ ἐνέργῃ ἱξανα τῆ ζωῆ ἦ γερόντηυ, ἢ ἀδήον.

350Quod nisi pennatis serpentibus isset in auras,
non exempta foret poenae. Fugit alta superque
Pelion umbrosum, Philyreia tecta, superque
Othryn et eventu veteris loca nota Cerambi.
Hic ope nympharum sublatus in aera pennis,
355cum gravis infuso tellus foret obruta ponto,
Deucalioneas effugit inobrutus undas.
Aeoliam Pitanen a laeva parte relinquit
factaque de saxo longi simulacra draconis,
Idaeumque nemus, quo nati furta, iuvencum
360occuluit Liber falsi sub imagine cervi,
quaque pater Corythi parva tumulatus harena est,
et quos Maera novo latratu terruit agros,
Eurypylique urbem, qua Coae cornua matres
gesserunt tum cum discederet Herculis agmen
365Phoebeamque Rhodon et Ialysios Telchinas,
quorum oculos ipso vitiantes omnia visu
Iuppiter exosus fraternis subdidit undis.
Transit et antiquae Cartheia moenia Ceae,
qua pater Alcidamas placidam de corpore natae
370miraturus erat nasci potuisse columbam.
Inde lacus Hyries videt et Cycneia tempe,
quae subitus celebravit olor. Nam Phyllius illic
imperio pueri volucresque ferumque leonem
tradiderat domitos; taurum quoque vincere iussus
375vicerat, et spreto totiens iratus amore
praemia poscenti taurum suprema negabat.
Ille indignatus “cupies dare” dixit et alto
desiluit saxo. Cuncti cecidisse putabant:
factus olor niveis pendebat in aere pennis.
380At genetrix Hyrie, servatum nescia, flendo
delicuit stagnumque suo de nomine fecit.
Adiacet his Pleuron, in qua trepidantibus alis
Ophias effugit natorum vulnera Combe.
Inde Calaureae Letoidos adspicit arva,
385in volucrem versi cum coniuge conscia regis.
Dextera Cyllene est, in qua cum matre Menephron
concubiturus erat saevarum more ferarum
Cephison procul hinc deflentem fata nepotis
respicit, in tumidam phocen ab Apolline versi,
390Eumelique domum lugentis in aere natum.
Tandem vipereis Ephyren Pirenida pennis
contigit. Hic aevo veteres mortalia primo
corpora vulgarunt pluvialibus edita fungis.
Sed postquam Colchis arsit nova nupta venenis,
395flagrantemque domum regis mare vidit utrumque,
sanguine natorum perfunditur impius ensis,
ultaque se male mater Iasonis effugit arma.
Hinc Titaniacis ablata draconibus intrat
Palladias arces, quae te, iustissima Phene,
400teque, senex Peripha, pariter videre volantes
innixamque novis neptem Polypemonis alis.
Excipit hanc Aegeus, facto dammandus in uno;
nec satis hospitium est: thalami quoque foedere iungit.
Only because her winged dragons sailed
swiftly with her up to the lofty sky,
escaped Medea punishment for this
unheard of crime.
Her chariot sailed above
embowered Pelion — long the lofty home
of Chiron—over Othrys, and the vale
made famous where Cerambus met his fate.
Cerambus, by the aid of nymphs, from there
was wafted through the air on wings, when earth
was covered by the overwhelming sea—
and so escaped Deucalion's flood, uncrowned.
She passed by Pittane upon the left,
with its huge serpent-image of hard stone,
and also passed the grove called Ida's, where
the stolen bull was changed by Bacchus' power
into a hunted stag—in that same vale
Paris lies buried in the sand; and over fields
where Mera warning harked, Medea flew;
over the city of Eurypylus
upon the Isle of Cos, whose women wore
the horns of cattle when from there had gone
the herd of Hercules; and over Rhodes
beloved of Phoebus, where Telchinian tribes
dwelt, whose bad eyes corrupting power shot forth;—
Jove, utterly despising, thrust them deep
beneath his brother's waves; over the walls
of old Carthaea, where Alcidamas
had seen with wonder a tame dove arise
from his own daughter's body.
And she saw
the lakes of Hyrie in Teumesia's Vale,
by swans frequented—There to satisfy
his love for Cycnus, Phyllius gave
two living vultures: shell for him subdued
a lion, and delivered it to him;
and mastered a great bull, at his command;
but when the wearied Phyllius refused
to render to his friend the valued bull.
Indignant, the youth said, “You shall regret
your hasty words;” which having said, he leaped
from a high precipice, as if to death;
but gliding through the air, on snow-white wings,
was changed into a swan—Dissolved in tears,
his mother Hyrie knew not he was saved;
and weeping, formed the lake that bears her name.
And over Pleuron, where on trembling wings
escaped the mother Combe from her sons,
Medea flew; and over the far isle
Calauria, sacred to Latona.—She
beheld the conscious fields whose lawful king,
together with his queen were changed to birds.
Upon her right Cyllene could be seen;
there Menephon, degraded as a beast,
outraged his mother. In the distance, she
beheld Cephisius, who lamented long
his hapless grandson, by Apollo changed
into a bloated sea-calf. And she saw
the house where king Eumelus mourned the death
of his aspiring son.—Borne on the wings
of her enchanted dragons, she arrived
at Corinth, whose inhabitants, 'tis said,
from many mushrooms, watered by the rain
sprang into being.
There she spent some years.
But after the new wife had been burnt by
the Colchian witchcraft and two seas
had seen the king's own palace all aflame,
then, savagely she drew her sword, and bathed
it in the blood of her own infant sons;
by which atrocious act she was revenged;
and she, a wife and mother, fled the sword
of her own husband, Jason.
On the wings
of her enchanted Titan Dragons borne,
she made escape, securely, nor delayed
until she entered the defended walls
of great Minerva's city, at the hour
when aged Periphas — transformed by Jove,
together with his queen, on eagle wings
flew over its encircling walls: with whom
the guilty Halcyone, skimming seas
safely escaped, upon her balanced wings.
And after these events, Medea went
to Aegeus, king of Athens, where she found
protection from her enemies for all
this evil done. With added wickedness
Aegeus, after that, united her
to him in marriage.—
Medea flees and reaches Athens

She would not have escaped punishment had she not taken to the air, with her winged dragons. Through the high sky, clockwise, she fled, over the shadowy slopes of Pelion, Chiron�s home; over Othrys and the places made famous by the ancient fate of Cerambus, who, aided by the nymphs and changed to a winged scarab beetle, lifted into the air, when the all-powerful sea drowned the solid earth, and so escaped un-drowned from Deucalion�s flood. She passed Aeolian Pitane on the left, with its huge stone serpent image, and Ida�s grove where Liber concealed, in the deceptive shape of a stag, the bullock stolen by his son. She passed the place where the father of Corythus, Paris, lay, buried under a little sand; and where Hecuba, changed to a black bitch of Hecate, Maera, spread terror through the fields with her strange barking.

She flew over Astypalaea, the city of Eurypylus, where the women of the island, of Cos, acquired horns when they abused Hercules, as he and his company departed: over Rhodes, beloved of Phoebus: and the Telchines of the city of Ialysos on Rhodes, whose eyes corrupted everything they looked on, so that Jupiter, disgusted with them, sank them under his brother�s ocean waves. She passed the walls of ancient Carthaea, on the island of Ceos, where Alcidamas, as a father, would marvel, one day, that a peace-loving dove could spring from the body of his daughter, Ctesylla.

Then she saw Lake Hyrie, and Cycnean Tempe, made famous suddenly by a swan. There Phylius, at the boy Cycnus�s command, brought him birds and a fierce lion he had tamed. Ordered to overcome a wild bull as well, he did overcome him, but angry that his love was rejected so often, he refused to grant this last gift of a bull, when asked. Cycnus, angered, said �You will wish you had� and leapt from a high cliff. All thought he had fallen, but changed to a swan he beat through the air on white wings, though his mother, Hyrie, not knowing he was safe, pined away with weeping, and became the lake that carries her name.

Near there was the city of Pleuron, where Combe the daughter of Ophius, on flickering wings, escaped death at the hands of her sons, the Aetolian Curetes. And then Medea looked down at the fields of Calaurea�s isle, sacred to Leto, whose king and queen were also changed to birds. On her right was Cyllene, where Menephron lay with his mother, as though he were a wild beast. Further on she sees the Cephisus, the river-god lamenting his grandson�s fate, changed by Apollo into a lumbering seal, and the home of Eumelus, mourning his son Botres, reborn as a bird, the bee-eater, in the air.

At last, the dragon�s wings brought her to Corinth, the ancient Ephyre, and its Pirenian spring. Here, tradition says, that in earliest times, human bodies sprang from fungi, swollen by rain. After Jason�s new bride Glauce had been consumed by the fires of vengeful Colchian witchcraft and both the Isthmus�s gulfs had witnessed flame consuming the king�s palace, Medea impiously bathed her sword in the blood of their sons. Then, after performing this evil act, she fled from Jason�s wrath. Carried by her dragons that are born of the Titans, she reached Pallas�s citadel of Athens. This once knew you Phene, the most righteous, and you old Periphas, both flying in the air, as birds, the eagle and the osprey: and Alcyone, granddaughter of Polypemon, resting on strange new wings. It was Aegeus who gave Medea sanctuary there, damned thereafter by that one action: and not content with taking her in, he even entered into a contract of marriage with her.

Λέγει ὁ Εὐστάθιος ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ παρασκ. ὅτι αὕτη ἦτον σύνοδος, τῷ ὁποίῳ ὁ χυμὸς εἶχε πλέον διάθεσιν νὰ μαλακίζῃ τὰ ἄρθρα μᾶς, ἢ μὲ αὐτὸ μαλαύνωσι τὰ φύτη τοῦ γέροντος, ὅσοι ἐπίστευον τὰ φάρμακα. Πρῶτον δὲ ἔπρεπε νὰ ἐμπιστευθῶσιν αὐτὸ μὲ ὅρκον τινὰ εἰς ὅποιον εἴθιζον ὅσοι ἤθελαν νὰ τὸ μεταχειρίζωνται· δεν τὸ εἴθιζον ὅμως πάντοτε ἀλλὰ ποτὲ κατ' ἀνάγκην καὶ κρυφίως, διὰ νὰ μὴ μάθωσιν οἱ ἰατροὶ τὸ μυστικόν. Τὸ λακωνικὸν αὐτὸ ὠνομάζετο Παλαιόθερμον, καὶ ὅσοι τὸ μεταχειρίζοντο, ἐγίνοντο ὑγιέστεροι, καὶ εὐσθενέστεροι· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ διὰ νὰ ἑτοιμασθῇ καὶ νὰ θερμανθῇ τὸ βαλανεῖον μεταχειρίζετο χαλκεία, πῦρ, καὶ ξύλα, ἔλαβον ἐμπρόσθεν ἀφορμὴν οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ ποιήσωσιν ἐνέργειαν εἰς τὰ σώματα κατὰ τὴν ὁποίαν διάθεσιν ἀμελόκαυσι εἰς αὐτά.

Ἄλλοι ἄλλως διαλαμβάνουσι περὶ τῆς ἀναπτύξεως τοῦτης τῶ γε- ρόντων, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια τοὺς ἀνανέωσε μὲ χόρτα ἠδὲ μὲ πῦρ, ἐπειδὴ μὲ τὰς τέχνας της ἔσυρεν εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά της τὸν γέρον- τα εἰς τόσον, ὥστε ἐγένοντο μωρὸς, καὶ ἄφρων, ὥσπερ οἱ ἔρωτες νέοι. Ἐν ἀληθείᾳ, τί δὲν κάμνει ὁ ἔρως τῶν γυναικῶν; Τάχα δὲν εἶναι σὺ ἀπὸ τὰ πολλὰ θαύματα τὸ τὸ ἀνανεώσεως τῶ γερόν- των; Ἄλλοι πάλιν ἄλλως ἐξηγοῦσι τὴν ἀνανέωσιν τῶν τροφῶν τοῦ Βάκχου, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἐφεῦρε τὴν τέχνην τοῦ κλαδεύειν, καὶ παραφυτεύειν τὰ κλήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα διανέεται τις νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τροφὰς τοῦ Βάκχου· ἢ ἐπειδὴ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον ἀνακαινίζονται, ἢ ὑγιαίνονται, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἀνανέωσεν τοὺς τρό- φους τοῦ Διονύσου.

Ἀλλ' ἴσως μὲ ἐρώτησῃ τις διὰ τί ὁ Ἰάσων ἐπῆρε μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ τὴν Μήδειαν, καὶ τί ἔργον ἔστι μὲ τὸν Αἰσων, ὅπου οὐ δὲν ὡμίλησα εἰς τὸν ἄλλον Μῦθον. Εὐκολον εἶναι νὰ ἀποκριθῶμεν ὅτι τὸ ἔργον τοῦ Ἰάσονος δὲν εἶναι παράξενον, ἐπειδὴ βλέπομεν καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ὅτι ὁ ἔρως ἀπατᾶ τὰ κοράσια, διαχάζων αὐτὰ νὰ ἀφήσουν τοὺς γονεῖς των, καὶ τὰ πλούτη τῆς οἴκου των, ἀναγνωρίζοντα εἰς γῆν ξένην, καὶ τὴν τύχην των. Ἀλλ' ἂς ζητήσωμεν ἄλλην ἀπόκρισιν πρὸς ἔχομεν εἰς ὄψιν, τὸ διαφέρον εἰς κάθε φρόνιμον ἀναγνώστην.

Ὁ Ἰάσων διανοεῖται νὰ σημαίνῃ τὸν ἰατρόν, ἢ τὴν ἰατρικήν, ὡς ὠφέληκαν εἰς τὴν ἐξήγησιν τοῦ ἄλλου Μύθου· φέρει μεθ' ἑαυτῆς τὴν Μήδειαν, ἥτις σημαίνει, ὡς ὠφέληται, τὴν φρόνησιν ἢ διαβουλίαν, ἵνα δῆλον γένῃ ὅτι ὁ ἰατρὸς ὀφείλει νὰ φέρῃ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ τὴν συνέ- σιν, δηλαδὴ ὀφείλει νὰ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας του, καὶ νὰ φυλάξῃ τῆς οἰκείας τύπους ἐκ Δρυὸς, διὰ νὰ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ κάμῃ ποτὲ κακείαν μεγά- λην, ἢ εὔδοξον ἔργον.

Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί ἐμυθολόγησαν ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια, ἡ εἰκονίζουσα τὸ ὡραῖον, τὴν φρόνησιν, σύρει τὴν Σελήνην ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, καὶ μεταβάλλει τὰ ἀέρα; Μὲ τὸ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτο πλάσμα διδάσκουσιν ὅλοι ἁπλῶς οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὅτι ὁ φρόνιμος εἶναι δεσπότης τοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀέρος, δηλαδὴ ἂν τὰ ἀέρα τὸν παρορμῶσιν εἰς φιλοδοξίαν, ἢ εἰς ἔρωτα, ἢ εἰς ὀργήν, ἢ εἰς ἄλλα πάθη, αὐτὸς δύναται νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ μὲ τὸν ὀρθὸν τοῦ λόγον τὴν κακίαν τοῦ ἀέρος του. Διὸ εἶναι ἕνα καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ὡσὰν νὰ μεταθέσῃ τις τὴν Ἀφροδίτην εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ Κρόνου, τὸ νὰ δώσῃ ψυχρότητα μεταξὺ τῆς φλογὸς καὶ ἱερότητος, ἢ νὰ ἱκανοποιήσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν κρᾶσιν του, τὴν παρωξύνουσαν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὴν ἡδονήν.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. Ϛ'. Ζ'. Η'. Θ'. Ι'. ΙΑ'. ΙΒ'. ΙΓ'. ΙΔ'. ΙΕ'. ΙϚ'. ΙΖ'. ΙΗ'. ΙΘ'.

Περιγραφὴ τοῦ δρόμου τῆς Μηδείας, ἡ ὁποία ἔφυγεν εἰς Κόρινθον.

Ὁ Κέραμβος μεταβάλλεται εἰς ὄρνεον, αἱ τῆς Κῶ γυναῖκες μεταβάλλονται εἰς βόες, οἱ Ἰάλυσιοι εἰς σκοπέλους, ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀλκιδάμου εἰς περιστεράν, ὁ Κύκνος εἰς ὄρνεον, ἡ Τέλα εἰς λίμνην, ἡ Κόμβη εἰς ὄρνεον, ὁ Μενέφρων εἰς ἱερεῖον.

Ἀ'' Ἡ Μήδεια δὴ ἔφυγεν αἴθος με τὸ πτερωτὸν ἅμαξιόν της, δὴ ἤθελε μείνῃ ἀτιμώρητον τὸ ἔγκλημά της. Ὑψώθη λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ἐπέρασεν

Book VII · MEDEA AND AEGEUS

MEDEA AND AEGEUS

Iamque aderat Theseus, proles ignara parenti,
405et virtute sua bimarem pacaverat Isthmon.
Huius in exitium miscet Medea quod olim
attulerat secum Scythicis aconiton ab oris.
Illud Echidneae memorant e dentibus ortum
esse canis. Specus est tenebroso caecus hiatu,
410est via declivis, per quam Tirynthius heros
restantem contraque diem radiosque micantes
obliquantem oculos nexis adamante catenis
Cerberon abstraxit; rabida qui concitus ira
implevit pariter ternis latratibus auras
415et sparsit virides spumis albentibus agros.
Has concresse putant nactasque alimenta feracis
fecundique soli vires cepisse nocendi.
Quae quia nascuntur dura vivacia caute,
agrestes aconita vocant. Ea coniugis astu
420ipse parens Aegeus nato porrexit ut hosti.
Sumpserat ignara Theseus data pocula dextra,
cum pater in capulo gladii cognovit eburno
signa sui generis facinusque excussit ab ore.
Effugit illa necem nebulis per carmina motis.
All unknown to him
came Theseus to his kingly court.—Before
the time his valor had established peace
on all the isthmus, raved by dual seas.
Medea, seeking his destruction, brewed
the juice of aconite, infesting shores
of Scythia, where, 'tis fabled, the plant grew
on soil infected by Cerberian teeth.
There is a gloomy entrance to a cave,
that follows a declivitous descent:
there Hercules with chains of adamant
dragged from the dreary edge of Tartarus
that monster-watch-dog, Cerberus, which, vain
opposing, turned his eyes aslant from light—
from dazzling day. Delirious, enraged,
that monster shook the air with triple howls;
and, frothing, sprinkled as it raved, the fields,
once green—with spewing of white poison-foam.
And this, converted into plants, sucked up
a deadly venom with the nourishment
of former soils,—from which productive grew
upon the rock, thus formed, the noxious plant;
by rustics, from that cause, named aconite.
Medea worked on Aegeus to present
his own son, Theseus, with a deadly cup
of aconite; prevailing by her art
so that he deemed his son an enemy.
Theseus unwittingly received the cup,
but just before he touched it to his lips,
his father recognized the sword he wore,
for, graven on its ivory hilt was wrought
Medea attempts Theseus�s life, then vanishes

Now Theseus came to Athens, Aegeus�s son, but as yet unknown to him. He, by his courage, had brought peace to the Isthmus between the two gulfs. Medea, seeking his destruction, prepared a mixture of poisonous aconite, she had brought with her from the coast of Scythia. This poison is said to have dripped from the teeth of Cerberus, the Echidnean dog. There is a dark cavern with a gaping mouth, and a path into the depths, up which Hercules, hero of Tiryns, dragged the dog, tied with steel chains, resisting and twisting its eyes away from the daylight and the shining rays. Cerberus, provoked to a rabid frenzy, filled all the air with his simultaneous three-headed howling, and spattered the green fields with white flecks of foam. These are supposed to have congealed and found food to multiply, gaining harmful strength from the rich soil. Because they are long-lived, springing from the hard rock, the country people call these shoots, of wolf-bane, �soil-less� aconites. Through his wife�s cunning Aegeus, the father, himself offered the poison to his son, as if he were a stranger. Theseus, unwittingly, had taken the cup he was given in his right hand, when his father recognised the emblems of his own house, on the ivory hilt of his son�s sword, and knocked the evil drink away from his mouth. But she escaped death, in a dark mist, raised by her incantations.

ὑπερώωθεν τὰ Πηλίᾶ ὄρη, ἃ τῆς οἰκίας τῶ Χείρωνος, ὑπερώωθεν τῆς Ὄσρυος, ἃ τῆ τόπων ἐκείνων, οἱ οποῖοι ἔγιναν ὀνομαστοὶ διὰ τὸ συμβᾶν τοῦ γέροντος Κεράμβου, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀνυψώθη μὲ πτερὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα διὰ βοηθείας τῶν Νυμφῶν, καθ'ὃν καιρὸν ὅλη ἡ γῆ ἐσκεπάσθη ἀπὸ τὰ ὕδατα τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ. Αὕτη κατέλειπεν ἐπ' ἀριστερᾶς τὴν Πιτάνην πόλιν τῆς Αἰολίδος, ἃ τὴν πέτραν, ἡ ὁποία ἄλλοτε ἦτον δράκων, καὶ διεφύλαττεν ἀκόμη τὴν μορφὴν της. Ἴδε ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας της ἃ τὸ Ἴδαῖον δάσος, ὅθεν ὁ Διόνυσος, διὰ νὰ σκεπάσῃ τὴν πλάνην τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἔκρυψεν ὑπὸ τὸ σχῆμα ἐλάφου τὸν παρ'ἐκείνῳ πλανηθέντα μόσχον. Διέβη καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ὅπου ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Κορύθου ἐπάγη εἰς ὀλίγην ἄμμον, ἃ τοὺ πεδιάδας, ὅθεν ἔφανον ὑλάκτησαν ἡ Μαῖρα μεταμορφωθεῖσα εἰς σκύλαν. Ἴδε ἃ τὴν Πόλιν τοῦ Εὐρυπύλου, ὅπου γυναῖκες τινες μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς δαμάλας, ὅταν ἀνεχώρησαν τὰ ποίμνια τοῦ Ἡρακλέους. Διέβη ἃ ὑπερώωθεν τῆς Ῥόδου, ἥτις εἶναι ἀφιερωμένη εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, καὶ τῆς Ἰαλυσίων Τελχίνων, οἱ τινες ἐμόλυνον τὰ πάντα μὲ μόνην τὴν ὅρασίν των· ἀλλὰ τὸ μῖσος τοῦ Διὸς τοὺς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς πέτρας, καλυπτομένας ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων τῆς Θαλάσσης. Ἐπέρασε ἃ ἀπὸ τὴν παλαιὰν πόλιν τῆς Κέας, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀλκιδάμας ἔμελλε μίαν ἡμέραν νὰ θαυμάσῃ, βλέπων νὰ γεννηθῇ μία περιστερὰ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα τῆς Θυγατρός του. Μετὰ ταῦτα ἴδε τὴν Λίμνην τῆς Κέας, ὅπου ἀκούεται τὸ λάλημα ἑνὸς κύκνου, ὅστις ἔξαφνα ἐγεννήθη, ἀφ' οὗ ὁ Φύλλιος ἔκαμε πόσα παράδοξα ἔργα διὰ προσταγῆς τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς Κέας, τὸν ὁποῖον ἠγάπα περισσότερον

σε λέοντας, ἤτοι κατὰ τῆς ἐκείνου προσταγῆς ἐπήγησε καὶ ὁ ταῦρος· ἀλλὰ βλέπων ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Τελείας τὸν ἐπεπαίζεν, ὀργισθεὶς κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ τοῦ δώσῃ τὸν παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ ζητούμενον ταῦρον· ὅθεν ἀγανακτήσας ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Τελείας, θέλεις μεταπαῦσαι, τῷ εἶπεν, διὰ τί δὲν μὲ ἔδωκες τὸν πλύρον, καὶ αὐθὸς ἐῤῥίμνησθη ἀπὸ ὑψηλῶν πέραν. Καθὼς ἐνόμισε νὰ ἐπέσῃ, ἀλλ᾿ ἔμεινεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα μετέωρος μὲ λευκὰς πτέρυγας, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς κύκνον. Ὡς τοσοῦτον ἡ Τελεία νομίζουσα νὰ ἀπέθανεν ὁ υἱὸς της, αὐτελύθη ὅλη εἰς δάκρυα, καὶ ἐκ τῆς πλήθους τῶν δακρύων τῆς λυπημένης μητρὸς, ἔχυσε λίμνη φέρουσα τὸ ὄνομά της. Ἔπει πλησίον φαίνεται καὶ ἡ Πλουρανὴ πόλις, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν Κόρνη ἡ Συγάτηρ τοῦ Ὀρίου, μεταμορφωθεῖσα εἰς ὄρνεον, ἀπέφυγε τὴν ὀργὴν τῆς πένης της, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤθελον νὰ τὴν Φαγατώσωσι. Ἡ Μήδεια εἶδε προσέτι ἤ τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Νήσου Καλαυρείας, ὅπου ἐσέβετο ἡ Ἄρτεμις, τῆς ὁποίας Νῆσος ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τῆς συζύγου του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνά. Κατέλιπε δεξιόθεν της Κυλλήνιον τὸ ὄρος, ὅπου ὁ ἀθελυκτὸς Μενέφρων ὡς ἄλογον ζῷον ἤθελε νὰ συγγίνῃ μὲ τὴν μητέρα του. Εἶδε μακρόθεν ἤ τὸν Κήρισσον, κλαίοντα τὴν δυστυχίαν του ἐγγόνου του, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς θαλάσσιον τέρας· ἔτι δὲ ἤ τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Εὐμήλου, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐσθρήνει τὴν εἰς πτηνὸν μεταβληθεῖσαν θυγατέρα του.

ΜΥΘΟΣ Κ'. ΚΑ'. ΚΒ'. ΚΓ'. ⊕ ΚΔ'.

Περὶ τῆς Μηδέας, ἥτις κατακαίει τὴν Κρέουσαν, καὶ τοῦ ταύτης πατέρα, καὶ φονεύει τὰ ἴδια τῆς τέκνα. Περὶ τοῦ ἀφροῦ τοῦ Κερβέρου τῆς μεταβ. αὐτοῦ εἰς Φαρμάκι, δι᾽ οὗ ἡ Μήδεα θέλει νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν Θησέα. Περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀνδραγαθημάτων, καὶ τῶν ὀστέων τοῦ Σκείρωνος τῆς μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς σκοπέλους, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἄρνης, εἰς κολοιόν.

Μετὰ τοῦ εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον ἐρχομοῦ της, μαθοῦσα ἡ Μήδεια ὅτι ὁ Ἰάσων ἐνυμφεύθη τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ Κρέοντος, ἐνδικεῖται μὲ φρικτὸν τρόπον· τὸ ἔπειτα ἀπεχώρησεν ὀπίσω τοῦ Αἰγέως, ὁ ὁποῖος τὴν ἔλαμβεν. Τελεῖται δημόσια χαρὰ διὰ τὸν ἐρχομὸν τοῦ Θησέως, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Μήδεα θέλει νὰ φαρμακώσῃ, ἰδιὰ ἐγκωμιάζονται εἰς τὴν πανήγυσιν τὰ λαμπρὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ, ἡ ὄλεθρος ἢ λύσις τῶν κατὰ τὸν Σκείρωνα, τὸν φημισμένον ἐκεῖνον ληστήν, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ ὀστᾶ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς τοὺς σκοπέλους, τοὺς φέροντας τὸ ὄνομά του. Περιγράφεται δὲ ἡ τῆς Ἄρνης ἡ μεταβολὴ εἰς κολοιόν.

Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια περιῆλθεν ἱκανὸν χρόνον τὰς πλατείας νάπας τοῦ ἀέρος, κατέβη πέλος πάντων εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον, ὅπου ᾄδεται ὅτι εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κόσμου, ἐγεννήθησαν ἄνθρωποι ἀπὸ τὰς ὄμβρους μετὰ

χυθας μαθουσα δε οτι ο Ἰάσων, αμνημών οτι αυτη τω ειχε φυλάξη την ζωην, ενυμφευθη την θυγατέρα του Κρέοντος, εθυμώθη κατ ακρον δια την απιστιαν του και δια να ενδικηθη, εβαλε πυρ εις το παλατιον του Κρεοντος, και τον κατεκαυσε μετα της θυγατρος του Κρεουσης. Δια να γινη δε φερικοτερα η ενδικησις της, λησμονησασα οτι ητον μητηρ, εθανατωσεν εκ τα δυο εκ του Ιασονος ιδια της τεκνα· επειτα ανεβη παλιν εις το αμαξιον της, και εφυλαχθη με την φυγην απο τον θυμον του Ιασονος. Επειθεν οι δρακοντες της την ωφερον εις τας Αθηνας, οπου ειδε τον δικαιον Πιτθεα, τον γεροντα Πελιον, και τας εγγονας του Πολυφημονος, τας πρω ολιγης πτερωθεντας, η πετωμενας ως ορνεα. Αιγευς, ο των Αθηνων βασιλευς, οχι μονον την υπερεδεχθη μεγαλοφρονως εις το παλατιον του, αλλα και την ενυμφευθη. Ως ποσον ο Θησευς ο υιος του, ( αν και δεν τον εγνωριζε γνησιον του υιον, ) ηλθε να τον επισκεφθη, αφου εκαθαρισε απο τους ληστας τον Ισθμον, η εισηγαγε την ειρηνην η ασφαλειαν εις την θαλασσαν. Ευθυς η Μηδεια εβουληθη να θανατωση και τουτον, και δια να κατορθωση το απανθρωπον εργον, κατεσκευασεν ευ ποτον με το ακονιτον, το οποιον ειχε φερει απο την Σκυθιαν, οπερ λεγεται να εφυτρωσε το χορτον αυτο απο τον αφρον του Κερβερου. Κειται εις εκεινον τον τοπον ο σωτηριον σπηλαιον, της οποιας ειναι κατακολα δυσβατος η καταβασις, και εκειθεν ο Ηρακλης επηρεν εξω σιδηροδεσμιον τον Κερβερον, η εναντιωνετο με ολας τας δυναμιν, δια να μη ιδη το φως του Ηλιου, και αφου ηναγκασθη να ιδη την ημεραν, εγεμισεν απο υλαγμους τον αερα, η την γην με τον αφρον του, απο τον οποιον ο τοπος

Book VII · THE MYRMIDONS

THE MYRMIDONS

425At genitor, quamquam laetatur sospite nato,
attonitus tamen est ingens discrimine parvo
committi potuisse nefas. Fovet ignibus aras
muneribusque deos implet, feriuntque secures
colla torosa boum vinctorum corpora vittis.
430Nullus Erechthidis fertur celebratior illo
inluxisse dies. Agitant convivia patres
et medium vulgus, nec non et carmina, vino
ingenium faciente, canunt: “Te, maxime Theseu,
mirata est Marathon Cretaei sanguine tauri;
435quodque suis securus arat Cromyona colonus,
munus opusque tuum est. Tellus Epidauria per te
clavigeram vidit Vulcani occumbere prolem,
vidit et inmitem Cephisias ora Procrusten,
Cercyonis letum vidit Cerealis Eleusin.
440Occidit ille Sinis, magnis male viribus usus,
qui poterat curvare trabes et agebat ab alto
ad terram late sparsuras corpora pinus.
Tutus ad Alcathoen, Lelegeia moenia, limes
composito Scirone patet, sparsisque latronis
445terra negat sedem, sedem negat ossibus unda;
quae iactata diu fertur durasse vetustas
in scopulos: scopulis nomen Scironis inhaeret.
Si titulos annosque tuos numerare velimus,
facta premant annos. Pro te, fortissime, vota
450publica suscipimus, Bacchi tibi sumimus haustus.”
Consonat adsensu populi precibusque faventum
regia, nec tota tristis locus ullus in urbe est.
a known device—the token of his race.
Astonished, Aegeus struck the poison-cup
from his devoted son's confiding lips.
Medea suddenly escaped from death,
in a dark whirlwind her witch-singing raised.
Recoiling from such utter wickedness,
rejoicing that his son escaped from death,
the grateful father kindled altar-fires,
and gave rich treasure to the living Gods. —
He slaughtered scores of oxen, decked with flowers
and gilded horns. The sun has never shone
upon a day more famous in that land,
for all the elders and the common folk
united in festivities,—with wine
inspiring wit and song;—“O you,” they sang,
“Immortal Theseus, victory was yours!
Did you not slaughter the huge bull of Crete?
“Yes, you did slay the boar of Cromyon —
where now the peasant unmolested plows;
“And Periphetes, wielder of the club,
was worsted when he struggled with your strength;
“And fierce Procrustes, matched with you
beside the rapid river, met his death;
“And even Cercyon, in Eleusis lost
his wicked life—inferior to your might;
“And Sinis, a monstrosity of strength,
who bent the trunks of trees, and used his might
“Against the world for everything that's wrong.
For evil, he would force down to the earth,
“Pine tops to shoot men's bodies through the air.
Even the road to Megara is safe,
“For you did hurl the robber Scyron,—sheer—
over the cliff. Both land and sea denied
“His bones a resting place—as tossed about
they changed into the cliffs that bear his name.
“How can we tell the number of your deeds,—
deeds glorious, that now exceed your years!
“For you, brave hero, we give public thanks
and prayers; to you we drain our cups of wine!”
And all the palace rings with happy songs,
and with the grateful prayers of all the people.
And sorrow in that city is not known.—
The praise for Theseus

Though the father was overjoyed that his son was unharmed, he was still horrified that so great a crime could have come so close to success. He lit fires on the altars, and heaped gifts for the gods. His axes struck the mountainous necks of oxen, their horns tied with the sacrificial ribbons. They say that was the happiest day that dawned in the city of Erectheus. The statesmen celebrated among the people, and they sang verses, made even more inspired by the wine.

�Great Theseus, admired in Marathon, for the blood of the Cretan bull, your act and gift made Cromyon�s fields safe for the farmers plough. Epidaurus�s land saw you defeat Vulcan�s club-wielding son, and the banks of the River Cephisus saw evil Procrustes brought down. Eleusis, sacred to Ceres the Mother, witnessed Cercyon�s fall: Sinis, you killed, a man of great strength twisted to evil art, who could bend pine-tree trunks to the earth, and tear men�s bodies apart: and Sciron is done for, and safe paths reach Megara�s Lelege�an wall: though the ocean denied his bones a grave, and the land denied the same, till, long-time hurled, they hardened to cliffs, and the cliffs bear Sciron�s name. If we wanted to count your years and your honours, the deeds would exceed the years: to you, the bravest, we empty our wine-cups, and offer our public prayers.�

The palace echoed to the people�s applause and the prayers of friends, and there was no sad place in the whole city.

ἔγλυσε σύφερος ἀπὸ φαρμάκια, ἢ ἀπὸ πᾶσαν εἶδος ἰοβόλων χόρτων, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐπειδὴ φύονσιν εἰς τὰς ἀκόνας, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὀνομάζονται ἀκόνιτα. Ἡ Μήδεια λοιπὸν ἡτοίμασε ποτὸν μὲ αὐτὰ τὰ χόρτα, καὶ εὗρε τρόπον νὰ καταπείσῃ τὸν πατέρα νὰ τὸ προσφέρῃ εἰς τὸν υἱόν του, ὥσαν νὰ ἦτον ἐχθρὸς του. Ἐν ᾧ ὁ Θησεὺς ἐλάμβανε τὸ ποτήριον εἰς χέρας, τὸν ἐγνώρισεν ὁ πατήρ του ἀπὸ τὴν λαβὴν τῆς σπάθης του, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἦσαν ἐγκεχαραγμένα τινὰ σημεῖα τῆς γενεᾶς του, καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦ ἥρπασε τὸ φάρμακον ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα. Τότε ἡ Μήδεια, βλέπουσα ὅτι ἡ συμφορὰ ἤθελε πέσει εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν της, ὑψωθεῖσα ἀνώθεν τῶν νεφελῶν, μὲ τὰς μαγικὰς τέχνας της, πάλιν ἀπέφυγε τὸν Θάνατον, γενομένη ἀφανὴς εἰς τὰ Αἰγέως τὰ ὄμματα.

Ἂν καὶ ὁ Αἰγεὺς ἐνομίζετο τότε κατὰ πάντα εὐτυχὴς πατὴρ διὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἔμεινεν ὅμως ἐκπεπληγμένος διὰ τὸ φοβερὸν συμβεβηκὸς, τὸ ὁποῖον παρ᾿ ὀλίγον ἤθελε τὸν κάμει φονέα τοῦ υἱοῦ του.

Ἀπέδωσε λοιπὸν εἰς Θεοῖς τὰ εὐχαριστήρια, μὲ Θυ- σίας ἢ προσφορὰς, ὥστε δὲν ἦτον ποτὲ εἰς τὰς Ἀθή- νας ἡμέρα πλέον χαρμόσυνος ἀπ᾿ αὐτήν. Ἐποίησε συμπόσια εἰς μικροὺς τε μεγάλους, τε ἐπειδὴ ὁ οἶνος εὐφραίνει τὴν καρδίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἤρχισεν ἕκαστος νὰ ἐξαγωδῇ τοὺς ἐπαίνους τοῦ Θησέως. ˏˏ σύ εἶσαι ἐκεῖ- ˏˏ νος, ἔλεγον, γενναῖστατε Θησεῦ, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐθαύ- ˏˏ μασαν οἱ κάμποι τῆς Μαραθῶνος διὰ τὴν σιδηρᾶν ˏˏ νίκην σε κατὰ τοῦ ἀγρίου ταύρου. Διὰ σοῦ οἱ Κο- ˏˏ ρίνθιοι γεωργοῦσι σήμερον ἐλευθέρως τὰ χωράφια ˏˏ τῆς Κρομμύονος˙ διὰ σὲ

Πρὶν ἀρχίση ὅμως τὸν πόλεμον, ἐνεδυναμώθη ἡ μὲ τὴν συμμαχίαν ὅλων τῶν φίλων του βασιλέων· ὑπῆγε προσωπικῶς διὰ Ἑλλάδος εἰς ὅλους τοὺς τόπους, ὅπου εἶχε συμμάχους· ἡ τὴν μὲν Ἀναφῶν Νῆσον ὑπέταξε μὲ ὑποσχέσεις, τὰ δὲ Ἀστυπάλαια βασίλεια μὲ τὴν δύναμιν. Οὕτως ἤλθον εἰς τὴν συμμαχίαν του τὴν Καρπαθίαν, τὴν Κάσον, τὴν Σκῦρον, καὶ τὴν Σέ- ριφον. Ἔλαβε δὲ βοήθειαν ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν Πάρον τὴν πε- ρίφημον διὰ τὰ μάρμαρά της, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν Κύθνον, τὴν ὁποίαν προέδωκεν ἡ φιλάργυρος Ἄρνη διὰ χρήματα, ἃ ἔλαβε παρὰ Μίνωος, μολονότι ἦτον πατρίς της· ἀλλὰ πρὸς τιμωρίαν της μετεμορφώ- θη εἰς κολοιόν, ὄρνεον ἔχον μέλανας τὰς πόδας, ἢ τὰ πτερὰ, ἢ μέχρι τὰ νῦν φιλόχρυσον.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ Γ΄. ΚΒ'. ΚΓ'. ἃ ΚΔ'. ΜῦΘος.

Ἐπειδὴ ὡμίλησα εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον περὶ τῶν παλαιῶν κατοί- κων τῆς Κρήτης, πρέπει νὰ εἴπω ὀλίγα τινα καὶ δι' αὐτούς.

Δείται ότι οἱ Μυσῆτες, ἵποι τὰ μαχητεία, ἧσαν οἱ Πρόγονοι των, δι'ότι οἱ κατοικήσαντες πρῶτοι αὐτὴν τὴν Νῆσον ἧσαν ἄνθρωποι ἀγνεῖς, οἱ δὲ πτωχοὶ, καὶ οἱ μωροὶ ὀνομάζοντο ὡς ἐν παροιμία Μυσῆτες.

Ὁ χρησμὸς τοῦ Ἰάσονος ἢ τῆς Μηδείας, ἢ αἱ σκληρότητες αὐ- της κατὰ τῆς τέκνων της, ἢ τῶν λοιπῶν, ἀποδείχνουσιν ὅτι ὅσαι συν- οικεσίαι γίνονται παρὰ γνώμην τῶν Γονέων, καὶ παρὰ νόμον, εἶναι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον δυστυχισμέναι· ἐπειδὴ ὅταν σβύσωσιν αἱ πρῶται φλόγες τοῦ ἔρωτος, ἢ ὁ λόγος αὐξεῖ τὰ ὁρμητία μας, τότε γνωρί- ζομεν τὸ σφάλμα μας, καὶ ὁ ἔρως μετατρέπεται εἰς μῖσος, πηγὴν συμφορῶν, ἢ δυστυχίας των.

Δὲν ἐδύνατο ἡ Μηδεία νὰ φανῇ καλὴ μητέρα, ὅσα καλὴ μήτηρ ἤσθεν.

ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ

χωρὶς νὰ φείδωνται τοῦ ἀδύσου των, δὲ σπλαγ- χνίζεται ποτὲ οὔτε τὴς ἄλλης ἢ ὅτι εἶναι σκληρὸ εὐμενὴς μήποτε τὸ μικρὸν νὰ μισθῇ τὰ τέκνα τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἢ νὰ τὰ ἐγκληρώ- ση παντοτε.

Ὅπως καὶ ἂν ἦν τὸ περὶ τούτα, μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἀφ' ἧς ἔδειξεν ἡ Μήδεια τόσον εἶδος ἀπανθρώπικον, ἢ ἐκατέργησε τὴν τιμωρίαν ἢ σφαγὴν τῶν τέκνων της, ἐμισήθη ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ ἔπεσε μετὰ ταῦτα εἰς μεγάλα δυστυχήματα. Μανθάνομεν ἀπὸ τὸ παράδειγμά της ὅτι οἱ κακοῦργοι δὲν εὐτυχοῦσι ποτὲ πολὺν καιρὸν, ἢ ὅτι αἱ δυστυχίαι καὶ συμφοραὶ συνοδεύουσι πάντοτε τὴν διεφθαρμένην πολιτείαν· καὶ μόνη ἡ ἀρετὴ γεννᾷ μόνιμον εὐτυχίαν.

Περὶ δὲ τῷ ἀφρῷ τῦ Κερβέρου, τὸ μεταβληθέντος εἷς φαρμακόν, ἴστορεῖ παρεν ὅτι ὁ Κέρβερος εἰκονίζει τὸν χάον, καὶ κατὰ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην συνέβη εἶναι νὰ κατακάβῃ τὰς φρένας ὅτι διὰ τοῦ ἀφροῦ τοῦ Κερβέρου ἐνοσήθη ὁ ἄπορος τοῦ ἐκ τῆς γῆς φαρμακίων, ἢ ἰοθέλων χρότων.

Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Θησεὺς ὡς Ὀρφεύς, ὅτι Ἑλλὰς ἀνήρχετο ἀπὸ Λησαὶ Ἁδρωπίτης ἐκ Κρήτης διέπαρε τὸν Ὑποχθόνιον δόμον καὶ ἀσήλατε τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Μαραθῶνος· πλησίον δὲ τῆς Κρεοῦσας γυνή τις ὀνόματι Φάα, τὴν ὁποίαν τὸ πλῆθος ὠνόμαζε Σύα ἢ τοι Σκρόφαν, διὰ ἀντίας τὰ αἰσχρὰ ἔργα τῆς, ἐστρόξευσε μεγάλον βλάβην· Ὥσαν ἢ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ ἀκέστοι εἰς ἀποσώμους τόπους, ὡσὰν ὁ Πρωτάρας, ὁ Προμηθεὺς, ὁ Κερκύων, ἢ ὁ Σίνις, τοὺς ὁποίους ὁ Θησεὺς κατέστρεψε ὅλους, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἐκάθαρε τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ τὸ ποιῆτες ἢ τῦρας τὰ ἀνθρώπινα γένεα, ἠξίωσε μεγάλον ἐπαίνον, ἢ ἀξίαν ἀθανασίαν.

Ὁ Σκειρὼν ἦτον ἢ αὐτὸς φημισμένος κλέπτης, πλησίον τῶν Ἀθηνῶν,

ἀλείπον μᾶς διέδειξεν ὅτι ἡ φιλαργυρία εἶναι πάθος τριχυστρόφως κρατοῦν τὴν ψυχήν, ὥστε ἀφ' ἧς τὴν ὑποτάξη μία φορά, ἀδύνατον εἶναι πλέον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ, καὶ ὥστε αὐτὸς ὁ θάνατος δὲν δύναται νὰ τὴν ἀπαλλάξῃ ὑπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν ὀλέθριον τύραννον. Τοῦτο μᾶς παραστήνει ἢ ὁ κολιός, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Ἄρνη μετεμορφώθη, καὶ ἔμεινεν ἐξ αὐτῆς, ἀφ' οὗ ἐκείνη ἀπέθανεν.

Nec tamen (usque adeo nulla est sincera voluptas,
sollicitumque aliquid laetis intervenit) Aegeus
455gaudia percepit nato secura recepto.
Bella parat Minos. Qui quamquam milite, quamquam
classe valet, patria tamen est firmissimus ira
Androgeique necem iustis ulciscitur armis.
Ante tamen bello vires adquirit amicas,
460quaque potens habitus, volucri freta classe pererrat.
Hinc Anaphen sibi iungit et Astypaleia regna,
promissis Anaphen, regna Astypaleia bello;
hinc humilem Myconum cretosaque rura Cimoli
florentemque thymo Cythnum parvamque Seriphon
465marmoreamque Paron, quaque impia prodidit Arnen
Sithonis (accepto, quod avara poposcerat, auro
mutata est in avem, quae nunc quoque diligit aurum,
nigra pedes, nigris velata monedula pennis).
At non Oliaros Didymaeque et Tenos et Andros
470et Gyaros nitidaeque ferax Peparethos olivae
Gnosiacas iuvere rates. Latere inde sinistro
Oenopiam Minos petit, Aeacideia regna:
Oenopiam veteres appellavere, sed ipse
Aeacus Aeginam genetricis nomine dixit.
475Turba ruit tantaeque virum cognoscere famae
expetit. Occurrunt illi Telamonque, minorque
quam Telamon Peleus, et proles tertia Phocus.
Ipse quoque egreditur tardus gravitate senili
Aeacus, et quae sit veniendi causa requirit.
480Admonitus patrii luctus suspirat et illi
dicta refert rector populorum talia centum:
“Arma iuves oro pro gnato sumpta piaeque
pars sis militiae; tumulo solacia posco.”
Huic Asopiades “petis inrita” dixit “et urbi
485non facienda meae: neque enim coniunctior ulla
Cecropidis hac est tellus: ea foedera nobis.”
Tristis abit “stabunt” que “tibi tua foedera magno”
dixit et utilius bellum putat esse minari
quam gerere atque suas ibi praeconsumere vires.
490Classis ab Oenopiis etiamnum Lyctia muris
spectari poterat, cum pleno concita velo
Attica puppis adest in portusque intrat amicos,
quae Cephalum patriaeque simul mandata ferebat.
Aeacidae longo iuvenes post tempore visum
495agnovere tamen Cephalum dextrasque dedere
inque patris duxere domum. Spectabilis heros
et veteris retinens etiamnum pignera formae
ingreditur ramumque tenens popularis olivae
a dextra laevaque duos aetate minores
500maior habet, Clyton et Buten, Pallante creatos.
But pleasure always is alloyed with grief,
and sorrow mingles in the joyous hour.
While the king Aegeus and his son rejoiced,
Minos prepared for war. He was invincible
in men and ships—and stronger in his rage
to wreak due vengeance on the king who slew
his son Androgeus. But first he sought
some friends to aid his warfare; and he scoured
the sea with a swift fleet—which was his strength.
Anaphe and Astypalaea, both
agreed to join his cause—the first one moved
by promises, the second by his threats.
Level Myconus and the chalky fields
of Cimolus agreed to aid, and Syros
covered with wild thyme, level Seriphos,
Paros of marble cliffs, and that place which
Arne the impious Siphnian had betrayed,
who having got the gold which in her greed
she had demanded, was changed to a bird
which ever since that day imagines gold
its chief delight—a black-foot black-winged daw.
But Oliarus, Didymae, and Tenos,
Gyaros, Andros, and Peparethos
rich in its glossy olives, gave no aid
to the strong Cretan fleet. Sailing from them
Minos went to Oenopia, known realm
of the Aeacidae.—Men of old time
had called the place Oenopia; but Aeacus
styled it Aegina from his mother's name.
At his approach an eager rabble rushed
resolved to see and know so great a man.
Telamon met him, and his brother,
younger than Telamon, and Phocus who
was third in age. Even Aeacus appeared,
slow with the weight of years, and asked him what
could be a reason for his coming there.
The ruler of a hundred cities, sighed,
as he beheld the sons of Aeacus,
for they reminded him of his lost son;—
and heavy with his sorrow, he replied:
“I come imploring you to take up arms,
and aid me in the war against my foes;
for I must give that comfort to the shade
of my misfortuned son—whose blood they shed.”
But Aeacus replied to Minos, “Nay,
it is a vain request you make, for we
are bound in strict alliance to the land
and people of Cecropia.”
Full of rage,
because he was denied, the king of Crete,
Minos, as he departed from their shores
replied, “Let such a treaty be your bane.”
And he departed with his crafty threat,
believing it expedient not to waste
his power in wars until the proper time.
Before the ships of Crete had disappeared,
before the mist and blue of waves concealed
their fading outlines from the anxious throng
which gathered on Oenopian shores, a ship
of Athens covered with wide sails appeared,
and anchored safely by their friendly shore;
and, presently, the mighty Cephalus,
well known through all that nation for his deeds,
addressed them as he landed, and declared
the good will of his people. Him the sons
of Aeacus remembered well, although
they had not seen him for some untold years.
They led him to their father's welcome home;
and with him, also, his two comrades went,
Clytus and Butes.
Center of all eyes,
the hero still retained his charm,
the customary greetings were exchanged,
Minos threatens war

Nevertheless Aegeus�s pleasure in receiving his son was not carefree (indeed, joy is never complete, and some trouble always comes to spoil our delight). Minos, of Crete, was preparing for war. Powerful in men and ships, his anger as a father was more powerful still, and by right of arms he was seeking to avenge the death of Androgeos, his son. But first he acquired allies for his war, crossing the sea in the swift fleet that was his strength. The island of Anaphe joined with him, and that of Astypalaea (Anaphe by promises, Astypalaea by Cretan supremacy in war); low-lying Myconos, and chalky-soiled Cimolos; Syros flowering with thyme, flat Seriphos, marble-cliffed Paros, and Siphnos, betrayed to him by that disloyal princess, Arne, whom, when she had taken the gold her greed demanded, the gods changed into a bird, the black-footed, black-winged jackdaw, that still delights in gold.

But Oliaros gave no aid to the Cretan ships; nor Didyme, Tenos, Andros, Gyaros; nor Peparethos rich in bright olives. Sailing northwest Minos sought Oenopia, the kingdom of the Aeacidae. They called it Oenopia in ancient times, but Aeacus himself named it Aegina after his mother. The crowd rushed down, to meet Minos, wanting to see so famous a man. Telamon went to him, and Peleus, junior to Telamon, and Phocus, the third child, their half-brother. Aeacus himself came, also, slow with the burden of years, and asked the cause of his visit. The ruler of a hundred cities sighed, reminded of his grief for his son, and replied �I beg your aid in a war, waged for my son�s sake; to be part of a just fight: I ask the comfort of marking out his tomb.� The grandson of Asopus said �You ask in vain what my city cannot give. No city is more closely linked to Athens, city of Cecrops, than this; we and they are bound by treaty.�

Minos turned away, sadly, saying �Your treaty will cost you dear�, since he thought it more useful to threaten war than to fight, and consume his strength too soon. The Cretan fleet could still be seen from Aegina�s walls, when a ship from Athens arrived, under full sail, and entered the allied port, bearing Cephalus, and likewise greetings from his country. Though they had not seen him for a long time, the sons of Aeacus still knew him, and clasped his right hand, and led him to their father�s house. The hero went forward, observed on all sides, even now retaining traces of his former beauty, carrying a branch of his country�s olive. And to right and left, he, the elder, had two younger men, Clytos and Butes, the sons of Pallas.

Αλλος λέγουσιν ότι μετεβλήθη εις όρνεον, επειδή, αφ' ού εφαιρέθη ή χρυσοδία της, έφυγε με τόσον ταχύτητα υπο την πατρίδα της, ώστε οι πτεροί δεν πέτα τόσον ογλί γιώρα ότι μετεμορφώθη εις κολοιόν, επειδή μετα την φυγήν της δεν έπαυσε να αγαπά το χρήμα της αντηθείσι ότι ή φιλαργυρία, ή υποσκομένη παίδης τα κτήματα εις τον όρνιθον, δεν την αφίνει ώστε μετα των επιφράσεων της τιμωρείας της δημώδης πίστεως κ της δεν κτησφαλλη του Μυθέιττα ότι η "Άρνη αφοδίασκε την πατρίδα της επειδή λάργυρος δύναται να φράξη παν έγκλημα, όσον και αν είναι δεινότατον.

Δεν είναι δε πανσα μεγαλήτερον υπο το να γήτη τις προδόσης της πατρίδας της.

Δέται ότι εις την Κρήτην δεν φαίνονται ποσε κολοίοι, και αν φέρη τις εκεί τας υπ' αυτά πά ψυλία, τιθος υποθήγασκον, ώσαν να υποδήχνετο εκ τετής ότι ή Άρνη μετα την αποδοσίας της δεν ήθέλησε να καταφύγη έας εις αυτον την πόλιν του Μίνωος, εις βηθείεν τε οποίος παρέδωκε την πατρίδα της, επειδή οι κακέργοι και αποδοτι είναι μισητοί ως δ εις εκείνους, τας οποίας αυτοί ωφέλησαν.

Περί τής Μυρμήκων ή εις ανθρώπους μεταμορφώσεων τών.

Αϊακες, ό τής Διός μ ής Αίγίνης υός, διηγείται ώ Κέφαλω, ότι αφ' ής ή πόλις τα έρημώδη ύπο θανέρον λειμόν, οι Μυρμήκες μετεμορφώδησαν εις ανθρώπους, κ δία τούτο έκλήδησαν Μυρμίδονες.

Ἀλλὰ Ὠλιαρὸς, ἡ Διδύμη, ἡ Τῆνος, ἡ Ἄνδρος, ἡ Γύαρος, κι ὁ ἐλασσόβαρος Πετάρηθος, δὲν ἠ- θέλησαν νὰ βοηθήσωσι τὸν Μίνωα· ὥστε ἀφήνων ἀ- πὸ τὸ ἀριστερὸν μέρος πάσας Νήσους αὐτὰς, ὑπῆγε πρὸς τὰς Οἰνοπίαν, ὅπου ἐβασίλευε ποτὲ ὁ Αἴακος, ὁ με- τονομάσας αὐτὴν Αἴγιναν, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς του, ἐπειδὴ προτέρον ἐκαλεῖτο Οἰνοπία, ἢ Οἰνώνη. Συνέδραμεν εἰς τὸν ἐρχομόν του ὅλον τὸ πλῆθος, πο- θοῦντες ὅλοι νὰ ἰδῶσιν αὐτὸν τὸν βασιλέα, τοῦ ὁποίου ἡ φήμη ἦτον τόσον περιβόητος. Οἱ θεῖοι υἱοὶ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ, ὁ Τελαμών, ὁ Πηλεύς, κι ὁ Φῶκος ὑπῆγαν κι αὐτοὶ ν᾽ἀπαντάνησωσιν. Ἐμπίστω δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς, βρα- δέως ὅμως κι μὲ γερατικὴν σεμνότητα, κι τὸν ἠρώτησεν ὁποῖον ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς του. Αὕτη ἡ ἐρώτησις, ὡς ἀνακαινίσασα τὴν λύπην τοῦ Μίνωος, τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ ἀναστενάξῃ, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτω πρὸς τὸν Αἴακόν· « ἔλαβον τὰ ὅπλα διὰ νὰ ἐνδικήσω τὸν θάνατον τοῦ « υἱοῦ μου· δέομαί σου νὰ βοηθήσῃς μὲ τὰ ὅπλα με μὲ τὰς « δυνάμεις σου, κι νὰ γίνῃς συμμέτοχος τῆς λύπης μου, « κι τὰ δίκαια τοῦτα πολέμου· ἐγὼ μὲν παρηγοριὰν ζη- « τῶ τοῦ ἀξιοδακρύτου θανάτου, σὺ δὲ λαμβάνων τὰ ὅ- « πλα εἰς βοήθειάν μου, δίκαιον ἔργον θέλεις πράξει. « Ἀδύνατα ζητεῖς, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Αἴακος, καὶ δὲν « δύναται ὁ λαός μου νὰ κάμῃ τὸ θέλημά σου, διὰ τὴν « παλαιὰν φιλίαν, τὴν ἡμεῖς πάντοτε διατηροῦμεν μὲ « τοὺς Ἀθηναίους». Αὕτη ἡ ἀπόκρισις ἐσύγχησε τὸν Μίνωα, ὥστε ἀναχωρῶν λυπημένος, εἶπε πρὸς τὸν

Αἴαντον ὅτι ἡ μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηναίων συμμαχία του ἤθελε τὸν ζημιώσει κατὰ πολλά, νομίζων ὠφελιμώτερον νὰ φοβεῖται μόνον τὸν Αἴαντα, παρὰ πολεμῶντας τὸν νὰ ἀποκαταναλώσῃ κατ᾽ αὐτὸ πάσας δυνάμεις του. (α)

Μόλις ἀνεχώρησεν ὁ Μίνως ἀπὸ τῆς Οἰνοπίας, ἐφάνη μακρόθεν εἰς πλοῖον ἀπὸ τὰς Ἀθήνας, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐνέβαινεν αὖθις εἰς τὸν λιμένα. Ὁ Κέφαλος ἦτον εἰς αὐτό, ἀπεσταλμένος ἀπὸ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους πρὸς τὸν Αἴαντα, διὰ νὰ τοῦ ζητήσῃ βοήθειαν κατὰ τοῦ Μίνωος. Οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ ἐπεισπάτουν κατὰ τύχην εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν, ὅταν ἔφθασεν ὁ Κέφαλος, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν τὸν εἶχον ἰδεῖ ἀπὸ πολλοῦ, ὅμως τὸν ἐγνώρισαν, καὶ ἀσπασάμενοι αὐτόν, τὸν ὡδήγησαν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Αἰακοῦ. Οὕτως οὖν ὁ Κέφαλος, ὅστις ἐφύλαττέ τι ἀκόμη σημεῖα τινὰ τῆς παλαιᾶς τοῦ νεότητός του, βαστῶν εἰς τὴν χείρα του ῥάβδον ἐλαίας, ἐνέβαινεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν μέσῳ τῶν δύω υἱῶν του Πελέως, τοῦ Κλύτου δηλαδὴ καὶ τοῦ Βούτου, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐλάλησαν πρῶτοι, ὅταν ἐπαρουσιάσθησαν εἰς τὸν Βασιλέα. Ἔπειτα ἐφανέρωσεν ὁ Κέφαλος τὰς παραγγελίας του, ζητῶν τὴν βοήθειαν μὲ εὐγλωττίαν καὶ ἀφράδειαν μεγαλοπρεπῆ· προβάλλων δὲ καὶ τὰς τῶν προγόνων των παλαιὰς συμμαχίας, διὰ νὰ τὸν κατὰπείσῃ περισσότερον, προσέθεσεν εἰς τὸ πέρας τοῦ λόγου ὅτι ὁ Μίνως δὲν

Postquam congressus primi sua verba tulerunt,
Cecropidae Cephalus peragit mandata rogatque
auxilium foedusque refert et iura parentum
imperiumque peti totius Achaidos addit.
505Sic ubi mandatam iuvit facundia causam,
Aeacus, in capulo sceptri nitente sinistra,
“ne petite auxilium, sed sumite”, dixit “Athenae;
nec dubie vires, quas haec habet insula, vestras
ducite; et omnia habet (rerum status iste mearum).
510Robora non desunt, superat mihi miles et hosti:
gratia dis, felix et inexcusabile tempus.”
“Immo ita sit,” Cephalus, ”crescat tua civibus opto
urbs!” ait. “Adveniens equidem modo gaudia cepi,
cum tam pulchra mihi, tam par aetate iuventus
515obvia processit. Multos tamen inde requiro,
quos quondam vidi vestra prius urbe receptus.”
Aeacus ingemuit tristique ita voce locutus:
”Flebile principium melior fortuna secuta est.
Hanc utinam possem vobis memorare sine illo!
520Ordine nunc repetam. Neu longa ambage morer vos:
ossa cinisque iacent, memori quos mente requiris.
Et quota pars illi rerum periere mearum!
Dira lues ira populis Iunonis iniquae
incidit exosae dictas a paelice terras.
525Dum visum mortale malum tantaeque latebat
causa nocens cladis, pugnatum est arte medendi:
exitium superabat opem, quae victa iacebat.
Principio caelum spissa caligine terras
pressit et ignavos inclusit nubibus aestus;
530dumque quater iunctis explevit cornibus orbem
luna, quater plenum tenuata retexuit orbem,
letiferis calidi spirarunt aestibus austri.
Constat et in fontes vitium venisse lacusque,
miliaque incultos serpentum multa per agros
535errasse atque suis fluvios temerasse venenis.
Strage canum primo volucrumque oviumque boumque,
inque feris subiti deprensa potentia morbi.
Concidere infelix validos miratur arator
inter opus tauros medioque recumbere sulco;
540lanigeris gregibus balatus dantibus aegros
sponte sua lanaeque cadunt et corpora tabent.
Acer equus quondam magnaeque in pulvere famae
degenerat palmas veterumque oblitus honorum
ad praesepe gemit leto moriturus inerti.
545Non aper irasci meminit, non fidere cursu
cerva, nec armentis incurrere fortibus ursi.
Omnia languor habet; silvisque agrisque viisque
corpora foeda iacent, vitiantur odoribus aurae.
Mira loquar: non illa canes avidaeque volucres,
550non cani tetigere lupi; dilapsa liquescunt
adflatuque nocent et agunt contagia late.
Pervenit ad miseros damno graviore colonos
pestis et in magnae dominatur moenibus urbis.
Viscera torrentur primo, flammaeque latentis
555indicium rubor est et ductus anhelitus ingens.
Aspera lingua tumet, tepidisque arentia ventis
ora patent, auraeque graves captantur hiatu.
Non stratum, non ulla pati velamina possunt,
dura sed in terra ponunt praecordia; nec fit
560corpus humo gelidum, sed humus de corpore fervet.
Nec moderator adest, inque ipsos saeva medentes
erumpit clades, obsuntque auctoribus artes:
quo propior quisque est servitque fidelius aegro,
in partem leti citius venit. Utque salutis
565spes abiit finemque vident in funere morbi,
indulgent animis et nulla, quid utile, cura est:
utile enim nihil est. Passim positoque pudore
fontibus et fluviis puteisque capacibus haerent,
nec sitis est exstincta prius quam vita bibendo.
570Inde graves multi nequeunt consurgere et ipsis
inmoriuntur aquis: aliquis tamen haurit et illas.
Tantaque sunt miseris invisi taedia lecti:
prosiliunt, aut si prohibent consistere vires,
corpora devolvunt in humum: fugiuntque penates
575quisque suos, sua cuique domus funesta videtur,
et quia causa latet, locus est in crimine parvus
Semianimes errare viis, dum stare valebant,
adspiceres, flentes alios terraque iacentes
lassaque versantes supremo lumina motu:
580membraque pendentis tendunt ad sidera caeli,
hic illic, ubi mors deprenderat, exhalantes.
Quid mihi tunc animi fuit? an quod debuit esse,
ut vitam odissem et cuperem pars esse meorum?
Quo se cumque acies oculorum flexerat, illic
585vulgus erat stratum, veluti cum putria motis
poma cadunt ramis agitataque ilice glandes.
Templa vides contra gradibus sublimia longis:
Iuppiter illa tenet. Quis non altaribus illis
inrita tura dedit? Quotiens pro coniuge coniunx,
590pro gnato genitor dum verba precantia dicit,
non exoratis animam finivit in aris,
inque manu turis pars inconsumpta reperta est!
Admoti quotiens templis, dum vota sacerdos
concipit et fundit purum inter cornua vinum,
595haud exspectato ceciderunt vulnere tauri!
Ipse ego sacra Iovi pro me patriaque tribusque
cum facerem natis, mugitus victima diros
edidit et subito conlapsa sine ictibus ullis
exiguo tinxit subiectos sanguine cultros.
600Exta quoque aegra notas veri monitusque deorum
perdiderant: tristes penetrant ad viscera morbi.
Ante sacros vidi proiecta cadavera postes,
ante ipsas, quo mors foret invidiosior, aras.
Pars animam laqueo claudunt mortisque timorem
605morte fugant ultroque vocant venientia fata.
Corpora missa neci nullis de more feruntur
funeribus: neque enim capiebant funera portae.
Aut inhumata premunt terras aut dantur in altos
indotata rogos. Et iam reverentia nulla est,
610deque rogis pugnant alienisque ignibus ardent.
Qui lacriment, desunt; indefletaeque vagantur
matrumque nuruumque animae iuvenumque senumque:
nec locus in tumulos, nec sufficit arbor in ignes.
the graceful hero, bearing in his hands
a branch of olive from his native soil,
delivered the Athenian message, which
requested aid and offered for their thought
the treaty and the ancestral league between
their nations. And he added, Minos sought
not only conquest of the Athenian state
but sovereignty of all the states of Greece.
And when this eloquence had shown his cause;
with left hand on his gleaming sceptre's hilt,
King Aeacus exclaimed: “Ask not our aid,
but take it, Athens; and count boldly yours
all of the force this island holds, and all
things which the state of my affairs supplies.
My strength for this war is not light, and I
have many soldiers for myself and for
my enemy. Thanks to the Gods! the times
are happy, giving no excuse for my
refusal.” “May it prove so,” Cephalus
replied, “and may your city multiply
in men: just now as I was landing, I
rejoiced to meet youths, fair and matched in age.
And yet I miss among them many whom
I saw before when last I visited
your city.” Aeacus then groaned and with
sad voice replied: “With weeping we began,
but better fortune followed. Would that I
could tell the last of it, and not the first!
Giving my heart command that simple words
and briefly spoken may not long detain.
Those happy youths who waited at your need,
who smiled upon you and for whom you ask,
because their absence grieves your noble mind,
they've perished! and their bleaching bones
or scattered ashes, only may remain,
sad remnants, impotent, of vanished power,
so recently my hope and my resource.
“Because this island bears a rival's name,
a deadly pestilence was visited
on my confiding people, through the rage
of jealous Juno flaming for revenge.
This great calamity at first appeared
a natural disease—but soon its power
baffled our utmost efforts. Medicines
availing not, a reign of terror swept
from shore to shore and fearful havoc raged.
“Thick darkness, gathered from descending skies,
enveloped our devoted land with heat
and languid sickness, for the space of full
four moons.—Four times the Moon increased her size.
Hot south winds blew with pestilential breath
upon us. At the same time the diseased
infection reached our needed springs and pools,
thousands of serpents crawling over our
deserted fields, defiled our rivers with
their poison. The swift power of the disease
at first was limited to death of dogs
and birds and cattle, or among wild beasts.
The luckless plowman marvels when he sees
his strong bulls fall while at their task
and sink down in the furrow. Woolly flocks
bleat feebly while their wool falls off without
a cause, and while their bodies pine away.
The prized horse of high courage, and of great
renown when on the race-course, has now lost
victorious spirit, and forgetting his
remembered glory groans in his shut stall,
doomed for inglorious death. The boar forgets
to rage, the stag to trust his speed; and even
the famished bear to fight the stronger herd.
“Death seizes on the vitals of all life;
and in the woods, and in the fields and roads
the loathsome bodies of the dead corrupt
the heavy-hanging air. Even the dogs,
the vultures and the wolves refuse to touch
the putrid flesh, there in the sultry sun
rotting upon the earth; emitting steams,
and exhalations, with a baneful sweep
increasing the dread contagion's wide extent.
So spreading, with renewed destruction gained
from its own poison, the fierce pestilence
appeared to leap from moulding carcases
of all the brute creation, till it struck
the wretched tillers of the soil, and then
extended its dominion over all
this mighty city.
“Always it began
as if the patient's bowels were scorched with flames;
red blotches on the body next appeared,
and sharp pains in the lungs prevented breath.
The swollen tongue would presently loll out,
rough and discolored from the gaping mouth,
wide-gasping to inhale the noxious air—
and show red throbbing veins. The softest bed.
And richest covering gave to none relief;
but rather, the diseased would bare himself
to cool his burning breast upon the ground,
only to heat the earth—and no relief
returned. And no physician could be found;
for those who ministered among the sick
were first to suffer from the dread disease—
the cruel malady broke out upon
the very ones who offered remedies.
The hallowed art of medicine became
a deadly snare to those who knew it best.
“The only safety was in flight; and those
who were the nearest to the stricken ones,
and who most faithfully observed their wants,
were always first to suffer as their wards.
“And many, certain of approaching death,
indulged their wicked passions—recklessly
abandoned and without the sense of shame,
promiscuously huddled by the wells,
and rivers and cool fountains; but their thirst
no water could assuage, and death alone
was able to extinguish their desire.
Too weak to rise, they die in water they
pollute, while others drink its death.
“A madness seizing on them made their beds
become most irksome to their tortured nerves.
Demented they could not endure the pain,
and leaped insanely forth. Or if too weak,
the wretches rolled their bodies on the ground,
insistent to escape from hated homes—
imagined sources of calamity;
for, since the cause was hidden and unknown,
the horrible locality was blamed.
Suspicion seizes on each frail presence
as proof of what can never be resolved.
“And many half-dead wretches staggered out
on sultry roads as long as they could stand;
and others weeping, stretched out on the ground,
died in convulsions, as their rolling eyes
gazed upwards at the overhanging clouds;
under the sad stars they breathed out their souls.
“And oh, the deep despair that seized on me,
the sovereign of that wretched people! I
was tortured with a passionate desire
to die the same death—And I hated life.
“No matter where my shrinking eyes were turned,
I saw a multitude of gruesome forms
in ghastly attitudes bestrew the ground,
scattered as rotten apples that have dropped
from moving branches, or as acorns thick
around a gnarled oak.
“Lift up your eyes!
Behold that holy temple! unto Jove
long dedicated!—What availed the prayers
of frightened multitudes, or incense burned
on those devoted altars?—In the midst
of his most fervent supplications,
the husband as he pled for his dear wife,
or the fond father for his stricken son,
would suddenly, before a word prevailed,
die clutching at the altars of his Gods,
while holding in his stiffened hand, a spray
of frankincense still waiting for the fire.
How often sacrificial bulls have been
brought to those temples, and while white-robed priest
was pouring offered wine between their horns,
have fallen without waiting for the stroke.
“While I prepared a sacrifice to Jove,
for my behalf, my country and three sons,
the victim, ever moaning dismal sounds,
before a blow was struck, fell suddenly
beside the altar; and his scanty blood
ran thinly from the knives that slaughtered him.
His entrails, wanting all the marks of truth
were so diseased, the warnings of the Gods
could not be read—the baneful malady
had penetrated to the heart of life.
“And I have seen the carcases of men
lie rotting at the sacred temple gates,
or by the very altars, where they fell,
making death odious to the living Gods.
And often I have seen some desperate man
end life by his own halter, and so cheat
by voluntary death his fear of death,
in mad haste to outrun approaching fate.
“The bodies of the dead, indecently
were cast forth, lacking sacred funeral rites
as hitherto the custom. All the gates
were crowded with processions of the dead.
Unburied, they might lie upon the ground,
or else, deserted, on their lofty pyres
with no one to lament their dismal end,
dissolve in their dishonored ashes. All
restraint forgotten, a mad rabble fought
and took possession of the burning pyres,
Aeacus tells of the plague at Aegina

After meeting and exchanging a few words, Cephalus described his mandate from Athens, asking for help and quoting the treaty sworn to by their ancestors, adding that Minos was out to control all Achaia. When he had invoked the treaty, in this way, to aid his cause, Aeacus, resting his left hand on the handle of his sceptre, replied �Don�t ask for our help, assume it. Don�t hesitate to reckon the forces of this island your own, and (let this state of my fortunes last!) energy is not lacking. I have men enough, and thank the gods, the moment is auspicious and there will be no excuses.� �I wish it may always be so,� Cephalus said, �and may your city swell its numbers. Indeed, as I came I felt happy: so many equally youthful, handsome people, meeting me on the way. Yet there were many I missed, that I saw before, when I visited the city.� Aeacus sighed, and spoke sadly. �From a bad beginning, better fortune follows. I wish I could recall the one for you without the other! I�ll take them in order, now, and not stall you with irrelevances. Those your mind, remembering, misses are only bones and ashes, and how great a part of my wealth perished with them!

�A terrible plague afflicted the people through the unjust anger of Juno, detesting us because our island had been named after my mother, her rival. While it looked like a human disease, and the cause of the disastrous epidemic was hidden, we fought it with medical skill. But the destruction cancelled out our efforts, which waned as we were conquered. At the outset the sky shrouded the earth in a thick fog, and held the sultry heat under clouds. While Luna filled her horns four times to make her disc complete, and four times thinned her full disc away, hot southerly winds breathed their deadly air on us. We know the pestilence reached our lakes and streams. Thousands of snakes slithered through the empty fields, and fouled the waters with their slime. The unexpected power of the disease surprised us, at the first, with its destruction of dogs, sheep and cattle, wild animals and birds. The wretched ploughman watches in dismay as sturdy oxen stumble in their task, and sink down onto the furrows. The flocks of sheep give out a sickly bleating, while the wool falls away of itself, and their bodies waste. The spirited horse, once famous on the track, loses his glory, and forgetting past honour, whinnies in his stall, dying a slow death. The wild boar no longer remembers his fury; the deer cannot trust to speed; the bears cannot match the strength of the herds. Lethargy grips them all. Decaying carcasses lie in the roadways, fields and woods, and the air is fouled with the stench. Strangely, dogs, carrion birds, and grey wolves, will not touch them. They rot on the ground, pollute the air with their dying breath, and spread contagion far and wide.

�Increasing in virulence the pestilence spreads to the luckless farmers themselves, and takes lordship inside the city walls. Firstly the inner organs grow hot, and a flushed skin and feverish breath are symptoms of hidden warmth. The tongue is rough and swollen with heat: the lips are parted, parched with dry breath, and gasping suck in the heavy air. The sick cannot tolerate a bed or any kind of covering, but lie face down on the bare ground, though the earth does not cool their bodies, their bodies heat the earth.

�No one can control it, and it breaks out fiercely among the doctors themselves, and the practice of their skill condemns the practitioners. The nearer people are to the sick, and the more selflessly they attend them, the more swiftly they meet their fate, and as the hope of recovery deserts them, and they see the end of their illness only in death, they give way to their desires, and ignore what is good for them, since nothing is any good. Everywhere they cling to the fountains and runnels and deep wells, and drinking, thirst is not quenched sooner than life. Many of them are too weak to stand, and even die in the water, yet others still draw it. Others loathe their hateful beds so much they leave them, and if they lack the strength to stand, they roll out onto the ground. They quit their household gods since their house seems fatal to them, and, because the cause is unknown, the building itself is blamed. You see them, half-dead, wandering the streets, while they can still stay on their feet, others lying on the ground weeping, turning their exhausted gaze upwards in their dying efforts, and stretching their arms out to the stars in the overhanging sky, breathing their last, here or there, wherever death has overtaken them.

�What were my feelings then? What could they be, but to hate life, and to wish to be with my people? Wherever I looked as I turned my gaze, there were layers of dead, like rotten apples fallen from shaken branches, or acorns from a windblown ilex. See that temple opposite on the hill with a flight of steps up to it? It is Jupiter�s. Who among us did not bring useless offerings to those shrines? How often a husband while still praying for his wife, or a father still praying for his son, ended his life in front of those implacable altars, part of the unused incense found in their hands! How often the sacrificial bulls fell down, without waiting for the blow, while the priest was praying and pouring unmixed wine between the horns. Even when I was sacrificing to Jove, for myself my country and my three sons, the victim let out a dreadful moan, and suddenly collapsed without a stroke from my blade, barely staining the knives below with its blood. The diseased entrails showed no marks, from which to read the prophetic truths, and warnings, of the gods. That offensive morbidity penetrated to their vital organs. I have seen corpses thrown down in front of the temple doors, in front of the altars, to make their deaths even more of a reproach. Some cut off their breath with a noose, and banished, by death, their fear of death, summoning their approaching fate from the beyond.

�The bodies of the dead were not given the usual rites (the exit gates from the city could not cope with so many funerals). They either lay on the ground unburied, or were given to the heaped pyres without ceremony. And now there was no reverence left: the people struggled to the pyres, and were consumed by others� flames. There was no one left to mourn, and the spirits of parents and children, of young and old were left to wander, unwept. There was no space in the burial mounds, and not enough wood for the fires.

�Stunned by such a storm of dark events, I said �O Jupiter, if they do not lie when they say that you were held in Aegina�s embrace, she, the daughter of Asopus, and if you are not ashamed, mighty father, to have fathered me, give me back my people or bury me too in their tomb.� He gave me a flash of lightning as a sign, and thunder followed. I said �I interpret this to be an omen, and that you give me it as a pledge, and may these accordingly be auspicious tokens of your purpose.�

�There happened to be an oak-tree nearby, with open spreading branches, seeded from Dodona, and sacred to Jove. I noticed a long train of food-gathering ants, carrying vast loads in their tiny mouths, and forging their own way over its corrugated bark. Admiring their numbers, I said �Best of fathers, give me as many citizens as this and fill the city�s empty walls.� The tall oak-tree quivered, and its branches filled with sound, without a wind. I shivered, my limbs quaking with fear, and my hair stood on end. Though I kissed the oak-tree and the earth, not acknowledging my hopes, yet I did hope, and cherished my longings in my heart. Night fell, and sleep claimed my care-worn body.

�The same oak-tree was there before my eyes, with the same branches, and the same insects on its branches, and it shook with a similar motion, and seemed to scatter its column of grain-bearers onto the ground below. Suddenly they seemed to grow larger and larger, and raise themselves from the soil, and stand erect, they lost their leanness, many feet, and their black coloration, and their limbs took on human form. Sleep vanished. Awake again, I dismissed my dream, bemoaning the lack of help from the gods. But there was a great murmuring in the palace, and I thought I heard human voices, those I was now unaccustomed to. While I suspected that it was an effect of sleep, Telamon came running and throwing open the door, shouted �Father, come out and see, something greater than you could hope or believe. Come now!�

�I went, and saw such men as I had seen in sleep�s imagining, in ranks such as I recognised and knew. They approached and saluted me as king. I fulfilled my prayer to Jove, and divided the city amongst this new people, along with the lost farmers� empty fields. I called them Myrmidons, a name that did not belie each one�s origin as an ant, . You have seen their bodies: they still retain the habits they had before, a thrifty, hard-working people, tenacious of achievement, and keeping what they achieve. These men fresh in years and spirit, will follow you to war, as soon as that favourable east wind that brought you here� (it was indeed an easterly that had brought him) �has swung round to the south.�

(α) Ὁ Γάλος Δευμῦ ξκηγησας, στoyant qu'il luy etoit plus avantageux de faire la guerre, que de faire des menaces, & de consumer ses forces, en cherchant de nouvelles forces, sed ἐκαπλαβε ὠσῶς, ὠς μοί φαίνεται, τὴν σύναιν τῆ Ποιητοῦ, ἰς σιχηρχέ ἰ̓ψω . . . . . . & utilius bellum putat esse minari, Quam gerere, atque suas ibi praeconsumere vires.

φύ μόνον ἦ θέλε νὰ ὑποτάξῃ τῆς Ἀθηναίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς Ἄλλας ἄλλου. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ λοιπὸν μὲ τὴ δεξιότητάν τα ἐσήμειξε τὰ δίκαια τὰ αἰτήματός τε, ἔλαβον ἀπὸ τὸν Αἰακὸν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν ταύτην· „ αἱ Ἀθῆναι δὲν πρέπει νὰ μοῦ ζητήσι βοήθειαν, ἀλλὰ νὰ λαμβάνουσιν ἐλευθέρως ἀπὸ πᾶσαν πόλιν τῆς ἐπικρατείας μου. Μὴ ἔχετε κάμμιαν ἀμφιβολίαν· θέλω σᾶς βοηθήσει μὲ τὰς δυνάμεις μου, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶναι ἀρκεταὶ καὶ διὰ λόγον μου, καὶ διὰ σᾶς, ὥστε ἀφ᾽ οὗ βοηθήσω τοὺς συμμάχους μου, δύναμαι ἔτι νὰ ἀντιπολεμήσω καὶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς μου. Εὐχαριστῶ τοὺς Θεοὺς ὅτι ζητεῖτε βοήθειαν εἰς καιρὸν εὔτυχῆ, ἐν ᾧ δὲν ἔχω κάμμιαν αἰτίαν νὰ φροντισθῶ „ „ Ἄφησε, τὸ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Κέφαλος, νὰ ἀκμάῃ πάντοτε τὸ κράτος σας, καὶ νὰ πληθύνωνται οἱ ὑπήκοοί σου μὲ κάθε λογῆς εὐτυχίαν. Ἐχάρην κατάπολὰ βλέπων ἐδῶ τόσους ἀνδρειομένους νέους, καὶ ὅλους σχεδὸν ὁμήλικας· πλὴν θαυμάζω πῶς δὲν βλέπω πλέον τοὺς περισσοτέρους ἐκείνους, τοὺς ὁποίους ἐγνώρισα εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν ὁπότε μὲ ὑπεδέχθητε „ Ἀνεστέναξε ὁ Αἰακὸς ἀκούων αὐτοὺς τοὺς λόγους, οἱ ὁποῖοι τὸν ἐνεθύμησαν τὰς δυστυχίας του, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτω πρὸς τὸν Κέφαλον· „ ἡμεῖς κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἐστερήθημεν πικρῶς, ἀλλ᾽ ἔπειτα ἡ τύχη πάλιν μᾶς ἐχαροποίησεν. Ἤθελα νὰ σοῦ διηγηθῶ κατάλεπτα τὰ συμβάντα μας, ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σὲ παραβαρύνω, θέλω σοῦ εἰπῆ ἐν συντομίᾳ, καὶ χωρὶς κάμμιαν τάξιν, τὴν ἱστορίαν τῆ δυστυχημάτων μας. Ἐκεῖνοι, τοὺς ὁποίους ζητεῖς, τὸ σήμερον δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ κονιορτὸς, καὶ ἐγὼ ἔχασα μὲ αὐτοὺς τὸ περισσότερον μέρος τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων μου. Λοιμὸς φοβερώτατος διεδόθη μεταξὺ τῶν λαῶν μου, „διὰ

„διὰ τὸ μῖσος τῆς Ἥρας, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἤθελε νὰ ὑ- „ποφέρῃ νὰ ὀνομάζεται αὕτη· ἡ πόλις μὲ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς „γυναικὸς, ἥτις ἐχρημάτισε παλλακὴ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τῆς „Διὸς. Ἕως οὗ ἡ νόσος ἐφαίνετο δυσθεράπευτος, ἡ δὶ „ἀνθρωπίνη, ἦτον ἔτι ἀγνώστον τὸ αἴτιόν της, ἀντι- „πολεμήθη πολὺν καιρὸν μὲ ὅλας τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς „Ἰατρείας· ἀλλ᾿ ἡ συμφορὰ ὑπερέβαινε πάσης λογῆς „βοηθείας, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἰατρικὰ ἦσαν μάταια κι ἀνώ- „φελῆ. Κατ᾿ ἀρχᾶς ὅλη ἡ πόλις ἐγέμισεν ἀπὸ πυ- „κνῶν ἀέρα θερμότατον. Ὁ μεσημβρινὸς ἄνεμος, ὥς „ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον θανατηφόρος, ἐφύσησε τέσσαρας ὅλο- „κλήρους μῆνας. Ἡ φθορὰ τῆ ἀέρος διεδόθη καὶ εἰς „τὰς βρύσεις ἰ λίμνας, καὶ ἐφάνησαν εἰς τὰ ἀγεώρ- „γητα χωράφια ἀναρίθμητοι ὄφεις, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐφαρμά- „κευσαν τὰς ποταμούς. Ἐγνωρίσθη πρῶτον ἡ βία τῆς „αἰφνιδίου νόσου ἀπὸ τὸν θάνατον τῶν παιδῶν, τῶν ὀρ- „νέων, τῶν ζώων, ἰ τῶν φυσβάτων, καὶ αὐτῇ τῆ θη- „λείων. Ἀπορήσαν ὁ γεωργὸς βλέπων νὰ πίπτουν ἰ „νὰ σοφθῆν οἱ βόες εἰς τὴν δουλείαν, ἀναμέσον τῶν αὐ- „λάκων. Τὰ πρόβατα γοερὰ βληχόμενα, δὲν ἠδύ- „ναντο πλέον νὰ σταθῶσι εἰς τὰς πόδας των, καὶ τὸ μα- „λλὶ των ἐπίπτει αὐτομάτως, καὶ ἐξέμραίνοντο ἀπὸ τὴν „ἐνδόσθεν φλόγα. Οἱ γενναιότεροι ἵπποι δὲν ἀρειδόν- „το πλέον μὲ τὸν ἦχον τῆς σάλπιγγος, ἀλλὰ στενά- „ζοντες ὠλιγόψυχον εἰς τὰ στάβλα. Ὁ ἀγριόχοιρος „εἶχε χάσει τὴν δύναμιν, ἰ δὲν ἐνεδύετο πλέον τῶ „ὀργῆ του. Δὲν εὕρισκε πλέον βοήθειαν ἡ ἔλαφος εἰς „τὰς παχύτατα τῶν ποδῶν της, καὶ αἱ ἄρκτοι ἐξαπλώ- „μεναι εἰς τὴν γῆν, δὲν ἠδύναντο πλέον νὰ ὁρμήσουν „κατὰ τῶν ποιμνίων. Τὰ πάντα ἦ

ὅτι δὲν ἐξέβλεπες εἰμὴ σώματα ἢ ἀποθαμένα ἀποθνήσκοντα, καὶ μολύνοντα τὸν ἀέρα μὲ τῆς δυσωδίας των. Ἦταν παράδοξον πρᾶγμα, ὅπου οὔτε οἱ σκύλοι, οὔτε οἱ κόρακες, οὔτε αὐτοὶ οἱ λύκοι δὲν ἤθελον νὰ πλησιάσουν εἰς ἐκεῖνα τὰ σώματα. Ἀπεσήπιοντο λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ὕπιπτον, καὶ ἡ θανατηφόρος δυσωδία των ἐδίδε νέας δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν νόσον. Ἐμόλυνεν αὐτὴν πρῶτον μὲν τὰς κώμας, ἔπειτα δὲ μετεδόθη καὶ εἰς τὰς πόλεις. Κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς οἱ ἄρρωστοι ᾐσθάνοντο μίαν φλόγα εἰς τὰ ἐντόσθια των, καὶ ἡ ἐρύθειασις τῆς προσώπου των ἦτον τὸ σημεῖον τοῦ πυρὸς, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔσωθεν τὰς διέφθειρε, καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα των ξηρὰ καὶ τραχεῖα, ἐπείσκνετο καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν.

Attonitus tanto miserarum turbine rerum,
615“Iuppiter o!” dixi “si te non falsa loquuntur
dicta sub amplexus Aeginae Asopidos isse,
nec te, magne pater, nostri pudet esse parentem,
aut mihi redde meos aut me quoque conde sepulcro.”
Ille notam fulgore dedit tonitruque secundo.
620“Accipio, sintque ista, precor, felicia mentis
signa tuae” dixi. “Quod das mihi, pigneror omen.”
Forte fuit iuxta patulis rarissima ramis
sacra Iovi quercus de semine Dodonaeo:
hic nos frugilegas adspeximus agmine longo
625grande onus exiguo formicas ore gerentes
rugosoque suum servantes cortice callem.
Dum numerum miror, “totidem, pater optime” dixi,
“tu mihi da cives et inania moenia supple.”
Intremuit ramisque sonum sine flamine motis
630alta dedit quercus. Pavido mihi membra timore
horruerant, stabantque comae. Tamen oscula terrae
roboribusque dedi; nec me sperare fatebar:
sperabam tamen atque animo mea vota fovebam.
Nox subit, et curis exercita corpora somnus
635occupat: ante oculos eadem mihi quercus adesse
et ramos totidem totidemque animalia ramis
ferre suis visa est pariterque tremiscere motu
graniferumque agmen subiectis spargere in arvis;
crescere quod subito et maius maiusque videri
640ac se tollere humo rectoque adsistere trunco
et maciem numerumque pedum nigrumque colorem
ponere et humanam membris inducere formam.
Somnus abit: damno vigilans mea visa querorque
in superis opis esse nihil. At in aedibus ingens
645murmur erat, vocesque hominum exaudire videbar
iam mihi desuetas. Dum suspicor has quoque somni
esse, venit Telamon properus, foribusque reclusis
“speque fideque, pater” dixit, “maiora videbis:
egredere!” Egredior, qualesque in imagine somni
650visus eram vidisse viros, ex ordine tales
adspicio noscoque. Adeunt regemque salutant.
Vota Iovi solvo populisque recentibus urbem
partior et vacuos priscis cultoribus agros,
Myrmidonasque voco, nec origine nomina fraudo.
655Corpora vidisti; mores quos ante gerebant,
nunc quoque habent: parcum genus est patiensque laborum
quaesitique tenax et quod quaesita reservet.
Hi te ad bella pares annis animisque sequentur,
cum primum qui te feliciter attulit, eurus”
660(eurus enim attulerat) “fuerit mutatus in austros.”
and even the dead were ravished of their rest.—
And who should mourn them wanting, all the souls
of sons and husbands, and of old and young,
must wander unlamented: and the land
sufficed not for the crowded sepulchers:
and the dense forest was denuded of all trees.
“Heart-broken at the sight of this great woe,
I wailed, ‘O Jupiter! if truth were told
of your sweet comfort in Aegina's arms,
if you were not ashamed of me, your son,
restore my people, or entomb my corpse,
that I may suffer as the ones I love.’—
Great lightning flashed around me, and the sound
of thunder proved that my complaint was heard.
Accepting it, I cried, ‘Let these, Great Jove,
the happy signs of your assent, be shown
good omens given as a sacred pledge.’
“Near by, a sacred oak tree grown from seed
brought thither from Dodona, spread abroad
its branches thinly covered with green leaves;
and creeping as an army, on the tree
we saw a train of ants that carried grain,
half-hidden in the deep and wrinkled bark.
And while I wondered at the endless line
I said, ‘Good father, give me citizens
of equal number for my empty walls.’
Soon as I said those words, though not a wind
was moving nor a breeze,—the lofty tree
began to tremble, and I heard a sound
of motion in its branches. Wonder not
that sudden fear possessed me; and my hair
began to rise; and I could hardly stand
for so my weak knees tottered!—As I made
obeisance to the soil and sacred tree,
perhaps I cherished in my heart a thought,
that, not acknowledged, cheered me with some hope.
“At night I lay exhausted by such thoughts,
a deep sleep seized my body, but the tree
seemed always present—to my gaze distinct
with all its branches—I could even see
the birds among its leaves; and from its boughs,
that trembled in the still air, moving ants
were scattered to the ground in troops below;
and ever, as they touched the soil, they grew
larger and larger.—As they raised themselves,
they stood with upright bodies, and put off
their lean shapes; and absorbed their many feet:
and even as their dark brown color changed,
their rounded forms took on a human shape.
“When my strange dream departed, I awoke,
the vision vanished, I complained to Heaven
against the idle comfort of such dreams;
but as I voiced my own lament, I heard
a mighty murmur echoing through the halls
of my deserted palace, and a multitude
of voices in confusion; where the sound
of scarce an echo had disturbed the still
deserted chambers for so many days.
“All this I thought the fancy of my dream,
until my brave son Telamon, in haste
threw open the closed doorway, as he called,
‘Come quickly father, and behold a sight
beyond the utmost of your fondest dreams!’
I did go out, and there I saw such men
each in his turn, as I had seen transformed
in that weird vision of the moving ants.
“They all advanced, and hailed me as their king.
So soon as I had offered vows to Jove,
I subdivided the deserted farms,
and dwellings in the cities to these men
miraculously raised —which now are called
my Myrmidons, —the living evidence
of my strange vision. You have seen these men;
and since that day, their name has been declared,
‘Decisive evidence.’ They have retained
the well-known customs of the days before
their transformation. Patiently they toil;
they store the profits of their labor; which
they guard with valiant skill. They'll follow you
to any war, well matched in years and courage,
and I do promise, when this east wind turns,
this wind that favored you and brought you here,
and when a south wind favors our design,
then my brave Myrmidons will go with you.”

Εἶχον τὸ σῶμα πάντοτε ἀνοικτόν, διὰ νὰ δροσίζωνται ἀναπνέοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ ἀήρ, ὃν ἀνέπνεον, διέφθειρεν ἔτι μᾶλλον τὸ σῶμα των. Μὴ δυνάμενοι δὲ νὰ πίπτωνται εἰς τὴν κλίνην, ἐπίπτον χαμαὶ μὲ τὸ στῆθος, διὰ νὰ λάβωσιν ὀλίγην ἄεσιν· ἀλλ᾽ ἀντὶ νὰ δροσίζωνται ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἔκαιον αὐτὴν ἐγγίζοντές την. Τοὺς ἐγκατέλειπτον ἢ οἱ ἰατροί, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους ἦταν βλαβερὰ ἡ ἐπίσκεψις των, ἐπειδὴ ἥρπασε ἢ ταύτας τὸ θανατικόν, ὥστε διὰ νὰ ἀφαιρέσῃ τὴν ἐλπίδα παντὸς βοηθήματος. Ὅσον πλησιάζει τις εἰς τὸν ἀσθενῆ καὶ τὸν ἐπισκέπτεται ἐπιμελέστερον, τόσον ἁρπάζεται ταχυτερα ἀπὸ τὸν θάνατον· καὶ ὅστις ἠρώστει, ἔχανεν εὐθὺς τὴν ἐλπίδα νὰ ἰαθῇ, καὶ δὲν ἐπροσμένετο εἰμὴ μὲ τὸν θάνατον τὸ τέλος τῆς ἀρρωστίας του. Δὲν φροντίζουσιν οἱ ἀσθενεῖς νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ἀπὸ κανένα πρᾶγμα, καὶ δὲν τοὺς μέλει νὰ ἐξετάσουν τί δύναται νὰ τοὺς ὠφελήσῃ, κα

„ εἰς τὰ πηγάδια, ἢ εἰς τὰς ποταμούς, διὰ νὰ σβέσουν „ τὴν δίψαν των· ἀλλὰ πρὶν σβεσθῇ ἡ φλόγα των, ἐσ- „ φυλεύετο ἡ ζωή των, ὄντες δὲ οἱ περισσότεροι κατακτο- „ ρευμένοι ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος, δὲν ἐδυνάμωτο πλέον νὰ ἐπι- „ βῇ ἔξω, καὶ ἀπέθνησκον μέσα εἰς τὰ νερά· ἄλλοι „ ὅμως ἔπινον καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, ἂν καὶ δυσώδη. Εἶχαν „ τόσον μῖσος πρὸς τὸ κραββάτιον, ὥστε ἐσηκώνοντο με- „ βορμὴν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ, καὶ ὅσοι δὲν εἶχον δύναμιν νὰ ση- „ κωθῶσιν, ἔπιπτον χαμαὶ, καὶ ἐσύροντο ἔξω ἀπὸ τὰ „ οἰκήματά των, ἐπειδὴ τὰ ἐφαίνοντο θανατηφόρα, νο- „ μίζοντές τα αἴτια τῆς συμφορᾶς των. Ἔβλεπες μερι- „ κούς, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἂν καὶ ἡμιθανεῖς, μὲ ὅλην τὴν τῆν „ ἀσθένειαν ἠγωνίζοντο νὰ περιπατήσωσιν, ὡς ἂν ἐδύνω- „ το νὰ σταθῶσιν εἰς τοὺς πόδας των· ἄλλους δὲ νὰ „ κλαίωσιν ἐξαπλωμένοι ἐλεεινῶς εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἢ ὁ- „ ποίων τὰ κατακοπωμένα ὄμματα ἔδειχναν σαφῶς, ὅ- „ τι ὁ θάνατος ἦτον ἑτοίμα νὰ τὰ κλείσῃ. Πλῆθος „ ἀναρίθμητον ἀθλίων ὑψώνοντες πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν „ τὰς χεῖρας, ἀπέθνησκον ἢ δὲ κάνεις τε ὅπου ἢ νόσος „ τὰ ἐφορόθανε. Τί τι ἔπρεπε νὰ κάμω ἐγώ; ὄχι „ ἄλλο τι βέβαια, εἰμὴ νὰ μισήσω τὴν ζωήν· καὶ τί „ νὰ ἐπιθυμήσω, εἰ μὴ νὰ συμφορέσω τοὺς ἰδικούς „ μου, ἢ νὰ γίνω καὶ ἐγὼ μέρος τῆς συμφορᾶς; Ὅπου „ γὰρ ἂν ἔστρεφον τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, δὲν ἔβλεπον εἰμὴ νά- „ φες, ἢ δὲν ρίπτει ὁ ἄνεμος τόσα φύλλα, ὅσοι ἦσαν „ οἱ νεκροί, οἱ στεπάζοντες τὴν γῆν. Βλέπεις αὐτι- „ κρύμας τὸν Ναὸν ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὸν „ Δία; Οὐδεὶς ἔλειπε τοῦ νὰ μὴ τοῦ προσφέρῃ „ θυσίας· πλὴν εἰς

ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.

γλαυκοί. Τόπος δεν έμενε πλέον διά πυρός, κι δεν ἔφθανον πλέον τὰ ξύλα, διὰ νὰ καίωνται ὅλοι οἱ νεκροί. Ἔμφοβος καὶ κατεσπληγμένος ἀπὸ μίαν τοιαύτην ἐλεεινὴν συμφοράν, ὦ μέγα Ζεῦ, ἀνεβόησα, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι πράξης ποτὲ τῆς μητρός με, καὶ δὲν ἐντρέπεσαι νὰ μὲ ὁμολογήσης υἱόν σε, ἐπίστρεφον μὲ τῆς ἰδικῆς με, ἢ ῥίψον κι ἐμὲ εἰς τὸν τάφον. Τότε ὁ Ζεύς, δι᾿ ἀστραπῶν, καὶ αἰσθῆς βροντῆς, ἔδωνε σημεῖον ὅτι εἰσήκουσε τὴν δέησίν με· ὑπολαμβάνων δ᾿ ἐγὼ τὸ τοιοῦτον ὡς καλὸν οἰωνόν, τοῦ παρεκάλεσα νὰ εἶναι καὶ ἡ ἔκβασις κατὰ τὰς ἐλπίδας με. Ἦτον ἐκεῖ πλησίον μεγάλη δρῦς, ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος τοῦ Δωδωναίου, ἀφιερωμένη εἰς τὸν Δία. Ἰδοὺ εἶδον μέγα πλῆθος μυρμήκων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐβάσταζον βαρὺ φόρτωμα μὲ τὸ μικρὸν σῶμα τους, καὶ θαυμάζων τὸν ζῆλόν των, ὦ Ζεῦ πατέρ μου, εἴπον, γέμισον τὰς ἐρημωθείσας πόλεις μὲ ἀπὸ τόσους πολίτας, ὅσοι εἶναι οἱ ἐδῶ μύρμηκες. Παράξης τὸ δένδρον ἰσχυρῶς, κι μ᾿ ὅλον ὅτι ἦτον γαλήνη, καὶ δὲν ἔπνεεν ἄνεμος, ἐπαράξησαν ὅλοι του οἱ κλάδοι, καὶ ἤχησεν εἰς σόφον, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἔμελλε νὰ ἐπέσωθῇ. Δῶσαι νὰ συμπεράνῃς πόσον ἐφόβαξα βλέπων τὸ τεράστιον. Πλὴν ἐφίλησα τὴν γῆν, κι τὸ δένδρον, κι μ᾿ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν ἐτόλμων νὰ ὁμολογήσω ὅτι ἤλπιζα, εἶχον ὅμως κάποιαν ἐλπίδα, ἐνδυνάμουσαν τὸ πνεῦμά με. Ὡς τόσον ἔρχεται ἡ νύξ, ἐγὼ δὲ πέπτομαι εἰς ὕπνον μὲ ὅλας τὰς φροντίδας, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἤμην τεθορυβημένος. Τότε ἐφάνη μοι ὅτι ἔβλεπον εἰς τὸν ὕπνον μου τὴν δρῦν ἐκείνην μὲ τοὺς κλάδας της, καὶ μὲ τὰ ζῶα, ὅσα εἶδον πρότερον ἐξυπνος, ἡ ὁποία ἐσείετο κι ἤρεμε, κι μὲ τὴν κίνησιν

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 397

„ λέγω σέ ἀπολούσθησες εἰς τὸν πόλεμον διὰ ὅτε ὁ „ Εὖρος ἄνεμος, ὁ ὁποῖος σέ ὡδήγησεν ἐδῶ ἀντυχῶς, „ θέλει μετάξει ἀπ᾽ εἰς Νόστον ".

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Λέγουσιν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι τὸν λοιμὸν ὑποστέλλει ὁ Θεὸς, διὰ νὰ παύση τὸν ὅσῳ χρειὰ πὶ δύω ταῦτα ἁμαρτήματα· πλὴ κατάροίησιν ἀπὸ Θρησκείας, ἢ τῆς ἀσελγείας. Ὅθεν ἐγίνει ἡ ἔμφρον ὅτι ὠργίσθη ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τὴν ἀποκίαν τῆς γῆς Ἐμπέδης καὶ τῶν ἰῶ καὶ στερεὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐνίως Ἡερμολοῖος ὁ Ὀβίδιος εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μύθον πλάττει ὅτι λοιμὸς εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία τῆς Αἰγίνης, διὰ τὴν μοιχείαν τῆς Αἴγων ὅτι διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐξάγη ἀργότερον, διὰ ἰδιαίτερο νὰ θεραπεύση μὲ θερμίαν ἀνθρωπίνην βοήθειαν.

Καὶ ἐπειδὴ διὰ ἀπὶ τῆς Ἥρας ἐννοεῖται ὁ ἀήρ, ἀλόγως πλάττει ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ Θεὰ στέλλει τὸν λοιμὸν καθὰ παρὰ τῆς Φυσιολογίας ἡ φθορὰ τῆς ἀέρος εἶναι ἡ αἰτία τοῦ λοιμοῦ, ὁ δὲ ἀήρ φθείρεται ὑπὸ τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις τῆς γῆς, ἢ ὑπὸ τῶν δυσσωδιῶν ἢ σαρότητα τῶν νεκρῶν σωμάτων. Λέγουσι ὡσαύτως ὅτι γίγνεται ὁ λοιμὸς ὑπὸ τινα δύναμιν, ἥτις μετεκδύσει εἰς τὰ ὕδατα ἀλλὰ περιττὸν εἶναι νὰ ἐπηριθμήσωμεν ἐδῶ ὅλα τὰ φυσικὰ αἴτια αὐτοῦ τοῦ πάθους, ἐπειδὴ Ὀβίδιος φιλοσοφικῶς τε ἅμα καὶ ποιητικῶς εἰς τὸν Μύθον τοῦτον τὰ περιγράφει.

Talibus atque aliis longum sermonibus illi
implevere diem. Lucis pars ultima mensae
est data, nox somnis. Iubar aureus extulerat Sol
(flabat adhuc eurus redituraqua vela tenebat):
665ad Cephalum Pallante sati, cui grandior aetas,
ad regem Cephalus simul et Pallante creati
conveniunt. Sed adhuc regem sopor altus habebat.
Excipit Aeacides illos in limine Phocus:
nam Telamon fraterque viros ad bella legebant.
670Phocus in interius spatium pulchrosque recessus
Cecropidas ducit, cum quis simul ipse resedit.
Adspicit Aeoliden ignota ex arbore factum
ferre manu iaculum, cuius fuit aurea cuspis.
Pauca prius mediis sermonibus ille locutus
675“sum nemorum studiosus” ait “caedisque ferinae:
qua tamen e silva teneas hastile recisum,
iamdudum dubito. Certe si fraxinus esset,
fulva colore foret; si cornus, nodus inesset.
Unde sit, ignoro. Sed non formosius isto
680viderunt oculi telum iaculabile nostri.”
Excipit Actaeis e fratribus alter, et “usum
maiorem specie mirabere” dixit “in isto.
Consequitur quodcumque petit, fortunaque missum
non regit, et revolat nullo referente cruentum.”
685Tum vero iuvenis Nereius omnia quaerit,
cur sit et unde datum, quis tanti muneris auctor.
Quae petit, ille refert. Sed enim (narrare pudori est !),
qua tulerit mercede silet; tactusque dolore
coniugis amissae lacrimis ita fatur obortis:
690“Hoc me, nate dea, (quis possit credere?) telum
flere facit facietque diu, si vivere nobis
fata diu dederint. Hoc me cum coniuge cara
perdidit: hoc utinam caruissem munere semper!
Procris erat (si forte magis pervenit ad aures
695Orithyia tuas, raptae soror Orithyiae),
si faciem moresque velis conferre duarum,
dignior ipsa rapi. Pater hanc mihi iunxit Erechtheus,
hanc mihi iunxit amor. Felix dicebar eramque.
Non ita dis visum est, aut nunc quoque forsitan essem.
700Alter agebatur post sacra iugalia mensis,
cum me cornigeris tendentem retia cervis
vertice de summo semper florentis Hymetti
lutea mane videt pulsis Aurora tenebris
invitumque rapit. Liceat mihi vera referre
705pace deae. Quod sit roseo spectabilis ore,
quod teneat lucis, teneat confinia noctis,
nectareis quod alatur aquis, ego —Procrin amabam:
pectore Procris erat, Procris mihi semper in ore.
Sacra tori coitusque novos thalamosque recentes
710primaque deserti referebam foedera lecti.
Mota dea est et “siste tuas, ingrate, querellas:
Procrin habe!” dixit. “Quodsi mea provida mens est,
non habuisse voles.” Meque illi irata remisit.
Dum redeo mecumque deae memorata retracto,
715esse metus coepit, ne iura iugalia coniunx
non bene servasset. Facies aetasque iubebat
credere adulterium; prohibebant credere mores.
Sed tamen afueram, sed et haec erat unde redibam,
criminis exemplum, sed cuncta timemus amantes.
720Quaerere quod doleam statuo donisque pudicam
sollicitare fidem. Favet huic Aurora timori
inmutatque meam (videor sensisse) figuram.
Palladias ineo non cognoscendus Athenas
ingrediorque domum. Culpa domus ipsa carebat
725castaque signa dabat dominoque erat anxia rapto:
vix aditus per mille dolos ad Erechthida factus.
Ut vidi, obstipui meditataque paene reliqui
temptamenta fide. Male me, quin vera faterer,
continui, male, quin, ut oportuit, oscula ferrem.
730Tristis erat (sed nulla tamen formosior illa
esse potest tristi) desiderioque calebat
coniugis abrepti. Tu conlige, qualis in illa,
Phoce, decor fuerit, quam sic dolor ipse decebat.
Quid referam, quotiens temptamina nostra pudici
735reppulerint mores, quotiens “ego” dixerit “uni
servor; ubicumque est, uni mea gaudia servo!”
Cui non ista fide satis experientia sano
magna foret? Non sum contentus et in mea pugno
vulnera, dum census dare me pro nocte loquendo
740muneraque augendo tandem dubitare coegi.
Exclamo: “Male (fictor adest !), male fictus adulter
verus eram coniunx! me, perfida, teste teneris!”
Illa nihil. Tacito tantummodo victa pudore
insidiosa malo cum coniuge limina fugit;
745offensaque mei genus omne perosa virorum
montibus errabat, studiis operata Dianae.
Tum mihi deserto violentior ignis ad ossa
pervenit. Orabam veniam et peccasse fatebar
et potuisse datis simili succumbere culpae
750me quoque muneribus, si munera tanta darentur.
Haec mihi confesso, laesum prius ulta pudorem,
redditur et dulces concorditer exigit annos.
Dat mihi praeterea, tamquam se parva dedisset
dona, canem munus, quem cum sua traderet illi
755Cynthia, “currendo superabit” dixerat “omnes.”
Dat simul et iaculum, manibus quod (cernis) habemus.
Muneris alterius quae sit fortuna, requiris?
Accipe mirandum: novitate movebere facti.
This narrative and many other tales
had occupied the day. As twilight fell,
festivities were blended in the night—
the night, in turn, afforded sweet repose.
Soon as the golden Sun had shown his light,
the east wind blowing still, the ships were stayed
from sailing home. The sons of Pallas came
to Cephalus, who was the elder called;
and Cephalus together with the sons
of Pallas, went to see the king. Deep sleep
still held the king; and Phocus who was son
of Aeacus, received them at the gate,
instead of Telamon and Peleus who
were marshalling the men for war. Into
the inner court and beautiful apartments
Phocus conducted the Athenians,
and they sat down together. Phocus then
observed that Cephalus held in his hand
a curious javelin with golden head,
and shaft of some rare wood. And as they talked,
he said; “It is my pleasure to explore
the forest in the chase of startled game,
and so I've learned the nature of rare woods,
but never have I seen the match of this
from which was fashioned this good javelin;
it lacks the yellow tint of forest ash,
it is not knotted like all corner-wood;
although I cannot name the kind of wood,
my eyes have never seen a javelin-shaft
so beautiful as this.”
To him replied
a friend of Cephalus; “But you will find
its beauty is not equal to its worth,
for whatsoever it is aimed against,
its flight is always certain to the mark,
nor is it subject to the shift of chance;
and after it has struck, although no hand
may cast it back, it certainly returns,
bloodstained with every victim.”
Then indeed,
was Phocus anxious to be told, whence came
and who had given such a precious gift.
And Cephalus appeared to tell him all;
but craftily was silent on one strange
condition of the fatal gift. As he
recalled the mournful fate of his dear wife,
his eyes filled up with tears. “Ah, pity me,”
he said, “If Fate should grant me many years,
I must weep every time that I regard
this weapon which has been my cause of tears;
the unforgiven death of my dear wife—
ah, would that I had never handled it!
“My sweet wife, Procris!—if you could compare
her beauty with her sister's—Orithyia's,
(ravished by the blustering Boreas)
you would declare my wife more beautiful.
“'Tis she her sire Erectheus joined to me,
'Tis she the god Love also joined to me.
They called me happy, and in truth I was,
and all pronounced us so until the Gods
decreed it otherwise. Two joyful months
of our united love were almost passed,
when, as the grey light of the dawn dispelled,
upon the summit of Hymettus green,
Aurora, glorious in her golden robes,
observed me busy with encircling nets,
trapping the antlered deer.
“Against my will
incited by desire, she carried me
away with her. Oh, let me not increase
her anger, for I tell you what is true,
I found no comfort in her lovely face!
And, though she is the very queen of light,
and reigns upon the edge of shadowy space
where she is nourished on rich nectar-wine,
adding delight to beauty, I could give
no heed to her entreaties, for the thought
of my beloved Procris intervened;
and only her sweet name was on my lips.
“I told Aurora of our wedding joys
and all refreshing joys of love — and my
first union of my couch deserted now:
“Enraged against me, then the goddess said:
‘Keep to your Procris, I but trouble you,
ungrateful clown! but, if you can be warned,
you will no longer wish for her!’ And so,
in anger, she returned me to my wife.
“Alas, as I retraced the weary way,
long-brooding over all Aurora said,
suspicion made me doubtful of my wife,
so faithful and so fair.—But many things
reminding me of steadfast virtue, I
suppressed all doubts; until the dreadful thought
of my long absence filled my jealous mind:
from which I argued to the criminal
advances of Aurora; for if she,
so lovely in appearance, did conceal
such passion in the garb of innocence
until the moment of temptation, how
could I be certain of the purity
of even the strongest when the best are frail?
“So brooding—every effort I devised
to cause my own undoing. By the means
of bribing presents, favored by disguise,
I sought to win her guarded chastity.
Aurora had disguised me, and her guile
determined me to work in subtle snares.
“Unknown to all my friends, I paced the streets
of sacred Athens till I reached my home.
I hoped to search out evidence of guilt:
but everything seemed waiting my return;
and all the household breathed an air of grief.
“With difficulty I, disguised, obtained
an entrance to her presence by the use
of artifices many: and when I
there saw her, silent in her grief,—amazed,
my heart no longer prompted me to test
such constant love. An infinite desire
took hold upon me. I could scarce restrain
an impulse to caress and kiss her. Pale
with grief that I was gone, her lovely face
in sorrow was more beautiful—the world
has not another so divinely fair.
“Ah, Phocus, it is wonderful to think
of beauty so surpassing fair it seems
more lovable in sorrow! Why relate
to you how often she repulsed my feigned
attempts upon her virtue? To each plea
she said: ‘I serve one man: no matter where
he may be I will keep my love for one.’
“Who but a man insane with jealousy,
would doubt the virtue of a loving wife,
when tempted by the most insidious wiles,
whose hallowed honor was her husband's love?
But I, not satisfied with proof complete,
would not abandon my depraved desire
to poison the pure fountain I should guard;—
increasing my temptations, I caused her
to hesitate, and covet a rich gift.
“Then, angered at my own success I said,
discarding all disguise, ‘Behold the man
whose lavish promise has established proof,
the witness of your shameful treachery;
your absent husband has returned to this!’
“Unable to endure a ruined home,
where desecration held her sin to view,
despairing and in silent shame she fled;
and I, the author of that wickedness
ran after: but enraged at my deceit
and hating all mankind, she wandered far
in wildest mountains; hunting the wild game.
“I grieved at her desertion; and the fires
of my neglected love consumed my health;
with greater violence my love increased,
until unable to endure such pain,
I begged forgiveness and acknowledged fault:
nor hesitated to declare that I
might yield, the same way tempted, if such great
gifts had been offered to me. When I had made
abject confession and she had avenged
her outraged feelings, she came back to me
and we spent golden years in harmony.
“She gave to me the hound she fondly loved,
the very one Diana gave to her
when lovingly the goddess had declared,
‘This hound all others shall excel in speed.’
Nor was that gift the only one was given
by kind Diana when my wife was hers,
as you may guess—this javelin I hold forth,
no other but a goddess could bestow.
“Would you be told the story of both gifts
attend my words and you shall be amazed,
for never such another sad event
has added sorrow to the grieving world.
The infidelities of Cephalus and Procris

They filled a long day with this and other talk: the last of the light was given over to feasting, and night to sleep. The sun shone gold again, but an east wind was still blowing, and kept the sails from the homeward voyage. The sons of Pallas joined Cephalus, their senior, and Cephalus and the princes then went to the king: but the king was still in a deep sleep. Phocus, Aeacus�s son, received them at the threshold, since Telamon and his brother were selecting men for the war. Phocus led the Athenians into an inner walk, beautiful and secluded, where they sat down together, and noticed that the grandson of Aeolus carried a spear in his hand, tipped with gold, and made of an unknown wood. In the midst of their first short conversation, he said �I am knowledgeable about woodland, and hunting wild animals, but I have been wondering for a while what tree that shaft was cut from. If it were ash it would be deep yellow, and if it were cornelian cherry it would be knotted. What it is I am ignorant of, but my eyes have never seen one more beautifully formed for throwing.� One of the Athenian brothers replied �You will marvel at its usefulness more than at its looks. It hits whatever it is aimed at: there is no chance involved, and then it flies back, bloodied, without needing to be retrieved.� Then truly the son of the Nereid wanted to know everything: why this was so, where it came from, and who gave such a wondrous gift. What he wanted to know, Cephalus told him, but was still ashamed to say what a high price it had cost him. He was silent, and touched with sadness for his lost wife, tears welling in his eyes, he uttered these words.

�Son of the goddess, this weapon makes me weep (who would believe that?) and it will for many years if the fates grant me them. This weapon did for my dear wife and me. I wish that I had always been without it! She was Procris, or if Orithyia�s name has chanced to fill your ears more loudly, the sister of that Orithyia whom Boreas stole, though if you were to compare the two in looks and manner, Procris was more worth stealing! Her father Erechtheus brought us together in marriage, and love brought us together too. I was called happy, and I was. But the gods� vision of the future was otherwise, or perhaps things would still be so.

�The second month after our marriage, I was setting out nets to trap antlered deer, when golden Aurora, chasing away the shadows, saw me from the summit of Mount Hymettus, that is always bright with flowers, and took me away against my will. By the grace of the goddess I can repeat the truth: though her face has the blush of roses, though she keeps the borderland of light and night, though she drinks the dewy nectar, I was in love with Procris. Procris was in my heart: Procris was always on my lips. I kept talking about the sacred marriage bed, and the newness of our union, the recent wedding, and the prior claim of our deserted couch. The goddess was angered and said �Stop complaining, ungrateful man: have your Procris! But if my vision is far-sighted, you will wish you had never had her.� In a fury, she sent me back to her.

�As I was returning, reconsidering the goddess�s words, I began to fear lest my wife had not been faithful to our marriage vows. Her youth and beauty prompted thoughts of adultery, but her character forbade those thoughts. But I had been away a while, and she from whom I was returning was herself an example of the fault, and lovers fear the worst. I decided to try what might grieve me, testing her chaste loyalty with gifts. Aurora supported my fears, and she changed my appearance (I felt it happening).

�Unrecognisable, I went back to Athens, city of Pallas, and entered my house. The house itself was irreproachable, gave every sign of innocence, and was only anxious for its vanished master. With difficulty, by a thousand stratagems, I gained access to Erechtheus�s daughter. When I saw her I was rooted to the spot, and almost relinquished my thoughts of testing her loyalty. Indeed I could hardly keep from confessing the truth, and hardly keep from kissing her, as I ought. She was sad (but no one could be more lovely than her in her sadness). She grieved with longing for the husband who had been snatched away. Phocus, she was Beauty, whom Grief itself so befits! Why should I tell how many times her chaste nature repelled my advances? All those many times she said �I hold myself, in trust, for one man only: wherever he is, I keep what I can give, in trust, for that one man.� For whom, in his senses, was that not a great enough trial of loyalty? But I was not satisfied, and struggled on, wounding myself, until by promising to give a fortune for just one night with her, and then increasing the offer, I forced her to hesitate. Wrongly victorious, I cried out �I am no adulterer, wicked one! I am your true husband! You have me for a witness, you traitress!�

�She said not a word. Silent with overwhelming shame, she fled from the treacherous threshold, and her evil husband. Deeply hurt by me, and hating the whole race of men, she wandered the mountains, following the ways of Diana. Then, deserted, a more violent flame burned in my bones. I begged her forgiveness, and confessed I had sinned, and that I too might have succumbed to the same fault, given the offer, if such gifts were offered to me. When I had owned to this, and after she had first taken revenge for her wounded honour, she returned to me, and we lived out sweet years in harmony. Moreover, as though she in yielding herself gave only a small prize, she gave me a hound as a gift, that her own goddess Cynthia had entrusted to her, saying, �He will surpass all other dogs for speed.� She gave me a spear, likewise, the one, you see, I have in my hands. Do you want to know the fate of the other gift? Listen to something marvellous: you will be stirred by the strangeness of the thing!

Περὶ δὲ τῆς διὰ ἀπὸ ἀρρωστίαν τῇ Αἰακῇ εἰς ἀνδράπας μεταμορφωσέντων μυρμήκων, λέγομεν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Αἴγιναν ἄλλοτε κατώκουν πολλὰ ὀλίγοι ἄνθρωποι, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς πληγῆς, οἱ τινες ἐπολέμουν τὴν Νῆσον, ἢ μὴ δυνάμενοι οἱ ἐγκάτοικοι νὰ ἀντιστῶσιν εἰς αὐτούς, ἐκρύπτοντο ὡς οἱ μύρμηκες ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὰ σπήλαια.

Οἱ Μυρμιδόνες γελῶς φιλόσοφον, ἦτον τόσον φειδωλοί, ὥστε ὅλως διὰ μὴ ἐξωδεύσωσιν εἰς οἰκοδομὰς οἴκου, κατώκουν ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, τὸ εἰς τὰ σπήλαια ὡς μύρμηκες· συμφέροντες τὰ καλάσκιδα τὰ ὄψρα δώρα διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα. Ἡ δὲ ἀναλογία τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ τὰ ἤθη τοῦ ἔθνους, ἔδωκεν αἰτίαν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ἐγεννήθησαν ὑπὸ τὰς μυρμήκας.

Λέγεται παρὰ τισὶν ὅτι οἱ Μυρμιδόνες ἦσαν ἁπλοῖ μυρμήκων μὲ τὸ διὰ συμφροῦντες εἰς τὰ σπήλαιά των. Μὴ ἔχοντες καμμίαν εἰδημοσύνην τοῦ χρυσοῦ, οὔτε ναυτικήν, οὔτε ἤθη ἄλλων τεχνῶν, ἦν περίσσιον εἰς τὴν Κρήτην ὁ βία Μίνωα περὶ τῶν παίδων παρὰ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ, ἴσως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἐκ μυρμήκων μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄνδρας.

Δύναται δέ τις νὰ εἴπῃ καὶ τοῦτο, ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἀλληγορικὸν τοῦ Μύθου οἱ πλέον ἐπίδηλοι λαοὶ γίνονται ὁρμητικὰ μεγάλοι ἢ ἐπί- σημοι μὲ τὴν καλὴν κυβέρνησιν φρονίμου Δικαστοῦ, ἢ τὰ ὑπὸ τὴν κακὴν διοίκησιν πρότερον καταφρονημένα ἢ διεφθαρμένα βασί- λεια, γίνονται ἐντὸς ὀλίγου φοβερὰ· ἀναλαμβάνοντα τὴν πρότερον δόξαν των, ἂν ἀξιωθῇ φρονίμου ἢ σοφοῦ βασιλέως, ὁ ὁποῖος μετα- χειρίζεται ὀρθῶς τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ δικαιοσύνην. Ὁ Αἰακὸς ἦτον τό- σον πιστός, ἢ τόσον δίκαιος, ὥστε ὅλαι αἱ ἀρεταί του ἔδωκαν αἰτίαν τοῖς Ποιηταῖς νὰ τοῦ ἐπαινέσωσι μεταξὺ τῶν τοῦ Ἅδου κριτῶν.

Ὁ αὐτὸς μὲ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Μίνωα ἀπόκρισίν του, ὅταν τοῦ ἠρνήθη βοήθειαν κατὰ τῆς Ἀθήνας, ἀποδεικνύει ὅτι οἱ βασιλεῖς ὀφείλουσιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδίων μὴ ἐπαγόμενοι ἢ τῶν ἄλλων Ἐπικρατειῶν συμφορὰς καὶ φι- λονεικίας. Ὁ Μίνως ἦτον διάστροφος, καὶ ἐζήτει ἄδικον πρόσθεσιν μὲ μὲ ὅλον τὸ ἔχειν ὁ Αἰακὸς συμμαχίαν μὲ τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀ- ποκρίνεται ἄρα τον

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 399

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΚϚ'. & ΚΖ'.

Περὶ τοῦ Κεφάλου καὶ τῆς Προκρίδος, & ἀπολιθώσεως Θηβῶν, & κτίσμου.

Ο Κέφαλος δὲ στέργει νὰ συζήσῃ μὲ τὴν Ἥω, ἡ ὁποία ποῦ εἶχε ἁρπάξει· ἀλλ' ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς τὴν ἀγαπημένην γυναί- κα του τὴν Πρόκριδα. Διαμάσας δὲ τὴν πίστιν της μὲ ἐπίπλαστον μῦθον, παρακινῶν αὐτὴν μὲ τὰς δεήσεις του, διὰ τὸ νὰ μὴ εἰ- κατάλαβεν ὅτι ἦτον ὁ Κέφαλος· Ἔπειτα ἀπὸ τὴν εὐτροπίην της ἀπαγορεύει ἀπὸ αὐτήν· ἀλλ' ὁ Κέφαλος, μὴ ἀναμένας νὰ φύγῃ ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν ἐπιείκειαν, ὁμαλᾷ· ἡ δὲ ἐπιστρέ- ψασα, τοῦ χαρίζει ἀκόντιον καὶ κύνα· ὁ κύων μετεμορφώ- θη εἰς πέτρον ἐν ᾧ ἐδίωκε Θηρίον ὑποσταχθὲν καὶ φθορεὺς τῆς Θήβης εἰς τὰς ποίας ἦτον ὁ Ὄφιων, ὅπως τοιμήσῃ τὸν τόπον.

Μ' αὐτὰς ἤθη ἄλλας συμφορικίας ἐδαπάνησαν τὸ μέρος τῆς ἡμέρας, τὸ δὲ ἐπίλοιπον εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, ἢ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς τὸν ὕπνον. Τῇ ἐφεξῆς ἡμέρᾳ μόλις ἔλαμψεν ὁ Ἥλιος, ἔπνεαν ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς ἄνεμος, ἐπράτες εἰς τὸν λιμένα τὸ πλοῖα· ὅθεν δὲ τὰ Πάλλαντος υἱοὶ ὡς νεώτεροι, ἦλθον καὶ ἐπισκέφ- θῆσι τὸν Κέφαλον, καὶ ὅλοι ὁμοῦ ὑπῆγαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὁ μὲν ἔτι ἐκοίματο, ὁ δὲ Τε- λαμών, καὶ ὁ ἀδελφός του ἦσαν ἔξω, διὰ νὰ συναθροίσουν στράτευμα, ὁ Φῶκος ὁ νεώτερος τῶν τοῦ Αἰακοῦ υἱῶν, ὑ- ποδέχθη τὸν Κέφαλον, καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἕως νὰ

Ὡς νὰ φοβῶμαι, καὶ νὰ ὑποστῶ ἀπιστίαν εἰς τὴν Πρόχριν. Ἡ ἡλικία μας, ἡ ὡραιότης πάθανον τῆς ὑ- ποστῶν μας, ἀλλὰ πάλιν ἡ ἀρετή της μοὶ ἔδιδε καλὰς ἐλπίδας. Ὅμως ἡ ἀπουσία μου, καὶ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Θεᾶς, ἀπὸ τῆς ὁποίαν ἀνεχώρουν· με ἐτρό- μαζαν. Τί δὲν φοβεῖται ὁποῖος ἀγαπᾷ· Ἀποφασίζω λοιπὸν νὰ ἐρεύνησω ὅπερ ἔμελλε νὰ με λυπήσῃ, ἢ νὰ δοκιμάσω με δῶρα τὴν πίστιν τῆς Πρόχριδος. Ἡ Ἠὼς ἐβοήθησε τὴν ἐπιχείρησίν μου, ἐπειδὴ με ἤλ- λαξε τὴν μορφὴν εἰς ξένον, ὥστε ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας χωρὶς νὰ με γνωρίσῃ τίνες· ἀλλ' εὗρον εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅλα τὰ σημεῖα, τὰ μαρτύρευτα τὴν ἀ- ρετήαν καὶ σωφροσύνην τῆς γυναικός μας. Ὅλοι ἦσαν λυπημένοι, ὅλοι κατὰ μίμησιν τῆς κυρίας τῆς στέ- ρησιν τὰ οἰκοδεσπότου, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά ἐπαρηίνουν ἢ τὰς ἄλλας νὰ κλαίωσι. Μετὰ βίας ἐδυνήθων νὰ ἔμβω εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα της ὑπὸ μυρίων προφάσεων, ἢ τεχνημάτων· ἀλλὰ μόλις τὴν ἴδον, με ἤλεγξεν ἡ συνείδησίς μου διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν ἀπόφασιν ἔκαμνα νὰ τὴν περάσω, καὶ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε νὰ ἀφήσω τὴν κα- κόμοιρον ἐπιχείρησίν μου. Ἤθελον πολλάκις νὰ φα- νερώσω, ἀλλ' ἡ κακή μου τύχη δὲν με ἄφησε νὰ τὴν ἐναγκαλίσω καθὼς ἔσπευον. Ἦταν περίλυπος, ἀλ- λὰ καμμία ἄλλη δὲν εἶναι ὡραία, ὅσον ἦταν ἐκείνη με ὅλης της τὴν λύπην. Συμπέρανε, ὦ Φώκε, πό- σον ἦταν ὡραία, ἀφ' οὗ σοὶ εἶπον ὅτι τὴν ἐκάλυπτε καὶ αὐτή ἡ λύπη. Περιττὸν εἶναι νὰ σοὶ διηγήσθω ποσάκις ἡ ἀρετή της ἀπέκλινε τὰς προσμάς μας, ἢ τὰ τεχνάσματα, ὅσα ἐμεταχειρίσθην διὰ νὰ ἀπολαύ- σω ὅπερ ἐφοβούμην νὰ ἀπολαύσω· ποσάκις μοὶ εἴ- πε, δι' ἕνα μόνον ἀναπνέω,

Carmina Laiades non intellecta priorum
760solverat ingeniis, et praecipitata iacebat
inmemor ambagum vates obscura suarum.
scilicet alma Themis non talia liquit inulta.
Protinus Aoniis inmittitur altera Thebis
pestis, et exitio multi pecorumque suoque
765rurigenae pavere feram. Vicina iuventus
venimus et latos indagine cinximus agros.
Illa levi velox superabat retia saltu
summaque transibat positarum lina plagarum.
Copula detrahitur canibus: quos illa sequentes
770effugit et celeri non segnior alite ludit.
Poscor et ipse meum consensu Laelapa magno
(muneris hoc nomen). Iamdudum vincula pugnat
exuere ipse sibi colloque morantia tendit.
Vix bene missus erat, nec iam poteramus, ubi esset,
775scire. Pedum calidus vestigia pulvis habebat,
ipse oculis ereptus erat. Non ocior illo
hasta nec exutae contorto verbere glandes,
nec Gortyniaco calamus levis exit ab arcu.
Collis apex medii subiectis inminet arvis:
780tollor eo capioque novi spectacula cursus,
quo modo deprendi, modo se subducere ab ipso
vulnere visa fera est. Nec limite callida recto
in spatiumque fugit, sed decipit ora sequentis
et redit in gyrum, ne sit suus impetus hosti.
785Inminet hic sequiturque parem similisque tenenti
non tenet et vanos exercet in aera morsus.
Ad iaculi vertebar opem. Quod dextera librat
dum mea, dum digitos amentis addere tempto,
lumina deflexi. Revocataque rursus eodem
790rettuleram: in medio (mirum) duo marmora campo
adspicio: fugere hoc, illud captare putares.
Scilicet invictos ambo certamine cursus
esse deus voluit, siquis deus adfuit illis.”
Hactenus, et tacuit. “Iaculo quod crimen in ipso est?”
795Phocus ait. Iaculi sic crimina reddidit ille:
“After the son of Laius,—Oedipus,—
had solved the riddle of the monster-sphinx,
so often baffling to the wits of men,
and after she had fallen from her hill,
mangled, forgetful of her riddling craft;
not unrevenged the mighty Themis brooked
her loss. Without delay that goddess raised
another savage beast to ravage Thebes,
by which the farmer's cattle were devoured,
the land was ruined and its people slain.
“Then all the valiant young men of the realm,
with whom I also went, enclosed the field
(where lurked the monster) in a mesh
of many tangled nets: but not a strand
could stay its onrush, and it leaped the crest
of every barrier where the toils were set.
“Already they had urged their eager dogs,
which swiftly as a bird it left behind,
eluding all the hunters as it fled.
“At last all begged me to let slip the leash
of straining Tempest; such I called the hound,
my dear wife's present. As he tugged and pulled
upon the tightened cords, I let them slip:
no sooner done, then he was lost to sight;
although, wherever struck his rapid feet
the hot dust whirled. Not swifter flies the spear,
nor whizzing bullet from the twisted sling,
nor feathered arrow from the twanging bow!
“A high hill jutted from a rolling plain,
on which I mounted to enjoy the sight
of that unequalled chase. One moment caught,
the next as surely free, the wild beast seemed
now here now there, elusive in its flight;
swiftly sped onward, or with sudden turn
doubled in circles to deceive or gain.
With equal speed pursuing at each turn,
the rapid hound could neither gain nor lose.
Now springing forward and now doubling back,
his great speed foiled, he snapped at empty air.
“I then turned to my javelin's aid; and while
I poised it in my right hand, turned away
my gaze a moment as I sought to twine
my practiced fingers in the guiding thongs;
but when again I lifted up my eyes,
to cast the javelin where the monster sped,
I saw two marble statues standing there,
transformed upon the plain. One statue seemed
to strain in attitude of rapid flight,
the other with wide-open jaws was changed,
just in the act of barking and pursuit.
Surely some God—if any god controls—
decreed both equal, neither could succeed.”
Now after these miraculous events,
it seemed he wished to stop, but Phocus said.
“What charge have you against the javelin?”
And Cephalus rejoined; “I must relate
The transformation of Cephalus�s dog Laelaps

�Oedipus, son of La�us, had solved with his genius the riddles whose meaning was previously not understood, and the Sphinx, dark prophetess, had hurtled headlong from the cliff, her enigmatic words forgotten. Immediately Aonian Thebes was plagued again (since righteous Themis does not leave such things unpunished!) and many country people feared that the Teumessian vixen would destroy their flocks and themselves. The young men of the neighbourhood came, and we beat over the wide fields. That swift creature leapt lightly over the nets, and cleared the tops of the traps we had set. Then we slipped our hounds from the tether, but she escaped their pursuit, and, travelling no slower than a bird flies, mocked the pack. With one great shout the hunters called on me to loose Laelaps, �Hurricane� (the name of my wife�s gift). He had long been struggling to free himself from his leash, and straining his neck against the restraint. He had scarcely been released properly before we lost sight of him.

�The hot dust showed the print of his paws, but he had vanished from sight. No javelin was quicker than him, no lead shot from a whirled sling, no light arrow shot from a Cretan bow. There was an intervening hill whose summit overlooked the surrounding fields. I climbed it, and watched the spectacle of this strange race, where the quarry seemed to be caught, and then to escape its fate. Nor does the cunning animal run in a straight course in the open, but it eludes the pursuing muzzle and swings back in a circle, so its enemy cannot charge. The hound presses hard, and matches its pace, seems to grip it, and does not grip it, and worries at the air with its empty snapping.

�I turned to my spear for help. While I was balancing it in my right hand, while I was trying to fit my fingers into the throwing strap, I turned my eyes away. When I turned them back to the same place, I saw (a marvel) two shapes of marble in the middle of the plain. One you would think to be fleeing, the other pursuing. Assuredly, if a god was with them, that god must have willed that both should be unconquered in the race,� He got so far in his story, and was silent. �What crime has the spear committed?� said Phocus. And Cephalus recounted its crime.

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 403

„χαρά με εἰς ὅποιον μέρος τῆς γῆς ἤ αὖ διείσχεται. „Ποῖος φρονιμώτερός μου δέν ἤϊθελον ὑπερόψει ἤδη „εἰς ποιαύτην ἀπώλειαν· ἐγὼ ὅμως δέν ἠσύχασα, „ἀλλὰ πολεμώντας την πρὸς ἀφανισμόν με, τῇ πράξει „μεγάλης Θησαυρές, καὶ με τοὺς λόγους με, ἢ με τὰς „ὑποσχέσεις με, την ὑπάγκασα πέλος να διςάξῃ, καὶ „να σκοτάξεται τί ἔπρεπε να πάμῃ. Τότε φωνάζω δύ- „τῃς, μέμφομαι την ἀπιστίαν τῆς, τῇ φανερώνω ὅτι „δέν ἤμουν παντὸς μοιχὸς, ἀλλ' ὁ χρήσιος ἀνήρ τῆς, „καὶ μάρτυρ τῆς ἀναιδείας της. Ἐπειδὴ δέν ἀπεκρίθην „τίποτε εἰς τοὺς ὀνειδισμούς με, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ την ἐντρο- „πήν, ἔφυγον ἀπὸ την οἰκίαν της, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀμόρα „της, καὶ ἀπεχώρησον εἰς τὰ δάση. ὅπου ὅλη ἀφιε- „ρώθη εἰς την Ἄρτεμιν, καὶ διὰ την ὕβριν, την ὁ- „ποῖαν παρ' ἐμοῦ ἔλαβον, ὅλης ἐμίσησε τοὺς ἄνδρας. „Μόλις την ἔχασα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά με, ἡ καρ- „δία μου κατεπήκετο σφοδρότερον ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, ὥ- „στε ἐμπαιλαβα ὅτι ἡ ὀργὴ τῇ ἐρασταῶν εἶναι φλὸξ, „ἡ ὁποῖα πολλὰ ὀλιγώτερα σβύνεται. Τῇ ἐξήτησα „συγχώμην, ἢ ὁμολογῶν τὸ σφάλμα με, διὰ νὰ την „παρηγορήσω τῇ εἶπον, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ τὰ δῶρα ἤϊθελον „ἀπατήσει ἢ ἐμὲ τὸν ἴδιον. Τέλος ἐκαταπείσθην, ἢ ἡ „μεταβολή με ἔκινεν ἐνδίκησις τῆς τιμῆς ἢ σωφροσύ- „νης τῆς, την ὁποῖαν ἐγὼ ἀδίκως ἤϊθελησα νὰ βάλλω „εἰς κίνδυνον. Ἐπέστρεψε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν οἶκόν με, ἢ „ἐσυζήσαμεν πολὺ καιρὸν ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ ὁμονοίᾳ. „Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ νὰ ἦτον μικρὸν τὸ δῶρον τῆς ἀγάπης της, „μοὶ ἐχάρισε ἢ ἕνα κύνα, τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχε λάβῃ ἀ- „πὸ την Ἄρτεμιν, ὡς καλλίτερον ὅλων τῇ ἄλλων „κυνῶν, ἅμα δὲ ἢ τὸ ἀκόντιον τοῦτο, τὸ ὁποῖον, ὡς „βλέπεις, βαστῶ εἰς τὰς χεῖράς με.

„Έμαθες πόθεν τὸ ἀκόντιον, ἄκουσον τώρα καὶ πῶς „ ἔπεσε τὸ κυνός· ἄκουσον θαυμάσιον ἢ καινόν τι πρᾶγ- „ μα. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἤρχισαν αἱ Νηΐδες νὰ ἐξηγῶσι τὰς χρησμο- „ λογίας, μὲ βεβαιότητα καὶ σαφήνειαν μεγαλοπρεπῆ, οὐ- „ δεὶς περιεποιεῖτο πλέον τὴν Θέμιδα, οὔτε ἐφρόντιζε „ διὰ τὰς σκοτεινὰς ἀποκρίσεις της· ὅθεν ἀγανακτήσα- „ σα ἡ Θεὰ δι᾽ αὐτῶν τὴν καταφρόνησιν, ὁπόθεν τὴν ἔ- „ πασχεν ἀτιμώρητον· ἀλλ᾽ ἔστειλε μύσος εἰς τὰς ἀγροὺς „ τῆς Θήβης ἓν Σμῆνον, πρόξενον μεγαλοπρεποῦς φθο- „ ρᾶς, ἢ φοβερὸν εἰς τοὺς γεωργούς, ἢ εἰς τὰ ἁρμάτα „ των. Ὅλοι λοιπὸν οἱ νέοι διηνθήκαμεν πρὸς ἐλαφοθή- „ ρασιν τοῦ τύπου, περισκυλώσαντες πάντα τὰς ὁδοὺς με „ τὰ δίκτυα μας, διὰ νὰ πιάσωμεν τὸ Σμῆνον· ἀλλ᾽ αὐ- „ τὸ ὑπερέβαινε μὲ τὴν ταχύτητα τὸ ὅ,τι ἢ αὐτὴ δύνα- „ ται νὰ συλλαβῆ τις ἐλαφρότατον, καὶ ἐπήδησε εὐκό- „ λως ἄνωθεν ἤδη διχτύων μας. Εἰς μάτην ἐλύσαμεν „ μας ὅλοι τοὺς σκύλους, ὅτι τῆς ὑμᾶ καὶ ἐμφύσει, καὶ „ παρομοιάζον τὰ πετεινὰ μὲ τὴν ταχύτητά του, ἐμ- „ παίζει τὸ πλῆθος των. Τέλος πάντων ὅλοι μὲ πα- „ ρεκάλεσαν νὰ λύσω ἢ τὸν ἐδικόν μας Λαίλαπα (οὔ- „ τως ὠνομάζετο ὁ κύων, ὃν ἔλαβα δῶρον παρὰ τῆς „ Προκρίδος.) ὁ ὁποῖος ἤδη ἐκ πολλοῦ ἐβιάζετο νὰ λύ- „ σῃ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τὸν δεσμόν, ἢ νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ. Μό- „ λις τον ἔλυσα, ἢ ἄφαντος ἔγινε, καὶ δὲν ἠξεύρομεν „ πλέον ποῦ ἐδείχθη. Λίθος ῥιπτόμενος μὲ τὴν σφενδόνην ἀπὸ δυνατὴν χεῖρα, ἢ βέλος φεύγον ἀπὸ τὸ „ τόξον, δὲν πετοῦσι τόσον ὀλιγώτερα, ὅσον ἔτρεχεν ὁ „ σκύλος μου. Ἀνέβην εἰς λόφον, κείμενον εἰς τὸ μέ- „ σον τῆς πεδιάδος, ἢ ἐκεῖθεν ἔβλεπον νὰ ξεσχοῦσι ἢ „ τὸ Σμῆνον ἢ τὸν σκύλον μου, ἢ ἐθαύμαζον

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 405

„ λήφθη, ἐκεῖνο ἐφύλαξεν ἀπὸ τὰς ὀδόντας τοῦ σκύλλου, „ ὁ ὁποῖος ἔτσι μοὶ ἐφαίνετο πλησίον του, ἔβλεπα πολ- „ λὰ ἀπομακρυσμένον τὸ Θηρίον. Δὲν ἔσχεν αὐτὸ ἱ- „ σχύν, ἀλλὰ τῇ δὲ κάμῃ σὲ φερόμενον, μὲ πολλὰς ἐλ- „ πας πάντοτε ἀπαῖσε τὸν σκύλλον μου, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν „ ἔπαυε νὰ τὸ κυνηγῇ μὲ τὴν αὐτὴν ταχύτητα, κα- „ θὼς ἐκεῖνο ἔφευγε, καὶ ἤθελες εἰπῆ πολλάκις ὅτι „ βέβαια τὸ ἐπίασεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλοτε δὲν ἔκαμεν παρὰ „ νὰ ὀξέασκη μάταιος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὴν ὀδηκτικὴν δύ- „ ναμίν του. Ἀπεφάσισα λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν βοηθήσω μὲ „ τὸ ἀκόντιόν μου, ἀλλὰ μόλις ἔστρεψα ὁλίγον τὰ ὄμ- „ ματά μου ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, διὰ νὰ τὸ σηκώσω, κα- „ τευθύνων αὐτὰ πάλιν πρὸς τὸν τόπον, ( ὦ τί θαύ- „ ματος ! ) βλέπω εἰς τὰ μέσον τῆς πεδιάδος αὐτῆς τοῦ „ Θησέως καὶ τοῦ λιμοῦ, δύω μάρμαρα, τῶν ὁποίων τὸ „ μὲν ἐφαίνετο ὅτι φεύγει, τὸ δὲ ὅτι ὑλακτεῖ. Ἴσως „ τις ἦν Θεῶν ( ἂν ὅμως κάμμία Θεότης ἦτον παρού- „ σα εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον ) βλέπων αὐτοὺς ἀμφοτέρους ἐξ ἴ- „ σου ταχεῖς καὶ δυνατούς, δὲν ἤθέλησε νὰ παραχωρήσῃ „ ὁ εἷς νὰ νικήσῃ τὸν ἄλλον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ δύω νὰ μείν- „ ωσιν αἰώνιοι εἰς τὸν ἀγῶνα „.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Α°. ἔχω συγνώμην ὑπὸ πάς γυναῖκας, ἔσω ὑποψίαν εἴπερ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲ συντείνει μηδέ ζῆν εἰς τιμήν των, ἢ ἔπαινον· πιθανὸν καὶ ὁ Ποιητὴς μας (ὡς τῆς καὶ ὑπερβολῆς τῆς ἀγάπας) νὰ ἀδίκησε ὑπὸ κάμμιαν, ἐπειδὴ ἤθέλησε νὰ δείξη μὲ τὸ παράδειγ- μα τῆς Προκρίδος, ὅτι ἄν-πιρα νὰ ἀπίστη τῆς εἰς τὴν φρονιμωτά- την. Ἀλλὰ τί δηλοῖ ὁ ἔρως ἡμῆς Ἠοῦς, ἢ Αὐγῆς, ἡ ὁποία θε- λοῦσε νὰ χωρίση τὸν Κέφαλον ἀπὸ τῆς Προκρίδος, καὶ διότι ἐκεί- νη ἀγάπα τῆς ἴδιας αὐτῆς τὸν ἄνδρα, καθὼς εἶναι Νυμ- φίον, ὡς ἀδιάκριτος τύχης ὅτι Κέφαλος κυνηγὸς ἦτον ἡ τὰ σηκώνεται πολλὰ πρωῒ· ἀλλ᾽ ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐνυμφώθη τῇ Προκρίδι τὴν ὁποίαν ὑπερηγάπα, ἔγινεν ἔννυχος, ἢ κλισιχώρης, ἢ διότι τοιοῦτο ἐνοφιλοῦταν ὅτι κατέλιπε τὴν Αὐγήν, διὰ νὰ διατρίβῃ μὲ τὴ Προκρίδα. Δείκνυται δ᾽ ἐπὶ ὅτι δὲν ἀρκεῖ οὔτε πλοῦτος, οὔτε εὐ- τυχία, οὔτε κάτι Θεῖος ἔρως νὰ παρακινήσῃ ποτε ἄνδρα νὰ ἀθε- τήσῃ τὴν πίστιν πρὸς τὴν συμβίαν του· καὶ ἂν ἦτον δυνατὸν ἡ Θεὸς τῆς νὰ μᾶς προστάζη νὰ παραβῶμεν τὴν γαμηλίαν πίστιν, ἦ θέλει μᾶς εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ μὴ τὸν ὑπακούσωμεν.

“Gaudia principium nostri sunt, Phoce, doloris:
illa prius referam. Iuvat o meminisse beati
temporis, Aeacida, quo primos rite per annos
coniuge eram felix, felix erat illa marito.
800Mutua cura duos et amor socialis habebat;
nec Iovis illa meo thalamos praeferret amori,
nec, me quae caperet, non si Venus ipsa veniret,
ulla erat: aequales urebant pectora flammae.
Sole fere radiis feriente cacumina primis
805venatum in silvas iuvenaliter ire solebam.
Nec mecum famuli nec equi nec naribus acres
ire canes, nec lina sequi nodosa solebant:
tutus eram iaculo. Sed cum satiata ferinae
dextera caedis erat, repetebam frigus et umbras
810et quae de gelidis exibat vallibus aura.
Aura petebatur medio mihi lenis in aestu,
auram exspectabam, requies erat illa labori.
“Aura” (recordor enim) “venias” cantare solebam,
“meque iuves intresque sinus, gratissima, nostros,
815utque facis, relevare velis, quibus urimur, aestus.”
Forsitan addiderim (sic me mea fata trahebant)
blanditias plures et “tu mihi magna voluptas,”
dicere sim solitus, “tu me reficisque fovesque,
tu facis, ut silvas, ut amem loca sola; meoque
820spiritus iste tuus semper captatur ab ore.”
Vocibus ambiguis deceptam praebuit aurem
nescio quis, nomenque aurae tam saepe vocatum
esse putat nymphae: nympham mihi credit amari.
Criminis extemplo ficti temerarius index
825Procrin adit linguaque refert audita susurra.
Credula res amor est: subito conlapsa dolore,
ut mihi narratur, cecidit; longoque refecta
tempore se miseram, se fati dixit iniqui,
deque fide questa est; et crimine concita vano
830quod nihil est, metuit, metuit sine corpore nomen
et dolet infelix veluti de paelice vera.
Saepe tamen dubitat speratque miserrima falli
indicioque fidem negat et, nisi viderit ipsa,
damnatura sui non est delicta mariti.
835Postera depulerant Aurorae lumina noctem:
egredior silvamque peto, victorque per herbas
“Aura veni” dixi, “nostroque medere labori.”
Et subito gemitus inter mea verba videbar
nescio quos audisse: “veni” tamen “optima!” dicens
840fronde levem rursus strepitum faciente caduca
sum ratus esse feram telumque volatile misi.
Procris erat; medioque tenens in pectore vulnus
“ei mihi” conclamat. Vox est ubi cognita fidae
coniugis, ad vocem praeceps amensque cucurri.
845Semianimem et sparsas foedantem sanguine vestes
et sua (me miserum!) de vulnere dona trahentem
invenio, corpusque meo mihi carius ulnis
mollibus attollo scissaque a pectore veste
vulnera saeva ligo conorque inhibere cruorem,
850neu me morte sua sceleratum deserat, oro.
Viribus illa carens et iam moribunda coegit
haec se pauca loqui: “Per nostri foedera lecti
perque deos supplex oro superosque meosque,
per siquid merui de te bene perque manentem
855nunc quoque, cum pereo, causam mihi mortis, amorem,
ne thalamis Auram patiare innubere nostris.”
Dixit, et errorem tum denique nominis esse
et sensi et docui. Sed quid docuisse iuvabat?
Labitur, et parvae fugiunt cum sanguine vires.
860Dumque aliquid spectare potest, me spectat et in me
infelicem animam nostroque exhalat in ore;
sed vultu meliore mori secura videtur.”
Flentibus haec lacrimans heros memorabat: et ecce
Aeacus ingreditur duplici cum prole novoque
865milite, quem Cephalus cum fortibus accipit armis.
my sorrows last; for I would tell you first
the story of my joys—'Tis sweet to think,
upon the gliding tide of those few years
of married life, when my dear wife and I
were happy in our love and confidence.
No woman could allure me then from her;
and even Venus could not tempt my love;
all my great passion for my dearest wife
was equalled by the passion she returned.
“As early as the sun, when golden rays
first glittered on the mountains, I would rise
in youthful ardor, to explore the fields
in search of game. With no companions, hounds,
nor steeds nor nets, this javelin was alone
my safety and companion in my sport.
“And often when my right hand felt its weight,
a-wearied of the slaughter it had caused,
I would come back to rest in the cool shade,
and breezes from cool vales—the breeze I wooed,
blowing so gently on me in the heat;
the breeze I waited for; she was my rest
from labor. I remember, ‘Aura come,’
I used to say, ‘Come soothe me, come into
my breast most welcome one, and yes indeed,
you do relieve the heat with which I burn.’
“And as I felt the sweet breeze of the morn,
as if in answer to my song, my fate impelled
me further to declare my joy in song;
“ ‘You are my comfort, you are my delight!
Refresh me, cherish me, breathe on my face!
I love you child of lonely haunts and trees!’
“Such words I once was singing, not aware
of some one spying on me from the trees,
who thought I sang to some beloved Nymph,
or goddess by the name of Aura—so
I always called the breeze.—Unhappy man!
The meddling tell-tale went to Procris with
a story of supposed unfaithfulness,
and slyly told in whispers all he heard.
True love is credulous; (and as I heard
the story) Procris in a swoon fell down.
When she awakened from her bitter swoon,
she ceased not wailing her unhappy fate,
and, wretched, moaned for an imagined woe.
“So she lamented what was never done!
Her woe incited by a whispered tale,
she feared the fiction of a harmless name!
But hope returning soothed her wretched state;
and now, no longer willing to believe
such wrong, unless her own eyes saw it, she
refused to think her husband sinned.
“When dawn
had banished night, and I, rejoicing, ranged
the breathing woods, victorious in the hunt
paused and said, ‘Come Aura—lovely breeze—
relieve my panting breast!’ It seemed I heard
the smothered moans of sorrow as I spoke:
but not conceiving harm, I said again;
“ ‘Come here, oh my delight!’ And as those words
fell from my lips, I thought I heard a soft
sound in the thicket, as of moving leaves;
and thinking surely 'twas a hidden beast,
I threw this winged javelin at the spot.—
“It was my own wife, Procris, and the shaft
was buried in her breast—‘Ah, wretched me!’
She cried; and when I heard her well-known voice,
distracted I ran towards her,—only to find
her bathed in blood, and dying from the wound
of that same javelin she had given to me:
and in her agony she drew it forth,—
ah me! alas! from her dear tender side.
“I lifted her limp body to my own,
in these blood-guilty arms, and wrapped the wound
with fragments of my tunic, that I tore
in haste to staunch her blood; and all the while
I moaned, ‘Oh, do not now forsake me—slain
by these accursed hands!’
“Weak with the loss
of blood, and dying, she compelled herself
to utter these few words, ‘It is my death;
but let my eyes not close upon this life
before I plead with you! — By the dear ties
of sacred marriage; by your god and mine;
and if my love for you can move your heart;
and even by the cause of my sad death,—
my love for you increasing as I die,—
ah, put away that Aura you have called,
that she may never separate your soul,—
your love from me.’
“So, by those dying words
I knew that she had heard me call the name
of Aura, when I wished the cooling breeze,
and thought I called a goddess,—cause of all
her jealous sorrow and my bitter woe
“Alas, too late, I told her the sad truth;
but she was sinking, and her little strength
swiftly was ebbing with her flowing blood.
As long as life remained her loving gaze
was fixed on mine; and her unhappy life
at last was breathed out on my grieving face.
It seemed to me a look of sweet content
was in her face, as if she feared not death.”
In tears he folds these things; and, as they wept
in came the aged monarch, Aeacus,
and with the monarch his two valiant sons,
and troops, new-levied, trained to glorious arms.
The death of Procris

�Phocus, my happiness was the beginning of my sorrow, and I will speak of happiness first. Son of Aeacus, what a joy it is to remember that blessed time, when, in those early years, I was delighted, and rightly so, with my wife, and she was delighted with her husband. We two had mutual cares, and a shared love. She would not have preferred Jupiter�s bed to my love, and no woman could have captured me, not if Venus herself had come there. An equal flame burnt in our hearts.

�Just after dawn, when the first rays struck the hilltops, full of youthfulness, I used to go hunting in the woods. I used to take no servants, or horses, or keen-scented hounds, or knotted snares. I trusted in my spear. But when my right hand was sated with the slaughter of wild creatures, I would return to the cool of the shade, and the breeze, aura, out of the chill valleys. I courted the breeze, gentle to me, in the midst of the heat: I waited for aura: she was rest for my labour. �Aura� (Indeed, I remember) I used to call �Come to me, delight me, enter my breast, most pleasing one, and, as you do, be willing to ease this heat I burn with!� Perhaps I did add more endearments (so my fate led me on). �You are my greatest pleasure� I used to say. �You revive me, and cherish me. You make me love the woods and lonely places. It is always your breath I try to catch with my lips.�

�Someone, I don�t know who, hearing the ambiguous words, represented my speech as a betrayal, and thought the word aura I called so often, was the name of a nymph, a nymph he believed I loved. Immediately the unthinking witness went to Procris with the tale of my imagined disloyalty, and whispered what he had heard. Love is a credulous thing. Overcome with sudden pain, they tell me that she fainted. After a long time she revived, weeping for herself, calling her fate evil. She complained of my faithlessness, and troubled by an imaginary crime, she feared what was nothing, feared a name without substance, and grieved, the unhappy woman, as though aura were a real rival.

�Yet she often doubted, and hoped, in her misery, that she was wrong, declaring she would not believe it, and unless she witnessed it herself, would not condemn her husband as guilty of any crime. Next morning, when Dawn�s light had dispelled the night I left to seek the woods, and, victorious from the hunt, lying on the grass, I said �Aura, come and relieve my suffering!� and suddenly, amongst my words, I thought I heard someone�s moan. �Come, dearest!� I still said, and as the fallen leaves made a rustling sound in reply, I thought it was a wild creature, and threw my spear quickly. It was Procris. Clasping the wound in her breast she cried out �Ah, me!�

�Recognising it as the voice of my faithful wife, I ran headlong and frantic towards that voice. I found her half-alive, her clothes sprinkled with drops of blood, and (what misery!) trying to pull this spear, her gift to me, from the wound. I lifted her body, dearer to me than my own, with gentle arms, tore the fabric from her breast, and bound up the cruel wound, trying to stem the blood, begging her not to leave me, guilty of her death. Though her strength was failing, and even though she was dying, she forced herself to speak a little. �By the bed we swore to share, by the gods that I entreat, those that are above, and those that are of my house, by any good I have deserved of you, and by the abiding love, that still, while I die, remains, that is itself the cause of my death, do not allow this Aura to marry you in my place!� She spoke, and then I knew at last the error of the name, and told her. But what was the use of telling? She wavered, and the little strength she had ebbed away with her blood. While she could still gaze at anything, she gazed at me; and to me, and on my lips, breathed out her unfortunate spirit. And her look seemed easier then, untroubled by death.�

The hero, weeping, had told this sorrowful tale, when, behold, Aeacus entered with his two sons, and their newly enlisted men, whom Cephalus then accepted, with all their heavy armour.

Ἀλλ' ἐπειδή συμβαίνει πολλάκις ὅτι οἱ ψευδεῖς ἔρωτες δὲν εἴναι ἐλεύθεροι ὑπὸ ὑποψίας, οὕτω μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι μεταμορφωθεὶς ὁ Κέφαλος, ἠθέλησε νὰ δοκιμάσῃ μὲ δῶρα τὴν Πρόκριν καὶ καθὼς διὰ τῆς γαμετικῆς συγχωρίας νικῶνται μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέσον, οὕτω μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ Πρόκρις, ἀφ' οὗ ἀντέστη πολὺν καιρόν, ὕστερον ἐκατανίκηθη εἰς τὸν χρυσὸν, ἢ τὰς ἄλλας δωρεάς· ἴσως δὲ ὁ Κέφαλος τὸν τρόπον τῆς ἰδίας βουλῆς ἐπαιδεύθη ὅτι ἐπικίνδυνόν ἐστιν εἰς ἄνδρα νὰ δοκιμάσῃ τὴν γυναῖκά του ἀφοῦ θέλει νὰ ψυχάγῃ εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῆς καλὴν ποιὰν ὑπόληψιν, διὰ νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσῃ νὰ παιδευθῇ ἀπ' ἐξαυτῆς διὰ τὴν ἀκαίρεαν του περιέργειαν, ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, ὁποῖος ἐπιχειρεῖ νὰ λάβῃ πεῖραν τῆς ἀρετῆς οὐχὶ μόνον τῆς ἰδίας του γυναικὸς, ἀλλὰ καὶ παντὸς ἄλλου, θωρεῖ βέβαια ἄχρηστον φράγμα, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ὑποψίαι ὀλιγοστεύουσι τὴν φιλίαν.

Ἐὰν μὲ ἐρωτήσητε διὰ τί ἡ Πρόκρις ἐχάρισεν ἀκόντιον, ὡς σκῦλον εἰς τὸν Κέφαλον ὅταν ἐφιλιώθησαν, ἀποκρίνομαι ὅτι, καθὼς διὰ τὰ ἀκόντια σημαίνεται ὁ πόλεμος (διότι οἱ στρατιῶται χρῶνται εἰς αὐτά) οὕτως ἡ Πρόκρις ἐσήμανεν ὅτι παρέδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς αὐτῷ τὸν Κῶα, ἤτοι τὸν στρατιώτην ἴδου ὁ Μῦθος τὰ ἀκοντίου καὶ τοῦ σκύλου, διότι τὸ Κῶα, σημαίνει τὸν σκῦλον, ἢ τὸ ἀκόντιον τοῦ στρατιώτου, τὰ ὁποῖα ὁ Κέφαλος μεταχειρίζεται ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν Κῶα ἦσαν Ἀρκάδικα, διὰ νὰ νικήσῃ τοὺς Ἀλώπεκας, περὶ τὰ ὁποῖα μετ' ὀλίγον θέλομεν ὁμιλήσει.

Διὰ τῆς Ὀφέλπης λαόμενον εἰναγόμενα τὰ σῦμα ἀμβέλα ἐπαιδί ὁ Οἴτης, δ' ἐν γεμματίζει εἰμὶ τὸ Θέμιτον, δηλα δὴ δίκαιον, εἶναι ἡ Θεὰ ἥς κακῶν συμβεβλῶν, ᾧ δὲ ἐναντίας αἱ συμβολαὶ ἥς Νηιάδων ἀλλο τι δεῖ εἰκονίζουσιν εἰ μὴ τὰ μάταις βουλήματα ἥς ἀνδρώπου. Ὅσοι φορτιμίσαντες ἐκείνας οἱ Θηβαῖοι ὕπο τὰ μαντεῖα ἦς Θέμιδος, διὰ τὸ ὀργίδῖσα, ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸν τόπον τῆς ἀλώσκα, ἢ ὁποῖα ἕκαμε μεγάλω φόραι. Τέσο λιπόλυχι ὅτι ἀκόμεται ἡ Ὕυρα διὰ νὰ ἔμβαν εἰς μίαν πόλιν ὅλε τὰ κακὰ, ὁ ἦν εἰς αὐτὸν κατακατήται ἡ Δικαοσυνή, ἡ τῆς διὰ τῆς Θέμιδος εἰκονίζεται, καὶ ὅταν εἰς πῶν Διοίκησιν ἥς Πελιπέων ἀορτίμουντα οἱ μορφί καὶ φύλοι ὑπο τῆς φρονέμοης ἄσωτης, τοῦτε ἀφέεται ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν πανέταν ἀφηισμένον ὅλων ἥς φραγμάταν.

Διὰ τῆς Ἀλώσκεκας παειςᾶται ἀνδρείος τῆς καὶ πανέργος στρατηγὸς, Ἀλώσκης καλέμενος, ὁ ὁποῖος, ὡς λέγει ὁ Παλαίφατος, ἡ τοῦ ἀδιμάκτης ἐχδρὸς ἥς Οὐθαίων. Κατέφυγεν εἰς τὰ πέλεις τῆι Τελμησσοῦ ἔφυγε, ὅπως ἡ πῶν ἀδιμάταν νὰ νικηθῆ, ἀλλὰ λας, ὡς φαίνεται καὶ ἐπιστήμων δρατηγὸς, (τῆς ὕλας ἐν τελμησσαίος εὑμῆσας τοῦ ἀκοντίου τοῦ) ὁ ὁμώμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Σίοας μὲ δρατῆμα σέξαιν τοῦ ἐγκήχους, ᾧ παλήθέρωσε τῆς Θηβαίας ὑπο αὐτὸν τὸν ἄνδρεα, ὅς τῆς δὲ τῆς ἄφης νὰ ποσχάσσοι.

Λέγεται ἀφὸς τῆιος ὅτι διὰ τὸ σκ

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΚΗ'.

Περὶ τῆς Προκείδος, ἥτις ἐφοράθη ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐδρα τῆς, ἐ τῷ ἀκοντίῳ, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε δῶρον παρ αὐτῆς.

Η Πρόκρις, ἥτις τινὸς ἰσχάζουσα ἀγγέλου, λαμβάνει ὑπόλας μετὰ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς της, τὸ ὑπάγει νὰ ποῦ παρατηρήσου εἰς ἐκ δά- σους, ὅτου ἀκουσίως ὁ Κέφαλος τὰ ἔτινιά, φθάνει αὐτῇ ἀφελο- κατά ἐπης μὲ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἀκόντιον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκείνη τὸν εἶχε χαρίσει.

Ἀφοῦ ἐσιώπησεν ὁ Κέφαλος, τί ἀράγε ἔπταισα τὸ ἀκόντιόν σου, λέγει τὸ Φῶκος, ἐπειδὴ παρά- τηρον τὸ ἀνυμάζες αἴτιον τῆς δακρύων σου· Τότε ὁ Κέφαλος ἀρχίσεν αὐθὸς νὰ διηγῆται τὸ σφάλμα του ἀκοντίας της, λέγων ἔπως. Ἡ λύπη διεδέχθη τὴν χα- ράν μας, ἐ ταύτης ἀρξάμενος, ὦ Φῶκε, θέλω σὲ διη- γηθῆ· ἐπειδὴ τὸ νὰ ἐνθυμῆται τις τὴν εὐτυχίαν του, εἶναι παρηγορεία. Ναί, μεγάλως παραμυθοῦμαι ἐν- θυμούμενος τὸν ὁποῖον καιρόν ἔζησα μὲ τὴν Πρόκρι- δα, ἐ ὁποίαν εὐτυχίαν ἐγὼ μὲν ἔχαιρον δι' αὐτῆς· αὐτὴ δὲ δι' ἐμέ. Μίαν ἐ τὴν αὐτὴν παραίρεσιν εἴ- χομεν ἀμφότεροι, καθὼς ἄν μίαν φρόνησιν ἀγάπης· ἐκείνη δὲν ἤδυνατο νὰ φροντίσῃ εἰ μὴ δι' ἐμὲ μόνον, καὶ ἐγὼ ὁμοίως δι' αὐτήν μόνον. Ἐκείνη μὲ ἐφορο-

„ πείθευ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Δία, ὃ ποῦ ἤθελε νὰ πάξει „ ὅλον τὸν οὐρανόν ὅλων πλῶ γλῦκύ, κ' ἐγὼ τὸ εἰσέφορ- „ τώμην ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, ὃ ποῦ ἤθελε θέλει νὰ „ με ἑλκύσῃ μὲ ὅλα της τὰ πάθη· κ' εἰ λόγῳ ἡμεῖς „ εἴχαμεν γεννηθῇ ὁ εἷς διὰ τὸν ἄλλον, κ' δὲν ἐδιώ- „ χθημεν νὰ ἀγαπήσωμεν ἀλλότι, ὃ ἤτον δύνατον νὰ „ μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους. Μόλις αἱ πρῶσται ἀκτῖνες „ τῆς Ἡλίας ἐλάμψαντον τὴν κορυφὴν τῶν βουνῶν, ἀγ- „ κῶν ἐγὼ ὡς νέος τὸ κυνήγιον, ὑπήγαινα μόνος μου „ εἰς τὰ δάση, χωρὶς παντὸς δούλου, χωρὶς ἵππους, „ χωρὶς σκύλας, κ' δίκτυα. Τὸ ὁπλιστόν μου ἤτον ἡ „ σοφία μου, τὰ ὅπλα μου, κ' ἡ δύναμίς μου. Κα- „ ποπιανὸς ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἐξ ὅτεν κατέλυχον σκιάν, „ κ' τὴν αὔραν ἐκήντουν, τὴν ἐρχομένην ἀπὸ τὰς „ κρυεραῖς κοιλάδας, κ' ἡ αὔρα ἤτον ἡ παραμύθιά μου „ ἀνέμιξε τὲ κόπε μου, καὶ ἵνα εἰπῶ ἔτσι ἀνεπαυό- „ μην εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της. Ἐπιθυμοῦμαι ὅτι εἰ ἀγκά- „ λουν πολλάκις, λέγων· δεῦρο ὦ γλυκυτάτη αὔρα, „ δεῦρο νὰ μὲ παρηγορήσῃς, κ' νὰ σβέσῃς τὴν καύ- „ σαν μὲ φλόγα, ἐπειδὴ μὲ μόνην τῆς πνοῆς σου δύ- „ νασαι νὰ τὴν σβέσῃς· ἴσως ἐπρόσθεσα εἰς αὐτὰ ( ἔστω „ μὲ ψάγκαξον αἱ τύχαι μου ) κ' ἄλλας χρησολογίας, „ συνήθεις τοῖς ἐρασταῖς, λέγων κ' ταῦτα· σὺ εἶσαι „ ἡ χαρά μου, ἡ ζωή μου, ἡ ἀνάπαυσίς μου· σὺ εἶσαι „ ἡ αἰτία, δι' ἣν ἀγαπῶ τὰς ἐρημίας κ' τὰ δάση, κ' „ νὰ δέχωμαι πάντοτε εἰς τὸ σῶμα μου τὴν γλυκυτάτην „ σου πνοήν. Κάποιος βέβαια ἤκουσεν αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια, „ κ' νομίζων ὅτι τὰ ἔλεγα πρὸς κάμμίαν Νύμφην, „ διθύς τὰ ἀνήγγειλεν εἰς τὴν Πρόκριδα. Εὔπιστον „ πράγμα εἶναι ὁ

ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΑ. Ζ'. 411

ηγα λόγια· ὁρκίζωσε μὰ τῆς πίστιν τοῦ γάμε μας, μὰ τῆς Θεῖς τῶ Οὐρανῆ, ἱ τῆ ζόῆ, μὰ τῆς αἴτιαν τῆ Δαυότης με, τῆς ἀγάπης, τῆς ἔτι ἐπιμούσαν ἱ πώρα ἐν ᾗ ἀποθήσκω, νὰ μὴ εἰσχορήση ποτὲ εἰς τῆς παρίαν σε ἡ νύμφη, πρὸς τὴν ὁποίαν ἔλεγες ἐ πεῖνα πᾶ λόγια, ἱ νὰ μὴ λάβη τὸν τύπον, ὃν ἐγὼ πώρα σερέμαι. Δεῦ εἶπε πρεσβασέρα, ἱ ἐγὼ ὁ δυ σχυνῆς ἐπαπέλαβα πότε τῆς πλανῆς τῶ ὀνόματος, πᾶ τῆ ἐφανέρωσα πάσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Ἀλλὰ τί τὸ ὦ φέλος· ἐκεῖνη ἔπεσεν εἰς πᾶς ἀγκάλας με, πᾶ ὅμου με τὸ αἷμα ἔνασε πᾶ τῆς ὀλίγης τῆς δυνάμης, πᾶ ἕως ἐἠδώματο νὰ βλέπη, ἔβλεπον ἐμὲ τὸν δυσυχῆ, ἱ παρέδωσε τῆς τελευταίαν πνοῆν εἰς τὸ σῶμα μοῦ· πλῆς ἀποτραπεῖσα τῆς πλανῆς, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἀπε θήσκε μὲ ἱλαρώτερον πρόσωπον. Ταῦτα μὲ πολ λῶν δακρύων λέγοντος τὰ Κεφάλε, ἔκλαιον οἱ ἀκούο ντες ὅλοι· ἀλλὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἐνέβῆκεν ὁ Αἰακὸς μὲ τῆς ἄλ λες δύω υἱῆς τοῦ, πᾶ δείξαν αὐτῷ τὸ συναθροισθέν τόον στράτευμα, παρέδωσεν αὐτὸ εἰς χείρας τῶ, διὰ νὰ ὑπάγη πρὸς βοήθειαν τῆν Ἀθηνῶν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Διαμφίβολον εἶναι ὅτι αἱ ὑποψίαι, καὶ ζηλοτυπίαι φέρουσι πολλάκις μεγάλας δυστυχίας εἰς τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' οὗ λάβη ἡ ὑποψία, δυσκόλως ξεριζόνεται, καὶ μένουσα πληγωμένη ἡ ψυχὴ, ἐπιμένει εἰς τὸ νὰ ζέση τὸ πάθος της. Ἂν δὲ ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἶναι σημεῖον ἀγάπης, αὐτὸ ὅμως ὕστερον ὑποκτείνει τῆς ἀγάπης, καὶ ὁμοιάζει μὲ τὸν πυρετὸν, τὸν ὄντα σημεῖον ζωῆς, καὶ γίνεται τέλος τῆς ζωῆς.

Μανθάνεται ὅτι ἡ Πρόκρις ἐφονεύθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἐπειδὴ ἀπατήθη ὑπὸ τῶν διʼ αὐτὸν ζηλοτυπίαν, θʼ ἀπιστίας, ἀφʼ ὃ προτέρον καὶ ἔδωκε κατʼ ἀφορμὸν νὰ ἀπιστήσῃ ἐκεῖνος ὥστε δύναταί τις ἐντεῦθεν νὰ μὴν ἀντέξῃ εἰς τὰ ἔπη ἐκεῖνα εἰ ὕστερον ἐξ ἀσθενείας τῆς Ἱούδης ἀπέθανε διὰ τὸ μοιραῖον αἰτίαν ἀπιστίας. Ἂς μάθωμεν λοιπὸν ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦτο νὰ μὴ δίδωμεν ποτὲ ἀφορμὴν ἀπιστίας, ἢ ζηλοτυπίας.

Τέλος τῆς Ἑβδόμης Βίβλου.

Metamorphoses

Book VIII

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
Greek (Βλάνδης, Βενετία 1798)
1Iam nitidum retegente diem noctisque fugante
tempora Lucifero cadit eurus, et umida surgunt
nubila: dant placidi cursum redeuntibus austri
Aeacidis Cephaloque, quibus feliciter acti
5ante exspectatum portus tenuere petitos.
Interea Minos Lelegeia litora vastat
praetemptatque sui vires Mavortis in urbe
Alcathoi, quam Nisus habet, cui splendidus ostro
inter honoratos medioque in vertice canos
10crinis inhaerebat, magni fiducia regni.
Sexta resurgebant orientis cornua lunae,
et pendebat adhuc belli fortuna: diuque
inter utrumque volat dubiis Victoria pennis.
Regia turris erat vocalibus addita muris,
15in quibus auratam proles Letoia fertur
deposuisse lyram: saxo sonus eius inhaesit.
Saepe illuc solita est ascendere filia Nisi
et petere exiguo resonantia saxa lapillo,
tum cum pax esset: bello quoque saepe solebat
20spectare ex illa rigidi certamina Martis.
Iamque mora belli procerum quoque nomina norat
armaque equosque habitusque Cydonaeasque pharetras.
Noverat ante alios faciem ducis Europaei,
plus etiam, quam nosse sat est. Hac iudice Minos,
25seu caput abdiderat cristata casside pennis,
in galea formosus erat; seu sumpserat aere
fulgentem clipeum, clipeum sumpsisse decebat.
Torserat adductis hastilia lenta lacertis:
laudabat virgo iunctam cum viribus artem.
30Imposito calamo patulos sinuaverat arcus:
sic Phoebum sumptis iurabat stare sagittis.
Cum vero faciem dempto nudaverat aere
purpureusque albi stratis insignia pictis
terga premebat equi spumantiaque ora regebat,
35vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos
mentis erat. Felix iaculum, quod tangeret ille,
quaeque manu premeret, felicia frena vocabat.
Impetus est illi, liceat modo, ferre per agmen
virgineos hostile gradus, est impetus illi
40turribus e summis in Gnosia mittere corpus
castra, vel aeratas hosti recludere portas,
vel siquid Minos aliud velit. Utque sedebat
candida Dictaei spectans tentoria regis,
“laeter,” ait “doleamne geri lacrimabile bellum,
45in dubio est. Doleo, quod Minos hostis amanti est:
sed nisi bella forent, numquam mihi cognitus esset.
Me tamen accepta poterat deponere bellum
obside, me comitem, me pacis pignus haberet.
Si quae te peperit, talis, pulcherrime rerum,
50qualis es ipsa fuit, merito deus arsit in illa.
O ego ter felix, si pennis lapsa per auras
Gnosiaci possem castris insistere regis
fassaque me flammasque meas, qua dote, rogarem,
vellet emi! tantum patrias ne posceret arces.
55Nam pereant potius sperata cubilia, quam sim
proditione potens! — Quamvis saepe utile vinci
victoris placidi fecit clementia multis:
iusta gerit certe pro nato bella perempto
et causaque valet causamque tenentibus armis,
60et, puto, vincemur. Quis enim manet exitus urbem,
cum suus haec illi reserabit moenia Mavors
et non noster amor? Melius sine caede moraque
impensaque sui poterit superare cruoris.
Non metuam certe, ne quis tua pectora, Minos,
65vulneret imprudens. Quis enim tam durus, ut in te
dirigere inmitem non inscius audeat hastam?
Coepta placent, et stat sententia tradere mecum
dotalem patriam finemque imponere bello.
Verum velle parum est! Aditus custodia servat
70claustraque portarum genitor tenet: hunc ego solum
infelix timeo, solus mea vota moratur.
Di facerent, sine patre forem! — Sibi quisque profecto
est deus: ignavis precibus Fortuna repugnat.
Altera iamdudum succensa cupidine tanto
75perdere gauderet quodcumque obstaret amori.
Et cur ulla foret me fortior? Ire per ignes
et gladios ausim. Nec in hoc tamen ignibus ullis
aut gladiis opus est: opus est mihi crine paterno.
Illa mihi est auro pretiosior, illa beatam
80purpura me votique mei factura potentem.”
Now Lucifer unveiled the glorious day,
and as the session of the night dissolved,
the cool east wind declined, and vapors wreathed
the moistened valleys. Veering to the south
the welcome wind gave passage to the sons
of Aeacus, and wafted Cephalus
on his returning way, propitious; where
before the wonted hour, they entered port.
King Minos, while the fair wind moved their ship,
was laying waste the land of Megara.
He gathered a great army round the walls
built by Alcathous, where reigned in splendor
King Nisus—mighty and renowned in war—
upon the center of whose hoary head
a lock of purple hair was growing.—Its
proved virtue gave protection to his throne.
Six times the horns of rising Phoebe grew,
and still the changing fortune of the war
was in suspense; so, Victory day by day
between them hovered on uncertain wings.
Within that city was a regal tower
on tuneful walls; where once Apollo laid
his golden harp; and in the throbbing stone
the sounds remained. And there, in times of peace
the daughter of king Nisus loved to mount
the walls and strike the sounding stone with pebbles:
so, when the war began, she often viewed
the dreadful contest from that height;
until, so long the hostile camp remained,
she had become acquainted with the names,
and knew the habits, horses and the arms
of many a chief, and could discern the signs
of their Cydonean quivers.
More than all,
the features of King Minos were engraved
upon the tablets of her mind. And when
he wore his helmet, crested with gay plumes,
she deemed it glorious; when he held his shield
shining with gold, no other seemed so grand;
and when he poised to hurl the tough spear home,
she praised his skill and strength; and when he bent
his curving bow with arrow on the cord,
she pictured him as Phoebus taking aim,—
but when, arrayed in purple, and upon
the back of his white war horse, proudly decked
with richly broidered housings, he reined in
the nervous steed, and took his helmet off,
showing his fearless features, then the maid,
daughter of Nisus, could control herself
no longer; and a frenzy seized her mind.
She called the javelin happy which he touched,
and blessed were the reins within his hand.
She had an impulse to direct her steps,
a tender virgin, through the hostile ranks,
or cast her body from the topmost towers
into the Gnossian camp. She had a wild
desire to open to the enemy
the heavy brass-bound gates, or anything
that Minos could desire.
And as she sat
beholding the white tents, she cried, “Alas!
Should I rejoice or grieve to see this war?
I grieve that Minos is the enemy
of her who loves him; but unless the war
had brought him, how could he be known to me?
But should he take me for a hostage? That
might end the war—a pledge of peace, he might
keep me for his companion.
“O, supreme
of mankind! she who bore you must have been
as beautiful as you are; ample cause
for Jove to lose his heart.
“O, happy hour!
If moving upon wings through yielding air,
I could alight within the hostile camp
in front of Minos, and declare to him
my name and passion!
“Then would I implore
what dowry he could wish, and would provide
whatever he might ask, except alone
the city of my father. Perish all
my secret hopes before one act of mine
should offer treason to accomplish it.
And yet, the kindness of a conqueror
has often proved a blessing, manifest
to those who were defeated. Certainly
the war he carries on is justified
by his slain son.
“He is a mighty king,
thrice strengthened in his cause. Undoubtedly
we shall be conquered, and, if such a fate
awaits our city, why should he by force
instead of my consuming love, prevail
to open the strong gates? Without delay
and dreadful slaughter, it is best for him
to conquer and decide this savage war.
“Ah, Minos, how I fear the bitter fate
should any warrior hurl his cruel spear
and pierce you by mischance, for surely none
can be so hardened to transfix your breast
with purpose known.”
Oh, let her love prevail
to open for his army the great gates.
Only the thought of it, has filled her soul;
she is determined to deliver up
her country as a dowry with herself,
and so decide the war! But what avails
this idle talk.
“A guard surrounds the gates,
my father keeps the keys, and he alone
is my obstruction, and the innocent
account of my despair. Would to the Gods
I had no father! Is not man the God
of his own fortune, though his idle prayers
avail not to compel his destiny?
“Another woman crazed with passionate desires,
which now inflame me, would not hesitate,
but with a fierce abandon would destroy
whatever checked her passion. Who is there
with love to equal mine? I dare to go
through flames and swords; but swords and flames
are not now needed, for I only need
my royal father's lock of purple hair.
More precious than fine gold, it has a power
to give my heart all that it may desire.”
Scylla decides to betray her city of Megara

Now Lucifer dispelling night, and unveiling shining day, the east wind dropped, and rain clouds gathered. The mild south wind, gave Cephalus and the Aeacides safe return, bringing them, more quickly than they expected, to the harbour they steered for, by its favourable action. Meanwhile Minos was laying waste the coast of Megara, and testing his military strength against the city of Alcatho�s, where Nisus ruled, who had a bright lock of purple hair, on the crown of his head, amongst his distinguished grey tresses, that guaranteed the safety of his kingdom.

The horns of a new moon had risen six times and the fortunes of war still hung in the balance, so protractedly did Victory hover between the two, on hesitant wings. There was a tower of the king, added to walls of singing stone, where Apollo, Latona�s son, once rested his golden lyre, and the sound resonated in the rock. In days of peace, Scylla, the daughter of King Nisus, often used to climb up there, and make the stones ring using small pebbles. In wartime also she would often watch the unyielding armed conflicts from there, and now, as the war dragged on, she had come to know the names of the hostile princes, their weapons, horses, armour and Cretan quivers. Above all she came to know the face of their leader, Europa�s son, more than was fitting.

If he covered his head with a plumed helmet, she thought him handsome in a helmet. If he carried his shining bronze shield, a shield became him well. When he hurled his heavy spear, with taut limbs, the girl admired his strength combined with skill. When he bent the broad arc of his bow, with a flight notched in it, she swore that it was Phoebus Apollo, standing there, with his arrow ready. But when he exposed his face, free of the bronze, and when, clothed in purple, he took to horseback, his white horse conspicuous with its embroidered trappings, and he controlled its foaming bit, Nisus�s daughter was scarcely in control of herself, scarcely in a rational frame of mind. Happy the spear he held, she said, and happy the reins he lifted in his hand. Her impulse was to run, though only a girl, and if it had been allowed, through the enemy lines; her impulse was to throw herself from the top of the tower into the Cretan camp, to open the bronze gates to their army, or anything else Minos might wish.

As she sat gazing at the white tents of the Dictaean king, she said �I am not sure whether I should show joy or grief at this miserable war. I grieve because Minos is the enemy of one who loves him, but if there had been no war, he would never have been known to me! If he accepted me as a hostage he could abandon the war: he would have me as his companion, me as a pledge of peace. If she, who gave birth to you, most handsome of kings, was as beautiful as you are, no wonder the god was on fire for her. O I would be three times happy if I could take wing, through the air, and stand in the camp of the Cretan king, and reveal myself, and my love, and ask what dowry he would need to win me: so long as he does not demand my country�s stronghold! Rather let my hopes of marriage die, than that I be capable of betrayal! - Though often many have found it better to be defeated, if a peace-loving conqueror showed clemency. Indeed he wages a just war because of his murdered son: his cause is powerful, and the arms that support his cause. Then, I think we will be conquered. And if that is the end that awaits the city, why should his strength breach these walls of mine, rather than my love?

It would be better for him to win, without slaughter, or delay, and without the shedding of his own blood. At least I would not be afraid lest someone inadvertently wound your breast, Minos: for who would be so cruel as to venture to aim his throw at you, unless he was careless? The idea pleases me, and I am firm in my decision to deliver myself to you, with my country as my dowry, and so put an end to war. But, it is not enough merely to want it! There is a guard watching the entrance, and my father holds the keys of the gate. I only fear through him I might be unlucky: only he hinders my wishes. Would that the gods had devised things so that I had no father! Surely everyone is their own god: Fortune rejects idle wishes. Another girl, fired with as great a passion as mine, would, long ago, have destroyed anything that stood in the way of her love. And why should another be braver than I am? I would dare to go through fire and sword: but there is no need here to brave fire or sword: I need one lock of my father�s hair. That is more precious than gold to me, that purple lock of hair will bless me, and let me achieve my desire.

Περὶ τῆς ἀποκοπείσης κόμης τοῦ Νίσου, παρὰ τῆς Σκύλλης τῆς ἰδίας αὐ- τοῦ Θυγατρός.

Ἀφοῦ πολεμήσῃ τὰς Ἀσίας, ὁ Μῖνος πολιορκεῖ τὰ Μέγαρα, καὶ κυριεύθη αὐτὰ διὰ ἐπιβουλῆς τῆς Σκύλλης, ἡ ὁποία ἠράσθη αὐτοῦ, ἐλπίζει νὰ ἀνταμειφθῇ· ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον, ἐκεῖνος τὸν κα- ταφρονήσας, ἐμίσησε τὸ ἔγκλημα, διʼ ὃ ἔλαβε τὴν νίκην. Ἰδοῦ- σα ἡ Σκύλλα ὅτι ἐφεύγεν ὁ ἐρώμενός της, ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὴν Θάλασ- σαν διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀκολουθήσῃ· ἀλλʼ αὐτὴ μὲν μετεμορφώθη εἰς Κίρις, ὁ δὲ πατήρ της εἰς Ἁλιάετον, ὃς τὴν πάντοτε τὴν καταδιώκει διὰ νὰ τὴν τιμωρήσῃ.

Τῇ ἐπαύριον βλέπων ὁ Κέφαλος τὸν αὔριον ἐπι- πήδειον, ἐπέβη εἰς τὸ πλοῖον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ στρατεύ- ματα, τὰ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἔδωκεν ὁ Αἴακος, καὶ πλεύσας εὐ- τυχῶς, ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸν λιμένα τῆς Ἀθηνῶν ὀλιγώ- τερα ἀπ᾽ ὃ, τι ἤλπιζον. Ὡς πρὸς τὸν Μίνω, ληϊλα- τῶν τὰ παραθαλάσσια τῆς Μεγάρου, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι προσε- δοκίμαζε τὰς δυνάμεις του κατ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς πόλεως, καθ᾽ ἣν ἐνόμιζεν ὠφέλιμον νὰ τὴν κυριεύσῃ, φ᾽ ἵνα πολιορκήσῃ τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Νῖσος, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Μεγά- ρου, τὴν ἐδιαφύλαττεν ἀνδρείως, ἀφ᾽ ἡ βασιλέως τοῦ ἡ ἀσφάλεια ἐξηρτᾶτο ἀπὸ μίαν κόκκινην τρίχα, τὴν ὁ- ποίαν εἶχε μεταξὺ τῶν ἄλλων μαλλίων τῆς κεφαλῆς του, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι εἶχαν περάσει ἓξ μῆνες, καὶ ἡ τύχη τοῦ πολέμου ἦτον ἔτι ἀμφίβολος, καὶ ἡ νίκη ἄλλοτε μὲν ἐ- φαίνετο ὅτι ἤρχετο πρὸς τὸν Μίνω, ἄλλοτε δὲ πρὸς τὸν Νῖσον. Εἰς τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεως ἦτον πύργος, ὅπου λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων νὰ ἔθεσε μίαν φορὰν τὴν κιθάραν του, τῆς ὁποίας τὸν ἦχον ἐφύλαξαν αἱ πέτραι, καὶ ὁ πύργος αὐτὸς κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἔγινεν αἴτιος τοῦ νὰ ληφθῇ ἡ πόλις ἐπειδή. Ἡ τοῦ Νίσου Σκύλλα ἀ- νέβαινε συχνάκις εἰς καιρὸν εἰρήνης εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν πύργον, καὶ πλήττουσα αὐτὸν μὲ ἕνα μικρὸν λιθάρειον, ἀπετέλει ἦχον παρόμοιον μὲ τὸν τῆς κιθάρας, καὶ ἐπει- δὴν ἐξεράγη τοῦ πολέμου, ἐθεώρει τὸ στράτευμα τῶν ἐχθρῶν, καὶ τὰς πολεμικὰς ἁρμονίας. Ἡ ἐν διαμο- νὴ τοῦ πολέμου τῆς ἔδωκε καιρὸν νὰ γνωρίσῃ κατ᾽ ὄνομα τοὺς στρατηγοὺς καὶ πρωτεύοντας τῶν ἐχθρῶν, διακρίνουσα

καὶ ὅσέτι ἡ τὰ ὅπλα τῶν, τὰς ἵππους, ἢ τὰ φορέματά του· οἴχως δὲ ἠγάπησε καὶ τὸν Μίνω, τὸν ὁποῖον πε- ριεργάσθη καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸ πρέπον. Κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τῆς Μίνως ἦτον ἀξιέραστος διὰ πολλὰ προτερήματα. Ὅταν ἐφόρει τὴν περικεφαλαίαν, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ τῆς πε- ρικεσκέπαζον τὸ πρόσωπόν του, τῆς ἐφαίνετο μὲ ὅλης τῆς τοῦ περικεφαλαίας ὁ ὡραιότερος τῶν ἀνδρῶν· ἂν ἐλάμβανεν εἰς χεῖρας τὴν τοῦ ἀσπίδα, τῆς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι τὰ ἁρμόζει καλλιώτερα ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους· ἂν ἐμετακίνει ἐντόνως τὰ ἀκόντια, αὐτὴ ἐθαύμαζε καὶ ἐσθάμβαζε τὴν τέχνην, καὶ δύναμιν του· ἂν ἔρριπτε βέλος, ὡρμίζετο ὅτι εἶχε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τὴν ἐπιδεξιότητα· ὅταν δὲ, ἀφήνων τὴν περικεφαλαίαν, ἐξεσκέπαζε τὸ πρόσωπόν του, καὶ τὸν ἔβλεπεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἄλογόν του, τότε ἡ νύμφη ἔχανε σχεδὸν τὰς φρένας της, καὶ μόλις ἐδύνατο νὰ χαλινώσῃ τὴν ὁρμὴν τοῦ πάθους της. Ἐμακάριζε τὸ δόρυ, ὅπερ ἐβάστα ὁ Μίνως, ἐμακάριζε τὰς χαλίνας τοῦ ἀλόγου του, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα ἤγγιζε μὲ τὰς χεῖρας του. Ἐπόθει νὰ ὁρμήσῃ, ἂν τῆς ἦτον συγχωρημένον, μεταξὺ τοῦ πλή- θους τῶν πολεμίων, ἢ νὰ ῥίψῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ πύρ- γου εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ στρατεύματος, ἢ νὰ ἀνοίξῃ τῷ Μί- νωι τὰς θύρας τῆς πόλεως, ἢ νὰ κάμῃ ὅ,τι ἄλλο ἢ ἂν ἤθελε τῆς ζητήσῃ. Ὡς δὲ ἐκάθητο εἰς τὸν πύργον περιεργαζομένη τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ Κρήτης Βασιλέως, „ἐγὼ „οὐκ οἶδα, ἔλεγε καθ' ἑαυτήν, ἂν πρέπει νὰ χαίρω, ἢ νὰ „λυπῶμαι διὰ τὸν ἀξιοθάμβωτον τοῦτον πόλεμον. Λυπῶ- „μαι βέβαια ὅτι ὁ Μίνως εἶναι ἐχθρὸς τῆς ἐρωμένης „μου· πλὴν ἂν δὲν συνέβαινεν ὁ πόλεμος, ἐγὼ δὲν „ἤθελα γνωρίσει τὸν

Talia dicenti curarum maxima nutrix
nox intervenit, tenebrisque audacia crevit.
Prima quies aderat, qua curis fessa diurnis
pectora somnus habet: thalamos taciturna paternos
85intrat et (heu facinus!) fatali nata parentem
crine suum spoliat praedaque potita nefanda
fert secum spolium celeris progressaque porta
per medios hostes (meriti fiducia tanta est)
pervenit ad regem. Quem sic adfata paventem est:
90“Suasit amor facinus. Proles ego regia Nisi
Scylla tibi trado patriaeque meosque penates.
Praemia nulla peto nisi te. Cape pignus amoris
purpureum crinem, nec me nunc tradere crinem,
sed patrium tibi crede caput.” Scelerataque dextra
95munera porrexit. Minos porrecta refugit
turbatusque novi respondit imagine facti:
“Di te summoveant, o nostri infamia saecli,
orbe suo, tellusque tibi pontusque negetur.
Certe ego non patiar Iovis incunabula, Creten,
100qui meus est orbis, tantum contingere monstrum.”
Dixit, et ut leges captis iustissimus auctor
hostibus imposuit, classis retinacula solvi
iussit et aeratas impelli remige puppes.
Scylla freto postquam deductas nare carinas
105nec praestare ducem sceleris sibi praemia vidit,
consumptis precibus violentam transit in iram,
intendensque manus, passis furibunda capillis,
“quo fugis” exclamat, “meritorum auctore relicta,
o patriae praelate meae, praelate parenti?
110Quo fugis, inmitis? cuius victoria nostrum
et scelus et meritum est. Nec te data munera, nec te
noster amor movit, nec quod spes omnis in unum
te mea congesta est? Nam quo deserta revertar?
In patriam? Superata iacet. Sed finge manere:
115proditione mea clausa est mihi. Patris ad ora?
Quem tibi donavi! Cives odere merentem,
finitimi exemplum metuunt: exponimur orbae,
terrarum nobis ut Crete sola pateret.
Hac quoque si prohibes et nos, ingrate, relinquis,
120non genetrix Europa tibi ea, sed inhospita Syrtis,
Armeniae tigres austroque agitata Charybdis.
Nec Iove tu natus, nec mater imagine tauri
ducta tua est (generis falsa est ea fabula !): verus
et ferus et captus nullius amore iuvencae,
125qui te progenuit, taurus fuit. Exige poenas,
Nise pater! gaudete malis, modo prodita, nostris
moenia! nam fateor, merui et sum digna perire.
Sed tamen ex illis aliquis, quos impia laesi,
me perimat. Cur, qui vicisti crimine nostro,
130insequeris crimen? Scelus hoc patriaeque patrique,
officium tibi sit. Te vere coniuge digna est,
quae torvum ligno decepit adultera taurum
discordemque utero fetum tulit. Ecquid ad aures
perveniunt mea dicta tuas? An inania venti
135verba ferunt idemque tuas, ingrate, carinas?
Iam iam Pasiphaen non est mirabile taurum
praeposuisse tibi: tu plus feritatis habebas.
Me miseram! properare iubet, divulsaque remis
unda sonat; mecumque simul mea terra recedit.
140Nil agis, o frustra meritorum oblite meorum:
insequar invitum, puppimque amplexa recurvam
per freta longa trahar.” Vix dixerat, insilit undis
consequiturque rates, faciente cupidine vires,
Gnosiacaeque haeret comes invidiosa carinae.
145Quam pater ut vidit (nam iam pendebat in aura
et modo factus erat fulvis haliaeetus alis),
ibat, ut haerentem rostro laceraret adunco.
Illa metu puppim dimisit, et aura cadentem
sustinuisse levis, ne tangeret aequora, visa est.
150Pluma fuit: plumis in avem mutata vocatur
ciris, et a tonso est hoc nomen adepta capillo.
While Scylla said this, night that heals our cares
came on, and she grew bolder in the dark.
And now it is the late and silent hour
when slumber takes possession of the breast.
Outwearied with the cares of busy day;
then as her father slept, with stealthy tread
she entered his abode, and there despoiled,
and clipped his fatal lock of purple hair.
Concealing in her bosom the sad prize
of crime degenerate, she at once went forth
a gate unguarded, and with shameless haste
sped through the hostile army to the tent
of Minos, whom, astonished, she addressed:
“Only my love has led me to this deed.
The daughter of King Nisus, I am called
the maiden Scylla. Unto you I come
and offer up a power that will prevail
against my country, and I stipulate
no recompense except yourself. Take then
this purple hair, a token of my love.—
Deem it not lightly as a lock of hair
held idly forth to you; it is in truth
my father's life.” And as she spoke
she held out in her guilty hand the prize,
and begged him to accept it with her love.
Shocked at the thought of such a heinous crime,
Minos refused, and said, “O execrable thing!
Despised abomination of our time!
May all the Gods forever banish you
from their wide universe, and may the earth
and the deep ocean be denied to you!
So great a monster shall not be allowed
to desecrate the sacred Isle of Crete,
where Jupiter was born.” So Minos spoke.
Nevertheless he conquered Megara,
(so aided by the damsel's wicked deed)
and as a just and mighty king imposed
his own conditions on the vanquished land.
He ordered his great fleet to tarry not;
the hawsers were let loose, and the long oars
quickly propelled his brazen-pointed ships.—
When Scylla saw them launching forth,
observed them sailing on the mighty deep,
she called with vain entreaties; but at last,
aware the prince ignored her and refused
to recompense her wickedness, enraged,
and raving, she held up her impious hands,
her long hair streaming on the wind, — and said:
“Oh, wherefore have you flown, and left behind
the author of your glory. Oh, wretch! wretch
to whom I offered up my native land,
and sacrificed my father! Where have you
now flown, ungrateful man whose victory
is both my crime and virtue? And the gift
presented to you, and my passion,
have these not moved you? All my love and hope
in you alone!
“Forsaken by my prince,
shall I return to my defeated land?
If never ruined it would shut its walls
against me.—Shall I seek my father's face
whom I delivered to all-conquering arms?
My fellow-citizens despise my name;
my friends and neighbors hate me; I have shut
the world against me, only in the hope
that Crete would surely welcome me;—and now,
he has forbidden me.
“And is it so
I am requited by this thankless wretch!
Europa could not be your mother! Spawn
of cruel Syrtis! Savage cub of fierce
Armenian tigress;—or Charybdis, tossed
by the wild South-wind begot you! Can you be
the son of Jupiter? Your mother was
not ever tricked by the false semblance
of a bull. All that story of your birth
is false! You are the offspring of a bull
as fierce as you are!
“Let your vengeance fall
upon me, O my father Nisus, let
the ruined city I betrayed rejoice
at my misfortunes—richly merited—
destroy me, you whom I have ruined;—I
should perish for my crimes! But why should you,
who conquered by my crime, abandon me?
The treason to my father and my land
becomes an act of kindness in your cause.
“That woman is a worthy mate for you
who hid in wood deceived the raging bull,
and bore to him the infamy of Crete.
I do not wonder that Pasiphae
preferred the bull to you, more savage than
the wildest beast. Alas, alas for me!
“Do my complaints reach your unwilling ears?
Or do the same winds waft away my words
that blow upon your ships, ungrateful man?—
Ah, wretched that I am, he takes delight
in hastening from me. The deep waves resound
as smitten by the oars, his ship departs;
and I am lost and even my native land
is fading from his sight.
“Oh heart of flint!
you shall not prosper in your cruelty,
and you shall not forget my sacrifice;
in spite of everything I follow you!
I'll grasp the curving stern of your swift ship,
and I will follow through unending seas.”
And as she spoke, she leaped into the waves,
and followed the receding ships—for strength
from passion came to her. And soon she clung
unwelcome, to the sailing Gnossian ship.
Meanwhile, the Gods had changed her father's form
and now he hovered over the salt deep,
a hawk with tawny wings. So when he saw
his daughter clinging to the hostile ship
he would have torn her with his rending beak;—
he darted towards her through the yielding air.
In terror she let go, but as she fell
the light air held her from the ocean spray;
her feather-weight supported by the breeze;
she spread her wings, and changed into a bird.
They called her “Ciris” when she cut the wind,
and “Ciris”—cut-the-lock—remains her name.
Scylla, deserted, is changed to a bird

As she was speaking, Night, most powerful healer of our cares, darkened, and, with the shadows, her boldness grew. The first hours of quiet had come, when sleep soothes hearts that the day�s anxieties have wearied: the daughter steals silently into her father�s room, and (alas, the evil!) robs him of the fateful lock of hair. Through the middle of the enemy camp she goes (so certain of her worth to them) with the impious prize she has gained, straight to the king: who is startled by her speech to him. �Love drove me to crime! I, Scylla, daughter of King Nisus, deliver, to you, the gods of my house, and my country. I ask no gift but yourself. Take this purple lock of hair as the pledge of my love, and know that I do not deliver merely a lock of his hair to you, but his head!� And she held out her gift in her sinful hand. Minos recoiled from what she offered him, and shaken by the thought of this unnatural act, answered �May the gods banish you from their world, O you who disgrace this age, and may land and sea be denied you! Be certain I will never allow Crete, which is my world, and the cradle of Jove, to give sanctuary to such a monstrous child.�

He spoke: and after establishing laws for his defeated enemies, this most just of legislators, ordered the cables to be loosed from his fleet, and the oars of the bronze-beaked ships to be set in motion. When Scylla saw that the ships were drawing away over the sea, and that their master had refused her the reward for her wickedness, exhausting prayer, she succumbed to violent anger, and, her hair streaming, shouted in her fury, stretching our her hands. �Where are you running to, deserting the creator of your success, O you whom I have set above my father, set above my country? Where are you running to, cruel one, whose victory was my crime, and my kindness? Does neither the gift I gave, nor my love, move you, nor the knowledge that all my hopes are contained in you alone? Where shall I go, deserted like this? To my country? It is defeated! Even if it were not, it is closed to me through my treachery! To my father�s presence? Whom I betrayed to you? The citizens hate me, with reason, and their neighbours fear my example. I am exposed to the world, so that Crete alone might be open to me. If you deny me Crete, also, and leave me here, in your ingratitude, your mother was not Europa, but the sandbanks of hostile Syrtis, or the Armenian tigress, or Charybdis�s whirlpool, stirred by the south wind. Nor are you Jupiter�s son, nor was your mother deceived by the image of a bull. That tale of your birth is a lie! Truly a bull begot you: a wild one, never captive of a heifer�s love.

Nisus, father, punish me! Joy in my pain, walls, that I have betrayed! Now, I confess it, I deserve to be hated, and to die. But let one of those whom I have impiously wounded destroy me! Why should you attack me for my crime, who gained victory through that crime? My sin against my father, and my country, was a kindness to you! Pasipha� is truly a fit mate for you: that adulteress who fooled the fierce bull with that wooden frame, and carried a hybrid foetus in her womb. Does my speech penetrate your ears, monster of ingratitude, or do the same winds that blow your ships on, blow my words away to nothingness? Now, Now, it is no wonder to me, that Pasipha� preferred that bull to you, you have more savagery in you than he had. Oh, he is ordering them to run! And the waves resound to the beat of the oars, and I and my land recede. No matter. Oh, in vain, you forget my kindnesses: I shall follow you against your will, clinging to the curved sternpost, dragged over the wide ocean.�

She had scarcely finished speaking when she leapt into the sea, and swam after the fleet, her passion lending her strength, and clung to the Cretan boat. Her father, who had been newly changed into a sea eagle, soaring through the air on tawny wings, saw her, and dived towards her, as she clung there, to tear at her with his hooked beak. In fear she let go of the sternpost, but as she fell the light breeze seemed to hold her, not letting her touch the water. Feathers spring from her arms: changed into a bird, the rock dove, with its red legs and purple throat, she is called Ciris, �Cutter�, and acquired that name from her cutting of the lock of hair.

„ήτον ὡραία ὥσπερ σύ, δικαίως ἠράσθη αὐτῆς ὁ Ζεύς. „Ἄχ πόσον δυστυχὴς ἤθελα εἶμαι ὦ ἐδυνάμην νὰ „πετάξω εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδόν σας ! ἤθελα σὲ φανερώσω „τῆς ἀγάπης μου, ἤθελα σὲ ἐρωτήσω τί πρέπει νὰ „κάμω διὰ νὰ μὲ ἀγαπήσῃς, ἤθελα σὲ παρακαλέσω „νὰ μοῦ εἴπῃς μὲ ποίαν τιμὴν δύναμαι νὰ σὲ ἀπο- „λαύσω. Ναί, Μίνως, ἤθελα σὲ παραδώσω κάθε „ἄλλο τι, πλὴν τὰ πατρὸς μου, ᾗ τῆς πατρίδος μου· ἐ- „πειδὴ κάλλιον ἂς χαθῇ ἡ ἀγάπη μας, ᾗ ἡ ἐλπίς μας, „παρὰ νὰ γίνω δυστυχὴς μὲ ποιήσω ἀπροδοσίαν, ὦ „ᾗ συχνάκις ἡ ἐπιείκεια τὰ δυσμῶν γίνεται, ἐποίησαν „ὠφέλιμον εἰς πολλοὺς τὸ γίνεσθαι. Δίκαιος βέβαια „εἶναι ὁ πόλεμος, τὸν ὁποῖον μᾶς φέρνει ὁ Μίνως, „διὰ νὰ ἐνδικήσῃ τὸν θάνατον τὸν υἱοῦ του, τὸν φόνον υἱοῦ τοῦ „πατρὸς παρὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων. Βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τὸ δί- „καιόν του, ἠθὲ ἀπὸ τὰ ὅπλα του, δὲν ἀμφιβάλλω ὅτι „θέλει μᾶς νικήσει. Ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν τοιαύτη μέλλει „νὰ εἶναι βεβαίως ἡ τύχη μας, ἂς λάβῃ πόλιν δι' ἐμοῦ „μᾶλλον διὰ τὰ ἔρωτός μου, ᾗ διὰ τὴν ὅπλων του · εἶναι „συμφερώτερον νὰ νικήσῃ χωρὶς ἀγῶνα, ἠθὲ σφαγήν, „ᾗ χωρὶς νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ νὰ χύσῃ τὸ αἷμα του. Τοῦτο „φοβοῦμαι, ὦ Μίνως, μή σὲ πληγώσῃ τις μὴ γνω- „ρίζοντάς σε, ἐπειδὴ ποῖος εἶναι τόσον σκληρὸς, ὥστε „νὰ τολμήσῃ, γνωρίζοντάς σε, νὰ στρέψῃ κατὰ σοῦ τὸ „δόρυ του; πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ σὲ φυλάξω, ᾗ νὰ πλέξω „σω μίαν ἐπιχείρησιν, ἡ ὁποία ἀρέσκει μοι, καὶ εὐ- „χαριστεῖ με. Ἀπεφάσισα νὰ σοὶ παραδώσω τὴν ἐμαυ- „τήν μου, καὶ τῆς πατρίδα μου ὡς προῖκα, καὶ οὕτω νὰ „λάβῃ πέρας ἡ μάχη. Πλὴν δὲν ἀρκεῖ μόνον νὰ θέ- „λω, πρέπει νὰ εὕρω ᾗ ὅποια μέσα · ἀλλ' αἱ θύραι τῆς „πόλεως εἶναι περικυκλωμέναι ἀπὸ φύλακας, καὶ ὁ

„ πατήρ μας κρατά τὰ κλείδια. Αὐτὸν μόνον φοβοῦμαι, „ μόνος αὐτὸς ἐμποδίζει τὸν πόθον με. Ὦ Θεοί, εἴ- „ θε νὰ μὴ εἶχον πατέρα! ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νὰ ἐπικαλοῦ- „ μαι τοὺς Θεούς; Ἕκαστος εἶναι αὐτὸς Θεὸς, ὅ- „ σον ἔχῃ δυστολμίαν πρὸς τὰ μεγάλα ἐπιχειρήματα, „ καὶ ἡ τύχη εἶναι πάντοτε ἐναντία εἰς τὰς δεήσεις τῶν „ δειλῶν ἢ ῥαθύμων. Ἂν κάμμια ἄλλη ἐπιάστη ἀπὸ „ τοιοῦτον ἔρωτα, ἤθελεν ἀπορρίψει ἕως καὶ παρὰ ὅλα τῆς „ πόθου της τὰ ἐμπόδια. Διὰ τί λοιπὸν νὰ ὑποφέρω „ νὰ εἶναι κάμμια ἄλλη γενναιοτέρα, καὶ πλέον μεγα- „ λόψυχος ἀπὸ ἐμέ, ἥτις τολμᾷ νὰ περάσῃ μετα- „ ξὺ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ πυρὸς καὶ τῶν σιδήρων· ἀλλ' εἰς τὸν „ ἐπιχείρησόν με οὔτε σίδηρα χρειάζονται, οὔτε πῦρ· „ ἄλλο τι δὲ με χρειάζεται εἰμὴ μία θρὶξ τῆς παρθέ- „ νου της· τὸ πᾶθος με εἶναι πολυτιμιώτερον ἀ- „ πὸ τὸν χρυσόν, αὐτὴ μόνη δύναται νὰ με κάμῃ εὐ- „ τυχῆ, καὶ δι' αὐτῆς μόνης θέλω ἐπιτύχει τοῦ ποθη- „ μένου μου".

Ὥς πόσον ἡ ῥύς, ἡ ὀποῖα δὲν ἔχεται ποτὲ χωρεῖς νὰ φέρη ξοφὸν εἰς τὰ πάθη τῆς ψυχῆς, κατακάνυσα τὴν παρθένον ἀναγολεμένην εἰς τοιαύτας στοχασμὲς, τῶν ἐστέρεωσεν εἰς τῶν γνώμην τῆς, καὶ ηὔξησε τῶν πόλμον τῆς. Ἐν ᾧ λοιπὸν ἐκοιμᾶτο ὑπὸν βάθως ὁ πατήρ τῆς, ἐμβαίνει σιγὰ εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς, κ (φεῦ τὸ κακούργημα !) ἔκοψεν ἡ Θυγάτηρ τῶν ἱερῶν τῆς κεφαλῆς του τὸ ξανθὸν τρίχα τὰ πάξος, ἡ ὀποῖα ἦταν ἡ δύναμις τῆς, καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἡ σωτηρία. Ἀφ' οὗ ἔλαβεν εἰς χεῖρας τὸ πολύτιμον λάφυρον, ἐκβήκει ἀπὸ τὴν πόλιν, κ διαβαίνουσα ἀναμέσον τῆς ἐχθρῶν, ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὸν Μίνω, εὐέλπις οὖσα ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον αὐτὸ ἦθελε κερδήση βέβαια τὴν ἀγάπην του. Πρὸς τὸν ὀποῖον

μέ; πῶς φύγεις, σκληρέ, τὸ ὁποῖος ἡ νίκη εἶναι ὅμως ἔγκλημά με πρὸς ἀβεργοσίαν με; Δὲν σὲ δυσωπῶσιν οὔτε παῦ δῶρά με, οὔτε ἡ ἀγάπη με; δὲν σοῦ δοκιάζεσαι ὅτι εἰς σὲ μόνον ἔχω ὅλας μου τὰς ἐλπίδας; ποῦ νὰ εὕρω ἡ ἀπεγνωσμένη κατάφυγή; εἰς τὴν πατρίδα με, ἀλλ' ἠρανίδη ἐξ αἰτίας με; ἀλλ' ἂν ἦτον ὅτι σῶα, διὰ τὴν προδοσίαν με, εἶναι κλεισμένη εἰς ἐμέ. Ἆρά γε εἰς τὸν πατέρα με, τὸν ὁποῖον παρέδωκα εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν σε; Οἱ συμπολῖται με δικαίως με μισῶσιν· οἱ γείτονες φοβῶνται τὸ κακόν με παράδειγμα. Ἀπέκλεισα ἐμαυτήν ὅλως τῶν οἰκουμένων, διὰ νὰ μοῦ ἀποκῇ ἡ Κρήτη μόνη· ἢ μὲ ἐμποδίσης νὰ κατάφυγω κἂν εἰς αὐτήν, ἢ μὲ ἀφήσης, ἀχάριστε. Θέλω νὰ πῶ ὅτι δὲν εἶσαι βέβαιος υἱός τῆς Εὐρώπης, ἀλλὰ γέννημα Ἀρμενίας Τίγρειος. Ὄχι, ὄχι, δὲν εἶσαι σὺ υἱός τοῦ Διός, ἢ δὲν ὑπῆρξε ποτὲ ὁ Ζεὺς πὴν μητέρα σε εἰς Ταύρου μορφῇ· ψευδῶδης εἶναι ἡ ἀληθορφέα γενεαλογία σε· ἀλλὰ εἶσαι ὅμως Ταῦρος ἢ ἀπὸ πατέρα ἀγριώτατος. Ἆχ πάτερ με, σὺ ἄρμεγα ἐνδικίνδυνος βλέπων ἐγκαταλελειμμένην τὴν Θυγατέρα σε ἀπὸ τὸν ἀπανδράποντον ἐκεῖνον; δι' ὃν ἐγὼ σὲ ἐγκατέλειπον. Ὦ τείχη, ὦ λαέ, ὃν ἐπροδώσασα, χαίρετε εἰς τὰ παιδιά με· ὁμολογῶ ὅτι μοῦ ἔπρεπε, καὶ εἴμαι ἄξια πάσης τιμωρίας. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί δὲν ἔρχεται τις ἀπὸ ἐκείνους, τοὺς ὁποίους ἐπροδώσασα νὰ με θανατώση; ἢ διὰ τί σὺ μόνος, ὁ διὰ τὸ ἔγκλημά μου γενόμενος νικητής, τιμωρεῖς τὸ ἔγκλημά με; Πρὸς μὲν τὸν λαόν με, καὶ τὸν πατέρα με, ὃ ἐποίησα εἶναι βέβαιον ἁμάρτημα, ὡς δὲ πρὸς ἐσέ εἶναι εὐεργέσημα. Ἀλλὰ σὺ ἄξιος ἤσουν νὰ ἦσαι ἀνὴρ τῆς μοιχαλίδος ἐκείνης γυναικός σε, ἡ

Vota Iovi Minos taurorum corpora centum
solvit, ut egressus ratibus Curetida terram
contigit, spoliis decorata est regia fixis.
155Creverat opprobrium generis, foedumque patebat
matris adulterium monstri novitate biformis.
Destinat hunc Minos thalamo removere pudorem
multiplicique domo caecisque includere tectis.
Daedalus ingenio fabrae celeberrimus artis
160ponit opus turbatque notas et lumina flexu
ducit in errorem variarum ambage viarum.
Non secus ac liquidis Phrygius Maeandrus in undis
ludit et ambiguo lapsu refluitque fluitque
occurrensque sibi venturas adspicit undas,
165et nunc ad fontes, nunc ad mare versus apertum
incertas exercet aquas: ita Daedalus implet
innumeras errore vias. Vixque ipse reverti
ad limen potuit: tanta est fallacia tecti.
Quo postquam geminam tauri iuvenisque figuram
170clausit, et Actaeo bis pastum sanguine monstrum
tertia sors annis domuit repetita novenis,
utque ope virginea nullis iterata priorum
ianua difficilis filo est inventa relecto,
protinus Aegides rapta Minoide Diam
175vela dedit comitemque suam crudelis in illo
litore destituit. Desertae et multa querenti
amplexus et opem Liber tulit; utque perenni
sidere clara foret, sumptam de fronte coronam
inmisit caelo. Tenues volat illa per auras
180dumque volat, gemmae nitidos vertuntur in ignes
consistuntque loco specie remanente coronae,
qui medius Nixique genu est anguemque tenentis.
King Minos, when he reached the land of Crete
and left his ships, remembered he had made
a vow to Jupiter, and offered up
a hundred bulls.—The splendid spoils of war
adorned his palace.—
Now the infamous
reproach of Crete had grown, till it exposed
the double-natured shame. So, Minos, moved
to cover his disgrace, resolved to hide
the monster in a prison, and he built
with intricate design, by Daedalus
contrived, an architect of wonderful
ability, and famous. This he planned
of mazey wanderings that deceived the eyes,
and labyrinthic passages involved.
so sports the clear Maeander, in the fields
of Phrygia winding doubtful; back and forth
it meets itself, until the wandering stream
fatigued, impedes its wearied waters' flow;
from source to sea, from sea to source involved.
So Daedalus contrived innumerous paths,
and windings vague, so intricate that he,
the architect, hardly could retrace his steps.
In this the Minotaur was long concealed,
and there devoured Athenian victims sent
three seasons, nine years each, till Theseus, son
of Aegeus, slew him and retraced his way,
finding the path by Ariadne's thread.
Without delay the victor fled from Crete,
together with the loving maid, and sailed
for Dia Isle of Naxos, where he left
the maid forlorn, abandoned. Her, in time,
lamenting and deserted, Bacchus found
and for his love immortalized her name.
He set in the dark heavens the bright crown
that rested on her brows. Through the soft air
it whirled, while all the sparkling jewels changed
to flashing fires, assuming in the sky
between the Serpent-holder and the Kneeler
the well-known shape of Ariadne's Crown.
The Minotaur, Theseus, and Ariadne

When Minos reached Cretan soil he paid his dues to Jove, with the sacrifice of a hundred bulls, and hung up his war trophies to adorn the palace. The scandal concerning his family grew, and the queen�s unnatural adultery was evident from the birth of a strange hybrid monster. Minos resolved to remove this shame, the Minotaur, from his house, and hide it away in a labyrinth with blind passageways. Daedalus, celebrated for his skill in architecture, laid out the design, and confused the clues to direction, and led the eye into a tortuous maze, by the windings of alternating paths. No differently from the way in which the watery Maeander deludes the sight, flowing backwards and forwards in its changeable course, through the meadows of Phrygia, facing the running waves advancing to meet it, now directing its uncertain waters towards its source, now towards the open sea: so Daedalus made the endless pathways of the maze, and was scarcely able to recover the entrance himself: the building was as deceptive as that.

In there, Minos walled up the twin form of bull and man, and twice nourished it on Athenian blood, but the third repetition of the nine-year tribute by lot, caused the monster�s downfall. When, through the help of the virgin princess, Ariadne, by rewinding the thread, Theseus, son of Aegeus, won his way back to the elusive threshold, that no one had previously regained, he immediately set sail for Dia, stealing the daughter of Minos away with him, then cruelly abandoned his companion on that shore. Deserted and weeping bitterly, as she was, Bacchus-Liber brought her help and comfort. So that she might shine among the eternal stars, he took the crown from her forehead, and set it in the sky. It soared through the rarified air, and as it soared its jewels changed to bright fires, and took their place, retaining the appearance of a crown, as the Corona Borealis, between the kneeling Hercules and the head of the serpent that Ophiuchus holds.

ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 421

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ὅστις σκοπάδῃ τὸ ἐλύσειον παράδειγμα τῆς Μύθης ταύτης, βέβαιος θέλει ᾖναι ὅτι ἀφήκει νὰ φοβώμεθα κάθε κακὸν ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς. Ἡ Σκύλλα ἐρᾷ τὸν ἐχθρὸν τοῦ πατρός της, καὶ ἀποφασίζει νὰ ἀποδώσῃ τὸν πατέρα της, διὰ νὰ κάμῃ γνωστὸν τὸν ἐχθρόν του. Δύναται νὰ δοθῇ χειρότερον παράδειγμα; Ἆρα γε δὲν ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο διὰ νὰ μᾶς παρακινήσῃ νὰ φύγωμεν ἢ νὰ φοβώμεθα τὸν ἔρωτα, ἢ τὰς γυναῖκας;

Ἀλλ᾿ ἐπειδὴ ὄχι μόνον αἱ γυναῖκες, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες ὑπόκεινται εἰς παρόμοια σφάλματα, δὲν πρέπει νὰ καταδικάσωμεν οὔτε τὸ ἕν, οὔτε τὸ ἄλλο γένος, διὰ τὸ πταῖσμα ὀλίγων τινῶν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκονται γυναῖκες πόσον ἐνάρετοι, ὥστε ὑπερβαίνουσι τοὺς ἄνδρας· διὰ τί νὰ μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν μᾶς ὅλος τὸ γένος διὰ τοὺς ἄνδρας· διὰ τί τῶν πολλῶν ἀρετῶν μας νὰ τὸ μισῶμεν διὰ αἰτίας ὀλίγων κακοθέτρων; Διὰ γὰρ ὁ Μῦθος ταύτην σκοπὸν, ἀλλὰ θέλει νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ ἄλλο τι γενικώτερον.

Ὁ Μῖνως, βδελυττόμενος τὴν Σκύλλαν, ἐνῷ διὰ ὅπως ἀποδώσῃ τὸν πατέρα της ἔγινε νικητὴς, μᾶς ἐνδεικνύει ὅτι ἐξ αὐτοῦ οἱ παρὰ ἡμῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων ἢ κακοποιοῦντων εἴργομεν τὰς μισοῦμεν καὶ ἀποστρεφόμεθα, ὅσον κι᾿ ἂν ᾖ ἤτοι μεγάλη ἡ ὠφέλεια, τὴν ὁποίαν παρ᾿ αὐτῶν λαμβάνομεν, καὶ ἡ ἀπάμοιβη τῆς κακίας των ἄλλο τι δὲν εἶναι παρὰ τὸ κοινὸν μῖσος.

Διὰ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θριχὸς τῆς Νίσης, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἐστέκετο ὅλη τῆς ἡ δύναμις, εἰκονίζεται ἀπόκρυφος ἡ βουλὴ τοῦ βασιλέως του, ἡ ὁποία δὲν τὴν ἐφανέρωσεν εἰς τὴν ἐχθρόν του, τὸν εὐνίκησαν δι᾿ αὐτῆς, ἢ ἐπέρασαν τὴν πόλιν. Διδάσκει λοιπὸν ἐκ τούτου ὅτι ὁ βασι- λεὺς ὀφείλει νὰ φυλάττῃ ἐπιμελῶς τὰ μυστικά του, ἢ νὰ κρατῇ κε- κρυμμένους τοὺς σκοποὺς του εἰς τόπον, ὥστε νὰ μὴ τοὺς φανερώ- σῃ, νὰ μὴ κοινοποιῇ εἰς τὸ ἀγαπημένον του ὑποκείμενον ὅλα τὰ μυστι- κά του· Πρέπει λοιπὸν οἱ Ἄρχοντες νὰ ἐκλέγωσι φρόνιμες καὶ συνετ- ὰς ὑπηρέτας, δίχα νὰ τὰς συμβουλεύωνται· μάλιστα, ὡς λέγει ὁ Πολύβιος, δὲν ἁρμόζει ὁ Ἄρχων νὰ ἀποκαλύπτῃ τὰ μυστικά του οὔτε εἰς αὐτὸς τὰς φρόνιμες, ἐκτὸς ἐπὶ πολλοῦ ἀποβῇ εἰς τὴν διεξα- γωγὴν τῶν σκοπῶν των, ἢ βοηθῇ μὲν εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις του.

Περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, τοῦ Μινωταύρου, τοῦ Λαβυρίνθου, τῆς Ἀριάδνης, καὶ τοῦ Θη- σέως καὶ περὶ τοῦ κατασταρωθέντος στε- φάνου τῆς Ἀριάδνης.

Ν κῆ ἴσας ὁ Μῖνος τῆ Ἀςυάας, τὰ ὑποχέσωσε νά στέλλωσιν εἰς τῆν Κρήτην χὰ δε ἐργα πρᾶσμε ἔπὶ νέες, ἤ ἔπὶ κο- ρασια ὑπὸ τῆς αὐχνοστήρας οἰκογενείας ἤ Ἀθλέων, διά νά ῥί- πωνται εἰς τὸν καθύειςον ἀφὸ γραφῆν τοῦ Μινώταυρου. Μετάξὺ τῆς ἄλλης, ἔτυχεν αὕτη ἡ δυσυχία καὶ εἰς τὸν Θησέα · ἀλλὰ μὲ τῆς ἐρωμένης τε Ἀριάδης τὴ βοήθειαν, θανατώσας τοῦ Μινώταυρου, ἐλευθερώθη ἀπὸ τὸν Λαβύερύθον. Μετὰ ταῦτα μενούσησε νὰ μὲ τὴν Ἀριάδίαν, ἤ ὕστερον αὐτὴ νυμφοδόθη ἀλλ' ἀγαπεί- ησ Θησεὺς ἐπὶ τῆν νῆσον Νάξον, ὅτε ἰδών αὐτήν Βάκχος, τὴν παρηγόρησε, καὶ τήν ἐνυμφώθη, καὶ ἐς τεκνήτειον τε ἀγάπης του, ἔθηςε μετάξὺ τῆς ἀέρων τὸ στέφανον αὐτῆς.

Ἐπανανάμφας ὁ Μῖνος εἰς τῆν Κρήτην, ἐθυσίασ- εν εἰς τὸν Δία ἑκατὸν βόας, πρὸς εὐχαριςίαν

τῆς νύμφης, καὶ ἐκρέμασεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν του τὰ λάφυρα τῆς ἐχθρῷ. Ὡς πόσον εἶχεν αὐξηθῆναι τὸ ὄνειδος τῆς γυναικὸς του, καὶ ἦτον γνωστὴ ποῖς πᾶσιν ἡ μιαρὰ μοιχεία τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ Πασιφάης, ὅτις ἐρασθεῖσα εἰς Ταῦρον, ἐγέννησε τέρας τι, ὃν ἐξ ἡμισείας μὲν ἄνθρωπος, ἐξ ἡμισείας δὲ ταῦρος. Ὁ Μίνως λοιπὸν ἐσκοπήθη νὰ κρύψῃ τὸ καταισχυντηρὸν θάλαμόν του, καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς, πλέον τὸ τέρας ἐκεῖνο εἰς τόπον, ὅπως νὰ μὴ δυνάσται νὰ τὸ ἰδῇ τις. Δαίδαλος, ὁ περιβόητος καὶ θαυμάσιος ἀρχιτέκτων, κατεσκεύασεν ἕν μεγαλόπρεπον λαβύρινθον μὲ μυρίας ἐμπεπλεγμένας δρόμους, καὶ τόσας περιστροφὰς, ὥστε ὅποιος ἐμβαίνων εἰς αὐτὸ, δυσκόλως ἐπλανᾶτο τῇ ἀπωλείᾳ. Καθὼς ὁ Μαίανδρος, ὁ τῆς Φρυγίας ποταμὸς, τῇ δὲ ἱκανῶς περιστρεφόμενος παίζει μὲ τὰ κύματα του, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὑπάγει πρὸς τὴν πηγὴν του, διὰ νὰ ἰδῇ ἂν τὰ ὕδατα του τὸν ἀκολουθοῦσι, ποτὲ δὲ ῥέει πρὸς τῇ θαλάσσῃ, ἢ διὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς γύρους του, δὲν δυνάσαι τις νὰ κατακόψῃ ἂν ἀναβαίνει, ἢ καταβαίνει· ἔτσι ὁ Δαίδαλος κατεσκεύασε τὸν λαβύρινθον μὲ μυρίας δρόμους, καὶ ἀπείρους ἑλίξεις ἢ περιστροφὰς, ἢ μὲ τοιαύτην θαυμασίαν τέχνην, ὥστε καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ τέκτων ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ πλανηθῇ, καὶ μὲ δυσκολίαν μεγάλην εὗρε τὴν θύραν διὰ νὰ ἐκβῇ ἔξω. Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν λαβύρινθον ἔπλασαν τὸν Μινώταυρον, πρὸς τροφὴν τοῦ ὁποίου εἶχον καταδικασθῇ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι νὰ στέλλωσι κάθ᾽ ἐννέα χρόνους ἑπτὰ νέους, καὶ ἑπτὰ νέας ἐκ τῶν εὐγενεστέρων τῆς πόλεως. Ὁ ὁρισμένος ἕτος δασμὸς εἶχε σταλῆ ἕξ φοράς, καὶ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ φορᾷ ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος ἐπὶ τὸν Θησέα, ὅς τις ἀφιχθεὶς εἰς τὴν Κρήτην, ἠξιώθη

τον κατακοιλὰ ὡραῖος, ἢ διασλαγχνία της διόλως με- περάπη εις ἔρωτα, ἢ τὸν ἐδίδαξε τὸν κόσμον να νικη- σῃ τὸν Μινώταυρον. Ἔμβαινον λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν λαβύ- ρινθον, ἐπολέμησεν ανδρείως, ἢ ἐθανάτωσε τὸ τέρας, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκβηκὲ ἀπὸ ἐκείνου τῶν φυλακῶν με τὸ αὐτὸ μέσον, δί ἃ καὶ ἐμβηκε, δηλαδὴ δώσαντας εἰς τῶ Θύρας τὸ λαβυερίνθῳ τῆς μιᾶς ἀκραν τὸ ῥήματος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε παρὰ τῆς Ἀριάδνης, ἢ ἔπως ἐδυναίψη να ἄρῃ ὑπόλας τῶν ἐξόδον. Τοιαύτόροπας ἡλευθέρω- σσε τὸν ἑαυτόν τα, ἢ τῶ παβίδα τα ἀπὸ τὸ σκληρὸν ἐ- χεῖνο χρέος, καὶ αὖθις μετὰ τῶν ῥήλων ἀμεταγώνησε με τῆς Ἀριάδνης, φέρων αὐτὸν εἰς τῆς Δίας Νήσον· ἀλλ εἰς ἀντεμοιβήν τῆς εὐεργεσίας τῆς, τῆς ἄφησον ὁ ἀχθεσ- σος εἰς τὸ ἔρημον παραθαλάσσιον τῆς Νήσος, εἰς τῆς ὀξεσίαν τῆ Θυέλων, τῆς λύπης, ἢ ἀπελπισίας· Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐπείνη ὀλοφυρομένη ἢ ἀλαῖσα, ἐμέμφετο τὸ Θησέως τῆς ἀχαρεστίας, κατὰ συμβεβηκός διέβη ἐπείεθον ὁ Διόνυσος καὶ ἀφλαγχνίόμενος τῆς δυστυχίας τῆς, ἢ διμοφείας, αὐ ἔλαβεν εἰς γυναῖκά τα, ἢ διὰ να τῶν δοξάση αἰδίως, ἀφαιρέ- σας τὸν σέφανον, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐκείνη ἔφερεν ἐπὶ τῆς παραλῆς, τὸν ἔρριψε πρὸς τὸν εἰρανὸν. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐφέρετο εἰς τὸ ὕψος, πὰ μαργαριταῖα, με πὰ ὁποῖα ἦτον κατακπλουτισμένος, μετε- βλήθησαν εἰς ἄστρα, πὰ ἄρκι τὸ νῦν φυλάττοντα χήματα σεφαῦς, ἢ λάμποντα μεταξὺ τὸ ἀξέρος ἐκείνης, τὸ εἱκονίζοντας ἄνθρωπον ἀκουμβισμένον εἰς τὸ γόνατον, ἢ τὸ ἄλλε τὸ κρατῦντος τὸν ὄφιν.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΛ.

Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus
exsilium tactusque loci natalis amore
185clausus erat pelago. “Terras licet” inquit “et undas
obstruat: at caelum certe patet; ibimus illac.
Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.”
Dixit et ignotas animum dimittit in artes
naturamque novat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas,
190a minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti,
ut clivo crevisse putes. Sic rustica quondam
fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis.
Tum lino medias et ceris adligat imas,
atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit,
195ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una
stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla,
ore renidenti modo, quas vaga moverat aura,
captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram
mollibat lusuque suo mirabile patris
200impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coepto
imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas
ipse suum corpus motaque pependit in aura.
Instruit et natum “medio” que “ut limite curras,
Icare,” ait “moneo, ne, si demissior ibis,
205unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat.
Inter utrumque vola. Nec te spectare Booten
aut Helicen iubeo strictumque Orionis ensem:
me duce carpe viam.” Pariter praecepta volandi
tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas.
210Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles,
et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato
non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus
ante volat comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto
quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido,
215hortaturque sequi damnosasque erudit artes
et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas.
Hos aliquis tremula dum captat harundine pisces,
aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator
vidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent
220credidit esse deos. Et iam Iunonia laeva
parte Samos (fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae),
dextra Lebinthos erat fecundaque melle Calymne,
cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu
deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus
225altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis
mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras.
Tabuerant cerae: nudos quatit ille lacertos,
remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras,
oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen
230excipiuntur aqua: quae nomen traxit ab illo.
At pater infelix, nec iam pater, “Icare,” dixit,
“Icare,” dixit “ubi es? qua te regione requiram?”
“Icare” dicebat: pennas adspexit in undis
devovitque suas artes corpusque sepulcro
235condidit, et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti.
But Daedalus abhorred the Isle of Crete—
and his long exile on that sea-girt shore,
increased the love of his own native place.
“Though Minos blocks escape by sea and land.”
He said, “The unconfined skies remain
though Minos may be lord of all the world
his sceptre is not regnant of the air,
and by that untried way is our escape.”
This said, he turned his mind to arts unknown
and nature unrevealed. He fashioned quills
and feathers in due order — deftly formed
from small to large, as any rustic pipe
prom straws unequal slants. He bound with thread
the middle feathers, and the lower fixed
with pliant wax; till so, in gentle curves
arranged, he bent them to the shape of birds.
While he was working, his son Icarus,
with smiling countenance and unaware
of danger to himself, perchance would chase
the feathers, ruffled by the shifting breeze,
or soften with his thumb the yellow wax,
and by his playfulness retard the work
his anxious father planned.
But when at last
the father finished it, he poised himself,
and lightly floating in the winnowed air
waved his great feathered wings with bird-like ease.
And, likewise he had fashioned for his son
such wings; before they ventured in the air
he said, “My son, I caution you to keep
the middle way, for if your pinions dip
too low the waters may impede your flight;
and if they soar too high the sun may scorch them.
Fly midway. Gaze not at the boundless sky,
far Ursa Major and Bootes next.
Nor on Orion with his flashing brand,
but follow my safe guidance.”
As he spoke
he fitted on his son the plumed wings
with trembling hands, while down his withered cheeks
the tears were falling. Then he gave his son
a last kiss, and upon his gliding wings
assumed a careful lead solicitous.
As when the bird leads forth her tender young,
from high-swung nest to try the yielding air;
so he prevailed on willing Icarus;
encouraged and instructed him in a]l
the fatal art; and as he waved his wings
looked backward on his son.
Beneath their flight,
the fisherman while casting his long rod,
or the tired shepherd leaning on his crook,
or the rough plowman as he raised his eyes,
astonished might observe them on the wing,
and worship them as Gods.
Upon the left
they passed by Samos, Juno's sacred isle;
Delos and Paros too, were left behind;
and on the right Lebinthus and Calymne,
fruitful in honey. Proud of his success,
the foolish Icarus forsook his guide,
and, bold in vanity, began to soar,
rising upon his wings to touch the skies;
but as he neared the scorching sun, its heat
softened the fragrant wax that held his plumes;
and heat increasing melted the soft wax—
he waved his naked arms instead of wings,
with no more feathers to sustain his flight.
And as he called upon his father's name
his voice was smothered in the dark blue sea,
now called Icarian from the dead boy's name.
The unlucky father, not a father, called,
“Where are you, Icarus?” and “Where are you?
In what place shall I seek you, Icarus?”
He called again; and then he saw the wings
of his dear Icarus, floating on the waves;
Daedalus and Icarus

Meanwhile Daedalus, hating Crete, and his long exile, and filled with a desire to stand on his native soil, was imprisoned by the waves. �He may thwart our escape by land or sea� he said �but the sky is surely open to us: we will go that way: Minos rules everything but he does not rule the heavens�. So saying he applied his thought to new invention and altered the natural order of things. He laid down lines of feathers, beginning with the smallest, following the shorter with longer ones, so that you might think they had grown like that, on a slant. In that way, long ago, the rustic pan-pipes were graduated, with lengthening reeds. Then he fastened them together with thread at the middle, and bees�-wax at the base, and, when he had arranged them, he flexed each one into a gentle curve, so that they imitated real bird�s wings. His son, Icarus, stood next to him, and, not realising that he was handling things that would endanger him, caught laughingly at the down that blew in the passing breeze, and softened the yellow bees�-wax with his thumb, and, in his play, hindered his father�s marvellous work.

When he had put the last touches to what he had begun, the artificer balanced his own body between the two wings and hovered in the moving air. He instructed the boy as well, saying �Let me warn you, Icarus, to take the middle way, in case the moisture weighs down your wings, if you fly too low, or if you go too high, the sun scorches them. Travel between the extremes. And I order you not to aim towards Bootes, the Herdsman, or Helice, the Great Bear, or towards the drawn sword of Orion: take the course I show you!� At the same time as he laid down the rules of flight, he fitted the newly created wings on the boy�s shoulders. While he worked and issued his warnings the ageing man�s cheeks were wet with tears: the father�s hands trembled.

He gave a never to be repeated kiss to his son, and lifting upwards on his wings, flew ahead, anxious for his companion, like a bird, leading her fledglings out of a nest above, into the empty air. He urged the boy to follow, and showed him the dangerous art of flying, moving his own wings, and then looking back at his son. Some angler catching fish with a quivering rod, or a shepherd leaning on his crook, or a ploughman resting on the handles of his plough, saw them, perhaps, and stood there amazed, believing them to be gods able to travel the sky.

And now Samos, sacred to Juno, lay ahead to the left (Delos and Paros were behind them), Lebinthos, and Calymne, rich in honey, to the right, when the boy began to delight in his daring flight, and abandoning his guide, drawn by desire for the heavens, soared higher. His nearness to the devouring sun softened the fragrant wax that held the wings: and the wax melted: he flailed with bare arms, but losing his oar-like wings, could not ride the air. Even as his mouth was crying his father�s name, it vanished into the dark blue sea, the Icarian Sea, called after him. The unhappy father, now no longer a father, shouted �Icarus, Icarus where are you? Which way should I be looking, to see you?� �Icarus� he called again. Then he caught sight of the feathers on the waves, and cursed his inventions. He laid the body to rest, in a tomb, and the island was named Icaria after his buried child.

Ο, τι ἀ αἱ εἴ πυτις περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, δύσκολον εἶναι, ἀκολούθων τὴν κοινὴν ὑπόληψιν, νὰ κάμῃ ὀρθῶς τὴν περὶ αὐτῆς κρίσιν, καὶ νὰ φυλάξῃ τὸ τιμὴν της· ἐπειδὴ οἱ περισσότεροι ὑπολαμβάνουσι συμφώνως ὅτι αὐτὴ ἀληθῶς ἔπραξεν ὡς Ταῦρος, ἢ συνέλαβε τὸν Μινώταυρον ἔχοντα συνεργάτας τὰ Δαιδάλου. Ἰδοὺ τὸ ἀληθείᾳ, ἰδοὺ κακὸ πόσον καὶ μιαρὰ γίνον. Πλὴν λέγουσιν ἄλλοι ὅτι ὁ Ταῦρος ἦτον γραμματεὺς τοῦ Μίνωος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔπραξεν ἡ Πασιφάη, καθ' ὃν καιρὸν ἔτυχε νὰ ἦσει ἀρρώστος ὁ Μίνως, ἢ ὅτι μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐγέννησεν υἱόν, τοῦ ὁποῖον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ὠνόμασαν Μινώταυρον ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Μίνωος καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου, καὶ ὡς νὰ δυσφημήσουσι τὸν Μίνωα καὶ τὴν μητέρα τοῦ ἐφημέρου τοῦ Μίνωος, δι' αἰτίας τοῦ ἀδόμου ἔρωτος τῆς Πασιφάης· Ὦ πόσον εἶναι μῦθος ἐπιστήμονες ποὺ ἐρωτᾶν· ἀλλ' ἂν κι φυσικώτερος δὲ δόναμαι θέλω Παραδείγω. Ὡς πόσον εἶναι πιθανὸν νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ ἐκείνη ὡς χρῆμα τοῦτον ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς της, ἐπειδὴ ἢ δὲν ἔπαθες μόνος ὁ Μίνως παρόμοιον κακόν.

Ἰδοὺ δὲ δόσομεν πίστιν εἰς τὸν Λυκιάδην, ὄχι μόνον δὲ θέλομεν μέμψει τὴν Πασιφάην, ἀλλὰ μάλιστα θέλει μᾶς φανῇ ἀξιέπαινος. Λέγει λοιπὸν ἐκεῖνος ὅτι ὁ Δαίδαλος (τὸν ὁποῖον, κατὰ τὸν Μῦθον, αὐτὴ μετενέχθη βοηθοῦσα εἰς τὸν ἔρωτα της) ἦτον θαυμάσιος Ἀστρολόγος, καὶ ὅτι ἀνέστασε τὴν ἡ Πασιφάη ἀθλεγόμενον περὶ τοῦ ἔργου Ταύρου, ἢ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων, ἔπραξεν τῆς ἐπισημάντει τι. Τοῦτο ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ἔπραξεν τὸ Ταῦρος, ἢ ἐπληρώθη τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν της ὃξ μηχανῆς τοῦ Δαιδάλου.

Ἀλλὰ διότι ἄλλοτε τις ἀδείαν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον ἄλλοτι ὠφελιμώτερον καὶ σωτηριώδεστερον;

αὐτὴ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑπομακρυνθῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἢ παραδοθῇ εἰς τὴν κυριαρχίαν τῶν παθῶν, τὰ ὁποῖα πάθη εἶναι ὥσπερ πόσοι μάγοι, ἤ χρησίμου τύχῃ ἀπὸ τὴν ἄμετρον Νυμφολαγνίαν, ὑπέπεσεν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἄλλου τι δὲν εἶναι γνωστὰ εἰς ἡμᾶς καὶ Σημεῖα, ἢ Ἀγχίσης ἢ λοιπὰ κακόζηλος καὶ μικρὰ ἡ Πασιφάη, διὰ τὴν ἰσχύσιν πῶς νὰ μὴ κρίνωμεν τοὺς τόκους τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ μας ἢ ἡμεῖς οἱ ὑποκατακλυσμένοι δούλους εἰς πᾶν ἀτιμώτατον καὶ αἰσχρὸν πάθος;

Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὅπως λάβη ἕξιν εἰς τὴν κακίαν, θυλώνεται εἰς ζό- πον, ὥστε εἶναι ἀδύνατον ἀδιάπτωτον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ · ἔτσι διὰ τοῦ λα- βυρίνθου, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὅποιος ἔμβαινε δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ εὑρῇ τὴν ἔξοδον, εἰκονίζεται ἡ προειρημένη ἀλήθεια. Τὸ νῆμα τῆς Ἀ- ριάδνης, τὸ ὁποῖον μετεχειρίσθη ὁδηγὸν ὁ Θησεὺς, φανερώνει ὅτι δύναται ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τῆς φρονήσεως καὶ διὰ τοῦ λόγου νὰ ἐλευ- θερωθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν κακίαν, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς τὰ δύο ταῦτα, ἡ φρόνησις δηλαδὴ καὶ ὁ λόγος, ὁδηγοῦσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἔτσι καὶ τὸ νῆμα ἐκεῖνο ὡδήγησε τὸν Θησέα, καὶ καθὼς εὐκόλως εἶναι νὰ κοπῇ τὸ νῆμα, ἔτσι ῥᾳδίως δύναται ὁ ἄνθρωπος νὰ χάσῃ τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον, ὅταν κυριευθῇ κἂν ὀλίγον κατὰ πάθους. Προστίθημι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι ἐκεῖνο εἶναι δυσκολία νὰ μπῇ τις εἰς τὰ πάθη, παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα ἐμπόδια ὅσα συναντῶνται εἰς αὐτὰ, καὶ πολλοί, ἀφ' οὗ ὑπερέβησαν μεγάλους κινδύνους, παραδοθέντες εἰς τὰς ἡδονὰς τόσον ἀσώτως, ὥστε ἠναγκάσθησαν νὰ ἀφανισθῶσι κατὰ κράτος, ἔτσι ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Θησεὺς ἥρπαξε πολλὰς γυ- ναῖκας, ὡς φαίνεται καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ παρόντος Μύθου, καὶ κατήντησεν ἐκ μέσου τῆς γυναικῶν εἰς λυπηρὰς περιπέτειας.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσι

Δύναταί τις νὰ ἀναγνώσῃ ταῦτα εἰς τὸν παρὰ Πλουτάρχῳ βίον τοῦ Θησέως. Λέγω μόνον ὅτι ὁ λαβύρινθος ἦτο φυλακὴ ἔτσι τὴν Κρήτην, ἡ ὁποία δὲν παρέσχει ἄλλο τι μαῦρον, εἰμὴ τῷ μύ- θῳ ὅτι δὲν ἐδύνατό τις νὰ εὕρῃ ποτε ὑπ' αὐτῆς.

Ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὅ ὁ Θησεὺς ἐμάχησεν μὲ τὸν ἄγριον τὸν Μινώταυρον, διὰ τί μὴ ἀδιάλες ὅτι ἀτιμάζεται διὰ τὴν ἀποστασίαν τὴν ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀριάδνην, ἡ ὁποία τὸν ἐλευθέρωσεν ὑπὸ τὸν ἐπικείμενον κίνδυνον, ὁ δὲ ἐγκατέλειψεν αὐτὴν ἀρχοθέτως εἰς ἔρημον Νῆσον; Διὰ τί τὸν παραδειγματιώτερόν γὰ μᾶς παρέστησεν ὁ Μῦθος τίμιον ἢ ἄμεμ- πτον κατὰ πάντα τὸν Θησέα; Περιγράφων αὐτὸν μεταξὺ τῆς νεό- τητος ὡς γενναῖον Στρατιώτην τιμῆς ἢ ἐπαίνου, ἐπὶ σκοπὸν ὁ Μῦ- θος νὰ τὸν προβάλῃ ὡς περ παράδειγμα εἰς ἡγεμόνας καὶ ἄρχον- τας, ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς δόξης, εἶτα τί ἦν παρασταθῇ ἔπειτα ἄπιστον καὶ ἀχάριστον; Νομίζω ὅτι παρέστησεν ὁ Μῦθος εἰς τὸν Θησέα αὐτὰ τὰ ἐλαττώματα, θέλει νὰ δείξῃ ὅτι καὶ αὐτὰ εἶναι γεν- νήματα παρὰ τῆς ἐμφύτου τῆς δόξης, καὶ νὰ ἐπιτιμήσῃ ἡμᾶς τα, ὅτι αἱ πλέον ὑπηρεσίαι ἐσκεμμέναι ἔχουσιν ἢ ἀνταλλαγὰς ποτὲ στὰς καὶ εἰσὶν εἰς ὁμολογουμένην χαράκτῆρα μεγάλου καὶ ὑπέ- ρογκον λογισμοῦ, δυνατὰν νὰ γεννήσῃ ἢ μεγάλα ἀγαθώματα, καθὼς καὶ εὐεργεσίας ἢ ἄλλα μεγάλα καλά. Ἐν ἀληθείᾳ ὅταν σκεφθῶ- μεν ἐπιμελῶς τὰ συμβαίνοντα εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, εὑρίσκομεν ὅτι τὰ μεγαλύτερα κακά, καθὼς ἢ τὰ μεγαλύτερα καλά, εἶναι ἔργα με- γάλων ἀνθρώπων.

Ὥστε εἶναι ἡ ἀθλία Ἀριάδνη κεῖται ἐγκαταλελειμμένη εἰς ἔρημον Νῆσον εἰς παράδειγμα τῶν κορασίων νὰ μὴ πιστεύουσιν ἁπλῶς εἰς τὰ λόγια τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ἢ θεωρῶνται ἢς ἀγνώστου. Ἀλλ' ἵνα ἀπο- δείξω,

Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati
garrula limoso prospexit ab elice perdix
et plausit pennis testataque gaudia cantu est:
unica tunc volucris nec visa prioribus annis,
240factaque nuper avis, longum tibi, Daedale, crimen.
Namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam
progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis
bis puerum senis, animi ad praecepta capacis.
Ille etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas
245traxit in exemplum ferroque incidit acuto
perpetuos dentes et serrae repperit usum.
Primus et ex uno duo ferrea bracchia nodo
vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis
altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem.
250Daedalus invidit sacraque ex arce Minervae
praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus. At illum
quae favet ingeniis excepit Pallas avemque
reddidit et medio velavit in aere pennis.
Sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas
255inque pedes abiit: nomen quod et ante remansit.
Non tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit,
nec facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos:
propter humum volitat ponitque in saepibus ova
antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus.
and he began to rail and curse his art.
He found the body on an island shore,
now called Icaria, and at once prepared
to bury the unfortunate remains;
but while he labored a pert partridge near,
observed him from the covert of an oak,
and whistled his unnatural delight.
Know you the cause? 'Twas then a single bird,
the first one of its kind. 'Twas never seen
before the sister of Daedalus had brought
him Perdix, her dear son, to be his pupil.
And as the years went by the gifted youth
began to rival his instructor's art.
He took the jagged backbone of a fish,
and with it as a model made a saw,
with sharp teeth fashioned from a strip of iron.
And he was first to make two arms of iron,
smooth hinged upon the center, so that one
would make a pivot while the other, turned,
described a circle. Wherefore Daedalus
enraged and envious, sought to slay the youth
and cast him headlong from Minerva's fane,—
then spread the rumor of an accident.
But Pallas, goddess of ingenious men,
saving the pupil changed him to a bird,
and in the middle of the air he flew
on feathered wings; and so his active mind—
and vigor of his genius were absorbed
into his wings and feet; although the name
of Perdix was retained.
The Partridge hides
in shaded places by the leafy trees
its nested eggs among the bush's twigs;
nor does it seek to rise in lofty flight,
for it is mindful of its former fall.
The death of Talos

As he was consigning his unfortunate son to the grave, a noisy partridge poked its head out from a muddy ditch, and, called, cackling joyfully, with whirring wings. It was the only one of its kind, not seen in previous years, and only recently made a bird, as a lasting reproach to you, Daedalus. Your sister, Perdix, oblivious to the fates, sent you her son, Talus, to be taught: twelve years old, his mind ready for knowledge. Indeed, the child, studying the spine of a fish, took it as a model, and cut continuous teeth out of sharp metal, inventing the use of the saw. He was also the first to pivot two iron arms on a pin, so that, with the arms at a set distance, one part could be fixed, and the other sweep out a circle. Daedalus was jealous, and hurled the boy headlong from Minerva�s sacred citadel, claiming that he had fallen. But Pallas Minerva, who favours those with quick minds, caught him, and turned him into the partridge, masking him with feathers in mid-air. His inborn energy was transferred to swift wings and feet, and he kept his mother�s name, Perdix, from before. But the bird does not perch above the ground, and does not make its nest on branches or on high points, but flies low on whirring wings over the soil, and lays its eggs in a sheltered place.

παρὰς, δεικνύει ότι ὡς ἦ οἱ Παλαιοὶ Ἐθνικοὶ ἐνόμιζαν, ὡς ἡμεῖς οἱ Χριστιανοὶ, ότι διότι αὐτὰ τὰ σώματα ἦ θνητὰ εἶναι, χαρίζει ὁ Θεὸς ἀειδαλὴ ἦ ἀθάνατον στέφανον εἰς ἐκείνους, ὅσοι προσδράμωσιν εἰς τὸ Θεῖον τὰ ἔλεος, ἦ τὸν ἀπέραντον δῶρον ἀγκάλιασιν.

Περὶ Δαιδάλου, καὶ Ἰκάρου του υἱοῦ του, καὶ Πέρδικος του εἰς πτηνόν μεταμορφώθέντος.

Βαλόμενος ὁ Δαίδαλος νὰ φύγη ὑπὸ τῆς Κρήτης, κατασκεύάζει κηεῖνα πτερὰ διὰ λόγον τε καὶ διὰ τὸν υἱόν τε τὸν Ἰκάρον, καὶ πετώντες φεύγει ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιμελείας τοῦ Μίνωος· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν Ἰκάρος πέπτει εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἀμελήσας τῆς συμβουλῆς τοῦ πατρὸς τε, ὁ δὲ Δαίδαλος ἔρχεται εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν. Διήγησεν ὁ Ποιητὴς μετὰ τοῦ Μύθου τῶν ἤ τοῦ τῆς Πέρδικος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐλεφθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, μετεβλήθη εἰς πέρδικα.

Ὡς πόσον ὁ Δαίδαλος, μισήσας τῆς Κρήτης, καὶ τῆς πολυχρόνιον ἐξορίας τε, ἐπόθει νὰ ἐπιστρέψη εἰς τὴν πατρίδα τε· ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον κλεισμένος εἰς φυλακὴν, καὶ ἡ θάλασσα τὸν ἐμπόδιζε νὰ φύγη. Εἶπεν ἂν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, δύνανται νὰ μᾶς σφαλίσσωσιν ὅλας τὰς δρόμους τῆς τε γῆς, καὶ θαλάσσης, ἀλλὰ δὲν θέλει δυνηθῆ νὰ μᾶς κλείσσωσι καὶ τὸν δρόμον τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ ἀπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἡμεῖς

ἡμεῖς θέλομεν περάσει. Ἂς ἔχῃ ὁ Μίνως εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν του ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα, πλὴν δὲν δύναται νὰ εἶναι κύριος ἢ τὸ ἀέρος. Ἐσκοχάθη λοιπὸν νέαν τινὰ ἐφύ- ρεσιν, μηχανόμενος πρᾶγμα παράξενον εἰς τὴν φύ- σιν· διότι βάνων εἰς τάξιν διάφορα πτερά, ἢ ἀρχινῶν ἀπὸ τὰ μικρὰ εἰς τὰ μεγαλήτερα, τὰ συνῆψε μὲ τόσω τέχνεω, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ὑψώνοντο ὥσπερ λό- φος, καθ' ὃν τρόπον ἔγινε τὸ πάλαι ἡ ἀρχαικὸς σύ- ριγξ μὲ ἄνισοια καλάμια. Ἔπειτα τὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ μέ- σῳ ἔδεσε μὲ λίνα, τὰ δὲ κατώτατα μὲ κηρόν, καμ- πῶν αὐτὰ εἰς τρόπον, ὥστε ἐφαίνοντο ὄντως φυσικαὶ πτέρυγες πτηνῶν.

Ἐπατάχθητο εἰς τὸ αὐτὸν ἔργον ὁ Ἴχαρος ὁ υἱός του, καθ' ἀγνοίαν ὅτι ἐμοστιάζε διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν του, ποτὲ μὲν συνηθροίζε τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνέμων σκορπιζόμενα πτε- ρά, ποτὲ δὲ ἐμαλάκυνε κηρὸν, καθ' οἷον δὲ δοκιμάζων τὰς πτέρυγας του, διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον αὐτοπροθυμίαν νὰ τὰς ποιῇ πετελεσμένας, ἐμπόδιζε τὸ θαυμάσιον ἔρ- γον τοῦ πατρὸς του. Οὗτος δέ, ἀφ' οὗ ἐπελέσθη τὸ ἐπιπί- δωμα, ἐστάθμησε τὸ σῶμα του εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἐπὶ τῆς δύω πτερύγων, καὶ βλέπων ὅτι εἶχον καλῶς, ἤρ- ξατο νὰ νουθετῇ τὸν υἱόν του, λέγων ταῦτα· „πρόσεχε, „Ἴχαρε, νὰ πετᾷς πάντοτε εἰς τὸν μεσαίτατον δρόμον „τοῦ ἀέρος· ἐπειδὴ ἐὰν ὑπάγῃς παρακάτω, οἱ ἐκ τῆς „θαλάσσης ἀτμοί, θέλει βαρύνῃ τὰς πτέρυγάς σου· ἐὰν „δὲ πάλιν ὑπάγῃς ὑψηλότερα, ἡ θερμότης θέλει χω- „νεύσῃ τὸν κηρόν. Πέτα λοιπὸν κατὰ τὸ μέσον διά- „στημα, καὶ φυλάξου νὰ μὴ ξέρῃς πρὸς τὰ βόρεια μέ- „ρη, ἀλλ' ἀκολουθήσῃς πάντοτε τὸν δρόμον μου". Μετὰ ταῦτα προσήρμοσε τὰς πτέρυγας εἰς τὰς ὤμας του, διδά- σκων αὐτὸν τὴν ὁδὸν, ὁπόθεν ἔπρεπε νὰ τὰς μεταχειρίζῃ·

ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ νουθετεῖν αὐτόν, ἐξ ὅτου τὰ δάκρυα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά του, ἢ ἐν τῷ προσαρμόζειν αὐτῷ τὰ πτερά, ἔ- τρεμον αἱ πατρικαὶ χεῖρές του, ἢ φορὶν χρεσθῶσιν ἐδω- ρήσατο εἰς τὸν ἄθλιον υἱόν του τὸν τελευταῖον ἀσπασμόν.

Πρῶτος ὁ Δαίδαλος ὑψώθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ βλέπων συχνάκις πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν του, ἤρχισε νὰ φοβῆται δι' αὐ- τὸν, καθὼς τὰ πετεινὰ φοβοῦνται διὰ τῆς νεότητος των, ὅταν κατὰ πρώτην φορὰν τὰ ἐμβάλωσιν ἔξω εἰς τὸν ἀέ- ρα, διὰ νὰ πετάξει ὁμοῦ. Διὸ δὲν ἔπαυε νὰ τῷ παραγ- γέλῃ νὰ τὸν ἀκολουθῇ πάντοτε, καὶ πετώντας ἐποίει ἕν ἀνάκομα αὐτῶν τῶν Ἴκαρον, ἀναπαλῶν συνεχῶς εἰς τὴν μνήμην του τὰς ὁποίας τοῦ ἔδωκε προθέσεις, διὰ νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσῃ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν φοβερὸν δρόμον. Τούτους βλέ- ποντες εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἁλιεῖς τινὲς ἢ γεωργοί, ἢ ποι- μένες, ἐθαύμασαν, καὶ τοὺς ὑπελάβον ὥσπερ Θεούς.

Ἐκεῖνοι ὥς ποσον πετῶντες κατέλιπον ἀριστερόθεν τὴν Δῆλον, Πάρον, καὶ Σάμον, τὴν ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὴν Ἥραν· δεξιόθεν δὲ εἶχον τὴν Λέβυνθον, καὶ τὴν εἰς μέλι ἀφθονοῦσαν Κάλυδναν· καὶ τότε λαβὸν πε- ρισσότερον θάρρος τὸ παιδίον, ἤρχισε νὰ ἀπομακρύνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν ὁδηγίαν του, καὶ θέλων νὰ πετέργασθῇ πλησιέ- στερα τὸν οὐρανὸν, ὑψώθη ὑπὲρ τὸ μέτρον· ὅθεν διὰ τοῦ- το διέλυσεν ὁ Ἥλιος τὸ κηρίον τῶν πτερύγων του, καὶ ἐνόησεν εὐθὺς ὅτι δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ βασταχθῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ κτυπῶν εἰς μάτην τὰς χεῖρας, κα- θὼς χωρὶς πλέον τὰ πτερὰ, καὶ ἐπικαλούμενος τὸν πατέρα του εἰς βοήθειαν, ἔπεσεν εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν θάλασσαν, ἡ ὁποία ἐν τῷ πεσίματός του μετωνομάσθη Ἰκάριος. Ὁ ἄθλιος πατήρ του, ὅστις δὲν ἦτον πλέον πατήρ, μὴ βλέπων αὐτὸν πλέον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἤρχισε νὰ φωνά- ζῃ· Ἴκαρε, φίλτατέ μου Ἴκαρε,

260Iamque fatigatum tellus Aetnaea tenebat
Daedalon, et sumptis pro supplice Cocalus armis
mitis habebatur, iam lamentabile Athenae
pendere desierant Thesea laude tributum.
Templa coronantur, bellatricemque Minervam
265cum Iove disque vocant aliis, quos sanguine voto
muneribusque datis et acerris turis honorant.
Sparserat Argolicas nomen vaga fama per urbes
Theseos, et populi, quos dives Achaia cepit,
huius opem magnis imploravere periclis.
270Huius opem Calydon, quamvis Meleagron haberet,
sollicita supplex petiit prece. Causa petendi
sus erat, infestae famulus vindexque Dianae.
Oenea namque ferunt pleni successibus anni
primitias frugum Cereri, sua vina Lyaeo,
275Palladios flavae latices libasse Minervae.
Coeptus ab agricolis superos pervenit ad omnes
ambitiosus honor; solas sine ture relictas
praeteritae cessasse ferunt Latoidos aras.
Tangit et ira deos. “At non impune feremus,
280quaeque inhonoratae, non et dicemur inultae”
inquit, et Oeneos ultorem spreta per agros
misit aprum, quanto maiores herbida tauros
non habet Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores.
Sanguine et igne micant oculi, riget horrida cervix,
285et sactae similes rigidis hastilibus horrent
stantque velut vallum, velut alta hastilia saetae
fervida cum rauco latos stridore per armos
spuma fluit, dentes aequantur dentibus Indis,
fulmen ab ore venit, frondes adflatibus ardent.
290Is modo crescentes segetes proculcat in herba,
nunc matura metit fleturi vota coloni
et Cererem in spicis intercipit. Area frustra
et frustra exspectant promissas horrea messes.
Sternuntur gravidi longo cum palmite fetus
295bacaque cum ramis semper frondentis olivae.
Saevit et in pecudes: non has pastorve canisve,
non armenta truces possunt defendere tauri.
Diffugiunt populi nec se nisi moenibus urbis
esse putant tutos, donec Meleagros et una
300lecta manus iuvenum coiere cupidine laudis:
Tyndaridae gemini, spectatus caestibus alter,
alter equo, primaeque ratis molitor Iason,
et cum Pirithoo, felix concordia, Theseus;
et duo Thestiadae prolesque Aphareia, Lynceus
305et velox Idas, et iam non femina Caeneus
Leucippusque ferox iaculoque insignis Acastus
Hippothousque Dryasque et cretus Amyntore Phoenix,
Actoridaeque pares et missus ab Elide Phyleus.
Nec Telamon aberat magnique creator Achillis
310cumque Pheretiade et Hyanteo Iolao
impiger Eurytion, et cursu invictus Echion,
Naryciusque Lelex Panopeusque Hyleusque feroxque
Hippasus et primis etiamnum Nestor in annis,
et quos Hippocoon antiquis misit Amyclis,
315Penelopaeque socer cum Parrhasio Ancaeo,
Ampycidesque sagax et adhuc a coniuge tutus
Oeclides, nemorisque decus Tegeaea Lycaei.
Rasilis huic summam mordebat fibula vestem,
crinis erat simplex, nodum conlectus in unum.
320Ex umero pendens resonabat eburnea laevo
telorum custos, arcum quoque laeva tenebat.
Talis erat cultu; facies, quam dicere vere
virgineam in puero, puerilem in virgine possis.
Hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydonius heros
325optavit renuente deo flammasque latentes
hausit et “o felix, siquem dignabitur” inquit
“ista virum.” Nec plura sinit tempusque pudorque
dicere: maius opus magni certaminis urget.
Wearied with travel Daedalus arrived
at Sicily,—where Cocalus was king;
and when the wandering Daedalus implored
the monarch's kind protection from his foe,
he gathered a great army for his guest,
and gained renown from an applauding world.
Now after Theseus had destroyed in Crete
the dreadful monster, Athens then had ceased
to pay her mournful tribute; and with wreaths
her people decked the temples of the Gods;
and they invoked Minerva, Jupiter,
and many other Gods whom they adored,
with sacrifice and precious offerings,
and jars of Frankincense.
Quick-flying Fame
had spread reports of Theseus through the land;
and all the peoples of Achaia, from that day,
when danger threatened would entreat his aid.
So it befell, the land of Calydon,
through Meleager and her native hero,
implored the valiant Theseus to destroy
a raging boar, the ravage of her realm.
Diana in her wrath had sent the boar
to wreak her vengeance; and they say the cause
was this:—The nation had a fruitful year,
for which the good king Oeneus had decreed
that all should offer the first fruits of corn
to Ceres—and to Bacchus wine of grapes—
and oil of olives to the golden haired
Minerva. Thus, the Gods were all adored,
beginning with the lowest to the highest,
except alone Diana, and of all the Gods
her altars only were neglected. No
frankincense unto her was given! Neglect
enrages even Deities.
“Am I
to suffer this indignity?” she cried,
“Though I am thus dishonored, I will not
be unrevenged!” And so the boar was sent
to ravage the fair land of Calydon.
And this avenging boar was quite as large
as bulls now feeding on the green Epirus,
and larger than the bulls of Sicily.
A dreadful boar.—His burning, bloodshot eyes
seemed coals of living fire, and his rough neck
was knotted with stiff muscles, and thick-set
with bristles like sharp spikes. A seething froth
dripped on his shoulders, and his tusks
were like the spoils of Ind. Discordant roars
reverberated from his hideous jaws;
and lightning—belched forth from his horrid throat—
scorched the green fields. He trampled the green corn
and doomed the farmer to lament his crops,
in vain the threshing-floor has been prepared,
in vain the barns await the promised yield.
Long branches of the vine and heavy grapes
are scattered in confusion, and the fruits
and branches of the olive tree, whose leaves
should never wither, are cast on the ground.
His spleen was vented on the simple flocks,
which neither dogs nor shepherd could protect;
and the brave bulls could not defend their herds.
The people fled in all directions from the fields,
for safety to the cities. Terror reigned.
There seemed no remedy to save the land,
till Meleager chose a band of youths,
united for the glory of great deeds.
What heroes shall immortal song proclaim?
Castor and Pollux, twins of Tyndarus;
one famous for his skill in horsemanship,
the other for his boxing. Jason, too, was there,
the glorious builder of the world's first ship,
and Theseus with his friend Perithous,
and Toxeus and Plexippus, fated sons
of Thestius, and the son of Aphareus,
Lynkeus with his fleet-foot brother Idas
and Caeneus, first a woman then a man
the brave Leucippus and the argonaut
Acastus, swift of dart; and warlike Dryas,
Hippothous and Phoenix, not then blind,
the son of King Amyntor, and the twain
who sprung from Actor, Phyleus thither brought
from Elis; Telamon was one of them
and even Peleus, father of the great
Achilles; and the son of Pheres joined,
and Iolas, the swift Eurytion,
Echion fleet of foot, Narycian Lelex—
and Panopeus, and Hyleus and Hippasus,
and Nestor (youthful then), and the four sons
Hippocoon from eld Amyclae sent,
the father-in-law of queen Penelope,
Ancaeus of Arcadia, and the wise
soothsayer Mopsus, and the prophet, son
of Oeclus, victim of a traitor-wife.—
And Atalanta, virgin of the groves,
of Mount Lycaeus, glory of her sex;
a polished buckle fastened her attire;
her lustrous hair was fashioned in a knot;
her weapons rattled in an ivory case,
swung from her white left shoulder, and she held
a bow in her left hand. Her face appeared
as maidenly for boy, or boyish for girl.
When Meleager saw her, he at once
longed for her beauty, though some god forbade.
The Calydonian Boar Hunt � the cause

Now Sicily, the land of Mount Etna, held the weary Daedalus, and King Cocalus, regarded as peacable, had taken up arms, against Minos, in defence of the suppliant: and thanks to Theseus, Athens now had ceased to pay Crete the sorrowful levy.� The temple was wreathed with flowers, and the Athenians called out to warlike Minerva, to Jupiter and to the other gods, honouring them with gifts, and the blood of sacrificial offerings, and the contents of their incense-boxes. Far-wandering fame had spread the name of Theseus through all the cities of the Argolis, and the peoples inhabiting wealthy Achaia begged for his help in their great trouble, and Calydon, as a suppliant, despite having Meleager, asked his help, with anxious prayers.

The reason for their asking was a wild boar, servant and avenging power of Diana�s aggression. King Oeneus of Calydon, they say, made offerings, from the successful harvests of a full year, of the first fruits of the crops to Ceres, of wine to Bacchus, �the deliverer from care�, of libations of flowing oil, from the olives, to golden Minerva. The honour they desire was paid to all the gods, beginning with the rural deities: only the daughter of Latona�s altar was passed by: neglected, it is said, and left without its incense. Anger even touches the gods. �I shall not suffer this without exacting punishment� she cried �and, though not honoured, it will not be said that I was unavenged.� And the goddess, spurned, sent an avenging wild boar, over the Aetolian fields: grassy Epirus had none greater than it, and those of the island of Sicily were smaller. Its eyes glowed with bloodshot fire: its neck was stiff with bristles, and the hairs, on its hide, bristled stiffly like spear-shafts: just as a palisade stands, so the hairs stood like tall spears. Hot foam flecked the broad shoulders, from its hoarse grunting. Its tusks were the size of an Indian elephant�s: lightning came from its mouth: and the leaves were scorched, by its breath. Now it trampled the young shoots of the growing crops, now cut short the ripeness, longed-for by the mournful farmer, and scythed down the corn in ear. The granaries and threshing floors waited for the promised harvest in vain. Heavy clusters of grapes were brought down along with the trailing vines, and fruit and branch of the evergreen olives. It rages among the cattle too. Neither the herdsmen and dogs, nor their own fierce bulls can defend the herds. The people scatter, and only count themselves safe behind city walls.

At last Meleager and a handpicked group of men gather, longing for glory: Castor and Polydeuces, the Dioscuri, twin sons of Tyndareus and Leda, one son famous for boxing, the other for horsemanship: Jason who built the first ship: Theseus and Piritho�s, fortunate in friendship: Plexippus and Toxeus, the two sons of Thestius, uncles of Meleager: Lynceus and swift Idas, sons of Aphareus:� Caeneus, once a woman: warlike Leucippus: Acastus, famed for his javelin: Hippotho�s: Dryas: Phoenix, Amyntor�s son: Eurytus and Cleatus, the sons of Actor: and Phyleus, sent by Elis.

Telamon was there, and Peleus, father of the great Achilles: with Admetus, the son of Pheres, and Iola�s from Boeotia were Eurytion, energetic in action, and Echion unbeaten at running: and Lelex from Locria, Panopeus, Hyleus, and daring Hippasus: Nestor, still in the prime of life: and those that Hippoco�n sent, with Enaesimus, from ancient Amyclae: La�rtes, Penelope�s father-in-law with Ancaeus of Arcady: Mopsus, the shrewd son of Ampyx: and Amphiara�s, son of Oecleus, not yet betrayed by his wife, Eriphyle.

And Atalanta, the warrior girl of Tegea, the glory of Arcadia�s woods, with a polished brooch clasping the neck of her garment, and her hair simply done, caught in a single knot. An ivory quiver, holding her arrows, that rattled as she moved, hung from her left shoulder, and her left hand held the bow. So she was dressed: as for her face, you might truly say, the virgin was there, in a boy, and a boy, in the girl. The moment he saw her, that moment, Meleager, the hero of Calydon, desired her, though the gods might refuse it, devoured by secret fires. �O, happy the man, whom she might think worthy!� he said. Neither time nor honour allowed him further words: the greater task of the greater conflict urged him on.

ἀπὸ νὰ σὲ ζητητῶ, Ἰκαρέ. Ἐν ᾧ ἐλυπεῖτο, κἰ ἐποίπαξε παντάχόθεν, ἦθε τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ κακεῖθεν ἐσκορπισμένα, κἰ τότε κατηράτο τῆς ἐφευρέσεώς του, δι᾽ ἧς ἐπετύχων τῆς ἐλευθερίας, ἐστερήθη τοῦ υἱοῦ του. Ἔπειτα, βλέπων ὅτι ἡ θάλασσα εἶχε ῥίψει εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν τὸ σῶμά του, κατέβη εἰς τὴν γῆν διὰ νὰ τὸ ἐπιθάψῃ, κἰ ὁ τόπος ἐκεῖνος ἔλαβε τὸ ὄνομά του, ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰκάριος.

Ἐν ᾧ ἔθαπτον ὁ Δαίδαλος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἦλθεν αὐτὸν ἡ Πέρδιξ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκάθητο δένδρον, ἦ ἐπειδή τὸν ἐμίσει, ἤρχισε νὰ κτυπᾶ τὰς πτέρυγας ἀπὸ τῶν χαρῶν της, κἰ μὲ τὸ λάλημα της ἐφανέρωσεν ὅτι ἔχαιρε διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν τοῦ Δαιδάλου. Τὸ ὄρνεον αὐτὸ ἦταν τὸ πρῶτον τῆς εἴδους του, ἐπειδή προτέρον δὲν εἶχε φανῆ ποτὲ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐγίνε νέως ἀπὸ τοῦ Δαιδάλου τὸ ἔγκλημα. Τούτου ἡ ἀδελφή εἶχον τὸν Πέρδικα καλούμενον, κἰ ἀγνοοῦσα τὰ μέλλοντα, παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν, ὅπως διδευθῇ καὶ ἀγχίνου, εἰς χεῖρας τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ της Δαιδάλου, διὰ νὰ τὸν διδάξῃ τὴν τεκτονικὴν τέχνην. Ὁ νέος, ὡς κατάπληκτος ἀγχίνους, παρατηρήσας τὴν ῥαχίδα τῶν ὀψάρεων, κἰ κατὰ μίμησιν αὐτῆς ἐγχαράξας μακρὰν σειρὰν ὀδόντων εἰς ὀξὺ σίδηρον, εὗρε τὸν πρίονα. Αὐτὸς πρῶτος εὗρε κἰ τὸν διαβήτην, δι᾽ οὗ περιγράφεται τέλειος ὁ κύκλος, μὲ τὴν ἐν ἐπιπέδῳ κάρωσιν τοῦ ἑνὸς τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐργαλείου, κἰ μὲ τὴν ὁλόγυρα περιστροφὴν τοῦ ἄλλου ποδὸς τοῦ εἰς ἴσον διάστημα. Φθονήσας ὁ Δαίδαλος τὴν ἀγχίνοιαν τοῦ παιδὸς, κἰ φοβηθεὶς μὴ τὸν ὑπερέβη εἰς τὴν τέχνην, ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, διαδώσας ἔπειτα ψευδῆ φήμην ὅτι ἔπεσε κ

ἵνδας, τὸν ἐσκέπασε μὲ πτερὰ ἔτι κρεμάμενον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, κἰ δὲν τὸν ἀφῆσε νὰ πέση, μετάμορφώσασα αὐτὸν εἰς ὄρνεον. Ἡ διύμεσις καὶ αἰκνὴ τῶ νοὸς τᾶ, ὅπως δεξιοπότης κᾶ παγίση, μετέβη εἰς τὰς πόδας τᾶ καὶ εἰς τὰς πτέρυγας τᾶ, κἰ ἐφύλαξε τὸ πρώτον τᾶ ὄνομα. Ὅμως τὸ ὄρνεον αὐτὸ δὲν πετᾶ ποτὲ εἰς ὕψος, κἰ ἐνθυμέμενον τὸν ἁρμενισμόν τᾶ, φοβεῖται μήπως πέση, κἰ δὲν γενᾶ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ δένδρα, ἀλλὰ μόνον κάτω εἰς τὰς φραγμὲς.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Οἱ συμφωνοῦσιν ὅτι τὰ πλειότερα τῆς, ὅσα περιελαμβάνει ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι Ἱστορικὰ. Φονεύσας ὁ Δαίδαλος τὸν υἱὸν τῶ ἀδελφῶ τᾶ, ἐξόδαι ποσων αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἠναγκάδη νὰ φύγη εἰς Κρήτην ὅπως νὰ μὴ τιμωρηθῇ. Ἐκεῖ ἐστημῆ παρὰ τῆς Πασιφάης διὰ τὴν ἁξύτητα τᾶ, κἰ αὐτὴ ἡ βασίλισσα, ἐραστεῖσα τᾶ Ταύρῳ, ὡς προείρηται, ἢ τᾶ στρατηγῶ τῶ καλουμένῳ Ταῦρε, ἀνεκάλυψεν εἰς τῷ Δαίδαλο τὸν ἔρωτα τῆς. ὁ δὲ ἐβοήθησεν αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸν πόθον τῆς. Διὰ τὰ ὁ Μίνως τὸν ἐφυλάκωσεν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱόν τᾶ· ἀλλ' ὁ Δαίδαλος εὑρὼν τρόπον νὰ διαφύγῃ τὴν φυλακὴν, ἔφυγε μὲ τὸν Ἴκαρον εἰς τινα πλοῖα, θέσας εἰς αὐτὰ καὶ ἱστία, διὰ νὰ τρέχωσι ταχύτερον (ἐπειδὴ ἕως τότε ἦτον ἄγνωστος ἡ χρῆσις των, κἰ ἐμεταχειρίζοντο μόνον τὰ κωπία) κἰ ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ὅπως ἐσκόπει· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἴκαρος, εἰς ἄλλο πλοῖον εἰσκέμενος, ναυαγίας, ἔπεσε διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶ ναυκλήρῳ. Ἰδὲ ἡ Ἱστορία τᾶ Δαίδαλε, ἡ ὁποία ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν τᾶ Μύθῳ.

Κατεσκεύασε πτέρυγας διά λόγου τά καί διά τόν υἱόν του, δηλαδή σύδε τήν κρῆσιν τῶν παιδίων, τά ὁποῖα εἶναι ὥσπερ αἱ πτέρυγες τῶν καραβίων· κἰ ὁ Ἴκαρος ἐπιγή

Τάλον του ἀκαμίου του, ἵνα καταδείξη ὅτι οἱ δύφυες ἄνδρες ὑποκεῖνται ὡς ἐπί τό πλῆδον εἰς τό πάθος τοῦ φθόνου, ἤ διά δυσαρεστέραν ὑπερφροσίν ἐκείνης, ὅσοι τούς ὑπερβαίνουσιν, ἤ ἐξισοῦνται μέ αὐτούς. Λέγω δ' ἐγώ ὅτι ὁ Πέρδιξ μετεβλήθη εἰς Πέρδικα, διά τήν τῶν ὀνομάτων ὁμοιότητα, καί ὅτι ἡ μεταμόρφωσις ποῦ ἔγινε κατά καλογίαν τῆς φύσεως τοῦ πτινοῦ.

Κατ' ἄλλες ὁ Μύθος ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ἡ ἀδικία εἶναι πηγή πασῶν τῆς δυστυχίας, ὡς δῆλον ὑπό τό παράδειγμα τοῦ Δαιδάλου, ὅστις ἔπαθε τόσα κακά ἀφ' οὗ ἐφόνευσε τόν Πέρδικα, καί συνήργησεν εἰς τήν μοιχείαν τῆς Πασιφάης. Ἐκ τούτου διδάσκονται οἱ ἐν ἀρχῇ νά μή δέχωνται εἰς τήν ἐπικράτειάν των ποιητάς κακεργοῦς, τῶν ὁποίων καί ἡ φύσις αὐτή ἀποστρέφεται, ἐπειδή αἱ τούτων ὑποδείξεις, βλάπτονται ἀπό αὐτούς, ὡς ὁ Μίνως ἀπό τόν Δαίδαλον, ἀφ' οὗ ἴσον τοῦ πνευσίου.

Ἄλλοι διηγοῦνται ὅτι ὁ Δαίδαλος ἦτον μέγας Ἀστρολόγος, καί ἐδίδαξε καί τόν υἱόν του τήν Ἀστρολογίαν· ἀλλά ὁ υἱός χειρόμενος ὑπό νεανικήν ματαιότητα, ἀπεμάκρυνε τῆς ἀληθοῦς διδασκαλίας, εἰς ἀμησιόν εἰς πλανάς. Ὑπό τήν ὁποίαν διά ἐδώπη ὁ πατήρ του νά τόν ἀπαλάξη. Τοῦτο σημαίνεται διά τοῦ Ἰκάρου, ὑπό τοῦ ὁποίου ὁ πατήρ νά ἐδώπη τῆς ἀθεσίου.

Book VIII · ATALANTA AND MELEAGER

ATALANTA AND MELEAGER

Silva frequens trabibus, quam nulla ceciderat aetas,
330incipit a plano devexaque prospicit arva.
Quo postquam venere viri, pars retia tendunt,
vincula pars adimunt canibus, pars pressa sequuntur
signa pedum cupiuntque suum reperire periclum.
Concava vallis erat, quo se demittere rivi
335adsuerant pluvialis aquae: tenet ima lacunae
lenta salix ulvaeque leves iuncique palustres
viminaque et longa parvae sub harundine cannae.
Hinc aper excitus medios violentus in hostes
fertur, ut excussis elisi nubibus ignes.
340Sternitur incursu nemus et propulsa fragorem
silva dat. Exclamant iuvenes praetentaque forti
tela tenent dextra lato vibrantia ferro.
Ille ruit spargitque canes, ut quisque furenti
obstat, et obliquo latrantes dissipat ictu.
345Cuspis Echionio primum contorta lacerto
vana fuit truncoque dedit leve vulnus acerno.
Proxima, si nimiis mittentis viribus usa
non foret, in tergo visa est haesura petito:
longius it. Auctor teli Pagasaeus Iason.
350“Phoebe,” ait Ampycides “si te coluique coloque,
da mihi quod petitur certo contingere telo!”
Qua potuit, precibus deus adnuit: ictus ab illo est,
sed sine vulnere, aper; ferrum Diana volanti
abstulerat iaculo: lignum sine acumine venit.
355Ira feri mota est, nec fulmine lenius arsit:
emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flamma.
Utque volat moles adducto concita nervo,
cum petit aut muros aut plenas milite turres,
in iuvenes certo sic impete vulnificus sus
360fertur et Hippalmon Pelagonaque, dextra tuentes
cornua, prosternit; socii rapuere iacentes.
At non letiferos effugit Enaesimus ictus,
Hippocoonte satus: trepidantem et terga parantem
vertere succiso liquerunt poplite nervi.
365Forsitan et Pylius citra Troiana perisset
tempora: sed sumpto posita conamine ab hasta
arboris insiluit, quae stabat proxima, ramis
despexitque, loco tutus, quem fugerat hostem.
Dentibus ille ferox in querno stipite tritis
370inminet exitio fidensque recentibus armis
Eurytidae magni rostro femur hausit adunco.
At gemini, nondum caelestia sidera, fratres,
ambo conspicui, nive candidioribus ambo
vectabantur equis, ambo vibrata per auras
375hastarum tremulo quatiebant spicula motu.
The fires of love flamed in him; and he said,
“Happy the husband who shall win this girl!”
Neither the time nor his own modesty
permitted him to say another word.
But now the dreadful contest with the boar
engaged this hero's energy and thought.
A wood, umbrageous, not impaired with age,
slopes from a plain and shadows the wide fields,
and there this band of valiant heroes went—
eager to slay the dreaded enemy,
some spread the nets and some let loose the dogs,
some traced the wide spoor of the monster's hoofs.
There is a deep gorge where the rivulets
that gather from the rain, discharge themselves;
and there the bending willow, the smooth sedge,
the marsh-rush, ozier and tall tangled reed
in wild profusion cover up the marsh.
Aroused from this retreat the startled boar,
as quick as lightning from the clashing clouds
crashed all the trees that cumbered his mad way.—
The young men raised a shout, leveled their spears,
and brandished their keen weapons; but the boar
rushed onward through the yelping dogs,
and scattered them with deadly sidelong stroke.
Echion was the first to hurl his spear,
but slanting in its course it only glanced
a nearby maple tree, and next the spear
of long-remembered Jason cut the air;
so swiftly hurled it seemed it might transfix
the boar's back, but with over-force it sped
beyond the monster. Poising first his dart,
the son of Ampyx, as he cast it, he
implored Apollo, “Grant my prayer if I
have truly worshiped you, harken to me
as always I adore you! Let my spear
unerring strike its aim.” Apollo heard,
and guided the swift spear, but as it sped
Diana struck the iron head from the shaft,
and the blunt wood fell harmless from his hide.
Then was the monster's savage anger roused;
as the bright lightning's flash his red eyes flamed;
his breath was hot as fire. As when a stone
is aimed at walls or strong towers, which protect
encompassed armies,—launched by the taut rope
it strikes with dreaded impact; so the boar
with fatal onset rushed among this band
of noble lads, and stretched upon the ground
Eupalamon and Pelagon whose guard
was on the right; and their companions bore
their bodies from the field.
Another youth,
the brave son of Hippocoon received
a deadly wound—while turning to escape,
the sinew of his thigh was cut and failed
to bear his tottering steps.—
And Nestor might
have perished then, so long before he fought
the heroes of old Troy, but ever wise,
he vaulted on his long lance from the ground
into the branches of a sheltering tree;
where in a safe position, he could look
down on his baffled foe. The raging boar
whetted his gleaming tushes on an oak.
Then with his sharpened tusks he gored the thigh
of mighty Hippasus. Observed of all,
and mounted on their horses—whiter than
the northern snow—the twins (long afterward
transformed to constellations) sallied forth,
and brandishing their lances, poised in air,
determined to destroy the bristling boar.
It thwarted their design by hiding in
The Calydonian Boar Hunt � the boar is roused

A forest thick with trees, that had never been cut, at any time, began above the plain, and overlooked the sloping fields. When the heroes reached it, some spread out hunting nets, others loosed the dogs from their leashes, while others again followed the deeply-marked trail, keen to discover their quarry. There was a deep valley that collected streams of rainwater, falling near it: and it held, in its depths, pliant willows, smooth sedges, and marsh grasses, and osiers and tall bulrushes, above the lowly reeds. The boar was roused from there, and made a violent charge into the midst of its enemies, like lightning forced from colliding clouds. Trees were flattened by its impact, and the woods crashed as it drove into them. The warriors shouted, and held their spears spread outward, with firm hands, waving their broad blades. The boar rushed them, scattering the dogs, as they obstructed it in its fury, putting the baying pack to flight with sidelong swipes of its tusks. The first spear, delivered by Echion�s arm, was ineffectual, and gave the trunk of a maple a glancing blow. The next, if it had not been thrown with too great a force, aimed at the creature�s back, seemed certain to stick there, but the throw was too long. Jason of Pagasae hurled the spear.

Then Mopsus, son of Ampyx, cried out �Phoebus, if I have worshipped you, and do so now, grant what I ask, that my spear strikes surely!� The god did what he could, to fulfil the prayer: the boar was hit, but without being wounded. Diana had stolen the iron point of the javelin, in flight: what arrived was the wooden shaft without its tip. The wild beast�s anger was aroused, and blazed out no more gently than lightning. Flame burned in its eyes, and was breathed from its chest. With dangerous and unerring momentum, the boar hurtled towards the young men, as a stone flies from a taut catapult, aimed at walls or battlements full of soldiers. Hippalmus and Pelagon, holding the right flank, were knocked to the ground: their friends caught them up as they lay there. But Enaesimus, son of Hippoco�n, did not escape the fatal blow: about to turn his back, in alarm, he sank down, as the sinews of his knee gave way. And King Nestor of Pylos, might perhaps have perished before his time at Troy, but, using the leverage of his firmly planted spear, he vaulted into a tree, that stood close by, and looked down, from a place of safety, on the quarry he had escaped.

The fierce creature, sharpening its tusks on the trunk of an oak, threatened them with destruction, and confident in its freshly renewed weapons, ripped open mighty Hippasus�s thigh, with one curving edge. But now the Gemini, Castor and Pollux, not yet changed into stars in the sky, twin brothers, conspicuous among the rest, both rode up, on horses whiter than snow, and brandishing their javelins in the air as one, hurled them, the points quivering with the motion.

Εἰς δὲ νομίζει ὅτι τὸ πέδιμον τοῦ Ἰκάρου μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ μὴ ὑψετηλεῖ μὲ ψυσίας δύο Γοργῶν μας, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἐπαιδευέσθω ὑπὸ τὸ σφῆνον, ἀλλὰ νὰ φυλάττωμεν εἰς ὅλα τὴν μεσότητα. Ὅταν ὁ Δαίδαλος νουθετῇ τὸν υἱόν του νὰ μὴ πετᾷ πλησίον τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἤτε πλησίον τῆς θαλάσσης, μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι δέει νὰ ζήσωμεν μέτριος, καὶ εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ἀταραξίαν, τὴν ὁποίαν θηρεύονται οἱ Σοφοί, διὰ σφέπει νὰ πλησιάζωμεν ὑπὲρ τὸ δέον οὔτε εἰς τοὺς βασιλεῖς, οὔτε εἰς τὸν κοινὸν λαόν, ἐπειδὴ ἢ εἰς τὸ ἓν καὶ εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος εὑρίσκονται συνεχεῖς φροντίδες ἢ παραχμή.

Περὶ τῆς Καλυδῶνος Ἀγριοχοίρου, καὶ τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἐξ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ ἀδελφαὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα.

Οἰνεὺς κατηρτόρησε ξέσπιδες ἐπὶ Ἀρτέμιν εἰς μίαν θυσίαν· δι᾽ ὃ ὀργίζεται ἡ Θεὰ & στέλλει ἀγριόχοιρον εἰς τὴν Καλυδῶνα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφονόκτησε μεγάλως φόρους. Ὁ Μελεάγρος προσκαλεῖ τοὺς ἐκλεκτοτέρους τῆς Ἑλλάδος, διὰ νὰ ἐλευθερώσωσι τὸν τόπον ἀπὸ τὸ Θηρίον. Συνέτρεξον λοιπὸν πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέρη εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ περίφημον κυνήγιον, καὶ μὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἦλθε ἡ Ἀταλάντη, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τοῦ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας βασιλέως. Αὐτὴ πρώτη ἠξίωσε ν᾽ ἀπληρώσῃ τὸν ἀγριόχοιρον. Ὁ δὲ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸν ἐθανάτωσαν, ὁ Μελεάγρος τῇ ἔδωκε τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὸ δέρμα τοῦ θηρίου εἰς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς ἀνδρείας της. Ἀλλ᾽ αἱ θεῖαι του ζηλότυπες τῆς δόξης της, τῇ ἥρπασαν τὰ ἀριστεῖα. Ὅμως ἡ ἀδικία αὐτῶν δὲν ἔμεινε ἀτιμώρητος. Διότι διαδικάζοντες ὁ Μελεάγρος, κ᾽ ἐξ ἐπιτέτο, ἡ κακομοίρα Ἀλθαία ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, πόσον τοὺς ἐλυπήθη, καὶ ἐθανάτωσε μὲ παράδοξον τρόπον αὐτὸν τὸν υἱόν της. Αἱ ἀδελφαὶ του, θυρόμεναι διὰ τὸν θάνατόν του, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα, μετονομασθέντες Μελεαγρίδες ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των τὸ ὄνομα.

Καταδιωγμένος ἤδη ὁ Δαίδαλος ἀπὸ τὸ πολὺ πέρασμα, κατέβη εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ παρακαλεσθεὶς ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ Κώκαλος ὁ Βασιλεύς, ἐκίνησε κ᾽ ἕνας τὸν ὄλεθρόν του κατὰ τοῦ Μίνωος. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι διὰ τῆς ἀνδρείας τοῦ Θησέως εἶχον ἐλευθερωθῆ ἀπὸ τὸν σκληρόν

Βρυγμός τε παρομοιάζει τον κεραυνόν. Με μόνην τὴν ἀναπνοὴν τὰ καλεῖ τὰ φύλλα ἢ ἀδηρὰ τῆς δένδρων· κα- ταπατεῖ τὰ σπάρματα ποτὲ μὲν ὅτι ἄωρα, ποτὲ δὲ ὡρει- μένα, ἀφανίζων πάντηχε πᾶς ἐλπίδας τῆς γεωργῶν· ὅ- θεν τὰ ἁλώνια, ἢ αἱ ἀποθῆναι εἰς μάτην παρουσμένν- σι τὸν ἐπαγγελθέντα θερισμόν. Ἐφορέζει τὴν αὐτὴν φθορὰν ἢ εἰς τὰ ἀμπέλια, κόπτων καὶ ἀφανίζων τοὺς κλάδας, τὰς φορτωμένας ἀπὸ φύλλα, καὶ σταφύλια· κατεδάρρηξε ἢ τὰς ἐλαίας, ἢ τὰ ἄλλα δένδρα, καὶ οὔτε βοσκοὶ, εἴτε σκύλοι, εἴτε ποιμένες ἠδυνήθησαν νὰ διαφυλά- ξωσι τὰ θρέμματα ἀπὸ τὴν ὁρμὴν τῆς φοβερᾶς θυέλλης.

Ἔφυγον τὰ πλήθη μακρὰν ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγρούς, καὶ μόλις ἐνομίζοντο φυλαγμένα μέσα εἰς τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεων.

Ἠθέλατα ξεκολοδράψουν τὰ πάντα, ἐὰν ὁ Μελέαγχος, καὶ μετ' αὐτοῦ οἱ πλέον ἐκλεκτοὶ νέοι τῆς πόλεως, ποθέντες νὰ ἀποκτήσωσιν ἔπαινον ἢ τιμὴν, δὲν ἀπεφάσιον νὰ ἀντισταθῶσιν εἰς τὴν ὁρμὴν τοῦ θηρίου. Κατὰ μίμησιν τούτων συνέβηξαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ἐπιχείρησιν καὶ πολλοὶ ἄλλοι εὐγενεῖς νέοι· οἱ δύω Τυνδαρεῖδαι, Κάστωρ ὁ ἱπποδάμος, καὶ Πολυδεύκης ὁ ἀνδρεῖος εἰς τὴν πυγμὴν, καὶ Ἴασων, ὁ κατασκευάσας τὸ πλοῖον, ποὺ πρῶτον πάντων ἐφάνη εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἦλθαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον. Σὺν τούτοις καὶ ὁ Θησεύς, μὲ τὸν φίλον του τὸν Πειρίθοον, καὶ οἱ δύω τοῦ Θεστίου παῖδες, ὁ Τοξεὺς, καὶ ὁ Πληξίππος, καὶ Λυγκεὺς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀφαρέως, ὁ εὔτολμος Ἴδας, καὶ Ἄκαστος, ὁ περίφημος ἀκοντιστὴς, ὁ ταχὺς Ἴδας, καὶ ὁ Καϊνεὺς, ὁ μὴ ὢν πλέον γυνὴ, καὶ ὁ Ἱππόθοος, καὶ ὁ Δρύας, καὶ Φοῖνιξ, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀμύντορος, οἱ τοῦ Πατρόκλου πατέρες, ὁ Φύλας, ὁ Τελαμὼν, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ περικλύτου Ἀχιλλέως, ὁ Ἄδμητος, ὁ Ἰόλαος, ὁ γοργὸς Εὐρύ-

τῶν, καθ' ὁ αἰχμητὸς εἰς τὸ ξέξιμον Ἔχιον· ὁ Λέ- λης, ὁ Πανοπεὺς, ὁ Ὕλας, καὶ ὁ ἄγριος Ἱππασος, καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ, ὅς τις ἦτον πότε εἰς νεαρὰν ἡλικίαν, οἱ ξεῖνοι ποὺ ὁ Ἱπποκόων, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως, ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας Ἀγκαῖος, ὁ φρόνιμος Μόψος, εἶτα ποὺ Ἀμφύης, ἦ ὁ Ἀμφίαραος, τὸν ὁποῖον ἀκόμη δὲν εἶχε ξανδώσει ἡ γυνὴ τε. Συνέδραμε καὶ ἡ παρθένος Ἀτα- λάντη, ἡ τῆς Τεγέας καλλονὴ, διὰ νὰ γένῃ συμμέτο- χος τῆς δόξης τῆς αἰωνίου, καὶ ἔδειξε παράδοξον ὅτι ἡ ἀνδρολμία της δὲν ἦτον κατωτέρα τῆς ὡμορφίας της. Πε- ριεβεβλημένη χρυσόφαντον φόρεμα, εἶχε δεδεμένα με- ἁπλότητα τὰ μαλλία της, καὶ ἐβάσταζε εἰς μὲν τὸν ἀρισ- τερὸν ὦμον μίαν φαρέτραν, τόξον δὲ εἰς τὴν δεξτερὰν χεῖ- ρα. Ὁποῖος μίαν ἔβλεπον, ἤθελε τὴν νομίσῃ παιδίον μὲ κόρης πρόσωπον, ἢ παρθένον μὲ ἀρρενωπὸν κάλ- λος. Μόλις ἴδον αὐτὴν ὁ Μελέαγρος, ἤρχησε νὰ τὴν ἀγαπᾷ, ἦ εἶπε, μακάριος ὁποῖος ἀξιωθῇ νὰ γίνῃ ἀ- νὴρ της. Δὲν ἐλάλησε περισσότερα, ἐπειδὴ ὁ καιρὸς δὲν τὸ ἐσυγχώρει, καὶ ἐνόμιζε νὰ ἐμποδισθῇ ὑπὸ τὸ ἔρωτος ἀπὸ τὸν ἤδη ἐπικείμενον ἀγῶνα. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν οἱ ἀνδρειότατοι ἐκεῖνοι κυνηγοὶ συνεθροΐσθησαν εἰς πυ- κνὸν δάσος, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν εἶχε κοπῇ ποτέ, καὶ ἀρχό- μενον ἀπό τινα πεδιάδα κατέβαινεν εἰς τερπνὸν λαγ- κάδι, ἄλλοι μὲν ἀπλώσασι τὰ δίκτυα, ἄλλοι δὲ λύσασι τὰς σηλύκας, ἄλλοι ἀκολουθοῦσι τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐγκε- χαραγμένα σημεῖα τῶν ποδῶν τῆς θηρὸς, ποθοῦντες ὅ- λοι συμφώνως νὰ ἀπαντήσωσι τὸν κίνδυνον. Ἡ κατοι- κία τῆς ἀγροχοίρου ἦτον εἰς τὸ κατώτατον μέρος τῆς λαγ- κάδος, ὅπου συνεθροΐζοντο ὅλοι οἱ ἐκ τῆς βροχῆς γι-

Vulnera fecissent, nisi saetiger inter opacas
nec iaculis isset nec equo loca pervia silvas.
Persequitur Telamon studioque incautus eundi
pronus ab arborea cecidit radice retentus.
380Dum levat hunc Peleus, celerem Tegeaea sagittam
imposuit nervo sinuatoque expulit arcu.
Fixa sub aure feri summum destrinxit harundo
corpus et exiguo rubefecit sanguine saetas.
Nec tamen illa sui successu laetior ictus,
385quam Meleagros erat. Primus vidisse putatur
et primus sociis visum ostendisse cruorem
et “meritum” dixisse “feres virtutis honorem.”
Erubuere viri seque exhortantur et addunt
cum clamore animos iaciuntque sine ordine tela:
390turba nocet iactis et, quos petit, impedit ictus.
Ecce furens contra sua fata bipennifer Arcas
“discite, femineis quid tela virilia praestent,
o iuvenes, operique meo concedite!” dixit.
“Ipsa suis licet hunc Latonia protegat armis,
395invita tamen hunc perimet mea dextra Diana.”
Talia magniloquo tumidus memoraverat ore
ancipitemque manu tollens utraque securim
institerat digitis, primos suspensus in artus.
Occupat audentem, quaque est via proxima leto,
400summa ferus geminos direxit ad inguina dentes.
Concidit Ancaeus glomerataque sanguine multo
viscera lapsa fluunt: madefacta est terra cruore.
Ibat in adversum proles Ixionis hostem
Pirithous valida quatiens venabula dextra.
405Cui “procul” Aegides “o me mihi carior” inquit
“pars animae consiste meae! licet eminus esse
fortibus: Ancaeo nocuit temeraria virtus.”
Dixit et aerata torsit grave cuspide cornum.
Quo bene librato votique potente futuro,
410obstitit abscisa frondosus ab arbore ramus.
Misit et Aesonides iaculum: quod casus ab illo
vertit in inmeriti fatum latrantis et inter
ilia coniectum tellure per ilia fixum est.
At manus Oenidae variat, missisque duabus
415hasta prior terra, medio stetit altera tergo.
Nec mora, dum saevit, dum corpora versat in orbem
stridentemque novo spumam cum sanguine fundit,
vulneris auctor adest hostemque inritat ad iram
splendidaque adversos venabula condit in armos.
420Gaudia testantur socii clamore secundo
victricemque petunt dextrae coniungere dextram
inmanemque ferum multa tellure iacentem
mirantes spectant, neque adhuc contingere tutum
esse putant; sed tela tamen sua quisque cruentat.
a thicket intricate; where neither steed
nor lance could penetrate. But Telamon
pursued undaunted, and in haste tripped up
by tangled roots, fell headlong.—Peleus stooped
to rescue him.
While he regained his feet,
the virgin, Atalanta, took her bow
and fitting a sharp arrow to the notch,
twanged the tight cord. The feathered shaft
quivered beneath the monster's ear, the red blood
stained his hard bristles.
Flushed with her success
rejoiced the maid, but not more gladly than
the hero Meleager. He it was
who first observed the blood, and pointed out
the stain to his companions as he cried,
“Give honor to the courage of a maid!”
Unwilling to be worsted by a maid,
the rushing heroes raised a mighty cry
and as they shouted in excitement, hurled
their weapons in confusion; and so great
the multitude their actions interfered.
Behold! Ancaeus wielding his war-axe,
and rushing madly to his fate, exclaimed,
“Witness it! See the weapons of a man
excel a woman's! Ho, make way for my
achievement! Let Diana shield the brute!
Despite her utmost effort my right hand
shall slaughter him!” So mighty in his boast
he puffed himself; and, lifting with both hands
his double-edged axe, he stood erect,
on tiptoe fiercely bold. The savage boar
caught him, and ripped his tushes through his groin,
a spot where death is sure.—Ancaeus fell;
and his torn entrails and his crimson blood
stained the fair verdure of the spot with death.
Ixion's doughty son was running straight
against the monster, shaking his long lance
with nervous vigor in his strong right hand;
but Theseus, standing at a distance called:
“Beware! beware, O, dearest of my friends;
be valiant at a distance, or the fate
of rashly-bold Ancaeus may be yours!”
Even as he spoke he balanced in his hand
his brazen-pointed lance of corner wood;
with aim so true it seemed the great boar's death
was certain, but an evergreen oak branch
shielded the beast.—Then Jason hurled his dart,
which turned by chance, transfixed a luckless dog
and pinned him yelping, to the sanguine earth.—
So fared those heroes. Better fortune gave
success to Meleager; first he threw
a spear that missed and quivered in the ground;
but next he hurled a spear with certain aim.
It pierced the middle of the monster's back;
and rushing in upon the dreaded beast,
while raging it was whirling round and round,
the fearless prince provoked to greater rage
the wounded adversary. Bloody froth
dripped down his champing jaws—his purple blood
poured from a rankling wound. Without delay
the mighty Meleager plunged a spear
deep in the monster's shoulder. All his friends
raised a glad shout, and gathering round him, tried
to grasp his hand.—With wonder they beheld
the monster's bulk stretched out upon the plain;
and fearful still to touch him, they began
to stain their weapons in his spouting blood.
At length the hero Meleager pressed
his conquering foot upon the monster's head
and said, “O Atalanta, glorious maid,
of Nonacris, to you is yielded spoil,
The Calydonian Boar Hunt � the kill

They would have wounded the beast, had not the bristling creature retreated into the dense woods where no horse or spear could penetrate. Telamon did follow, and careless where he was placing his feet, in his enthusiasm, fell flat on the ground, tripping over the root of a tree. While Peleus was lifting him, the girl from Tegea strung a swift arrow, and sent it speeding from the curved bow. The shaft just grazed the top of the boar�s back, and fixing itself below one ear, reddened the bristles with a thin stream of blood. Nor did she praise her own successful shot more than Meleager did. He was supposed to have been the first to see the blood, and first, having seen it, to point it out to his friends, saying: �You will be honoured for the value of this service.� The warriors flushed with their shame, urged each other on, gaining courage from their clamour, hurling their spears without sense of order. The jostling spoilt their throw, and prevented the strike they intended. Then Ancaeus of Arcady, with his twin-headed axe, rushing to meet his fate, cried: �O warriors, learn how much better a man�s weapons are than a girl�s, and leave the work to me! Though Latona�s daughter herself protects this creature, in her own way, in spite of Diana, my right arm will destroy it.� Swollen with pride, like this, with boastful words, he spoke, and, lifting the double axe in both hands, he stood on tiptoe, poised for the downward blow. The boar anticipated this daring enemy, and struck at the upper groin, the quickest way to kill, with his twin tusks. Ancaeus collapsed, and the slippery mass of his inner organs fell away in a pool of blood: the ground was soaked with the red fluid.

Then Piritho�s, son of Ixion, went against the quarry, brandishing his hunting-spear in his strong right-hand. Theseus, Aegeus�s son, called out �Stay, farther away, my soul�s other half, O dearer to me than myself! It is fine to be brave at a distance, also: Ancaeus�s rash courage only did him harm.� He spoke, and threw his heavy spear, of cornelian cherry-wood, with its bronze blade. Though well aimed and capable of reaching its mark, it was deflected by the leafy branch of an oak. Jason, Aeson�s son, hurled his javelin, which swerved by accident, and the fatal throw transfixing the flanks of an innocent hound, pinned it to the ground.

But Meleager�s hand made the difference, and of the two spears he threw, though one stuck in the earth, the other fixed itself in the boar�s back. Now, while it raged, and twisted its body round, and spouted out hissing foam and fresh blood, the author of its wound came at it, pricked his quarry to fury, and buried his shining hunting-spear in his enemy�s shoulder. Then the companions give proof of their joy, shouting, and crowding around him to grasp his hand in theirs. They gaze, wonderingly, at the huge creature covering so much of the earth it lies on, and still think it unsafe to touch the beast, but nevertheless each wets his spear in its blood.

ὁ ἀρχίοχοιρος ἔπηξε μὲ τοὺς θανατηφόρες ὀδόντες τῆς ἰγνύαν του, δι' ὃ ἔκλιναν τὰ γόνατά του, καὶ ἔπεσον εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ἴσως καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ, ἀποθνήσκων εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, δὲν ἤθελεν ὑπάγῃ εἰς τὴν πολιορκίαν τῆς Τρωάδος, ἂν δὲν ἀνέβαινον εἰς δένδρον, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁ- ποῖον ἔβλεπεν ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ τὸν δίκοντα ἐχθρόν του, ὅς τις θήγων τοὺς ὀδόντας του εἰς τὴν ῥίζαν τοῦ δένδρου, ὡρμᾶ κατὰ τινὸς συμβρᾶν, καὶ θάρρων εἰς τὰ νεωστὶ ἀκονισμένα ὅπλα του, ἐχύθη κατὰ τοῦ Ὀρειγῆς, καὶ τοῦ ἐσπάραξε τὸν μηρόν. Ὡς πόσον οἱ δύω ἀδελφοί, οἱ τί- νες ἀκόμη δὲν εἶχον συναισθημηθῇ μὲ τὰ ἄρα τοῦ συ- ραμοῦ, ἀμφότεροι περίβλεπτοι, ἂν ἐφ' ἵππων ὑπὲρ τὴν χιόνα λευκῶν ἐποχούμενοι, ἔναισαν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὰ κραταιά ποντάρια των, καὶ βέβαια ἤθελαν πληγώσῃ τὸ θηρίον, ἂν δὲν ἐπήγαινε νὰ κρυφθῇ εἰς τὸ πυκνότερον μέρος τοῦ δάσους, ὅπου ἦταν ἀπρόσιτον καὶ εἰς τὰ ἄλογα κ' εἰς τὰ ποντάρια. Ἐπλημώνεν ὁ Τελαμῶν νὰ τὸ κα- ταδιώξῃ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του βίαν, ἔπεσεν ἀπε- σκεπῶς εἰς τὴν ῥίζαν εἴδους δένδρου· ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ Πη- λείδης τὸν ἐβοήθει διὰ νὰ σηκώσῃ, ῥίψασα ἡ Ἀταλάν- τη ἕν βέλος, ἐπλήγωσεν ἐλαφρὰ τὸν ἀρχίοχοιρον ὑπὸ τὸ ὠτίον, καὶ αἱ τρίχες του ἐκοκκίνισαν ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐχάρη αὐτὴ τόσον διὰ τὴν ἐπιτυχίαν τοῦ βέλους της, ὅσον ὁ Μελέαγρος, ὁ ὁποῖος καὶ πρῶτος νομίζεται νὰ ἐπαρατήρησεν ὅτι τὸ θηρίον ἐπληγώθη, καὶ πρῶτος ὑπέδειξε τὸ αἷμα εἰς τοὺς συμβράτας του, φωνά- ζων πρὸς τὴν Ἀταλάντην „ εὖγε εὖγε, ὦ γυναῖκα, „ θέλεις λάβῃ τὴν κατ' ἀξίαν ἔπαινον τοῦ κατορθώματα- „ τός σου ''. Ἐρυθρίασαν οἱ

καὶ τόσα βέλη, ὥστε τὸ πολὺ πλῆθος ἦτον βλαβερὸν, καὶ ἐμπόδιζε τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπιτάξειν ἕκαστος ἐπεθύμει. Τότε ὁ Ἀγκαῖος, ἔκ τις κάλλον μανιώδης, βαστῶν εἰς τὴν χείρά του ἀμφίτομον πέλεκιν, παραχωρήσατέ μοι, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἐφώναξε, ἴδε μάθετε παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ πόσον διαφέρει τῆς γυναικείας ἡ δυσμαρμία τῶν ἀνδρῶν· ἂν ἴδε νὰ ἐσκεπάζῃ ἡ Ἄρτεμις μέ τὰ ὅπλα της τὸν ἀρειόχοιρον, ἐν τούτῳ παρὰ εἰς τὸ πείσμα της θέλω τὸν θανατώσει.

Μόλις ἐπρόφερε τὰς ὀγκώδεις καὶ μεγαλαυχεῖς τούτους λόγους, σηκώνεται ἄκρος δακτύλοις ἢ ποδῶν του, καὶ ὑψώνων καὶ μὲ τὰς δύω χεῖρας του πέλεκυν, ἑτοιμά- ζετο νὰ κτυπήσῃ δυνατὰ· ἀλλὰ τὸ Σηϊεῖον, προφθάσαν αὐτὸν, τοῦ ἑδήγκασε θανατηφόρως εἰς τὸν βουβῶνα, ὥ- στε ἔπεσε χαμαί, κἀὶ ἐξέβλυσαν ἀπὸ τῆς πληγῆς του τὰ ἐντόσθια του, καὶ ὅλον του τὸ αἷμα. Παροξυσμόμενος ἀπὸ παρόμοιον ἐνθουσιασμόν, ἔτρεχε κἀὶ ὁ Πειθὼς διὰ νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν ἀθεριόμορφον, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Θησεὺς κράξων αὐτὸν μακρόθεν ,, ὦ ποθεινοτατέ μοι φίλε, λέγει του, ἡσύ- ,, χασον, σὲ παρακαλῶ· εἶναι συγκεχωρημένον εἰς τοὺς ,, ἀνδρείους νὰ πολεμῶσι καὶ ἀπὸ μακράν· ἰδοὺ ἔχεις ,, ὑπ᾽ ὀφθαλμόν τοῦ Ἀφίδου τὸ παράδειγμα, τὸν ὁ- ,, ποῖον ἔβλαψεν ἡ ἀπερίσκεπτος καὶ πολλὴ του αὐ- ,, δεία᾽᾽. Εἶτα, κἀὶ στρέφων τὸ βαρὺ κοντάρι του ἐνσιά- δων κατὰ τὰ Σηϊεῖον, βέβαια ἤθελε τὸ πληγώσῃ, ἀλ- λὰ τοῦ ἐμπόδιζετο κἀὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ δένδρου. Ἔρριψε καὶ ὁ Ἴασων τὸ βέλος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐσφάλε, κἀὶ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς, ἀντὶ τὸ Σηϊεῖον ἐπλήγωσε Μιμᾶν, παρφώσας αὐτὸν βα- θέως εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ῥίπτει ἔπειτα κἀὶ ὁ Μελέαγρος δύω βέλη, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα τὸ τὸ

εἶον ἐδυνάμη περισσότερον, χύνων αἷμα ἀναμεμιγμένον μὲ ἀφρόν, καθὼς τῇ δὲ κεφαλῇ περιεστρέφετο, πλη- σιάζων ὁ Μελέαγρος, τῷ ἔχωσε τὸ κοντάρι μέσα εἰς τὸ σῶμα. Ὅλοι οἱ συγκυνηγοὶ ὑψώσαν τῶν χεῖρας μετὰ κραυγῆς μεγάλης, ὁμοθυμαδὸν σπεύδοντες νὰ ἀσπάσωσι τὸν νικητήν, καὶ μὲ ἔκπληξιν ἔβλεπον τὸ πελώριον ἐκεῖνο ζῶον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐσκέπαζε πολλὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ σῶμά του· καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἔκειτο νεκρόν, ἔτι ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ τὸ ἐγγίσωσιν, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἔβαλον ἕκα- στος εἰς τὸ αἷμα του τὸ βέλος, ἢ τὸ κοντάρι. Ὁ οὖν Μελέαγρος πατῶν μὲ τὰς πόδας του τὴν ὀλέθριον κε- φαλὴν "θέμιτον εἶναι, εἶπε πρὸς τὴν Ἀταλάντην, νὰ "λάβῃς μέρος τῆς δόξης μας, καὶ τῶν λαφύρων, σύ, ἡ "πληγώσασα πρώτη τὸ θηρίον". καὶ εὐθὺς ἔδωσεν αὐτῇ ὡς γέρας τῶν κεφαλῶν καὶ τὸ δέρμα τῆς ἀγριοχοί- ρου. Ἡ δὲ ἐχάρη πολλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸ δῶρον, καὶ διὰ τὸν δωρητήν· ἀλλ' οἱ ἐπίλοιποι φθονήσαντες, ἤρχισαν ό- λοι νὰ γογγύζωσιν, ὁ μάλιστα οἱ δύο τοῦ Θεστίου παῖ- δες ἠγανάκτησαν σφόδρα διὰ τὴν τιμὴν τῆς Ἀταλάντης, λέγοντες μεγαλοφώνως· "ἡμεῖς δὲν θέλομεν ὑποφέρει "ποτὲ τοσαύτην ὕβριν· γύναι, ἂς μὴ σὲ ἀπατᾷ, ἡ "ματαία γνώμη ὅτι νὰ ὑποκλιθῶμεν ὅλοι εἰς τὰ "κάλλη σου· δὲν σοῦ ἀφήνομεν ἡμεῖς τὴν δόξαν μας "πρέπει νὰ μᾶς ἀποδώσῃς τὸ θηρεῖον, ἢ νὰ ἴδῃς τὸν "θάνατον τοῦ ἐραστοῦ σου καὶ προστάτου". Ταῦτα λέγοντες ἥρπαξαν τὰ θηρεῖα τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἀφαιροῦντες τοῦ Με- λεάγρου τὴν δωρεάν. Ὁ δὲ, μὴ ὑποφέρων τοιαύτην ἀ- τιμίαν "μάθετε, εἶπον, ὦ ἅρπαγες τῆς ξένης δόξης "πόσον ἀφίστανται τὰ ἔργα αἱ ἀπειλαί μου". καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸ ἐσπάθι του τὸν Πληξίππον, ὃς οὔτε δὲν εἰχε

425Ipse pede imposito caput exitiabile pressit
atque ita “sume mei spolium, Nonacria, iuris,”
dixit “et in partem veniat mea gloria tecum.”
Protinus exuvias rigidis horrentia saetis
terga dat et magnis insignia dentibus ora.
430Illi laetitiae est cum munere muneris auctor:
invidere alii, totoque erat agmine murmur.
E quibus ingenti tendentes bracchia voce
“pone age nec titulos intercipe, femina, nostros,”
Thestiadae clamant “nec te fiducia formae
435decipiat, ne sit longe tibi captus amore
auctor” et huic adimunt munus, ius muneris illi.
Non tulit et tumida frendens Mavortius ira
“discite, raptores alieni” dixit “honoris,
facta minis quantum distent,” hausitque nefando
440pectora Plexippi nil tale timentia ferro.
Toxea, quid faciat, dubium pariterque volentem
ulcisci fratrem fraternaque fata timentem
haud patitur dubitare diu calidumque priori
caede recalfecit consorti sanguine telum.
445Dona deum templis nato victore ferebat,
cum videt exstinctos fratres Althaea referri.
Quae plangore dato maestis clamoribus urbem
implet et auratis mutavit vestibus atras.
At simul est auctor necis editus, excidit omnis
450luctus et a lacrimis in poenae versus amorem est.
my lawful right, and I rejoice to share
the merit of this glorious victory.”
And while he spoke, he gave to her the pelt,
covered with horrid bristles, and the head
frightful with gory tusks: and she rejoiced
in Meleager and his royal gift.
But all the others, envious, began
to murmur; and the sons of Thestius
levelled their pointed spears, and shouted out;
“Give up the prize! Let not the confidence
of your great beauty be a snare to you!
A woman should not interfering filch
the manly honors of a mighty hunt!
Aside! and let your witless lover yield!”
So threatened they and took from her the prize;
and forcibly despoiled him of his rights.
The warlike prince, indignant and enraged,—
rowed with resentment, shouted out. “What! Ho!
You spoilers of this honor that is ours,
brave deeds are different far from craven threats!”
And with his cruel sword he pierced the breast
of rash Plexippus, taken unawares,
and while his brother, Toxeus, struck with fear,
stood hesitating whether to avenge
or run to safety, Meleager plunged
the hot sword, smoking with a brother's blood,
in his breast also. And so perished they.
Ere this, Althaea, mother of the prince,
and sister of the slaughtered twain,—because
her son had killed the boar, made haste to bear
rich offerings to the temples of the Gods;
but when she saw her slaughtered brothers borne
in sad procession, she began to shriek,
and filled the city with her wild lament.
Unwilling to abide her festal robes
she dressed in sable.—When she was informed
her own son Meleager was the cause,
she banished grief and lamentations,—
thirsting for vengeance.
The Calydonian Boar Hunt � the spoils

Meleager, himself, pressed his foot down on the head of the deadly creature, and said to Atalanta �Girl from Nonacria, take the prize that is mine by right, and let my glory be shared with you.� Then he gave her the spoils, the hide bristling with hair, and the head remarkable for its magnificent tusks. She delighted in the giver no less than the gift, but the others were envious, and a murmur ran through the whole company. Of these, Plexippus, and Toxeus, the sons of Thestius, Meleager�s uncles, stretching their arms out, shouted loudly: �Come on, girl, leave them alone: do not steal our titles to honour, and do not let too much faith in your beauty deceive you, lest your love-sick friend turns out to be no help to you.� And they took the gifts away from her, and denied him the right to give them. The descendant of Mars could not bear this, and bursting with anger, gnashing his teeth, he said: �Learn, you thieves of other men�s rights, the difference between threats and actions�, and plunged his iron point into Plexippus�s chest, he expecting nothing of that kind. Meleager gave Toxeus, who stood in doubt, wanting to avenge his brother, but fearing his brother�s fate, scant time for doubt, and while his spear was still warm from the first brother�s murder, he warmed it again with the second brother�s blood.

Althaea was carrying thanksgiving offerings, for her son�s victory, to the temple of the gods, when she saw them bringing back her dead brothers. She filled the city with the clamour of wailing, beat her breasts, and replaced her golden robes with black. But when she heard who the murderer was, she forgot her mourning, and her longing� changed from tears to revenge.

σημέραν. Βλέπων ὁ Τοξέδις πεπτωκώτα τὸν ἀδελφόν του, δεὶ μελλήρει τί νὰ κάμη, νὰ τοῦ ἐνδημήση, ἢ ὄχι, ἐπειδὴ φοβείται μὲ διὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ του· ἀλλὰ δεὶ τον ἀφήσει ὁ Μελέαγρος νὰ διςάξη πολλὴν ὥραν, φονδόσας κ' αὐτὸν μὲ τὸ ἴδιον σπαθί, ἔτι ζεσκόν ἀπὸ τὸ αἵμα τῆ Πληξίππης.

Ἐν τούτῳ ἡ Ἀλθαία ὑπήγαινεν εἰς τὸν Ναὸν διὰ νὰ εὐχαριστήση τὰς Θεὰς διὰ τὴν νίκην τοῦ υἱοῦ της, ἀλ- λὰ συναπαντήσασα καθ᾽ ὁδὸν τοὺς ἀδελφούς της, ἐνκοσμι- ζομένους νεκρούς, ἀπέβαλεν εὐθὺς τὴν χαρᾶν, ἄφησε τὰ λαμπρὰ φορέματα, κ᾽ ἐνεδύθη τὰ πένθιμα, γεμί- ζουσα ὅλην τὴν πόλιν ἀπὸ φωνῆς κ᾽ ὀδυρμοῦ. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ δὲ ἐμάθετο ὅτι ὁ φονεὺς τῶν ἀδελφῶν της ἦτον ὁ υἱός της, ἐπαύσαν εὐθὺς τὰ δάκρυά της, κ᾽ ἡ λύπη της μετεβά- λη εἰς πόθον ἐκδικήσεως. Ἐφύλαττε δαυλὸν ὡς δαυ- λὸν, τὸν ὁποῖον αἱ Μοῖραι ἔβαλαν εἰς τὴν ἑστίαν, ὅ- ταν ἐγέννησε τὸν Μελέαγρον, κ᾽ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν δαυ- λὸν ἐκρέματο ἡ ζωή του· ἐπειδὴ ὅταν αἱ Μοῖραι ἤρχισαν νὰ κλώθωσι τὰς ἡμέρας του, „ὦ ἀρτιγέννητοι παι- „δί, τὸ εἶπαν, σὺ θέλεις ζήσει ὅσον καιρὸν βαστά- „ζη ὁ δαυλὸς οὗτος" κ᾽ ταῦτα λέγουσαι ἔγιναν ἀφανεῖς· ἀλλ᾽ ἡ μήτηρ του Ἀλθαία ἥρπασεν εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τὴν ἑστίαν τὸν δαλὸν, τὸν ἔσβυσε μὲ ὕδωρ, κ᾽ ἐφύλαττουσα αὐτὸν ἐπιμελῶς, ὅπως ἐφύλαττεν ὡμοῦ τὴν ζωὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ της Μελεάγρου. Τότε λοιπὸν ἀπεφάσισε νὰ τὸν με- ταχειρισθῆ πρὸς ὄλεθρον τοῦ υἱοῦ της, κ᾽ ἐκδίκησιν τῶν ἀδελφῶν της, κ᾽ ἀνῆψε φωτιὰν, διὰ νὰ καύση τὸν μοι- ραῖον ἐκεῖνον δαλὸν· διεδίστασα ὅμως διὰ τὴν δεινότητα τοῦ κακουργήματός της, κ᾽

πω, ὥσπερ δύω αἰτήτει τύραννοι, διεσπάρατον τῆς καρδίαν τῆς. Πολλάκις ἀχνίζετο ἀπὸ τῆς φρίκης τῆ ἐγκλίματος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ πράξῃ, καὶ πάλιν πολλάκις ἐδείχνεν ὁ θυμὸς τῆς φλόγας εἰς τὸς ὀφθαλμὰς τῆς. Ποτὲ μὲν τὸ ἀηδὲς πρόσωπόν τῆς ἐφαίνετο ἄγριον καὶ ἀπειλητικόν, ποτὲ δὲ εὔσπλαγχνον καὶ πρᾷον. Ὅταν ἐξέραινεν ἡ ὀργὴ ὅλα τὰ δάκρυά τῆς, τὸ τῆς μητρὸς ὄνομα μόνον, εὐγάζε νέα δάκρυα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τῆς. Καθὼς οὖν πλοῖον πολεμούμενον ὑπὸ δύω ἐναντίων ἀνέμων, πάσχει διπλῆν τὴν βίαν, τῆ δὲ πανίσσαι σαλευόμενον, χωρεῖς νὰ γίνεται ὑπὸ ἀπὸ τὸν ἕνα ὑπὸ ἀπὸ τὸν ἄλλον· ἔτσι καὶ ἡ δυστυχὴς Ἀλθαία πλανᾶται ἀμφίβολος μεταξὺ τῆς βιαίων κι ἰσοδυνάμων παθῶν τῆς, ποτὲ μὲν καταπαυομένη, ποτὲ δὲ ἀνεγείρουσα τὴν ὀργήν τῆς. Ἀλλὰ τέλος πάντων ἤρχισε νὰ γίνεται πεφανερώτερον ἀπὸ τὴν ἀδελφικὴν, παρὰ ἀπὸ τὴν μητρικὴν, φιλίαν ἀγάπην, γιναμένη ἄσπλαγχνος πρὸς τὸν υἱόν τῆς, διὰ νὰ φανῇ δικαία πρὸς τὰς ἀδελφὰς τῆς, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' ἧς ἀνάψε τὸ ὀλέθριον πῦρ, διὰ τὴν, ἔπειτα, νὰ ἀναστομώσῃ πῦσον κι ἂν νὰ διψάξῃ· ἂς μάθῃ τὸ πῦρ, ἂς καύσῃ τὰ σπλάγχνα μου. Τότε λαβοῦσα εἰς χεῖρας τὸν δαυλόν, ἐστάθη ὀλίγον ὀργῆς ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὰς ἱερακείας βωμοὺς, ὅπως ἔμελλε νὰ καύσῃ τὸν υἱόν τῆς, προσφέρουσα τὴν φρικτὴν παύλων θυσίαν πρὸς τὰ τῆς ᾅδου Ἐρινύας· „Ὦ „τῆν τιμωριῶν καὶ ἐκδικήσεων Θεάδες, στρέψατε καὶ „σεῖς τὰ ὄμματα σας πρὸς τὴν φοβερὰν ταύτην „θυσίαν· ἐγὼ ἐκδικοῦμαι, καὶ πράττω ἀθέμιστον ἔργον· ἀλλὰ πρέπει νὰ καθαρισθῇ ὁ θάνατος μὲ τὸν „θάνατον, νὰ προστεθῇ τῷ ἐγκλήματι ἔγκλημα

„ γε νὰ χαίρῃ ὁ Οἰνεὺς διὰ τῶν νίκλων τῦ υἱξ τς, καὶ „ ὁ Θέστιος νὰ κλαίῃ τὺς ἐδικάς τς; ὄχι ὄχι, Θέλετε „ κλαίπ ὁμῦ καὶ οἱ δύο, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι δίκαιον ὁ εἷς „ νὰ ὀπυχῇ, καὶ ὁ ἄλλος νὰ δύρεται. ὑμεῖς δὲ, ὦ τῶν „ ἀδελφῶν με ψυχαί, δεχθῆτε τὰ ἐναγίσματα ταῦτα, „ καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῦ αἵματός με προσφερομένην ὑμῖν θυσίαν. „ Ἀλλὰ τί λέγω ἡ δυστυχής; ποῦ ἀρπάζομαι; ἆχ ἀ- „ δελφοί με! δῶτε συγγνώμην εἰς μητέρα, ἡ ὁποία δὲν „ ἀποπολῦ νὰ φονεύσῃ τὸν υἱὸν της. Ὁμολογῶ ὅτι ὁ „ Μελέαγρος εἶναι ἄξιος θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ σκληρὸν φαίνε- „ ται μοι νὰ ζήσω ἐγὼ αἰτία τῆς φόρης τῆς. Μέλει μείνῃ „ λοιπὸν ἀτιμώρητος, ἐπειδὴ φοβοῦμαι νὰ τὸν τιμωρή- „ σω; αὐτὸς μὲν νὰ βασιλεύῃ εἰς τὴν Καλυδῶνα νί- „ κητής, καὶ εὐπαγοῦχος, ὑμεῖς δὲ νὰ μὴ εἶσθε ὅλο ὅτι „ εἶσθε ὀλίγη τέφρα καὶ ψυχραὶ ψυχοὶ σκιαί; Ὄχι ὄχι, „ θέλετε ἐκδικηθῆ· πρέπει νὰ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ μιαρὸς, καὶ „ νὰ χάσῃ μετ᾽ αὐτὸ καὶ αἱ ἐλπίδες τῆς πατρὸς τῦ, καὶ „ τὸ βασιλεῖον, καὶ ἡ πατρίς. Οἴμοι! ποῦ εἶναι ἡ μη- „ τερινὴ στοργὴ; ποῦ αἱ τῶν μητέρων συνήθεις εὐχαὶ ὑ- „ περ τῆς τῶν τέκνων σωτηρίας; ἐλησμόνησα λοιπὸν ἡ „ παλαίφατος ὅτι τὸν ἔφερα ἐννέα μῆνας εἰς τὴν κα- „ στέραν με, καὶ ὅτι εἶμαι μήτηρ τῦ; ἄμποτε νὰ ἤθελες „ ἀποθάνῃ ἔτι βρέφος, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἤθελα σὲ φυλάξῃ „ ἀπὸ τῆς φωτίαν φωτίαν! Διὰ ἐμὲ ἤξησας μέχρι τῆσ- „ δε, καὶ διὰ ἐμὲ σήμερον θέλεις ἀποθάνῃ. Λάβε τὴν „ ἀνταμοιβὴν τὰ ἀπάνθρωπα ἔργα σε. Δύο φοραῖες σε „ ἔδωκα τὴν ζωὴν, ὅταν πρῶτον σε ἐγέννησα, καὶ ὅταν „ ἀπεκρύμμα ἀπὸ τῆς φωτίαν τὸν εἱμαρμένον δαυ- „ λόν. Ἐπίστρεψόν μοι τήν

Book VIII · ALTHAEA AND THE DEATH OF MELEAGER

ALTHAEA AND THE DEATH OF MELEAGER

Stipes erat, quem, cum partus enixa iaceret
Thestias, in flammam triplices posuere sorores;
staminaque impresso fatalia pollice nentes
“tempora” dixerunt “eadem lignoque tibique,
455o modo nate, damus.” Quo postquam carmine dicto
excessere deae, flagrantem mater ab igne
eripuit ramum sparsitque liquentibus undis.
Ille diu fuerat penetralibus abditus imis
servatusque tuos, iuvenis, servaverat annos.
460Protulit hunc genetrix taedasque et fragmina poni
imperat et positis inimicos admovet ignes.
Tum conata quater flammis imponere ramum,
coepta quater tenuit. Pugnant materque sororque,
et diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus.
465Saepe metu sceleris pallebant ora futuri,
saepe suum fervens oculis dabat ira ruborem.
Et modo nescio quid similis crudele minanti
vultus erat, modo quem misereri credere posses.
Cumque ferus lacrimas animi siccaverat ardor,
470inveniebantur lacrimae tamen. Utque carina,
quam ventus ventoque rapit contrarius aestus,
vim geminam sentit paretque incerta duobus:
Thestias haud aliter dubiis adfectibus errat
inque vices ponit positamque resuscitat iram.
475Incipit esse tamen melior germana parente,
et consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras,
impietate pia est. Nam postquam pestifer ignis
convaluit, “rogus iste cremet mea viscera” dixit.
Utque manu dira lignum fatale tenebat,
480ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras
“poenarum” que “deae triplices, furialibus,” inquit,
“Eumenides, sacris vultus advertite vestros.
Ulciscor facioque nefas: mors morte pianda est,
in scelus addendum scelus est, in funera funus.
485Per coacervatos pereat domus impia luctus.
An felix Oeneus nato victore fruetur,
Thestius orbus erit? Melius lugebitis ambo.
Vos modo, fraterni manes animaeque recentes,
officium sentite meum magnoque paratas
490accipite inferias, uteri mala pignera nostri! —
Ei mihi! quo rapior? Fratres, ignoscite matri.
Deficiunt ad coepta manus. Meruisse fatemur
illum, cur pereat: mortis mihi displicet auctor. —
Ergo impune feret, vivusque et victor et ipso
495successu tumidus regnum Calydonis habebit:
vos cinis exiguus gelidaeque iacebitis umbrae?
Haud equidem patiar. Pereat sceleratus et ille
spemque patris regnumque trahat patriaeque ruinam.
Mens ubi materna est? Ubi sunt pia iura parentum
500et quos sustinui bis mensum quinque labores?
O utinam primis arsisses ignibus infans,
idque ego passa forem! Vixisti munere nostro:
nunc merito moriere tuo. Cape praemia facti
bisque datam, primum partu, mox stipite rapto,
505redde animam — vel me fraternis adde sepulcris!
Et cupio et nequeo. Quid agam? modo vulnera fratrum
ante oculos mihi sunt et tantae caedis imago,
nunc animum pietas maternaque nomina frangunt. —
Me miseram! male vincetis, sed vincite, fratres:
510dummodo quae dedero vobis solacia vosque
ipsa sequar.” Dixit, dextraque aversa trementi
funereum torrem medios coniecit in ignes.
Aut dedit aut visus gemitus est ipse dedisse
stipes, ut invitis correptus ab ignibus arsit.
She remembered well,
how, when she lay in childbirth round her stood
the three attendant sisters of his fate.
There was a billet in the room, and this
they took and cast upon the wasting flames,
and as they spun and drew the fatal threads
they softly chanted, “Unto you we give,
O child new-born! only the life of this;
the period of this billet is your life.”
And having spoken so, they vanished in the smoke.
Althaea snatched the billet from the fire,
and having quenched it with drawn water, hid
it long and secretly in her own room,
where, thus preserved, it acted as a charm
to save the life of Meleager. This
the mother now brought forth, and fetched a pile
of seasoned tinder ready for the torch.
She lit the torches and the ready pile,
and as the flames leaped up, four times prepared
to cast the fatal billet in the midst;
and four times hesitated to commit
the dreadful deed,—so long the contest veered
between the feelings of a mother's breast
and the fierce vengeance of a sister's rage.
Now is the mother's visage pale with fear,
and now the sister's sanguinary rage
glows in her eyes. Her countenance contorts
with cruel threats and in bewildered ways
dissolves compassionate: And even when
the heat of anger had dried up her eyes
the conflict of her passion brought new tears.
As when the wind has seized upon a ship
and blows against a tide of equal force,
the vexed vessel feels repellent powers,
and with unsteady motion sways to both;
so did Althaea hesitate between
the conflict of her passions: when her rage
had cooled, her fury was as fast renewed:
but always the unsatisfied desire
of blood, to ease the disembodied shades
of her slain brothers, seemed to overcome
the mother-instinct; and intensity
of conduct proved the utmost test of love.
She took the billet in her arms and stood
before the leaping flames, and said, “Alas,
be this the funeral pyre of my own flesh!”
And as she held in her relentless hand
the destiny of him she loved, and stood
before the flames, in all her wretchedness
she moaned, “You sad Eumenides attend!
Relentless Gods of punishment,—turn, turn
your dreadful vision on these baneful rites!
I am avenging and committing crime!
With death must death be justified and crime
be added unto crime! Let funerals
upon succeeding funerals attend!
“Let these accumulating woes destroy
a wicked race. Shall happy Oeneus bask
in the great fame of his victorious son,
and Thestius mourn without slaughtered ones?
'Tis better they should both lament the deed!
Witness the act of my affection, shades
of my departed brothers! and accept
my funeral offering, given at a cost
beyond my strength to bear. Ah wretched me!
Distracted is my reason! Pity me,
the yearnings of a stricken mother's heart
withholding me from duty! Aye, although
his punishment be just, my hands refuse
the office of such vengeance. What, shall he
alive, victorious, flushed with his success,
inherit the broad realms of Calydon,
and you, my slaughtered brothers, unavenged,
dissolved in ashes, float upon the air,
unpalpitating phantoms? How can I
endure the thought of it? Oh let the wretch
forever perish, and with him be lost
the hopes of his sad father, in the wreck
of his distracted kingdom. Where are now
the love and feelings of a mother; how
can I forget the bitter pangs endured
while twice times five the slow moon waxed and waned?
“O had you perished in your infancy
by those first fires, and I had suffered it!
Your life was in my power! and now your death
is the result of wrongs which you have done—
take now a just reward for what you did:
return to me the life I gave and saved.
When from the flames I snatched the fatal brand.
Return that gift or take my wretched life,
that I may hasten to my brothers' tomb.
“What dreadful deed can satisfy the law,
when I for love against my love am forced?
For even as my brothers' wounds appear
in visions dreadful to denounce my son,
the love so nurtured in a mother's breast
breaks down the resolution! Wretched me!
Such vengeance for my brothers overcomes
first at your birth I gave it, and again
the yearning of a mother for her son!
Let not my love denounce my vengeance!
My soul may follow with its love the shade
Althaea and the burning brand

There was a piece of wood that the Three Sisters placed in the fire, when Althaea, the daughter of Thestius, was in the throes of childbirth. As they spun the threads of fate firmly under their thumbs, they said: �We assign an equal span of time to you, O new born child, and to this brand.� When the goddesses vanished, after speaking the prophecy, the mother snatched the burning branch from the fire, and doused it with water. It had long been hidden away in the depths of the inner rooms, and preserved, had preserved your years, youth. Your mother now brought it out, and called for pinewood and kindling: and, once that was in position, she lit the hostile flames. Then she tried, four times, to throw the brand in the fire, and four times, held back. The mother fought the sister in her, and the two tugged at the one heart. Often her cheeks grew pale at imminent wickedness. Often fierce anger filled her eyes with blood. One moment she seemed like someone threatening some cruelty: the next you would think her full of compassion. When her heart�s fierce passion dried up her tears, the tears welled up again. As a ship, that the wind, and the tide opposing the wind, both seize, feels the twin forces and obeys the two, uncertainly, so the daughter of Thestius, was swayed by her emotions, and her anger alternately calmed, and then flared again.

However, the sister in her begins to outweigh the mother, and to appease the shades of her own blood, with blood, she escapes guilt by incurring it. Now, as the baleful fire strengthens, she cries �Let this be the funeral pyre that cremates my child.� As she held the fatal brand in her deadly hand, and stood, wretched woman, in front of the funeral altars, she said �Eumenides, Triple Goddesses of Retribution, turn your faces towards these fearful rites! �I take revenge, and I do a wicked thing: death must be atoned for by death: crime must be heaped on crime, ruin on ruin. Let this impious house end in a flood of mourning! Shall, Oeneus, fortunate, rejoice in his victorious child, while Thestius is bereaved of his sons? Better for both to grieve. Only, my brother�s spirits, new-made ghosts, recognise my sense of duty to you, and accept the sacrifice I prepare, so great its cost to me, the evil child of my womb! Ah me! What conclusion do I rush towards? My brothers, forgive a mother! The hand is unequal to what it began: I acknowledge he deserves to die, but I do not desire to be the cause of his death. Shall he go unpunished? Shall he live, victorious, proud of his success, and be king in Calydon, while you lie there, the scant ashes of chill shadows? For my part I cannot suffer that to be: let the wicked die, and pull down his father�s hopes, his kingship, and the ruins of his country! Where are my maternal feelings? Where are the sacred allegiances of a parent? Where are the anxieties I suffered over those ten months? O, I wish, when you were an infant burning in those first flames, I had allowed it to be! By my gift, you lived: now for your own fault, you die! Suffer the consequences of what you have done, and give me back the life I twice gave you, once at your birth, once when I snatched at the brand, or let me join my brothers in the tomb!

I yearn to do it, and I cannot do it. What shall I do? Now my brothers� wounds are before my eyes and the image of all that blood: and now heart�s love, and the word mother move me. Woe to me! Evil is in your victory, my brothers: but victory you shall have: only let me follow you, and the comfort I bring you!� She spoke, and turning her face away, with trembling hands, threw the fatal brand, into the midst of the fire. The piece of wood itself gave, or seemed to give, a sigh, as it was attacked, and burned, by the reluctant flames.

ρον Θανατόν του · τόν κλαίουσι νέοι καὶ γέροντες, οἱ ἐν- δοξοι, καὶ ὅλον τὸ πλῆθος τῆς Καλυδώνος · ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες ἀπαρηγόρητοι τὸν θρηνοῦσιν · ἀλλ' ὁ Οἰ- νεὺς ὁ πατήρ του πίπτων εἰς τὴν γῆν κυλινδεῖται μὲ τὸν λιπαρὸν καὶ ἄσπρα μαλλία του, καὶ τὸ γερουτικόν του πρόσωπον · θέλει νὰ συναποθάνῃ μὲ τὸν υἱόν του, μεμ- φόμενος τὴν πολυχρόνιον ἡλικίαν του, ὅτι ἔφθασε νὰ ἰ- δῇ τοιαύτην συμφοράν. Ἡ Ἀλθαία ἐλεγχομένη ὑπὸ τῆς συνειδήσεως τοῦ ὠμοῦ ἔργου, ἀπεσφάγη ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς της, καὶ ὅπως ἐκδικήσῃ τὸν υἱόν της. Τώρα δὲ καὶ νὰ εἶχα ἑκατὸν στόματα, καὶ ὅλην τὴν τῆς Παρνασσοῦ δύνα- μιν καὶ γλωττίαν, δὲν ἠθέλα δυνηθῆ βέβαια νὰ πε- ριγράψω τὸν θρῆνον, καὶ τὰς λυπηρὰς ὀδύνας τῶν ἀδελ- φῶν τοῦ δυστυχοῦς Μελεάγρου. Δὲν ἔμελλον πλέον οὔτε τῆς εὐμορφίας των, οὔτε τινὸς εὐσχετείας, ἀλλ' ἐπει- δώσαντο τὴν κόμην των, καὶ πίπτουσαι κατὰ στῆθος των, ἕως καὶ ἐγίνετο ἐμπρός των τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, δὲν παύουσι νὰ τὸ ἐναγκαλίζωνται, καὶ νὰ τὸ φιλοῦσιν, ὡ- σὰν νὰ ἠλπιζον νὰ τὸ ἀναζωπυρώσουν διὰ τῆς συνεχοῦς περιπλακῆς των, καὶ φιλημάτων. Ἔτι κατεφίλουν αὐτὸ κακὶ ὅταν ἐτέθη ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πυράν, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ κατε- κάη, ἐθήλουν κακὶ αὐτῶν τὴν σάρκα τους. Ἔμεναν δὲ κλαίουσαι ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον, καὶ μὴ δυνάμεναι πλέον νὰ ἀσπάζωνται τὰ λείψανα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, κατεφίλουν τὸ ὄνομά του, βρέχουσαι αὐτὸ ἀκαταπαύστως μὲ τὰ δάκ- ρυά των. Τότε ἡ Ἄρτεμις ὑπερχορτασθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὰ δυστυχήματα τῆς γενεᾶς τοῦ Οἰνέως, ἐπαρακινήθη τέλος εἰς συμπάθειαν, καὶ συνεπύκασε μὲ πτερὰ ὅλας τὰς θυγατέρας του, πλὴν τῆς Γόργης καὶ Δηϊανείρας, τὰς ἐξαπέστειλεν εἰς τὰς νή

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Ο εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ Μελεάγρου διαφέρας τῶν Αἰτωλίας ἀνεῖχε χώρος, ἦτον σῦας σπείραμος κλέπτης, υἱὸς τῆς Φασίδος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὠνόμασαν Καλυδώνιον Σῦν, ὡς ἐπειδὴ εἶχε πολλοὺς ἑταίρους, καὶ ἰσχὺν τῆς μεγάλης ἀδελφότητος, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφόρεσεν εἰς ἕνα τόπον, τὴν ἐφοβοῦντο καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι πόλεις, διὰ τὴν συνθροφὴν συναχθέντες τῶν Ἑλλήνων, καὶ πολεμήσαντες κατ' αὐτοῦ, ἐνίκησαν αὐτόν, καὶ ἐσκότωσαν.

Ἀλλ' ὁ Ποιητὴς ἐν τίνες ἐκ τῶν ἱστορησάντων τὸν Μῦθον, εἶπον ὅτι ἀνακαίσασα ἡ Ἄρτεμις ἐπειδὴ ἡμελήθη εἰς μίαν θυσίαν προσφερομένην εἰς τύμην τῆς Θεᾶς. Καὶ ἐβέβαιόν γε ὅτι χοῖρος εἰς τὸν Καλυδῶνα διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὴν τιμὴν τῆς ὁποίας ἐφοράσκηθη ἡ κακωμένη ὁ Οἰνεύς, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς πόλεως. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ εἶχε γίνει πόλεμος ἀπὸ τινα κλέπτην, ἢ ἐπαναστάτην, διεσκέδασε ἀπὸ τὸν ἐκεῖνον, ἢ ἔπλασαν μὲ τὸ νὰ δείξωσιν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δεῖ νὰ τρέμωσι προσέχοντες τὴν λατρείαν τῶν Θεῶν, καὶ ὅτι ὅλα τὰ κακὰ, ὅσα τοῖς συμβαίνουσιν, οἷον αἱ μάχαι, οἱ λοιμοὶ, αἱ ἀκαρπίαι, ἢ τόσα ἄλλα δυστυχήματα, εἶναι κατὰ Θεοῦ παραχώρησιν, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς πονηρίας των, ἢ τῆς πρὸς τὰ Θεῖα ἀνευλαβείας. Οὕτω διὰ τῆς ἀσεβείας τοῦ Φαραὼ τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Αἰγύπτου, τόσα διάφορα ζῶα ἐρήμωσαν τὸ βασίλειόν του· ἡ δὲ τοῦ Δαβὶδ ἁμαρτία ἐπροξένησε τὸν λοιμὸν, ὅστις διεχύθη μεταξὺ τοῦ λαοῦ του.

Καὶ βέβαια, ὥ ἦ τα αἴτια τῆς τούτων κακῶν ἔνιοτε εἶναι τόσον ἀπόκρυφα, ὥστε φαίνεται ὅτι ἀφορέχουσα μᾶλλον ἀπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως τῆς πραγμάτων, ἢ ὑπὸ τῆς τῆς ἀστέρων ἐπιρροῆς, παρὰ ὑπὸ Θείαν παραχώρησιν, μὲ ὅλον τὸ τὰ ὅλα γίνονται ὑπὸ τὴν ἁγιωτάτην, ἢ

τῶ αἵματος τῶν φίλων των ἢ συγγενῶν, διὰ νὰ ἀκαταπαύσιν τὰ ὄρεξιν τῶν ἢ τὰ πάθη του.

Εἶναι δὲ εὔκολον νὰ κρίναμεν ὅτι διὰ τὸν φόνον τοῦτον ὑποδείκνυεται ὅτι μεταξὺ τῶν πλέον ἀγαπημένων φίλων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὁμοῦ ἐκολούθησαν καὶ συνήθειαν ἢ παραμίκρον τι ὅλον κινεῖ πολλάκις μεγάλην μάχην καὶ διχοστασίαν καὶ ἀκολούθως ἀποβαίνει κακὰ εἰς τὰς πολιτείας ὅτι εἶναι πάντοτε ἐπικίνδυνον τὸ νὰ ἄρχωσιν εἰς τὰς μεγάλας ὑποθέσεις, ἢ μάλιστα εἰς τὸν πόλεμον, ἀνδρῶτεροι· ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἀναμεταξὺ τῶν διαγερόντων φθόνος, ἐμποδίζει πολλάκις τὴν νίκην, ἢ μετὰ τὴν ὑπάρξιν, τὴν κατασκευὴν, ἢ ὅτι δύσκολον νὰ μὴ ἀκολουθήσωσιν ἀπάτειαι ἐκεῖ ὅπου εἶναι πολλοὶ οἱ ἁμιλλώμενοι πρὸς ἓν ἢ τὸ αὐτὸ πρᾶγμα.

Περὶ δὲ τὰ μοιραίας ἐκείνης δαυλῆς, πρέπει βέβαια νὰ συμπεραίνῃς ἀπὸ τὰ ῥηθέντα ὅτι ἡ Ἄλθαια νὰ ἐμεταχειρίσθη μαγικόν τι ἔργον διὰ νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν υἱόν της Μελέαγρον· ἐπειδὴ, τὸ ἀληθεύουσι τὰ ὅσα λέγονται περὶ τῆς Μαγείας, οἱ τοιοῦτοι μεταχειρίζονται διὰ νὰ βλάψωσιν, ἢ διὰ νὰ θανατώσωσι τινὰς ἀνθρώπους, λαμπάδας, ἢ εἰκόνας, ἢ τοιαῦτα τινὰ παρόμοια ὄντα τοῦ δαύλου.

Ὅσον δὲ διὰ τῆς τὰ Μελεάγρου ἀδελφάς, ἃς ὁποίας μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνά, λέγω ὅτι καθὼς εἰς τὰ Βοσσοϊα, οὐ μακρὰν τῶν τῆς Ἱππολύτης ἴσχυσται καθὲ ἐννέα χρόνος· κάποια ξένα πτηνὰ ὀνομαζόμενα ἢ παραπλησίοις ὀνόμασι διοριζόμενα μαρνὲ ἔρχονται ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀρεκίν εἰς τὴν Βοσσοϊάν εἰσιν, αἱ ὁποῖαι ὑπὸ τῆς Ποντῆς ἀπάττουν ἀδελφαὶ τοῦ Μελεάγρου ἢ παιδὶ ἰὰς ἐπὶ τὸ πλέον συγκάζεσιν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἐπάφη ὁ Μελέαγρος, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο καλύνται καὶ Μελεαγρίδες. Λέγουσι δὲ ὅτι παρομοία ζῶα τῆς ὀρνίθας τῆς Ἰνδίας, ἢ φέρουσι

ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. ζ'. Τ'.

Περὶ τῆς Νηϊάδου τῆς μεταμορφώσεως εἰς τὰς Ἐχινάδας Νήσους, καὶ τῆς Περιμέλης παρομοίως εἰς Νῆσον.

Μετὰ τὴν δὲ ἀρχειχοίρου σφαγήν, ὑπεστρέψας ὁ Θησεὺς εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, διεπέρασε μερικὸν καιρὸν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ Ἀχελώου ποταμοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος τῷ διηγεῖται τὴν εἰς νήσον μεταμόρφωσιν τῶν πέντε Νηϊάδων, ἐπειδὴ κατεφρόνησαν αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμοῦ θεόν· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὴν παρομοίως εἰς νῆσον μεταμόρφωσιν τῆς ἐρωμένης του Περιμέλης, ὅταν ὁ πατὴρ της τὴν ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ ὄχθα σύπτελι εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.

Ἄψ ὁ Θησεὺς ἡγανάκτη μὲ τὰς ἄλλας εἰς τὸ φοβερὸν ἐκεῖνο τοῦ ἀρχαιοτάτου χοίρου κυνήγιον, ἐπέστρεφον εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἀχελῶος ποταμὸς ὑπέροχος ὢν ἀπὸ τὰς βροχὰς, τοῦ ἐμπόδισε τὸν δρόμον, ἀναγκάζοντάς τον νὰ διαβῇ ὀλίγον καιρὸν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν του, ὧδε, τοῦ εἶπε, μήπως κινδυνεύσῃς εἰς τὰ νερά μας, τὰ ὁποῖα πολλάκις μὲ τὰς πλημμύρας μετὰ βίαν ἁρπάζουσιν ἀπὸ τὰς ὄχθας ἢ τὰς σκοπέλους, ἴδον αὐτὰ ἔνιοτε ἁρπάζοντα μεγάλας σορούς μου μὲ τὰ ποίμνια, οὔτε δὲν ὠφελεῖ τίποτες ἡ δύναμις τῶν ταύρων, οὔτε τῶν ἵππων τὸ τάχος, ἢ ὁ χείμαρρος, ὁ καταβαίνων ἀπὸ τὰ βουνὰ, ἀφ' οὗ διαλύ-

515Inscius atque absens flamma Meleagros ab illa
uritur et caecis torreri viscera sentit
ignibus ac magnos superat virtute dolores.
Quod tamen ignavo cadat et sine sanguine leto,
maeret et Ancaei felicia vulnera dicit
520grandaevumque patrem fratresque piasque sorores
cum gemitu sociamque tori vocat ore supremo,
forsitan et matrem. Crescunt ignisque dolorque
languescuntque iterum: simul est exstinctus uterque,
inque leves abiit paulatim spiritus auras
525paulatim cana prunam velante favilla.
Alta iacet Calydon: lugent iuvenesque senesque,
vulgusque proceresque gemunt, scissaeque capillos
planguntur matres Calydonides Eueninae.
Pulvere canitiem genitor vultusque seniles
530foedat humi fusus spatiosumque increpat aevum.
Nam de matre manus diri sibi conscia facti
exegit poenas acto per viscera ferro.
Non mihi si centum deus ora sonantia linguis
ingeniumque capax totumque Helicona dedisset,
535tristia persequerer miserarum dicta sororum.
Inmemores decoris liventia pectora tundunt,
dumque manet corpus, corpus refoventque foventque,
oscula dant ipsi, posito dant oscula lecto.
Post cinerem cineres haustos ad pectora pressant,
540adfusaeque iacent tumulo signataque saxo
nomina complexae lacrimas in nomina fundunt.
Quas Parthaoniae tandem Latonia clade
exsatiata domus praeter Gorgenque nurumque
nobilis Alcmenae natis in corpore pennis
545adlevat et longas per bracchia porrigit alas
corneaque ora facit versasque per aera mittit.
of him I sacrifice, and following him
my shade and his and yours unite below.”
She spoke and as she turned her face away,
she threw the fatal billet on the fire,
and as the flames devoured it, a strange groan
was heard to issue from the burning wood
but Meleager at a distance knows
of naught to wreck his hour of victory,
until he feels the flame of burning wood
scorching with secret fire his forfeit life.
Yet with a mighty will, disdaining pain
he grieves his bloodless and ignoble death.
He calls Ancaeus happy for the wounds
that caused his death. With sighs and groans he called
his aged father's name, and then the names
of brothers, sisters, and his wife—and last,
they say he called upon his mother's name.
His torment always with the fire increased,
until, as little of the wood remained,—
his pain diminished with the heat's decrease;
and as the flames extinguished, so his life
slowly ascended in the rising air.
And all the mighty realm of Calydon
was filled with lamentations —young and old
the common people and the nobles mourned;
and all the wailing women tore their hair
his father threw his body on the ground,
and as he covered his white hair and face
with ashy dust, bewailed his aged days.
Althaea, maddened in her mother's grief,
has punished herself with a ruthless hand;
she pierced her heart with iron. —Oh! if some God
had given a resounding harp, a voice
an hundred-fold more mighty, and a soul
enlarged with genius, I could never tell
the grief of his unhappy sisters.—They,
regardless of all shame, beat on their breasts;
before the body was consumed with fire,
embraced it, and again embracing it,
rained kisses on their loved one and the bier.
And when the flames had burnt his shrinking form
they strained his gathered ashes to their breasts,
and prostrate on the tomb kissed his dear name,
cut only in the stone,—and bathed it with their tears
Latona's daughter, glutted with the woes
inflicted on Parthaon's house, now gave
two of the weeping sisters wide-spread wings,
but Gorge and the spouse of Hercules
not so were changed. Latona stretched long wings
upon their arms, transformed their mouths to beaks,
and sent them winging through the lucent air.
The death of Meleager

Far off, and unaware, Meleager is alight with that fire, and feels his inner organs invisibly seared. He controls the fierce agonies, with courage. Nevertheless he is sad that he must die a bloodless, cowardly death, and calls Ancaeus fortunate in his wounds. At the last, groaning with pain, he names his aged father, his brothers, his loving sisters, the companion of his bed, and, it may be, his mother. The fire and the suffering flare up, and die away, again, and both are extinguished together. Gradually his breath vanishes into the light breeze: gradually white ashes veil the glowing embers.

Noble Calydon lies dead. Young men and old lament, people and princes moan, and the women of Calydon, by the River Euenus, tear at their hair, and beat their breasts. His father, prone on the ground, mars his aged features and white hair with dust, and rebukes himself for his long years. As for his mother, conscious of her dreadful action, she has exacted punishment on herself, with her own hand driving the weapon into her body. Not though the god had given me a hundred mouths speaking with tongues, the necessary genius, and all Helicon as my domain, could I describe the sad fate of his poor sisters. Forgetting what is seemly, they strike their bruised chests, and while there is something left of the body, the body is caressed again and again, as they kiss it and kiss the bier on which it lies.

Once he is ashes; the ashes are gathered, and they press them to their breasts, throw themselves down on his tomb, and clasping the stone carved with his name, they drown the name with tears. At last, Diana, satiated with her destruction of the house of Parthaon, lifted them up, all except Gorge, and Deianira, the daughter-in-law of noble Alcmena, and, making feathers spring from their bodies, and stretching long wings over their arms, she gave them beaks, and, changed to guinea-hens, the Meleagrides, launched them into the air.

Δῶσι τὰ χιόνια, κατέπιε πολλάκις ἐκεῖνος, ὅσοι ἐπέλμησαν νὰ τὸν διαπεράσωσιν, ὑπερθαρρούντες εἰς τὴν ἰσχὺ τῆς νεότητός των. Εἶναι λοιπὸν ἀσφαλέστερον νὰ ἰσχύσῃς ἐδῶ ὀλίγον καιρὸν, ἕως ὅτ' ἐπιστρέψωσιν εἰς τὸν συνήθη τόπον των τὰ νερά. Καταπεισθεῖς ἀπὸ τοὺς λόγους ταύτας ὁ Θησεὺς, ἀπεδέχετο μὲν τὸν ποταμὸν ὅτι ἐδέχετο ἀσμενέως ἢ τὴν συμβεβηκυῖαν νὰ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν του. Ἔμβηκε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Ἀχελώου, τὸ κατεσκευασμένον ἐκ κισσοειδοῦς, ἢ σπογγώδους πώρων, ἢ ἄνωθεν ἔχραντος στεφανομένον ἀπὸ ὑγρὰ βρύα, τὴν δὲ ὀροφὴν ἀπὸ ποικιλόχροες κόγχυλας. Ὅταν ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τοῦ γεύματος, ἔχαιρεν ὁ Ἀχελῶος, ὅτι ἠξιώθη ἕνὸς τοιούτου ξένου, τὸν παρεκάλεσε νὰ καθήσῃ εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, περιποιούμενος ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς συντρόφους του. Ἐκάθισε λοιπὸν ὁ Θησεὺς πλησίον τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ἔνθεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἕν μέρος ὁ Πειρίθοος, κ' ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ Ληλεξ, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ τρίχες ἤρχιζαν νὰ λευκαίνονται. Ἄπειτα οἱ ἐπίλοιποι ἐκάθισαν εἰς τὸν τόπον των, ἕκαστος κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν του. Εὐθὺς αἱ Νύμφαι γυμναὶ τοὺς πόδας ἔφερον διάφορα φαγητὰ εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, εἶτα οἶνον εἰς διάλιθα ποτήρια. Ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἐσήκωσαν τὰς τραπέζας, στρέψας ὁ Θησεὺς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν „τί εἶναι ἐκεῖνο ὅπερ βλέπω; λέγει πρὸς τὸν Ἀχελῶον ( δακτυλοδεικνύων τὸ ὁρώμενον ) πῶς ὀνομάζεται ἐκείνη ἡ Νῆσος, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν αἱ Νῆσοι ἐκεῖναι, ἐπειδὴ φαίνεταί μοι ὅτι βλέπω πολλάς; Δὲν εἶναι ἅπασαι, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Ἀχελῶος, διὰ εἶναι μία μόνη Νῆσος ἡ παρὰ σοῦ ὁρωμένη, ἀλλὰ πολ

μὲν ἡ Ἄρτεμις κατὰ τοῦ Οἰνέως, μᾶθε ὅτι αὐταί αἱ Νῆσοι ἦσαν ποτὲ Νησιάδες· καὶ τώρα θέλω σοῦ διηγηθῆ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς μεταμορφώσεως των. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐθυσίασαν δέκα μόσχας, καὶ προσκαλέσασαι ὅλες τὰς ἀρσένας Θεούς, ἐμὲ μόνον παρεῖδον εἰς τὴν μέραν τῆς θυσίας. Ἀγανακτήσας λοιπὸν ἐγὼ δι' αὐτῶν τὴν κατάφρονησιν, ὕψωσα τὰ ὕδατα με ὅσον ἠδύνασθε, πλημμυρίζων τόπος, ὅπου ποτὲ δὲν με εἴχον φοβηθῆ, καὶ ἐνδυναμωμένος ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ὕδατα με, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ζυμὸν με, ἐξερρίζωσα ὁλοκλήρους δρυμούς, ἢ ἀκροφέρες πεδιάδας, φέρων εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὁμοῦ με τὰς πόλεις, ὅπου ἐπλάκησαν, ἢ ἐμείωσας τὰς ὑπερφανεῖς Νύμφας, αἱ ὁποῖαι τὸ μόνον με ἐνδυμήνησαν. Οὕτως λοιπὸν ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν μου ἢ τὴν ὁρμὴν τῆς κυμάτων τῆς θαλάσσης, ἡ παρ' αὐτῆς κατοικημένη γῆ διεμερίσθη εἰς πολλὰ μέρη, τὰ ὁποῖα τὴν σήμερον σχηματίζει τὰς Ἐχινάδας Νήσους, ἢ κατά τινα τρόπον ἔχυσε ὁ πατέρας των. Ἀλλ' ὁρατικεῖ ἐκεῖ, ὡς βλέπεις, ἀλλὰ μία Νῆσος πεχωρισμένη ἀπὸ τὰς πέντε πρώτας, τῶν ὁποίων ἐτι ἀγαπῶ, ἢ καλεῖται Περιμέλη. Ἦτον ἢ αὕτη Νύμφη ποτὲ, ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπερφιλῶν αὐτήν, τῆς ἀφαιρέσα τὸ παρθενικὸν ἄνθος. Ὅθεν Ἱππόδαμος ὁ πατήρ της, ἀγανακτήσας κατάπολλὰ διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα με, τὴν ἐκρήμνισον ἀπὸ τινα σκόπελον, διὰ νὰ πνιγῇ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ἀλλ' ἐγὼ τὴν ὑπεδέχθηθω εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας με, εἶπον δεόμενος τὰ Ποσειδῶνος· ὦ τριαινοκράτωρ θεέ, ὅς τις ἐκληρώθης τὸ βασιλείον τῆς θαλάσσης· σύ, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡμεῖς οἱ ποταμοὶ προσφέρομεν ὥσπερ δῶρον τὰ ὕδατα μας, ἐξέχοντες ἀναπαύσεως εἰς τὸν κόλπον σε, εἰς τ

Here is the corrected text:

„ λειάνομεν, εἰσάκουστον, ὦ Ποσείδον, τῆς δικαίας „ προσευχῆς με· ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ αἴτιος τοῦ δυστυχήματος „ τῆς Νύμφης, τὴν ὁποίαν βαστάζω· αἱ δὲν ἦτον τό- „ σον σκληρὸς καὶ ἀπάνθρωπος ὁ πατήρ της, ἤθελε „ σπλαγχνισθῆ βέβαια τὴν θυγατέρα του ἡ συγχωρέ- „ σῃ καὶ ἐμέ. Σὺ λοιπὸν, ὅστις ἀδιάχυτος ποτὲ ἀπὸ „ ὅλης τῆς γῆς, διὰ τὴν σπληρότητα τοῦ πάθους σου, „ βοήθησον σήμερον τὴν ἀθλίαν ταύτην κόρην, ἡ ὁ- „ ποία ἐκρημνίσθη εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ πάθους „ της τὴν ὠμότητα. Δὸς αὐτῇ τόπον ἵνα ἡσυχάσῃ, ἢ „ ἂς μεταβῇ εἰς τόπον, τὸν ὁποῖον νὰ δύναμαι ἐγὼ „ πάντοτε νὰ ἐναγκαλίζωμαι πρὸς παρηγορείαν τῆς δυ- „ στυχίας της. Ὁ τῆς θαλάσσης βασιλεὺς ἔσεισε τὴν „ κεφαλήν της, μοὶ ἑβεβαίωσεν αὐθὸς ὅτι εἰσήκουσε τὴ „ δέησίν μου, καὶ διὰ νὰ με βεβαιώσῃ περισσότερον, „ ἐτάραξε καὶ ὅλα του τὰ ὕδατα. Ἡ Νύμφη ἐφοβήθη „ τὴν ταραχήν, τὴν παρομοιάζουσαν μέγαν χειμῶνα, „ ἀλλὰ δὲν ἔπαυσε νὰ κολυμβῆ, ἕως οὗ ἐβάστασεν αὐτὴν „ εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας μου, γιγνώσκων τὸν ἐκ τῆς φόβου παλ- „ μὸν τῆς καρδίας της. Ἐξαίφνης κατέλαβα ὅτι ἐσ- „ κληρύνετο τὸ σῶμα της, καὶ περιεβάλλετο χῶμα ὁ „ κόλπος της, καὶ μία νέα γῆ ἐσκέπασεν ὅλα της τὰ „ μέλη, ὥστε ἐντὸς ὀλίγου ἔγινεν ὅλη Νῆσος ἡ ἐραστή „ μου Νύμφη".

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Εἰσδολογήση ότι ὁ Ποσειδῶν, καὶ ὁ Ἀχελῶος ἐκάμνον ἐκείνας τὰς Νήσους, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐγίναν ἀληθῶς ἀπὸ τὰς πλημμύρας τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἢ ἦν μεγάλων ποταμῶν ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὁρμὴ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὑποσκάψασα ἐπίστευε κάνσα μερμάτιον γῆς ὑπὸ τὴν ἤπειρον (ὡς φαίνεται νὰ ἐγίνε τῇ ἡ Σικελία) ἢ σαρώσασα γῆν ἐκ τῆς γῆς, κατασκευάζει Νήσους ἐκεῖ ὅπου πρότερον ἦτον ἀλμυρὸς Θάλασσα. Φαίνεται δὲ ὅτι αἰφνίδιον ἐξέρχῃ ἀπὸ τὴν Θάλασσαν, ὅταν εἰς μεσαίους τόπους ἀδιαχώρη τὸ ὕδωρ, ἢ ὅταν ὁ ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἢ που εἰς τοῦ πυθμένα τῆς Θαλάσσης, κλεισμένος ἀνέμος, θέλων νὰ ἐξέλθῃ ἔξω, καὶ μὴ δυνηθεὶς νὰ ἀποθλίψῃ τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὕψωσεν εἰς ἄνω τι κορον ἕως ὅπου ἔστερον ἔχει ὁ Ὀβίδιος ἔτι γυμνάσιον, Νήσου τῆς Πειμελῆς πλάττων ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν δὲν ἄφησε νὰ κατακλυσθῇ ἐκείνη ἡ Νύμφη. Τοιοῦτος Μῦθος ἀνακαλύπτει εὐθέως τὰ ἔργα τῆς φύσεως, ἐπειδὴ αἱ Ἐχινάδες Νῆσοι, αἱ κείμεναι πλησίον τῆς Ἀκαρνανίας ἀντικρὺ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Ἀχελώου ποταμοῦ, ἤγνων ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν ἡ ἄμμος, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπισωρεύει αὐτὸς ὁ ποταμὸς ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ ὕδατά του.

ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ Ζ'. Η'. Θ'.

Περὶ Φιλήμονος καὶ Βαυκίδος, ἢ εἰς δένδρα μεταμορφωθέντων, καὶ τῆς αὐτῶν οἰκίας εἰς Ναὸν καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολυμεταβλήτου Πρωτέως.

Interea Theseus sociati parte laboris
functus Erechtheas Tritonidos ibat ad arces.
Clausit iter fecitque moras Achelous eunti
550imbre tumens. “Succede meis,” ait “inclite, tectis,
Cecropida, nec te committe rapacibus undis:
ferre trabes solidas obliquaque volvere magno
murmure saxa solent. Vidi contermina ripae
cum gregibus stabula alta trahi: nec fortibus illic
555profuit armentis, nec equis velocibus esse.
Multa quoque hic torrens nivibus de monte solutis
corpora turbineo iuvenalia flumine mersit.
Tutior est requies, solito dum flumina currant
limite, dum tenues capiat suus alveus undas.”
560Adnuit Aegides, “utar” que “Acheloe, domoque
consilioque tuo” respondit; et usus utroque est.
Pumice multicavo nec levibus atria tophis
structa subit: molli tellus erat umida musco,
summa lacunabant alterno murice conchae.
565Iamque duas lucis partes Hyperione menso
discubuere toris Theseus comitesque laborum:
hac Ixionides, illa Troezenius heros
parte Lelex, raris iam sparsus tempora canis,
quosque alios parili fuerat dignatus honore
570amnis Acarnanum, laetissimus hospite tanto.
Protinus adpositas nudae vestigia nymphae
instruxere epulis mensas dapibusque remotis
in gemma posuere merum. Tum maximus heros,
aequora prospiciens oculis subiecta, “quis” inquit
575“ille locus?” digitoque ostendit, “et insula nomen
quod gerit illa, doce: quamquam non una videtur.”
Amnis ad haec “non est” inquit “quod cernitis, unum:
quinque iacent terrae: spatium discrimina fallit.
Quoque minus spretae factum mirere Dianae,
580naides hae fuerant. Quae cum bis quinque iuvencos
mactassent rurisque deos ad sacra vocassent,
inmemores nostri festas duxere choreas.
Intumui, quantusque feror, cum plurimus umquam,
tantus eram, pariterque animis inmanis et undis
585a silvis silvas et ab arvis arva revelli
cumque loco nymphas, memores tum denique nostri,
in freta provolvi. Fluctus nosterque marisque
continuam diduxit humum partesque resolvit
in totidem, mediis quot cernis Echinadas undis.
590Ut tamen ipse vides, procul en procul una recessit
insula, grata mihi; Perimelen navita dicit.
Huic ego virgineum dilectae nomen ademi.
Quod pater Hippodamas aegre tulit inque profundum
propulit e scopulo periturae corpora natae.
595Excepi nantemque ferens “o proxima mundi
regna vagae” dixi “sortite, tridentifer, undae,
adfer opem mersaeque precor, feritate paterna
da, Neptune, locum; vel sit locus ipsa licebit.”
Dum loquor, amplexa est artus nova terra natantes,
610et gravis increvit mutatis insula membris.
And Theseus, meantime, having done great deeds,
was wending towards Tritonian Athen's towers,
but Achelous, swollen with great rains,
opposed his journey and delayed his steps.
“O famous son of Athens, come to me,
beneath my roof, and leave my rapid floods;
for they are wont to bear enormous beams,
and hurl up heavy stones to bar the way,—
mighty with roaring, down the steep ravines.
And I have seen the sheep-folds on my banks
swept down the flood, together with the sheep;
and in the current neither strength availed
the ox for safety, nor swift speed the horse.
When rushed the melting snows from mountain peaks
how many bodies of unwary men
this flood has overwhelmed in whirling waves!
Rest safely then, until my river runs
within its usual bounds—till it contains
its flowing waters in its proper banks.”
and gladly answered Theseus, “I will make
good use of both your dwelling and advice.”
And waiting not he entered a rude hut,
of porous pumice and of rough stone built.
The floor was damp and soft with springy moss,
and rows of shells and murex arched the roof.
And now Hyperion having measured quite
two thirds of daylight, Theseus and his friends
reclined upon the couches.—On his right
Ixion's son was placed, and on his left
the gray-haired hero Lelex; and others
deemed worthy by the Acarnanian-god
who was so joyful in his noble guests.
Without delay the barefoot nimble Nymphs
attending to the banquet, rich food brought;
and after all were satisfied with meat
and dainties delicate, the careful Nymphs
removed all traces of the feast, and served
delicious wine in bowls embossed with gems.
And after they had eaten, Theseus arose,
and as he pointed with his finger, said,
“Declare to me what name that island bears,
or is it one or more than one I see?”
To which the ready River-God replied:
“It is not one we see but five are there,
deceptive in the distance. And that you
may wonder less at what Diana did,
those islands were five Naiads.—Long ago,
ten bullocks for a sacrifice they slew;
and when the joyous festival was given,
ignoring me they bade all other Gods.
Indignant at the slight, I swelled with rage
as great as ever when my banks are full,—
and so redoubled both in rage and flood,
I ravished woods from woods, and fields from fields,
and hurled into the sea the very soil,
together with the Nymphs, who then at last
remembered their neglect. And soon my waves,
united with the ocean streams, cut through
the solid soil, and fashioned from the one,
five islands you may see amid the waves,
which men since then, have called Echinades.
“But yet beyond you can observe how one
most beautiful of all is far withdrawn;
and this which most delights me, mariners
have Perimela named. She was so fair
that I deprived her of a precious wealth.
And when Hippodamas, her father, knew,
enraged he pushed her, heavy then with child,
forth from a rock into the cruel sea,
where she must perish,—but I rescued her;
and as I bore her on my swimming tide,
I called on Neptune, ruler of the deep,
‘O Trident-wielder, you who are preferred
next to the god most mighty! who by lot
obtained the empire of the flowing deep,
to which all sacred rivers flow and end;
come here, O Neptune, and with gracious will
grant my desire;—I injured her I save;—
but if Hippodamas, her father, when
he knew my love, had been both kind and just,
if he had not been so unnatural,
he would have pitied and forgiven her.
Ah, Neptune, I beseech you, grant your power
may find a place of safety for this Nymph,
abandoned to the deep waves by her sire.
Or if that cannot be, let her whom I
embrace to show my love, let her become
a place of safety.’ Instantly to me
the King of Ocean moved his mighty head,
and all the deep waves quivered in response.
“The Nymph, afraid, still struggled in the deep,
and as she swam I touched her throbbing breast;
and as I felt her bosom, trembling still,
I thought her soft flesh was becoming hard;
for even then, new earth enclosed her form;
and as I prayed to Neptune, earth encased
Achelo�s tells Theseus and his friends of Perimele

Meanwhile, Theseus, having played his part in the united effort, turned back towards Athens, Tritonia�s city, where Erectheus once ruled. But the River Achelo�s, swollen with rain, blocked his immediate path, and stalled his journey. �Come under my roof, famous scion of Cecrops,� the river-god said, �and do not commit yourself to my devouring waters. They are liable to carry solid tree-trunks along, in their roaring, and roll great boulders over on their sides. I have seen whole byres, near the bank, swept away, with all their livestock: and neither the cattle�s strength nor the horses� speed was of any use. Many a strong man has been lost in the whirling vortices, when the torrent was loosed, after mountain snows. You will be safer to stay till my river runs in its normal channel, when its bed holds only a slender stream.�

Aegeus�s son nodded, and replied: �I will make use of your house, and your counsel, Achelo�s.� And so he did. He entered the dark building, made of spongy pumice, and rough tufa. The floor was moist with soft moss, and the ceiling banded with freshwater mussel and oyster shells.

Now Hyperion, the sun, had measured out two thirds of his path of light, when Theseus and his companions of the hunt seated themselves on couches. Here was Piritho�s, Ixion�s son, and there, Lelex, Troezen�s hero, his temples already streaked with thinning grey hair, and there were others whom the Acarnanian river-god, greatly delighted to have such a guest, judged worthy of equal honour. Quickly the barefoot nymphs set out dishes of food on the nearby tables, and when they had been cleared again, poured wine in jewelled cups. Then the greatest of heroes looking out over the waters below, asked: �What is that place?� (He pointed with his finger.) �Tell me what name the island has, though it seems more than an island!�

The river-god replied �What you see is not one island: five pieces of land lie together, but the distance conceals their distinctiveness. This will make you less astonished at what Diana did to Calydon when she was slighted. Those islands were once nymphs, who, though they had slaughtered ten bullocks and invited the rural gods to the festival, forgot me as they led the festal dance. I swelled with anger, as fierce as when my flood is at its fullest, and terrible in wind and wave, I tore forest from forest and field from field, and swept the nymphs, who then, at last, remembered me, along with the place they trod, into the sea. There the ocean and my waters separated what had been continuous ground, and split it into as many parts as you see islands, the Echinades, there in the midst of the waves.

But as you can see for yourself, far off, far off one island vanishes, dear to me: the sailors call it Perimele. I loved her and stole her virginity. At which her father, unable to accept it, threw his daughter from the cliffs into the deep, intending to destroy her. I caught her, and holding her as she swam, I cried: �O God of the Trident, to whom rule over the restless waves, closest to earth, fell by lot, give your aid I beg, and grant a place to one whom a father�s anger drowns, or allow her to be that place herself!� While I spoke, new earth clasped her body, as she swam, and a solid island rose, round her changed limbs.

Ὁ Ζεὺς ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐν ἀνθρωπίνῃ μορφῇ ἔρχονται εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν, ὅπως ἴδῃς τῶν ἐγκατοίκων θέλει νὰ τῆς ὑποδοχῆ, πλὴν τῆ Φιλήμονος ἰξ ἁς συμβίας τῷ Βαυκίδης, οἱ ὁποῖοι τῆς ἔκλαμβα τὴν καταδημόλιν δέξιωσιν καὶ ὑποδοχή. Βελόμενοι οὖν οἱ Θεοὶ νὰ ἀντιμείβασι τὸν ζῆλον, καὶ τὴν φιλοξενίαν αὐτῆς, τὴν μὲν καλύβην μετεβολον εἰς Ναὸν, αὐτοὺς δὲ εἰς δύο δένδρα. Ἀλλ' ἡ πόλις, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν κατῴκων ἐκατεντίσθη μαζὶ μὲ ὅλους τοὺς ἄλλους ἐγκατοίκους, οἱ ὁποῖοι κατεφρόνησαν τοὺς Θεούς, ἀφ' ἔγινεν ὅλη μία λίμνη. Διηγεῖται ὁ Ἀχέλωος ἰξ τῆς ἰδρυδρῦς· τῆ Πρωτέως μεταβολῆς.

Τὰ τῆ Ἀχελῶς διήγησις παρελήνησεν ὅλους τοὺς ἄλλους νὰ θαυμάσῃ τὰ παράξενα συμβάντα· ἀλλ' ὁ Πειρίθος, ἀσεβὴς ὢν ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ τῆ Ἴξίου, ἐπείρασε τὸν νὰ ἀπιστήσωσι τῆ ἄλλον, λέγων πρὸς τὸν Ἀχέλωον· „σύ μᾶς διηγῇσαι μῦθον, καὶ πα„ρὰ πολλὰ δυνατὸς νομίζεις τοὺς Θεοὺς, ἂν αὐτοὶ μᾶς ἀ„φαιροῦσι τὴν φυσικὴν μορφὴν μας, μεταβάλλοντες μᾶς „εἰς ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα εἴδη κατὰ τὴν ἀρέσκειάν των„. Κατεπλάγησαν ὅλοι διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τοῦ Πειρίθου,

Θέαρέτως δὲ ὁ Λύλης, ὁ ὁποῖος ὡς γέρων τῷ συνέπτος, μεμφόμενος τῆς λογχε τῷ Πιελθᾷ, ἔπω τῇ ἀπέκελθη· „ἄπειρος εἶναι ἡ Θεία δύναμις, κι ἴχνει ὅσα „βούλεται. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ κατἀπεισθῆς περισότερον, „θέλω σοῦ διηγησῶ τὴν ἱστορείαν τῆς ὄρους, καὶ τῆς „πλησίον φιλύρας, αἱ ὁποῖαι φαίνονται ἔτι εἰς τὰ „πεδία τῆς Φρυγίας, περικοκλωμένναι ἀπὸ μικρόν τινα „τεῖχον. Ἔγινα ἐν αὐτόπης ἐκείνης τῷ πῷ, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν ἤμουν ἔτι νέος, μὲ ἐστέλλερ ὁ πατήρ μου „νὰ ἀπισκεφθῶ τον τόπον αὐτὸν, ὅπου ἄλλο τε ἐβασιλόύσει ὁ πάππος μου. Οὐ μάραν τῆς δύω ἐνείνων δοξάρων, ἀμέσκετοι ἦ μεγάλη λίμνη, ἡ ὁποία „ωφότερον ἦτον ἣ ἡ κατοικημένη ἀπὸ ποδλοῦ ἐγκαρπίας, ἀλλὰ τλῶ σήμερον δεῖ ἔχες ἀλλοτι εἰμι ὕδωρ, „ὄπε συγχράγαιν ἀϊθέαι, κι ἀλλὰ λιμνάδη πέλλα·

Ὁ Ζεὺς πῇ ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς ἀνθρωπίνων μορφῷ κατέβησαν ποτὲ εἰς τήν χώραν ἐκείνην, διὰ νὰ λάβωσι „πείραν τῆ ἐκείςε ἀνθρώπων. ἀλλ᾽ αὐτί νὰ φιλοφρονησθοῦν ὡς ξένοι, ἀπεβλίθησαν ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς οἰκίας, „τῷ ὁποίων ἐκήρξαν τὴν ξύραν. Εὖρον πέλος ὑποδοχὴν „εἰς μικράν τινα κακύβιον, σκεπασμένη ἀπὸ ἄχυρα κι „καλάμια, εἰς τῷ ὁποίαν ἡ ἀγάπη Βαυνίς, κι ὁ γέρων αὐήρ τῆς Φιλίμων, εἶχον γηράσκειν καὶ οἱ δύο ὁρμι.

Ὀλίγα ἦσαν τὰ ὑπάρχοντα των, ἀλλ' ὑποφέροντες μετὰ μεγαλοψυχίας τὴν πτωχείαν των, δὲν τοῖς ἐφαίνετο τόσον βαρεῖα, ὅτε εὐδυσχεραίνοντο εἰς αὐτούς. Δὲν ἦτον εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν των καμμία διαφορὰ μεταξὺ δεσπότου καὶ δούλου· αὐτοὶ οἱ δύω μόνοι ἦσαν τὰ πάντα, καὶ κύριοι καὶ δοῦλοι, αὐτοὶ μόνοι οἱ προστάζοντες, αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ ὑπακούοντες. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν ἐνέβησαν οἱ Θεοὶ εἰς τὴν μικρὰν καλύβην

το λαμπρόν, καὶ ὁποῦ ἐφόρεσέ τα αὐτὰ εἰς ὅλην ἁπλότητα, ὁποῦ ἐνέργασε τοὺς ξένους της μὲ νέον οἶνον, ὡς συνήθες εἰς τοὺς πτωχούς. Εἰς τὸ τέλος τὰ γάλματος ἔφερε κα- ρύδια, μῆλα, σταφύλια, καὶ μέλι· ἀλλὰ τὸ καλλιότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα ἦτον τὸ γαροποιὸν πρόσωπον, καὶ ἡ καλὴ προαίρεσις τὴν ὁποίαν ἔδειξαν πρὸς τὰ ξένους των. Ἐπὶ τοσούτω ἔβλεπον οἱ γέροντες ὅτι κάθε φορά, ὅπου ἀ- δειαζον ὁ κρατήρ, πάλιν ἐγέμιζε αὐτομάτως ἀπὸ οἶ- νον· ὅθεν κατέπλαγχθες διὰ αὐτὸ τὸ παράξενον συμ- βεβηκός, καὶ κατανοήσαντες ὅτι οἱ δύο ξένοι ἦσαν Θεοί, τοὺς ἐπαρακάλεσαν ὑπτίαις χερσί, καὶ παπενῇ τῇ παρ- δίᾳ νὰ τοὺς συμπαθήσουσιν εἰς ὅλην ἀπρεπῆ δέξιωσιν, καὶ ἀδαιμονίδα προετοιμασίαν. Ἄλλο τι δὲν εἶχον εἰ μὴ μίαν χῆνα, ἡ ὁποία ἐφύλαττε ὅλην μικρὰν καλύβην τῶν, καὶ ἤθελον νὰ ὅλην σφάξουν, διὰ νὰ φιλοτιμήσουν καλλιότερα πρὸς Θεούς· ἀλλ᾽ ὄκνοι ὄντες διὰ τὸ γῆρας, εἰς μάτην ἐποτρίασαν μὲ ὅλην πίστιν, ἐπειδὴ ἔφυγε πάντοτε ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας των, καὶ τέλος κατέφυγε πρὸς τοὺς Θεούς, ὥσαν νὰ τοῦ ἐζήτη βοήθειαν· οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐμποδίσαν τὰς γέροντας νὰ ὅλην σφάξουν, καὶ τότε φανε- ρώθησαν, ἡμεῖς Θεοί ἐσμεσθα, τοῖς εἶπον· καὶ οἱ γεί- τονές σας θέλουν μείνη ἀτιμώρητοι διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς ἔναντι κατεφρόνησιν· ἀλλὰ σεῖς θέλετε εἶσθε ἀμέτοχοι τῆς συμφορᾶς των· πλὴν φύγετε ἀπὸ ὅλην οἰκίαν σας, καὶ ἀποσώθεῖτε μᾶς εἰς ὅλην κορυφὴν ἐκεί- νης τοῦ ὄρος. Ὑπήκοοσαν παρευθὺς εἰς ὅλην προστα- γήν, καὶ ἐπακλεμβίζοντες εἰς τὰς βακτηρίας των, ὡς ἀδύ- νατοι ἐκ τοῦ γήρατος, ἀνέβησαν εἰς τὸ ὄρος, προφθά- σαντες τὰς Θεὰς μὲ δυσκολίαν μεγάλην. Ὅταν ἐπλη- σίασαν εἰς ὅλην κορυφήν, στρέφοντες τὰς ὀφθαλμοὺς των πρὸς ὅλην χώραν, ἄλλο τι εἶδον εἰμὴ παρὰ ὕδατα, καὶ ὁποῖα

ὁποῖα τῶν ἐσκέπαζον ὅλω, ἔξω μόνον ἀπὸ τῶν κα- λύβων ποῦ. Τὸ ποίστρον θέαμα τῆς ἐξόμαξε, ἰ ἔκλαυ- σαν τῶ δυστυχίαν τῆ γειτόνων ποῦ· αἱ ἐν ᾧ ἐθρύψεν τῆς ἅλμες, ἔχασαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τῶν ἰ τῶν καλύ- βων ποῦ, ἰ ὅμως ἔπαχον νὰ τὶς ἰδῆν μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα. Ἡ καλύβη ὅμως δὲν ἠφανίσθη, ἀλλ' ἔσσα πρό- τερον στενόχωρος ἰ μόλις ἁρμέτη πρὸς κατοικίαν δύο ἀνδρῶν, μετεβλήθη ἀπὸ εἰς μεγαλοπρεπῆ ναόν, ἰ τὰ μὲν ξύλα, τὰ ὁποῖα τῶν ἐκράτουν ὀρθῶν, ἔγιναν στύ- λοι, τὰ δὲ ἄχυρα, ἐξ ὧν ἐσκεπάζετο, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς περυσόχρυσον στέγην. Αἱ θύραι ἐκείνης τῆς ναοῦ ἦ- σαν γλυπταί, ἰ τὸ ἔδαφος μαρμαρόστρωτον. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς, θέλων νὰ ἀνταμείψη τὴν εὐσέβειαν, ἰ φιλοξε- νίαν αὐτῶν τῶν καλῶν γερόντων „ζητήσατε μοι, λέγει, „δίκαιε γέρον, ἰ σὺ ἰ γυναῖκα ἀξία τῆς ποιότητος ἐναρέ- „του ἀνδρός, ζητήσατέ μοι ὅ,τι θέλετε· θεὸς εἶναι ὁ „προσφέρων ὑμᾶς, δυνάμενος νὰ σᾶς ὠφηλήση περισσό- „τερον ἀπ' ὅ,τι δύνασθε νὰ ἐπιθυμήσητε". Ὁ δὲ Φι- λήμων συνομιλήσας πρῶτον ὀλίγα τινα μετὰ τῆς συμ- βίας του, ἐφανέρωσε τὴν κοινὴν γνώμην τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεούς, λέγων „ζητοῦμεν νὰ ἤμεθα ἱερεῖς, ἰ λειτουρ- „γοὶ τοῦ ναοῦ σας, ἰ ἐπειδὴ ἐζήσαμεν πάντοτε ἐν „εἰρήνῃ ἰ ὁμονοίᾳ, νὰ ἀποθάνωμεν ἰ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, „ὥστε νὰ μὴ ἴδω ἔνα τὸν θάνατον τῆς συμβίας μου, „μήτε αὕτη νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τοῦ ἐνταφιασμοῦ μου τὴν λύ- „πην". Εἰσηκούσθη ἡ δέησις τῶν, ἰ ἔλαβον μέχρι ζωῆς τῶν τὴν ἐπιστασίαν τοῦ ναοῦ· ὡς δὲ ἔφθασαν εἰς βαθύτατον γῆρας, ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐν ᾧ διε- λέγοντο ἀπὸ τῆς θύρας τοῦ ναοῦ περὶ τῶν συμβάντων τῆς χώρας τῶν, παρατ

Amnis ab his tacuit. Factum mirabile cunctos
moverat: inridet credentes, utque deorum
spretor erat mentisque ferox, Ixione natus
“ficta refers nimiumque putas Acheloe potentes
615esse deos” dixit, “si dant adimuntque figuras.”
Obstipuere omnes nec talia dicta probarunt,
ante omnesque Lelex, animo maturus et aevo,
sic ait: “Inmensa est finemque potentia caeli
non habet, et quidquid superi voluere, peractum est.
620Quoque minus dubites, tiliae contermina quercus
collibus est Phrygiis modico circumdata muro.
Ipse locum vidi; nam me Pelopeia Pittheus
misit in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti.
Haud procul hinc stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim,
625nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae.
Iuppiter huc specie mortali cumque parente
venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis.
Mille domos adiere locum requiemque petentes,
mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit,
630parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri;
sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon
illa sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, illa
consenuere casa paupertatemque fatendo
effecere levem nec iniqua mente ferendo.
635Nec refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras:
tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque.
Ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates
submissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes,
membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili,
640quo superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis.
Inque foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes
suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco
nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili.
Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto
645detulit et minuit parvoque admovit aeno.
Quodque suus coniunx riguo conlegerat horto,
truncat holus foliis; furca levat illa bicorni
sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno
servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem
650exiguam sectamque domat ferventibus undis.
Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas
655concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva
impositum lecto sponda pedibusque salignis.
Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo
sternere consuerant: sed et haec vilisque vetusque
vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno.
660Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque
ponit anus, mensae sed erat pes tertius impar.
Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum
sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes.
Ponitur hic bicolor sincerae baca Minervae
665conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece
intibaque et radix et lactis massa coacti
ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla,
omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem
sistitur argento crater fabricataque fago
670pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus inlita ceris.
Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes,
nec longae rursus referuntur vina senectae
dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis.
Hic nux, hic mixta est rugosis carica palmis
675prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris
et de purpureis conlectae vitibus uvae.
Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus
accessere boni nec iners pauperque voluntas.
her floating limbs;—and on her changing form
the heavy soil of that fair island grew.”
And at this point, the River said no more.
This wonderful event astonished all;
but one was there, Ixion's haughty son—
a known despiser of the living Gods—
who, laughing, scorned it as an idle tale.
He made a jest of those who heard, and said,
“A foolish fiction! Achelous, how
can such a tale be true? Do you believe
a god there is, in heaven so powerful,
a god to give and take away a form—
transform created shapes?
Such impious words
found no response in those who heard him speak.
Amazed he could so doubt known truth, before
them all, uprose to vindicate the Gods
the hero Lelex, wise in length of days.
“The glory of the living Gods,” he said,
“Is not diminished, nor their power confined,
and whatsoever they decree is done.
“And I have this to tell, for all must know
the evil of such words:—Upon the hills
of Phrygia I have seen two sacred trees,
a lime-tree and an oak, so closely grown
their branches interlace. A low stone wall
is built around to guard them from all harm.
And that you may not doubt it, I declare
again, I saw the spot, for Pittheus there
had sent me to attend his father's court.
“Near by those trees are stagnant pools and fens,
where coots and cormorants delight to haunt;
but it was not so always. Long ago
'Twas visited by mighty Jupiter,
together with his nimble-witted son,
who first had laid aside his rod and Wings.
“As weary travelers over all the land
they wandered, begging for their food and bed;
and of a thousand houses, all the doors
were bolted and no word of kindness given—
so wicked were the people of that land.
At last, by chance, they stopped at a small house,
whose humble roof was thatched with reeds and straw;—
and here a kind old couple greeted them.
“The good dame, Baucis, seemed about the age
of old Philemon, her devoted man;
they had been married in their early youth,
in that same cottage and had lived in it,
and grown together to a good old age;
contented with their lot because they knew
their poverty, and felt no shame of it;
they had no need of servants; the good pair
were masters of their home and served themselves;
their own commands they easily obeyed.
“Now when the two Gods, Jove and Mercury,
had reached this cottage, and with bending necks
had entered the low door, the old man bade
them rest their wearied limbs, and set a bench,
on which his good wife, Baucis, threw a cloth;
and then with kindly bustle she stirred up
the glowing embers on the hearth, and then
laid tinder, leaves and bark; and bending down
breathed on them with her ancient breath until
they kindled into flame. Then from the house
she brought a store of faggots and small twigs,
and broken branches, and above them swung
a kettle, not too large for simple folk.
And all this done, she stripped some cabbage leaves,
which her good husband gathered for the meal.
“Then with a two-pronged fork the man let down
a rusty side of bacon from aloft,
and cut a little portion from the chine;
which had been cherished long. He softened it
in boiling water. All the while they tried
with cheerful conversation to beguile,
so none might notice a brief loss of time.
“Swung on a peg they had a beechwood trough,
which quickly with warm water filled, was used
for comfortable washing. And they fixed,
upon a willow couch, a cushion soft
of springy sedge, on which they neatly spread
a well worn cloth preserved so many years;
'Twas only used on rare and festive days;
and even it was coarse and very old,
though not unfit to match a willow couch!
“Now as the Gods reclined, the good old dame,
whose skirts were tucked up, moving carefully,
for so she tottered with her many years,
fetched a clean table for the ready meal—
but one leg of the table was too short,
and so she wedged it with a potsherd—so
made firm, she cleanly scoured it with fresh mint.
“And here is set the double-tinted fruit
of chaste Minerva, and the tasty dish
of corner, autumn-picked and pickled; these
were served for relish; and the endive-green,
and radishes surrounding a large pot
of curdled milk; and eggs not overdone
but gently turned in glowing embers—all
served up in earthen dishes. Then sweet wine
served up in clay, so costly! all embossed,
and cups of beechwood smoothed with yellow wax.
“So now they had short respite, till the fire
might yield the heated course.
“Again they served
new wine, but mellow; and a second course:
sweet nuts, dried figs and wrinkled dates and plums,
and apples fragrant, in wide baskets heaped;
and, in a wreath of grapes from purple vines,
concealed almost, a glistening honey-comb;
Lelex tells of Philemon and Baucis

At this, the river-god fell silent. The wonder of the thing had gripped them all. But that daring spirit, Piritho�s, son of Ixion, scornful of the gods, laughed at their credulity. �These are fictions you tell of, Achelo�s, and you credit the gods with too much power, if you think they can give and take away the forms of things.� The others were startled, and disapproved of his words, Lelex above all, experienced in mind and years, who said: �The power of the gods is great and knows no limit, and whatever heaven decrees comes to pass. To help convince you, in the hills of Phrygia, an oak and a lime tree stand side by side, surrounded by a low wall. I have seen the place, since Pittheus, king of Troezen, sent me into that country, where his father Pelops once ruled.

There is a swamp not far from there, once habitable land but now the haunt of diving-birds and marsh-loving coots. Jupiter went there, disguised as a mortal, and Mercury, the descendant of Atlas, setting aside his wings, went with his father, carrying the caduceus. A thousand houses they approached, looking for a place to rest: a thousand houses were locked and bolted. But one received them: it was humble it is true, roofed with reeds and stems from the marsh, but godly Baucis and the equally aged Philemon, had been wedded in that cottage in their younger years, and there had grown old together. They made light of poverty by acknowledging it, and bearing it without discontent of mind. It was no matter if you asked for owner or servant there: those two were the whole household: they gave orders and carried them out equally.

So when the gods from heaven met the humble household gods, and stooping down, passed the low doorway, the old man pulled out a bench, and requested them to rest their limbs, while over the bench Baucis threw a rough blanket. Then she raked over the warm ashes in the hearth, and brought yesterday�s fire to life, feeding it with leaves and dried bark, nursing the flames with her aged breath. She pulled down finely divided twigs and dry stems from the roof, and, breaking them further, pushed them under a small bronze pot. Next she stripped the leaves from vegetables that her husband had gathered from his well-watered garden. He used a two-pronged stick to lift down a wretched-looking chine of meat, hanging from a blackened beam, and, cutting a meagre piece from the carefully saved chine, put what had been cut, to seethe, in boiling water.

In the meantime they made conversation to pass the time, and prevent their guests being conscious of the delay. There was a beech wood tub, suspended by its handle from a crude peg: this had been filled with warm water, and allowed their visitors to refresh their limbs. In the middle of the floor there was a mattress of soft sedges. Placed on a frame and legs of willow it made a couch. They covered it with cloths, that they only used to bring out for the times of sacred festivals, but even these were old and worn, not unworthy of the couch. The gods were seated.

The old woman, her skirts tucked up, her hands trembling, placed a table there, but a table with one of the three legs unequal: a piece of broken pot made them equal. Pushed underneath, it countered the slope, and she wiped the level surface with fresh mint. On it she put the black and green olives that belong to pure Minerva, and the cornelian cherries of autumn, preserved in wine lees; radishes and endives; a lump of cheese; and lightly roasted eggs, untouched by the hot ashes; all in clay dishes. After this she set out a carved mixing bowl for wine, just as costly, with cups made of beech wood, hollowed out, and lined with yellow bees� wax. There was little delay, before the fire provided its hot food, and the wine, of no great age, circulated, and then, removed again, made a little room for the second course. There were nuts, and a mix of dried figs and wrinkled dates; plums, and sweet-smelling apples in open wicker baskets; and grapes gathered from the purple vines. In the centre was a gleaming honeycomb. Above all, there was the additional presence of well-meaning faces, and no unwillingness, or poverty of spirit.�

ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 459

παρομοίως ότι τὰ μαλλία τῆς συμβίας της ἐμεταμορφώ- νοντο εἰς ἠλάδες. Συνωμίλουν ὅμως ἕως οὗ ἐδαυήθη- σαν, ἀλλ' αἰσθανόμενοι ότι ὁ φλοιὸς ἤρχιζε νὰ τὰς σκε- πάσῃ τὸ σῶμα, ἀποχαιρέτησαν ἀλλήλους, καὶ ἔπειτα μετεβλή- θησαν ἀμφότεροι εἰς δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα φαίνονται ἐκεῖ ἄχρι τῆς σήμερον τὸ ἓν πλησίον εἰς τὸ ἄλλο. Ταῦτα ἔμαθον ἐγὼ παρὰ τινων ἀξιοπίστων γερόντων, οἱ τινες δὲν εἶχον καμμίαν αἰτίαν νὰ μὲ ἀπατήσωσιν. Ἴδον δὲ κἀγὼ αὐτοὺς τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μὲ πολλὰ στεφάνια κρεμασ- μένα εἰς τοὺς κλάδους τῶν δύο ἐκείνων δένδρων· καὶ ἀφοῦ προσῆλθα κἀγὼ ἄλλα νέα, ἔλεγον λέγων, ,,οἱ τὰ ,, Θεῖα καὶ τοὺς Θεοὺς Θεραπεύοντες, Θεραπεύεσθωσαν ,, καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς Θεοί ''. Οὕτως ἔλεγεν ὁ Λέλεξ, καὶ οἱ λόγοι του, καὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα του κατέπλησαν ὅλας τὰς παρε- σούσας, ἐξαιρέτως δὲ τὸν Θησέα. Τότε καὶ ὁ Ἀχελῷος βλέπων ότι μεγάλην εὐχαρίστησιν ἐλάμβανεν ὁ Θη- σεὺς τὰ ἀκούῃ τὰ περὶ τῶν Θεῶν, ἐπανακουμβίζων εἰς τὸν ἀγκῶνα του, εἶπε τάδε· ,,ἄλλοι μὲν, ἀνδρειότα- ,,τε Θησεῦ, μετεμορφώθησαν μίαν μόνην φοράν· ἄλ- ,,λοι δὲ πολλάκις, καὶ εἰς διαφόρας μορφάς. Οὕτως ὁ ,, Πρωτεὺς ὁ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ υἱὸς ποτὲ μὲν ἐφαίνετο νέος, ,, ποτὲ δὲ λέων, καὶ ἔπειτα μὲν ἀγριόχοιρος, ἔπειτα δὲ ,, ὄφις φοβερὸς, καὶ ἄλλοτε πάλιν κερατόφορος ταῦρος, ,, ἄλλοτε πέτρα, ἄλλοτε δένδρον, καὶ καθ' ἑξῆς ποτὲ ,, μὲν ὕδωρ, ποτὲ δὲ πῦρ ''.

Δεῖ εἶναι ἀπάγμα μεταδιδόμενον εἰς τὶς ἀϊδράτης διοικήτηρα, ὅσον ἡ Θέα χάεις, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς αὐτῆς ὁ παῖς, καὶ τὸ διδαχθὲν ἔκ τῆς σοφίας τῶν παρδία πω δσας αὐτῆς. Τοῦτο μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ πᾶρων Μῦθος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ζεύς κρύει πύσας Θύρας, καὶ δὲ ἀϊσκετάι τις ἰδ τὰ ἄνοίξῃ. ἀλλ ἡ συμφρά τῆς χώρας, εἰς τἰω ὁποῖαι δεῦ εὕρευ ὑπέδγλῳ, ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ὁι πὰ Θεῖα καταφρονῦντες δεῦ μένασι ποσῦ ἀτιμώρητι.

Ὁ Ζεύς δὲ ἀϊσκετα καλῶς δείξωσιν παρα εἰς μέσαν καλύβίω πούτο δηλοῖ ότι εἰς πολλὰ ὀλίγους τοποὺς φυλάττεται ἀκεβῶς ἡ ὠφὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ λάβετα. Φιλοροεῦται δὲ ὕπο πένητον καὶ ἀπλῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἴνα ὑποδείχῃ ὅτι τὸ Θεῖον συνδιημερεύει μάλλον μέ τῆς ποιότης, παρὰ μὲ τῆς ἀπόρβῆς θ πλούσιας.

Ὁ οἶκος τῆς καλοῦ γέροντος μετἀμορφοῦται εἰς Νάόν, διὰ ἰὰ μάθοιμεν ότι ἡ οἰκία τὰ ἀγαθοφροσύνης ἡ θεσσεβοῦς ἀνθρώπου, ὑπάργει τοῦ ὀντι Νάός, εἰς τὸν ὀποῖον πέλειος εἶναι παρὼν ὁ Θεός. Ὁ Ζεύς τῆς ἀγνοστάζει ἱὰ ἐπίσωσιν ἀδαμοιβλῳ, εἰς πλῴ ὸ πείαι τα ἱκαρία δείξωσιν, ὁἰ δὲ τοῦ παραπλεύσει ἱὰ τᾶς τουήσῃ ὑπήρετις· ἡ λετοργία τῆς διὸς ἀνδέλει εἰς τό θεῖον ἀμάλωσει δοῦ διειδύται ἱὰ τὸ ἐπίσωσι ἱὰ τῆ ἀξίαν ἱὰ δεακαλήσωσι τἰω δύσδνῳ τᾶς, σεβάσμενοι αὐτὸ ἀξέπτος μέλει φύλης Ζωῆς τῶν.

Ἐμυθολογήθη, ὅτι οἱ δύο εὐσεβεῖς γέροντες μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐσώζοντο πολὺν καιρὸν μετὰ τὸν θάνατόν των, ἐπειδὴ ὥσπερ τὰ δένδρα σώζονται πολὺν καιρὸν μετὰ τὸν θάνατον ἐκείνων, οἱ ὁποῖοι τὰ ἐφύτευσαν, ὥστε ἡ φήμη τῆς εὐσεβείας τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι δένδρον ἀείζωον, ὑπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἕκαστα γένεα συνάζει καρπούς, δηλαδὴ καὶ

Ἁμὰ δὲ ἐγέρθη ἀφ᾽ οὗ διεπήδησεν ὁ κρατήσας τῶν σώματός του βλέπων ἡ ἀνάγκη Πρωτέως, μὴ μᾶς φύγῃ ἀπὸ τῆς χεῖρας, ἡ γοῦν δὴ ἐγέρθη ἀφ᾽ οὗ διεπήδησεν τὰ δεσμήσαντες τὸν εἶναι αὐτοῦ. ὁ Πάλλαντε ἀλλοιούμενος, ἢ μὴ ἔχων καμμίαν στερεὰν ἢ μίαν ἱερὰν φύσιν.

Διὰ τοῦ Πρωτέως νομίζει ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὅτι εἰκονίζεται ὁ Θεός, ὡς ἀρχὴ ἢ αἰτία ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, ὁ παλαιότερος τῶν Θεῶν· ὅτι ὡς ἀρχὴ τῶν πάντων εἰκονίζεται, ἔχει τὰ κλεῖδα τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τῆς ὕλης, δίδει διάφορας μορφὰς εἰς τὴν ὕλην, καὶ ὡς πατέρας οἶδε τὰ παρόντα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ ὑποσυνομιλῶ παρὰ τοῦ Ὀρφέως, λέγων ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο δίδει τὴν δυνάμειν βλέπειν Πρωτέως ἐκλαμβάνει τὸ θεῖον, τὸ δὲ ἀΐδιον μόνιμον καὶ ἀμετάτρεπτον.

Κατ' ἄλλες ὁ Πρωτεὺς δηλοῖ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ ἀέρος τοῦ πανταχοῦ διαβαίνοντος, ἢ πανταχοῦ ἀλλεσκομένου, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος γινομένου, τὰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πῦρ χέον λεπτυνομένης. Παρομοίως φαίνεται ὅτι δοξάζει καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος, λέγων ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι ἢ τοῦ ἀέρος φύσις, ὑπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον γίνονται τὰ ζῶα καὶ τὰ φυτά, ἢ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ὅλα τὰ ὄντα· ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν Ἀναξαγόραν γίνονται ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος ἢ τῆς θερμότητος γίνονται ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ τὰ ζῶα καὶ τὰ φυτά· ἢ μεταβάλλεται ἢ ὕλη εἰς πῦρ χέον, καὶ ἀναπνέει τὰ πράγματα. Τοῦτο ἠθέλησαν νὰ δείξουν οἱ Ἀρχαῖοι διὰ τῶν περιπαθῶν μεταβολῶν τοῦ Πρωτέως, ἐτυμολογήσαντες τὸ ὄνομα· τὸ Πρωτεὺς σημαίνει πρῶτον ὄν, διότι ἡ ὕλη πρώτη τῆς γενέσεως τῶν πάντων.

Ὁ δὲ ἰδιαίτερος λόγος τοῦ ὕδατος εἶναι ὅτι τοῦτο εἶναι ἐκ φύσεως ἐλεύθερον ἀπὸ ἰδίαν μορφήν, ὥστε καθὼς ἡ ὕλη εἶναι ἐκ φύσεως ἐλεύθερον ἀπὸ ἰδίαν μορφήν.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσι μετὰ τῶν Σχολιασῶν, ὅτι ἀλληγορικῶς ἐμυθολογήθη ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἐξ αἰτίας τῶν ἐκ τῆς Παλλήνης πελασγικῆς τῆς καίας) ἐπειδὴ οἱ κάτοικοι αὐτῆς ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ μεταλλάττωσι συνεχῶς κατὰ ἀφορμὴν βορᾶς τὰ φερμάτια των. Λέγει δὲ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Εὐθυδήμῳ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος σημαίνει πᾶσαν ἀπάτην, ὁποίαν μεταχειρίζονται οἱ Σοφισταὶ εἰς τὰς δήλησεις των, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον Αἰγύπτιος Σοφιστής.

Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri
680sponte sua per seque vident succrescere vina:
attoniti novitate pavent manibusque supinis
concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon
et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant.
Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae:
685quem dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant.
Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat
eluditque diu tandemque est visus ad ipsos
confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari
“di” que “sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas
690impia” dixerunt; “vobis inmunibus huius
esse mali dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tecta
ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis
ite simul.” Parent ambo baculisque levati
nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo.
695Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta
missa potest: flexere oculos et mersa palude
cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere.
Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum,
illa vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus
700vertitur in templum: furcas subiere columnae,
stramina flavescunt, aurataque tecta videntur
caelataeque fores adopertaque marmore tellus.
Talia tum placido Saturnius edidit ore:
“Dicite, iuste senex et femina coniuge iusto
705digna, quid optetis.” Cum Baucide pauca locutus
iudicium superis aperit commune Philemon:
“Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri
poscimus; et quoniam concordes egimus annos,
auferat hora duos eadem, ne coniugis umquam
710busta meae videam neu sim tumulandus ab illa.”
Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela fuere,
donec vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti
ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique
narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis,
715Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon
Iamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus
mutua, dum licuit reddebant dicta “vale” que
“o coniunx” dixere simul, simul abdita texit
ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thyneius illic
720incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos.
Haec mihi non vani (neque erat cur fallere vellent)
narravere senes: equidem pendentia vidi
serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi
“cura deum di sint, et qui coluere colantur.””
and all these orchard dainties were enhanced
by willing service and congenial smiles.
“But while they served, the wine-bowl often drained,
as often was replenished, though unfilled,
and Baucis and Philemon, full of fear,
as they observed the wine spontaneous well,
increasing when it should diminish, raised
their hands in supplication, and implored
indulgence for their simple home and fare.
And now, persuaded by this strange event
such visitors were deities unknown,
this aged couple, anxious to bestow
their most esteemed possession, hastily
began to chase the only goose they had—
the faithful guardian of their little home —
which they would kill and offer to the Gods.
But swift of wing, at last it wearied them,
and fled for refuge to the smiling Gods.
At once the deities forbade their zeal,
and said, ‘A righteous punishment shall fall
severe upon this wicked neighborhood;
but by the might of our divinity,
no evil shall befall this humble home;
but you must come, and follow as we climb
the summit of this mountain!’
“Both obeyed,
and leaning on their staves toiled up the steep.
Not farther from the summit than the flight
of one swift arrow from a hunter's how,
they paused to view their little home once more;
and as they turned their eyes, they saw the fields
around their own engulfed in a morass,
although their own remained,—and while they wept
bewailing the sad fate of many friends,
and wondered at the change, they saw their home,
so old and little for their simple need—
put on new splendor, and as it increased
it changed into a temple of the gods.
Where first the frame was fashioned of rude stakes
columns of marble glistened, and the thatch
gleamed golden in the sun, and legends carved,
adorned the doors. And al] the ground shone white
with marble rich, and after this was done,
the Son of Saturn said with gentle voice,
‘Now tell us, good old man and you his wife,
worthy and faithful, what is your desire?’
“Philemon counselled with old Baucis first;
and then discovered to the listening Gods
their hearts' desire, ‘We pray you let us have
the care of your new temple; and since we
have passed so many years in harmony,
let us depart this life together— Let
the same hour take us both—I would not see
the tomb of my dear wife; and let me not
be destined to be buried by her hands!’
“At once their wishes were fulfilled. So long
as life was granted they were known to be
the temple's trusted keepers, and when age
had enervated them with many years,
as they were standing, by some chance, before
the sacred steps, and were relating all
these things as they had happened, Baucis saw
Philemon, her old husband, and he, too,
saw Baucis, as their bodies put forth leaves;
and while the tops of trees grew over them,
above their faces, — they spoke each to each;
as long as they could speak they said, ‘Farewell,
farewell, my own’—and while they said farewell;
new leaves and branches covered both at once.
“The people of Tyana still point out
two trees which grew there from a double trunk,
two forms made into one. Old truthful men,
who have no reason to deceive me, told
me truly all that I have told to you,
The transformation of Philemon and Baucis.

�Meanwhile the old couple noticed that, as soon as the mixing bowl was empty, it refilled itself, unaided, and the wine appeared of its own accord. They were fearful at this strange and astonishing sight, and timidly Baucis and Philemon murmured a prayer, their palms upwards, and begged the gods� forgiveness for the meal, and their unpreparedness. They had a goose, the guard for their tiny cottage: as hosts they prepared to sacrifice it for their divine guests. But, quick-winged, it wore the old people out and, for a long time, escaped them, at last appearing to take refuge with the gods themselves. Then the heaven-born ones told them not to kill it. �We are gods,� they said, �and this neighbourhood will receive just punishment for its impiety, but to you we grant exemption from that evil. Just leave your house, and accompany our steps, as we climb that steep mountainside together.�

They both obeyed, and leaning on their sticks to ease their climb, they set foot on the long slope. When they were as far from the summit as a bowshot might carry, they looked back, and saw everywhere else vanished in the swamp: only their own roof was visible. And while they stood amazed at this, mourning their neighbours� fate, their old cottage, tiny even for the two of them, turned into a temple. Wooden poles became pillars, and the reed thatch grew yellow, until a golden roof appeared, richly carved doors, and a marble pavement covering the ground. Then the son of Saturn spoke, calmly, to them: �Ask of us, virtuous old man, and you, wife, worthy of a virtuous husband, what you wish.�

When he had spoken briefly with Baucis, Philemon revealed their joint request to the gods. �We ask to be priests and watch over your temple, and, since we have lived out harmonious years together, let the same hour take the two of us, so that I never have to see my wife�s grave, nor she have to bury me.� The gods� assurance followed the prayer. They had charge of the temple while they lived: and when they were released by old age, and by the years, as they chanced to be standing by the sacred steps, discussing the subject of their deaths, Baucis saw Philomen put out leaves, and old Philemon saw Baucis put out leaves, and as the tops of the trees grew over their two faces, they exchanged words, while they still could, saying, in the same breath: �Farewell, O dear companion�, as, in the same breath, the bark covered them, concealing their mouths.

The people of Bithynia still show the neighbouring trees, there, that sprang from their two bodies. Trustworthy old men related these things to me (there was no reason why they should wish to lie). For my part, I saw garlands hanging from the branches, and placing fresh ones there said: �Let those who love the gods become gods: let those who have honoured them, be honoured.� �

Σώζεται πρός τούτοις παρά Κελίῳ Καλκαγνίνῳ τῷ Συγγραφεῖ ἐξαίρετος ἀλληγορία τῆς παρούσης Μύθου. Οὗτος δὲ λέγει ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Πρωτέως εἰκονίζεται ἡ ἀλήθεια, ἡ ὁποία ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οὖσα κεκρυμμένη, δὲν ἀνακαλύπτεται εὐκόλως. Διὰ τοῦτο, λέγει, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς κοιμᾶται εἰς ἀπήλαιον, καὶ ὅταν ληφθῇ, λύει τὰς προσερχομένων περὶ σποιείας· ὅτι μετεβάλλετο εἰς διαφόρας μορφὰς, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν ὁ ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς διὰ τοὺς συλλογισμοὺς κατατρυχήσει εἰς τὴν ἐρεύνην τῆς ἀληθείας, συναπτέται διὰ φάσματα φαντασιωματικὰ, παρομοιάζοντα τὴν ἀλήθειαν, δηλαδὴ πολλὰς γνώμας ψευδεῖς, αἱ ὁποῖαι μᾶς ἀπαντῶσι (διότι ὑποβρυχάδουσαν ὡς ἀληθῆ πολλὰ φράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι δὲν εἰ παιδία εἰς σφαίραν τῶν πνευμάτων) παιδία δὲ αἱ παιδίαι, πολλάκις εἶναι τέρατα τέρατα παν παράδεντα καπ σύτη, μὴ παύσαντες νὰ τὰ πολεμῶμεν, ἕως εὑρῶμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν.

Ἄλλοι ἀμαρτῶσι τὸν Μῦθον εἰς τὴν Φύσιν, ἡ ὁποία γεννᾷ τόσα εἴδη ζώων, ὥστε φαίνεται νὰ λαμβάνῃ τόσας μορφάς, ὅσα ἐκφύει σώματα. Ἄλλοι δὲ τινὲς τῶν πεπαιδευμένων λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον Φιλόσοφος, καὶ ἔμαθε πολλὰ περὶ φυσικῆς Φιλοσοφίας, περὶ φυτῶν, ἢ λίθων, ἢ περὶ φύσεως ζώων, καὶ μεταβολῆς Στοιχείων, ἢ ὅτι τὰ Στοιχεῖα ὡς ἀρχαὶ πάντων τῶν πραγμάτων, μεταβάλλονται εἰς δένδρα, φυτά, ζῷα, καὶ ἄλλα· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Πρωτεὺς διελέγετο πολυσχόπως περὶ τούτων πάντων, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώνετο εἰς πᾶσαν μορφήν. Ἐπεκλήθη δὲ ἡ Θεῖος, ἐπειδὴ προέλεγε πολλάκις τὰ μέλλοντα διὰ τῆς γνώσεως τῆς ἀερίνου, ἢ τῆς ἀστρονομικῆς του παρατηρήσεως. Ἄλλοι δοξάζουσιν ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς μετεχειρίζετο τὴν μαγείαν, δι' ἧς ἐμφαινόταν εἰς διαφόρους μορφάς, καὶ ὅτ' αὐτὸς ἠδύνατο νὰ εἶναι ἄλλος διὰ τὴν γνῶσιν τῆς ἀρχαίας τῆς.

Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον φρόνιμός τις Πολιτικός, ἐπιστήδειος εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀρκ

ὠφελιμώτερον εἰς τὴν διοίκησιν τῆς Ἐπικρατείας, ἢ εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν ἰδιωτικὴν πολιτείαν, ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπιτήδευσιν ἢ ἀσφαλείαν τῶν νόμων· ἢ ὁποῖα χρησιμεύει κατὰ πολλὰ εἰς πάσας μετάστασις πρὸς ἐπιτυχίαν τῆς ὑποθέσεως. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀληθῶς ὅτι ὅλοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὲν ἔχουσι μίαν ἢ τὴν αὐτὴν κλίσιν, μήτε πείθονται μὲ τὰ αὐτὰ μέσα, εἶναι ἀνάγκη ὅτι οἱ φρόνιμοι Πολιτικοὶ νὰ εἰσχωρῶσιν ὑπὸ διαφόρου μορφῆς εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν ἢ εὐσίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι ὁποῦ μεταχειρίζονται Ἀκαδημίας, ἢ νὰ σχηματίζωνται Μαγγανεῖα κατὰ τῆς κυβερνήσεως τῆς Πολιτείας· διὰ τοῦτο κατὰ τὰ πράγματα ποτὲ μὲν μεταλέστα ἢ ἐπίπεδα, ποτὲ δὲ ἢ αὐστηρά, καὶ ποὺ τὸ διηγεῖται ὁ Πρωτέας, ὅ τις μεταμορφώνεται ποτὲ μὲν εἰς πῦρ, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς ὕδωρ, καὶ ἄλλοτε μὲν εἰς δένδρον καρποφόρον, ἄλλοτε δὲ εἰς τρομακτικὸν θηρίον, ἵνα ὑποδειχθῇ ὅτι ὁ Ἄρχων, ἢ Διοικητὴς μιᾶς πολιτείας πρέπει νὰ εὑρίσκῃ κατὰ τὰς ἀφορμὰς καὶ περιστάσεις νὰ μεταχειρίζεται τὸ γλυκύ, ἢ τὸ αὐστηρόν, καὶ νὰ παρακινῇ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους νὰ κάμνειν τὸ χρέος των· ἢ νὰ ὑπομακρυνθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν· δηλαδὴ νὰ διανέμῃ τὰς τιμωρίας, καὶ τὰς ἀντιμισθίας κατὰ Δικαιοσύνην. Πρὸς τὸ διασαφηθῇ τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲν ὑποβλέπει μόνον τὴν πολιτικὴν Διοίκησιν, ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς τὴν ζωὴν ὅλου τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Καὶ βέβαια δὲν πρέπει ὁ ἄνθρωπος νὰ ζῇ πάντοτε κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τε καὶ ἀρεσκείαν, ὥστε νὰ ἀκολουθῇ πάντοτε τοῦ αὐτοῦ δρόμον· δὲν πρέπει νὰ εἶναι πάντοτε εὔθυμος, οὔτε πάντοτε αὐστηρός, ἀλλὰ πρέπει νὰ διατηρῇ τὸν ἁρμόδιον καιρὸν διὰ τὸ ἕν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἄλλο. Τέλος νομίζω ὅτι μὲ τοιαῦτα πλάσματα ἄλλο τι δὲν ἦτον παρὰ μόνον ὅπως ἐν ἄλλῳ ὁ Πρόδικος λέγων τὸ ΜΗΔΕΝ ΑΓΑΝ ΑΓΑΝ διότι ἡ ὀξύτης ἐν διακρίσει τῶν πραγμάτων

ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.

Περὶ τῶν διαφόρων μεταβολῶν τῆς Μήτρας, ἤ περὶ τῆς ποινῆς τοῦ Ἑρυσιχθῶνος.

Βλέπουσα ἡ Μήτρα τὸν πατέρα τῆς Ἑρυσιχθῶνα βασανιζόμενον ὑπὸ ἀχορτάστου πείνης, διὰ τὶ ἔκοψε δρῦν ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὴν Δημήτραν, παρεκάλεσε τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, τὸν ποτὲ ἐρασθέντα, καὶ ἔλαβε παρ' αὐτοῦ τὴν χάριν νὰ μεταμορφώνεσθαι κατ' ἀρεσκείαν της. Οὕτως ὁ Ἑρυσιχθῶν τὴν ἐπώλησε πολλάκις. διὰ δὲ ἀγοράση τὰ ἀγοῦ του, ἤ τῶν ἐπανευρίσκη ἐν ἀναπολλοίοις προσέθει ἐπίλη λιμοφαγίη γ ὠδύσση δῶα τον δασκέλιυ της. ἄλλ' ὕστερον φυλροδέσης της ἀπάσης, ὁ ἄθλιος πατὴρ ἐναγκάσθη νὰ φάγη τὰ ἴδια μέλη, τροφοφόρων ἔτσι τὰς ἀσθενείας τὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν.

Ἡ δ' Μῆτρα ἡ τοῦ Ἑρυσιχθῶνος θυγάτηρ εἶχε παρ' αὐτῆς τῆς πολυμορφίας τὴν δύναμιν, ὡς ὁ Πρωτέας. Ὁ πατήρ της κατεφρόνουν πάντοτε τὴν θεὰν, ποτὲ δὲ τῆς ἐπροσέφερε θυσίαν· μάλιστα λέγεται νὰ ἔκοψε ἤ να δᾶσος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὴν Δημήτραν, καὶ τὸ ὁυλαβοῦντο παλαιόθεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Εὑρίσκετο εἰς αὐτὸ καὶ παλαιὰ Δρῦς, ἡ ὁποία μόνη της ἐσχημάτιζεν ἄλλο δᾶσος, ἤ ἦταν πάντοτε φορτωμένη ἀπὸ στεφάνους, καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ ἀναθήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα σαφηδίως ἐμαρτύρουν ὅτι ὁ τόπος ἐκεῖνος ἦταν ἅγιος, καὶ ἱερός. Πολλάκις αἱ Δρυάδες Νύμφαι ἐνέπαιζον εἰς

τῶν σκιῶν τε δεσδρε, ἢ ἐμέξειν ποῦδάνιες τὸ μέγεϑός του, περιβάλλόμενα: αὐτὸ τῆ τῆς χερῶν συμπληῆ. Η περιφέρει τε ὕπον δεκαποῦτε ὀργῶν, κ εἶχε περισσότερα χόρτα, παρὰ ὅλον τὸ δάσος. Με ὅλον τοῦτο δεν ἀφλαβῆ τῶ δρύν ὁ Ἐρισύχθων περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα δεσδρε· ἀλλ ἐπρόσταξε τοὺς δούλες τε νὰ τῶν κατεδαρίσωσι, κἀϑ ὁρῶν ὅτι ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ τε ὑπακούσωσι, κ δεῖ ἐτόλμων νὰ ἐργήξουν τῶν δρύν, ἦ πασει αὐτὸς τὸν πέλεκον ἐκ τῆς δούλων τε, παροφέρων τὰς ἀσεβείας τέτες λόγες· „ἔστω ἡ δρῦς αὕτη ὄχι μόνον ἀγάπητὴ εἰς τῶ Δήμητραν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔξω κἂν ἡ Θεὰ αὑτη, δεῖ μέλιες μοι, Θέλω τὴν κάψω διόλου, ὥστε νὰ πέση εἰς τὸ γῆν". Εἴπε, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἐσώπιανε τον πέλεκυν, τὸ δεσδρον ἄρχησε νὰ τρέμη, ἔσχεδίασε στεναγμόν, κ αἱ βάλανοι, οἱ κλάδοι, κἀϑ τὰ φύλλα του ἄχησαν. Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπαν ὁ ἀσεβὴς ἐπλήγωσε τὸ δεσδρον τον πέλεκον, ἐβγῆκεν ἀπὸ τὴν χισμημένην φλόδαν τόσσον αἵμα, ὅσον βγαίνει ἀπὸ τοῦ λαιμοῦ ἑνὸς θυσιαζομένου ταύρου. Ὅλοι ἔμειναν ἐκστατικοὶ ὅσοι εἶδον τὸ πράγμα, καί τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπλήμμησε νὰ κρατήση τῆς χείρα τοῦ Ἐρυσίχθωνος, διὰ νὰ τον ἐμποδίση ἀπὸ τὸ ἀνόσιον ἔργον· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνος ἐστράφη ἀγρίως ἐναντίον τε, κ ἀφήνων τὸ δεσδρον „λάβε, λέγει τε, τῆς ἀσσεβείας σου τὴν ἀνταμοιβήν‟. Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸν ἀπεκεφάλισε, στρεφόμενος ἔπειτα κατὰ τῆς δρυὸς πάλιν. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ βιαίως τὴν ἐντύπα, ἀγωνιζόμενος νὰ τὴν κατεδαρίση, ἐξεβήκεν ἐξ αὐτῆς φωνὴ λέγεσσα· „δεῖ πλήττες ὄχι δέσδρον, ἀλλὰ Νύμφην ἀγαπητῶ τῆ Δημέτρα, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφύλαττον ἡ Θεὰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ δεσδρον· ἀλλ᾽

725Desierat cunctosque et res et moverat auctor,
Thesea praecipue. Quem facta audire volentem
mira deum, innixus cubito Calydonius amnis
talibus adloquitur: “Sunt, o fortissime, quorum
forma semel mota est et in hoc renovamine mansit,
730sunt, quibus in plures ius est transire figuras,
ut tibi, complexi terram maris incola, Proteu.
Nam modo te iuvenem, modo te videre leonem;
nunc violentus aper, nunc, quem tetigisse timerent,
anguis eras, modo te faciebant cornua taurum.
735Saepe lapis poteras, arbor quoque saepe videri;
interdum, faciem liquidarum imitatus aquarum,
flumen eras, interdum undis contrarius ignis.
Nec minus Autolyci coniunx, Erysichthone nata,
iuris habet. Pater huius erat, qui numina divum
740sperneret et nullos aris adoleret odores.
Ille etiam Cereale nemus violasse securi
dicitur et lucos ferro temerasse vetustos.
Stabat in his ingens annoso robore quercus,
una nemus; vittae mediam memoresque tabellae
745sertaque cingebant, voti argumenta potentis.
Saepe sub hac dryades festas duxere choreas,
saepe etiam manibus nexis ex ordine trunci
circuiere modum, mensuraque roboris ulnas
quinque ter implebat. Nec non et cetera tantum
750silva sub hac, silva quantum fuit herba sub omni.
Non tamen idcirco ferrum Triopeius illa
abstinuit famulosque iubet succidere sacrum
robur; et ut iussos cunctari vidit, ab uno
edidit haec rapta sceleratus verba securi:
755“Non dilecta deae solum, sed et ipsa licebit
sit dea, iam tanget frondente cacumine terram.”
Dixit, et obliquos dum telum librat in ictus,
contremuit gemitumque dedit Deoia quercus:
et pariter frondes, pariter pallescere glandes
760coepere ac longi pallorem ducere rami.
Cuius ut in trunco fecit manus impia vulnus,
haud aliter fluxit discusso cortice sanguis,
quam solet, ante aras ingens ubi victima taurus
concidit, abrupta cruor e cervice profundi.
765Obstipuere omnes, aliquisque ex omnibus audet
deterrere nefas saevamque inhibere bipennem.
Adspicit hunc “mentis” que “piae cape praemia!” dixit
Thessalus, inque virum convertit ab arbore ferrum
detruncatque caput repetitaque robora caedit,
770redditus et medio sonus est de robore talis:
“Nympha sub hoc ego sum Cereri gratissima ligno,
quae tibi factorum poenas instare tuorum
vaticinor moriens, nostri solacia leti.”
Persequitur scelus ille suum, labefactaque tandem
775ictibus innumeris adductaque funibus arbor
corruit et multam prostravit pondere silvam.
and I have seen the votive wreaths hung from
the branches of the hallowed double-tree.
And one time, as I hung fresh garlands there,
I said, ‘Those whom the Gods care for are Gods!
And those who worshiped are now worshiped here.’”
He ceased, and this miraculous event,
and he who told it, had astonished them.
But Theseus above all. The hero asked
to hear of other wonders wrought by Gods.
The Calydonian River-God replied,
and leaning on one elbow, said to him:
“There are, O valiant hero, other things
whose forms once-changed as these, have so remained,
but there are some who take on many shapes,
as you have, Proteus, dweller of the deep—
the deep whose arms embrace the earth. For some
have seen you as a youth, then as a lion,
a furious boar one time, a serpent next,
so dreadful to the touch—and sometimes horns
have made you seem a bull—or now a stone,
or now a tree, or now a slipping stream,
or even—the foe of water—next a fire.”
Now Erysichthon's daughter, Mestra, had
that power of Proteus—she was called the wife
of deft Autolycus.—Her father spurned
the majesty of all the Gods, and gave
no honor to their altars. It is said
he violated with an impious axe
the sacred grove of Ceres, and he cut
her trees with iron. Long-standing in her grove
there grew an ancient oak tree, spread so wide,
alone it seemed a standing forest; and
its trunk and branches held memorials,
as, fillets, tablets, garlands, witnessing
how many prayers the goddess Ceres granted.
And underneath it laughing Dryads loved
to whirl in festal dances, hand in hand,
encircling its enormous trunk, that thrice
five ells might measure; and to such a height
it towered over all the trees around,
as they were higher than the grass beneath.
But Erysichthon, heedless of all things,
ordered his slaves to fell the sacred oak,
and as they hesitated, in a rage
the wretch snatched from the hand of one an axe,
and said, “If this should be the only oak
loved by the goddess of this very grove,
or even were the goddess in this tree,
I'll level to the ground its leafy head.”
So boasted he, and while he swung on high
his axe to strike a slanting blow, the oak
beloved of Ceres, uttered a deep groan
and shuddered. Instantly its dark green leaves
turned pale, and all its acorns lost their green,
and even its long branches drooped their arms.
But when his impious hand had struck the trunk,
and cut its bark, red blood poured from the wound,—
as when a weighty sacrificial bull
has fallen at the altar, streaming blood
spouts from his stricken neck. All were amazed.
And one of his attendants boldly tried
to stay his cruel axe, and hindered him;
but Erysichthon, fixing his stern eyes
upon him, said, “Let this, then, be the price
of all your pious worship!” So he turned
the poised axe from the tree, and clove his head
sheer from his body, and again began
to chop the hard oak. From the heart of it
these words were uttered; “Covered by the bark
of this oak tree I long have dwelt a Nymph,
beloved of Ceres, and before my death
it has been granted me to prophesy,
that I may die contented. Punishment
for this vile deed stands waiting at your side.”
No warning could avert his wicked arm.
Erysichthon fells Ceres�s sacred oak tree

Lelex finished, and the tale and the teller of it had moved them all, Theseus particularly.� He wished to hear more of the marvellous acts of the gods. Achelo�s, the river-god of Calydon, leaning on his elbow, said: �Hero, there are those who, once changed in form, retain that transformation: there are others who are allowed to transmute into many shapes: you, for instance, Proteus, inhabitant of the earth-encircling sea. A moment ago they saw you as a young man, then as a lion: now as a raging boar, then as a serpent, they fear to touch: and, in a moment, horns revealed you as a bull. Often you might have appeared as a stone, often, also, as a tree: sometimes, you formed the likeness of running water, and became a river: sometimes fire, water�s opposite.�

Mestra, Erysichthon�s daughter, the wife of Autolycus, had no less power. Her father was a man scornful of the gods, who burnt no incense on their altars. Erysichthon, it is said, once violated the grove of Ceres with an axe, and desecrated the ancient woods with iron. Within them stood a great oak, massive with the years, a sacred grove in itself: strands of wool, wreaths of flowers and votive tablets surrounded it, evidence of prayers granted. Often beneath it the Dryads held their festive dances: often, also, linking hands, in line, they circled its trunk�s circumference, its massive girth measuring fifteen arm�s-lengths round. The other trees were not less far below it than the grass was far below all of them. Triopas�s son would not hold back the blade, even for those reasons, commanding his servants to fell the sacred oak.

When he saw them hesitating at the order, the wretched man snatched the axe from one of them, saying: �Though this be, itself, the goddess, not just what the goddess loves, now its leafy crown will meet the earth.� As he spoke, while he balanced the blade, for the slanting stroke, Ceres�s oak-tree trembled all over and gave a sigh, and at the same time its acorns and its leaves began to whiten, and its long branches grew pale. And, when his impious hand made a gash in the trunk, blood poured out of its damaged bark, like the crimson tide from its severed neck, when the mighty bull falls, in sacrifice, before the altar.

All stood astonished, and one of them tried bravely to prevent the evil, and hinder the barbarous double-edged weapon. But the Thessalian glared at him, saying: �Here�s the prize for your pious thought!� and swinging his blade at the man not the tree, struck his head from his trunk. He was hewing at the oak-tree repeatedly, when the sound of a voice came from inside the oak, chanting these words:

�I am a nymph, most dear to Ceres,

�under the surface of this wood,

�who prophesy to you, as I die,

�that punishment will follow blood:

�out of my ruin, the only good.�

But he pursued his course of evil, and at last, weakened by innumerable blows, and dragged down by ropes, the tree fell, its weight cutting a swathe through the wood.�

„καὶ παρηγόρησαν τοῦ Θανάτου μου". Δὲν ἐτρόμα- ξε μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων, ἀλλὰ πολλαπλα- σιάζων τὰς πληγάς, καὶ δείνοντας καὶ χτυπία εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τῆς δρυός, τέλος κατεδάφισεν αὐτὸ τὸ μεγαλώ- πρεπον δένδρον, τὸ ὁποῖον μὲ τὸ πέσιμόν του ἐπήρμησε καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ. Αἱ Δρυάδες διὰ τὸν Θάνατον τῆς ἀ- δελφῆς των, ἐνεδύθησαν μαῦρα τὰ ῥοῦχα, καὶ ὑπή- γαν πρὸς τὴν Δήμητρα νὰ τῇ ζητήσουν ἐκδίκησιν διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τοῦ Ἐρυσίχθωνος. Παρακινηθεῖσα λοι- πὸν ἡ Θεὰ ἀπὸ τὰ λύπη των, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς δεήσεις των, ὑπεχώρει νὰ τὰς δικαιώσῃ, καὶ διὰ νὰ δείξῃ τὴν αὐτὴν τὴν ἀγανάκτησίν της διὰ τὸν Θάνατον τῆς Νύ- μφης, ἔτιναξε μὲ σεισμὸν μεγάλον τὰ χωράφια, τὰ τό- τε σκεπασμένα ἀπὸ καρπούς, καὶ ἐσκοχάζετο μὲ ποίον σκληρότατον εἶδος ποινῆς νὰ παιδεύσῃ τὸν ἀσεβῆ· εὐ- ρίσκετο ὅμως ποιὰ ἀντάξιος πρὸς τιμωρίαν ἢ ἡ ἐκ Θεοῦ πλουτῆ καταφρονητή. Ἀπεφάσισε λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν θα- νατώσῃ, διὰ τῆς πείνας· ἐπειδὴ ἡ Δήμητρα, ἢ ἡ Πεί- να δὲν συμφωνοῦσι, δὲν ὑπῆγε προσωπικῶς νὰ εὕρῃ τὴν ἰσχνὸν ἐκείνην Θεάν, ἀλλὰ προσκαλέσασα μίαν τῶν Ὀρεάδων Νυμφῶν, τῇ ἐλάλησεν οὕτω· „Κεῖται „εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς Σκυθίας μία γῆ ἄκαρπος καὶ „λυπηρὰ, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν δὲν φαίνονται οὔτε δένδρα, „οὔτε καρποί, ἀλλ᾿ εἶναι ἐκεῖσε πανομοίως τὸ χρῦς, „ἡ τὸ κατοίκισιν ἡ ὠχρότης, ὁ τρόμος, ἡ ἡ πείνα. „Ὕπαγε εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον, ἢ πρόταξε ἐκ μέρους „μου τὴν Πείναν νὰ ἐμβῇ εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ ἱεροσύ- „λου Ἐρυσίχθωνος, καὶ νὰ τὸν κυνεύσῃ εἰς τρόπον, „ὥστε νὰ μὴ δυνηθῇ ποτὲ νὰ τὴν νικήσῃ, ἢ νὰ τὴν „ἀποδιώξῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμά του· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ δειλιάσῃς „τὸ πολὺ διάστ

ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 467

,,καὶ οἱ δράκοντες μὲ θέλουσι σὲ φέρῃ ἐκεῖ ὄντος ὀλί- ,,γες''. Ἡ Νύμφη λοιπὸν ἀνέβη εὐθὺς εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἁμάξιον, ᾗ ἔφθασε ταχέως εἰς τὴν Σκυθίαν, καὶ ἔ- λυσαν ἀπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τοὺς δράκοντας εἰς τοῦ Καυ- κάσου κορυφήν. Ἔπειτα ὑπῆγε νὰ ζητήσῃ τὴν Πεῖναν, ᾗ εὗρεν αὐτὴν εἰς πετρώδῃ πεδιάδι, ὅπου ἔπασχε νὰ ξερίζῃσῃ μὲ τοὺς ὀδόντας καὶ μὲ τὰ ὀνύχια της ὀλίγον χορτάρι, τὸ ὁποῖον μόλις ἐφαίνετο εἰς κάμμιαν γω- νίαν. Αὕτη ἦτον δασύμαλλος, κοιλόφθαλμος, ᾗ ὠχρὸν τὸ πρόσωπον· τὰ χείλη της ἦσαν πελιδνὰ ᾗ πικρὰ, ᾗ τὰ ὀδόντια της μεγάλα ᾗ σκουριασμένα. Σκληρὸν ἦτον τὸ δέρμα της, δι' οὗ ἐφαίνοντο τὰ ἐντερά της, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶχε παντελῶς κρέας, ἠδύναντο νὰ με- τρῇ δώσῃν ἐξ ὀκολίας ὅλα της τὰ κοκκάλα, καὶ ἀντὶ κοιλίας, εἶχε μόνον τῆς κοιλίας τὸν τόπον. Ἐκρέμαν- το τὰ βυζιά της ὥσαν ξηρὸν δέρμα, καὶ ὅλον τὸ μέγε- θος τῆς λεπτῆς ῥάχεως της ἐφαίνετο ὅτι βαστᾶτο μόνον ἀπὸ τὴν ῥαχίαν. Ἡ ἰσχνότης ηὔξανε τὰ ἄρθρα τῶν με- λῶν της, ᾗ τὰ γονατά της πρὸς τοὺς μηροὺς ᾗ τὰ σκέλη ἐφαίνοντο φουσωμένα, καθὼς ᾗ οἱ ἀστράγαλοι τῶν πο- δῶν της. Δὲν ἐθάρρησεν ἡ Νύμφη νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς αὐτήν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐφανέρωσε μακρόθεν τὴν θέλησίν ᾗ προσευχὴν τῆς Δημήτρας· ὅμως ἂν ᾗ τῇ ἐλάλησε μα- κρόθεν, ᾗ διέβη ἐκεῖ πολλὰ ὀλίγον, μὲ ὅλον ταῦτα ᾐσθάνθησεν ὅτι ἤρχισε νὰ πεινάσῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖν- αν, ἔσπευσε μετὰ ἁσθενοῦς τῆς δράκοντας, κατευθύνασα αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν. Ἂν ᾗ ἡ Πεῖνα εἶναι φύ- σει ἐναντία τῇ Δημήτρᾳ, ὅμως ὑπήκουσεν εἰς τὴν προστα- γήν της, ᾗ εὐθὺς ἀνέβη

Ἐρυσίχθων, καὶ ἄρουσα αὐτὸν ἀποποιησιμένον (ἐπειδή ποτε ἦτον νύμφα) τοῦ περιέλαβεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της, ἀνέβαλεν ἑαυτῆς εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα, διεχύθη ὅλη εἰς τὰς φλέβας της, κ᾽ ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἐπλήρωσε ποιοῦντος ὁπῶς τὴν παροσταγὴν τῆς Θεᾶς, κατέλιπε τὸν εὔκαρπον ἐκείνου τόπον, κ᾽ κατέφυγεν εἰς τὰς ἐρήμους της.

Ἐν τοσούτῳ ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων, ὅστις ἔτι ἐκοιμᾶτο, δυσπιάζεται ὅτι πεινᾶ, ζητεῖ βοφὴν, κινεῖ τὸ στόμα, ὡς νὰ ἔτρωγεν ἀληθῶς, ἀσκεῖ τοὺς ὀδόντας του, παροξύνει τὴν ὄρεξίν του μὲ φαντασιώδη φαγητὰ, κ᾽ κατεπίνει τὸν ἀέρα, νομίζων νὰ τρώγῃ τι.

Ὅταν δὲ ἐξύπνησε, δὲν ἐπαύσησες ὀλιγώτερον, καὶ κατέλαβον ὅτι τὸ ὄνειρόν του ἦτον ἀληθὲς, ἐπειδὴ μία ἄκρα ἐπιθυμία βορῆς διέφθειρε τὰ ἔντερά του.

Ἐπιθυμεῖ λοιπὸν ὅσα ὁ ἀήρ, ἡ θάλασσα, καὶ ἡ γῆ δύνανται νὰ δώσειν πρὸς βοφὴν, κ᾽ μὲ ὅλα τὰ πλουσιοπάροχα κ᾽ διάφορα φαγητὰ, ὅσα ἐφέρθησαν εἰς τὰς τραπέζας του, αὐτὸς πάντοτε παραπονεῖται ὅτι πεινᾶ.

Ἂν δὲ γεμίσωσιν αἱ τράπεζαι, πάλιν ζητεῖ περισσότερα, κ᾽ ὅσα ἤθελαν εἶναι ἀρκετὰ διὰ μίαν πόλιν, κ᾽ δι᾽ ἓν ὁλόκληρον βασίλειον, δὲν ἀρκοῦσιν εἰς ὅλως μόνον ἄνθρωπον.

Καθὼς κατεπίνει ἡ θάλασσα ὅλους τοὺς ποταμοὺς τῆς γῆς, χωρεῖς νὰ χορτάσῃ ποτὲ μὲ ὅλα τὰ ὕδατα, ὅσα δέχεται εἰς τοὺς κόλπους της· καθὼς τὸ πῦρ δὲν ἔχει ποτὲ ἀρκετὸν ὕλην, μάλιστα αὐξάνει περισσότερον μὲ τὴν περισσίαν, οὕτω καὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ ἱεροσύλου Ἐρυσίχθονος δέχεται τὴν βρῶσιν, κ᾽ ἐν ταὐτῇ ζητεῖ πάλιν ἄλλην βρῶσιν.

Ὅσα ξάγει δοὶ προξένησιν εἰς αὐτὸν ἄλλοτι ἀποτέλεσμα, εἰμὴ νέαν ὄρεξιν ξορῆς· κ' ὁ σόμαχος τῇ πσελσοίαν του, ἀλλὰ τῶ ἐδαπάνησε παντελῶς, χαρείς νὰ χορτάση τῶ πείναν τε, ἢ μάλλον εἰπεῖν τῶ ἀμειλικτον λύσαν τε, ἢ ὁποία πάντοτε τόν παροξύνει, ἤθ δεν δύναται νὰ τλῇ κατάπαυση. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν κατηνάλωσεν ὅλω τὰ πὺ ὑπάρχοντε, ἄλλο τι δεν τῷ ἤμενον εἰμὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ του, ἥτις ἦτον βέβαια ἀξία νὰ ἔχη ἄλλον πατέρα· ὅθεν ὁ ἄθλιος Ἐρυσίχθων ἠναγκάσθη νὰ πωλήση ϊθ αὐτήν διὰ νὰ τραφῇ· ἀλλ' ἡ κόρη ὡς ἔχουσα γενναῖα φρονήματα, δεν ἠδύνατο νὰ ὑποφέρη τῶ δουλείαν. Προσέδραμε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, ὅς τις ἦτον ποτὲ ἐραστὴς τῆς, ϊθ ἁπλώνησα πᾶς χεῖράς τῆς πρὸς τῶ θάλασσαν, τὰ ἐδέησθη ἕπως·,, ὦ Ποσείδων, Ποσείδων σὺ ὁ φέρων τὸ γέρας τῆς παρθενίας ,,μου, ἐλευθέρωσόν με ἀπὸ τῶ ἐκρυσίαν, τὰ δεσπότα ,,μου ''. Εἰσήκουσεν δι'ὑς ὁ Ποσειδῶν τῆς αἰτήσῆς τῆς, ϊ ἐν ὧ ξερείαν ὀλίγον ὁ κύριός τῆς αἰχμαλού τῆς ὀφθαλμοὺς του, αὕτη ἔξαφνα μετεβλήθη εἰς μορφήν ἁλιέως. Ὁ ἐν κύριός τῆς, ὁ ὁποῖος μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶχεν αὐτήν ὑπὸ ὀφθαλμόν, ἀπορήσε πῶς δεν τὴν ἔβλεπε πλέον, τῶ ζητᾶ εἰς καθὲ μέρος, ϊ εὑρίσκων καλῶ ἀφορίαν εἰς τὸν ἁλιέα, τὸν ἐρωτᾷ ἂν κατὰ τύχην εἶδε μίαν γυναῖκα μὲ ἀτελῆ φόρεμα·. ϊ μὲ ἀκαλλώπιστον κόμην ''. αὕτη ἦτον, λέγει, πρὸ ὀλίγου ἐδῶ ,,πλησίον τῷ αἰγιαλῷ· εἰπέ μοι, σὲ παρακαλῶ, ποῦ ,,εἶναι, δεν δύναται νὰ ὑπῆγε πολλὰ μακράν ''. Ἐνεπαῦσε ἡ κόρη ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρωτήσεων τὸ κύριός τῆς, ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν τὴν ἐβοήθησε, ϊ χαίρουσα ὅτι ἐξηπάτησε ὡς ϊ παροῦσα ,, ὅς τις ϊ ἄν εἶσαι, ἀπευθύνθη πρὸς τὸν ,,δεσπότην τῆς, παρακαλῶσε νὰ μὲ συμπαθήσῃς· ἐγὼ εἶχον προσηλωμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου εἰς τῶ ,,θάλασσαν, ϊ δεν προσέχον εἰς ἄλλοτι εἰμὴ εἰς τὸ ,,ἔρ-

Book VIII · ERYSICHTHON AND MESTRA

ERYSICHTHON AND MESTRA

Attonitae dryades damno nemorumque suoque,
omnes germanae, Cererem cum vestibus atris
maerentes adeunt poenamque Erysichthonis orant.
780Adnuit his capitisque sui pulcherrima motu
concussit gravidis oneratos messibus agros.
Moliturque genus poenae miserabile, si non
ille suis esset nulli miserabilis actis,
pestifera lacerare Fame. Quae quatenus ipsi
785non adeunda deae est (neque enim Cereremque Famemque
fata coire sinunt), montani numinis unam
talibus agrestem compellat oreada dictis:
“Est locus extremis Scythiae glacialis in oris,
triste solum, sterilis, sine fruge, sine arbore tellus;
790Frigus iners illic habitant Pallorque Tremorque
et ieiuna Fames. Ea se in praecordia condat
sacrilegi scelerata iube; nec copia rerum
vincat eam, superetque meas certamine vires.
Neve viae spatium te terreat, accipe currus,
795accipe quos frenis alte moderere dracones.”
Et dedit. Illa dato subvecta per aera curru
devenit in Scythiam rigidique cacumine montis
(Caucason appellant) serpentum colla levavit
quaesitamque Famem lapidoso vidit in agro
800unguibus et raras vellentem dentibus herbas.
Hirtus erat crinis, cava lumina, pallor in ore,
labra incana situ, scabrae rubigine fauces,
dura cutis, per quam spectari viscera possent;
ossa sub incurvis exstabant arida lumbis,
805ventris erat pro ventre locus, pendere putares
pectus et a spinae tantummodo crate teneri.
Auxerat articulos macies, genuumque tumebat
orbis, et inmodico prodibant tubere tali.
Hanc procul ut vidit (neque enim est accedere iuxta
810ausa), refert mandata deae: paulumque morata,
quamquam aberat longe, quamquam modo venerat illuc,
visa tamen sensisse famem retroque dracones
egit in Haemoniam, versis sublimis habenis.
Dicta Fames Cereris, quamvis contraria semper
815illius est operi, peragit. Perque aera vento
ad iussam delata domum est et protinus intrat
sacrilegi thalamos altoque sopore solutum
(noctis enim tempus) geminis amplectitur ulnis:
seque viro inspirat faucesque et pectus et ora
820adflat et in vacuis spargit ieiunia venis.
Functaque mandato fecundum deserit orbem
inque domos inopes adsueta revertitur antra.
Lenis adhuc somnus placidis Erysichthona pennis
mulcebat: petit ille dapes sub imagine somni
825oraque vana movet dentemque in dente fatigat
exercetque cibo delusum guttur inani
proque epulis tenues nequiquam devorat auras.
Ut vero est expulsa quies, furit ardor edendi
perque avidas fauces incensaque viscera regnat.
830Nec mora, quod pontus, quod terra, quod educat aer,
poscit et adpositis queritur ieiunia mensis
inque epulis epulas quaerit; quodque urbibus esse
quodque satis poterat populo, non sufficit uni,
plusque cupit, quo plura suam demittit in alvum.
835Utque fretum recipit de tota flumina terra
nec satiatur aquis peregrinosque ebibit amnes,
utque rapax ignis non umquam alimenta recusat
innumerasque faces cremat et, quo copia maior
est data, plura petit turbaque voracior ipsa est:
840sic epulas omnes Erysichthonis ora profani
accipiunt poscuntque simul. Cibus omnis in illo
causa cibi est, semperque locus fit inanis edendo.
Much weakened by his countless blows, the tree,
pulled down by straining ropes, gave way at last
and leveled with its weight uncounted trees
that grew around it. Terrified and shocked,
the sister-dryads, grieving for the grove
and what they lost, put on their sable robes
and hastened unto Ceres, whom they prayed,
might rightly punish Erysichthon's crime;—
the lovely goddess granted their request,
and by the gracious movement of her head
she shook the fruitful, cultivated fields,
then heavy with the harvest; and she planned
an unexampled punishment deserved,
and not beyond his miserable crimes—
the grisly bane of famine; but because
it is not in the scope of Destiny,
that two such deities should ever meet
as Ceres and gaunt Famine,—calling forth
from mountain-wilds a rustic Oread,
the goddess Ceres, said to her, “There is
an ice-bound wilderness of barren soil
in utmost Scythia, desolate and bare
of trees and corn, where Torpid-Frost, White-Death
and Palsy and Gaunt-Famine, hold their haunts;
go there now, and command that Famine flit
from there; and let her gnawing-essence pierce
the entrails of this sacrilegious wretch,
and there be hidden—Let her vanquish me
and overcome the utmost power of food.
Heed not misgivings of the journey's length,
for you will guide my dragon-bridled car
through lofty ether.”
And she gave to her
the reins; and so the swiftly carried Nymph
arrived in Scythia. There, upon the told
of steepy Caucasus, when she had slipped
their tight yoke from the dragons' harnessed necks,
she searched for Famine in that granite land,
and there she found her clutching at scant herbs,
with nails and teeth. Beneath her shaggy hair
her hollow eyes glared in her ghastly face,
her lips were filthy and her throat was rough
and blotched, and all her entrails could be seen,
enclosed in nothing but her shriveled skin;
her crooked loins were dry uncovered bones,
and where her belly should be was a void;
her flabby breast was flat against her spine;
her lean, emaciated body made
her joints appear so large, her knobbled knees
seemed large knots, and her swollen ankle-bones
protruded.
When the Nymph, with keen sight, saw
the Famine-monster, fearing to draw near
she cried aloud the mandate she had brought
from fruitful Ceres, and although the time
had been but brief, and Famine far away,
such hunger seized the Nymph, she had to turn
her dragon-steeds, and flee through yielding air
and the high clouds;—at Thessaly she stopped.
Grim Famine hastened to obey the will
of Ceres, though their deeds are opposite,
and rapidly through ether heights was borne
to Erysichthon's home. When she arrived
at midnight, slumber was upon the wretch,
and as she folded him in her two wings,
she breathed her pestilential poison through
his mouth and throat and breast, and spread the curse
of utmost hunger in his aching veins.
When all was done as Ceres had decreed,
she left the fertile world for bleak abodes,
and her accustomed caves. While this was done
sweet Sleep with charming pinion soothed the mind
of Erysichthon. In a dreamful feast
he worked his jaws in vain, and ground his teeth,
and swallowed air as his imagined food;
till wearied with the effort he awoke
to hunger scorching as a fire, which burned
his entrails and compelled his raging jaws,
so he, demanding all the foods of sea
and earth and air, raged of his hunger, while
the tables groaned with heaps before him spread;
he, banqueting, sought banquets for more food,
and as he gorged he always wanted more.
The food of cities and a nation failed
to satisfy the cravings of one man.
The more his stomach gets, the more it needs —
even as the ocean takes the streams of earth,
although it swallows up great rivers drawn
from lands remote, it never can be filled
nor satisfied. And as devouring fire
its fuel refuses never, but consumes
unnumbered beams of wood, and burns for more
the more 'tis fed, and from abundance gains
increasing famine, so the raving jaws
of wretched Erysichthon, ever craved
all food in him, was on]y cause of food,
and what he ate made only room for more.
And after Famine through his gluttony
at last had wasted his ancestral wealth
his raging hunger suffered no decline,
and his insatiate gluttony increased.
When all his wealth at last was eaten up,
his daughter, worthy of a fate more kind,
alone was left to him and her he sold.
Descendant of a noble race, the girl
refusing to be purchased as a slave,
then hastened to the near shore of the sea,
and as she stretched her arms above the waves,
implored kind Neptune with her tears, “Oh, you
who have deprived me of virginity,
deliver me from such a master's power!”
Although the master, seeking her, had seen
Ceres sends Famine to Erysichthon

�All her sister Dryads, mourning and dressed in black, horrified at the forest�s loss and their own, went to Ceres, and begged her to punish Erysichthon. She assented, and, with a motion of her head, that most beautiful of goddesses stirred the fields, heavy with ripened grain. She devised a punishment to rouse men�s pity, if his actions had deserved any pity: to torment him with baleful Hunger. But since the goddess herself could not approach her (for fate does not allow Famine and Ceres to meet) she called for one of the mountain spirits, an Oread of wild places, and said to her: �There is a place at the furthest bounds of icy Scythia, with sombre, sterile ground, a land without crops or trees. Torpid Cold inhabits it, Fear and Trembling and barren Hunger. Order Famine to immure herself in the belly of that sacrilegious wretch, and let no plenty oust her, and let her overcome me in any trial of strength. So that the length of the journey does not worry you, take my chariot, take my winged dragons, and govern their bridles on high.� And she gave her the reins. The nymph came to Scythia, carried through the air, in the chariot she was given. On the summit of a frozen mountain chain (they call the Caucasus) she loosed the dragons� necks, and, searching for Famine, saw her in a field of stones, picking at the sparse grass with her nails and teeth. Her hair was matted, her eyes sunken, her face pallid: her lips were grey with mould, her throat with scabrous sores: through the hardened skin, her inner organs could be seen: dry bones stuck out beneath her hollow loins: her belly was only the excuse for a belly: her breastbone seemed to hang loosely, only held by the frame of her spine. Emaciation made the joints look large: the curve of her knees seemed swollen: and the ankles appeared as extravagant lumps.

When the Oread saw her, she relayed the goddess�s command, from a distance (since she did not dare to approach her), and though she only delayed an instant, and stayed far off, though she had only arrived there a moment before, she still seemed to feel the hunger. Changing course, high in the air, she directed the dragons towards Haemonia.

Famine carried out Ceres�s orders, though their tasks are ever opposed, and flew down through the eye of the wind to the appointed house. Straight away she entered the bedroom of the sacrilegious man, who was sunk in profound sleep (since it was night), and breathed herself into him, covering his throat, and chest, and lips, with her exhalations, and causing a lack of nourishment in his hollow veins. Completing her mission, she left the fertile lands, returning to the houses of poverty, and her customary caves.

Gentle Sleep still lulls Erysichthon, with his peaceful wings. He, in sleep, in imagination, dreams of feasts, closes his mouth on vacancy, grinds tooth on tooth, exercises his gluttony on insubstantial food, and, instead of a banquet, fruitlessly eats the empty air. But when indeed peace departs, a desperate desire to eat possesses his famished jaws and burning belly. Without a moment�s delay he calls out for whatever earth, air and sea produce, and at table complains of hunger, and in the midst of eating demands to eat. What would feed a city, or satisfy a people, is not enough for one. The more he puts away inside, the greater his desire. As the ocean receives the rivers of all the earth, and unfilled by the waters, swallows every wandering stream: as the devouring flames never refuse more fuel, burn endless timber, and look for more, the greater the piles they are given, more voracious themselves by being fed: so Erysichthon�s profane lips accept and demand all foods, in the same breath. All nourishment in him is a reason for nourishment, and always by eating he creates an empty void.�

„ἔργον με· ἄς με ὑστερήσσουσιν οἱ θαλάσσιοι Θεοὶ τῆς „βοηθείας των, ἐὰν ἐγὼ ἴδω σήμερον παρὰ τὴν αἰγια- „λὸν εἴτε αἷμα, ἢ ἄλλου γυναῖκα, πλέον ἐμοῦ". Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἀπαπαθεὶς ὁ γέρος της, ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὰς λόχας της, καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν· αὐτὴ δὲ ἀναλαβοῦσα τὴν παλαιὰν μορφὴν της, ἐπέστρεψε πρὸς τὸν πατέρα της.

Βλέπων ὁ Ἑρυσίχθων ὅτι ἡ Θυγάτηρ του εἶχε τὴν δύναμιν νὰ μεταμορφῶνται εἰς διαφόρες μορφές, τὴν ἐπώλησε πολλάκις, καὶ εἰς πολλὰς θεσιότας, ἀπὸ τοὺς ὁποίους ἐλάμβανε· ἔφαγε πάντοτε, μεταμορφουμένη ποτὲ μὲν εἰς ἵππον, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς πτηνόν, καὶ ἄλλοτε μὲν εἰς βοῦν, ἄλλοτε δὲ εἰς ἔλαφον· καὶ μὲ τοιαύτην ἀπάτην ἔτρεφε τὸν πατέρα της, ὄχι ὅμως κατὰ τὴν ὄρεξίν του καὶ πείναν. Ἀλλ' ἀφοῦ ἡ δύναμις τῆς φοβερᾶς νόσου ἀφαίρεσεν ὅλα τὰ μέσα, δι' ὧν ἐπορίζετο τὰ πρὸς ζωὴν, ἢ ἐφανερώθη ἡ ἐπαίνετη αὐτῇ τῆς Θυγατρός της, τότε ὁ ἄθλιος Ἑρυσίχθων ἠναγκάσθη νὰ γίνῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ βρῶσις, καὶ κατατρώγων ἕνα πρὸς ἕνα τὰ μέλη του, ἔφαγε πᾶν τὸ σῶμα του . . . . ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νὰ διαλίβω τόσην ὥραν, διηγούμενος ξένα μεταμορφώσεων παραδείγματα; Ἔχω καὶ ἐγὼ ὁ ἴδιος τὴν αὐτὴν δύναμιν (ἂν καὶ περιωρισμένη) νὰ μεταμορφώνω πολλάκις τὸ σῶμα μου· ἐπειδὴ ποτὲ μὲν φαίνομαι καθὼς τώρα με βλέπετε, ποτὲ δὲ σέρπω εἰς ὄφεως μορφὴν, ἢ ἄλλοτε γίνομαι ταῦρος, καὶ ὅλη μου ἡ δύναμις ἦτον εἰς τὰ κέρατα, ἕως οὗ τὰ εἶχον ἀμφότερα· ἀλλὰ τώρα σήμερον, ὡς βλέπετε, δὲν ἔχω παρὰ ἓν μόνον κέρας. Ταῦτα λέγων ὁ Ἀχελῷος κατενίχη ἀπὸ τῆς ἀναμνήσεως του.

ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.

Εἴτε ὅτι ἡ Μῆδεια ὑπὸ φαρμακολογίας, ὑπὸ Μηχανίας, ἡ ὁποῖα ἤξει τῆς μαγείας ἐλάμβανε ὀξύμορος μορφή, διλαδὴ ἀπατοῦσε τὰ ὁμμάτια τῶν θεατῶν, ὡς ἐκάμνεν ὁ βοσκὸς ἐκεῖνος, περὶ τῆς ὁποίας λαλεῖ ὁ Οὐιργίλιος εἰς τὰς αὐτὰς Ἐκλογάς· ἐπεὶ δὲν ἀπρέπει νὰ πιστεύῃ τις ὅτι οἱ γόητες καὶ μάγοι μεταβάλλουσι ἀληθῶς τὴν μορφήν, ἢ ἀναλαμβάνουσι πάλιν τὴν φυσικήν των, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀπατῶσι τὰ ὁμμάτια τῶν κυκλοπέων μὲ ὁράσεις καὶ μὲ ψέλματα· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔπρεπε νὰ χωρῇ ἔξω ἡ ψυχὴ ὑπὸ τὸ σῶμα· ἢ νὰ ἐμβαίνῃ εἰς ἄλλο· πλὴν αὕτη ἡ μετεμψύχωσις δὲν γίνεται δὲν ἀνταρτᾶ τὸ σῶμα, ἢ ὁ θάνατος δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰ μὴ ὁ χωρισμὸς τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα. Ἂν ἦσαν ἀληθείας εἰκόνες τοῦτο τὸ περίεργον· Καὶ ὁ Διογένης ὑποτίθεται ὅτι τοὺς παρίσταντο ἀληθῆ ἀλλ᾿ ἄρα ὑπῆρχαν πολλαὶ μηχαναὶ, ὅπου ἐνέβλεπον τὰ πράγματα καθὼς ἦσαν τοῦ ὄντι, ὅταν οἱ ἐπιληπτοὶ ἄνθρωποι ἐφαντάζοντο νὰ τὰ βλέπωσι κατ᾿ ἄλλον τρόπον· πλὴν τὸ ἔχει ὑπάρχει ἀληθῶς, θεωρεῖται ὅτι ὑπάρχει ἰσοῦν ὑπὸ τῆς καλῆς, ὅσον καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς κακῆς.

Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Μῆζα ἦτον φημισμένη πόρνη, καὶ ἐπειδὴ μετεχειρίζετο πολλὰ σχυλάσματα διὰ νὰ ἀπατᾶ τοὺς ἐραστάς της, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἐλάμβανε Θεῶν μορφή. Προσθέτουσι δὲ εἰς τοῦτο, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ἦλθεν εἰς ἕνα καιρόν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον δὲν ἦσαν ἔτι εἰς ἀρχαίαν τὰ ἀργύρεα, ἐλάμβανεν εἰς πληρωμὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐραστῶν της βόας, ἵππους, καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα· διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα τῇ ἐδίδοντο εἰς πληρωμήν.

Ἀλλὰ τῶν μεταξὺ δύο ἑρμηνειῶν, δὲν ἐγκαταλείπει ποτὲ τὴν ἐπηκολουθημένην τὴν βούλευσίν της, καὶ ἔχουσα καλῶς φυλαγμένον.

Ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων ἦτον Ἀσώπου, καὶ ἄνθρωπος, ὁποῖος διεπανίας ὅλα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, καὶ μὴ ἔχων δύο πράγματα παρὰ μίαν Θυγατέρα, πολλάκις ἠθέλησε νὰ τὴν παραδειγματίση διὰ χρήματα· ἀλλ' αὕτη ὡς φρόνιμος ἠτιμωμένη, ὡς δὲν διεσθορᾶ μεταβολῆς της εἰκονίζει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφύλαττε τὸν τιμὴν της μεταξὺ τῶν πονηρῶν ἔργων τοῦ πατρός της· ὥστε εἶναι σκοπὸς τοῦ Μύθου νὰ ὑποδείξη, ὅτι μία κόρη δύναται νὰ φυλαχθῆ φρόνιμος καὶ σώφρων μεταξὺ τῆς καταστάσεως καὶ ἐνδείας τοῦ οἴκου της, ἢ ὅτι μόνη ἡ καλὴ φρόνησις ἀρκεῖ πρὸς ἀσφάλειάν της.

Πρὸς τούτοις ἡ συμφορὰ τοῦ Ἑρμαφρωδίτου μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι ἡ πολυτέλεια ἢ ἀσωτία καταφθείρουσιν ὅλα τὰ πλούτη, καὶ ὅτι ἀφ' οὗ ἀφαιρέθῃ τις ἀπὸ τὴν κακὴν ἁρμονίαν, ἄν καὶ νὰ ᾖ ἀναγκάζεται πολλά- κις νὰ χρησιμεύῃ πάλιν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κακίαν, μεταχειριζόμενος τὰ ἴδιον ἀτίμημα μέσα. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τὴν σήμερον δείχνονται πολλοὶ Ἑρμαφρώδιτοι, ἀφήνοντες τὸν μυθώδη, ὡς στοχάζομαι τῆς ἀληθι- νῆς, εὐλογισμένοι ὅτι ἡ ἀπόλαυστος πολιτεία ἀφαιρεῖ ἔνδοξ δύας εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, γίνωνται πολλάκις οἱ ἄν- θρωποι παραδόντες διὰ κόρας ἀπὸ ἔνδοξα δὴν τέσσαρα, ἀλλ' ὀνείδη- τα, παρὰ μὲ τὰς διδασκαλίας. Διὰ τοῦτο Μουσικὸς χορὸς παρὰ τὰ Παυσανίᾳ ἐμαστίγωσε τοὺς μαθητὰς ποὺ νὰ ἤκουσαν ἄμουσόν τινα κιθαρῳδόν, ἐπειδὴ ἀκούοντες τὸν ἐλάμβανον μίσος ὥσπερ τὰ φαῦλα τῶν μέτρων, καὶ οὕτως ἤθελον τὰ ἀποφεύγῃ πάν- τοτε.

Λέγουσιν ὅτι διὰ τῆς τῆς Ἑρμαφρωδίτου πείνας ἐννοεῖται νόσος τις καλουμένη ἰατρικὴ πείνα, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι ἀδιάρρηκτος· καὶ ὅτι διὰ τῶν πολλῶν μεταμορφώσεων τῆς Μήστρας, εἰκονίζεται τὸ πλῆθος τῶν

Iamque fame patrias altaque voragine ventris
attenuarat opes, sed inattenuata manebat
845tum quoque dira fames, implacataeque vigebat
flamma gulae. Tandem, demisso in viscera censu,
filia restabat, non illo digna parente.
Hanc quoque vendit inops. Dominum generosa recusat
et vicina suas tendens super aequora palmas
850“eripe me domino; qui raptae praemia nobis
virginitatis habes” ait. Haec Neptunus habebat.
Qui prece non spreta, quamvis modo visa sequenti
esset ero, formamque novat vultumque virilem
induit et cultus piscem capientibus aptos.
855Hanc dominus spectans “o qui pendentia parvo
aera cibo celas, moderator harundinis,” inquit
“sic mare compositum, sic sit tibi piscis in unda
credulus et nullos, nisi fixus, sentiat hamos:
quae modo cum vili turbatis veste capillis
860litore in hoc steterat (nam stantem in litore vidi),
dic ubi sit: neque enim vestigia longius exstant.”
Illa dei munus bene cedere sensit et a se
se quaeri gaudens, his est resecuta rogantem:
“Quisquis es, ignoscas; in nullam lumina partem
865gurgite ab hoc flexi studioque operatus inhaesi.
Quoque minus dubites, sic has deus aequoris artes
adiuvet, ut nemo iamdudum litore in isto,
me tamen excepto, nec femina constitit ulla.”
Credidit et verso dominus pede pressit harenam
870elususque abiit: illi sua reddita forma est.
Ast ubi habere suam transformia corpora sensit,
saepe pater dominis Triopeida tradit. At illa
nunc equa, nunc ales, modo bos, modo cervus abibat
praebebatque avido non iusta alimenta parenti.
875Vis tamen illa mali postquam consumpserat omnem
materiam dederatque gravi nova pabula morbo,
ipse suos artus lacero divellere morsu
coepit et infelix minuendo corpus alebat.
Quid moror externis? Etiam mihi nempe novandi est
880corporis, o iuvenis, numero finita potestas.
Nam modo qui nunc sum videor, modo flector in anguem,
armenti modo dux vires in cornua sumo, —
cornua, dum potui! nunc pars caret altera telo
frontis, ut ipse vides.” Gemitus sunt verba secuti.
her only at that moment, Neptune changed
her quickly from a woman to a man,
by giving her the features of a man
and garments proper to a fisher-man:
and there she stood. He even looked at her
and cried out, “Hey, there! Expert of the rod!
While you are casting forth the bit of brass,
concealed so deftly in its tiny bait,—
gods-willing! let the sea be smooth for you,
and let the foolish fishes swimming up,
never know danger till they snap the hook!
Now tell me where is she, who only now,
in tattered garment and wind-twisted hair,
was standing on this shore—for I am sure
I saw her standing on this shore, although
no footstep shows her flight.”
By this assured
the favor of the god protected her;
delighted to be questioned of herself,
she said, “No matter who you are, excuse me.
So busy have I been at catching fish,
I have not had the time to move my eyes
from this pool; and that you may be assured
I only tell the truth, may Neptune, God
of ocean witness it, I have not seen a man
where I am standing on this shore—myself
excepted—not a woman has stood here.”
Her master could not doubt it, and deceived
retraced his footsteps from the sandy shore.
As soon as he had disappeared, her form
unchanged, was given back to her. But when
her father knew his daughter could transform
her body and escape, he often sold
her first to one and then another—all
of whom she cheated— as a mare, bird,
a cow, or as a stag she got away; and so
brought food, dishonestly, to ease his greed.
And so he lived until the growing strength
of famine, gnawing at his vitals, had
consumed all he could get by selling her:
his anguish burned him with increasing heat.
He gnawed his own flesh, and he tore his limbs
and fed his body all he took from it.
ah, why should I dwell on the wondrous deeds
of others—Even I, O gathered youths,
have such a power I can often change
my body till my limit has been reached.
A while appearing in my real form,
another moment coiled up as a snake,
then as a monarch of the herd my strength
increases in my horns—my strength increased
in my two horns when I had two—but now
my forehead, as you see, has lost one horn.
And having ended with such words,—he groaned.
The fate of Erysichthon and his daughter Mestra

�Now hunger, and the deep pit of his gut had consumed his wealth, but even so, Famine worked unabated and his burning appetite was unappeased. Eventually, when all he owned was inside him, only his daughter, Mestra, was left, a girl whom the father was not worthy of. Having nothing, he tried to sell her too. The honourable child refused to accept a possessor, and stretching her hands out over the waves of the shore, she cried: �You god, who stole away the prize of my virginity�, for Neptune had stolen it, �save me from slavery.� He did not scorn her prayer. Although the buyer had been following her, and had seen her a moment ago, the god altered her shape, giving her a man�s features, and clothes appropriate to a fisherman.

Her purchaser looked at her, and said: �O, you who control the rod, and hide your bronze hook in a little bait, may you have calm sea, and gullible fish, that feel nothing of the hook until they bite. Tell me where she is, the girl with shabby clothes and straggling hair, who stood here on this beach a moment ago (since I saw her, standing on the beach): there are no footprints further on!� She sensed the god�s gift was working well for her, and delighted that he was asking her for news of herself, replied to his question: �Forgive me, whoever you are: I have had no eyes for anything except this pool: I have been occupied taking pains over my fishing. To convince you, and may the sea god help me in these arts of mine, no man has been on this beach, except myself, for a long time, and no woman either.�

He believed her, and turning round on the sand, having been outplayed, departed. Then her true shape was restored. When her father realised that she could change her shape, he often surrendered Mestra to others, so that she, escaping in the form of a mare, or a bird, or again as a heifer or a hind, repeatedly obtained her price, dishonestly, for her gluttonous father.

In the end when the evil had consumed everything they had, and his grave disease needed ever more food, Erysichthon began to tear at his limbs and gnaw them with his teeth, and the unhappy man fed, little by little, on his own body.�

�But why do I entertain you with stories of others?� said Achelo�s, �Indeed, young man, I have often changed shape myself, though the number of shapes I can achieve is limited. Sometimes I am seen as I am now: sometimes I become a snake: or, again, the lead bull of the herd, my power in my horns � horns, when I still had two. Now one side of my brow has lost its weapon, as you can see for yourself.� His words were followed by a sigh.

τοῦ Θεοῦ εἶναι τὸ αὐτὸ ὡς τὸ φαγεῖν ἑαυτόν. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ὅλως εἰκονίσαντι τὸν ἀσεβῆ, ἐπαρόςτηνον ἕθε τυφλὸν φαγόντα ἑαυτόν· ὅτι μᾶλλον εἶναι εἰς ὅλους μισητοί, οἱ ὁμῶς τὸ πολύ, ἐστὶ μὲν ἀκατάσχετα ἔργα των, τὰ ὁποῖα διαστρέφουσι τὴν ὑποθάλασιν τέκνα των, τὴν Μίμησιν μεγίστου καιροῦ, ἀλλὰ τέλος ἀποθνήσκουσι πεινασμένοι, ὡς ὁ παλαίπυρος Ἐρυσίχθων· διότι καθὼς ἐλπίσασιν ἀλλοῦ ζωὴν εἰμὴ τὴν παροῦσαν, ὡς παντοτε πεινάσιν, ἤγουν ἐπιθυμοῦσιν αὐτὴν τὴν ζωήν, μὲ ἀποθνήσκουσι μὲ αὐτὴν ἐπὶ πείνειαν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἀσέβεια εἶναι τὸ χειρότερον ὑπὸ ὅλα τὰ ἐγκλήματα, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων ἐπληρώθη ἐν τῷ μεγαλήτερον ὅλων τῶν ποινῶν, διότι καὶ διπλάσιος ἠφθείασε ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόδυσιν τῆς πείνας.

Τέλος τῆς Ὀγδόης Βιβλίου, καὶ τῆς πρώτης Τόμου.

Τῶν ἐν τῷ Πρώτῳ Τόμῳ τῶν Μεταμορφώσεων τοῦ Οὐϊδίου περιληφθέντων Μύθων.

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΩΤΟΝ.

Περὶ τῆς Χάος, ὁπὲ μετεβλήθη εἰς τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα. Περὶ τῆς πλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν αἰώνων. Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν τεσσάρων καιρῶν τοῦ χρόνου. Περὶ γενέσεως τῶν γιγάντων. Περὶ τῆς Λυκάονος τῆς τυραννίδος, ὅς τις μετεμορφώθη εἰς λύκον. Περὶ τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος, ἢ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους ἀνακαινίσεως. Περὶ τῆς ἀναπλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους ὑπὸ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος ἢ τῆς τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Πύρρας. Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ὅς τις ἐφόνευσε τὸν ὄφιν τὸν καλούμενον Πύθωνα, ὅπου ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τῆς λάσπης. Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Δάφνης, ὁπὲ μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ δένδρον ἔτσι καλούμενον. Περὶ τῆς Ἰοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς δάμαλιν, τοῦ Σύριγγος εἰς αὐλόν, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ Ἄργου, τῶν πεσόντων εἰς τὴν οὐρὰν τοῦ παγωνιοῦ.

Περὶ τῆς Ἴδος, ἥ, ὁποία ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν μορφὴν της. ΦΥΛ. 58

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ.

Περὶ τοῦ Φαέθοντος υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἡλίου, τοῦ κεραυνωθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός. 67

Περὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος τῶν μεταμορφωθεισῶν εἰς δένδρα. 87

Περὶ τοῦ Κύκνου Βασιλέως τῆς Λιγυρίας, ὅ τις μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ ἔτσι καλούμενον πτηνόν. 91

Περὶ τῆς Καλλιστοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄρκτον, καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς τοῦ εἰς ἀρκτοφύλακα μεταμορφωθέντος. 93

Περὶ τοῦ Κόρακος, τῆς Κορώνης, καὶ Νυκτιμένης. 103

Περὶ τῆς Ὀκυρόης, τῆς εἰς ἵππον μετανμορφώ- θείσης. 110

Περὶ τοῦ Βάττου, τοῦ εἰς πέτραν μετανμορφωθέντος. 113

Περὶ τῆς Ἀγλαύρου, τῆς εἰς πέτραν μετανμορφώ- θείσης. 117

Περὶ Εὐρώπης τῆς ἀρπαχθείσης ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ εἰς ταῦρον μετανμορφωθέντος. 125

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΤΡΙΤΟΝ.

Περὶ τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τῶν γεννηθέντων ἀνδρώπων ἀπὸ τοὺς ὀδόντας τοῦ δράκοντος. 129

Περὶ τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, ποῦ εἰς ἔλαφον μετανμορφώ- θέντος. 138

Περὶ τῆς πεπαιωθείσης Σεμέλης, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Βάκχου, τοῦ εἰς τὸ μηρεῖον τοῦ Διὸς περικλεισμένου. Φύλ. 145

Περὶ τοῦ γυναικωθέντος Τερεσίου, ὅς ὕστερον ἀναλαβόντος τὴν προτέραν μορφήν του.

Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Ἠχοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς φωνήν, ἢ ἦχον, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ναρκίσσου τοῦ μετα- βληθέντος εἰς ἄνθος.

Τιμωρία τοῦ Πενθέως, διότι κατεφρόνησε τὰς νυ- θεσίας τοῦ Τερεσίου.

Οἱ Ναῦται μεταμορφωμένοι εἰς Δελφῖνας, ὁ δὲ Βάκχος διασωθεὶς ἀπὸ τὴν μητέρα του, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς θείας του.

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΝ.

Περὶ τῆς Δερκετοῦς εἰς ἰχθύον, τῆς Σεμιράμιδος εἰς περιστερῶν, καὶ τῆς Νηϊάδος εἰς ἰχθύον μετα- βληθεισῶν.

Περὶ τοῦ ἔρωτος, καὶ θανάτου τοῦ Πυράμου, καὶ τῆς Θίσβης.

Περὶ τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς μεταμορφωθείσης εἰς λι- βανωτικὴν ῥάβδον, καὶ τῆς Κλυτίας εἰς τὸ καλούμενον Ἡλιοτρόπιον.

Περὶ τῆς Δαφνίδος, τῆς Σκύθανος, τῆς Κήλμυος, ἢ τῆς Σιήλακος, ἢ Σαλμακίδος.

Περὶ τῶν Μινυΐδων τῶν εἰς Νυκτερίδας μεταμορφωθεισῶν.

Περὶ τῆς Ἰνῆς, ἢ τῆς Μελικέρτῃ τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεότητας.

ΠΙΝΑΞ. 477

Περὶ τῆς συμφορᾶς τῆς Ἰοῦς, αἳ ὁποῖαι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς πέτρας, & ὄρνεα. Φύλ. 219

Περὶ τῶ Κάδμῳ, & τῆς γυναικός τῶ Ἁρμονίας τῶ μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Δράκοντας. 223

Περὶ τῶν ἀπὸ τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης γεννηθέντων δρακόντων, & τῆς μεταβολῆς τῶ Ἄτλαντος εἰς ὀρέον. 227

Περὶ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Περσῆς ἠλαθέρωσεν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς θαλασσίου πέρας, & περὶ τῶν κλάδων τῶν μεταβληθέντων εἰς κοράλια. 234

Περὶ τῶν τῆς Μεδούσης τριχῶν, αἳ τινὲς εἰς ὄφεις μεταμορφῶνται. 241

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΠΕΜΠΤΟΝ.

Περὶ τῆς μάχης τῶ Περσέως κατ᾽ ἐκείνων, οἳ τινες ἤθελεν νὰ τὸ ἁρπάξωσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, δι᾽ ὃ & μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας διὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης· & περὶ τῶ Προΐτῳ ὁμοίως μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς λίθον. 246

Περὶ μεταμορφώσεως τῶ Πολυδέκτη εἰς λίθον, & τῶν Μεσῶν εἰς ὄρνεα, & τοῦ κατακρημνισθέντος Πορσέως ἵνα ἀπολυθῶσι τὰς Μούσας. 261

Περὶ τῶν Πιερίδων τῶν εἰς κίσσας μεταμορφωθεισῶν. 266

Περὶ τῆς παρὰ τῶ Πλουτήνῳ ἁρπαχθείσης Περσεφόνης, καὶ Κυάνης Νύμφης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης. 270

Περὶ τῶ εἰς ἀσκάλαβον μεταμορφωθέντος παιδός. 278

Περὼ τῶ Ἀσκαλάφῳ τῶ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς βύαν. 281

Περὶ τῶν Σειρηνῶν. 287

Πεςὶ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης, ἃ πεςὶ τὰ Ἀλφειὰ ποταμῆ. Φύλ. 291 Πεςὶ Τριπτολέμε, ἃ Λύγκα τὰ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς Λύγκα. 297

ΒΙΒΛΑΙΟΝ ΕΚΤΟΝ.

Ἅμιλα Ἀθηνᾶς, ἃ Ἀράχνης. 301 Πεςὶ Νιόβης τῆς εἰς μάρμαρον μεταμορφωθείσης. 313 Πεςὶ τῶν εἰς βατράχους μεταμορφωθέντων ἀγροίκων. 324 Τῶν Σατύρων, ἧς Νυμφῶν, ἃ ἄλλων ἀγροίκων τὰ δάκρυα μεταμορφώνονται εἰς ποταμὴν. Ὁ ὦμος τὸ Πέλοπος ἐκ σαρκίνης γίνεται ἐλεφάντινος. 329 Πεςὶ Πρόκνης, Φιλομήλης, Τηρέως, ἃ διʼ Ἴτυος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς ὄρνεα. 333 Πεςὶ Ὠρειθύας, τῆς ἁρπαγείσης παρὰ τὰ Βορέας. 347

ΒΙΒΛΑΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ.

Πεςὶ τῶν Φρίξου, καὶ τῆς Ἑλλης, ἃ πεςὶ τοῦ ταξιδίου τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ τὰ Χρυσομάλλου Δέρατος. 351 Πεςὶ Αἴσονος, πατρὸς τὸ Ἰάσονος, τὰ παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας ἀνανεωθέντος. 365 Πεςὶ ἀνανεώσεως τῶν προβάτων τὸ Βάκχου, καὶ πεςὶ τὰ Πέλιος τὸ φονευθέντος παρὰ τῶν ἰδίων αὐτῆ θυγατέρων. 371

Περιγραφὴ τῶν δρόμων τῆς Μηδείας, ἡ ὁποία ἔφυγεν εἰς Κόρινθον. Φύλ. 376

Περὶ τῆς Μηδείας, ὅτις κατακαίει τὴν Κρέουσαν, καὶ τοῦ ταύτης πατέρα, καὶ φονεύει τὰ ἴδια τῆς τέκνα. Περὶ τῆς ἀφρῆς τῆς Κερβέρου τῆς μεταβληθείσης εἰς φαρμάκι, διʼ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια θέλει νὰ δηλητηριάση τὸν Θησέα. Περὶ τῶν ἀνδραγαθημάτων, ἃ τῶν ὀστῶν τῆ Σκείρωνος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς σκοπέλους, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἄρνης, εἰς κολοιόν. 381

Περὶ τῶν Μυρμήκων τῶν εἰς ἀνθρώπους μεταμορφωθέντων. 387

Περὶ τῆς Κεφάλου ἢ τῆς Πρόκριδος, ἢ ἀκοντίου θυοῦς, ἢ κυνός. 399

Περὶ τῆς Πρόκριδος, ὅτις ἐφονεύθη ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τῆς, ἢ τῆς ἀκοντίου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε δῶρον παρ᾽ αὐτῆς. 408

ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΟΓΔΟΟΝ.

Περὶ τῆς ἀποκοπείσης κοκκίνης θριχὸς τῆς Νήσου, παρὰ τῆς Σκύλλης τῆς ἰδίας αὐτῆς θυγατρός. 413

Περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, τοῦ Μινωταύρου, τοῦ Λαβυρίνθου, τῆς Ἀριάδνης, ἢ τοῦ Θησέως· καὶ περὶ τοῦ καταστερωθέντος στεφάνου τῆς Ἀριάδνης. 422

Περὶ Δαιδάλου, ἢ Ἰκάρου τοῦ υἱοῦ, καὶ Πέρδικος τοῦ εἰς πτηνὸν μεταμορφωθέντος. 428

Περὶ τοῦ Καλυδωνίου Ἀγριοχοίρου, ἢ τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἢ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ ἀδελφαὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα. 434

Metamorphoses

Book IX

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Quae gemitus truncaeque deo Neptunius heros
causa rogat frontis, cum sic Calydonius amnis
coepit inornatos redimitus harundine crines:
“Triste petis munus. Quis enim sua proelia victus
5commemorare velit? Referam tamen ordine. Nec tam
turpe fuit vinci, quam contendisse decorum est,
magnaque dat nobis tantus solacia victor.
Nomine siqua suo fando pervenit ad aures
Deianira tuas—quondam pulcherrima virgo
10multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum.
Cum quibus ut soceri domus est intrata petiti,
“accipe me generum,” dixi “Parthaone nate:”
dixit et Alcides. Alii cessere duobus.
Ille Iovem socerum dare se famamque laborum
15et superata suae referebat iussa novercae.
Contra ego “turpe deum mortali cedere” dixi
(nondum erat ille deus), “regem me cernis aquarum
cursibus obliquis inter tua regna fluentum.
Nec gener externis hospes tibi missus ab oris,
20sed popularis ero et rerum pars una tuarum.
Tantum ne noceat, quod me nec regia Iuno
odit et omnis abest iussorum poena laborum.
Nam, quo te iactas, Alcmena nate, creatum,
Iuppiter aut falsus pater est, aut crimine verus.
25Matris adulterio patrem petis. Elige, fictum
esse Iovem malis, an te per dedecus ortum.”
Talia dicentem iamdudum lumine torvo
spectat et accensae non fortiter imperat irae
verbaque tot reddit: “Melior mihi dextera lingua.
30Dummodo pugnando superem, tu vince loquendo,”
congrediturque ferox. Puduit modo magna locutum
cedere: reieci viridem de corpore vestem
bracchiaque opposui tenuique a pectore varas
in statione manus et pugnae membra paravi.
35Ille cavis hausto spargit me pulvere palmis
inque vicem fulvae tactu flavescit harenae.
Et modo cervicem, modo crura micantia captat,
aut captare putes, omnique a parte lacessit.
Me mea defendit gravitas frustraque petebar,
40haud secus ac moles, quam magno murmure fluctus
oppugnant: manet illa suoque est pondere tuta.
Digredimur paulum rursusque ad bella coimus,
inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere; eratque
cum pede pes iunctus, totoque ego pectore pronus
45et digitos digitis et frontem fronte premebam.
Non aliter vidi fortes concurrere tauros,
cum pretium pugnae toto nitidissima saltu
expetitur coniunx: spectant armenta paventque
nescia, quem maneat tanti victoria regni.
50Ter sine profectu voluit nitentia contra
reicere Alcides a se mea pectora; quarto
excutit amplexus adductaque bracchia solvit,
inpulsumque manu (certum est mihi vera fateri)
protinus avertit tergoque onerosus inhaesit.
55Siqua fides neque ficta mihi nunc gloria voce
quaeritur, inposito pressus mihi monte videbar.
Vix tamen inserui sudore fluentia multo
bracchia, vix solvi duros a corpore nexus:
instat anhelanti prohibetque resumere vires,
60et cervice mea potitur. Tum denique tellus
pressa genu nostro est, et harenas ore momordi.
Inferior virtute meas divertor ad artes,
elaborque viro longum formatus in anguem.
Qui postquam flexos sinuavi corpus in orbes
65cumque fero movi linguam stridore bisulcam,
risit et inludens nostras Tirynthius artes
“cunarum labor est angues superare mearum,”
dixit “et ut vincas alios, Acheloe, dracones,
pars quota Lernaeae serpens eris unus echidnae?
70Vulneribus fecunda suis erat illa, nec ullum
de centum numero caput est inpune recisum,
quin gemino cervix herede valentior esset.
Hanc ego ramosam natis e caede colubris
crescentemque malo domui domitamque reclusi.
75Quid fore te credas, falsum qui versus in anguem
arma aliena moves, quem forma precaria celat?”
Dixerat, et summo digitorum vincula collo
inicit: angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,
pollicibusque meas pugnabam evellere fauces.
80Sic quoque devicto restabat tertia tauri
forma trucis: tauro mutatus membra rebello.
Induit ille toris a laeva parte lacertos,
admissumque trahens sequitur depressaque dura
cornua figit humo meque alta sternit harena.
85Nec satis hoc fuerat: rigidum fera dextera cornu
dum tenet, infregit truncaque a fronte revellit.
Naides hoc, pomis et odoro flore repletum,
sacrarunt, divesque meo Bona Copia cornu est.”
To him the hero, who proclaimed himself
a favored son of Neptune, answered now;
“Declare the reason of your heavy sighs,
and how your horn was broken?” And at once
the Calydonian River-God replied,
binding with reeds his unadorned rough locks:
“It is a mournful task you have required,
for who can wish to tell his own disgrace?
But truly I shall speak without disguise,
for my defeat, if rightly understood,
should be my glory.—Even to have fought
in battle with a hero of such might,
affords me consolation.
“Deianira
(you may have heard some tales of her) was once
the envied hope of many. She was then
a lovely virgin.—I, among the rest
who loved this maiden, entered the fair home
of her great father Oeneus, and I said;
“ ‘Consider all my claims, Parthaon's son,
for I am come to plead your daughter's cause
and mine—So you may make me son-in-law.,—’
no sooner was it said, than Hercules
in such words also claimed the virgin's hand:
all others quickly yielded to our claims.
“He boasted his descent from Jupiter;
the glory of his labors and great deeds
performed at his unjust stepmother's wish.
“But as he was not then a God, it seemed
disgraceful if my state should yield my right;
so I contended with these haughty words,
‘Why should this alien of a foreign land,
contending for your daughter, match himself
to me! king of the waters in this realm!
For as I wind around, across your lands,
I must be of your people, and a part
of your great state. Oh, let it not be said,
because the jealous Juno had no thought
to punish me by labors, my descent
is not so regal! This tremendous boast,
that you, Alcmena's son, are sprung from Jove,
falls at the touch of truth;—or it reveals
the shame of a weak mother, who so gained
your doubtful glory of descent from Heaven!
Prove your descent from Jupiter is false,
or else confess you are the son of shame!’
“But Hercules, unable to control
the flame of his great wrath, scowled as I spoke.
He briefly answered me, ‘My hand excels
my tongue; let me now overcome in fight,
and I may suffer your offence of words.’
“Full of unvented rage he rushed on me,
but firm I stood, ashamed to yield a foot—
I had so largely boasted, no retreat was left,
and so I doffed my green robe—Striking guard,
with clenched hands doubled at my breast,
I stood my ground. He scooped up in his hand
fine, yellow dust; and tossed it on the air
so that the tawny powder sprinkled us;
quick-shifting then he sought to strike my neck,
or feint at my quick-moving legs, and turn
swift moving to attack me at all points.
But as a huge cliff in the sea remains
unmoved, unshaken by the sounding waves,
so my great size, against his vain attacks,
defended me securely—Back we went;
retiring for a space; then rushed again
together, furious, and with foot to foot,
determined not to yield, defiant stood,
till, forward-bending from my waist and hips,
I pressed my forehead against his and locked
his fingers into mine: so, have I seen
two strong bulls rush in combat for the good
of some smooth heifer in the pasture—while
the herd a-tremble and uncertain, wait;
ready to give allegiance to the one
most worthy of dominion.
“Thrice in vain
Hercules strove to push my breast from his,
but I pressed ever closer—till, the fourth
attempt succeeding, he unloosed my grip,
and breaking from my circling arms drew back,
and struck me such a buffet with his hand,
it twisted me about, and instantly
he clung with all his weight upon my back—
“Believe me I have not suppressed the truth.
Nor shall I try to gain applause not due:
I seemed to bear a mountain on my back. —
straining and dripping sweat, I broke his hold,—
with great exertion I unlocked his grip.
He pressed upon me, as I strained for breath,
preventing a renewal of my strength,
and seized upon my neck. Then at the last,
my bent knee went down on the gritty earth,
I bit the sand. So, worsted in my strength,
I sought diversion by an artifice,
and changed me to a serpent.—I then slipped
from his tight clutches my great length, and coiled
my body now transformed to snaky folds—
hissing I darted my divided tongue.
“But Hercules, Alcides, only laughed
and in derision of my scheming, said,
‘It was the pastime of my cradle days
to strangle better snakes than you—and though
your great length may excel all of your kind,
how small a part of that Lernaean snake
would you—one serpent be? It grew from wounds
I gave (at first it had one hundred heads)
and every time I severed one head from
its neck two grew there in the place of one,
by which its strength increased. This creature then
outbranching with strong serpents, sprung from death
and thriving on destruction, I destroyed.—
What do you think will then become of you,
disguised so in deceitful serpent-form,
wielding a borrowed weapon not your own
“And after he had ridiculed me thus,
he gouged his fingers underneath my jaws,
so that my throat was tortured, as if squeezed
with forceps, while I struggled in his grip.
“Twice was I vanquished, there remained to me
a third form so again I changed to seem
a savage bull, and with my limbs renewed
in that form fought once more. He threw his arms
about the left side of my ponderous neck,
and dragging on me followed as I ran.
He seized on my hard horns, and, tugging turned
and twisted me, until he fastened them
firm in the surface of the earth; and pushed
me, helpless, to the shifting sand beneath.
Not yet content he laid his fierce right hand
on my tough horn, and broke and tore it from
my mutilated head.—This horn, now heaped
with fruits delicious and sweet-smelling flowers,
the Naiads have held sacred from that hour,
devoted to the bounteous goddess Plenty.’
All this the River-god said; then a nymph,
Achelo�s wrestles with Hercules

Theseus, the hero, reputed son of Neptune, asked Achelo�s why he had sighed, and the reason for his damaged forehead: to which the Calydonian river-god, his uncut hair wreathed with reeds, replied: �You ask something painful of me. Who wants to recall the battles he has lost? But, I will tell it as it happened: since the shame of being beaten is no less than the honour of having fought. It is a great consolation to me that the victor was so famous.

If her name has ever come to your notice, Deianira was once the most beautiful girl, and the jealous hope of many suitors. When, with them, I entered Oeneus�s house, her father, and the man I sought as my father-in-law, I said: �Accept me as your son-in-law, son of Parthaon.� Hercules, scion of Alceus, said the same. The others gave way before the two of us. Hercules declared that he could offer Jove as his bride�s father-in-law, spoke of his famous labours, and of how he had survived what his stepmother, Juno, had prescribed for him. On my side I said: �It would be shameful for a god to concede to a mortal� � He was not yet a god � �In me you see the lord of the waters, that flow in winding rivers, through your kingdom. As your son-in-law I would not be a stranger sent from a foreign shore, but a native, and wedded to your own interests. Only don�t let it harm my case that Queen Juno does not hate me, and all the punishment of the labours, she demanded, passed me by!�

�Now, listen, Hercules, you, son of Alcmena: Jupiter, whose child you boast of being, is either wrongly called your father, or is truly a wrongdoer. You seek your father in a mother�s adultery. Choose whether you prefer this fiction of Jove as a father, or to be born the son of shame.� As I spoke, he gazed at me fiercely, all the while, and unable to act like a man and control his blazing anger, he merely replied in these words: �My right hand is more powerful than my tongue. As long as I beat you at wrestling, you can win the talking�, and he came at me ferociously. I was ashamed to retreat, after my words: I took off my green robes; put up my arms; held my hands, fingers curved, in front of my chest in fighting stance; and readied my limbs for the match. He caught up dust in the hollow of his hands and threw it over me, and, in turn, was, himself, gilded by the yellow sand. Now he caught at my neck, or you might think he caught me, now at my legs, now at my loins: and attacked me from every side. My weight protected me, and his attempts were useless. I was like a massive pile that the roaring flood assaults with all its might: it remains, secure in its own bulk.

We pulled away for a moment, returned to the conflict, and stood firm, determined not to concede. Foot was set against foot, and I pushed at him, with my chest full forward, fingers locked with fingers, and head to head. I have seen two strong bulls come together like that, when they try for the sleekest heifer in the pasture as their prize in the contest. The herd watches in fear, not sure to which one victory will grant overriding supremacy. Three times without success Hercules tried to push my gleaming chest away from him. At the fourth attempt, he broke my grip, loosed himself from my constricting arms, and with a blow of his hand � Certainly, I myself confess it is the truth � he turned me about, and clung, with all his weight, to my back.

If you can believe it - I am not seeking to gain false credit by saying it � I seemed to have a mountain pressing on top of me. With difficulty I thrust my arms, pouring with sweat from the great effort it took, under him, and, with difficulty, freed his firm hold on my body. He pressed me hard, as I gasped for breath, prevented me from gathering my strength, and gripped my neck. Then, at last, my knee touched the ground, and my mouth tasted sand. Inferior to him in strength, I turned to my magic arts, and slipped from his grasp in the shape of a long snake. But when I had wound my body in sinuous coils, and, hissing fiercely, darted my forked tongue at him, Tiryns�s hero laughed, and mocking my magic arts, said: �My task in the cradle was to defeat snakes, and, though you are greater than other reptiles, Achelo�s, how big a slice of the Lernean Hydra would your one serpent be? It was made fecund by its wounds, and not one of its hundred heads was safely cut off without its neck generating two more. I overcame it, and having overcome it, disembowelled that monster, with branching snake-heads, that grew from their own destruction, thriving on evil. What do you think will happen to you, who are only a false snake, using unfamiliar weapons, whom a shifting form hides?�

He spoke and knotted his fingers round my throat. I was suffocating, as if my throat was gripped by a vice, and struggled to tear his thumbs away from my windpipe. Overpowered in this form, only my third, fierce, bull-shape remained. So I fought on, my limbs those of a bull. From the left he threw his arms round my bulging neck; and followed me as I charged off; dragging at me, my horns piercing the hard ground as he pulled me down; and toppling me into the deep sand. As if that was not enough, holding the tough horn in his cruel hand, he broke it and tore it away from my mutilated brow. The Naiades took it, filling it with fruit and scented flowers, and made it sacred: the Goddess of Abundance is rich now because of my horn of plenty.�

Dixerat, et nymphe ritu succincta Dianae,
90una ministrarum, fusis utrimque capillis,
incessit totumque tulit praedivite cornu
autumnum et mensas, felicia poma, secundas.
Lux subit, et primo feriente cacumina sole
discedunt iuvenes: neque enim dum flumina pacem
95et placidos habeant lapsus totaeque residant,
opperiuntur, aquae. Vultus Achelous agrestes
et lacerum cornu mediis caput abdidit undis.
Hunc tamen ablati domuit iactura decoris,
cetera sospes habet; capitis quoque fronde saligna
100aut super inposita celatur harundine damnum.
At te, Nesse ferox, eiusdem virginis ardor
perdiderat volucri traiectum terga sagitta.
Namque nova repetens patrios cum coniuge muros
venerat Eueni rapidas Iove natus ad undas.
105Uberior solito, nimbis hiemalibus auctus
verticibusque frequens erat atque inpervius amnis.
Intrepidum pro se, curam de coniuge agentem
Nessus adit, membrisque valens scitusque vadorum,
“officio” que “meo ripa sistetur in illa
110haec,” ait “Alcide. Tu viribus utere nando!”
pallentemque metu fluviumque ipsumque timentem
tradidit Aonius pavidam Calydonida Nesso.
Mox, ut erat, pharetraque gravis spolioque leonis
(nam clavam et curvos trans ripam miserat arcus),
115“quandoquidem coepi, superentur flumina!” dixit,
nec dubitat nec, qua sit clementissimus amnis,
quaerit et obsequio deferri spernit aquarum.
Iamque tenens ripam, missos cum tolleret arcus,
coniugis agnovit vocem: Nessoque paranti
120fallere depositum “quo te fiducia” clamat
“vana pedum, violente, rapit? Tibi, Nesse biformis,
dicimus. Exaudi nec res intercipe nostras!
Si te nulla mei reverentia movit, at orbes
concubitus vetitos poterant inhibere paterni.
125Haud tamen effugies, quamvis ope fidis equina:
vulnere, non pedibus te consequar.” Ultima dicta
res probat, et missa fugientia terga sagitta
traicit: exstabat ferrum de pectore aduncum.
Quod simul evulsum est, sanguis per utrumque foramen
130emicuit mixtus Lernaei tabe veneni.
Excipit hunc Nessus “neque enim moriemur inulti”
secum ait et calido velamina tincta cruore
dat munus raptae velut inritamen amoris.
Longa fuit medii mora temporis, actaque magni
135Herculis inplerant terras odiumque novercae.
Victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat
vota Iovi, cum Fama loquax praecessit ad aures,
Deianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa
gaudet et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit,
140Amphitryoniaden Ioles ardore teneri.
Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama
indulsit primo lacrimis flendoque dolorem
diffudit miseranda suum; mox deinde “quid autem
flemus?” ait “paelex lacrimis laetabitur istis.
145Quae quoniam adveniet, properandum aliquidque novandum est,
dum licet et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros.
Conquerar an sileam? Repetam Calydona morerne?
Excedam tectis an, si nihil amplius, obstem?
Quid si me, Meleagre, tuam memor esse sororem
150forte paro facinus, quantumque iniuria possit
femineusque dolor, iugulata paelice testor?”
In cursus animus varios abit: omnibus illis
praetulit inbutam Nesseo sanguine vestem
mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori.
155Ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat, nescia, luctus
ipsa suos tradit blandisque (miserrima!) verbis,
dona det illa viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros
induiturque umeris Lernaeae virus echidnae.
a lovely nymph like fair Diana dressed,
whose locks were flowing down on either side,
came graceful to the board, and brought to them
of Autumn's plenty in an ample horn,
and gave to them selected apples for
a second course.
And now, as early dawn
appeared, and as the rising sunlight flashed
on golden summits of surrounding hills,
the young men waited not until the stream
subsiding, had resumed its peaceful way,
but all arose, reluctant, and went forth.
Then Achelous, in his moving waves,
hid his fine rustic features and his head,
scarred by the wound which gave the Horn of Plenty.
Loss of his horn had greatly humbled him,
it was so cherished though his only loss, —
but he could hide the sad disgrace with reeds
and willow boughs entwined about his head.
O, Nessus! your fierce passion for the same
maid utterly destroyed even you, pierced through
the body by a flying arrow-point.
Returning to the city of his birth
great Hercules, the son of Jupiter,
with his new bride, arrived upon the bank
of swift Evenus—after winter rains
had swollen it so far beyond its wont,
that, full of eddies, it was found to be
impassable. The hero stood there, brave
but anxious for his bride. Nessus, the centaur,
strong-limbed and well-acquainted with those fords,
came up to him and said, “Plunge in the flood
and swim with unimpeded strength—for with
my help she will land safely over there.”
And so the hero, with no thought of doubt,
trusted the damsel to the centaur's care,
though she was pale and trembling with her fear
of the swift river and the centaur's aid.
This done, the hero, burdened as he was
with quiver and the lion skin (for he
had tossed his club and curving bow across
the river to the other bank), declared,
“Since I have undertaken it, at once
this rushing water must be overcome.”
And instantly, he plunged in without thought
of where he might cross with most ease, for so
he scorned to take advantage of smooth water.
And after he had gained the other bank,
while picking up his bow which there was thrown,
he heard his wife's voice, anxious for his help.
He called to Nessus who was in the act
then to betray his trust: “Vain confidence!
You are not swift enough, vile ravisher!
You two-formed monster Nessus, I warn you!
Hear me, and never dare to come between
me and my love. If fear has no restraint,
your father's dreadful fate on whirling wheel,
should frighten you from this outrageous act:
for you cannot escape, although you trust
the fleet-foot effort of a rapid horse.
I cannot overtake you with my feet
but I can shoot and halt you with a wound.”
his deed sustained the final warning word.
He shot an arrow through the centaur's back,
so that the keen barb was exposed beyond
his bleeding breast. He tore it from both wounds,
and life-blood spurted instantly, mixed with
the deadly poison of Lernaean hydra.
This Nessus caught, and muttering, “I shall not
die unavenged”, he gave his tunic, soaked
with blood to Deianira as a gift;
and said, “Keep this to strengthen waning love.”
Now many years passed by, and all the deeds,
and labors of the mighty Hercules,
gave to the wide world his unequalled fame;
and finally appeased the hatred of
his fierce stepmother.
All victorious
returning from Oechalia, he prepared
to offer sacrifice, when at Cenaeum,
upon an altar he had built to Jupiter,
but tattling Rumor, swollen out of truth
from small beginning to a wicked lie,
declared brave Hercules, Amphitryon's son,
was burning for the love of Iole.
And Deianira—his fond wife—convinced
herself, the wicked rumor must be true.
Alarmed at the report of his new love,
at first, poor wife, she was dissolved in tears,
and then she sank in grievous misery.
But soon in angry mood, she rose and said:
“Why should I give up to my sorrow while
I drown my wretched spirit in weak tears?
Let me consider an effectual check—
while it is possible—even before
she comes, invader of my lawful bed:
shall I be silent or complain of it?
Must I go back to Calydon or stay?
Shall I depart unbidden, from my house?
Or, if no other method can prevail,
shall I oppose my rival's first approach?
O shade of Meleager, let me prove
I am yet worthy to be called your sister;
and in the desperate slaughter of this rival,
the world, astonished, may be taught to fear
the vengeance of an injured woman's rage.”
So, torn by many moods, at last her mind
fixed on one thought:—she might still keep his love,
could certainly restore it, if she sent
to him the tunic soaked in Nessus' blood.
Unknowingly, she gave the fatal cause
of her own woe to trusting Lichas, whom
she urged in gentle words to take the gift,
from her to her loved husband Hercules.
He, unsuspecting, put the tunic on,
all covered with Lernaean hydra's poison.
The hero then was casting frankincense
into the sacred flames, and pouring wine
on marble altars, as his holy prayers
The shirt of Nessus

He spoke: and a nymph, one of his attendants, dressed like Diana, her hair streaming over her shoulders, came to them, bringing all of autumn�s harvest in an overflowing horn, and, for an aftertaste, delicious fruits. Light gathered, and as the first rays struck the mountain summits, the warriors left, not waiting for the river to flow calmly and placidly or for the falling waters to subside. Achelo�s hid his wild features and his head, marred by its broken horn, in the depths of the waves.

Nevertheless he only had the loss of that adornment, which had been taken from him, to lament: he was otherwise unhurt. Also he hid his loss with a wreath of willow leaves or reeds. But you, fierce Nessus, the centaur, a passion for that same virgin girl destroyed you, hit in the back by a flying arrow.

Hercules, son of Jupiter, on his way to his native city with Deianira, his new bride, came to the swift waters of the River Euenus. The flood was higher than normal, increased by winter rains, with frequent whirlpools, and impassable. He had no fear of going on himself, but was anxious for his bride, when Nessus approached, strong of limb, and knowing the fords. �With my help, Alcides,� he said, �she will be set down on the far bank. Use your strength to swim!� The Theban handed over the Calydonian girl, she, pale with fear, frightened of the river and of the centaur himself.

Straight away, weighed down as he was by his quiver and his lion�s skin - he had thrown his club and his curved bow across to the other bank � the hero said: �Let me endure the river since I have started to cross.� He did not hesitate, and did not search for where the river was calmest, scorning to claim the water�s allegiance. He had gained the bank, and was picking up the bow he had thrown, when he heard his wife�s voice, and shouted to Nessus, who was preparing to betray his trust: �Where are you carrying her off to, you rapist, trusting in vain to your swiftness of foot? I am speaking to you, Nessus, the twice-formed. Listen: do not steal what is mine. If you have no respect for me, the thought of your father, Ixion, on his whirling wheel might prevent this illicit union. However much you trust in your horse-craft, you will not escape. With wounds, not feet, I will follow you.� He made good his last words with his actions, shooting the arrow he fired, across, at the fleeing back. The barbed tip jutted from the centaur�s chest. When the shaft was pulled out, blood, mixed with the deadly arrow-poison of the Lernean Hydra, gushed out simultaneously from the entry and exit wounds. Nessus trapped this, and murmured, to himself of course: �I will not die without revenge� and gave his tunic soaked with warm blood to Deianira, whom he had abducted, presenting it to her as if it were a gift for reviving a waning love.

A long space of intervening time passed by, and the tales of mighty Hercules had filled the world, and overcome his stepmother�s hatred. As the victor at Oechalia, in Euboea (where he had avenged an insult offered him by King Eurytus) he was preparing to sacrifice to Jupiter at Cenaeum, when loquacious Rumour, who loves to add lies to fact, and expands from the tiniest truth by her falsehoods, brought her tale on ahead, to your ears, Deianira. She claimed that Hercules, reputed son of Amphitryon, was filled with passion for Iole, daughter of Eurytus.

The loving wife believes it, and terrified at first by the rumour of this new affair, she indulges in tears, and the poor girl vents her misery in weeping. But she soon says �Why do I weep? That adulteress will laugh at my tears. Since she is coming here, I must plan quickly, while I can, while another has not yet taken my place. Should I complain, or keep silent? Return to Calydon or stay? Should I leave my house? Or, if I can do nothing else, should I at least stand in their way? What if, remembering I am your sister, Meleager, I prepare, boldly, to commit a crime, and, by cutting that adulteress�s throat, show what revenge and a woman�s grief can do?�

Her thought traced various courses. Of all of them she preferred that of sending the shirt, imbued with Nessus�s blood, to restore her husband�s waning love. Unwittingly, she entrusted what became her future grief, to the servant, Lichas, he not knowing what he had been entrusted with: and the unfortunate woman, ordered him, with persuasive words, to give the present to her husband. Hercules, the hero, took it, without a thought, and put on the shirt of Nessus, soaked in the poison of the Lernean Hydra.

Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis
160vinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras:
incaluit vis illa mali resolutaque flammis
Herculeos abiit late dilapsa per artus.
Dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit;
victa malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras
165inplevitque suis nemorosam vocibus Oeten.
Nec mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem:
qua trahitur, trahit illa cutem, foedumque relatu,
aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli,
aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa.
170Ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lamina candens
tincta lacu, stridit coquiturque ardente veneno.
Nec modus est: sorbent avidae praecordia flammae,
caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor,
ambustique sonant nervi: caecaque medullis
175tabe liquefactis tollens ad sidera palmas
“cladibus,” exclamat “Saturnia, pascere nostris,
pascere et hanc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto
corque ferum satia. Vel si miserandus et hosti,
hoc est, si tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram
180invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer:
hoc mihi munus erit; decet haec dare dona novercam.
Ergo ego foedantem peregrino templa cruore
Busirin domui saevoque alimenta parentis
Antaeo eripui? Nec me pastoris Hiberi
185forma triplex, nec forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit?
Vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri?
Vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae
Partheniumque nemus? Vestra virtute relatus
Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro
190pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone?
Nec mihi Centauri potuere resistere, nec mi
Arcadiae vastator aper? Nec profuit hydrae
crescere per damnum geminasque resumere vires?
Quid tum? Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues
195plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi
visaque deieci dominumque ipsosque peremi.
His elisa iacet moles Nemeaea lacertis,
hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa iubendo est
saeva Iovis coniunx: ego sum indefessus agendo.
200Sed nova pestis adest, cui nec virtute resisti
nec telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat
ignis edax imis perque omnes pascitur artus.
At valet Eurystheus!—et sunt qui credere possint
esse deos!” Dixit, perque altam saucius Oeten
205haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taurus
corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor.
Saepe illum gemitus edentem, saepe frementem,
saepe retemptantem totas infringere vestes
sternentemque trabes irascentemque videres
210montibus aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo.
were floating to the Gods. The hallowed heat
striking upon his poisoned vesture, caused
Echidna-bane to melt into his flesh.
As long as he was able he withstood
the torture. His great fortitude was strong.
But when at last his anguish overcame
even his endurance, he filled all the wild
of Oeta with his cries: he overturned
those hallowed altars, then in frenzied haste
he strove to pull the tunic from his back.
The poisoned garment, cleaving to him, ripped
his skin, heat-shriveled, from his burning flesh.
Or, tightening on him, as his great strength pulled,
stripped with it the great muscles from his limbs,
leaving his huge bones bare.
Even his blood
audibly hissed, as red-hot blades when they
are plunged in water, so the burning bane
boiled in his veins. Great perspiration streamed
from his dissolving body, as the heat
consumed his entrails; and his sinews cracked,
brittle when burnt. The marrow in his bones
dissolved, as it absorbed the venom-heat.
There was no limit to his misery;
raising both hands up towards the stars of heaven,
he cried, “Come Juno, feast upon my death;
feast on me, cruel one, look down from your
exalted seat; behold my dreadful end
and glut your savage heart! Oh, if I may
deserve some pity from my enemy,
from you I mean, this hateful life of mine
take from me—sick with cruel suffering
and only born for toil. The loss of life
will be a boon to me, and surely is
a fitting boon, such as stepmothers give!
“Was it for this I slew Busiris, who
defiled his temples with the strangers' blood?
For this I took his mother's strength from fierce
antaeus—that I did not show a fear
before the Spanish shepherd's triple form?
Nor did I fear the monstrous triple form
of Cerberus.—And is it possible
my hands once seized and broke the strong bull's horns?
And Elis knows their labor, and the waves
of Stymphalus, and the Parthenian woods.
For this the prowess of these hands secured
the Amazonian girdle wrought of gold;
and did my strong arms, gather all in vain
the fruit when guarded by the dragon's eyes.
The centaurs could not foil me, nor the boar
that ravaged in Arcadian fruitful fields.
Was it for this the hydra could not gain
double the strength from strength as it was lost?
And when I saw the steeds of Thrace, so fat
with human blood, and their vile mangers heaped
with mangled bodies, in a righteous rage
I threw them to the ground, and slaughtered them,
together with their master! In a cave
I crushed the Nemean monster with these arms;
and my strong neck upheld the wide-spread sky!
And even the cruel Juno, wife of Jove—
is weary of imposing heavy toils,
but I am not subdued performing them.
“A new calamity now crushes me,
which not my strength, nor valor, nor the use
of weapons can resist. Devouring flames
have preyed upon my limbs, and blasting heat
now shrivels the burnt tissue of my frame.
But still Eurystheus is alive and well!
And there are those who yet believe in Gods!”
Just as a wild bull, in whose body spears
are rankling, while the frightened hunter flies
away for safety, so the hero ranged
over sky-piercing Oeta; his huge groans,
his awful shrieks resounding in those cliffs.
At times he struggles with the poisoned robe.
Goaded to fury, he has razed great trees,
and scattered the vast mountain rocks around!
And stretched his arms towards his ancestral skies!
So, in his frenzy, as he wandered there,
he chanced upon the trembling Lichas, crouched
in the close covert of a hollow rock.
The agony of Hercules

He was making offerings of incense and reciting prayers over the first flames, and pouring a libation bowl of wine on to the marble altar. The power of the venom, warmed and released by the flames, dissolved, dispersing widely through the limbs of Hercules. With his usual courage, he repressed his groans while he could. When his strength to endure the venom was exhausted, he overturned the altar, and filled woody Oeta with his shouts.

He tries at once to tear off the fatal clothing: where it is pulled away, it pulls skin away with it, and, revolting to tell, it either sticks to the limbs from which he tries in vain to remove it, or reveals the lacerated limbs and his massive bones. His blood itself hisses and boils, with the virulence of the poison, like incandescent metal, dipped in a cold pool. There is no end to it: the consuming fires suck at the air in his chest: dark sweat pours from his whole body: his scorched sinews crackle. His marrow liquefying with the secret corruption, he raises his hands to the heavens, crying: �Juno, Saturnia, feed on my ruin: feed, cruel one: gaze, from the heights, at this destruction, and sate your savage heart! Or if this suffering seems pitiable even to an enemy, even to you, take away this sorrowful and hateful life, with its fearful torments, that was only made for toil. Death would be a gift to me, a fitting offering from a stepmother.

Was it for this I overcame Busiris who defiled the temples with the blood of sacrificed strangers? For this that I lifted fierce Antaeus, robbing him of the strength of his mother Earth? For this, that I was unmoved, by Geryon�s triple form, the herdsman of Spain, or your triple form, Cerberus? For this, you hands of mine, that you dragged down the horns of the strong Cretan bull: that the stables of King Augeas of Elis know of your efforts: the Stymphalian Lake: and the woods of Mount Parthenius, with its golden-antlered stag? For this, that, by your virtue, the gold engraved girdle of Hippolyte of Thermodon was taken, and the apples of the Hesperides, guarded by the sleepless dragon?� Was it for this, that the Centaurs could not withstand me, nor the Erymanthian Boar that laid Arcady waste? For this, that it did not help the Hydra to thrive on destruction and gain redoubled strength? What of the time when I saw Thracian Diomede�s horses, fed on human blood, their stalls filled with broken bodies, and, seeing them, overthrew them, and finished off them, and their master? The Nemean Lion lies crushed by these massive arms: and for Atlas these shoulders of mine held up the sky. Jupiter�s cruel consort is tired of giving commands: I am not tired of performing them.

But now a strange disease affects me that I cannot withstand by courage, weapons or strength. Deep in my lungs a devouring fire wanders, feeding on my whole body. But Eurystheus, my enemy is well! Are there those then who can believe that the gods exist?� So saying he roamed, in his illness, over the heights of Oeta, as a bull carries around a hunting spear embedded in its body, though the hunter who threw it has long gone. Picture him there, in the mountains, in his anger, often groaning, often shouting out, often attempting, again and again, to rid himself of the last of the garment, overturning trees, or stretching his arms out to his native skies.

Ecce Lichan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata
adspicit, utque dolor rabiem conlegerat omnem,
“tune, Licha,” dixit “feralia dona dedisti?
Tune meae necis auctor eris?” Tremit ille pavetque
215pallidus et timide verba excusantia dicit.
Dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem
corripit Alcides et terque quaterque rotatum
mittit in Euboicas tormento fortius undas.
Ille per aerias pendens induruit auras,
220utque ferunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis,
inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis
adstringi et spissa glomerari grandine corpus:
sic illum validis iactum per inane lacertis
exsanguemque metu nec quicquam umoris habentem
225in rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas.
Nunc quoque in Euboico scopulus brevis eminet alto
gurgite et humanae servat vestigia formae;
quem, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur
appellantque Lichan.—At tu, Iovis inclita proles,
230arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete,
inque pyram structis, arcum pharetramque capacem
regnaque visuras iterum Troiana sagittas
ferre iubes Poeante satum. Quo flamma ministro est
subdita; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger,
235congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam
sternis et inposita clavae cervice recumbis,
haud alio vultu, quam si conviva iaceres
inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis.
Iamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat
240securosque artus contemptoremque petebat
flamma suum; timuere dei pro vindice terrae.
Quos ita (sensit enim) laeto Saturnius ore
Iuppiter adloquitur: “Nostra est timor iste voluptas,
o superi, totoque libens mihi pectore grator,
245quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque,
et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est.
Nam quamquam ipsius datis hoc inmanibus actis,
obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim ne pectora vano
fida metu paveant: Oetaeas spernite flammas!
250Omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes
nec nisi materna Vulcanum parte potentem
sentiet: aeternum est a me quod traxit et expers
atque inmune necis nullaque domabile flamma.
Idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris
255accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum
dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis
forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet,
sed meruisse dari sciet invitusque probabit.”
Adsensere dei: coniunx quoque regia visa est
260cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu
dicta tulisse Iovis seque indoluisse notatam.
Interea quodcumque fuit populabile flammae
Mulciber abstulerat, nec cognoscenda remansit
Herculis effigies; nec quicquam ab imagine ductum
265matris habet, tantumque Iovis vestigia servat.
Utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta
luxuriare solet squamaque nitere recenti,
sic, ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus,
parte sui meliore viget maiorque videri
270coepit et augusta fieri gravitate verendus.
Quem pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum
quadriiugo curru radiantibus intulit astris.
Then in a savage fury he cried out,
“Was it you, Lichas, brought this fatal gift?
Shall you be called the author of my death?”
Lichas, in terror, groveled at his feet,
and begged for mercy—“Only let me live!”
But seizing on him, the crazed Hero whirled
him thrice and once again about his head,
and hurled him, shot as by a catapult,
into the waves of the Euboic Sea.
While he was hanging in the air, his form
was hardened; as, we know, rain drops may first
be frozen by the cold air, and then change
to snow, and as it falls through whirling winds
may press, so twisted, into round hailstones:
even so has ancient lore declared that when
strong arms hurled Lichas through the mountain air
through fear, his blood was curdled in his veins.
No moisture left in him, he was transformed
into a flint-rock. Even to this day,
a low crag rising from the waves is seen
out of the deep Euboean Sea, and holds
the certain outline of a human form,
so sure]y traced, the wary sailors fear
to tread upon it, thinking it has life,
and they have called it Lichas ever since.
But, O illustrious son of Jupiter!
How many of the overspreading trees,
thick-growing on the lofty mountain-peak
of Oeta, did you level to the ground,
and heap into a pyre! And then you bade
obedient Philoctetes light a torch
beneath it, and then take in recompense
your bow with its capacious quiver full
of arrows, arms that now again would see
the realm of Troy. And as the pyre began
to kindle with the greedy flames, you spread
the Nemean lion skin upon the top,
and, club for pillow, you lay down to sleep,
as placid as if, with abounding cups
of generous wine and crowned with garlands, you
were safe, reclining on a banquet-couch.
And now on every side the spreading flames
were crackling fiercely, as they leaped from earth
upon the careless limbs of Hercules.
He scorned their power. The Gods felt fear
for earth's defender and their sympathy
gave pleasure to Saturnian Jove — he knew
their thought—and joyfully he said to them:
“Your sudden fear is surely my delight,
O heavenly Gods! my heart is lifted up
and joy prevails upon me, in the thought
that I am called the Father and the King
of all this grateful race of Gods. I know
my own beloved offspring is secure
in your declared protection: your concern
may justly evidence his worth, whose deeds
great benefits bestowed. Let not vain thoughts
alarm you, nor the rising flames of Oeta;
for Hercules who conquered everything,
shall conquer equally the spreading fires
which now you see: and all that part of him,
celestial — inherited of me—
immortal, cannot feel the power of death.
It is not subject to the poison-heat.
And therefore, since his earth-life is now lost,
him I'll translate, unshackled from all dross,
and purified, to our celestial shore.
I trust this action seems agreeable
to all the Deities surrounding me.
If any jealous god of heaven should grieve
at the divinity of Hercules,
he may begrudge the prize but he will know
at least 'twas given him deservedly,
and with this thought he must approve the deed.”
The Gods confirmed it: and though Juno seemed
to be contented and to acquiesce,
her deep vexation was not wholly hid,
when Jupiter with his concluding words
so plainly hinted at her jealous mind.
Now, while the Gods conversed, the mortal part
of Hercules was burnt by Mulciber;
but yet an outline of a spirit-form
remained. Unlike the well-known mortal shape
derived by nature of his mother, he
kept traces only of his father, Jove.
And as a serpent, when it is revived
from its old age, casts off the faded skin,
and fresh with vigor glitters in new scales,
so, when the hero had put off all dross,
his own celestial, wonderful appeared,
majestic and of godlike dignity.
And him, the glorious father of the Gods
in the great chariot drawn by four swift steeds,
took up above the wide-encircling clouds,
and set him there amid the glittering stars.
The death and transformation of Hercules

Then he caught sight of the terrified Lichas, cowering in a hollow of the cliff, and pain concentrated all his fury. �Was it not you, Lichas,� he said, �who gave me this fatal gift? Are you not the agent of my death?� The man trembled, grew pale with fear, and, timidly, made excuses. While he was speaking, and trying to clasp the hero�s knees, Alcides seized him, and, swinging him round three or four times, hurled him, more violently than a catapult bolt, into the Euboean waters. Hanging in the air, he hardened with the wind. As rain freezes in the icy blasts and becomes snow; whirling snowflakes bind together in a soft mass; and they, in turn, accumulate as a body of solid hailstones: so he, the ancient tradition says, flung by strong arms through the void, bloodless with fright, and devoid of moisture, turned to hard flint. Now, in the Euboean Gulf, a low rock rises out of the depths, and keeps the semblance of a human shape. This sailors are afraid to set foot on, as though it could sense them, and they call it, Lichas.�

But you, famous son of Jove, felled the trees that grew on steep Oeta, and made a funeral pyre, and commanded Philoctetes, son of Poeas, who supplied the flame that was plunged into it, to take your bow, your ample quiver, and the arrows, that were fated to see, once more, the kingdom of Troy (as they did when you rescued Hesione.) As the mass caught light from the eager fire, you spread the Nemean Lion�s pelt on the summit of the pile of logs, and lay down, your neck resting on your club, and with an aspect no different from that of a guest, reclining amongst the full wine cups, crowned with garlands.

Now the fierce flames, spreading on every side, were crackling loudly, and licking at his body, he unconcerned and scornful of them. The gods were fearful for earth�s champion. Saturnian Jupiter spoke to them, gladly, since he understood their feelings. �O divine beings, your fear for him delights me, and I willingly congratulate myself, with all my heart, that I am called father and ruler of a thoughtful race, and that my offspring is protected by your favour also. Though this tribute is paid to his great deeds, I am obliged to you, also. But do not allow your loyal hearts to feel groundless fears. Forget Oeta�s flames! He, who has defeated all things, will defeat the fires you see, nor will he feel Vulcan�s power, except in the mortal part that he owes to his mother, Alcmene. What he has from me is immortal, deathless and eternal: and that, no flame can destroy. When it is done with the earth, I will accept it into the celestial regions, and I trust my action will please all the gods. But if there is anyone, anyone at all, who is unhappy at Hercules�s deification, and would not wish to grant this gift, he or she should know that it was given for merit, and should approve it, though unwillingly.� The gods agreed. Juno, also, appeared to accept the rest of his words with compliance, but not the last ones, upset that she was being censored.

Meanwhile, Mulciber had consumed whatever the flames could destroy, and no recognisable form of Hercules remained, no semblance of what came to him from his mother: he only retained his inheritance from Jove. As a snake enjoys its newness, sloughing old age with its skin, gleaming with fresh scales; so, when the Tirynthian hero had shed his mortal body, he became his better part, beginning to appear greater, and more to be revered, in his high majesty. The all-powerful father of the gods carrying him upwards, in his four-horse chariot, through the substanceless clouds, set him among the shining stars.

Sensit Atlas pondus.—Neque adhuc Stheneleius iras
solverat Eurystheus odiumque in prole paternum
275exercebat atrox. At longis anxia curis
Argolis Alcmene, questus ubi ponat aniles,
cui referat nati testatos orbe labores,
cuive suos casus, Iolen habet. Herculis illam
imperiis thalamoque animoque receperat Hyllus
280inpleratque uterum generoso semine, cum sic
incipit Alcmene: “Faveant tibi numina saltem
conripiantque moras, tum cum matura vocabis
praepositam timidis parientibus Ilithyiam,
quam mihi difficilem Iunonis gratia fecit.
285Namque laboriferi cum iam natalis adesset
Herculis et decimum premeretur sidere signum,
tendebat gravitas uterum mihi, quodque ferebam,
tantum erat, ut posses auctorem dicere tecti
ponderis esse Iovem. Nec iam tolerare labores
290ulterius poteram: quin nunc quoque frigidus artus,
dum loquor, horror habet, parsque est meminisse doloris.
Septem ego per noctes, totidem cruciata diebus,
fessa malis tendensque ad caelum bracchia magno
Lucinam Nixosque pares clamore vocabam.
295Illa quidem venit, sed praecorrupta meumque
quae donare caput Iunoni vellet iniquae.
Utque meos audit gemitus, subsedit in illa
ante fores ara dextroque a poplite laevum
pressa genu digitis inter se pectine iunctis
300sustinuit partus. Tacita quoque carmina voce
dixit, et inceptos tenuerunt carmina partus.
Nitor et ingrato facio convicia demens
vana Iovi cupioque mori moturaque duros
verba queror silices. Matres Cadmeides adsunt
305votaque suscipiunt exhortanturque dolentem.
Una ministrarum, media de plebe, Galanthis,
flava comas, aderat, faciendis strenua iussis,
officiis dilecta suis. Ea sensit iniqua
nescio quid Iunone geri, dumque exit et intrat
310saepe fores, divam residentem vidit in ara
bracchiaque in genibus digitis conexa tenentem,
et “quaecumque es,” ait “dominae gratare: levata est
Argolis Alcmene potiturque puerpera voto.”
Exsiluit iunctasque manus pavefacta remisit
315diva potens uteri: vinclis levor ipsa remissis.
Numine decepto risisse Galanthida fama est:
ridentem prensamque ipsis dea saeva capillis
traxit, et e terra corpus relevare volentem
arcuit inque pedes mutavit bracchia primos.
320Strenuitas antiqua manet, nec terga colorem
amisere suum: forma est diversa priori.
Quae quia mendaci parientem iuverat ore,
ore parit nostrasque domos, ut et ante, frequentat.”
Even Atlas felt the weight of Heaven increase,
but King Eurystheus, still implacable,
vented his baffled hatred on the sons
of the great hero. Then the Argive mother,
Alcmena, spent and anxious with long cares,
the burden of her old age and her fears,
could pass the weary hours with Iole
in garrulous narrations of his worth,
his mighty labors and her own sad days.
Iole, by command of Hercules,
had been betrothed to Hyllus, and by him
was gravid, burdened with a noble child.
And so to Iole, Alcmena told
this story of the birth of Hercules:—
“Ah, may the Gods be merciful to you
and give you swift deliverance in that hour
when needful of all help you must call out
for Ilithyia, the known goddess of
all frightened mothers in their travail, she
whom Juno's hatred overcame and made
so dreadful against me. For, when my hour
of bearing Hercules was very near,
and when the tenth sign of the zodiac
was traversed by the sun, my burden then
became so heavy, and the one I bore
so large, you certainly could tell that Jove
must be the father of the unborn child.
“At last, no longer able to endure—
ah me, a cold sweat seizes on me now;
only to think of it renews my pains!
Seven days in agony, as many nights,
exhausted in my dreadful misery,
I stretched my arms to heaven and invoked
Lucina and three Nixian deities
the guardians of birth. Lucina came;
but before then she had been pledged to give
my life to cruel Juno. While Lucina
sat on the altar near the door and listened,
with her right knee crossed over her left knee,
with fingers interlocked, she stopped the birth:
and in low muttered tones she chanted Charms
which there prevented my deliverance.
“I fiercely struggled, and insane with pain
shrieked vain revilings against Jupiter;
I longed for death, and my delirious words
then should have moved the most unfeeling rocks.
The Theban matrons, eager to help me,
stood near me while they asked the aid of Heaven.
“And there was present of the common class,
my maid Galanthis—with her red-gold hair—
efficient and most willing to obey
her worthy character deserved my love.
She felt assured, Juno unjustly worked
some spell of strong effect against my life.
And when this maid beheld Lucina perched
so strangely on the altar, with her fingers
inwoven on her knees and tightly pressed
together, in a gripping finger-comb,
she guessed that jealous Juno was the cause.
Quick-witted, in a ringing voice this maid
cried out, ‘Congratulations! All is well!
Alcmena is delivered—a fine child
so safely brought forth—her true prayers approved!’
“Lucina, who presides at birth, surprised
leaped up, unclenched her hands, as one amazed.
Just as her hands unfastened, and her knees
were parted from their stricture, I could feel
the bonds of stricture loosen; and without
more labor was delivered of my child.
“'Tis said, Galanthis laughed and ridiculed
the cheated deity; and as she laughed
the vixen goddess caught her by the hair
and dragging her upon the ground, while she
was struggling to arise, held her, and there
transformed both of her arms to animal
forelegs. Her old activity remained;
her hair was not changed, but she did not keep
her maiden form: and ever since that day,
because she aided with deceitful lips,
her offspring are brought forth through the same mouth.
Changed to a weasel she dwells now with me.”
Alcmena tells of Hercules�s birth and of Galanthis

Atlas felt the weight of the new constellation. But even now the anger of Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, was not appeased, and he pursued his unyielding hatred of the father through the children. Argive Alcmena, troubled by endless cares, had Iole, as one to whom she could confide an old woman�s miseries, to whom she could relate her son�s labours, known to all the world, and her own misfortunes. At Hercules request, Hyllus, his son by Deianira, had taken Iole to his marriage-bed, and his heart, and had planted a child of that noble race in her womb. Alcmena said to her: �Let the gods at least favour you, and shorten that time when, in childbirth, you call on Ilithyia, that Lucina who watches over frightened women, who, thanks to Juno�s influence, made things hard for me.

When the time for Hercules�s difficult birth came, and Capricorn, the tenth sign, was hidden by the sun, the weight of the child stretched my womb: what I carried was so great, you could tell that Jove was the father of my hidden burden. I could not bear my labour pains much longer. Even now, as I speak, a cold horror grips my body, and part of me remembers it with pain. Tortured for seven nights and as many days, worn out with agony, stretching my arms to heaven, with a great cry, I called out to Lucina, and her companion gods of birth, the Nixi.� Indeed, she came, but committed in advance, determined to surrender my life to unjust Juno. She sat on the altar, in front of the door, and listened to my groans. With her right knee crossed over her left, and clasped with interlocking fingers, she held back the birth, She murmured spells, too, in a low voice, and the spells halted the birth once it began. I laboured, and, maddened, made useless outcries against ungrateful Jove. I wanted to die, and my moans would have moved the flinty rocks. The Theban women who were there, took up my prayers, and gave me encouragement in my pain.

Tawny-haired, Galanthis, one of my servant-girls, was there, humbly born but faithful in carrying out orders, loved by me for the services she rendered. She sensed that unjust Juno was up to something, and, as she was often in and out of the house, she saw the goddess, Lucina, squatting on the altar, arms linked by her fingers, clasping her knees, and said �Whoever you are, congratulate the mistress. Alcmena of Argolis is eased, and the prayers to aid childbirth have been answered.�

The goddess with power over the womb leapt up in consternation, releasing her clasped hands: by releasing the bonds, herself, easing the birth. They say Galanthis laughed at the duped goddess. As she laughed, the heaven-born one, in her anger, caught her by the hair, and dragged her down, and as she tried to lift her body from the ground, she arched her over, and changed her arms into forelegs. Her old energy remained, and the hair on her back did not lose her hair�s previous colour: but her former shape was changed to that of a weasel. And because her lying mouth helped in childbirth, she gives birth through her mouth, and frequents my house, as before.�

Dixit, et admonitu veteris commota ministrae
325ingemuit. Quam sic nurus est adfata dolentem:
“Te tamen, o genetrix, alienae sanguine vestro
rapta movet facies. Quid si tibi mira sororis
fata meae referam? quamquam lacrimaeque dolorque
impediunt prohibentque loqui. Fuit unica matri
330(me pater ex alia genuit) notissima forma
Oechalidum Dryope. Quam virginitate carentem
vimque dei passam Delphos Delumque tenentis
excipit Andraemon, et habetur coniuge felix.
Est lacus adclivis devexo margine formam
335litoris efficiens: summum myrteta coronant.
Venerat huc Dryope fatorum nescia, quoque
indignere magis, nymphis latura coronas;
inque sinu puerum, qui nondum impleverat annum,
dulce ferebat onus tepidique ope lactis alebat.
340Haud procul a stagno Tyrios imitata colores
in spem bacarum florebat aquatica lotos.
Carpserat hinc Dryope, quos oblectamina nato
porrigeret, flores, et idem factura videbar
(namque aderam): vidi guttas e flore cruentas
345decidere et tremulo ramos horrore moveri.
Scilicet, ut referunt tardi nunc denique agrestes,
Lotis in hanc nymphe, fugiens obscena Priapi,
contulerat versos servato nomine, vultus.
Nescierat soror hoc. Quae cum perterrita retro
350ire et adoratis vellet discedere nymphis,
haeserunt radice pedes. Convellere pugnat,
nec quicquam nisi summa movet. Subcrescit ab imo
totaque paulatim lentus premit inguina cortex.
Ut vidit, conata manu laniare capillos,
355fronde manum implevit: frondes caput omne tenebant.
At puer Amphissos (namque hoc avus Eurytus illi
addiderat nomen) materna rigescere sentit
ubera, nec sequitur ducentem lacteus umor.
Spectatrix aderam facti crudelis opemque
360non poteram tibi ferre, soror; quantumque valebam,
crescentem truncum ramosque amplexa morabar
et, fateor, volui sub eodem cortice condi.
Ecce vir Andraemon genitorque miserrimus adsunt
et quaerunt Dryopen: Dryopen quaerentibus illis
365ostendi loton. Tepido dant oscula ligno
adfusique suae radicibus arboris haerent.
Nil nisi iam faciem, quod non foret arbor, habebat
cara soror: lacrimae misero de corpore factis
inrorant foliis, et, dum licet oraque praestant
370vocis iter, tales effundit in aera questus:
“Siqua fides miseris, hoc me per numina iuro
non meruisse nefas: patior sine crimine poenam.
Viximus innocuae: si mentior, arida perdam
quas habeo, frondes et caesa securibus urar.
375Hunc tamen infantem maternis demite ramis
et date nutrici; nostraque sub arbore saepe
lac facitote bibat nostraque sub arbore ludat!
Cumque loqui poterit, matrem facitote salutet,
et tristis dicat “latet hoc in stipite mater.”
380Stagna tamen timeat nec carpat ab arbore flores,
et frutices omnes corpus putet esse deorum!
Care vale coniunx, et tu, germana, paterque!
Qui, siqua est pietas, ab acutae vulnere falcis,
a pecoris morsu frondes defendite nostras.
385Et quoniam mihi fas ad vos incumbere non est,
erigite huc artus et ad oscula nostra venite,
dum tangi possunt, parvumque attollite natum.
Plura loqui nequeo. Nam iam per candida mollis
colla liber serpit, summoque cacumine condor.
390Ex oculis removete manus: sine munere vestro
contegat inductus morientia lumina cortex!”
Desierant simul ora loqui, simul esse, diuque
corpore mutato rami caluere recentes.”
When she had ended the sad tale, she heaved
a deep sigh, in remembrance of her tried,
beloved servant; and her daughter-in-law
Iole kindly answered in these words:
“O my dear mother, if you weep because
of her who was your servant, now transformed
into a weasel, how can you support
the true narration of my sister's fate;
which I must tell to you, although my tears
and sorrows hinder and forbid my speech?
“Most beautiful of all Oechalian maids,
was Dryope, her mother's only child,
for you must know I am the daughter of
my father's second wife. She is not now
a maid; because, through violence of him
who rules at Delphi and at Delos, she
was taken by Andraemon, who since then
has been accounted happy in his wife.
“There is a lake surrounded by sweet lawns,
encircling beauties, where the upper slope
is crowned with myrtles in fair sunny groves.
Without a thought of danger Dryope
in worship one day went to gather flowers,
(who hears, has greater cause to be indignant)
delightful garlands, for the water-nymphs,
and, in her bosom, carried her dear son,
not yet a year old, whom she fed for love.
Not far from that dream-lake, in moisture grew
a lotus, beautiful in purple bloom,
the blossoms promising its fruit was near.
“At play with her sweet infant, Dryope
plucked them as toys for him. I, too, was there,
eagerly, also, I put forth my hand,
and was just ready to secure a spray,
when I was startled by some drops of blood
down-falling from the blossoms which were plucked;
and even the trembling branches shook in dread.
“Who wills, the truth of this may learn from all
quaint people of that land, who still relate
the Story of Nymph Lotis. She, they say,
while flying from the lust of Priapus,
was transformed quickly from her human shape,
into this tree, though she has kept her name.
“But ignorant of all this, Dryope,
alarmed, decided she must now return;
so, having first adored the hallowed nymphs,
upright she stood, and would have moved away,
but both her feet were tangled in a root.
There, as she struggled in its tightening hold,
she could move nothing save her upper parts;
and growing from that root, live bark began
to gather slowly upward from the ground,
spreading around her, till it touched her loins:
in terror when she saw the clinging growth,
she would have torn her hair out by the roots,
but, when she clutched at it, her hands were filled
with lotus leaves grown up from her changed head.
“Alas, her little son, Amphissos, felt
his mother's bosom harden to his touch,
and no life-stream refreshed his eager lips.
And while I saw your cruel destiny,
O my dear sister! and could give no help,
I clung to your loved body and around
the growing trunk and branches, hoping so
to stop their evil growth; and I confess,
endeavored there to hide beneath the bark.
“And, oh! Andraemon and her father, then
appeared to me while they were sadly seeking
for Dryope: so there I had to show
the lotus as it covered her, and they
gave kisses to the warm wood, and prostrate fell
upon the ground, and clung to growing roots
of their new darling tree, transformed from her.—
Dear sister, there was nothing of yourself
remaining but your face; and I could see
your tears drop slowly on the trembling leaves
which had so marvellously grown on you;
and while your lips remained uncovered, all
the air surrounding, echoed your complaint:—
“If oaths of wretched women can have force,
I swear I have not merited this fate!
Though innocent, to suffer punishment!
And if one word of my complaint is false,
I pray I may soon wither, and my leaves
fall from me as in blight, and let the axe
devote me, wretched to the flames. But take
this infant from my branches to a nurse;
his mother always. Let him drink his milk
beneath my shade. When he has learned to talk
let him salute me, and in sorrow say
“In this tree-trunk my mother is concealed.”
O, let him dread the fate that lurks in ponds,
and let him be persuaded every shrub
contains the body of a goddess. — Ah!
Farewell my husband,—sister, — and farewell
my father! If my love remain in you
remember to protect my life from harm,
so that the pruning-knife may never clip
my branches, and protect my foliage from
the browsing sheep.
“I cannot stoop to you;
0h, if you love me, lift your lips to mine,
and let me kiss you, if but once again,
before this growing lotus covers me.
Lift up my darling infant to my lips.
How can I hope to say much more to you?
The new bark now is creeping up my neck,
and creeping downward from my covered brow!
Ah, do not close my live eyes with your hands;
there is no need of it, for growing bark
will spread and darken them before I die!’
Such were the last words her poor smothered lips
could utter; for she was so quickly changed;
and long thereafter the new branches kept
the warmth of her lost body, so transformed.”
And all the while that Iole told this,
tearful in sorrow for her sister's fate,
Alcmena weeping, tried to comfort her.
Iole tells the story of her half-sister Dryope

She finished speaking, and sighed, her feelings stirred by the memory of her former servant. While she grieved, her daughter-in-law, Iole, said: �Mother, this is still the altered form of someone not of our blood that affects you. What if I were to relate to you my sister�s strange fate? Though sadness and tears hold me back, and hinder me from talking. Dryope was her mother�s only child � I was my father�s by another wife � and she was known as the most beautiful girl in Oechalia. Suffering the assault of Apollo, that god who holds Delphi and Delos; her virginity lost; Andraemon married her; and was considered fortunate to have her as his wife.

There is a lake, whose sloping shoreline is formed by steep banks, their summits crowned with myrtle. Dryope went there, unaware of any restrictions, and, to make what happened more unacceptable, bringing garlands for the nymphs. At her breast she carried a sweet burden, her son, not yet a year old, whom she was suckling with her warm milk. Not far away, a water-loving lotus tree flowered from the swamp, with the promise of fruits to come, its colours imitating Tyrian purples. Dryope picked some of these blossoms, to offer the child as playthings, and I was looking to do the same - I was with her - when I saw drops of blood fall from the flowers, and the branches move with a shiver of fear.� It appears, as the locals now tell us, at last, but too late, that Lotis, a nymph, running from obscene Priapus, turned into the tree, altering her features, keeping her name.

My sister had known nothing of this. When she wished to retreat, in fear, from the place, and escape by praying to the nymphs, her feet clung like roots. She struggled to tear them away, but nothing moved except her torso. Slowly, thick bark grew upward from her feet, hiding all her groin. When she saw this, and tried to tear at her hair, with her hands, her hands filled with leaves: leaves covered her whole head. But the child, Amphissos (so his grandfather, Eurytus, King of Oechalia, had named him) felt his mother�s breast harden, and the milky liquid failed when he sucked. I was there, a spectator of your cruel destiny, sister, and could bring you no help at all. Only, as far as I could, I held back the developing trunk and branches with my embrace, and I bear witness that I longed to be sheathed in that same bark.

Then her husband, Andraemon, and her luckless father, Eurytus, came, asking for Dryope: the Dryope they searched for I revealed as the lotus. They kissed the living wood, and prostrate on the ground clung to the roots of their tree. You, my dear sister, displayed nothing but your face that was not already tree. Your tears rained on the leaves of your poor body, and while your mouth left a path for your voice, while you still could, you poured out your lament like this into the air: �If there is truth in suffering, I swear by the gods I do not deserve this wrong. I am being punished without guilt. I lived in innocence. If I lie, let me lose the leaves I have through drought, be levelled with the axe, and burned. Take this child from these maternal branches, and find him a nurse, and have him often drink his milk under this tree of mine, and play under this tree. And when he learns to talk, have him greet his mother and say, sadly, �My mother is revealed in this tree.� Let him still fear lakes, and pick no flowers from the trees, and think all shrubs are the body of the goddess.

Dear husband, farewell, and you, sister; father! If you love me, defend me from the sharp knife, and my leaves from the browsing herd. And since I am not allowed to bend to you, reach up with your arms, and find my lips, while I can still feel, and lift my little son up to me! I can speak no more. Now the soft sapwood spreads slowly over my white neck: I am imprisoned in its highest reaches. Take your hands from my eyes. Without trying to help me, allow the enveloping bark to mask the fading light!� At the moment her mouth ceased speaking, at that moment it ceased to be. For a long time, the freshly created branches glowed with warmth, from her altered body.�

Book IX · IOLAUS

IOLAUS

Dumque refert Iole factum mirabile, dumque
395Eurytidos lacrimas admoto pollice siccat
Alcmene (flet et ipsa tamen), conpescuit omnem
res nova tristitiam. Nam limine constitit alto
paene puer dubiaque tegens lanugine malas
ora reformatus primos Iolaus in annos.
400Hoc illi dederat Iunonia muneris Hebe,
victa viri precibus. Quae cum iurare pararet
dona tributuram post hunc se talia nulli,
non est passa Themis: “Nam iam discordia Thebae
bella movent” dixit “Capaneusque nisi ab Iove vinci
405haud poterit, fientque pares in vulnere fratres,
subductaque suos manes tellure videbit
vivus adhuc vates; ultusque parente parentem
natus erit facto pius et sceleratus eodem;
attonitusque malis exsul mentisque domusque,
410vultibus Eumenidum matrisque agitabitur umbris,
donec eum coniunx fatale poposcerit aurum,
cognatumque latus Phegeius hauserit ensis.
Tum demum magno petet hos Acheloia supplex
ab Iove Callirhoe natis infantibus annos
415neve necem sinat esse diu victoris inultam,
Iuppiter his motus privignae dona nurusque
praecipiet facietque viros inpubibus annis.”
But as they wept together, suddenly
a wonderful event astonished them;
for, standing in the doorway, they beheld
the old man Iolaus, known to them,
but now transformed from age to youth, he seemed
almost a boy, with light down on his cheeks:
for Juno's daughter Hebe, had renewed
his years to please her husband, Hercules.
Just at the time when ready to make oath,
she would not grant such gifts to other men—
Themis had happily prevented her.
“For even now,” she said, “a civil strife
is almost ready to break forth in Thebes,
and Capaneus shall be invincible
to all save the strong hand of Jove himself;
and there two hostile brothers shall engage
in bloody conflict; and Amphiaraus
shall see his own ghost, deep in yawning earth.
“His own son, dutiful to him, shall be
both just and unjust in a single deed;
for he, in vengeance for his father's death,
shall slay his mother, and confounded lose
both home and reason,—persecuted both
by the grim Furies and the awful ghost
of his own murdered mother; this until
his wife, deluded, shall request of him
the fatal golden necklace, and until
the sword of Phegeus drains his kinsman's blood.
“And then at last his wife Callirhoe
shall supplicate the mighty Jupiter
to grant her infant sons the added years
of youthful manhood. Then shall Jupiter
let Hebe, guardian of ungathered days,
grant from the future to Callirhoe's sons,
the strength of manhood in their infancy.
Do not let their victorious father's death
be unavenged a long while. Jove prevailed
upon, will claim beforehand all the gifts
of Hebe, who is his known daughter-in-law,
and his step-daughter, and with one act change
Callirhoe's beardless boys to men of size.”
The prophecies of Themis

While Eurytus�s daughter was relating this marvellous happening, and Alcmena was wiping away Iole�s tears (still weeping herself) a wonderful thing suspended all sadness. There, on the steep threshold, stood Iola�s, Hercules�s nephew and companion, alive again, with the look of his early years, a hint of down on his cheeks, almost, again, a child. Overwhelmed by the prayers of her husband, Hercules, Juno�s daughter, Hebe, had granted him this gift. When she was about to swear that, after this, she would never allow any further such favour, Themis would not allow it.

She prophesied. �Thebes is now moving towards civil war, and, of the Seven against her, Capaneus will not be overcome, except by Jupiter himself. Two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, will die of mutually inflicted wounds. Amphiara�s, the seer, swallowed by the earth, still living, will gaze on the ghosts of his own dead. His son, Alcmaeon, shall avenge him, with his mother Eriphyle�s death, filial and sinful in the same act. Terrified at his own evil, exiled from home and sanity, he will be pursued by the faces of the Eumenides, and by his mother�s shade, until his wife, Callirho� demands the fatal necklace, that Venus gave Harmonia, and until the sword, of his first father-in-law, Phegeus, in the hands of Phegeus�s sons, shall drain his son-in-law�s blood. Then at last, Callirho�, the daughter of Achelo�s, as a suppliant, will ask of mighty Jupiter, to add years to her infant sons, and not allow the avenger�s murder to be unavenged. In anticipation of being moved by her prayers, Jupiter claims for them this gift that you, his stepdaughter and daughter-in-law, possess, and will make them men, in their childhood years.�

Haec ubi faticano venturi praescia dixit
ore Themis, vario superi sermone fremebant,
420et “cur non aliis eadem dare dona liceret”
murmur erat: queritur veteres Pallantias annos
coniugis esse sui, queritur canescere mitis
Iasiona Ceres, repetitum Mulciber aevum
poscit Erichthonio. Venerem quoque cura futuri
425tangit et Anchisae renovare paciscitur annos.
Cui studeat, deus omnis habet, crescitque favore
turbida seditio, donec sua Iuppiter ora
solvit et “o nostri siqua est reverentia,” dixit
“quo ruitis? Tantumne aliquis sibi posse videtur,
430fata quoque ut superet? Fatis Iolaus in annos,
quos egit, rediit, fatis iuvenescere debent
Callirhoe geniti, non ambitione nec armis.
Vos etiam, quoque hoc animo meliore feratis,
me quoque fata regunt. Quae si mutare valerem,
435nec nostrum seri curvarent Aeacon anni,
perpetuumque aevi florem Rhadamanthus haberet
cum Minoe meo, qui propter amara senectae
pondera despicitur nec quo prius ordine regnat.”
When Themis, prophesying future days,
had said these words, the Gods of Heaven complained
because they also could not grant the gift
of youth to many others in this way.
Aurora wept because her husband had
white hair; and Ceres then bewailed the age
of her Iasion, grey and stricken old;
and Mulciber demanded with new life
his Erichthonius might again appear;
and Venus, thinking upon future days,
said old Anchises' years must be restored.
And every god preferred some favorite,
until vexed with the clamor, Jupiter
implored, “If you can have regard for me,
consider the strange blessings you desire:
does any one of you believe he can
prevail against the settled will of Fate?
As Iolaus has returned by fate,
to those years spent by him; so by the Fates
Callirhoe's sons from infancy must grow
to manhood with no struggle on their part,
or force of their ambition. And you should
endure your fortune with contented minds:
I, also, must give all control to Fate.
“If I had power to change the course of Fate
I would not let advancing age break down
my own son Aeacus, nor bend his back
with weight of year; and Rhadamanthus should
retain an everlasting flower of youth,
together with my own son Minos, who
is now despised because of his great age,
so that his scepter has lost dignity.”
Jupiter acknowledges the power of Fate

When Themis spoke these words, out of her prophetic mouth, prescient of what was to come, the gods complained in various mutterings, and there was a murmur as to why they were not able to grant the same gift to other mortals. Aurora, daughter of the Titan Pallas, lamented the old age of her husband, Tithonus. Gentle Ceres lamented the greying hair of her former lover Iasion. Mulciber demanded another lifetime for his son, Erichthonius: and Venus, also, touched by fears for the future, wanted to bargain for the renewal of her lover Anchises�s years. Each god had someone whose cause they supported: and the troublesome mutiny, over their favourites, grew, until Jupiter opened his mouth and said: �O, if you have any respect for me, where do you think all this talk is heading? Do any of you think you can overcome fate as well? Through fate Iola�s�s past years were restored. Through fate Callirho��s children must prematurely become men, not through ambition or warfare. Even you, and I, too, fate rules, if that also makes you feel better. If I had power to alter fate, these late years would not bow down my pious Aeacus. Just Rhadamanthus would always possess youth�s flower, and my Minos, who is scorned because of the bitter weight of old age, and no longer orders the kingdom in the way he did before.�

Dicta Iovis movere deos, nec sustinet ullus,
440cum videat fessos Rhadamanthon et Aeacon annis
et Minoa, queri. Qui, dum fuit integer aevi,
terruerat magnas ipso quoque nomine gentes.
Tunc erat invalidus Deionidenque iuventae
robore Miletum Phoeboque parente superbum
445pertimuit credensque suis insurgere regnis,
haud tamen est patriis arcere penatibus ausus.
Sponte fugis, Milete, tua, celerique carina
Aegaeas metiris aquas et in Aside terra
moenia constituis positoris habentia nomen.
450Hic tibi, dum sequitur patriae curvamina ripae,
filia Maeandri totiens redeuntis eodem
cognita Cyanee, praestantia corpora forma,
Byblida cum Cauno, prolem est enixa gemellam.
Byblis in exemplo est, ut ament concessa puellae:
455Byblis Apollinei correpta cupidine fratris:
non soror ut fratrem, nec qua debebat, amabat.
Illa quidem primo nullos intellegit ignes
nec peccare putat, quod saepius oscula iungat,
quod sua fraterno circumdet bracchia collo,
460mendacique diu pietatis fallitur umbra.
Paulatim declinat amor, visuraque fratrem
culta venit nimiumque cupit formosa videri
et siqua est illic formosior, invidet illi.
Sed nondum manifesta sibi est nullumque sub illo
465igne facit votum: verumtamen aestuat intus.
Iam dominum appellat, iam nomina sanguinis odit:
Byblida iam mavult, quam se vocet ille sororem.
Spes tamen obscenas animo demittere non est
ausa suo vigilans: placida resoluta quiete
470saepe videt, quod amat; visa est quoque iungere fratri
corpus et erubuit, quamvis sopita iacebat.
Somnus abit: silet illa diu repetitque quietis
ipsa suae speciem dubiaque ita mente profatur:
“Me miseram! tacitae quid vult sibi noctis imago?
475Quam nolim rata sit! cur haec ego somnia vidi?
Ille quidem est oculis quamvis formosus iniquis
et placet, et possim, si non sit frater, amare,
et me dignus erat. Verum nocet esse sororem.—
Dummodo tale nihil vigilans committere temptem,
480saepe licet simili redeat sub imagine somnus!
testis abest somno, nec abest imitata voluptas.
Pro! Venus et tenera volucer cum matre Cupido,
gaudia quanta tuli! quam me manifesta libido
contigit! ut iacui totis resoluta medullis!
485ut meminisse iuvat! quamvis brevis illa voluptas
noxque fuit praeceps et coeptis invida nostris.
O ego, si liceat mutato nomine iungi,
quam bene, Caune, tuo poteram nurus esse parenti!
quam bene, Caune, meo poteras gener esse parenti!
490Omnia, di facerent, essent communia nobis,
praeter avos: tu me vellem generosior esses!
Nescioquam facies igitur, pulcherrime, matrem:
at mihi, quae male sum quos tu sortita parentes,
nil nisi frater eris. Quod obest, id habebimus unum.
495Quid mihi significant ergo mea visa?—quod autem
somnia pondus habent?—an habent et somnia pondus?
Di melius!—di nempe suas habuere sorores:
Sic Saturnus Opem iunctam sibi sanguine duxit,
Oceanus Tethyn, Iunonem rector Olympi.
500Sunt superis sua iura! Quid ad caelestia ritus
exigere humanos diversaque foedera tempto?
Aut nostro vetitus de corde fugabitur ardor,
aut hoc si nequeo, peream, precor, ante toroque
mortua conponar, positaeque det oscula frater.—
505Et tamen arbitrium quaerit res ista duorum.
Finge placere mihi: scelus esse videbitur illi!
At non Aeolidae thalamos timuere sororum!
Unde sed hos novi? Cur haec exempla paravi?
Quo feror? Obscenae procul hinc discedite flammae,
510nec, nisi qua fas est germanae, frater ametur!—
Si tamen ipse mei captus prior esset amore,
forsitan illius possem indulgere furori.
Ergo ego, quae fueram non reiectura petentem,
ipsa petam! Poterisne loqui? poterisne fateri?
515Coget amor: potero! vel, si pudor ora tenebit,
littera celatos arcana fatebitur ignis:
Such words of Jupiter controlled the Gods,
and none continued to complain, when they
saw Aeacus and Rhadamanthus old,
and Minos also, weary of his age.
And they remembered Minos in his prime,
had warred against great nations, till his name
if mentioned was a certain cause of fear.
But now, enfeebled by great age, he feared
Miletus, Deione's son, because
of his exultant youth and strength derived
from his great father Phoebus. And although
he well perceived Miletus' eye was fixed
upon his throne, he did not dare to drive
him from his kingdom.
But although not forced,
Miletus of his own accord did fly,
by swift ship, over to the Asian shore,
across the Aegean water, where he built
the city of his name.
Cyane, who
was known to be the daughter of the stream
Maeander, which with many a twist and turn
flows wandering there—Cyane said to be
indeed most beautiful, when known by him,
gave birth to two; a girl called Byblis, who
was lovely, and the brother Caunus—twins.
Byblis is an example that the love
of every maiden must be within law.
Seized with a passion for her brother, she
loved him, descendant of Apollo, not
as sister loves a brother; not in such
a manner as the law of man permits.
At first she thought it surely was not wrong
to kiss him passionately, while her arms
were thrown around her brother's neck, and so
deceived herself. And, as the habit grew,
her sister-love degenerated, till
richly attired, she came to see her brother,
with all endeavors to attract his eye;
and anxious to be seen most beautiful,
she envied every woman who appeared
of rival beauty. But she did not know
or understand the flame, hot in her heart,
though she was agitated when she saw
the object of her swiftly growing love.
Now she began to call him lord, and now
she hated to say brother, and she said,
“Do call me Byblis—never call me sister!”
And yet while feeling love so, when awake
she does not dwell upon impure desire;
but when dissolved in the soft arms of sleep,
she sees the very object of her love,
and blushing, dreams she is embraced by him,
till slumber has departed. For a time
she lies there silent, as her mind recalls
the loved appearance of her lovely dream,
until her wavering heart, in grief exclaims:—
“What is this vision of the silent night?
Ah wretched me! I cannot count it true.
And, if he were not my own brother, he
why is my fond heart tortured with this dream?
He is so handsome even to envious eyes,
it is not strange he has filled my fond heart;
so surely would be worthy of my love.
But it is my misfortune I am his
own sister. Let me therefore strive, awake,
to stand with honor, but let sleep return
the same dream often to me.—There can be
no fear of any witness to a shade
which phantoms my delight.—O Cupid, swift
of love-wing with your mother, and O my
beloved Venus! wonderful the joys
of my experience in the transport. All
as if reality sustaining, lifted me
up to elysian pleasure, while in truth
I lay dissolving to my very marrow:
the pleasure was so brief, and Night, headlong
sped from me, envious of my coming joys.
“If I could change my name, and join to you,
how good a daughter I would prove to your
dear father, and how good a son would you
be to my father. If the Gods agreed,
then everything would be possessed by us
in common, but this must exclude ancestors.
For I should pray, compared with mine yours might
be quite superior. But, oh my love,
some other woman by your love will be
a mother; but because, unfortunate,
my parents are the same as yours, you must
be nothing but a brother. Sorrows, then,
shall be to us in common from this hour.
What have my night-born vision signified?
What weight have dreams? Do dreams have any weight?
The Gods forbid! The Gods have sisters! Truth
declares even Saturn married Ops, his own
blood-kin, Oceanus his Tethys, Jove,
Olympian his Juno. But the Gods
are so superior in their laws, I should
not measure human custom by the rights
established in the actions of divinities.
This passion must be banished from my heart,
or, if it cannot be so, I must pray
that I may perish, and be laid out dead
upon my couch so my dear brother there
may kiss my lips. But then he must consent,
and my delight would seem to him a crime.
“Tis known the sons of Aeolus embraced
their sisters —But why should I think of these?
Why should I take example from such lives?
Must I do as they did? Far from it! let
such lawless flames be quenched, until I feel
no evil love for him, although the pure
affection of a sister may be mine,
and cherished. If it should have happened first
that my dear brother had loved me—ah then,
I might have yielded love to his desire.
Why not now? I myself must woo him, since
I could not have rejected him, if he
had first wooed me. But is it possible
for me to speak of it, with proper words
describing such a strange confession? Love
will certainly compel and give me speech.
Byblis falls in love with her twin brother Caunus

Jupiter�s words swayed the gods: and no one could sustain their objection when they saw Rhadamanthos, Aeacus and Minos wearied with the years. When he was in his prime, Minos had made great nations tremble at his very name: now he was weak, and feared Miletus, who was proud of his strength and parentage, the son of Phoebus Apollo and the nymph Deione. Though Minos believed Miletus might plot an insurrection, he still did not dare to deny him his home. On your own initiative, Miletus, you left, cutting the waters of the Aegean in your swift ship, and built a city on the soil of Asia, that still carries its founder�s name.

There you knew Cyanee, the daughter of Maeander, whose stream so often curves back on itself, when she was following her father�s winding shores. Twin children were born to her, of outstanding beauty of body, Byblis and her brother Caunus.

Byblis, seized by a passion, for her brother, scion of Apollo; that Byblis serves for a warning to girls, against illicit love. She loved, not as a sister loves a brother, nor as she should. At first, it is true, she did not understand the fires of passion, or think it wrong, to kiss, together, often, or throw her arms round her brother�s neck. For a long time she was deceived by the misleading likeness to sisterly affection. Gradually the nature of her love went astray, and she came looking for her brother carefully dressed, and over-anxious to look beautiful. If anyone seemed more beautiful to him, she was jealous. But her own feelings were not clear to her, and though she had no inner longing for passion, nevertheless it burned. And now she called him her lord, now she hated the name that made them related, now she wrongly wished him to call her Byblis, rather than sister. While she is awake she still dare not allow her mind its illicit hope, but, deep in peaceful dreams, she often sees what she loves, and is also seen, held in her brother�s arms, and she blushes, though lost in sleep.

When sleep has vanished, she lies there for a long time, recalling, to herself, the imagery of her dream, and at last utters these inner doubts: �Alas for me! What does it mean, this vision out of the night�s silence? How I would hate it to be true! Why do I see these things in sleep? He is truly handsome, even to unfriendly eyes, and is pleasing, and if he were not my brother I could love him, and he would be worthy of me. Being his sister is the reality that harms me. Let sleep often return with similar visions, as long as I am not tempted to do any such thing while awake! A dream lacks witnesses, but does not lack pleasure�s counterpart. By winged Cupid, and Venus, his tender mother, how great the joy I had! How clearly passion touched me! How my whole heart melted where I lay! What joy in remembrance! Though its pleasure was short-lived, and night rushed onwards, envious of my imaginings.

O if I could have been joined to you, with another�s name, Caunus, how good a daughter-in-law I could have been to your father! O Caunus, how good a son-in-law you could have been to my father! We would have had everything shared between us, except our grandparents: I would have wanted you to be nobler than me! You, most beautiful one, will make someone else the mother of your children, but to me, whom evil luck has given the same parents, you will be nothing but a brother. What separates us: that we will share as one. What does my vision signify to me? What weight indeed do dreams have? Or perhaps - the gods forbid - dreams do have weight? Certainly, the gods have possessed their sisters. So, Saturn led Ops, his blood-kin, to join with him, and Oceanus, Tethys, and the ruler of Olympus, Juno. The gods have their own laws! Why try to relate human affairs to other, divine, behaviour? Either my forbidden passion will be driven from my heart, or if I cannot achieve that, I pray to be loved, before I am laid out on my deathbed, and my brother kisses me there. Yet that needs both our wills! Suppose it pleases me: it may seem a sin to him.

Still, the sons of Aeolus, god of the winds, were not afraid to marry their sisters! Where did I learn that? Why do I have such ready examples? Where is this leading? Vanish, far off, illicit flames, and let my brother not be loved, except as a sister may love him! Yet, if he himself were first captured by love of me, I might perhaps be able to indulge this madness. Then let me woo him, whom I would not reject, if he were wooing! - Can you say it? Can you acknowledge it? - Love compels me: I can! Or if shame closes my lips, a secret letter will confess my hidden passions.�

Book IX · BYBLIS AND CAUNUS

BYBLIS AND CAUNUS

hoc placet, haec dubiam vicit sententia mentem.”
In latus erigitur cubitoque innixa sinistro
“viderit: insanos” inquit “fateamur amores.
520Ei mihi! quo labor? quem mens mea concipit ignem?”
et meditata manu componit verba trementi:
dextra tenet ferrum, vacuam tenet altera ceram.
Incipit et dubitat, scribit damnatque tabellas
et notat et delet, mutat culpatque probatque,
525inque vicem sumptas ponit positasque resumit.
Quid velit ignorat; quidquid factura videtur,
displicet. In vultu est audacia mixta pudori.
Scripta “soror” fuerat, visum est delere sororem
verbaque correctis incidere talia ceris:
530“Quam, nisi tu dederis, non est habitura salutem,
hanc tibi mittit amans: pudet, a! pudet edere nomen.
Et si, quid cupiam, quaeris, sine nomine vellem
posset agi mea causa meo, nec cognita Byblis
ante forem, quam spes votorum certa fuisset.
535Esse quidem laesi poterat tibi pectoris index
et color et macies et vultus et umida saepe
lumina nec causa suspiria mota patenti
et crebri amplexus, et quae, si forte notasti,
oscula sentiri non esse sororia possent:
540ipsa tamen, quamvis animo grave vulnus habebam,
quamvis intus erat furor igneus, omnia feci
(sunt mihi di testes), ut tandem sanior essem,
pugnavique diu violenta Cupidinis arma
effugere infelix et plus, quam ferre puellam
545posse putes, ego dura tuli. Superata fateri
cogor opemque tuam timidis exposcere votis.
Tu servare potes, tu perdere solus amantem:
elige, utrum facias! Non hoc inimica precatur,
sed quae, cum tibi sit iunctissima, iunctior esse
550expetit et vinclo tecum propiore ligari.
Iura senes norint et, quid liceatque nefasque
fasque sit, inquirant legumque examina servent:
conveniens Venus est annis temeraria nostris!
Quid liceat, nescimus adhuc et cuncta licere
555credimus et sequimur magnorum exempla deorum.
Nec nos aut durus pater aut reverentia famae
aut timor impediet (tantum sit causa timendi!).
Dulcia fraterno sub nomine furta tegemus:
est mihi libertas tecum secreta loquendi,
560et damus amplexus et iungimus oscula coram,
quantum est, quod desit? Miserere fatentis amores
et non fassurae, nisi cogeret ultimus ardor,
neve merere meo subscribi causa sepulcro!”
Talia nequiquam perarantem plena reliquit
565cera manum, summusque in margine versus adhaesit.
Protinus inpressa signat sua crimina gemma,
quam tinxit lacrimis (linguam defecerat umor),
deque suis unum famulis pudibunda vocavit
et pavidum blandita “fer has, fidissime, nostro”—
570dixit, et adiecit longo post tempore “fratri.”
Cum daret, elapsae manibus cecidere tabellae.
Omine turbata est: misit tamen. Apta minister
tempora nactus adit traditque latentia verba.
Attonitus subita iuvenis Maeandrius ira
575proicit acceptas lecta sibi parte tabellas
vixque manus retinens trepidantis ab ore ministri
“dum licet, o vetitae scelerate libidinis auctor,
effuge!” ait: “qui, si nostrum tua fata pudorem
non traherent secum, poenas mihi morte dedisses.”
580Ille fugit pavidus dominaeque ferocia Cauni
dicta refert. Palles audita, Bybli, repulsa,
et pavet obsessum glaciali frigore corpus.
Mens tamen ut rediit, pariter rediere furores,
linguaque vix tales icto dedit aere voces:
585“Et merito! quid enim temeraria vulneris huius
indicium feci? Quid, quae celanda fuerunt,
tam cito commisi properatis verba tabellis?
Ante erat ambiguis animi sententia dictis
praetemptanda mihi. Ne non sequeretur euntem,
590parte aliqua veli, qualis foret aura, notare
debueram tutoque mari decurrere, quae nunc
non exploratis inplevi lintea ventis.
Auferor in scopulos igitur subversaque toto
obruor oceano, neque habent mea vela recursus.
But, if shame seal my lips, then secret flame
in a sealed letter may be safely told.”
And after all this wavering, her mind
at last was satisfied; and as she leaned
on her left elbow, partly raised from her
half-dream position, she said, “Let him see:
let me at once confess my frantic passion
without repression! O my wretched heart!
What hot flame burns me!” But while speaking so,
she took an iron pen in her right hand,
and trembling wrote the heart-words as she could,
all on a clean wax tablet which she held
in her limp left hand. She begins and stops,
and hesitates—she loves and hates her hot
confession—writes, erases, changes here
and there, condemns, approves, disheartened throws
her tablets down and takes them up again:
her mind refuses everything she does,
and moves against each action as begun:
shame, fear and bold assurance mingled showed
upon her face, as she began to write,
“Your sister” but at once decided she
could not say sister, and commenced instead,
with other words on her amended wax.
“A health to you, which she who loves you fails
to have, unless you grant the same to her.
It shames me, oh I am ashamed to tell
my name to you, and so without my name,
I would I might plead well until the hopes
of my desires were realized, and then
you might know safely, Byblis is my name.
“You might have knowledge of my wounded heart,
because my pale, drawn face and down-cast eyes
so often tearful, and my sighs without
apparent cause have shown it — and my warm
embraces, and my frequent kisses, much
too tender for a sister. All of this
has happened, while with agitated heart
and in hot passion, I have tried all ways,
(I call upon the Gods to witness it!)
that I might force myself to sanity.
And I have struggled, wretched nights and days,
to overcome the cruelties of love,
too dreadful for a frail girl to endure,
for they most surely are all Cupid's art.
“I have been overborne and must confess
my passion, while with timid prayers I plead;
for only you can save me. You alone
may now destroy the one who loves you best:
so you must choose what will be the result.
The one who prays is not your enemy;
but one most closely joined to you, yet asks
to knit the tie more firmly. Let old men
be governed by propriety, and talk
of what is right and wrong, and hold to all
the nice distinctions of strict laws. But Love,
has no fixed law for those whose age is ours,
is heedless and compliant. And we have
not yet discovered what is right or wrong,
and all we should do is to imitate
the known example of the Gods. We have
no father's harsh rule, and we have no care
for reputation, and no fear that keeps
us from each other. But there may be cause
for fear, and we may hide our stolen love,
because a sister is at liberty
to talk with her dear brother—quite apart:
we may embrace and kiss each other, though
in public. What is wanting? Pity her
whose utmost love compels her to confess;
and let it not be written on her tomb,
her death was for your sake and love denied.”
Here when she dropped the tablet from her hand,
it was so full of fond words, which were doomed
to disappointment, that the last line traced
the edge: and without thinking of delay,
she stamped the shameful letter with her seal,
and moistened it with tears (her tongue failed her
for moisture). Then, hot-blushing, she called one
of her attendants, and with timid voice
said, coaxing, “My most trusted servant, take
these tablets to my—” after long delay
she said, “my brother.” While she gave the tablets
they suddenly slipped from her hands and fell.
Although disturbed by this bad omen, she
still sent the letter, which the servant found
an opportunity to carry off.
He gave the secret love-confession. This
her brother, grandson of Maeander, read
but partly, and with sudden passion threw
the tablets from him. He could barely hold
himself from clutching on the throat of her
fear-trembling servant; as, enraged, he cried,
“Accursed pander to forbidden lust,
be gone!—before the knowledge of your death
is added to this unforeseen disgrace!”
The servant fled in terror, and told all
her brother's actions and his fierce reply
to Byblis: and when she had heard her love
had been repulsed, her startled face went pale,
and her whole body trembled in the grip
of ice-chills. Quickly as her mind regained
its usual strength, her maddening love returned,
came back with equal force, and while she choked
with her emotion, gasping she said this:
“I suffer only from my folly! why did I
so rashly tell him of my wounded heart?
And why did I so hastily commit
to tablets all I should have kept concealed?
I should have edged my way by feeling first,
obscurely hinting till I knew his mind
and disposition towards me. And so that
my first voyage might get favorable wind,
I should have tested with a close-reefed sail,
and, knowing what the wind was, safely fared.
But now with sails full spread I have been tossed
by unexpected winds. And so my ship
is on the rocks; and, overwhelmed with all
the power of Ocean, I have not the strength
to turn back and recover what is lost.
The fatal letter

This idea pleases her, and this decision overcomes the doubt in her mind. Turning on one side and leaning on her left elbow, she says to herself: �Let him know: let me acknowledge my insane desires! Alas, where am I heading? What fire has my heart conceived?� And, with a trembling hand, she begins to set down the words she has contemplated. She holds the pen in her right hand, and a blank wax tablet in her left. She begins, then hesitates; writes and condemns the writing; scribbles and smoothes it out; alters, blames and approves; in turn lays down what she has lifted, and lifts what she has laid down. She does not know what to do, displeased with whatever she is about to do. In her expression, shame is mixed with boldness.

She had written �sister�, but decided to efface the name of sister, and inscribed these words on the corrected tablet: �That wish, for long life, that she will not have, unless you grant it, one who loves you, sends to you. She is ashamed, oh, ashamed to tell her name. And if you ask what I desire, I would have wished to plead my cause, namelessly, and not to have been identified, until the expectation of what I desired was certain, as Byblis.

True, you might have seen signs of my wounded heart in my pallor, thinness, features, eyes full of tears, sighs with no apparent cause, frequent embraces, kisses, which, if you had chanced to notice, might not have felt like a sister�s. Yet, though my soul was deeply stricken, though the mad fire is in me, I have done everything I can (the gods are my witnesses) to become calmer. For a long time I have struggled, unhappily, to escape Cupid�s onslaught, and I have suffered more hardship than you would think a girl could suffer. I am compelled to confess, I have lost, and to beg your help, with humble prayers. You alone can save your lover, you alone destroy her. Choose what you will. It is not your enemy who prays to you, but one who, though closest to you, seeks to be closer still, and bound to you with a tighter bond.

Let old people know what is right, and what is allowed, and what is virtue and what is sin, and preserve the fine balance of the law. At our age Love is what is fitting, that takes no heed. We do not know yet what is permitted, and we consider all things permitted, and follow the example of the great gods. We have no harsh father, no regard for reputation, and no fear to impede us. Even if there were cause for fear, we can hide sweet theft under the names of brother and sister. I am free to speak to you in private, and we can embrace and kiss in front of others. How important is what is still lacking? Pity the one who confesses her love, and would not confess if extreme desire did not force her, and do not you be the reason for the writing on my tomb.�

Her handwriting filled the wax, with these fruitless words, the last line close to the edge. Immediately she put her seal on the sinful message, dampening it with her tears (moisture failed her tongue), stamping it with her signet ring. Shamefacedly, she called one of her servants, and shyly and coaxingly said: �You are most faithful. Take these to my..........brother� she added after a long silence. As she let them go, the tablets slipped and fell from her hand. She still sent the letter, troubled by the omen. Finding a suitable time, the messenger went, and delivered the hidden words. Horrified, Maeander�s grandson, suddenly enraged, hurled away the tablets, he had accepted, and partly read, and, scarcely able to keep his hands from the trembling servant�s throat, cried: �Run while you can, you rascally aide to forbidden lust! I would deal you death, as a punishment, if your fate would not also drag our honour down with it.� The servant fled in fear, and reported Caunus�s fierce words, to Byblis.

She grew pale, hearing that she had been rejected, and her body shook, gripped by an icy chill. But, when consciousness returned, so did the passion, and, she let out these words, her lips scarcely moving: �I deserve it! Well, why did I rashly reveal my wound?� Why was I in such a hurry to commit things, which were secret, to a hasty letter? I should have tested his mind�s judgment before by ambiguous words. I should have observed how the winds blew; used other lesser sails, in case those breezes were not to be followed; and crossed the sea in safety, not as now, under full canvas, caught by uncertain gusts. So I am carried onto the rocks, swamped, overwhelmed by the whole ocean, and my sails have no means of retreat.�

595Quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori
indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre iubenti
excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas?
Nonne vel illa dies fuerat vel tota voluntas,
sed potius mutanda dies? Deus ipse monebat
600signaque certa dabat, si non male sana fuissem.
Et tamen ipsa loqui, nec me committere cerae
debueram praesensque meos aperire furores
(vidisset lacrimas, vultum vidisset amantis!),
plura loqui poteram, quam quae cepere tabellae.
605Invito potui circumdare bracchia collo
et, si reicerer, potui moritura videri
amplectique pedes adfusaque poscere vitam.
Omnia fecissem, quorum si singula duram
flectere non poterant, potuissent omnia, mentem.
610Forsitan et missi sit quaedam culpa ministri:
non adiit apte nec legit idonea, credo,
tempora nec petiit horamque animumque vacantem.
Haec nocuere mihi. Neque enim est de tigride natus
nec rigidas silices solidumve in pectore ferrum
615aut adamanta gerit nec lac bibit ille leaenae.
Vincetur! Repetendus erit, nec taedia coepti
ulla mei capiam, dum spiritus iste manebit.
Nam primum, si facta mihi revocare liceret,
non coepisse fuit: coepta expugnare secundum est.
620Quippe nec ille potest, ut iam mea vota relinquam,
non tamen ausorum semper memor esse meorum,
et, quia desierim, leviter voluisse videbor
aut etiam temptasse illum insidiisque petisse;
vel certe non hoc, qui plurimus urget et urit
625pectora nostra, deo, sed victa libidine credar.
Denique iam nequeo nil commisisse nefandum.
Et scripsi et petii: temerata est nostra voluntas;
ut nihil adiciam, non possum innoxia dici.
Quod superest, multum est in vota, in crimina parvum.”
630Dixit, et (incertae tanta est discordia mentis)
cum pigeat temptasse, libet temptare: modumque
exit et infelix committit saepe repelli.
Mox ubi finis abest, patriam fugit ille nefasque
inque peregrina ponit nova moenia terra.
635Tum vero maestam tota Miletida mente
defecisse ferunt, tum vero a pectore vestem
diripuit planxitque suos furibunda lacertos.
Iamque palam est demens inconcessamque fatetur
spem veneris, siquidem patriam invisosque penates
640deserit et profugi sequitur vestigia fratris.
Utque tuo motae, proles Semeleia, thyrso
Ismariae celebrant repetita triennia bacchae,
Byblida non aliter latos ululasse per agros
Bubasides videre nurus. Quibus illa relictis
645Caras et armiferos Lelegas Lyciamque pererrat.
Iam Cragon et Limyren Xanthique reliquerat undas,
quoque Chimaera iugo mediis in partibus ignem,
pectus et ora leae, caudam serpentis habebat;
deficiunt silvae, cum tu lassata sequendo
650concidis et dura positis tellure capillis,
Bybli, iaces frondesque tuo premis ore caducas.
Saepe etiam nymphae teneris Lelegeides ulnis
tollere conantur; saepe, ut medeatur amori,
praecipiunt surdaeque adhibent solacia menti:
655muta iacet viridesque suis tenet unguibus herbas
Byblis, et umectat lacrimarum gramina rivus.
Naidas his venam, quae numquam arescere posset,
subposuisse ferunt: quid enim dare maius habebant?
Protinus, ut secto piceae de cortice guttae,
660utve tenax gravida manat tellure bitumen,
utve sub adventu spirantis lene favoni
sole remollescit, quae frigore constitit, unda,
sic lacrimis consumpta suis Phoebeia Byblis
vertitur in fontem, qui nunc quoque vallibus illis
665nomen habet dominae nigraque sub ilice manat.
“Surely clear omens warned me not to tell
my love so soon, because the tablets fell
just when I would have put them in the hand
of my picked servant — certainly a sign
my hasty hopes were destined to fall down.
Is it not clear I should have changed the day;
and even my intention? Rather say
should not the day have been postponed at once?
The god himself gave me unerring signs,
if I had not been so deranged with love.
I should have spoken to him, face to face;
and with my own lips have confessed it all;
and then my passion had been seen by him,
and, as my face was bathed in tears, I could
have told him so much more than words engraved
on tablets; and, while I was telling him
I could have thrown my arms around his neck,
and if rejected could have seemed almost
at point of death; as I embraced his feet,
while prostrate, even might have begged for life.
I could have tried so many plans, and they
together would have won his stubborn heart.
“Perhaps my stupid servant, in mistake,
did not approach him at a proper time,
and even sought an hour his mind was full
of other things.
“All this has harmed my case;
there is no other reason; he was not
born of a tigress, and his heart is not
of flint or solid iron, or of adamant;
and no she-lion suckled him. He shall
be won to my affection; and I must
attempt again, again, nor ever cease
so long as I have breath. If it were not
too late already to undo what has
been done, 'twere wiser not begun at all.
But since I have begun, it now is best
to end it with success. How can he help
remembering what I dared, although I should
abandon my design! In such a case,
because I gave up, I must be to him
weak, fickle-minded; or perhaps he may
believe I tried to tempt him with a snare.
But come what may, he will not think of me
as overcome by some god who inflames
and rules the heart. He surely will believe
I was so actuated by my lust.
“If I do nothing more, my innocence
is gone forever. I have written him
and wooed him also, in a way so rash
and unmistakable, that if I should
do nothing more than this, I should be held
completely guilty in my brother's sight—
but I have hope, and nothing worse to fear.”
Then back and forth she argues; and so great
is her uncertainty, she blames herself
for what she did, and is determined just
as surely to succeed.
She tries all arts,
but is repeatedly repulsed by him,
until unable to control her ways,
her brother in despair, fled from the shame
of her designs: and in another land
he founded a new city.
Then, they say,
the wretched daughter of Miletus lost
control of reason. She wrenched from her breast
her garments, and quite frantic, beat her arms,
and publicly proclaims unhallowed love.
Grown desperate, she left her hated home,
her native land, and followed the loved steps
of her departed brother. Just as those
crazed by your thyrsus, son of Semele!
The Bacchanals of Ismarus, aroused,
howl at your orgies, so her shrieks were heard
by the shocked women of Bubassus, where
the frenzied Byblis howled across the fields,
and so through Caria and through Lycia,
over the mountain Cragus and beyond
the town, Lymira, and the flowing stream
called Xanthus, and the ridge where dwelt
Chimaera, serpent-tailed and monstrous beast,
fire breathing from its lion head and neck.
She hurried through the forest of that ridge—
and there at last worn out with your pursuit,
O Byblis, you fell prostrate, with your hair
spread over the hard ground, and your wan face
buried in fallen leaves. Although the young,
still tender-hearted nymphs of Leleges,
advised her fondly how to cure her love,
and offered comfort to her heedless heart,
and even lifted her in their soft arms;
without an answer Byblis fell from them,
and clutched the green herbs with her fingers, while
her tears continued to fall on the grass.
They say the weeping Naiads gave to her
a vein of tears which always flows there from
her sorrows—nothing better could be done.
Immediately, as drops of pitch drip forth
from the gashed pine, or sticky bitumen
distils out from the rich and heavy earth,
or as the frozen water at the approach
of a soft-breathing wind melts in the sun;
so Byblis, sad descendant of the Sun,
dissolving in her own tears, was there changed
into a fountain; which to this late day,
in all those valleys has no name but hers,
and issues underneath a dark oak-tree.
The transformation of Byblis

�Why, as far as that is concerned, everything, unerringly, warned me not to give way to my desire, at the moment when the tablets fell, as I was giving orders for them to be taken to him, meaning that my hopes would also fall away. Should not, perhaps, the day, or my whole intention, more so the day, have been altered? The god himself issued a warning, and gave a clear sign, if I had not been crazed with love. Also I should have told him myself, and revealed my passion to him in person, and not committed myself in writing. He would have seen the tears, and seen a lover�s face. I could have said more than any letter can contain. I could have thrown my arms around his unwilling neck, and if I had been rejected, I could have seemed on the point of dying, embraced his feet, and lying there begged for life. I should have done all those things that, if not singly, all together, might have persuaded his stubborn mind. Maybe the messenger who was sent was at fault: did not approach him properly, I think, or choose a suitable moment, or discover when he and the time were free.

It has all harmed me. Truly, my brother is not born of the tigress. He does not have a heart of unyielding flint, solid iron, or steel. He was not suckled on the milk of a lioness. He will be won! I will try again, and not suffer any weariness in my attempts, while breath is left to me. Since I cannot undo my actions, it would have been best not to begin: but, having begun, the next best is to win through. In fact if I relinquished my longing, he could still not fail to remember what I have dared, and by desisting I will be seen to have been shallow in my desires, or to have been trying to tempt and snare him. He will even believe, I am sure, that I have not been conquered by the god, who, above all, impels and inflames our hearts, but by lust. In short, I cannot but be guilty of impiety, of writing, of wooing: my wishes are revealed. Though I add nothing to them, I cannot be said to be innocent. There is little left to be accused of, but much to long for.�

So she argues, and (so great is the undecided conflict in her mind) while she repented of the attempt, she delights in attempting. Going beyond all moderation, and unsuccessful in what she tries, she is endlessly rejected. Finally, when there seems no end to it, he flees from this wickedness and from his home, and founds a new city in a foreign place: Caunus, in Caria.

Then, indeed, grief made Miletus�s daughter lose her mind completely. Then, indeed, she tore the clothes from her breast, and beat her arms in frenzy. Her madness was now public, and she confessed her hope of illicit union, by leaving the country she hated, and her household gods, and following the footsteps of her fleeing brother. The women of Bubasos saw Byblis, howling in the open fields, as your Thracians, son of Semele, pricked by your thyrsus, keep your triennial festival.

Leaving them behind she wandered through Caria, through the lands of the armed Leleges, and on through Lycia. Now she was beyond Lycian Cragus, and Limyre, and the waters of the Xanthian plain, and the ridge of Mount Chimaera near Phaleris, where the fire-breathing monster lived, joining a lion�s head and chest to a serpent�s tail. Above the woods, when, wearied, you were weak from following, you fell, Byblis, your hair spread on the hard earth, and your face pressing the fallen leaves.

The Lelegeian nymphs often try to lift her in their tender arms, and often they teach her how she might remedy her love, and they offer comfort to her silent heart. She lies there, mute, clutching at the green stems with her fingers, and watering the grass with her flowing tears. They say the naiads created a spring from them, beneath her, which could never run dry. Well, what more could they offer her? There and then, Byblis, Phoebus�s granddaughter, consumed by her own tears, is changed into a fountain: just as drops of resin ooze from a cut pine, or sticky bitumen from heavy soil, or as water, that has been frozen by the cold, melts in the sun, at the coming of the west wind�s gentle breath: and even now in those valleys it retains its mistress�s name, and flows from underneath a dark holm oak.

Fama novi centum Cretaeas forsitan urbes
implesset monstri, si non miracula nuper
Iphide mutata Crete propiora tulisset.
Proxima Cnosiaco nam quondam Phaestia regno
670progenuit tellus ignotum nomine Ligdum,
ingenua de plebe virum. Nec census in illo
nobilitate sua maior, sed vita fidesque
inculpata fuit. Gravidae qui coniugis aures
vocibus his monuit, cum iam prope partus adesset:
675“Quae voveam, duo sunt; minimo ut relevere dolore,
utque marem parias; onerosior altera sors est,
et vires fortuna negat. Quod abominor, ergo
edita forte tuo fuerit si femina partu,
(invitus mando: pietas, ignosce!) necetur.”
680Dixerat, et lacrimis vultus lavere profusis,
tam qui mandabat, quam cui mandata dabantur.
Sed tamen usque suum vanis Telethusa maritum
sollicitat precibus, ne spem sibi ponat in arto.
Certa sua est Ligdo sententia. Iamque ferendo
685vix erat illa gravem maturo pondere ventrem,
cum medio noctis spatio sub imagine somni
Inachis ante torum, pompa comitata sacrorum,
aut stetit aut visa est. Inerant lunaria fronti
cornua cum spicis nitido flaventibus auro
690et regale decus. Cum qua latrator Anubis
sanctaque Bubastis variusque coloribus Apis,
quique premit vocem digitoque silentia suadet,
sistraque erant numquamque satis quaesitus Osiris
plenaque somniferis serpens peregrina venenis.
695Tum velut excussam somno et manifesta videntem
sic adfata dea est: “Pars o Telethusa mearum,
pone graves curas mandataque falle mariti.
Nec dubita, cum te partu Lucina levarit,
tollere quidquid erit. Dea sum auxiliaris opemque
700exorata fero, nec te coluisse quereris
ingratum numen.” Monuit thalamoque recessit.
Laeta toro surgit purasque ad sidera supplex
Cressa manus tollens, rata sint sua visa, precatur.
Ut dolor increvit, seque ipsum pondus in auras
705expulit et nata est ignaro femina patre,
iussit ali mater puerum mentita: fidemque
res habuit, neque erat ficti nisi conscia nutrix.
Vota pater solvit nomenque inponit avitum:
Iphis avus fuerat. Gavisa est nomine mater,
710quod commune foret nec quemquam falleret illo.
Inde incepta pia mendacia fraude latebant:
cultus erat pueri, facies, quam sive puellae,
sive dares puero, fuerat formosus uterque.
The tale of this unholy passion would
perhaps, have filled Crete's hundred cities then,
if Crete had not a wonder of its own
to talk of, in the change of Iphis. Once,
there lived at Phaestus, not far from the town
of Gnossus, a man Ligdus, not well known;
in fact obscure, of humble parentage,
whose income was no greater than his birth;
but he was held trustworthy and his life
had been quite blameless. When the time drew near
his wife should give birth to a child, he warned
her and instructed her, with words we quote:—
“There are two things which I would ask of Heaven:
that you may be delivered with small pain,
and that your child may surely be a boy.
Girls are such trouble, fair strength is denied
to them.—Therefore (may Heaven refuse the thought)
if chance should cause your child to be a girl,
(gods pardon me for having said the word!)
we must agree to have her put to death.”
And all the time he spoke such dreaded words,
their faces were completely bathed in tears;
not only hers but also his while he
forced on her that unnatural command.
Ah, Telethusa ceaselessly implored
her husband to give way to fortune's cast;
but Ligdus held his resolution fixed.
And now the expected time of birth was near,
when in the middle of the night she seemed
to see the goddess Isis, standing by
her bed, in company of serious spirit forms;
Isis had crescent horns upon her forehead,
and a bright garland made of golden grain
encircled her fair brow. It was a crown
of regal beauty: and beside her stood
the dog Anubis, and Bubastis, there
the sacred, dappled Apis, and the God
of silence with pressed finger on his lips;
the sacred rattles were there, and Osiris, known
the constant object of his worshippers' desire,
and there the Egyptian serpent whose quick sting
gives long-enduring sleep. She seemed to see
them all, and even to hear the goddess say
to her, “O Telethusa, one of my
remembered worshippers, forget your grief;
your husband's orders need not be obeyed;
and when Lucina has delivered you,
save and bring up your child, if either boy
or girl. I am the goddess who brings help
to all who call upon me; and you shall
never complain of me—that you adored
a thankless deity.” So she advised
by vision the sad mother, and left her.
The Cretan woman joyfully arose
from her sad bed, and supplicating, raised
ecstatic hands up towards the listening stars,
and prayed to them her vision might come true.
Soon, when her pains gave birth, the mother knew
her infant was a girl (the father had
no knowledge of it, as he was not there).
Intending to deceive, the mother said,
“Feed the dear boy.” All things had favored her
deceit—no one except the trusted nurse,
knew of it. And the father paid his vows,
and named the child after its grandfather, whose
name was honored Iphis. Hearing it so called,
the mother could not but rejoice, because
her child was given a name of common gender,
and she could use it with no more deceit.
She took good care to dress it as a boy,
and either as a boy or girl, its face
must always be accounted lovable.
And so she grew,—ten years and three had gone,
The birth of Iphis

Perhaps, the story of this new marvel would have filled Crete�s hundred cities, if Crete had not recently known a miracle nearer home, in the metamorphosis of Iphis. In the Phaestos region, near royal Cnossos, there once lived a man named Ligdus, undistinguished, a native of the place, his wealth no greater than his fame, but living a blameless and honourable life. When his pregnant wife, Telethusa, was near to her time, he spoke these words of warning in her ear: �There are two things I wish for: that you are delivered with the least pain, and that you produce a male child. A girl is a heavier burden, and misfortune denies them strength. So, though I hate this, if, by chance, you give birth to a female infant, reluctantly, I order - let my impiety be forgiven! � that it be put to death.� He spoke, and tears flooded their cheeks, he who commanded, and she to whom the command was given. Nevertheless, Telethusa, urged her husband, with vain prayers, not to confine hope itself. Ligdus remained fixed in his determination.

Now, her pregnant belly could scarcely bear to carry her fully-grown burden, when Io, the daughter of Inachus, at midnight, in sleep�s imagining, stood, or seemed to stand, by her bed: Isis, accompanied by her holy procession. The moon�s crescent horns were on her forehead, and the shining gold of yellow ears of corn, and royal splendour belonged to her. With her were the jackal-headed Anubis, the hallowed cat-headed Bast, the dappled bull Apis, and Harpocrates, the god who holds his tongue, and urges silence, thumb in mouth. The sacred rattle, the sistrum, was there; and Osiris, for whom her search never ends; and the strange serpent she fashioned, swollen with sleep-inducing venom, that poisoned the sun-god Ra. Then, as if Telethusa had shaken off sleep, and was seeing clearly, the goddess spoke to her, saying: �O, you who belong to me, forget your heavy cares, and do not obey your husband. When Lucina has eased the birth, whatever sex the child has, do not hesitate to raise it. I am the goddess, who, when prevailed upon, brings help and strength: you will have no cause to complain, that the divinity, you worshipped, lacks gratitude.� Having given her command, she left the room. Joyfully, the Cretan woman rose, and, lifting her innocent hands to the stars, she prayed, in all humility, that her dream might prove true.

When the pains grew, and her burden pushed its own way into the world, and a girl was born, the mother ordered it to be reared, deceitfully, as a boy, without the father realising. She had all that she needed, and no one but the nurse knew of the fraud. The father made good his vows, and gave it the name of the grandfather: he was Iphis. The mother was delighted with the name, since it was appropriate for either gender, and no one was cheated by it. From that moment, the deception, begun with a sacred lie, went undetected. The child was dressed as a boy, and its features would have been beautiful whether they were given to a girl or a boy.

Tertius interea decimo successerat annus,
715cum pater, Iphi, tibi flavam despondet Ianthen,
inter Phaestiadas quae laudatissima formae
dote fuit virgo, Dictaeo nata Teleste.
Par aetas, par forma fuit, primasque magistris
accepere artes, elementa aetatis, ab isdem.
720Hinc amor ambarum tetigit rude pectus et aequum
vulnus utrique dedit. Sed erat fiducia dispar:
coniugium pactaeque exspectat tempora taedae
quamque virum putat esse, virum fore credit Ianthe;
Iphis amat, qua posse frui desperat, et auget
725hoc ipsum flammas, ardetque in virgine virgo;
vixque tenens lacrimas “quis me manet exitus” inquit,
“cognita quam nulli, quam prodigiosa novaeque
cura tenet Veneris? Si di mihi parcere vellent,
parcere debuerant; si non, et perdere vellent,
730naturale malum saltem et de more dedissent.
Nec vaccam vaccae, nec equas amor urit equarum:
urit oves aries, sequitur sua femina cervum.
Sic et aves coeunt, interque animalia cuncta
femina femineo conrepta cupidine nulla est.
735Vellem nulla forem! Ne non tamen omnia Crete
monstra ferat, taurum dilexit filia Solis,
femina nempe marem: meus est furiosior illo,
si verum profitemur, amor! Tamen illa secuta est
spem Veneris, tamen illa dolis et imagine vaccae
740passa bovem est, et erat, qui deciperetur adulter!
Huc licet e toto sollertia confluat orbe,
ipse licet revolet ceratis Daedalus alis,
quid faciet? Num me puerum de virgine doctis
artibus efficiet? num te mutabit, Ianthe?
745Quin animum firmas, teque ipsa reconligis, Iphi,
consiliique inopes et stultos excutis ignes?
Quid sis nata, vide, nisi te quoque decipis ipsa,
et pete quod fas est, et ama quod femina debes!
Spes est, quae capiat, spes est, quae pascit amorem:
750hanc tibi res adimit. Non te custodia caro
arcet ab amplexu nec cauti cura mariti,
non patris asperitas, non se negat ipsa roganti:
nec tamen est potienda tibi, nec, ut omnia fiant,
esse potes felix, ut dique hominesque laborent.
755Nunc quoque votorum nulla est pars vana meorum,
dique mihi faciles, quidquid valuere, dederunt;
quodque ego, vult genitor, vult ipsa socerque futurus.
At non vult natura, potentior omnibus istis,
quae mihi sola nocet. Venit ecce optabile tempus,
760luxque iugalis adest, et iam mea fiet Ianthe—
nec mihi continget: mediis sitiemus in undis.
Pronuba quid Iuno, quid ad haec, Hymenaee, venitis
sacra, quibus qui ducat abest, ubi nubimus ambae?”
and then your father found a bride for you
O Iphis—promised you should take to wife
the golden-haired Ianthe, praised by all
the women of Phaestus for the dower
of her unequalled beauty, and well known,
the daughter of a Cretan named Telestes.
Of equal age and equal loveliness,
they had received from the same teachers, all
instruction in their childish rudiments.
So unsuspected love had filled their hearts
with equal longing—but how different!
Ianthe waits in confidence and hope
the ceremonial as agreed upon,
and is quite certain she will wed a man.
But Iphis is in love without one hope
of passion's ecstasy, the thought of which
only increased her flame; and she a girl
is burnt with passion for another girl!
She hardly can hold back her tears, and says:
“O what will be the awful dreaded end,
with such a monstrous love compelling me?
If the Gods should wish to save me, certainly
they should have saved me; but, if their desire
was for my ruin, still they should have given
some natural suffering of humanity.
The passion for a cow does not inflame a cow,
no mare has ever sought another mare.
The ram inflames the ewe, and every doe
follows a chosen stag; so also birds
are mated, and in all the animal world
no female ever feels love passion for
another female—why is it in me?
“Monstrosities are natural to Crete,
the daughter of the Sun there loved a bull—
it was a female's mad love for the male—
but my desire is far more mad than hers,
in strict regard of truth, for she had hope
of love's fulfillment. She secured the bull
by changing herself to a heifer's form;
and in that subtlety it was the male
deceived at last. Though all the subtleties
of all the world should be collected here;—
if Daedalus himself should fly back here
upon his waxen wings, what could he do?
What skillful art of his could change my sex,
a girl into a boy—or could he change
Ianthe? What a useless thought! Be bold
take courage Iphis, and be strong of soul.
This hopeless passion stultifies your heart;
so shake it off, and hold your memory
down to the clear fact of your birth: unless
your will provides deception for yourself:
do only what is lawful, and confine
strictly, your love within a woman's right.
“Hope of fulfillment can beget true love,
and hope keeps it alive. You are deprived
of this hope by the nature of your birth.
No guardian keeps you from her dear embrace,
no watchful jealous husband, and she has
no cruel father: she does not deny
herself to you. With all that liberty,
you can not have her for your happy wife,
though Gods and men should labor for your wish.
None of my prayers has ever been denied;
the willing Deities have granted me
whatever should be, and my father helps
me to accomplish everything I plan:
she and her father also, always help.
But Nature is more powerful than all,
and only Nature works for my distress.
“The wedding-day already is at hand;
the longed-for time is come; Ianthe soon
will be mine only—and yet, not my own:
with water all around me I shall thirst!
O why must Juno, goddess of sweet brides,
and why should Hymen also, favor us
when man with woman cannot join in wedlock,
but both are brides?” And so she closed her lips.
Iphis and Ianthe

Thirteen years passed by, meanwhile, and then, Iphis, your father betrothed you to golden-haired Ianthe, whose dowry was her beauty, the girl most praised amongst the women of Phaestos, the daughter of Telestes of Dicte. The two were equal in age, and equal in looks, and had received their first instruction, in the knowledge of life, from the same teachers. From this beginning, love had touched both their innocent hearts, and wounded them equally, but with unequal expectations. Ianthe anticipated her wedding day, and the promised marriage, believing he, whom she thought to be a man, would be her man. Iphis loved one whom she despaired of being able to have, and this itself increased her passion, a girl on fire for a girl.

Hardly restraining her tears, she said �What way out is there left, for me, possessed by the pain of a strange and monstrous love, that no one ever knew before? If the gods wanted to spare me they should have spared me, but if they wanted to destroy me, they might at least have visited on me a natural, and normal, misfortune. Mares do not burn with love for mares, or heifers for heifers: the ram inflames the ewe: its hind follows the stag. So, birds mate, and among all animals, not one female is attacked by lust for a female. I wish I were not one! Yet that Crete might not fail to bear every monstrosity, Pasipha�, Sol�s daughter, loved a bull, though still that was a female and a male. My love, truth be told, is more extreme than that. She at least chased after the hope of fulfilment, though the bull had her because of her deceit, and in the likeness of a cow, and the one who was deceived was a male adulterer. Though all of the world�s cleverness were concentrated here, though Daedalus were to return on waxen wings, what use would it be? Surely even his cunning arts could not make a boy out of a girl? Surely even he could not transform you, Ianthe?

Rather be firm-minded, Iphis, and pull yourself together, and, with wisdom, shake off this foolish, useless passion. Look at what you have been, from birth, if you don�t want to cheat yourself, and seek out what is right for you, and love as a woman should! It is hope that creates love, and hope that nourishes it. Everything robs you of that. No guardian keeps you from her dear arms, no wary husband�s care, no cruel father, nor does she deny your wooing herself. Yet you can never have her, or be happy, whatever is accomplished, whatever men or gods attempt.

Even now, no part of my prayers has been denied. The gods have readily given whatever they were able, and my father, her father, and she herself, want what I want to happen. But Nature does not want it, the only one who harms me, more powerful than them all. See, the longed-for time has come, the wedding torch is at hand, and Ianthe will become mine � yet not be had by me. I will thirst in the midst of the waters. Juno, goddess of brides, and Hymen, why do you come to these marriage rites, where the bridegroom is absent, and both are brides?�

Pressit ab his vocem. Nec lenius altera virgo
765aestuat, utque celer venias, Hymenaee, precatur.
Quod petit haec, Telethusa timens modo tempora differt,
nunc ficto languore moram trahit, omina saepe
visaque causatur. Sed iam consumpserat omnem
materiam ficti, dilataque tempora taedae
770institerant, unusque dies restabat. At illa
crinalem capiti vittam nataeque sibique
detrahit et passis aram complexa capillis
“Isi, Paraetonium Mareoticaque arva Pharonque
quae colis et septem digestum in cornua Nilum:
775fer, precor” inquit “opem nostroque medere timori!
Te, dea, te quondam tuaque haec insignia vidi
cunctaque cognovi, sonitum comitantiaque aera
sistrorum, memorique animo tua iussa notavi.
Quod videt haec lucem, quod non ego punior, ecce
780consilium munusque tuum est. Miserere duarum
auxilioque iuva!” Lacrimae sunt verba secutae.
Visa dea est movisse suas (et moverat) aras,
et templi tremuere fores, imitataque lunam
cornua fulserunt, crepuitque sonabile sistrum.
785Non secura quidem, fausto tamen omine laeta
mater abit templo: sequitur comes Iphis euntem,
quam solita est, maiore gradu, nec candor in ore
permanet, et vires augentur, et acrior ipse est
vultus, et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,
790plusque vigoris adest, habuit quam femina. Nam quae
femina nuper eras, puer es. Date munera templis
nec timida gaudete fide! Dant munera templis,
addunt et titulum; titulus breve carmen habebat:
DONA PUER SOLVIT QUAE FEMINA VOVERAT IPHIS
795Postera lux radiis latum patefecerat orbem,
cum Venus et Iuno sociosque Hymenaeus ad ignes
conveniunt, potiturque sua puer Iphis Ianthe.
The other maiden flamed with equal love,
and often prayed for Hymen to appear.
But Telethusa, fearing that event,
the marriage which Ianthe keenly sought,
procrastinated, causing first delay
by some pretended illness; and then gave
pretence of omens and of visions seen,
sufficient for delay, until she had
exhausted every avenue of excuse,
and only one more day remained before
the fateful time, it was so near at hand.
Despairing then of finding other cause
which might prevent the fated wedding-day,
the mother took the circled fillets from
her own head, and her daughter's head, and prayed,
as she embraced the altar—her long hair
spread out upon the flowing breeze—and said:
“O Isis, goddess of Paraetonium,
the Mareotic fields, Pharos, and Nile
of seven horns divided—oh give help!
Goddess of nations! heal us of our fears!
I saw you, goddess, and your symbols once,
and I adored them all, the clashing sounds
of sistra and the torches of your train,
and I took careful note of your commands,
for which my daughter lives to see the sun,
and also I have so escaped from harm;—
all this is of your counsel and your gift;
oh, pity both of us—and give us aid!”
Tears emphasized her prayer; the goddess seemed
to move—in truth it was the altar moved;
the firm doors of the temple even shook—
and her horns, crescent, flashed with gleams of light,
and her loud sistrum rattled noisily.
Although not quite free of all fear, yet pleased
by that good omen, gladly the mother left
the temple with her daughter Iphis, who
beside her walked, but with a lengthened stride.
Her face seemed of a darker hue, her strength
seemed greater, and her features were more stern.
Her hair once long, was unadorned and short.
There is more vigor in her than she showed
in her girl ways. For in the name of truth,
Iphis, who was a girl, is now a man!
Make offerings at the temple and rejoice
without a fear!—They offer at the shrines,
and add a votive tablet, on which this
inscription is engraved:
these gifts are paid
by Iphis as a man which as a maid
he vowed to give.
The morrow's dawn
revealed the wide world; on the day agreed,
Venus, Juno and Hymen, all have met
our happy lovers at the marriage fires;
and Iphis, a new man, gained his Ianthe.
Isis transforms Iphis

With these words, she stopped speaking. The other girl was no less on fire, and prayed, Hymen, that you would come quickly. Telethusa, afraid of what she sought, merely put off the day: now lengthening the delay through pretended illness, now, frequently, using omens and dreams as an excuse. But eventually every pretext was exhausted, the date for the delayed marriage ceremony was set, and only a day remained. Then Telethusa took the sacred ribbons from her own and her daughter Iphis�s head, so that their hair streamed down, and clinging to the altar, cried: �Isis, you who protect Paraetonium, Pharos, the Mareotic fields, and Nile, divided in its seven streams, I pray you, bring help, and relieve our fears! Goddess, I saw you once, you, and those symbols of you, and I knew them all, accompanied by the jingling bronze of the sistrum, and imprinted your commands on my remembering mind. That my daughter looks on the light, that I have not been punished, behold, it was your purpose, and your gift. Gladden us with your aid. Have pity on us both!�

Tears followed words. The goddess seemed to make the altar tremble (it did tremble), and the doors of the temple shook, her horns, shaped like the moon�s crescents, shone, and the sistrum rattled loudly. Not yet reassured, but gladdened by the auspicious omen, the mother left the temple. Iphis, her companion, followed, taking larger paces than before; with no whiteness left in her complexion; with additional strength, and sharper features, and shorter, less elegant hair; showing more vigour than women have. Take your gifts to the temple, Iphis: rejoice, with confidence, not fear! You, who were lately a girl, are now a boy!

They take their gifts to the temple, and add a votive tablet: the tablet has this brief line:

IPHIS PERFORMS AS A BOY, WHAT HE PROMISED, AS A GIRL.

The next day�s sun reveals the wide world in its rays, when Venus, and Juno, joined with Hymen, come, to the marriage torches, and Iphis, the boy, gains possession of his Ianthe.

Metamorphoses

Book X

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Inde per inmensum croceo velatus amictu
aethera digreditur Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
tendit et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur.
Adfuit ille quidem, sed nec sollemnia verba
5nec laetos vultus nec felix attulit omen.
Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo
usque fuit nullosque invenit motibus ignes.
Exitus auspicio gravior: nam nupta per herbas
dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur,
10occidit in talum serpentis dente recepto.
Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopeius auras
deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras,
ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta;
perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro
15Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem
umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis
sic ait: “O positi sub terra numina mundi,
in quem reccidimus, quidquid mortale creamur,
si licet et falsi positis ambagibus oris
20vera loqui sinitis, non huc, ut opaca viderem
Tartara, descendi, nec uti villosa colubris
terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri:
causa viae est coniunx, in quam calcata venenum
vipera diffudit crescentesque abstulit annos.
25Posse pati volui nec me temptasse negabo:
vicit Amor. Supera deus hic bene notus in ora est,
an sit et hic, dubito. Sed et hic tamen auguror esse;
famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae,
vos quoque iunxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena timoris,
30per chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni,
Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata.
Omnia debemur vobis, paulumque morati
serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam.
Tendimus huc omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque
35humani generis longissima regna tenetis.
Haec quoque, cum iustos matura peregerit annos,
iuris erit vestri: pro munere poscimus usum.
Quod si fata negant veniam pro coniuge, certum est
nolle redire mihi: leto gaudete duorum.”
40Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem
exsangues flebant animae: nec Tantalus undam
captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis,
nec carpsere iecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.
45Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est
Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nec regia coniunx
sustinet oranti nec qui regit ima negare,
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat illa recentes
inter et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.
50Hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit Orpheus,
ne flectat retro sua lumina, donec Avernas
exierit valles: aut inrita dona futura.
Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames,
arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca.
55Nec procul afuerunt telluris margine summae:
hic, ne deficeret, metuens avidusque videndi
flexit amans oculos; et protinus illa relapsa est,
bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certans
nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras.
60Iamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam
questa suo: quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam?
Supremumque “vale,” quod iam vix auribus ille
acciperet, dixit revolutaque rursus eodem est.
Non aliter stupuit gemina nece coniugis Orpheus,
65quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas,
colla canis vidit, quem non pavor ante reliquit,
quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto;
quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri
Olenos esse nocens, tuque, o confisa figurae,
70infelix Lethaea, tuae, iunctissima quondam
pectora, nunc lapides, quos umida sustinet Ide.
Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem
portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus
squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit:
75cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere.
Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam
se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum.
Tertius aequoreis inclusum piscibus annum
finierat Titan, omnemque refugerat Orpheus
80femineam venerem, seu quod male cesserat illi,
sive fidem dederat. Multas tamen ardor habebat
iungere se vati, multae doluere repulsae.
Ille etiam Thracum populis fuit auctor amorem
in teneros transferre mares citraque iuventam
85aetatis breve ver et primos carpere flores.
Veiled in a saffron mantle, through the air
unmeasured, after the strange wedding, Hymen
departed swiftly for Ciconian land;
regardless and not listening to the voice
of tuneful Orpheus. Truly Hymen there
was present during the festivities
of Orpheus and Eurydice, but gave
no happy omen, neither hallowed words
nor joyful glances; and the torch he held
would only sputter, fill the eyes with smoke,
and cause no blaze while waving. The result
of that sad wedding, proved more terrible
than such foreboding fates.
While through the grass
delighted Naiads wandered with the bride,
a serpent struck its venomed tooth in her
soft ankle— and she died.—After the bard
of Rhodope had mourned, and filled the highs
of heaven with the moans of his lament,
determined also the dark underworld
should recognize the misery of death,
he dared descend by the Taenarian gate
down to the gloomy Styx. And there passed through
pale-glimmering phantoms, and the ghosts
escaped from sepulchres, until he found
Persephone and Pluto, master-king
of shadow realms below: and then began
to strike his tuneful lyre, to which he sang:—
“O deities of this dark world beneath
the earth! this shadowy underworld, to which
all mortals must descend! If it can be
called lawful, and if you will suffer speech
of strict truth (all the winding ways
of Falsity forbidden) I come not
down here because of curiosity
to see the glooms of Tartarus and have
no thought to bind or strangle the three necks
of the Medusan Monster, vile with snakes.
But I have come, because my darling wife
stepped on a viper that sent through her veins
death-poison, cutting off her coming years.
“If able, I would bear it, I do not
deny my effort—but the god of Love
has conquered me—a god so kindly known
in all the upper world. We are not sure
he can be known so well in this deep world,
but have good reason to conjecture he
is not unknown here, and if old report
almost forgotten, that you stole your wife
is not a fiction, Love united you
the same as others. By this Place of Fear
this huge void and these vast and silent realms,
renew the life-thread of Eurydice.
“All things are due to you, and though on earth
it happens we may tarry a short while,
slowly or swiftly we must go to one
abode; and it will be our final home.
Long and tenaciously you will possess
unquestioned mastery of the human race.
She also shall be yours to rule, when full
of age she shall have lived the days of her
allotted years. So I ask of you
possession of her few days as a boon.
But if the fates deny to me this prayer
for my true wife, my constant mind must hold
me always so that I can not return—
and you may triumph in the death of two!”
While he sang all his heart said to the sound
of his sweet lyre, the bloodless ghosts themselves
were weeping, and the anxious Tantalus
stopped clutching at return-flow of the wave,
Ixion's twisting wheel stood wonder-bound;
and Tityus' liver for a while escaped
the vultures, and the listening Belides
forgot their sieve-like bowls and even you,
O Sisyphus! sat idly on your rock!
Then Fame declared that conquered by the song
of Orpheus, for the first and only time
the hard cheeks of the fierce Eumenides
were wet with tears: nor could the royal queen,
nor he who rules the lower world deny
the prayer of Orpheus; so they called to them
Eurydice, who still was held among
the new-arriving shades, and she obeyed
the call by walking to them with slow steps,
yet halting from her wound. So Orpheus then
received his wife; and Pluto told him he
might now ascend from these Avernian vales
up to the light, with his Eurydice;
but, if he turned his eyes to look at her,
the gift of her delivery would be lost.
They picked their way in silence up a steep
and gloomy path of darkness. There remained
but little more to climb till they would touch
earth's surface, when in fear he might again
lose her, and anxious for another look
at her, he turned his eyes so he could gaze
upon her. Instantly she slipped away.
He stretched out to her his despairing arms,
eager to rescue her, or feel her form,
but could hold nothing save the yielding air.
Dying the second time, she could not say
a word of censure of her husband's fault;
what had she to complain of — his great love?
Her last word spoken was, “Farewell!” which he
could barely hear, and with no further sound
she fell from him again to Hades.—Struck
quite senseless by this double death of his
dear wife, he was as fixed from motion as
the frightened one who saw the triple necks
of Cerberus, that dog whose middle neck
was chained. The sight filled him with terror he
had no escape from, until petrified
to stone; or like Olenos, changed to stone,
because he fastened on himself the guilt
of his wife. O unfortunate Lethaea!
Too boastful of your beauty, you and he,
united once in love, are now two stones
upon the mountain Ida, moist with springs.
Orpheus implored in vain the ferryman
to help him cross the River Styx again,
but was denied the very hope of death.
Seven days he sat upon Death's river bank,
in squalid misery and without all food—
nourished by grief, anxiety, and tears—
complaining that the Gods of Erebus
were pitiless, at last he wandered back,
until he came to lofty Rhodope
and Haemus, beaten by the strong north wind.
Three times the Sun completed his full course
to watery Pisces, and in all that time,
shunning all women, Orpheus still believed
his love-pledge was forever. So he kept
away from women, though so many grieved,
because he took no notice of their love.
The only friendship he enjoyed was given
to the young men of Thrace.
Orpheus and Eurydice

Hymen, called by the voice of Orpheus, departed, and, dressed in his saffron robes, made his way through the vast skies to the Ciconian coast: but in vain. He was present at Orpheus�s marriage, true, but he did not speak the usual words, display a joyful expression, or bring good luck. The torch, too, that he held, sputtered continually, with tear-provoking fumes, and no amount of shaking contrived to light it properly. The result was worse than any omens. While the newly wedded bride, Eurydice, was walking through the grass, with a crowd of naiads as her companions, she was killed, by a bite on her ankle, from a snake, sheltering there.� When Thracian Orpheus, the poet of Rhodope, had mourned for her, greatly, in the upper world, he dared to go down to Styx, through the gate of Taenarus, also, to see if he might not move the dead.

Through the weightless throng, and the ghosts that had received proper burial, he came to Persephone, and the lord of the shadows, he who rules the joyless kingdom. Then striking the lyre-strings to accompany his words, he sang: �O gods of this world, placed below the earth, to which, all, who are created mortal, descend; if you allow me, and it is lawful, to set aside the fictions of idle tongues, and speak the truth, I have not come here to see dark Tartarus, nor to bind Cerberus, Medusa�s child, with his three necks, and snaky hair. My wife is the cause of my journey. A viper, she trod on, diffused its venom into her body, and robbed her of her best years. I longed to be able to accept it, and I do not say I have not tried: Love won.

He is a god well known in the world above, though I do not know if that is so here: though I imagine him to be here, as well, and if the story of that rape in ancient times is not a lie, you also were wedded by Amor. I beg you, by these fearful places, by this immense abyss, and the silence of your vast realms, reverse Eurydice�s swift death. All things are destined to be yours, and though we delay a while, sooner or later, we hasten home. Here we are all bound, this is our final abode, and you hold the longest reign over the human race. Eurydice, too, will be yours to command, when she has lived out her fair span of years, to maturity. I ask this benefit as a gift; but, if the fates refuse my wife this kindness, I am determined not to return: you can delight in both our deaths.�

The bloodless spirits wept as he spoke, accompanying his words with the music. Tantalus did not reach for the ever-retreating water: Ixion�s wheel was stilled: the vultures did not pluck at Tityus�s liver: the Belides, the daughters of Dana�s, left their water jars: and you, Sisyphus, perched there, on your rock. Then they say, for the first time, the faces of the Furies were wet with tears, won over by his song: the king of the deep, and his royal bride, could not bear to refuse his prayer, and called for Eurydice.

She was among the recent ghosts, and walked haltingly from her wound. The poet of Rhodope received her, and, at the same time, accepted this condition, that he must not turn his eyes behind him, until he emerged from the vale of Avernus, or the gift would be null and void.

They took the upward path, through the still silence, steep and dark, shadowy with dense fog, drawing near to the threshold of the upper world. Afraid she was no longer there, and eager to see her, the lover turned his eyes. In an instant she dropped back, and he, unhappy man, stretching out his arms to hold her and be held, clutched at nothing but the receding air. Dying a second time, now, there was no complaint to her husband (what, then, could she complain of, except that she had been loved?). She spoke a last �farewell� that, now, scarcely reached his ears, and turned again towards that same place.

Stunned by the double loss of his wife, Orpheus was like that coward who saw Cerberus, the three-headed dog, chained by the central neck, and whose fear vanished with his nature, as stone transformed his body. Or like Olenos, and you, his Lethaea, too proud of your beauty: he wished to be charged with your crime, and seem guilty himself: once wedded hearts, you are now rocks set on moist Mount Ida.

Orpheus wished and prayed, in vain, to cross the Styx again, but the ferryman fended him off. Still, for seven days, he sat there by the shore, neglecting himself and not taking nourishment. Sorrow, troubled thought, and tears were his food. He took himself to lofty Mount Rhodope, and Haemus, swept by the winds, complaining that the gods of Erebus were cruel.

Three times the sun had ended the year, in watery Pisces, and Orpheus had abstained from the love of women, either because things ended badly for him, or because he had sworn to do so. Yet, many felt a desire to be joined with the poet, and many grieved at rejection. Indeed, he was the first of the Thracian people to transfer his love to young boys, and enjoy their brief springtime, and early flowering, this side of manhood.

Collis erat collemque super planissima campi
area, quam viridem faciebant graminis herbae.
Umbra loco deerat: qua postquam parte resedit
dis genitus vates et fila sonantia movit,
90umbra loco venit. Non Chaonis afuit arbor.
non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus aesculus altis,
nec tiliae molles, nec fagus et innuba laurus,
et coryli fragiles et fraxinus utilis hastis
enodisque abies curvataque glandibus ilex
95et platanus genialis acerque coloribus impar
amnicolaeque simul salices et aquatica lotos
perpetuoque virens buxum tenuesque myricae
et bicolor myrtus et bacis caerula tinus.
Vos quoque, flexipedes hederae, venistis et una
100pampineae vites et amictae vitibus ulmi,
ornique et piceae pomoque onerata rubenti
arbutus et lentae, victoris praemia, palmae
et succincta comas hirsutaque vertice pinus,
grata deum matri; siquidem Cybeleius Attis
105exuit hac hominem truncoque induruit illo.
There was a hill
which rose up to a level plateau, high
and beautiful with green grass; and there was
not any shade for comfort on the top
and there on that luxuriant grass the bard,
while heaven-inspired reclined, and struck
such harmonies on his sweet lyre that shade
most grateful to the hill was spread around.
Strong trees came up there—the Chaonian oak
the Heliads' poplar, and the lofty-branched
deep mast-tree, the soft linden and the beech,
the brittle hazel, and the virgin laurel-tree,
the ash for strong spears, the smooth silver-fir,
the flex bent with acorns and the plane,
the various tinted maple and with those,
the lotus and green willows from their streams,
evergreen box and slender tamarisks,
rich myrtles of two colors and the tine,
bending with green-blue berries: and you, too,
the pliant-footed ivy, came along
with tendril-branching grape-vines, and the elm
all covered with twist-vines, the mountain-ash,
pitch-trees and arbute-trees of blushing fruit,
the bending-palm prized after victories,
the bare-trunk pine of tufted foliage,
bristled upon the top, a pleasant sight
delightful to the Mother of the Gods;
since Attis dear to Cybele, exchanged
The gathering of the trees

There was a hill, and, on the hill, a wide area of level ground, turfed with fresh blades of grass: shade was absent there: but when the poet, born of the god, sounded the strings of his lyre, shade gathered there. Jupiter�s Chaonian oak-tree came; and Phaethon�s sisters, the Heliades, the poplars; the durmast oak with its deep foliage; the soft lime-tree; the beech; the virgin sweet-bay, laurel; the hazel, frail; the ash-tree, used for spears; the sweeping silver-fir: holm-oak, heavy with acorns; pleasant plane-tree; the many-coloured maple; with the river-haunting willow; lotus, water-lover; boxwood ever-verdant; the slender tamarisk; the myrtle, with, over and under its leaves, the two shades of green; and the blue-berried wild-bay, laurus tinus. You came, also, twining ivy, together with shooting vines; the vine-supporting elms; the flowering �manna� ash; the spruce; the strawberry tree, weighed down with its red fruit; the pliant palms, the winner�s prize; and you, the shaggy-topped pine tree, armed with needles, sacred to Cybele, mother of the gods, since Attis exchanged his human form for you, and hardened in your trunk.

Book X · CYPARISSUS

CYPARISSUS

Adfuit huic turbae metas imitata cupressus,
nunc arbor, puer ante deo dilectus ab illo,
qui citharam nervis et nervis temperat arcum.
Namque sacer nymphis Carthaea tenentibus arva
110ingens cervus erat, lateque patentibus altas
ipse suo capiti praebebat cornibus umbras.
Cornua fulgebant auro, demissaque in armos
pendebant tereti gemmata monilia collo.
Bulla super frontem parvis argentea loris
115vincta movebatur parilique aetate: nitebant
auribus e geminis circum cava tempora bacae.
Isque metu vacuus naturalique pavore
deposito celebrare domos mulcendaque colla
quamlibet ignotis manibus praebere solebat.
120Sed tamen ante alios, Ceae pulcherrime gentis,
gratus erat, Cyparisse, tibi. Tu pabula cervum
ad nova, tu liquidi ducebas fontis ad undam,
tu modo nectebas varios per cornua flores,
nunc eques in tergo residens huc laetus et illuc
125mollia purpureis frenabas ora capistris.
Aestus erat mediusque dies, solisque vapore
concava litorei fervebant bracchia cancri:
fessus in herbosa posuit sua corpora terra
cervus et arborea frigus ducebat ab umbra.
130Hunc puer imprudens iaculo Cyparissus acuto
fixit; et ut saevo morientem vulnere vidit,
velle mori statuit. Quae non solacia Phoebus
dixit et ut leviter pro materiaque doleret,
admonuit! Gemit ille tamen munusque supremum
135hoc petit a superis, ut tempore lugeat omni.
Iamque per inmensos egesto sanguine fletus
in viridem verti coeperunt membra colorem,
et modo qui nivea pendebant fronte capilli,
horrida caesaries fieri sumptoque rigore
140sidereum gracili spectare cacumine caelum.
Ingemuit tristisque deus “lugebere nobis
lugebisque alios aderisque dolentibus” inquit.
his human form which hardened in that tree.
In all the throng the cone-shaped cypress came;
a tree now, it was changed from a dear youth
loved by the god who strings the lyre and bow.
For there was at one time, a mighty stag
held sacred by those nymphs who haunt the fields
Carthaean. His great antlers spread so wide,
they gave an ample shade to his own head.
Those antlers shone with gold: from his smooth throat
a necklace, studded with a wealth of gems,
hung down to his strong shoulders—beautiful.
A silver boss, fastened with little thongs,
played on his forehead, worn there from his birth;
and pendants from both ears, of gleaming pearls,
adorned his hollow temples. Free of fear,
and now no longer shy, frequenting homes
of men he knew, he offered his soft neck
even to strangers for their petting hands.
But more than by all others, he was loved
by you, O Cyparissus, fairest youth
of all the lads of Cea. It was you
who led the pet stag to fresh pasturage,
and to the waters of the clearest spring.
Sometimes you wove bright garlands for his horns,
and sometimes, like a horseman on his back,
now here now there, you guided his soft mouth
with purple reins. It was upon a summer day,
at high noon when the Crab, of spreading claws,
loving the sea-shore, almost burnt beneath
the sun's hot burning rays; and the pet stag
was then reclining on the grassy earth
and, wearied of all action, found relief
under the cool shade of the forest trees;
that as he lay there Cyparissus pierced
him with a javelin: and although it was
quite accidental, when the shocked youth saw
his loved stag dying from the cruel wound
he could not bear it, and resolved on death.
What did not Phoebus say to comfort him?
He cautioned him to hold his grief in check,
consistent with the cause. But still the lad
lamented, and with groans implored the Gods
that he might mourn forever. His life force
exhausted by long weeping, now his limbs
began to take a green tint, and his hair,
which overhung his snow-white brow, turned up
into a bristling crest; and he became
a stiff tree with a slender top and pointed
up to the starry heavens. And the God,
groaning with sorrow, said; “You shall be mourned
sincerely by me, surely as you mourn
for others, and forever you shall stand
in grief, where others grieve.”
The death of Cyparissus

Among the crowd came the cypress, formed like the cone-shaped meta, that marks the turning point in the race-course: once a boy, but now a tree: loved by the god who tunes the lyre, and strings the bow.

There was a giant stag, sacred to the nymphs that haunt the Carthaean country, which cast deep shadows, around its head, from his wide-branching antlers. The antlers shone with gold, and the gems of a jewelled collar, around his polished neck, hung down onto his shoulders. A bulla, a silver charm, fastened with small strips of leather, quivered on his forehead, and on either side of his hollow temples matching pearls of bronze gleamed from both ears. Free from fear, and forgetting his natural shyness, he used to visit people�s houses, and offer his neck to be stroked by strangers� hands. Yet, above all others, he was dear to you, Cyparissus, loveliest of the Cean boys. You led the stag to fresh pastures, and the waters of the clear spring. Now you would weave diverse flowers through his horns, and then, astride his back like a horseman, delight in tugging his soft mouth one way or the other by means of a purple muzzle.

It was noon of a summer�s day, when the curving claws of shore-loving Cancer were burning in the hot sun. Tired, the stag had settled its body on the grassy turf and was enjoying the cool of the woodland shade. The boy, without intention, transfixed it with his sharp spear, and when he saw it dying from the cruel wound, he wished to die himself. What was there Phoebus did not say, in solace, advising a moderate grief matching the cause! He only sighed, and begged, as the last gift of the gods, that he might mourn forever. Then, his blood discharged among endless tears, his limbs began to turn to a shade of green, and his hair that a moment ago hung over his pale forehead, became a bristling crown, and he stiffened to a graceful point gazing at the starry heavens. The god sighed for him, and said, sadly: �I will mourn for you: you will mourn for others, and enter into sorrows�.

Tale nemus vates attraxerat inque ferarum
concilio medius turba volucrumque sedebat.
145Ut satis impulsas temptavit pollice chordas
et sensit varios, quamvis diversa sonarent,
concordare modos, hoc vocem carmine movit:
“Ab Iove, Musa parens, (cedunt Iovis omnia regno!)
carmina nostra move! Iovis est mihi saepe potestas
150dicta prius: cecini plectro graviore Gigantas
sparsaque Phlegraeis victricia fulmina campis:
nunc opus est leviore lyra, puerosque canamus
dilectos superis, inconcessisque puellas
ignibus attonitas meruisse libidine poenam.
155Rex superum Phrygii quondam Ganymedis amore
arsit, et inventum est aliquid, quod Iuppiter esse,
quam quod erat, mallet. Nulla tamen alite verti
dignatur, nisi quae posset sua fulmina ferre.
Nec mora, percusso mendacibus aere pennis
160abripit Iliaden; qui nunc quoque pocula miscet
invitaque Iovi nectar Iunone ministrat.
Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus,
tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent.
Qua licet, aeternus tamen es: quotiensque repellit
165ver hiemem piscique aries succedit aquoso,
tu totiens oreris viridique in caespite flores.
Te meus ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe
in medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi,
dum deus Eurotan inmunitamque frequentat
170Sparten. Nec citharae nec sunt in honore sagittae:
inmemor ipse sui non retia ferre recusat,
non tenuisse canes, non per iuga montis iniqui
ire comes, longaque alit adsuetudine flammas.
Iamque fere medius Titan venientis et actae
175noctis erat spatioque pari distabat utrimque:
corpora veste levant et suco pinguis olivi
splendescunt latique ineunt certamina disci.
Quem prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras
misit et oppositas disiecit pondere nubes.
180Reccidit in solidam longo post tempore terram
pondus et exhibuit iunctam cum viribus artem.
Protinus imprudens actusque cupidine lusus
tollere Taenarides orbem properabat. At illum
dura repercusso subiecit verbere tellus
185in vultus, Hyacinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque
quam puer ipse deus conlapsosque excipit artus,
et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat,
nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet herbis.
Nil prosunt artes: erat inmedicabile vulnus.
190Ut siquis violas rigidumve papaver in horto
liliaque infringat fulvis horrentia linguis,
marcida demittant subito caput illa vietum
nec se sustineant spectentque cacumine terram:
sic vultus moriens iacet, et defecta vigore
195ipsa sibi est oneri cervix umeroque recumbit.
“Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate iuventa,”
Phoebus ait “videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus.
Tu dolor es facinusque meum: mea dextera leto
inscribenda tuo est! Ego sum tibi funeris auctor.
200Quae mea culpa tamen? Nisi si lusisse vocari
culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari.
Atque utinam merito vitam tecumque liceret
reddere! Quod quoniam fatali lege tenemur,
semper eris mecum memorique haerebis in ore.
205Te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt,
flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros.
Tempus et illud erit, quo se fortissimus heros
addat in hunc florem folioque legatur eodem.”
Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore,
210ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbas,
desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro
flos oritur formamque capit quam lilia, si non
purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis.
Non satis hoc Phoebo est (is enim fuit auctor honoris):
215ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et AI AI
flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera dicta est.
Nec genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque
durat in hoc aevi, celebrandaque more priorum
annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa.
Such was the grove
by Orpheus drawn together; and he sat
surrounded by assembled animals,
and many strange Birds. When he tried the chords
by touching with his thumb, and was convinced
the notes were all in harmony, although
attuned to various melody, he raised
his voice and sang:
“Oh my loved mother, Muse,
from Jove inspire my song—for all things yield,
to the unequalled sway of Jove—oh, I
have sung so often Jupiter's great power
before this day, and in a wilder strain,
I've sung the giants and victorious bolts
hurled on Phlegraean plains. But now I need
the gentler touch; for I would sing of boys,
the favorites of Gods, and even of maids
who had to pay the penalty of wrong.”
The king of all the Gods once burned with love
for Ganymede of Phrygia. He found
a shape more pleasing even than his own.
Jove would not take the form of any bird,
except the eagle's, able to sustain
the weight of his own thunderbolts. Without
delay, Jove on fictitious eagle wings,
stole and flew off with that loved Trojan boy:
who even to this day, against the will
of Juno, mingles nectar in the cups
of his protector, mighty Jupiter.
You also, Hyacinthus, would have been
set in the sky! if Phoebus had been given
time which the cruel fates denied for you.
But in a way you are immortal too.
Though you have died. Always when warm spring
drives winter out, and Aries (the Ram)
succeeds to Pisces (watery Fish), you rise
and blossom on the green turf. And the love
my father had for you was deeper than he felt
for others. Delphi center of the world,
had no presiding guardian, while the God
frequented the Eurotas and the land
of Sparta, never fortified with walls.
His zither and his bow no longer fill
his eager mind and now without a thought
of dignity, he carried nets and held
the dogs in leash, and did not hesitate
to go with Hyacinthus on the rough,
steep mountain ridges; and by all of such
associations, his love was increased.
Now Titan was about midway, betwixt
the coming and the banished night, and stood
at equal distance from those two extremes.
Then, when the youth and Phoebus were well stripped,
and gleaming with rich olive oil, they tried
a friendly contest with the discus. First
Phoebus, well-poised, sent it awhirl through air,
and cleft the clouds beyond with its broad weight;
from which at length it fell down to the earth,
a certain evidence of strength and skill.
Heedless of danger Hyacinthus rushed
for eager glory of the game, resolved
to get the discus. But it bounded back
from off the hard earth, and struck full against
your face, O Hyacinthus! Deadly pale
the God's face went — as pallid as the boy's.
With care he lifted the sad huddled form.
The kind god tries to warm you back to life,
and next endeavors to attend your wound,
and stay your parting soul with healing herbs.
His skill is no advantage, for the wound
is past all art of cure. As if someone,
when in a garden, breaks off violets,
poppies, or lilies hung from golden stems,
then drooping they must hang their withered heads,
and gaze down towards the earth beneath them; so,
the dying boy's face droops, and his bent neck,
a burden to itself, falls back upon
his shoulder: “You are fallen in your prime
defrauded of your youth, O Hyacinthus!”
Moaned Apollo. “I can see in your sad wound
my own guilt, and you are my cause of grief
and self-reproach. My own hand gave you death
unmerited — I only can be charged
with your destruction.—What have I done wrong?
Can it be called a fault to play with you?
Should loving you be called a fault? And oh,
that I might now give up my life for you!
Or die with you! But since our destinies
prevent us you shall always be with me,
and you shall dwell upon my care-filled lips.
The lyre struck by my hand, and my true songs
will always celebrate you. A new flower
you shall arise, with markings on your petals,
close imitation of my constant moans:
and there shall come another to be linked
with this new flower, a valiant hero shall
be known by the same marks upon its petals.”
And while Phoebus, Apollo, sang these words
with his truth-telling lips, behold the blood
of Hyacinthus, which had poured out on
the ground beside him and there stained the grass,
was changed from blood; and in its place a flower,
more beautiful than Tyrian dye, sprang up.
It almost seemed a lily, were it not
that one was purple and the other white.
But Phoebus was not satisfied with this.
For it was he who worked the miracle
of his sad words inscribed on flower leaves.
These letters AI, AI, are inscribed
on them. And Sparta certainly is proud
to honor Hyacinthus as her son;
and his loved fame endures; and every year
they celebrate his solemn festival.
Orpheus sings: Ganymede; Hyacinthus

Such was the grove of trees the poet gathered round him, and he sat in the midst of a crowd, of animals and birds. When he had tried a few chords, stroking the lyre with his thumb, and felt that the various notes were in tune, regardless of their pitch, he raised his voice to sing: �Begin my song with Jupiter, Calliope, O Muse, my mother (all things bow to Jupiter�s might)! I have often sung the power of Jove before: I have sung of the Giants, in an epic strain, and the victorious lightning bolts, hurled at the Phlegraean field. Now there is gentler work for the lyre, and I sing of boys loved by the gods, and girls stricken with forbidden fires, deserving punishment for their lust.

�The king of the gods once burned with love for Phrygian Ganymede, and to win him Jupiter chose to be something other than he was. Yet he did not deign to transform himself into any other bird, than that eagle, that could carry his lightning bolts. Straightaway, he beat the air with deceitful wings, and stole the Trojan boy, who still handles the mixing cups, and against Juno�s will pours out Jove�s nectar.

�You too, Hyacinthus, of Amyclae, Phoebus would have placed in heaven, if sad fate had given him time to do so. Still, as it is, you are immortal, and whenever spring drives winter away, and Aries follows watery Pisces, you also rise, and flower in the green turf. My father, Phoebus, loved you above all others: and Delphi, at the centre of the world, lost its presiding deity, while the god frequented Eurotas, and Sparta without its walls, doing no honour to the zither or the bow. Forgetting his usual pursuits, he did not object to carrying the nets, handling the dogs, or travelling as a companion, over the rough mountain ridges, and by constant partnership feeding the flames.

�Now, the sun was midway between the vanished and the future night, equally far from either extreme: they stripped off their clothes, and gleaming with the rich olive oil, they had rubbed themselves with, they began a contest with the broad discus. Phoebus went first, balancing it, and hurling it high into the air, scattering the clouds with its weight. Its mass took a long time to fall back to the hard ground, showing strength and skill combined. Immediately the Taenarian boy, without thinking, ran forward to pick up the disc, prompted by his eagerness to throw, but the solid earth threw it back, hitting you in the face, with the rebound, Hyacinthus.

�The god is as white as the boy, and cradles the fallen body. Now he tries to revive you, now to staunch your dreadful wound, and now applies herbs to hold back your departing spirit. His arts are useless: the wound is incurable. Just as if, when someone, in a garden, breaks violets, stiff poppies, or the lilies, with their bristling yellow stamens, and, suddenly, they droop, bowing their weakened heads, unable to support themselves, and their tops gaze at the soil: so his dying head drops, and, with failing strength, the neck is overburdened, and sinks onto the shoulder.

�"You slip away, Spartan, robbed of the flower of youth,� Phoebus sighed, �and I see my guilt, in your wound. You are my grief and my reproach: your death must be ascribed to my hand. I am the agent of your destruction. Yet, how was it my fault, unless taking part in a game can be called a fault, unless it can be called a fault to have loved you? If only I might die with you, and pay with my life!� But since the laws of fate bind us, you shall always be with me, and cling to my remembering lips. My songs; the lyre my hand touches; will celebrate you. As a new-formed flower, you shall denote my woe, by your markings. And the time will come, when Ajax, bravest of heroes, will associate himself with this same flower, and be identified by its petals.�

�While the truthful mouth of Apollo uttered these words, look, the blood that had spilt on the ground staining the grass was no longer blood, and a flower sprang up, brighter than Tyrian dye, and took the shape of a lily, though it was purple in colour, where the other is silvery white. Not satisfied with this alone, Phoebus (he, indeed, was the giver of the honour) himself marked his grief on the petals, and the flower bore the letters AI AI, the letters of woe traced there.�� Nor was Sparta ashamed of producing Hyacinthus: his honour has lasted to this day, and by ancient custom the Hyacinthia is celebrated, at its annual return, by displaying the flower in procession.

Book X · HYACINTHUS

HYACINTHUS

220At si forte roges fecundam Amathunta metallis,
an genuisse velit Propoetidas, abnuat aeque
atque illos, gemino quondam quibus aspera cornu
frons erat: unde etiam nomen traxere Cerastae.
Ante fores horum stabat Iovis Hospitis ara;
225ignarus sceleris quam siquis sanguine tinctam
advena vidisset, mactatos crederet illic
lactantes vitulos Amathusiacasque bidentes:
hospes erat caesus. Sacris offensa nefandis
ipsa suas urbes Ophiusiaque arva parabat
230deserere alma Venus. “Sed quid loca grata, quid urbes
peccavere meae? Quod” dixit “crimen in illis?
Exsilio poenam potius gens impia pendat,
vel nece, vel siquid medium est mortisque fugaeque.
Idque quid esse potest, nisi versae poena figurae?”
235Dum dubitat, quo mutet eos, ad cornua vultum
flexit et admonita est haec illis posse relinqui:
grandiaque in torvos transformat membra iuvencos.
Sunt tamen obscenae Venerem Propoetides ausae
esse negare deam. Pro quo sua, numinis ira,
240corpora cum forma primae vulgasse feruntur:
utque pudor cessit sanguisque induruit oris,
in rigidum parvo silicem discrimine versae.
If you should ask Amathus, which is rich
in metals, how can she rejoice and take
a pride in deeds of her Propoetides;
she would disclaim it and repudiate
them all, as well as those of transformed men,
whose foreheads were deformed by two rough horns,
from which their name Cerastae. By their gates
an altar unto Jove stood. If by chance
a stranger, not informed of their dark crimes,
had seen the horrid altar smeared with blood,
he would suppose that suckling calves and sheep
of Amathus, were sacrificed thereon—
it was in fact the blood of slaughtered guests!
Kind-hearted Venus, outraged by such deeds
of sacrifice, was ready to desert
her cities and her snake-infested plains;
“But how,” said she, “have their delightful lands
together with my well built cities sinned?
What crime have they done?—Those inhabitants
should pay the penalty of their own crimes
by exile or by death; or it may be
a middle course, between exile and death;
and what can that be, but the punishment
of a changed form?” And while she hesitates,
in various thoughts of what form they should take,
her eyes by chance, observed their horns,
and that decided her; such horns could well
be on them after any change occurred,
and she transformed their big and brutal bodies
to savage bulls.
But even after that,
the obscene Propoetides dared to deny
divinity of Venus, for which fault,
(and it is common fame) they were the first
to criminate their bodies, through the wrath
of Venus; and so blushing shame was lost,
white blood, in their bad faces grew so fast,
so hard, it was no wonder they were turned
with small change into hard and lifeless stones.
Orpheus sings: The Propoetides

�But if you should ask the Cyprian city of Amathus, rich in mines, whether it would have wished to have produced those girls, the Propoetides, it would repudiate them, and equally those men, whose foreheads were once marred by two horns, from which they took their name, Cerastae. An altar, to Jove the Hospitable, used to stand in front of the gates: if any stranger, ignorant of their wickedness, had seen it, stained with blood, they would have thought that calves or sheep, from Amathus, were sacrificed there: it was their guests they killed! Kindly Venus was preparing to abandon her cities, and the Cyprian fields, outraged by their abominable rites, but �How,� she said, �have my cities, or this dear place, sinned? What is their crime? Instead, let this impious race pay the penalty of death or exile, or some punishment between execution and banishment, and what might that be but the penalty of being transformed?� While she is deciding how to alter them, she turns her eyes towards their horns, and this suggests that she might leave them those, and she changed them into wild bullocks.

�Nevertheless, the immoral Propoetides dared to deny that Venus was the goddess. For this, because of her divine anger, they are said to have been the first to prostitute their bodies and their reputations in public, and, losing all sense of shame, they lost the power to blush, as the blood hardened in their cheeks, and only a small change turned them into hard flints.

Quas quia Pygmalion aevum per crimen agentes
viderat, offensus vitiis, quae plurima menti
245femineae natura dedit, sine coniuge caelebs
vivebat thalamique diu consorte carebat.
Interea niveum mira feliciter arte
sculpsit ebur formamque dedit, qua femina nasci
nulla potest: operisque sui concepit amorem.
250Virginis est verae facies, quam vivere credas,
et, si non obstet reverentia, velle moveri:
ars adeo latet arte sua. Miratur et haurit
pectore Pygmalion simulati corporis ignes.
Saepe manus operi temptantes admovet, an sit
255corpus an illud ebur: nec adhuc ebur esse fatetur.
Oscula dat reddique putat loquiturque tenetque,
et credit tactis digitos insidere membris,
et metuit, pressos veniat ne livor in artus.
Et modo blanditias adhibet, modo grata puellis
260munera fert illi conchas teretesque lapillos
et parvas volucres et flores mille colorum
liliaque pictasque pilas et ab arbore lapsas
Heliadum lacrimas; ornat quoque vestibus artus,
dat digitis gemmas, dat longa monilia collo:
265aure leves bacae, redimicula pectore pendent.
Cuncta decent: nec nuda minus formosa videtur.
Conlocat hanc stratis concha Sidonide tinctis
appellatque tori sociam, acclinataque colla
mollibus in plumis, tamquam sensura, reponit.
270Festa dies Veneris tota celeberrima Cypro
venerat, et pandis inductae cornibus aurum
conciderant ictae nivea cervice iuvencae,
turaque fumabant: cum munere functus ad aras
constitit et timide, “si di dare cuncta potestis,
275sit coniunx, opto” (non ausus “eburnea virgo”
dicere) Pygmalion “similis mea” dixit “eburnae.”
Sensit, ut ipsa suis aderat Venus aurea festis,
vota quid illa velint; et, amici numinis omen,
flamma ter accensa est apicemque per aera duxit.
280Ut rediit, simulacra suae petit ille puellae
incumbensque toro dedit oscula: visa tepere est.
Admovet os iterum, manibus quoque pectora temptat:
temptatum mollescit ebur positoque rigore
subsidit digitis ceditque, ut Hymettia sole
285cera remollescit tractataque pollice multas
flectitur in facies ipsoque fit utilis usu.
Dum stupet et dubie gaudet fallique veretur,
rursus amans rursusque manu sua vota retractat.
Corpus erat: saliunt temptatae pollice venae.
290Tum vero Paphius plenissima concipit heros
verba, quibus Veneri grates agat, oraque tandem
ore suo non falsa premit: dataque oscula virgo
sensit et erubuit timidumque ad lumina lumen
attollens pariter cum caelo vidit amantem.
295Coniugio, quod fecit, adest dea. Iamque coactis
cornibus in plenum noviens lunaribus orbem
illa Paphon genuit, de qua tenet insula nomen.
Pygmalion saw these women waste their lives
in wretched shame, and critical of faults
which nature had so deeply planted through
their female hearts, he lived in preference,
for many years unmarried.—But while he
was single, with consummate skill, he carved
a statue out of snow-white ivory,
and gave to it exquisite beauty, which
no woman of the world has ever equalled:
she was so beautiful, he fell in love
with his creation. It appeared in truth
a perfect virgin with the grace of life,
but in the expression of such modesty
all motion was restrained—and so his art
concealed his art. Pygmalion gazed, inflamed
with love and admiration for the form,
in semblance of a woman, he had carved.
He lifts up both his hands to feel the work,
and wonders if it can be ivory,
because it seems to him more truly flesh. —
his mind refusing to conceive of it
as ivory, he kisses it and feels
his kisses are returned. And speaking love,
caresses it with loving hands that seem
to make an impress, on the parts they touch,
so real that he fears he then may bruise
her by his eager pressing. Softest tones
are used each time he speaks to her. He brings
to her such presents as are surely prized
by sweet girls; such as smooth round pebbles, shells,
and birds, and fragrant flowers of thousand tints,
lilies, and painted balls, and amber tears
of Heliads, which distill from far off trees.—
he drapes her in rich clothing and in gems:
rings on her fingers, a rich necklace round
her neck, pearl pendants on her graceful ears;
and golden ornaments adorn her breast.
All these are beautiful—and she appears
most lovable, if carefully attired,—
or perfect as a statue, unadorned.
He lays her on a bed luxurious, spread
with coverlets of Tyrian purple dye,
and naming her the consort of his couch,
lays her reclining head on the most soft
and downy pillows, trusting she could feel.
The festal day of Venus, known throughout
all Cyprus, now had come, and throngs were there
to celebrate. Heifers with spreading horns,
all gold-tipped, fell when given the stroke of death
upon their snow-white necks; and frankincense
was smoking on the altars. There, intent,
Pygmalion stood before an altar, when
his offering had been made; and although he
feared the result, he prayed: “If it is true,
O Gods, that you can give all things, I pray
to have as my wife—” but, he did not dare
to add “my ivory statue-maid,” and said,
“One like my ivory—.” Golden Venus heard,
for she was present at her festival,
and she knew clearly what the prayer had meant.
She gave a sign that her Divinity
favored his plea: three times the flame leaped high
and brightly in the air.
When he returned,
he went directly to his image-maid,
bent over her, and kissed her many times,
while she was on her couch; and as he kissed,
she seemed to gather some warmth from his lips.
Again he kissed her; and he felt her breast;
the ivory seemed to soften at the touch,
and its firm texture yielded to his hand,
as honey-wax of Mount Hymettus turns
to many shapes when handled in the sun,
and surely softens from each gentle touch.
He is amazed; but stands rejoicing in his doubt;
while fearful there is some mistake, again
and yet again, gives trial to his hopes
by touching with his hand. It must be flesh!
The veins pulsate beneath the careful test
of his directed finger. Then, indeed,
the astonished hero poured out lavish thanks
to Venus; pressing with his raptured lips
his statue's lips. Now real, true to life—
the maiden felt the kisses given to her,
and blushing, lifted up her timid eyes,
so that she saw the light and sky above,
as well as her rapt lover while he leaned
gazing beside her—and all this at once—
the goddess graced the marriage she had willed,
and when nine times a crescent moon had changed,
increasing to the full, the statue-bride
gave birth to her dear daughter Paphos. From
which famed event the island takes its name.
Orpheus sings: Pygmalion and the statue

�Pygmalion had seen them, spending their lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill, he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of snow-white ivory, no mortal woman, and fell in love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think, lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory. he kisses it and thinks his kisses are returned; and speaks to it; and holds it, and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs, and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he addresses it with compliments, now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliades�s amber tears, that drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also, in clothing; places rings on the fingers; places a long necklace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears, and cinctures round the breasts. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on a bed on which cloths dyed with Tyrian murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.

�The day of Venus�s festival came, celebrated throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their snowy neck. The incense was smoking, when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by the altar, and said, shyly: �If you can grant all things, you gods, I wish as a bride to have...� and not daring to say �the girl of ivory� he said �one like my ivory girl.� Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods� fondness for him, the flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees� wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded, under the thumb, into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain, and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again, and again.

�It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon�s horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a son, Paphos, from whom the island takes its name.

Editus hac ille est, qui, si sine prole fuisset,
inter felices Cinyras potuisset haberi.
300Dira canam: procul hinc natae, procul este parentes!
Aut, mea si vestras mulcebunt carmina mentes,
desit in hac mihi parte fides, nec credite factum,
vel, si credetis, facti quoque credite poenam.
Si tamen admissum sinit hoc natura videri,
305gentibus Ismariis et nostro gratulor orbi,
gratulor huic terrae, quod abest regionibus illis,
quae tantum genuere nefas. Sit dives amomo
cinnamaque costumque suum sudataque ligno
tura ferat floresque alios Panchaia tellus,
310dum ferat et murram: tanti nova non fuit arbor.
Ipse negat nocuisse tibi sua tela Cupido,
Myrrha, facesque suas a crimine vindicat isto.
Stipite te Stygio tumidisque adflavit echidnis
e tribus una soror. Scelus est odisse parentem:
315hic amor est odio maius scelus. Undique lecti
te cupiunt proceres, totoque oriente iuventus
ad thalami certamen adest. Ex omnibus unum
elige, Myrrha, virum: dum ne sit in omnibus unus.
Illa quidem sentit foedoque repugnat amori
320et secum “quo mente feror? quid molior?” inquit:
“di, precor, et pietas sacrataque iura parentum,
hoc prohibete nefas scelerique resistite nostro, —
si tamen hoc scelus est. Sed enim damnare negatur
hanc venerem pietas, coeuntque animalia nullo
325cetera delicto. Nec habetur turpe iuvencae
ferre patrem tergo, fit equo sua filia coniunx,
quasque creavit init pecudes caper, ipsaque, cuius
semine concepta est, ex illo concipit ales.
Felices, quibus ista licent! Humana malignas
330cura dedit leges, et quod natura remittit,
invida iura negant. Gentes tamen esse feruntur,
in quibus et nato genetrix et nata parenti
iungitur, ut pietas geminato crescat amore.
Me miseram, quod non nasci mihi contigit illic,
335fortunaque loci laedor! — Quid in ista revolvor?
Spes interdictae discedite! Dignus amari
ille, sed ut pater, est. — Ergo si filia magni
non essem Cinyrae, Cinyrae concumbere possem;
nunc quia iam meus est, non est meus, ipsaque damno
340est mihi proximitas: aliena potentior essem.
Ire libet procul hinc patriaeque relinquere fines,
dum scelus effugiam. Retinet malus ardor amantem,
ut praesens spectem Cinyram tangamque loquarque
osculaque admoveam, si nil conceditur ultra.
345Ultra autem spectare aliquid potes, impia virgo?
Et quot confundas et iura et nomina, sentis!
Tune eris et matris paelex et adultera patris?
Tune soror nati genetrixque vocabere fratris?
Nec metues atro crinitas angue sorores,
350quas facibus saevis oculos atque ora petentes
noxia corda vident? At tu, dum corpore non es
passa nefas, animo ne concipe, neve potentis
concubitu vetito naturae pollue foedus.
Velle puta: res ipsa vetat. Pius ille memorque est
355moris — et o vellem similis furor esset in illo!”
The royal Cinyras was sprung from her;
and if he had been father of no child,
might well have been accounted fortunate—
but I must sing of horrible events—
avoid it daughters! Parents! shun this tale!
But if my verse has charmed your thought,
do not give me such credit in this part;
convince yourself it cannot be true life;
or, if against my wish you hear and must
believe it, then be sure to notice how
such wickedness gets certain punishment.
And yet, if Nature could permit such crimes
as this to happen, I congratulate
Ismarian people and all Thrace as well,
and I congratulate this nation, which
we know is far away from the land where
this vile abomination did occur.
The land we call Panchaia may be rich
in balsam, cinnamon, and costum sweet
for ointment, frankincense distilled from trees,
with many flowers besides. All this large wealth
combined could never compensate the land
for this detestable, one crime: even though
the new Myrrh-Tree advanced on that rich soil.
Cupid declares his weapons never caused
an injury to Myrrha, and denies
his torches ever could have urged her crime.—
one of the three bad sisters kindled this,
with fire brand from the Styx, and poisoned you
with swollen vipers.—It is criminal
to hate a parent, but love such as hers
is certainly more criminal than hate.
The chosen princes of all lands desire
you now in marriage, and young men throughout
the Orient are vying for your hand.
Choose, Myrrha one from all of these for your
good husband; but exclude from such a thought
your father only. She indeed is quite
aware, and struggles bitterly against
her vile desires, and argues in her heart:—
“What am I tending to? O listening Gods
I pray for aid, I pray to Natural Love!
Ah, may the sacred rights of parents keep
this vile desire from me, defend me from
a crime so great—If it indeed is crime.
I am not sure it is—I have not heard
that any god or written law condemns
the union of a parent and his child.
All animals will mate as they desire—
a heifer may endure her sire, and who
condemns it? And the happy stud is not
refused by his mare-daughters: the he-goat
consorts unthought-of with the flock of which
he is the father; and the birds conceive
of those from whom they were themselves begot.
Happy are they who have such privilege!
Malignant men have given spiteful laws;
and what is right to Nature is decreed
unnatural, by jealous laws of men.
“But it is said there are some tribes today,
in which the mother marries her own son;
the daughter takes her father; and by this,
the love kind Nature gives them is increased
into a double bond.—Ah wretched me!
Why was it not my fortune to be born
in that love-blessed land? I must abide,
depressed by my misfortunes, in this place.
“Why do I dwell on these forbidden hopes?
Let me forget to think of lawless flame.
My father is most worthy of my love,
but only as a father.—If I were
not born the daughter of great Cinyras,
I might be joined to him; but, as it stands,
because he is mine he is never mine;
because near to me he is far from me.
“It would be better for me, if we were
but strangers to each other; for I then,
could wish to go, and leave my native land,
and so escape temptation to this crime:
but my unhappy passion holds me here,
that I may see Cinyras face to face,
and touch him, talk with him and even kiss him—
the best, if nothing else can be allowed.
“But what more could be asked for, by the most
depraved? Think of the many sacred ties
and loved names, you are dragging to the mire:
the rival of your mother, will you be
the mistress of your father, and be named
the sister of your son, and make yourself
the mother of your brother? And will you
not dread the sisters with black snakes for hair.
Whom guilty creatures, such as you, can see
brandish relentless flames before their eyes
Orpheus sings: Myrrha�s incestuous love for Cinyras

�Cinyras was the son of Paphos, and he might have been counted amongst the fortunate, if he, in turn, had been childless. I speak of terrible things. Fathers and daughters, keep away: or if your mind takes pleasure in my song, put no faith in this story of mine, and imagine it did not happen. Or, if you do believe it, believe in the punishment also, that it brought. If nature, however, allows such crimes to be visible, then I give thanks that the people of Thrace, this city, and this land, are far from the regions where such sin is born. Let the land of Panchaia, beyond Araby, produce its balsam, cinnamon, costmary; its incense, exuded from the trees; its flowers different from ours; if it produces myrrh: a strange tree is not worth such a price.

�Cupid denies that his arrows hurt you, Myrrha, and clears his fires of blame for your crime. One of the three sisters, the Furies, with her swollen snakes, and firebrand from the Styx, breathed on you. It is wrong to hate your father, but that love was a greater wrong than hatred. The pick of the princes, from everywhere, desire you: young men, from the whole of the East, come to win you in marriage. Out of the many, choose one, for your husband, Myrrha, but let one man not be amongst the many.

�Indeed, she knows it, and fights against her disgraceful passion, and says, to herself: �Where is my thought leading? What am I creating? You gods, I pray, and the duty and sacred laws respecting parents, prevent this wickedness, and oppose my sin, indeed, if sin it is. But it can be said that duty declines to condemn such love. Other creatures mate indiscriminately: it is no disgrace for a heifer to have her sire mount her, for his filly to be a stallion�s mate: the goat goes with the flocks he has made, and the birds themselves conceive, by him whose seed conceived them. Happy the creatures who are allowed to do so! Human concern has made malign laws, and what nature allows, jealous duty forbids.

��Yet they say there are races where mother and son, and father and daughter, pair off, and affection is increased by a double bond. Alas for me, that I did not happen to be born there, and that I am made to suffer by an accident of place! � Why do I repeat these things? Forbidden hopes, vanish! He is worth loving, but only as a father. � I could lie with Cinyras, if I were not Cinyras�s already. Now, he is not mine, because he is already mine, and the nearness of our relationship damns me: I would be better off as a stranger. I would be happy to go far away, and leave the borders of my homeland behind me, if I might run from evil: but even if nothing more is permitted, a wicked desire to see Cinyras, touch him, speak to him, and kiss him, face to face, prevents my leaving. But then, what more might you look to have, impious girl? Do you realise how many names and ties you are throwing into confusion? Would you be, then, your mother�s rival, and your father�s mistress? Would you be known, then, as your son�s sister, your brother�s mother?� Do you not fear the three sisters, with black snaky hair, that those with guilty hearts see, their eyes and mouths attacked with cruel torches? Since you have still not committed sin in the flesh, do not conceive it in your mind, or disregard the prohibitions, of mighty nature, in vile congress! Grant that you want it: the reality itself forbids it. He is a good man, and mindful of the moral law � but, O, how I wish the same passion were in him!�

Dixerat, at Cinyras, quem copia digna procorum,
quid faciat, dubitare facit, scitatur ab ipsa
nominibus dictis, cuius velit esse mariti.
Illa silet primo, patriisque in vultibus haerens
360aestuat et tepido suffundit lumina rore.
Virginei Cinyras haec credens esse timoris,
flere vetat siccatque genas atque oscula iungit.
Myrrha datis nimium gaudet: consultaque, qualem
optet habere virum, “similem tibi” dixit. At ille
365non intellectam vocem conlaudat et “esto
tam pia semper” ait. Pietatis nomine dicto
demisit vultus sceleris sibi conscia virgo.
Noctis erat medium, curasque et corpora somnus
solverat. At virgo Cinyreia pervigil igni
370carpitur indomito furiosaque vota retractat.
Et modo desperat, modo vult temptare, pudetque
et cupit, et, quid agat, non invenit. Utque securi
saucia trabs ingens, ubi plaga novissima restat,
quo cadat, in dubio est omnique a parte timetur:
375sic animus vario labefactus vulnere nutat
huc levis atque illuc momentaque sumit utroque.
Nec modus aut requies, nisi mors, reperitur amoris.
Mors placet. Erigitur laqueoque innectere fauces
destinat et zona summo de poste revincta
380“care vale Cinyra causamque intellege mortis!”
dixit et aptabat pallenti vincula collo.
Murmura verborum fidas nutricis ad aures
pervenisse ferunt limen servantis alumnae.
Surgit anus reseratque fores, mortisque paratae
385instrumenta videns spatio conclamat eodem
seque ferit scinditque sinus ereptaque collo
vincula dilaniat. Tum denique flere vacavit,
tum dare complexus laqueique requirere causam.
Muta silet virgo terramque inmota tuetur
390et deprensa dolet tardae conamina mortis.
Instat anus canosque suos et inania nudans
ubera per cunas alimentaque prima precatur,
ut sibi committat, quidquid dolet. Illa rogantem
aversata gemit. Certa est exquirere nutrix
395nec solam spondere fidem: “dic” inquit “opemque
me sine ferre tibi; non est mea pigra senectus.
Seu furor est, habeo, quae carmine sanet et herbis,
sive aliquis nocuit, magico lustrabere ritu,
ira deum sive est, sacris placabilis ira.
400Quid rear ulterius ? Certe fortuna domusque
sospes et in cursu est, vivit genetrixque paterque.”
Myrrha, patre audito, suspiria duxit ab imo
pectore. Nec nutrix etiamnum concipit ullum
mente nefas, aliquemque tamen praesentit amorem;
405propositique tenax, quodcumque est, orat, ut ipsi
indicet, et gremio lacrimantem tollit anili
atque ita complectens infirmis membra lacertis
“sensimus,” inquit “amas! sed et hic mea (pone timorem)
sedulitas erit apta tibi, nec sentiet umquam
410hoc pater.” Exsiluit gremio furibunda torumque
ore premens “discede, precor, miseroque pudori
parce!” ait. Instanti “discede, aut desine” dixit
“quaerere, quid doleam: scelus est, quod scire laboras.”
Horret anus tremulasque manus annisque metuque
415tendit et ante pedes supplex procumbit alumnae
et modo blanditur, modo, si non conscia fiat,
terret; et indicium laquei coeptaeque minatur
mortis et officium commisso spondet amori.
Extulit illa caput lacrimisque implevit obortis
420pectora nutricis; conataque saepe fateri
saepe tenet vocem, pudibundaque vestibus ora
texit et “o” dixit “felicem coniuge matrem!”
Hactenus, et gemuit. Gelidus nutricis in artus
ossaque (sensit enim) penetrat tremor, albaque toto
425vertice canities rigidis stetit hirta capillis.
Multaque, ut excuteret diros, si posset, amores,
addidit: at virgo scit se non falsa moneri,
certa mori tamen est, si non potiatur amore.
“Vive,” ait haec “potiere tuo” — et, non ausa “parente”
430dicere, conticuit promissaque numine firmat.
and faces? While your body has not sinned
you must not let sin creep into your heart,
and violate great Nature's law with your
unlawful rovings. If you had the right
to long for his endearment, it could not
be possible. He is a virtuous man
and is regardful of the moral law—
oh how I wish my passion could be his!”
And so she argued and declared her love:
but Cinyras, her father, who was urged
by such a throng of suitors for her hand,
that he could make no choice, at last inquired
of her, so she might make her heart's wish known.
And as he named them over, asked her which
she fixed her gaze upon her father's face,
in doubtful agony what she could say,
while hot tears filled her eyes. Her father, sure
it all was of a virginal alarm,
as he is telling her she need not weep
dries her wet cheeks and kisses her sweet lips.
Too much delighted with his gentle words
and kind endearments, Myrrha, when he asked
again, which one might be her husband, said,
“The one just like yourself.”, And he replied
not understanding what her heart would say,
“You answer as a loving-daughter should.”
When she heard “loving-daughter” said, the girl
too conscious of her guilt, looked on the ground.
It was now midnight, peaceful sleep dissolved
the world-care of all mortals, but of her
who, sleepless through the night, burnt in the flame
of her misplaced affection. First despair
compels her to abandon every hope,
and then she changes and resolves to try;
and so she wavers from desire to shame,
for she could not adhere to any plan.
As a great tree, cut by the swinging axe
is chopped until the last blow has been struck,
then sways and threatens danger to all sides;
so does her weak mind, cut with many blows,
waver unsteadily—this way and that—
and turning back and forth it finds no rest
from passion, save the rest that lies in death.
The thought of death gave comfort to her heart.
Resolved to hang herself, she sat upright;
then, as she tied her girdle to a beam,
she said, “Farewell, beloved Cinyras,
and may you know the cause of my sad death.”
And while she spoke those words, her fingers fixed
the noosed rope close around her death-pale neck.
They say the murmur of despairing words
was heard by her attentive nurse who watched
outside the room. And, faithful as of old,
she opened the shut door. But, when she saw
the frightful preparations made for death,
the odd nurse screamed and beat and tore her breast,
then seized and snatched the rope from Myrrha's neck;
and after she had torn the noose apart,
at last she had the time to weep and time,
while she embraced the girl, to ask her why
the halter had been fastened round her neck.
The girl in stubborn silence only fixed
her eyes upon the ground—sad that her first
attempt at death, because too slow, was foiled.
The old nurse-woman urged and urged, and showed
her gray hair and her withered breasts, and begged
her by the memory of her cradle days,
and baby nourishment, to hide no more
from her long-trusted nurse what caused her grief.
The girl turned from her questions with a sigh.
The nurse, still more determined to know all,
promised fidelity and her best aid—
“Tell me,” she said, “and let me give you help;
my old age offers means for your relief:
if it be frantic passion, I have charms
and healing herbs; or, if an evil spell
was worked on you by someone, you shall be
cured to your perfect self by magic rites;
or, if your actions have enraged the Gods,
a sacrifice will satisfy their wrath.
What else could be the cause? Your family
and you are prosperous—your mother dear,
and your loved father are alive and well.”
And, when she heard her say the name of father,
a sigh heaved up from her distracted heart.
But even after that the nurse could not
conceive such evil in the girl's sick heart;
and yet she had a feeling it must be
only a love affair could cause the crime:
and with persistent purpose begged the cause.
She pressed the weeping girl against her breast;
and as she held her in her feeble arms,
she said, “Sweet heart, I know you are in love:
in this affair I am entirely yours
for your good service, you must have no fear,
your father cannot learn of it from me.,”
just like a mad girl, Myrrha sprang away,
and with her face deep-buried in a couch,
sobbed out, “Go from me or stop asking me
my cause of grief—it is a crime of shame—
I cannot tell it!” Horrified the nurse
stretched forth her trembling hands, palsied
with age and fear. She fell down at the feet
of her loved foster-child, and coaxing her
and frightening her, she threatened to disclose
her knowledge of the halter and of what
she knew of her attempted suicide;
and after all was said, she gave her word
to help the girl, when she had given to her
a true confession of her sad heart-love.
The girl just lifted up her face, and laid
it, weeping, on the bosom of her nurse.
She tried so often to confess, and just
as often checked her words, her shamed face hid
deep in her garment: “Oh”, at last she groans,
“O mother blessed in your husband—oh!”
Only that much she said and groaned. The nurse
felt a cold horror stealing through her heart
and frame, for she now understood it all.
And her white hair stood bristling on her head,
Orpheus sings: Myrrha and her nurse

�She spoke: Cinyras, however, who was made doubtful of what to do, by the crowd of noble suitors, naming them, asked her whom she wanted, as a husband.

�At first she is silent, and staring at her father�s face, hesitates, her eyes filling with warm tears. Cinyras thinking this to be virgin shyness, forbids her to cry, dries her cheeks, and kisses her on the lips. Myrrha is overjoyed at this gift, and, being consulted as to what kind of husband she might choose, says: �Someone like you�. Not understanding this, however, he praises her, saying: �Always be so loving.� At the word �loving�, the girl, lowers her glance, conscious of her sin.

�It was midnight, and sleep had released mortal flesh from worldly cares, but Cinyras�s daughter, wakeful, stirring the embers, reawakens her ungovernable desires, one moment despairing, at another willing to try, ashamed and eager, not yet discovering what to do. As a tall tree, struck by the axe, the last blow remaining, uncertain how it will fall, causes fear on all sides, so her fickle mind, swayed this way and that, her thought taking both directions, seeing no rest for, or end to, her passion, but death.� She felt ready to die. She got up, determined, to fix a noose round her throat, and, fastening a cord to the doorway�s crossbeam, she said: �Goodbye, dear Cinyras, and realize the reason for my death!� And she tied the rope around her bloodless neck. They say that the murmured words came to the ears of her loyal nurse, who watched at her foster-child�s threshold.

�The old woman gets up, and opens the door, and, seeing the equipment of death, cries out, and in the same moment, strikes her breast, snatches at the folds of her robe, and tearing the noose from the girl�s neck, pulls it apart. Then, finally, she has time to cry, to embrace her, and demand the reason for the rope. The girl is mute and still, looking, fixedly, at the ground, and unhappy that her belated attempt at death has been discovered. The old woman insists on knowing, baring her white hair and withered breasts, and begs her to say what grieves her, invoking her infant cradle, and first nurturing.�

�The girl turns away from her pleading, with a sigh. The nurse is determined to know, and promises more than loyalty. �Tell me,� she says, �and let me bring you some help: age does not slow me. If it is some frenzy, I have herbs and charms that heal: if someone is seeking your harm, I will purify you with magic rites: if the gods are angry, anger is appeased by sacrifice. What else could it be? The destiny of your house is fortunate, and on course: they are well, your mother and father.�

�Hearing the word �father�, Myrrha sighed deeply. Even then the nurse had no idea of the sin in her mind, though she guessed it might be some love affair. She begged her, tenaciously, to tell her what it was, and took the weeping girl to her aged breast, and holding her with trembling arms she said: �I know, you are in love! And in this matter (have no fear) my diligence can serve you, your father will never know.� The frenzied girl leapt from her arms, and burying her face in the bed, said, urgently: �Go, I beg you, and forgo the knowledge of my wretched shame! Go, or stop asking why I am grieving. What you are striving to know, is wickedness.� The old woman shuddered, and stretching out her hands that trembled with age and fear, she fell at her foster-child�s feet, pleading, then coaxing, then frightening her, into making her party to it. She threatens her with the evidence of the noose, and the attempt on her life, and promises her help in her love affair. The girl raises her head, and her welling tears rain on her nurse�s breast. She often tries to confess, and often stops herself, and hides her face, in shame, in her clothing: then gets as far as �Mother, you are happy in your husband!� and sighs.

�A shudder of cold penetrated the nurse�s flesh and bone (now she understood) and her white hair stiffened all over her head. She told her at length, to banish, if she could,� this fatal passion. Though the girl knew she was being advised rightly, she was still determined to die, if she could not possess her love. �Live,� said the nurse, �possess your....� - and did not dare say: �father�. She was silent, and confirmed her promise in the sight of heaven.

Festa piae Cereris celebrabant annua matres
illa, quibus nivea velatae corpora veste
primitias frugum dant spicea serta suarum
perque novem noctes venerem tactusque viriles
435in vetitis numerant. Turba Cenchreis in illa
regis adest coniunx, arcanaque sacra frequentat.
Ergo legitima vacuus dum coniuge lectus,
nacta gravem vino Cinyram male sedula nutrix,
nomine mentito veros exponit amores
440et faciem laudat. Quaesitis virginis annis
“par” ait “est Myrrhae.” Quam postquam adducere iussa est
utque domum rediit, “gaude mea” dixit “alumna:
vicimus.” Infelix non toto pectore sentit
laetitiam virgo, praesagaque pectora maerent;
445sed tamen et gaudet: tanta est discordia mentis.
Tempus erat, quo cuncta silent, interque triones
flexerat obliquo plaustrum temone Bootes:
ad facinus venit illa suum. Fugit aurea caelo
luna, tegunt nigrae latitantia sidera nubes:
450nox caret igne suo. Primus tegis, Icare, vultus
Erigoneque pio sacrata parentis amore.
Ter pedis offensi signo est revocata, ter omen
funereus bubo letali carmine fecit:
it tamen, et tenebrae minuunt noxque atra pudorem;
455nutricisque manum laeva tenet, altera motu
caecum iter explorat. Thalami iam limina tangit,
iamque fores aperit, iam ducitur intus: at illi
poplite succiduo genua intremuere, fugitque
et color et sanguis, animusque relinquit euntem.
460Quoque suo propior sceleri est, magis horret, et ausi
paenitet, et vellet non cognita posse reverti.
Cunctantem longaeva manu deducit et alto
admotam lecto cum traderet “accipe,” dixit
“ista tua est, Cinyra” devotaque corpora iunxit.
465Accipit obsceno genitor sua viscera lecto
virgineosque metus levat hortaturque timentem.
Forsitan aetatis quoque nomine “filia” dixit,
dixit et illa “pater,” sceleri ne nomina desint.
Plena patris thalamis excedit et impia diro
470semina fert utero conceptaque crimina portat.
Postera nox facinus geminat. Nec finis in illa est:
cum tandem Cinyras, avidus cognoscere amantem
post tot concubitus, inlato lumine vidit
et scelus et natam, verbisque dolore retentis
475pendenti nitidum vagina deripit ensem.
Myrrha fugit, tenebrisque et caecae munere noctis
intercepta neci est: latosque vagata per agros
palmiferos Arabas Panchaeaque rura reliquit;
perque novem erravit redeuntis cornua lunae,
480cum tandem terra requievit fessa Sabaea;
vixque uteri portabat onus. Tum nescia voti
atque inter mortisque metus et taedia vitae
est tales complexa preces: “O siqua patetis
numina confessis, merui nec triste recuso
485supplicium. Sed ne violem vivosque superstes
mortuaque exstinctos, ambobus pellite regnis
mutataeque mihi vitamque necemque negate.”
Numen confessis aliquod patet: ultima certe
vota suos habuere deos. Nam crura loquentis
490terra supervenit, ruptosque obliqua per ungues
porrigitur radix, longi firmamina trunci;
ossaque robur agunt, mediaque manente medulla
sanguis it in sucos, in magnos bracchia ramos,
in parvos digiti, duratur cortice pellis.
495Iamque gravem crescens uterum perstrinxerat arbor
pectoraque obruerat collumque operire parabat,
non tulit illa moram venientique obvia ligno
subsedit mersitque suos in cortice vultus.
Quae quamquam amisit veteres cum corpore sensus,
500flet tamen, et tepidae manant ex arbore guttae.
Est honor et lacrimis, stillataque robore murra
nomen erile tenet nulloque tacebitur aevo.
while with the utmost care of love and art
she strove to use appropriate words and deeds,
to banish the mad passion of the girl.
Though Myrrha knew that she was truly warned,
she was resolved to die, unless she could
obtain the object of her wicked love.
The nurse gave way at last as in defeat,
and said, “Live and enjoy—” but did not dare
to say, “your father”, did not finish, though,
she promised and confirmed it with an oath.
It was the time when matrons celebrate
the annual festival of Ceres. Then,
all robed in decent garments of snow-white,
they bring garlands of precious wheat, which are
first fruits of worship; and for nine nights they
must count forbidden every act of love,
and shun the touch of man. And in that throng,
Cenchreis, the king's wife, with constant care
attended every secret rite: and so
while the king's bed was lacking his true wife,
one of those nights,—King Cinyras was drunk
with too much wine,—the scheming nurse informed
him of a girl most beautiful, whose love
for him was passionate; in a false tale
she pictured a true passion. — When he asked
the maiden's age, she answered, “Just the same
as Myrrha's.” Bidden by the king to go
and fetch her, the officious old nurse, when
she found the girl, cried out; “Rejoice, my dear,
we have contrived it!” The unhappy girl
could not feel genuine joy in her amazed
and startled body. Her dazed mind was filled
with strange forebodings; but she did believe
her heart was joyful.—Great excitement filled
her wrecked heart with such inconsistencies.
Now was the time when nature is at rest;
between the Bears, Bootes turned his wain
down to the west, and the guilty Myrrha turns
to her enormity. The golden moon
flies from the heaven, and black clouds cover
the hiding stars and Night has lost her fires.
The first to hide were stars of Icarus
and of Erigone, in hallowed love
devoted to her father. Myrrha thrice
was warned by omen of her stumbling foot;
the funeral screech-owl also warned her thrice,
with dismal cry; yet Myrrha onward goes.
It seems to her the black night lessens shame.
She holds fast to her nurse with her left hand,
and with the other hand gropes through the dark.
And now they go until she finds the door.
Now at the threshold of her father's room,
she softly pushes back the door, her nurse
takes her within. The girl's knees trembling sink
beneath her. Her drawn bloodless face has lost
its color, and while she moves to the crime,
bad courage goes from her until afraid
of her bold effort, she would gladly turn
unrecognized. But as she hesitates,
the aged crone still holds her by the hand;
and leading her up to the high bed there
delivering Myrrha, says, “Now Cinyras,
you take her, she is yours;” and leaves the pair
doomed in their crime — the father to pollute
his own flesh in his own bed; where he tries
first to encourage her from maiden fears,
by gently talking to the timid girl.
He chanced to call her “daughter,” as a name
best suited to her age; and she in turn,
endearing, called him “father”, so no names
might be omitted to complete their guilt.
She staggered from his chamber with the crime
of her own father hidden in her womb,
and their guilt was repeated many nights;
till Cinyras — determined he must know
his mistress, after many meetings, brought
a light and knew his crime had harmed his daughter.
Speechless in shame he drew forth his bright sword
out from the scabbard where it hung near by.—
but frightened Myrrha fled, and so escaped
death in the shadows of dark night. Groping
her pathless way at random through the fields,
she left Arabia, famed for spreading palms,
and wandered through Panchaean lands. Until
after nine months of aimless wandering days,
she rested in Sabaea, for she could
not hold the burden she had borne so long.
Not knowing what to pray for, moved alike
by fear of death and weariness of life,
her wishes were expressed in prayer: “O Gods,
if you will listen to my prayer, I do
not shun a dreadful punishment deserved;
but now because my life offends the living,
and dying I offend the dead, drive me
from both conditions; change me, and refuse
my flesh both life and death!”
Some god did listen
to her unnatural prayer; her last petition
had answering gods. For even as she prayed,
the earth closed over her legs; roots grew out
and, stretching forth obliquely from her nails,
gave strong support to her up-growing trunk;
her bones got harder, and her marrow still
unchanged, kept to the center, as her blood
was changed to sap, as her outstretching arms
became long branches and her fingers twigs;
and as her soft skin hardened into bark:
and the fast-growing tree had closely bound
her womb, still heavy, and had covered her
soft bosom; and was spreading quickly up
to her neck.—She can not endure the strain,
and sinking down into the rising wood,
her whole face soon was hidden in the bark.
Although all sense of human life was gone,
as quickly as she lost her human form,
her weeping was continued, and warm drops
Orpheus sings: Myrrha�s crime and punishment

�The married women were celebrating that annual festival of Ceres, when, with their bodies veiled in white robes, they offer the first fruits of the harvest, wreathes of corn, and, for nine nights, treat sexual union, and the touch of a man, as forbidden. Cenchreis, the king�s wife was among the crowd, frequenting the sacred rites. Finding Cinyras drunk with wine, the king�s bed empty of his lawful partner, the nurse, wrongly diligent, told him of one who truly loved him, giving him a fictitious name, and praised her beauty. He, asking the girl�s age, she said: �Myrrha�s is the same.� After she had been ordered to bring her, and had reached home, she said: �Be happy, my child, we have won!� The unhappy girl felt no joy at all in her heart, and her heart prophetically mourned, yet she was still glad: such was her confusion of mind.

�It was the hour, when all is silent, and Bo�tes, between the Bears, had turned his wagon, with downward-pointing shaft: She approached the sinful act. The golden moon fled the sky; black clouds covered the hidden stars; night lacked its fires. You, Icarius, and you, Erigone, his daughter, immortalised for your pious love of your father, hid your faces first. Myrrha was checked by an omen, three times, when her foot stumbled: three times, the gloomy screech owl gave her warning, with its fatal cry: she still went on, her shame made less by blindness and black night. With her left hand, she kept tight hold of her nurse, groping with the other she found a way through the dark.

�Now she reaches the threshold of the room, now she opens the door, now is led inside. But her trembling knees give way, her colour flees with her blood, and thought vanishes as she goes forward. The closer she is to her sin, the more she shudders at it, repents of her audacity, and wants to be able to turn back, unrecognised. When she hesitated, the old woman took her by the hand, and, leading her to the high bed, delivered her up, saying: �Take her Cinyras, she is yours�, uniting their accursed flesh. The father admitted his own child into the incestuous bed, calmed her virgin fears, and encouraged her timidity. Perhaps he also said the name, �daughter�, in accordance with her age, and she said, �father�, so that their names were not absent from their sin.

�She left the room impregnated by her father, bearing impious seed in her fatal womb, carrying the guilt she had conceived. The next night the crime was repeated: nor did it finish there. Eventually, Cinyras, eager to discover his lover after so many couplings, fetching a light, saw his daughter and his guilt, and speechless from grief, he snatched his bright sword out of the sheath it hung in. Myrrha ran, escaping death, by the gift of darkness and secret night. Wandering the wide fields, she left the land of Panchaea, and palm-bearing Arabia, behind, and after roaming through nine returns of the crescent moon, weary, she rested at last in the land of the Sabaeans.

�Now she could scarcely bear the weight of her womb. Tired of living, and scared of dying, not knowing what to pray for, she composed these words of entreaty: �O, if there are any gods who hear my prayer, I do not plead against my well deserved punishment, but lest, by being, I offend the living, or, by dying, offend the dead, banish me from both realms, and change me, and deny me life and death!� Some god listened to her prayer: certainly the last request found its path to the heavens. While she was still speaking, the soil covered her shins; roots, breaking from her toes, spread sideways, supporting a tall trunk; her bones strengthened, and in the midst of the remaining marrow, the blood became sap; her arms became long branches; her fingers, twigs; her skin, solid bark. And now the growing tree had drawn together over her ponderous belly, buried her breasts, and was beginning to encase her neck: she could not bear the wait, and she sank down against the wood, to meet it, and plunged her face into the bark.

�Though she has lost her former senses with her body, she still weeps, and the warm drops trickle down from the tree. There is merit, also, in the tears: and the myrrh that drips from the bark keeps its mistress�s name, and, about it, no age will be silent.

At male conceptus sub robore creverat infans
quaerebatque viam, qua se genetrice relicta
505exsereret: media gravidus tumet arbore venter.
Tendit onus matrem: neque habent sua verba dolores,
nec Lucina potest parientis voce vocari.
Nitenti tamen est similis curvataque crebros
dat gemitus arbor lacrimisque cadentibus umet.
510Constitit ad ramos mitis Lucina dolentes
admovitque manus et verba puerpera dixit.
Arbor agit rimas et fissa cortice vivum
reddit onus, vagitque puer; quem mollibus herbis
naides impositum lacrimis unxere parentis.
515Laudaret faciem Livor quoque. Qualia namque
corpora nudorum tabula pinguntur Amorum,
talis erat: sed, ne faciat discrimina cultus,
aut huic adde leves, aut illi deme pharetras.
Labitur occulte fallitque volatilis aetas,
520et nihil est annis velocius. Ille sorore
natus avoque suo, qui conditus arbore nuper,
nuper erat genitus, modo formosissimus infans,
iam iuvenis, iam vir, iam se formosior ipso est:
iam placet et Veneri matrisque ulciscitur ignes.
525Namque pharetratus dum dat puer oscula matri,
inscius exstanti destrinxit harundine pectus.
Laesa manu natum dea reppulit. Altius actum
vulnus erat specie primoque fefellerat ipsam.
Capta viri forma non iam Cythereia curat
530litora, non alto repetit Paphon aequore cinctam
piscosamque Gnidon gravidamve Amathunta metallis;
abstinet et caelo: caelo praefertur Adonis.
Hunc tenet, huic comes est; adsuetaque semper in umbra
indulgere sibi formamque augere colendo
535per iuga, per silvas dumosaque saxa vagatur
fine genu vestem ritu succincta Dianae
hortaturque canes; tutaeque animalia praedae,
aut pronos lepores aut celsum in cornua cervum,
aut agitat dammas: a fortibus abstinet apris
540raptoresque lupos armatosque unguibus ursos
vitat et armenti saturatos caede leones.
Te quoque, ut hos timeas, siquid prodesse monendo
possit, Adoni, monet, “fortis” que “fugacibus esto”
inquit “in audaces non est audacia tuta.
545Parce meo, iuvenis, temerarius esse periclo,
neve feras, quibus arma dedit natura, lacesse,
stet mihi ne magno tua gloria. Non movet aetas
nec facies nec quae Venerem movere, leones
saetigerosque sues oculosque animosque ferarum.
550Fulmen habent acres in aduncis dentibus apri,
impetus est fulvis et vasta leonibus ira,
invisumque mihi genus est.” Quae causa, roganti
“dicam,” ait “et veteris monstrum mirabere culpae.
Sed labor insolitus iam me lassavit, et ecce
555opportuna sua blanditur populus umbra,
datque torum caespes; libet hac requiescere tecum”
(et requievit) “humo” pressitque et gramen et ipsum,
inque sinu iuvenis posita cervice reclinis
sic ait ac mediis interserit oscula verbis:
distilled from her (the tree) cease not to fall.
There is a virtue even in her tears—
the valued myrrh distilling from the trunk,
keeps to her name, by which she still is known,
and cannot be forgot of aging time.
The guilt-begotten child had growth while wood
was growing, and endeavored now to find
a way of safe birth. The tree-trunk was swelling
and tightened against Myrrha, who, unable
to express her torture, could not call upon
Lucina in the usual words of travail.
But then just like a woman in great pain,
the tree bends down and, while it groans, bedews
itself with falling tears. Lucina stood
in pity near the groaning branches, laid
her hands on them, and uttered charms to aid
the hindered birth. The tree cracked open then,
the bark was rent asunder, and it gave forth
its living weight, a wailing baby-boy.
The Naiads laid him on soft leaves, and they
anointed him with his own mother's tears.
Even Envy would not fail to praise the child,
as beautiful as naked cupids seen
in chosen paintings. Only give to him
a polished quiver, or take theirs from them,
and no keen eye could choose him from their midst.
Time gliding by without our knowledge cheats us,
and nothing can be swifter than the years.
That son of sister and grandfather, who
was lately hidden in his parent tree,
just lately born, a lovely baby-boy
is now a youth, now man more beautiful
than during growth. He wins the love of Venus
and so avenges his own mother's passion.
For while the goddess' son with quiver held
on shoulder, once was kissing his loved mother,
it chanced unwittingly he grazed her breast
with a projecting arrow. Instantly
the wounded goddess pushed her son away;
but the scratch had pierced her deeper than she thought
and even Venus was at first deceived.
Delighted with the beauty of the youth,
she does not think of her Cytherian shores
and does not care for Paphos, which is girt
by the deep sea, nor Cnidos, haunts of fish,
nor Amathus far-famed for precious ores.
Venus, neglecting heaven, prefers Adonis
to heaven, and so she holds close to his ways
as his companion, and forgets to rest
at noon-day in the shade, neglecting care
of her sweet beauty. She goes through the woods,
and over mountain ridges and wild fields,
rocky and thorn-set, bare to her white knees
after Diana's manner. And she cheers
the hounds, intent to hunt for harmless prey,
such as the leaping hare, or the wild stag,
high-crowned with branching antlers, or the doe.—
she keeps away from fierce wild boars, away
from ravenous wolves; and she avoids the bears
of frightful claws, and lions glutted with
the blood of slaughtered cattle.
She warns you,
Adonis, to beware and fear them. If her fears
for you were only heeded! “Oh be brave,”
she says, “against those timid animals
which fly from you; but courage is not safe
against the bold. Dear boy, do not be rash,
do not attack the wild beasts which are armed
by nature, lest your glory may cost me
great sorrow. Neither youth nor beauty nor
the deeds which have moved Venus have effect
on lions, bristling boars, and on the eyes
and tempers of wild beasts. Boars have the force
of lightning in their curved tusks, and the rage
of tawny lions is unlimited.
I fear and hate them all.”
When he inquires
the reason, she says: “I will tell it; you
will be surprised to learn the bad result
caused by an ancient crime.—But I am weary
with unaccustomed toil; and see! a poplar
convenient, offers a delightful shade
and this lawn gives a good couch. Let us rest
ourselves here on the grass.” So saying, she
reclined upon the turf and, pillowing
her head against his breast and mingling kisses
with her words, she told him the following tale:
Orpheus sings: Venus and Adonis

�The child, conceived in sin, had grown within the tree, and was now searching for a way to leave its mother, and reveal itself. The pregnant womb swells within the tree trunk, the burden stretching the mother. The pain cannot form words, nor can Lucina be called on, in the voice of a woman in labour. Nevertheless the tree bends, like one straining, and groans constantly, and is wet with falling tears. Gentle Lucina stood by the suffering branches, and laid her hands on them, speaking words that aid childbirth. At this the tree split open, and, from the torn bark, gave up its living burden, and the child cried. The naiads laid him on the soft grass, and anointed him with his mother�s tears. Even Envy would praise his beauty, being so like one of the torsos of naked Amor painted on boards. But to stop them differing in attributes, you must add a light quiver, for him, or take theirs away from them.

�Transient time slips by us unnoticed, betrays us, and nothing outpaces the years. That son of his grandfather, sister, now hid in a tree, and now born, then a most beautiful child, then a boy, now a man, now more beautiful than he was before, now interests Venus herself, and avenges his mother�s desire. For while the boy, Cupid, with quiver on shoulder, was kissing his mother, he innocently scratched her breast with a loose arrow. The injured goddess pushed her son away: but the wound he had given was deeper than it seemed, and deceived her at first. Now captured by mortal beauty, she cares no more for Cythera�s shores, nor revisits Paphos, surrounded by its deep waters, nor Cnidos, the haunt of fish, nor Amathus, rich in mines: she even forgoes the heavens: preferring Adonis to heaven.

�She holds him, and is his companion, and though she is used to always idling in the shade, and, by cultivating it, enhancing her beauty, she roams mountain ridges, and forests, and thorny cliff-sides, her clothing caught up to the knee, like Diana. And she cheers on the hounds, chasing things safe to hunt, hares flying headlong, stags with deep horns, or their hinds. She avoids the strong wild boars, the ravening wolves, and shuns the bears armed with claws, and the lions glutted with the slaughter of cattle. She warns you Adonis, as if it were ever effective to warn, to fear them too, saying: �Be bold when they run, but bravery is unsafe when faced with the brave. Do not be foolish, beware of endangering me, and do not provoke the creatures nature has armed, lest your glory is to my great cost. Neither youth nor beauty, nor the charms that affect Venus, affect lions or bristling boars or the eyes and minds of other wild creatures. Boars have the force of a fierce lightning bolt in their curving tusks, and so does the attack of tawny lions, in their huge anger: the whole tribe are hateful to me.�

�When he asks her why, she says: �I will tell, and you will wonder, at the monstrous result of an ancient crime. But now the unaccustomed effort tires me, and, look, a poplar tree entices us with its welcome shade, and the turf yields a bed. I should like to rest here on the ground,� (and she rested) �with you.� She hugged the grass, and him, and leaning her head against the breast of the reclining youth, she spoke these words, interspersing them with kisses:

Book X · ATALANTA

ATALANTA

560“Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus
veloces superasse viros. Non fabula rumor
ille fuit: superabat enim; nec dicere posses,
laude pedum formaene bono praestantior esset.
Scitanti deus huic de coniuge “coniuge” dixit
565“nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi: fuge coniugis usum!
nec tamen effugies teque ipsa viva carebis.”
Territa sorte dei per opacas innuba silvas
vivit et instantem turbam violenta procorum
condicione fugat, nec “sum potienda, nisi” inquit
570“victa prius cursu. Pedibus contendite mecum:
praemia veloci coniunx thalamique dabuntur,
mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto.”
Illa quidem inmitis: sed (tanta potentia formae est)
venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba procorum.
575Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui
et “petitur cuiquam per tanta pericula coniunx?”
dixerat ac nimios iuvenum damnarat amores.
Ut faciem et posito corpus velamine vidit,
quale meum, vel quale tuum, si femina fias,
580obstipuit tollensque manus “ignoscite,” dixit
“quos modo culpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota,
quae peteretis, erant.” Laudando concipit ignes
et, ne quis iuvenum currat velocius, optat
invidiaque timet. “Sed cur certaminis huius
585intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur?” inquit
“audentes deus ipse iuvat.” Dum talia secum
exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite virgo.
Quae quamquam Scythica non setius ire sagitta
Aonio visa est iuveni, tamen ille decorem
590miratur magis; et cursus facit ipse decorem.
Aura refert ablata citis talaria plantis,
tergaque iactantur crines per eburnea, quaeque
poplitibus suberant picto genualia limbo;
inque puellari corpus candore ruborem
595traxerat, haud aliter, quam cum super atria velum
candida purpureum simulatas inficit umbras.
Dum notat haec hospes, decursa novissima meta est
et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona.
Dant gemitum victi penduntque ex foedere poenas.
600Non tamen eventu iuvenis deterritus horum
constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine fixo
“quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes?
mecum confer!” ait. “Seu me fortuna potentem
fecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci:
605namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius, illi
est Neptunus avus, pronepos ego regis aquarum,
nec virtus citra genus est; seu vincar, habebis
Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.”
Talia dicentem molli Schoeneia vultu
610adspicit et dubitat, superari an vincere malit.
Atque ita “quis deus hunc formosis” inquit “iniquus
perdere vult caraeque iubet discrimine vitae
coniugium petere hoc? Non sum, me iudice, tanti. —
Nec forma tangor (poteram tamen hac quoque tangi),
615sed quod adhuc puer est: non me movet ipse, sed aetas.
Quid quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti?
Quid quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus?
Quid quod amat tantique putat conubia nostra,
ut pereat, si me fors illi dura negarit?
620Dum licet, hospes, abi thalamosque relinque cruentos:
coniugium crudele meum est. Tibi nubere nulla
nolet, et optari potes a sapiente puella. —
Cur tamen est mihi cura tui tot iam ante peremptis?
Viderit! Intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum
625admonitus non est agiturque in taedia vitae. —
Occidet hic igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum,
indignamque necem pretium patietur amoris?
Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae.
Sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles,
630aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses!
A! quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est!
A! miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem!
Vivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem,
nec mihi coniugium fata importuna negarent,
635unus eras, cum quo sociare cubilia vellem.”
Dixerat; utque rudis primoque Cupidine tacta,
quid facit ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem.
Perhaps you may have heard of a swift maid,
who ran much faster than swift-footed men
contesting in the race. What they have told
is not an idle tale.—She did excel
them all—and you could not have said
whether her swift speed or her beauty was
more worthy of your praise. When this maid once
consulted with an oracle, of her
fate after marriage, the god answered her:
“You, Atalanta, never will have need
of husband, who will only be your harm.
For your best good you should avoid the tie;
but surely you will not avoid your harm;
and while yet living you will lose yourself.”
She was so frightened by the oracle,
she lived unwedded in far shaded woods;
and with harsh terms repulsed insistent throngs
of suitors. “I will not be won,” she said,
“Till I am conquered first in speed. Contest
the race with me. A wife and couch shall both
be given to reward the swift, but death
must recompense the one who lags behind.
This must be the condition of a race.”
Indeed she was that pitiless, but such
the power of beauty, a rash multitude
agreed to her harsh terms.
Hippomenes
had come, a stranger, to the cruel race,
with condemnation in his heart against
the racing young men for their headstrong love;
and said, “Why seek a wife at such a risk?”
But when he saw her face, and perfect form
disrobed for perfect running, such a form
as mine, Adonis, or as yours—if you
were woman—he was so astonished he
raised up his hands and said, “Oh pardon me
brave men whom I was blaming, I could not
then realize the value of the prize
you strove for.” And as he is praising her,
his own heart leaping with love's fire, he hopes
no young man may outstrip her in the race;
and, full of envy, fears for the result.
“But why,” he cries, “is my chance in the race
untried? Divinity helps those who dare.”
But while the hero weighed it in his mind
the virgin flew as if her feet had wings.
Although she seemed to him in flight as swift
as any Scythian arrow, he admired
her beauty more; and her swift speed appeared
in her most beautiful. The breeze bore back
the streamers on her flying ankles, while
her hair was tossed back over her white shoulders;
the bright trimmed ribbons at her knees were fluttering,
and over her white girlish body came
a pink flush, just as when a purple awning
across a marble hall gives it a wealth
of borrowed hues. And while Hippomenes
in wonder gazed at her, the goal was reached;
and Atalanta crowned victorious
with festal wreath.—But all the vanquished youths
paid the death-penalty with sighs and groans,
according to the stipulated bond.
Not frightened by the fate of those young men,
he stood up boldly in the midst of all;
and fixing his strong eyes upon the maiden, said:
“Where is the glory in an easy victory
over such weaklings? Try your fate with me!
If fortune fail to favor you, how could
it shame you to be conquered by a man?
Megareus of Onchestus is my father,
his grandsire, Neptune, god of all the seas.
I am descendant of the King of Waves:
and add to this, my name for manly worth
has not disgraced the fame of my descent.
If you should prove victorious against
this combination, you will have achieved
a great enduring name—the only one
who ever bested great Hippomenes.”
While he was speaking, Atalanta's gaze
grew softer, in her vacillating hopes
to conquer and be conquered; till at last,
her heart, unbalanced, argued in this way:
“It must be some god envious of youth,
wishing to spoil this one prompts him to seek
wedlock with me and risk his own dear life.
I am not worth the price, if I may judge.
His beauty does not touch me—but I could
be moved by it—I must consider he
is but a boy. It is not he himself
who moves me, but his youth. Sufficient cause
for thought are his great courage and his soul
fearless of death. What of his high descent;—
great grandson of the King of all the seas?
What of his love for me that has such great
importance, he would perish if his fate
denied my marriage to him? O strange boy,
go from me while you can; abandon hope
of this alliance stained with blood—A match
with me is fatal. Other maids will not
refuse to wed you, and a wiser girl
will gladly seek your love.—But what concern
is it of mine, when I but think of those
who have already perished! Let him look
to it himself; and let him die. Since he
is not warned by his knowledge of the fate
of many other suitors, he declares
quite plainly, he is weary of his life.—
“Shall he then die, because it must be his
one hope to live with me? And suffer death
though undeserved, for me because he loves?
My victory will not ward off the hate,
the odium of the deed! But it is not
a fault of mine.—Oh fond, fond man, I would
that you had never seen me! But you are
so madly set upon it, I could wish
you may prove much the swifter! Oh how dear
how lovable is his young girlish face!—
ah, doomed Hippomenes, I only wish
mischance had never let you see me! You
are truly worthy of a life on earth.
If I had been more fortunate, and not
denied a happy marriage day; I would
not share my bed with any man but you.”
All this the virgin Atalanta said;
and knowing nothing of the power of love,
she is so ignorant of what she does,
she loves and does not know she is in love.
Meanwhile her father and the people, all
Venus tells her story: Atalanta and Hippomenes

��Perhaps you have heard of a girl who beat the fastest men at running: that was no idle tale, she did win. Nor could you say whether her speed or her beauty was more deserving of high praise. Enquiring of the god, about a husband, the god replied: �You don�t need a husband, Atalanta: run from the necessity for a husband. Nevertheless, you will not escape, and, still living, you will not be yourself.� Afraid of the god�s oracle, she lived in the dark forests, unmarried, and fled from the crowd of insistent suitors, setting harsh conditions: �I will not be won, till I am beaten in running. Compete in the foot-race with me. Wife and bed will be given as prizes to the swift, death to the tardy: let those be the rules.�

��Truly she was pitiless, but (such was the power of her beauty) a rash crowd of suitors came, despite the rules. Hippomenes had taken his seat as a spectator at the unjust contest, and said �Who would try for a wife at such a risk?� condemning the young men for their excess of passion. But when he saw her face and her unclothed body, one like mine, Adonis, or like yours if you were a woman, he was stunned. Stretching out his hands, he said: �Forgive me, you, that I just blamed! I had not yet realised what the prize was you were after.� Praising her, he falls in love with her, and hopes none of the youths run faster, afraid, through jealousy. �But why, in this competition, is my luck left untested?� he says. The god himself favours the bold!�

��While Hippomenes was debating with himself like this, the virgin girl sped by on winged feet. To the Aonian youth she flew like a Scythian arrow, yet it made him admire her beauty all the more. The race gave her a beauty of its own. The breeze blew the streaming feathers on her speeding sandals behind her, and her hair was thrown back from her ivory shoulders. Ribbons with embroidered edges fluttered at her knees, and a blush spread over the girlish whiteness of her body, just as when a red awning over a white courtyard stains it with borrowed shadows. While the stranger was watching this, the last marker was passed, and the victorious Atalanta was crowned with a festive garland, while the losers, groaning, paid the penalty according to their bond.

��Undeterred by the youths� fate, Hippomenes stepped forward and, fixing his gaze on the girl, said �Why seek an easy win beating the lazy? Race me. If fortune makes me the master, it will be no shame for you to be outpaced by such a man as me, since Megareus of Onchestus is my father, and his grandfather was Neptune, so I am the great-grandson of the king of the ocean, and my courage is no less than my birth. Or if I am beaten, you will have a great and renowned name for defeating Hippomenes.� As he spoke Schoeneus�s daughter looked at him with a softening expression, uncertain whether she wanted to win or lose, and said to herself: �What god, envious of handsome youths, wants to destroy this one and send him in search of marriage, at the risk of his own dear life? I am not worth that much, I think. Nor is it his beauty that moves me (yet I could be touched by that too) but that he is still only a boy. He does not move me himself: it is his youth. What if he does have courage, and a spirit unafraid of dying? What if he is fourth in line from the ruler of the seas? What if he does love, and thinks so much of marriage with me, that he would die, if a harsh fate denies me to him? While you can, stranger, leave this blood-soaked marrying. Wedding me is a cruel thing. No one will refuse to have you, and you may be chosen by a wiser girl. � Yet why this concern when so many have already died before you?

���Let him look out for himself! Let him perish, since he has not been warned off by the death of so many suitors, and shows himself tired of life. � Should he die, then, because he wants to live with me, and suffer an unjust death as the penalty for loving? My victory would not avoid incurring hatred. But it is not my fault! I wish you would desist, or if you are set on it, I wish you might be the faster! How the virginal expression of a boy clings to his face! O! Poor Hippomenes, I wish you had never seen me! You were so fitted to live. But if I were luckier, if the harsh fates did not prevent my marriage, you would be the one I would want to share my bed with.� She spoke: and inexperienced, feeling the touch of desire for the first time, not knowing what she does, she loves and does not realise she loves.

Iam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque,
cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce
640invocat Hippomenes “Cytherea” que “comprecor, ausis
adsit” ait “nostris et quos dedit adiuvet ignes.”
Detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas;
motaque sum, fateor. Nec opis mora longa dabatur.
Est ager, indigenae Tamasenum nomine dicunt,
645telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prisci
sacravere senes templisque accedere dotem
hanc iussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo,
fulva comas, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro.
Hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ferebam
650aurea poma manu: nullique videnda nisi ipsi
Hippomenen adii docuique, quis usus in illis.
Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere pronus uterque
emicat et summam celeri pede libat harenam.
Posse putes illos sicco freta radere passu
655et segetis canae stantes percurrere aristas.
Adiciunt animos iuveni clamorque favorque
verbaque dicentum: “Nunc, nunc incumbere tempus!
Hippomene, propera! nunc viribus utere totis!
pelle moram, vinces!” Dubium, Megareius heros
660gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis.
O quotiens, cum iam posset transire, morata est
spectatosque diu vultus invita reliquit!
Aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore,
metaque erat longe. Tum denique de tribus unum
665fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit.
Obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi
declinat cursus aurumque volubile tollit.
Praeterit Hippomenes! Resonant spectacula plausu.
Illa moram celeri cessataque tempora cursu
670corrigit atque iterum iuvenem post terga relinquit.
Et rursus pomi iactu remorata secundi
consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus
restabat; “nunc” inquit “ades, dea muneris auctor!”
inque latus campi, quo tardius illa rediret,
675iecit ab obliquo nitidum iuvenaliter aurum.
An peteret, virgo visa est dubitare: coegi
tollere et adieci sublato pondera malo
impediique oneris pariter gravitate moraque.
Neve meus sermo cursu sit tardior ipso,
680praeterita est virgo: duxit sua praemia victor.
loudly demanded the accustomed race.
A suppliant, the young Hippomenes
invoked me with his anxious voice, “I pray
to you, O Venus, Queen of Love, be near
and help my daring—smile upon the love
you have inspired!” The breeze, not envious,
wafted this prayer to me; and I confess,
it was so tender it did move my heart—
I had but little time to give him aid.
There is a field there which the natives call
the Field Tamasus—the most prized of all
the fertile lands of Cyprus. This rich field,
in ancient days, was set apart for me,
by chosen elders who decreed it should
enrich my temples yearly. In this field
there grows a tree, with gleaming golden leaves,
and all its branches crackle with bright gold.
Since I was coming from there, by some chance,
I had three golden apples in my hand,
which I had plucked. With them I planned to aid
Hippomenes. While quite invisible
to all but him, I taught him how to use
those golden apples for his benefit.
The trumpet soon gave signal for the race
and both of them crouching flashed quickly forth
and skimmed the surface of the sandy course
with flying feet. You might even think those two
could graze the sea with unwet feet and pass
over the ripened heads of standing grain.
Shouts of applause gave courage to the youth:
the cheering multitude cried out to him:—
“Now is the time to use your strength. Go on!
Hippomenes! Bend to the work! You're sure
to win!” It must be doubted who was most
rejoiced by those brave words, Megareus' son,
or Schoeneus' daughter. Oh, how often, when
she could have passed him, she delayed her speed;
and after gazing long upon his face
reluctantly again would pass him! Now
dry panting breath came from his weary throat—
the goal still far away.—Then Neptune's scion
threw one of three gold apples. Atalanta
with wonder saw it—eager to possess
the shining fruit, she turned out of her course,
picked up the rolling gold. Hippomenes
passed by her, while spectators roared applause.
Increasing speed, she overcame delay,
made up for time lost, and again she left
the youth behind. She was delayed again
because he tossed another golden apple.
She followed him, and passed him in the race.
The last part of the course remained. He cried
“Be near me, goddess, while I use your gift.”
With youthful might he threw the shining gold,
in an oblique direction to the side,
so that pursuit would mean a slow return.
The virgin seemed to hesitate, in doubt
whether to follow after this third prize.
I forced her to turn for it; take it up;
and, adding weight to the gold fruit, she held,
impeded her with weight and loss of time.
For fear my narrative may stretch beyond
the race itself,—the maiden was outstripped;
Hippomenes then led his prize away.
Adonis, did I not deserve his thanks
with tribute of sweet incense? But he was
Venus tells her story: The foot-race

��Now her father and the people were calling out for the usual foot-race, when Hippomenes, Neptune�s descendant invoked my aid, as a suppliant: �Cytherea, I beg you to assist my daring, and encourage the fire of love you lit.� A kindly breeze brought me the flattering prayer, and I confess it stirred me, though there was scant time to give him my help. There is a field, the people there call it the field of Tamasus, the richest earth in the island of Cyprus, which the men of old made sacred to me, and ordered it to be added to my temples, as a gift. A tree gleams in the middle of the field, with rustling golden leaves, and golden branches. Come from there, by chance, I was carrying three golden apples, I had picked, in my hands, and I approached Hippomenes, showing myself only to him, and told him how to use them.

��The trumpets gave the signal, and, leaning forward, they flashed from the starting line, and skimmed the surface of the sand, with flying feet. You would think them capable of running along the waves without wetting them, and passing over the ripened heads of the standing corn. The young man�s spirit was cheered by shouts and words of encouragement: �Run, Hippomenes! Now, now is the time to sprint! Use your full power, now! Don�t wait: you�ll win!�

��Who knows whether Megareus�s heroic son, or Schoeneus�s daughter, was more pleased with these words? O how often, when she could have overtaken him, she lingered, and watching his face for a while, left him behind against her will! Panting breath came from his weary throat, and the winning post was far off. Only then did Neptune�s scion throw away one of the fruits from the tree. The girl was astonished, and, eager for the shining apple, she ran off the course, and picked up the spinning gold. Hippomenes passed her: the stands resounded with the applause. She made up for the delay and the lost time by a burst of speed, and left the youth behind once more. Again she delayed when a second apple was thrown, followed, and passed the man. The last section of track was left. �Now,� he said, �be near me, goddess who made me this gift!� He threw the shining gold vigorously, sideways, into the deep field, from where she would take longer to get back. The girl seemed to hesitate as to whether she should chase it: I made her pick it up, and added weight to the fruit she held, and obstructed her equally with the heaviness of the burden and the delay. And lest my story be longer than the race itself, the virgin was overtaken: the winner led away his prize.

Dignane, cui grates ageret, cui turis honorem
ferret, Adoni, fui? — nec grates inmemor egit,
nec mihi tura dedit. Subitam convertor in iram;
contemptuque dolens, ne sim spernenda futuris,
685exemplo caveo meque ipsa exhortor in ambos.
Templa, deum Matri quae quondam clarus Echion
fecerat ex voto, nemorosis abdita silvis,
transibant, et iter longum requiescere suasit.
Illic concubitus intempestiva cupido
690occupat Hippomenen, a numine concita nostro.
Luminis exigui fuerat prope templa recessus,
speluncae similis, nativo pumice tectus,
religione sacer prisca, quo multa sacerdos
lignea contulerat veterum simulacra deorum.
695Hunc init et vetito temerat sacraria probro.
Sacra retorserunt oculos; turritaque Mater
an Stygia sontes dubitavit mergeret unda.
Poena levis visa est. Ergo modo levia fulvae
colla iubae velant, digiti curvantur in ungues,
700ex umeris armi fiunt, in pectora totum
pondus abit, summae cauda verruntur harenae.
Iram vultus habet, pro verbis murmura reddunt,
pro thalamis celebrant silvas: aliisque timendi
dente premunt domito Cybeleia frena leones.
705Hos tu, care mihi, cumque his genus omne ferarum,
quod non terga fugae, sed pugnae pectora praebet,
effuge, ne virtus tua sit damnosa duobus.”
ungrateful, and, forgetful of my help,
he gave me neither frankincense nor thanks.
Such conduct threw me into sudden wrath,
and, fretting at the slight, I felt I must
not be despised at any future time.
I told myself 'twas only right to make
a just example of them. They were near
a temple, hidden in the forest, which
glorious Echion in remembered time
had built to Rhea, Mother of the gods,
in payment of a vow. So, wearied from
the distance traveled, they were glad to have
a needed rest. Hippomenes while there,
was seized with love his heart could not control.—
a passion caused by my divinity.
Quite near the temple was a cave-like place,
covered with pumice. It was hallowed by
religious veneration of the past.
Within the shadows of that place, a priest
had stationed many wooden images
of olden gods. The lovers entered there
and desecrated it. The images
were scandalized, and turned their eyes away.
The tower-crowned Mother, Cybele, at first
prepared to plunge the guilty pair beneath
the waves of Styx, but such a punishment
seemed light. And so their necks, that had been smooth.
Were covered instantly with tawny manes;
their fingers bent to claws; their arms were changed
to fore-legs; and their bosoms held their weight;
and with their tails they swept the sandy ground.
Their casual glance is anger, and instead
of words they utter growls. They haunt the woods,
a bridal-room to their ferocious taste.
And now fierce lions they are terrible
to all of life; except to Cybele;
whose harness has subdued their champing jaws.
My dear Adonis keep away from all
such savage animals; avoid all those
which do not turn their fearful backs in flight
but offer their bold breasts to your attack,
Venus tells her story: The transformation

��Adonis, did I deserve to be thanked, to have incense brought me? Unthinking, he neither gave thanks, nor offered incense to me. I was provoked to sudden anger, and pained by his contempt, so as not to be slighted in future, I decreed an example would be made of them, and I roused myself against them both.

��They were passing a temple, hidden in the deep woods, of Cybele mother of the gods, that noble Echion had built in former times fulfilling a vow, and the length of their journey persuaded them to rest. There, stirred by my divine power, an untimely desire to make love seized Hippomenes. Near the temple was a poorly lit hollow, like a cave, roofed with the natural pumice-stone, sacred to the old religion, where the priests had gathered together wooden figures of the ancient gods. They entered it, and desecrated the sanctuary, with forbidden intercourse. The sacred images averted their gaze, and the Great Mother, with the turreted crown, hesitated as to whether to plunge the guilty pair beneath the waters of the Styx: but the punishment seemed too light. So tawny manes spread over their necks, that, a moment ago, were smooth; their fingers curved into claws; forelegs were formed from arms; all their weight was in their breast; and their tails swept the surface of the sand. They had a fierce expression, roared instead of speaking, and frequented the woods for a marriage-bed. As lions, fearful to others, they tamely bite on Cybele�s bit. You must avoid, them, my love, and with them all the species of wild creature, that do not turn and run, but offer their breasts to the fight, lest your courage be the ruin of us both!�

Book X · ADONIS TRANSFORMED

ADONIS TRANSFORMED

Illa quidem monuit iunctisque per aera cygnis
carpit iter: sed stat monitis contraria virtus.
710Forte suem latebris vestigia certa secuti
excivere canes, silvisque exire parantem
fixerat obliquo iuvenis Cinyreius ictu.
Protinus excussit pando venabula rostro
sanguine tincta suo trepidumque et tuta petentem
715trux aper insequitur totosque sub inguine dentes
abdidit et fulva moribundum stravit harena.
Vecta levi curru medias Cytherea per auras
Cypron olorinis nondum pervenerat alis,
agnovit longe gemitum morientis et albas
720flexit aves illuc. Utque aethere vidit ab alto
exanimem inque suo iactantem sanguine corpus,
desiluit pariterque sinum pariterque capillos
rupit et indignis percussit pectora palmis.
Questaque cum fatis “at non tamen omnia vestri
725iuris erunt” dixit. “Luctus monimenta manebunt
semper, Adoni, mei, repetitaque mortis imago
annua plangoris peraget simulamina nostri.
At cruor in florem mutabitur. An tibi quondam
femineos artus in olentes vertere mentas,
730Persephone, licuit: nobis Cinyreius heros
invidiae mutatus erit ?” — Sic fata cruorem
nectare odorato sparsit: qui tactus ab illo
intumuit sic ut fulvo perlucida caeno
surgere bulla solet. Nec plena longior hora
735facta mora est, cum flos de sanguine concolor ortus,
qualem, quae lento celant sub cortice granum,
punica ferre solent. Brevis est tamen usus in illo:
namque male haerentem et nimia levitate caducum
excutiunt idem, qui praestant nomina, venti.”
lest courage should be fatal to us both.
Indeed she warned him. — Harnessing her swans,
she traveled swiftly through the yielding air;
but his rash courage would not heed advice.
By chance his dogs, which followed a sure track,
aroused a wild boar from his hiding place;
and, as he rushed out from his forest lair,
Adonis pierced him with a glancing stroke.
Infuriate, the fierce boar's curved snout
first struck the spear-shaft from his bleeding side;
and, while the trembling youth was seeking where
to find a safe retreat, the savage beast
raced after him, until at last he sank
his deadly tusk deep in Adonis' groin;
and stretched him dying on the yellow sand.
And now sweet Aphrodite, borne through air
in her light chariot, had not yet arrived
at Cyprus, on the wings of her white swans.
Afar she recognized his dying groans,
and turned her white birds towards the sound. And when
down looking from the lofty sky, she saw
him nearly dead, his body bathed in blood,
she leaped down—tore her garment—tore her hair —
and beat her bosom with distracted hands.
And blaming Fate said, “But not everything
is at the mercy of your cruel power.
My sorrow for Adonis will remain,
enduring as a lasting monument.
Each passing year the memory of his death
shall cause an imitation of my grief.
“Your blood, Adonis, will become a flower
perennial. Was it not allowed to you
Persephone, to transform Menthe's limbs
into sweet fragrant mint? And can this change
of my loved hero be denied to me?”
Her grief declared, she sprinkled his blood with
sweet-smelling nectar, and his blood as soon
as touched by it began to effervesce,
just as transparent bubbles always rise
in rainy weather. Nor was there a pause
more than an hour, when from Adonis, blood,
exactly of its color, a loved flower
sprang up, such as pomegranates give to us,
small trees which later hide their seeds beneath
a tough rind. But the joy it gives to man
is short-lived, for the winds which give the flower
its name, Anemone, shake it right down,
because its slender hold, always so weak,
lets it fall to the ground from its frail stem.
Orpheus sings: The death of Adonis

�She warned him, and made her way through the air, drawn by harnessed swans, but his courage defied the warning. By chance, his dogs, following a well-marked trail, roused a wild boar from its lair, and as it prepared to rush from the trees, Cinyras�s grandson caught it a glancing blow. Immediately the fierce boar dislodged the blood-stained spear, with its crooked snout, and chased the youth, who was scared and running hard. It sank its tusk into his groin, and flung him, dying, on the yellow sand.

�Cytherea, carried in her light chariot through the midst of the heavens, by her swans� swiftness, had not yet reached Cyprus: she heard from afar the groans of the dying boy, and turned the white birds towards him. When, from the heights, she saw the lifeless body, lying in its own blood, she leapt down, tearing her clothes, and tearing at her hair, as well, and beat at her breasts with fierce hands, complaining to the fates. �And yet not everything is in your power� she said. �Adonis, there shall be an everlasting token of my grief, and every year an imitation of your death will complete a re-enactment of my mourning. But your blood will be changed into a flower. Persephone, you were allowed to alter a woman�s body, Menthe�s, to fragrant mint: shall the transformation of my hero, of the blood of Cinyras, be grudged to me?� So saying, she sprinkled the blood with odorous nectar: and, at the touch, it swelled up, as bubbles emerge in yellow mud. In less than an hour, a flower, of the colour of blood, was created such as pomegranates carry, that hide their seeds under a tough rind. But enjoyment of it is brief; for, lightly clinging, and too easily fallen, the winds deflower it, which are likewise responsible for its name, windflower: anemone.�

Metamorphoses

Book XI

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Carmine dum tali silvas animosque ferarum
Threicius vates et saxa sequentia ducit,
ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis
pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt
5Orphea percussis sociantem carmina nervis.
E quibus una, leves iactato crine per auras,
“en,” ait “en hic est nostri contemptor!” et hastam
vatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora,
quae foliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit;
10alterius telum lapis est, qui missus in ipso
aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est
ac veluti supplex pro tam furialibus ausis
ante pedes iacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt
bella modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys.
15Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita, sed ingens
clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu
tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus
obstrepuere sono citharae: tum denique saxa
non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis.
20Ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis
innumeras volucres anguesque agmenque ferarum
Maenades, Orphei titulum, rapuere, theatri.
Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris
et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem
25noctis avem cernunt. Structoque utrimque theatro
ceu matutina cervus periturus harena
praeda canum est, vatemque petunt et fronde virentes
coniciunt thyrsos non haec in munera factos.
Hae glaebas, illae direptos arbore ramos,
30pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori,
forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram,
nec procul hinc multo fructum sudore parantes
dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni.
Agmine qui viso fugiunt operisque relinquunt
35arma sui, vacuosque iacent dispersa per agros
sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones.
Quae postquam rapuere ferae cornuque minaci
divulsere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt
Tendentemque manus et in illo tempore primum
40inrita dicentem nec quicquam voce moventem
sacrilegae perimunt. Perque os, pro Iuppiter! illud
auditum saxis intellectumque ferarum
sensibus in ventos anima exhalata recessit.
Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum,
45te rigidi silices, tua carmina saepe secutae
fleverunt silvae, positis te frondibus arbor
tonsa comas luxit. Lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt
increvisse suis, obstrusaque carbasa pullo
naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos.
50Membra iacent diversa locis. Caput, Hebre, lyramque
excipis, et (mirum!) medio dum labitur amne,
flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua
murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae.
Iamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt
55et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi.
Hic ferus expositum peregrinis anguis harenis
os petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos.
Tandem Phoebus adest morsusque inferre parantem
arcet et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos
60congelat et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus.
Umbra subit terras et quae loca viderat ante,
cuncta recognoscit quaerensque per arva piorum
invenit Eurydicen cupidisque amplectitur ulnis.
Hic modo coniunctis spatiantur passibus ambo,
65nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit
Eurydicenque suam iam tutus respicit Orpheus.
While with his songs, Orpheus, the bard of Thrace,
allured the trees, the savage animals,
and even the insensate rocks, to follow him;
Ciconian matrons, with their raving breasts
concealed in skins of forest animals,
from the summit of a hill observed him there,
attuning love songs to a sounding harp.
One of those women, as her tangled hair
was tossed upon the light breeze shouted, “See!
Here is the poet who has scorned our love!”
Then hurled her spear at the melodious mouth
of great Apollo's bard: but the spear's point,
trailing in flight a garland of fresh leaves,
made but a harmless bruise and wounded not.
The weapon of another was a stone,
which in the very air was overpowered
by the true harmony of his voice and lyre,
and so disabled lay before his feet,
as asking pardon for that vain attempt.
The madness of such warfare then increased.
All moderation is entirely lost,
and a wild Fury overcomes the right.—
although their weapons would have lost all force,
subjected to the power of Orpheus' harp,
the clamorous discord of their boxwood pipes,
the blaring of their horns, their tambourines
and clapping hands and Bacchanalian yells,
with hideous discords drowned his voice and harp.—
at last the stones that heard his song no more
fell crimson with the Thracian poet's blood.
Before his life was taken, the maenads turned
their threatening hands upon the many birds,
which still were charmed by Orpheus as he sang,
the serpents, and the company of beasts—
fabulous audience of that worshipped bard.
And then they turned on him their blood-stained hands:
and flocked together swiftly, as wild birds,
which, by some chance, may see the bird of night
beneath the sun. And as the savage dogs
rush on the doomed stag, loosed some bright fore-noon,
on blood-sand of the amphitheatre;
they rushed against the bard, with swift
hurled thyrsi which, adorned with emerald leaves
had not till then been used for cruelty.
And some threw clods, and others branches torn
from trees; and others threw flint stones at him,
and, that no lack of weapons might restrain
their savage fury then, not far from there
by chance they found some oxen which turned up
the soil with ploughshares, and in fields nearby
were strong-armed peasants, who with eager sweat
worked for the harvest as they dug hard fields;
and all those peasants, when they saw the troop
of frantic women, ran away and left
their implements of labor strown upon
deserted fields—harrows and heavy rakes
and their long spades
after the savage mob
had seized upon those implements, and torn
to pieces oxen armed with threatening horns,
they hastened to destroy the harmless bard,
devoted Orpheus; and with impious hate,
murdered him, while his out-stretched hands implored
their mercy—the first and only time his voice
had no persuasion. O great Jupiter!
Through those same lips which had controlled the rocks
and which had overcome ferocious beasts,
his life breathed forth, departed in the air.
The mournful birds, the stricken animals,
the hard stones and the weeping woods, all these
that often had followed your inspiring voice,
bewailed your death; while trees dropped their green leaves,
mourning for you, as if they tore their hair.
They say sad rivers swelled with their own tears—
naiads and dryads with dishevelled hair
wore garments of dark color.
His torn limbs
were scattered in strange places. Hebrus then
received his head and harp—and, wonderful!
While his loved harp was floating down the stream,
it mourned for him beyond my power to tell.
His tongue though lifeless, uttered a mournful sound
and mournfully the river's banks replied:
onward borne by the river to the sea
they left their native stream and reached the shore
of Lesbos at Methymna. Instantly,
a furious serpent rose to attack the head
of Orpheus, cast up on that foreign sand—
the hair still wet with spray. Phoebus at last
appeared and saved the head from that attack:
before the serpent could inflict a sting,
he drove it off, and hardened its wide jaws
to rigid stone.
Meanwhile the fleeting shade
of Orpheus had descended under earth:
remembering now those regions that he saw
when there before, he sought Eurydice
through fields frequented by the blest; and when
he found her, folded her in eager arms.
Then lovingly they wandered side by side,
or he would follow when she chose to lead,
The death of Orpheus

While the poet of Thrace, with songs like these, drew to himself the trees, the souls of wild beasts, and the stones that followed him, see, how the frenzied Ciconian women, their breasts covered with animal skins, spy Orpheus from a hilltop, as he matches songs to the sounding strings. One of them, her hair scattered to the light breeze, called: �Behold, behold, this is the one who scorns us!� and hurled her spear at the face of Apollo�s poet, as he was singing. Tipped with leaves, it marked him, without wounding. The next missile was a stone, that, thrown through the air, was itself overpowered by the harmony of voice and lyre, and fell at his feet, as though it were begging forgiveness for its mad audacity. But in fact the mindless attack mounted, without restraint, and mad fury ruled. All their missiles would have been frustrated by his song, but the huge clamour of the Berecyntian flutes of broken horn, the drums, and the breast-beating and howls of the Bacchantes, drowned the sound of the lyre. Then, finally, the stones grew red, with the blood of the poet, to whom they were deaf.

First, the innumerable birds, the snakes, and the procession of wild animals, still entranced by the voice of the singer, a mark of Orpheus�s triumph, were torn apart by the Maenads. Then they set their bloody hands on Orpheus, and gathered, like birds that spy the owl, the bird of night, wandering in the daylight, or as in the amphitheatre, on the morning of the staged events, on either side, a doomed stag, in the arena, is prey to the hounds. They rushed at the poet, and hurled their green-leaved thyrsi, made for a different use. Some threw clods of earth, some branches torn from the trees, and others flints. And so that their madness did not lack true weapons, by chance, oxen were turning the soil under the ploughshare, and, not far away from them, brawny farm workers were digging the solid earth, sweating hard to prepare it for use, who fled when they saw the throng, leaving their work tools behind. Hoes, heavy mattocks, and long rakes lay scattered through the empty fields. After catching these up, and ripping apart the oxen, that threatened them with their horns, the fierce women rushed back to kill the poet. As he stretched out his hands, speaking ineffectually for the first time ever, not affecting them in any way with his voice, the impious ones murdered him: and the spirit, breathed out through that mouth to which stones listened, and which was understood by the senses of wild creatures � O, God! � vanished down the wind.

The birds, lamenting, cried for you, Orpheus; the crowd of wild creatures; the hard flints; the trees that often gathered to your song, shedding their leaves, mourned you with bared crowns. They say the rivers, also, were swollen with their own tears, and the naiads and dryads, with dishevelled hair, put on sombre clothes. The poet�s limbs were strewn in different places: the head and the lyre you, Hebrus, received, and (a miracle!) floating in midstream, the lyre lamented mournfully; mournfully the lifeless tongue murmured; mournfully the banks echoed in reply. And now, carried onward to the sea, they left their native river-mouth and reached the shores of Lesbos, at Methymna. Here, as the head lay exposed on the alien sand, its moist hair dripping brine, a fierce snake attacked it. But at last Phoebus came, and prevented it, as it was about to bite, and turned the serpent�s gaping jaws to stone, and froze the mouth, wide open, as it was.

The ghost of Orpheus sank under the earth, and recognised all those places it had seen before; and, searching the fields of the Blessed, he found his wife again and held her eagerly in his arms. There they walk together side by side; now she goes in front, and he follows her; now he leads, and looks back as he can do, in safety now, at his Eurydice.�

Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus,
amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum
protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes,
70quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit.
Quippe pedum digitos, in quantum est quaeque secuta,
traxit et in solidam detrusit acumina terram,
utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps,
crus ubi commisit volucris sensitque teneri,
75plangitur ac trepidans adstringit vincula motu:
sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum,
exsternata fugam frustra temptabat; at illam
lenta tenet radix exsultantemque coercet,
dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues,
80adspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras,
et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra,
robora percussit: pectus quoque robora fiunt,
robora sunt umeri, porrectaque bracchia veros
esse putes ramos, et non fallere putando.
or at another time he walked in front,
looking back, safely,—at Eurydice.
Bacchus would not permit the wickedness
of those who slaughtered Orpheus to remain
unpunished. Grieving for the loss of his
loved bard of sacred rites, at once he bound
with twisted roots the feet of everyone
of those Edonian women who had caused
the crime of Orpheus' death.
Their toes grew long.
He thrust the sharp points in the solid earth.
As when a bird entangled in a snare,
hid by the cunning fowler, knows too late
that it is held, then vainly beats its wings,
and fluttering only makes more tight the noose
with every struggle; so each woman-fiend
whose feet were sinking in the soil, when she
attempted flight, was held by deepening roots.
And while she looks down where her toes and nails
and feet should be, she sees wood growing up
from them and covering all her graceful legs.
Full of delirious grief, endeavoring
to smite with right hand on her changing thigh,
she strikes on solid oak. Her tender breast
and shoulders are transformed to rigid oak.
You would declare that her extended arms
are real branches of a forest tree,
and such a thought would be the very truth.
The transformation of the Maenads

However, the god, Lyaeus, did not allow such wickedness by his followers to go unpunished. Grieved by the loss of the poet of his sacred rites, he immediately fastened down, with twisted roots, all the Thracian women who had seen the sin, since the path, that each one was on, at that moment, gripped their toes and forced the tips into the solid ground. As a bird, when it is caught in a snare, set by a cunning wild-fowler, and feels itself held, tightens the knot by its movement, beating and flapping; so each of the women, planted, stuck fast, terrified, tried uselessly to run. But the pliant roots held her, and checked her, struggling. When she looked for where her toenails, toes and feet were, she saw the wood spreading over the curve of her leg, and, trying to strike her thighs with grieving hands, she beat on oak: her breasts turned to oak: her shoulders were oak. You would have thought the jointed arms were real branches, and your thought would not have been wrong.

85Nec satis hoc Baccho est: ipsos quoque deserit agros
cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli
Pactolonque petit, quamvis non aureus illo
tempore nec caris erat invidiosus harenis.
Hunc adsueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant,
90at Silenus abest: titubantem annisque meroque
ruricolae cepere Phryges vinctumque coronis
ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus
orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo.
Quem simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum,
95hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit
per bis quinque dies et iunctas ordine noctes.
Et iam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen
Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros
rex venit et iuveni Silenum reddit alumno.
100Huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit
muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto.
Ille male usurus donis ait “effice, quidquid
corpore contigero fulvum vertatur in aurum.”
Adnuit optatis nocituraque munera solvit
105Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset.
Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros
pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat
Vixque sibi credens non alta fronde virentem
ilice detraxit virgam: virga aurea facta est.
110Tollit humo saxum: saxum quoque palluit auro.
Contigit et glaebam: contactu glaeba potenti
massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas:
aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet arbore pomum:
Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis
115admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur.
Ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis,
unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset.
Vix spes ipse suas animo capit aurea fingens
omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri
120exstructas dapibus nec tostae frugis egentes.
Tum vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra
munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant,
sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat,
lammina fulva dapes admoto dente premebat.
125Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis:
fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres.
Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque,
effugere optat opes et, quae modo voverat, odit.
Copia nulla famem relevat; sitis arida guttur
130urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro
Ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens
“da veniam, Lenaee pater! peccavimus,” inquit,
“sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.”
Mite deum numen: Bacchus peccasse fatentem
135restituit factique fide data munera solvit
“Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro,
vade” ait “ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem
perque iugum ripae labentibus obvius undis
carpe viam, donec venias ad fluminis ortus,
140spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit,
subde caput corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.”
Rex iussae succedit aquae: vis aurea tinxit
flumen et humano de corpore cessit in amnem.
Nunc quoque iam veteris percepto semine venae
145arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis.
And not content with this, Bacchus resolved
to leave that land, and with a worthier train
went to the vineyards of his own Tmolus
and to Pactolus, though the river was
not golden, nor admired for precious sands.
His usual throng of Satyrs and of Bacchanals
surrounded him; but not Silenus, who
was then detained from him. The Phrygian folk
had captured him, as he was staggering, faint
with palsied age and wine. And after they
bound him in garlands, they led him to their king
Midas, to whom with the Cecropian
Eumolpus, Thracian Orpheus had shown all
the Bacchic rites. When Midas recognized
his old time friend Silenus, who had been
so often his companion in the rites
of Bacchus, he kept joyful festival,
with his old comrade, twice five days and nights.
Upon the eleventh day, when Lucifer
had dimmed the lofty multitude of stars,
King Midas and Silenus went from there
joyful together to the Lydian lands.
There Midas put Silenus carefully
under the care of his loved foster-child,
young Bacchus. He with great delight, because
he had his foster-father once again,
allowed the king to choose his own reward—
a welcome offer, but it led to harm.
And Midas made this ill-advised reply:
“Cause whatsoever I shall touch to change
at once to yellow gold.” Bacchus agreed
to his unfortunate request, with grief
that Midas chose for harm and not for good.
The Berecynthian hero, king of Phrygia,
with joy at his misfortune went away,
and instantly began to test the worth
of Bacchus' word by touching everything.
Doubtful himself of his new power, he pulled
a twig down from a holm-oak, growing on
a low hung branch. The twig was turned to gold.
He lifted up a dark stone from the ground
and it turned pale with gold. He touched a clod
and by his potent touch the clod became
a mass of shining gold. He plucked some ripe,
dry spears of grain, and all that wheat he touched
was golden. Then he held an apple which
he gathered from a tree, and you would think
that the Hesperides had given it.
If he but touched a lofty door, at once
each door-post seemed to glisten. When he washed
his hands in liquid streams, the lustrous drops
upon his hands might have been those which once
astonished Danae. He could not now
conceive his large hopes in his grasping mind,
as he imagined everything of gold.
And, while he was rejoicing in great wealth,
his servants set a table for his meal,
with many dainties and with needful bread:
but when he touched the gift of Ceres with
his right hand, instantly the gift of Ceres
stiffened to gold; or if he tried to bite
with hungry teeth a tender bit of meat,
the dainty, as his teeth but touched it, shone
at once with yellow shreds and flakes of gold.
And wine, another gift of Bacchus, when
he mixed it in pure water, can be seen
in his astonished mouth as liquid gold.
Confounded by his strange misfortune—rich
and wretched—he was anxious to escape
from his unhappy wealth. He hated all
he had so lately longed for. Plenty could
not lessen hunger and no remedy
relieved his dry, parched throat. The hated gold
tormented him no more than he deserved.
Lifting his hands and shining arms to heaven,
he moaned. “Oh pardon me, father Lenaeus!
I have done wrong, but pity me, I pray,
and save me from this curse that looked so fair.”
How patient are the gods! Bacchus forthwith,
because King Midas had confessed his fault,
restored him and annulled the promise given,
annulled the favor granted, and he said:
“That you may not be always cased in gold,
which you unhappily desired, depart
to the stream that flows by that great town of Sardis
and upward trace its waters, as they glide
past Lydian heights, until you find their source.
Then, where the spring leaps out from mountain rock,
plunge head and body in the snowy foam.
At once the flood will take away your curse.”
King Midas did as he was told and plunged
beneath the water at the river's source.
And the gold virtue granted by the god,
as it departed from his body, tinged
the stream with gold. And even to this hour
adjoining fields, touched by this ancient vein
of gold, are hardened where the river flows
and colored with the gold that Midas left.
Midas and the golden touch

This did not satisfy Bacchus. He left the fields themselves, and with a worthier band of followers sought out the vineyards of his own Mount Tmolus, and the River Pactolus, though at that time it was not a golden stream, nor envied for its valuable sands. His familiar cohorts, the satyrs and bacchantes accompanied him, but Silenus was absent. The Phrygian countrymen had taken him captive, stumbling with age and wine, bound him with garlands, and led him to King Midas, to whom, with Athenian Eumolpus, Orpheus of Thrace had taught the Bacchic rites.

When the king recognised him as a friend and companion of his worship, he joyfully led a celebration of the guest�s arrival, lasting ten days and nights on end. And now, on the eleventh day, Lucifer had seen off the train of distant stars, and the king with gladness came to the fields of Lydia, and restored Silenus to his young foster-child.

Then the god, happy at his foster-father�s return, gave Midas control over the choice of a gift, which was pleasing, but futile, since he was doomed to make poor use of his reward. �Make it so that whatever I touch with my body, turns to yellow gold.� he said. Bacchus accepted his choice, and gave him the harmful gift, sad that he had not asked for anything better. The Berecyntian king departed happily, rejoicing in his bane, and testing his faith in its powers by touching things, and scarcely believing it, when he broke off a green twig from the low foliage of the holm-oak: the twig was turned to gold. He picked up a stone from the ground: the stone also was pale gold. He touched a clod of earth, and by the power of touch, the clod became a nugget. He gathered the dry husks of corn: it was a golden harvest. He held an apple he had picked from a tree: you would think the Hesperides had given it to him. If he placed his fingers on the tall door-pillars, the pillars were seen to shine. When he washed his hands in clear water, the water flowing over his hands would have deceived Dana�.

His own mind could scarcely contain his expectations, dreaming of all things golden. As he was exulting, his servants set a table before him, heaped with cooked food, and loaves were not lacking. Then, indeed, if he touched the gift of Ceres with his hand, her gift hardened. If he tried, with eager bites, to tear the food, the food was covered with a yellow surface where his teeth touched. He mixed pure water with wine, the other gift of his benefactor, but molten gold could be seen trickling through his lips.

Dismayed by this strange misfortune, rich and unhappy, he tries to flee his riches, and hates what he wished for a moment ago. No abundance can relieve his famine: his throat is parched with burning thirst, and, justly, he is tortured by the hateful gold. Lifting his shining hands and arms to heaven, he cries out: �Father, Bacchus, forgive me! I have sinned. But have pity on me, I beg you, and save me from this costly evil!� The will of the gods is kindly. Bacchus, when he confessed his fault restored him, and took back what he had given in fulfilment of his promise. �So you do not remain coated with the gold you wished for so foolishly,� he said, �go to the river by great Sardis, make your way up the bright ridge against the falling waters, till you come to the source of the stream, and plunge your head and body at the same moment into the foaming fountain, where it gushes out, and at the same time wash away your sin.� The king went to the river as he was ordered: the golden virtue coloured the waters, and passed from his human body into the stream. Even now, gathering the grains of gold from the ancient vein, the fields harden, their soil soaked by the pale yellow waters.

Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris.
Pingue sed ingenium mansit, nocituraque, ut ante,
rursus erant domino stultae praecordia mentis.
150Nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto
Tmolus in adscensu, clivoque extensus utroque
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.
Pan ibi dum teneris iactat sua carmina nymphis
et leve cerata modulatur harundine carmen,
155ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus,
iudice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar.
Monte suo senior iudex consedit et aures
liberat arboribus: quercu coma caerula tantum
cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes.
160Isque deum pecoris spectans “in indice” dixit
“nulla mora est.” Calamis agrestibus insonat ille
barbaricoque Midan (aderat nam forte canenti)
carmine delenit. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit
Tmolus ad os Phoebi: vultum sua silva secuta est.
165Ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus
verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla,
instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis
sustinet a laeva; tenuit manus altera plectrum.
Artificis status ipse fuit. Tum stamina docto
170pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus
Pana iubet Tmolus citharae submittere cannas.
Abhorring riches he inhabited
the woods and fields, and followed Pan who dwells
always in mountain-caves: but still obtuse
remained, from which his foolish mind again,
by an absurd decision, harmed his life.
He followed Pan up to the lofty mount
Tmolus, which from its great height looks far
across the sea. Steep and erect it stands
between great Sardis and the small Hypaepa.
While Pan was boasting there to mountain nymphs
of his great skill in music, and while he
was warbling a gay tune upon the reeds,
cemented with soft wax, in his conceit
he dared to boast to them how he despised
Apollo's music when compared with his—.
At last to prove it, he agreed to stand
against Apollo in a contest which
it was agreed should be decided by
Tmolus as their umpire.
This old god
sat down on his own mountain, and first eased
his ears of many mountain growing trees,
oak leaves were wreathed upon his azure hair
and acorns from his hollow temples hung.
First to the Shepherd-god Tmolus spoke:
“My judgment shall be yours with no delay.
Pan made some rustic sounds on his rough reeds,
delighting Midas with his uncouth notes;
for Midas chanced to be there when he played.
When Pan had ceased, divine Tmolus turned
to Phoebus, and the forest likewise turned
just as he moved. Apollo's golden locks
were richly wreathed with fresh Parnassian laurel;
his robe of Tyrian purple swept the ground;
his left hand held his lyre, adorned with gems
and Indian ivory. His right hand held
the plectrum—as an artist he stood there
before Tmolus, while his skilful thumb
touching the strings made charming melody.
Pan and Apollo compete before Tmolus

Hating wealth, Midas lived among woods and fields, and the mountain caves Pan always inhabits. But he remained dull-witted, and, as before, his foolish mind was destined once again to hurt its owner. Mount Tmolus, stands steep and high, commanding a wide view of the distant sea, its sloping sides extending to Sardis on the one side, and as far as tiny Hypaepae on the other. While Pan was there, playing light airs on his reeds glued together with wax, he boasted of his pipings, to the gentle nymphs, and dared to speak slightingly of Apollo�s song compared with his own, and entered an unequal contest with Tmolus, the god of the mountain, as judge.

The aged judge was seated on his mountain-top and shook his ears free of the trees. Only an oak-wreath circled his dark hair, and acorns brushed against his hollow temples. Looking at the god of the flocks he said: �There is nothing to prevent my judging.� Pan sounded the rustic reeds, and entranced Midas (who chanced to be near the playing) with wild pipings. Following this, sacred Tmolus turned his face towards that of Phoebus: his forests followed.�

Phoebus�s golden hair was wreathed with laurel from Parnassus, and his robes dyed with Tyrian purple, swept the earth. He held his lyre, inlaid with gems and Indian ivory, in his left hand, and the plectrum in the other. His attitude was that of a true artist. Then with skilled fingers, he plucked the strings, and Tmolus, captivated by their sweetness, ordered Pan to lower his pipes in submission to the lyre.

Iudicium sanctique placet sententia montis
omnibus, arguitur tamen atque iniusta vocatur
unius sermone Midae; nec Delius aures
175humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram,
sed trahit in spatium villisque albentibus implet
instabilesque imas facit et dat posse moveri,
cetera sunt hominis: partem damnatur in unam
induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli.
180Ille quidem celare cupit, turpisque pudore
tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris.
Sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos
viderat hoc famulus. Qui cum nec prodere visum
dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras,
185nec posset reticere tamen, secedit humumque
effodit et, domini quales adspexerit aures,
voce refert parva terraeque inmurmurat haustae,
indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta
obruit et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis.
190Creber harundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus
coepit et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno,
prodidit agricolam: leni nam motus ab austro
obruta verba refert dominique coarguit aures.
Delighted with Apollo's artful touch,
Tmolus ordered Pan to hold his reeds
excelled by beauty of Apollo's lyre.
That judgment of the sacred mountain god
pleased all those present, all but Midas, who
blaming Tmolus called the award unjust.
The Delian god forbids his stupid ears
to hold their native human shape;
and, drawing them out to a hideous length,
he fills them with gray hairs, and makes them both
unsteady, wagging at the lower part:
still human, only this one part condemned,
Midas had ears of a slow-moving ass.
Midas, careful to hide his long ears, wore
a purple turban over both, which hid
his foul disgrace from laughter. But one day
a servant, who was chosen to cut his hair
with steel, when it was long, saw his disgrace.
He did not dare reveal what he had seen,
but eager, to disclose the secret, dug
a shallow hole, and in a low voice told
what kind of ears were on his master's head.
All this he whispered in the hollow earth
he dug, and then he buried all he said
by throwing back the loose earth in the hole
so everything was silent when he left.
A grove thick set with quivering reeds
began to grow there, and when it matured,
about twelve months after that servant left,
the grove betrayed its planter. For, moved by
a gentle South Wind, it repeated all
the words which he had whispered, and disclosed
from earth the secret of his master's ears.
Midas and the ass�s ears

The judgment of the sacred mountain-god satisfied all opinions, and yet Midas�s voice alone challenged it and called it unjust. The god of Delos did not allow such undiscriminating ears to keep their human form, but drew them out and covered them with shaggy grey hair, and made them flexible at the base, and gave them powers of movement. Though the rest was human, he was punished in that sole aspect: he wore the ears of a slow-moving ass. He was anxious to conceal them, and tried to detract from the shameful ugliness of his head with a purple turban. But the servant who used to trim his long hair with a blade, found it out, who, since he dare not reveal the disgrace he had seen, but eager to broadcast it to the four winds, and unable to keep it to himself, went off quietly and dug a hole in the soil. In a tiny voice, he whispered to the hollow earth, and buried his spoken evidence under the infill, and stole away having closed up the hidden trench. But a thick bed of quivering reeds began to shoot up there, and as soon as they had grown, at the end of the year, they gave the burrower away: stirred gently, then, by the wind they repeated the buried words, and testified against his master.

Ultus abit Tmolo liquidumque per aera vectus
195angustum citra pontum Nepheleidos Helles
Laomedonteis Latoius adstitit arvis.
Dextera Sigei, Rhoetei laeva profundi
ara Panomphaeo vetus est sacrata Tonanti.
Inde novae primum moliri moenia Troiae
200Laomedonta videt susceptaque magna labore
crescere difficili nec opes exposcere parvas
cumque tridentigero tumidi genitore profundi
mortalem induitur formam Phrygiaeque tyranno
aedificat muros, pactus pro moenibus aurum.
205Stabat opus: pretium rex infitiatur et addit,
perfidiae cumulum, falsis periuria verbis.
“Non impune feres” rector maris inquit et omnes
inclinavit aquas ad avarae litora Troiae,
inque freti formam terras complevit opesque
210abstulit agricolis et fluctibus obruit agros.
Poena neque haec satis est: regis quoque filia monstro
poscitur aequoreo; quam dura ad saxa revinctam
vindicat Alcides promissaque munera, dictos
poscit equos, tantique operis mercede negata
215bis periura capit superatae moenia Troiae.
Nec pars militiae, Telamon, sine honore recessit,
Hesioneque data potitur. Nam coniuge Peleus
clarus erat diva: nec avi magis ille superbus
nomine, quam soceri, siquidem Iovis esse nepoti
220contigit haud uni, coniunx dea contigit uni.
His vengence now complete, Latona's son
borne through the liquid air, departed from
Tmolus, and then rested on the land
of Laomedon, this side the narrow sea
dividing Phrygia from the land of Thrace.
The promontory of Sigaeum right
and on the left Rhoetaeum loftily arose;
and at that place an ancient altar had
been dedicated to great Jove, the god
Panomphaean. And near that place he saw
laomedon, beginning then to build
the walls of famous Troy. He was convinced
the task exceeded all the power of man,
requiring great resource. Together with
the trident-bearing father of the deep,
he assumed a mortal form: and those two gods
agreed to labor for a sum of gold
and built the mighty wall. But that false king
refused all payment, adding perjury
to his false bargaining. Neptune, enraged,
said, “You shall not escape your punishment.”
And he drove all his waters high upon
the shores of Troy—built there through perfidy.
The sad land seemed a sea: the hard-earned wealth
of all its farmers was destroyed
and overwhelmed by furious waves.
This awful punishment was not enough.
The daughter of the king was soon required
as food for a sea-monster—. Hesione
was chained to rugged rocks. But Hercules
delivered from all harm the royal maid
and justly he demanded of the king,
her father, payment of the promised steeds;
but that perfidious king refused to keep
his promise. Hercules enraged, because
all payment was denied to him for his
great service, captured the twice-perjured walls
of conquered Troy. And as a fair reward,
he gave to Telamon, who fought for him,
Hesione, loved daughter of that king.
For Peleus had a goddess as his bride
and he was prouder of his father-in-law
than of his grandsire. Since not he alone
was grandson of great Jove, but he alone
was honored with a goddess for a wife.
Laomedon and the walls of Troy

Having punished him, Latona�s son left Mount Tmolus and, flying through the clear air, he came to earth in the country of Laomedon, this side of the narrows of the Hellespont, named from Helle, daughter of Nephele. To the right of the deeps of Sigeum, and to the left of those of Rhoeteum, there was an ancient altar of Jupiter the Thunderer, �source of all oracles�. There, Apollo saw Laomedon building the foundations of the new city of Troy. The great undertaking prospering with difficulty, and demanding no little resources, he, and Neptune, trident-bearing father of the swelling sea, put on mortal form, and built the walls of the city for the Phrygian king for an agreed amount in gold. The edifice stood there.

But the king denied them payment, and as a crowning treachery, perjured himself by claiming they were lying. The ruler of the ocean said: �You will not go unpunished�, and he turned all his waters against the shores of tight-fisted Troy. He flooded the land to form a strait, swept away the farmers� crops, and buried the fields beneath the waves. Even this was insufficient punishment: He demanded also that Hesione, the king�s daughter, be given to a sea-monster, whom Hercules freed, as she was chained to the solid rock. Hercules demanded the payment promised, an agreed number of horses. But the reward for all his work being refused, he seized the twice-perjured walls of conquered Troy. Telamon, his companion, did not go without honour, and Hesione was given to him in marriage.

Peleus, Telamon�s brother, was already distinguished by having a goddess as his wife, and was not more proud of being Jupiter�s grandson (his father Aeacus being the son of Jove by Aegina) as his son-in-law (by marrying Thetis), since he was not the only brother to be Jove�s grandson, but he was the only one to marry a goddess.

Namque senex Thetidi Proteus “dea” dixerat “undae,
concipe: mater eris iuvenis, qui fortibus annis
acta patris vincet maiorque vocabitur illo.”
Ergo, ne quicquam mundus Iove maius haberet,
225quamvis haud tepidos sub pectore senserat ignes,
Iuppiter aequoreae Thetidis conubia fugit
in suaque Aeaciden succedere vota nepotem
iussit et amplexus in virginis ire marinae.
Est sinus Haemoniae curvos falcatus in arcus:
230bracchia procurrunt, ubi, si foret altior unda,
portus erat (summis inductum est aequor harenis);
litus habet solidum, quod nec vestigia servet
nec remoretur iter, nec opertum pendeat alga.
Myrtea silva subest bicoloribus obsita bacis
235et specus in medio (natura factus an arte,
ambiguum, magis arte tamen), quo saepe venire
frenato delphine sedens, Theti, nuda solebas.
Illic te Peleus, ut somno vincta iacebas,
occupat: et quoniam precibus temptata repugnas,
240vim parat, innectens ambobus colla lacertis.
Quod nisi venisses variatis saepe figuris
ad solitas artes, auso foret ille potitus.
Sed modo tu volucris (volucrem tamen ille tenebat),
nunc gravis arbor eras (haerebat in arbore Peleus),
245tertia forma fuit maculosae tigridis: illa
territus Aeacides a corpore bracchia solvit.
Isque deos pelagi vino super aequora fuso
et pecoris fibris et fumo turis adorat,
donec Carpathius medio de gurgite vates
250“Aeacide,” dixit, “thalamis potiere petitis!
Tu modo, cum rigido sopita quiescit in antro,
ignaram laqueis vincloque innecte tenaci.
Nec te decipiat centum mentita figuras,
sed preme, quidquid erit, dum, quod fuit ante, reformet!”
255Dixerat haec Proteus et condidit aequore vultum
admisitque suos in verba novissima fluctus.
Pronus erat Titan inclinatoque tenebat
Hesperium temone fretum, cum pulchra relecto
Nereis ingreditur consueta cubilia saxo.
260Vix bene virgineos Peleus invaserat artus,
illa novat formas, donec sua membra teneri
sentit et in partes diversas bracchia tendi.
Tum demum ingemuit, “neque” ait “sine numine vincis”
exhibita estque Thetis. Confessam amplectitur heros
265et potitur votis ingentique implet Achille.
To Thetis, aged Proteus once had said,
“Oh goddess of the waves, you shall conceive,
and you shall be the mother of a youth
who by heroic actions will surpass
the deeds of his own father, and your son
shall be superior to his father's power.”
So Jupiter, although the flame of love
for Thetis burned his breast, would not embrace
the lovely daughter of the sea, and urged
his grandson Peleus, son of Aeacus,
to wed the green haired maid without delay.
There is a curved bay of Haemonia,
where like an arch, two bending arms
project out in the waves, as if to form
a harbor; but the water is not deep—
although enough to hide a shoal of sand.
It has a firm shore which will not retain
a foot's impression, nor delay the step—
no seaweeds grow in that vicinity.
There is a grove of myrtle near that place
thick-hung with berries, blended of twin shades.
A cave within the middle of that grove
is found, and whether it was formed by art
or nature is not known, although it seems
a work of art. There Thetis often went,
quite naked, seated on her dolphin, which
was harnessed. Peleus seized her there when she
was fast asleep: and after he had tried
to win her by entreaties, while she long
continued to resist him, he resolved
to conquer her by violence, and seized
her neck with both arms. She resorted then
to all her usual art, and often changed:
her shape as it was known, so that he failed
in his attempt. At first she was a bird,
but while she seemed a bird he held her fast;
and then she changed herself to a large tree,
and Peleus clung with ardor to the tree;
her third disguise was as a spotted tigress,
which frightened him so that he lost his hold.
Then, as he poured wine on the heaving sea,
he prayed unto the sea green gods and gave
them sacrifice of sheep entrails, and smoke
of frankincense. He ceased not, till at last
the prophet of Carpathia, as he rose
up from a deep wave, said, “Hark unto me,
O son of Aeacus! and you shall have
the bride your heart desires: when she at rest
lies sleeping in the cool wave, you must bind
her while she is unwary, with strong cords
and complicated bonds, And never let
her arts deceive you when she imitates
a hundred varied forms, but hold her fast,
whatever she may seem, until she shall
at length assume the shape she had at first.”
So Proteus cautioned him, and hid his face
beneath the waves as his last words were said.
Now Titan was descending and the pole
of his bright chariot as it downward bent
illuminated the Hesperian main;
and at that time the lovely Nereid,
Thetis, departing from her ocean wave,
entered the cavern for desired repose.
Peleus was waiting there. Immediately,
just as he seized upon the virgin's limbs,
she changed her shape and perservered
until convinced she could not overcome
his hold—for her two arms were forced apart—
she groaned and said, “You could not overcome
me in this way, but some divinity
has given you the power.” Then she appeared
as Thetis: and, when Peleus saw her now
deprived of all deceptions, he embraced
her and was father of the great Achilles.
Peleus and Thetis

For aged Proteus had said to Thetis: �Goddess of the waves, conceive: you will be the mother of a warrior who will surpass his father�s deeds when he reaches manhood, and will be more famous than him.� So Jupiter, lest earth produce someone greater than himself, fled from union with ocean-dwelling Thetis, though he had felt the hot fire of passion in his heart, and ordered his grandson, Peleus, son of Aeacus, to fulfil his promise, on his behalf, and enter the arms of the sea-maiden.

There is a bay, shaped like a scythe, in Haemonia, its arms projecting in a curved arc, which would provide a harbour, if the waves were deeper: the waters cover the surface of the sand: the shore is solid earth, that takes no footprints, does not hinder a passage, and has no seaweed covering it. A myrtle grove grows nearby, dense with its red and black berries. There is a cave in the centre, whether fashioned by art or nature is uncertain, but probably by art. Often, Thetis you used to come there, naked, seated on a bridled dolphin. There Peleus found you, as you lay, overcome by sleep, and when, though influenced by his entreaties, you refused him, he prepared to use force, winding both arms round your neck.

He would have taken you then, if you had not, by your well-known arts, frequently changed your form. But when you became a bird, he still held you as a bird; now as a tree, Peleus clung fast to the tree. Your third guise was a striped tigress: in fear of that the son of Aeacus loosed his arms from your body. Then he entreated the gods of the sea, with wine poured over the waters, with sheep�s entrails, and the smoke of incense, until Proteus, the Carpathian seer spoke from his deep gulfs: �Son of Aeacus, you will have the bride you desire, if you bind her, unawares, with nooses and tight cords, while she is lulled asleep in the rocky cave. Though she deceives you with a hundred counterfeit shapes, hold her to you, whatever she becomes, until she is again what she was before.� So he spoke, and hid his face below the waves, letting the waters flow in upon his final words.

Now Titan was low in the sky, and, his chariot pointed downwards, was close to the western ocean, when the lovely Nereid left the waves, and came to her accustomed bed. Peleus had scarcely taken a good grip of her virgin body, when she took on new forms, until she realised her limbs were tightly bound, and her arms spread wide apart. Then at length she sighed, saying: �Not without some god�s help have you won,� and she showed herself as Thetis. When she acknowledged herself, the hero embraced her, achieved his wish, and conceived with her the mighty Achilles.

Felix et nato, felix et coniuge Peleus
et cui, si demas iugulati crimina Phoci,
omnia contigerant. Fraterno sanguine sontem
expulsumque domo patria Trachinia tellus
270accipit. Hic regnum sine vi, sine caede regebat
Lucifero genitore satus patriumque nitorem
ore ferens Ceyx, illo qui tempore maestus
dissimilisque sui fratrem lugebat ademptum.
Quo postquam Aeacides fessus curaque viaque
275venit et intravit paucis comitantibus urbem,
quosque greges pecorum, quae secum armenta trahebat,
haud procul a muris sub opaca valle reliquit,
copia cum facta est adeundi prima tyranni,
velamenta manu praetendens supplice, qui sit
280se quoque satus, memorat, tantum sua crimina celat
mentiturque fugae causam: petit, urbe vel agro
se iuvet. Hunc contra placido Trachinius ore
talibus adloquitur: “Mediae quoque commoda plebi
nostra patent, Peleu, nec inhospita regna tenemus.
285Adicis huic animo momento potentia, clarum
nomen avumque Iovem. Ne tempora perde precando!
Quod petis, omne feres tuaque haec pro parte vocato,
qualiacumque vides! Utinam meliora videres!'
Et flebat: moveat tantos quae causa dolores,
290Peleusque comitesque rogant. Quibus ille profatur:
“Forsitan hanc volucrem, rapto quae vivit et omnes
terret aves, semper pennas habuisse putetis:
vir fuit et (tanta est animi constantia!) iam tum
acer erat belloque ferox ad vimque paratus,
295nomine Daedalion. Illo genitore creatis,
qui vocat auroram caeloque novissimus exit,
(cura mihi pax est) pacis mihi cura tenendae
coniugiique fuit, fratri fera bella placebant:
illius virtus reges gentesque subegit,
300quae nunc Thisbaeas agitat mutata columbas.
Nata erat huic Chione. Quae dotatissima forma
mille procos habuit, bis septem nubilis annis.
Forte revertentes Phoebus Maiaque creatus,
ille suis Delphis, hic vertice Cylleneo,
305videre hanc pariter, pariter traxere calorem.
Spem veneris differt in tempora noctis Apollo,
non fert ille moras virgaque movente soporem
virginis os tangit: tactu iacet illa potenti
vimque dei patitur. Nox caelum sparserat astris:
310Phoebus anum simulat praereptaque gaudia sumit.
Ut sua maturus complevit tempora venter,
alipedis de stirpe dei versuta propago
nascitur, Autolycus, furtum ingeniosus ad omne,
candida de nigris et de candentibus atra
315qui facere adsuerat, patriae non degener artis;
nascitur e Phoebo (namque est enixa gemellos)
carmine vocali clarus citharaque Philammon.
Quid peperisse duos et dis placuisse duobus
et forti genitore et progenitore Tonanti
320esse satam prodest? An obest quoque gloria? multis
Offuit, huic certe! Quae se praeferre Dianae
sustinuit faciemque deae culpavit. At illi
ira ferox mota est “factis” que “placebimus” inquit.
Nec mora, curvavit cornu nervoque sagittam
325impulit et meritam traiecit harundine linguam.
Lingua tacet, nec vox temptataque verba sequuntur,
conantemque loqui cum sanguine vita reliquit.
Quo miser amplexus ego tum patriumque dolorem
corde tuli fratrique pio solacia dixi!
330Quae pater haud aliter quam cautes murmura ponti
accipit et natam delamentatur ademptam.
Ut vero ardentem vidit, quater impetus illi
in medios fuit ire rogos; quater inde repulsus
concita membra fugae mandat similisque iuvenco
335spicula crabronum pressa cervice gerenti,
qua via nulla, ruit. Iam tum mihi currere visus
plus homine est, alasque pedes sumpsisse putares.
Effugit ergo omnes veloxque cupidine leti
vertice Parnasi potitur. Miseratus Apollo,
340cum se Daedalion saxo misisset ab alto,
fecit avem et subitis pendentem sustulit alis
oraque adunca dedit, curvos dedit unguibus hamos,
virtutem antiquam, maiores corpore vires.
Et nunc accipiter, nulli satis aequus, in omnes
345saevit aves aliisque dolens fit causa dolendi.”
Great Peleus' heart was filled with happiness;
because of his great son and Thetis his
dear wife: he was blest in everything, except
in killing Phocus. The Trachinian land
received him guilty of his brother's blood;
when he fled, banished from his native home.
There Ceyx, who had the fine countenance
of Lucifer his father, reigned as king,
without the cost of violence or blood.
Before this time his days had always given
him joy and comfort, but all now was changed,
for he was mourning a loved brother's death.
Peleus, outwearied with his journey's length.
Left his fine flock of sheep and all the herds
he had brought with him, not far from the walls
of that city, where Ceyx long had reigned.
He entered with an olive branch all swathed
in woolen fillets, symbol of good will,
and with a suppliant hand disclosed his name.
He told the monarch who he was, also
his father's name. But he concealed his crime,
giving untruthful reasons for his flight:
and begged a refuge either in town or field.
The king of Trachyn answered with kind words:
“Ah, Peleus, even the lowest ranks enjoy
our bounties and our hospitality,
and you bring with you powers which compell
attention and respect. Your name is so
illustrious, and is not Jupiter
your grandsire? Do not lose your time by such
entreaties. Everything you may desire
is yours as soon as known, and all you see
is partly yours, but in how sad a state!”
And then he wept. When Peleus and his friends
asked him the reason of his grief he said,
“Perchance you deem that bird which lives on prey,
which is the terror of all other birds,
had always feathered wings? It was a man.
And now the vigor of its courage is
as great as when well known by his man's name,
Daedalion, bold in wars and strong and harsh,
and not afraid to hazard violence.
His father was unequalled Lucifer,
star of the Morning, who at dawn brings forth
Aurora, and withdraws the last of all
the shining stars of heaven.—My brother named
daedalion, son of that great star, was fond
of cruel warfare, while I cherished peace
and loved the quiet of my married life.
This brother, powerful in the art of war,
subdued strong kings and nations.—And 'tis he
transformed from manhood, now a bird of prey,
that so relentlessly pursues the doves,
known as the pride of Thisbe's citizens.
“My brother had a daughter Chione
so beautiful she pleased a thousand men,
when she had reached the marriageable age
of twice seven years. It happened by some chance
that Phoebus and the son of Maia, who
returned—one from his Delphi, the other from
Cyllene's heights—beheld this lovely maid
both at the same time, and were both inflamed
with passion. Phoebus waited till the night.
Hermes could not endure delay and with
the magic of his wand, that causes sleep,
he touched the virgin's face; and instantly,
as if entranced, she lay there fast asleep,
and suffered violence from the ardent god.
When night bespangled the wide heaven with stars,
Phoebus became an aged crone and gained
the joy he had deferred until that hour.
“When her mature womb had completed time
Autolycus was born, a crafty son,
who certainly inherited the skill
of wingfoot Mereury, his artful sire,
notorious now; for every kind of theft.
In fact, Autolycus with Mercury's craft,
loved to make white of black, and black of white.
“But Phoebus' child, for Chione bore twins,
was named Philammon, like his sire, well known.
To all men for the beauty of his song.
And famous for his handling of the lyre.
“What benefit in life did she obtain
because she pleased! two gods and bore such twins?
Was she blest by good fortune then because
she was the daughter of a valiant father,
and even the grandchild of the Morning Star?
Can glory be a curse? Often it is.
“And surely it was so for Chione.
It was a prejudice that harmed her days
because she vaunted that she did surpass
Diana's beauty and decried her charms:
the goddess in hot anger answered her,
sarcastically, ‘If my face cannot
give satisfaction, let me try my deeds.’
“Without delay Diana bent her bow,
and from the string an arrow swiftly flew,
and pierced the vaunting tongue of Chione.
Her tongue was silenced, and she tried in vain
to speak or make a sound, and while she tried
her life departed with the flowing blood.
“Embracing her, I shared her father's grief.
I spoke consoling words to my dear brother,
he heard them as a cliff might hear the sea.
And he lamented bitterly the loss
of his dear daughter, snatched away from him.
“Ah! when he saw her burning, he was filled
with such an uncontrolled despair, he rushed
four times to leap upon the blazing pyre;
and after he had been four times repulsed,
he turned and rushed away in headlong flight
through trackless country, as a bullock flees,
his swollen neck pierced with sharp hornet-stings,
it seemed to me he ran beyond the speed
of any human being. You would think
his feet had taken wings, he left us far
behind and swift in his desire for death
he stood at last upon Parnassus' height.
“Apollo pitied him.—And when Daedalion
leaped over the steep cliff, Apollo's power
transformed him to a bird; supported him
while he was hovering in the air upon
uncertain wings, of such a sudden growth.
Apollo, also, gave him a curved beak,
and to his slender toes gave crooked claws.
His former courage still remains, with strength
greater than usual in birds. He changed
to a fierce hawk; cruel to all, he vents
Ceyx tells the story of Daedalion

Peleus was happy in his wife and son, and was a man for whom all things were successful, if you exclude the crime of killing his brother Phocus. Guilty of shedding his brother�s blood, exiled from his father�s country, the soil of Trachin gave him sanctuary. Here Ceyx, son of Lucifer, the morning star, ruled, without force or shedding blood, his face filled with his father�s radiance. At that time he was sad and unlike his normal self, mourning the loss of his brother, Daedalion. The son of Aeacus came to him, weary with cares and travel, and entered the city with a few companions. He left the flocks of sheep and cattle he had brought with him in a shady valley not far from the city walls. When he was first allowed to meet the king, he held out the draped olive branch of the suppliant, and told him whose son he was, concealed his crime, and lied about the cause of his flight. He begged to be allowed to support himself in the city or the fields. The king of Trachis replied with these kind words: �Peleus, the opportunities in our kingdom are open even to the lower ranks, and I do not rule an inhospitable realm. Add to this willingness, the powerful influence of a noble name, and your being the grandson of Jove. So waste no time in supplication! You will receive all that you wish. Take a share of everything you see, and call it yours! I wish what you see was better than it is!�

And he wept. Peleus and his companions asked what the cause was of so much grief, to which he replied: �Perhaps you think that bird, the hawk, that lives on prey, and terrifies other winged creatures, always had feathers. He was once a man (and � inner nature is so consistent � even then he was fierce, warlike and equipped for violence): his name, Daedalion. We were the sons of Lucifer, who summons the dawn, and is last to leave the sky. I care for peace; preserving peace, I care for; and my wife: savage warfare pleased my brother. His power subdued kings and nations, that now, transformed, flutters the doves of Boeotia. He had a daughter, Chione, endowed with great beauty, who at fourteen, and ready for marriage, had a thousand suitors. It chanced that Phoebus-Apollo, and Mercury, son of Maia, one returning from his sacred Delphi, the other from the summit of Cyllene, saw her at the same instant, and, at the same instant, flushed with desire. Apollo deferred his hope of union with her till the night, but Mercury could not wait, and touched the virgin�s face with his sleep-inducing wand. She lay beneath that potent touch, and suffered the assault of the god. Night scattered the heavens with stars: Phoebus, having gained access disguised as an old woman, enjoyed the delight that had been forestalled. When Chione came to full term she bore the wing-footed god a son, Autolycus, crafty, talented in all intrigue, who could make black seem white, and white black, not unworthy of his father; and to Phoebus (it was a twin birth) she bore Philammon, famous for tuneful song and the lyre.

But what is the benefit in having produced two sons, in having pleased two gods, in being the child of a powerful father, and grandchild of the shining one? Is glory not harmful also to many? It certainly harmed her! She set herself above Diana, and criticized the goddess�s beauty. But, the goddess, moved by violent anger, said to her: �Then I must satisfy you with action.� Without hesitating, she bent her bow, sent an arrow from the string, and pierced the tongue, that was at fault, with the shaft. The tongue was silent, neither sound nor attempts at words followed: and as she tried to speak, her life ended in blood.

I embraced her, in my misery, feeling a father�s grief in my heart, and spoke words of comfort to my dear brother. Her father heard them no more than the cliffs hear the murmuring of the sea, mourning his lost one, bitterly. But when he saw the burning of her body, four times he made as if to throw himself into the blazing pyre; four times was thrust back; fled madly; and ran where there were no tracks, like a bullock whose neck is tender from the yoke, tormented by hornets� stings. Even then to me he seemed to run faster than humanly possible, and you would have thought he had winged feet.

He escaped us all, swift with desire for death, and gained the summit of Parnassus. When Daedalion hurled himself from the high cliffs, Apollo, pitying him, turned him into a bird, and lifted him, pendent on suddenly-formed wings, giving him a hooked beak, and curved talons, his former courage, and greater strength of body. Now, as a hawk, he rages against all birds, is merciful to none, and, suffering, is a cause of suffering.�

Book XI · PELEUS AND THE WOLF

PELEUS AND THE WOLF

Quae dum Lucifero genitus miracula narrat
de consorte suo, cursu festinus anhelo
advolat armenti custos Phoceus Onetor
et “Peleu, Peleu! magnae tibi nuntius adsum
350cladis” ait. Quodcumque ferat, iubet edere Peleus,
pendet et ipse metu trepidi Trachinius oris.
Ille refert: “Fessos ad litora curva iuvencos
adpuleram, medio cum Sol altissimus orbe
tantum respiceret, quantum superesse videret;
355parsque boum fulvis genua inclinarat harenis
latarumque iacens campos spectabat aquarum,
pars gradibus tardis illuc errabat et illuc,
nant alii celsoque exstant super aequora collo.
Templa mari subsunt nec marmore clara neque auro,
360sed trabibus densis lucoque umbrosa vetusto.
Nereides Nereusque tenent: hos navita ponti
edidit esse deos, dum retia litore siccat.
Iuncta palus huic est, densis obsessa salictis,
quam restagnantis fecit maris unda paludem.
365Inde fragore gravi strepitus loca proxima terret
belua vasta, lupus! Udisque paludibus exit,
oblitus et spumis et sparsus sanguine rictus,
fulmineus, rubra suffusus lumina flamma.
Qui quamquam saevit pariter rabieque fameque,
370acrior est rabie: neque enim ieiunia curat
caede boum diramque famem finire, sed omne
vulnerat armentum sternitque hostiliter omne.
Pars quoque de nobis funesto saucia morsu,
dum defensamus, leto est data. Sanguine litus
375undaque prima rubet demugitaeque paludes. —
Sed mora damnosa est, nec res dubitare remittit:
dum superest aliquid, cuncti coeamus et arma,
arma capessamus coniunctaque tela feramus!”
Dixerat agrestis; nec Pelea damna movebant,
380sed, memor admissi, Nereida conligit orbam
damna sua inferias exstincto mittere Phoco.
Induere arma viros violentaque sumere tela
rex iubet Oetaeus; cum quis simul ipse parabat
ire, sed Alcyone coniunx excita tumultu
385prosilit et, nondum totos ornata capillos,
disicit hos ipsos, colloque infusa mariti,
mittat ut auxilium sine se, verbisque precatur
et lacrimis, animasque duas ut servet in una.
Aeacides illi: “Pulchros, regina, piosque
390pone metus! Plena est promissi gratia vestri.
Non placet arma mihi contra nova monstra moveri:
numen adorandum pelagi est.” Erat ardua turris
arce focus summa, fessis loca grata carinis.
Adscendunt illuc stratosque in litore tauros
395cum gemitu adspiciunt vastatoremque cruento
ore ferum, longos infectum sanguine villos.
Inde manus tendens in aperti litora ponti
caeruleam Peleus Psamathen, ut finiat iram,
orat, opemque ferat; nec vocibus illa rogantis
400flectitur Aeacidae: Thetis hanc pro coniuge supplex
accepit veniam. Sed enim revocatus ab acri
caede lupus perstat, dulcedine sanguinis asper,
donec inhaerentem lacerae cervice iuvencae
marmore mutavit. Corpus praeterque colorem
405omnia servavit: lapidis color indicat illum
iam non esse lupum, iam non debere timeri.
Nec tamen hac profugum consistere Pelea terra
fata sinunt: Magnetas adit vagus exul et illic
sumit ab Haemonio purgamina caedis Acasto.
his rage on other birds. Grieving himself
he is a cause of grief to all his kind.”
While Ceyx, the royal son of Lucifer,
told these great wonders of his brother's life;
Onetor, who had watched the while those herds
which Peleus had assigned to him, ran up
with panting speed; and cried out as he ran,
“Peleus, Peleus! I bring you dreadful news!”
Peleus asked him to tell what had gone wrong
and with King Ceyx he listened in suspense.
“I drove the weary bullocks to the shore,”
Onetor then began, “About the time
when the high burning Sun in middle course,
could look back on as much as might be seen
remaining: and some cattle had then bent
their knees on yellow sand; and as they lay
might view the expanse of water stretched beyond.
Some with slow steps were wandering here and there,
and others swimming, stretched their lofty necks
above the waves. A temple near that sea
was fair to view, although 'twas not adorned
with gold nor marble. It was richly made
of beams, and shaded with an ancient grove.
“A sailor, while he dried his nets upon
the shore nearby, declared that aged Nereus
possessed it with his Nereids, as the gods
who ruled the neighboring waters. Very near
it is a marsh, made by the encroaching waves,
all thickly covered with low willow trees.
“From there a loud uncanny crashing sound
alarms the neighborhood. A monster-wolf!
All stained with mud he breaks forth from the marsh,
his thundering jaws thick-covered with vile foam
and clotted blood—his fierce eyes flashing flames
of crimson: and though he was raging, both
with fury and with hunger, the true cause
of his fierce passions was Ferocity.
“He never paused to sate his ravenous hunger
with the first cattle that he fell upon,
but mangled the whole herd, as if at war.
And some of us, while we defended them,
were wounded with his fatal bite and killed.—
the shore and nearest waves were red with blood,
and marshy fens were filled with mournful sounds—
the longings of our cattle.—This delay
is dangerous. We must not hesitate.
We must unite before all is destroyed!
Take up your arms. Arm! and unite, I say!
And bear our weapons for the cause of Right!”
So spoke the countryman, and yet the loss
had no effect on Peleus, though severe,
for he, remembering his red crime, believed
the Nereid had given him that loss—
a just misfortune, as an offering
to the departed Phocus. After this,
King Ceyx, while he put his armor on,
ordered his men to arm themselves with their
best weapons, and to follow his command.
But his fond wife, Halcyone, aroused
by such a tumult, ran to him in haste;
in such haste that her hair was still unfinished,
and such as had been done, she threw
in wild disorder.—Clinging to the neck
of her loved husband, she entreated him
with words and tears, to send his men along.
But keep himself at home and so to save
two lives in one.
But Peleus said “O queen,
'Tis sweet and commendable in you to fear
but needless. Though you promise generous aid,
my hope lies not in fighting with the beast,
I must appease a goddess of the sea.
And the divinity of ocean must
be properly adored.”
A lofty tower
is near there, and upon its extreme height
a signal-fire is burning night and day,
known to the grateful ships. They all went there;
and from its summit they beheld with sighs,
the mangled cattle scattered on the shore,
and saw the ravager among the herd,
his blood-stained jaws and long hair dripping blood.
Then Peleus stretched his arms out towards the sea,
and he implored the azure Psamathe
to lay aside her wrath and give him aid.
But she was deaf to any word of Peleus
entreating her, and would not offer aid,
till Thetis, interceding on behalf
of her afflicted husband, moved her will.
The monster-wolf persisted in his rage,
even when the sea nymph bade him turn aside.
His keen ferocity increased by taste
of new sweet blood; till Psamathe, while he
was seizing the last mangled heifer's neck,
transformed him to hard marble. Every part
of that ferocious monster's shape remained
but it was changed to marble colored stone,
which showed the monster was no more a wolf,
and should no longer be a cause of fear.
But still, the guiding Fates did not permit
the banished Peleus to continue there,
in this land governed by the friendly king.
A wandering exile, he proceeded north
into Magnesia; and was purified
of guilt by King Acastus of that land.
Peleus and the wolf

While Lucifer�s son was telling the strange story of his brother, Peleus�s herdsman, Onetor the Phocian, came racing up, breathing hard with the pace, shouting: �Peleus! Peleus! I bring you news of grave trouble.� Peleus ordered him to tell it, whatever it was, the Trachinian king himself waiting with anxious face. The herdsman said: �When the sun was at the zenith, seeing as much of the track left as he had already run, I had driven the tired oxen down to the bay. Some of the bullocks were kneeling on the yellow sand, lying there gazing out at the wide expanse of ocean; some were wandering slowly here and there; while others had waded out and stood up their necks in the water. There is a temple near the sea, not gleaming with gold and marble, but made of heavy timber, and shaded by an ancient grove. Nereus and the Nereids haunt it (a sailor, drying his nets on the shore, told me they were the gods of those waters). Close to it, there is a swamp, choked with dense willows, which the salt flood has turned into marshland. From it, a wolf, a huge beast, terrifies the places round about with its heavy crashing noises. It came out of the marsh reeds, its deadly jaws smeared with foam and clots of blood, and its eyes filled with red flame. It was savage with rage and hunger, more with rage; since though hungry it did not bother with the dead cattle, or with satisfying its deadly appetite, but wounded the whole herd, slaughtering them all in its hostility. Some of our men were wounded by its fatal jaws while protecting them, and given up as dead. The shore and the shallows were red with blood, and the marshes full of bellowing. But delay is fatal: the thing allows no hesitation. While there are some of us left, let us encounter it in armour, and, seizing our weapons, meet with it carrying spears!�

So the countryman spoke: the losses did not stir Peleus: conscious of his guilt he concluded that Psamathe, the bereaved Nereid, was sending a funeral offering to her murdered son Phocus, by means of those same losses. Oetean King Ceyx ordered his men to put on their armour, and take their deadly spears, while he was himself preparing to go with them. But Alcyone, his wife, disturbed by the shouting, scattering her hair that she had not yet quite arranged, flung herself on her husband�s neck, begging him, with words and tears, to send help, but not to go himself, and protect both their lives, by protecting his own. Peleus, the son of Aeacus, said: �Queen Alcyone, forget these loving fears that so become you! I am grateful for your husband�s offer of help, but I have no wish for arms to be used against the creature on my behalf. I must pray, instead, to the goddess of the ocean!�

There was a high tower; a beacon on top of the citadel; a welcome sight for labouring vessels. They climbed up, and looked out, with murmuring sighs, at the cattle lying on the shore, seeing their rampaging killer with bloody jaws, its shaggy pelt dripping gore. There, stretching his hands out towards the shores of the open sea, Peleus prayed to sea-born Psamathe to forget her anger, and to aid him. She was unmoved by the prayers of the son of Aeacus, but Thetis, as a suppliant for her husband, obtained her forgiveness.

The wolf persisted even when ordered away from the savage slaughter, maddened by the taste of blood, until the goddess changed it to marble, as it was clinging to the wounded neck of a heifer. The body remained completely the same, except for its colour: the colour of the stone showed it no longer wolf, no longer to be feared. But the fates did not allow the exiled Peleus to remain in that country. The wandering fugitive reached Magnesia, and there was absolved of the murder by Haemonian King Acastus.

410Interea fratrisque sui fratremque secutis
anxia prodigiis turbatus pectora Ceyx,
consulat ut sacras, hominum oblectamina, sortes,
ad Clarium parat ire deum; nam templa profanus
invia cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas.
415Consilii tamen ante sui, fidissima, certam
te facit, Alcyone; cui protinus intima frigus
ossa receperunt, buxoque simillimus ora
pallor obit, lacrimisque genae maduere profusis.
Ter conata loqui ter fletibus ora rigavit,
420singultuque pias interrumpente querellas
“quae mea culpa tuam,” dixit “carissime, mentem
vertit? Ubi est quae cura mei prior esse solebat?
Iam potes Alcyone securus abesse relicta?
Iam via longa placet? Iam sum tibi carior absens?
425At, puto, per terras iter est, tantumque dolebo,
non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt.
Aequora me terrent et ponti tristis imago:
et laceras nuper tabulas in litore vidi,
et saepe in tumulis sine corpore nomina legi.
430Neve tuum fallax animum fiducia tangat,
quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes
contineat ventos et, cum velit, aequora placet!
Cum semel emissi tenuerunt aequora venti,
nil illis vetitum est, incommendataque tellus
435omnis et omne fretum est. Caeli quoque nubila vexant
excutiuntque feri rutilos concursibus ignes.
Quo magis hos novi (nam novi et saepe paterna
parva domo vidi), magis hos reor esse timendos.
Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis,
440care, potest, coniunx, nimiumque es certus eundi,
me quoque tolle simul. Certe iactabimur una,
nec nisi quae patiar, metuam: pariterque feremus,
quidquid erit, pariter super aequora lata feremur.”
Talibus Aeolidis dictis lacrimisque movetur
445sidereus coniunx: neque enim minor ignis in ipso est.
Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus,
nec vult Alcyonen in partem adhibere pericli,
multaque respondit timidum solantia pectus.
Non tamen idcirco causam probat; addidit illis
450hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo flexit amantem:
“Longa quidem est nobis omnis mora: sed tibi iuro
per patrios ignes, si me modo fata remittant,
ante reversurum, quam luna bis impleat orbem.”
His ubi promissis spes est admota recursus,
455protinus eductam navalibus aequore tingi
armarique suis pinum iubet armamentis.
Qua rursus visa, veluti praesaga futuri,
horruit Alcyone lacrimasque emisit obortas
amplexusque dedit, tristique miserrima tandem
460ore “vale” dixit conlapsaque corpore toto est.
Ast iuvenes, quaerente moras Ceyce, reducunt
ordinibus geminis ad fortia pectora remos
aequalique ictu scindunt freta. Sustulit illa
umentes oculos, stantemque in puppe relicta
465concussaque manu dantem sibi signa maritum
prima videt redditque notas; ubi terra recessit
longius atque oculi nequeunt cognoscere vultus,
dum licet, insequitur fugientem lumine pinum.
Haec quoque ut haud poterat, spatio submota, videri,
470vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo;
ut nec vela videt, vacuum petit anxia lectum
seque toro ponit; renovat lectusque locusque
Alcyonae lacrimas et, quae pars, admonet, absit.
King Ceyx, disturbed by his loved brother's fate
and prodigies which happened since that time,
prepared to venture to the Clarian god,
that he might there consult the oracle,
so sanctified to consolation of distress:
for then the way to Delphi was unsafe
because of Phorbas and his Phlegyans.
Before he went he told his faithful queen,
his dear Halcyone. She felt at once
terror creep through the marrow of her bones,
pallor of boxwood overspread her face,
and her two cheeks were wet with gushing tears.
Three times she tried to speak while tears and sobs
delayed her voice, until at last she said:—
“What fault of mine, my dearest, has so changed
your usual thoughts? Where is that care for me
that always has stood first? Can you leave me
for this long journey with no anxious fear—
Halcyone, forsaken in these halls?
Will this long journey be a pleasant change
because far from you I should be more dear?
Perhaps you think you will go there by land,
and I shall only grieve, and shall not fear
the sea affrights me with its tragic face.
Just lately I observed some broken planks
upon our seashore, and I've read and read
the names of seamen on their empty tombs!
“Oh, let no false assurance fill your mind
because your father-in-law is Aeolus.
Who in a dungeon shuts the stormful winds
and smoothes at will the troubled ocean waves
soon as the winds get freedom from his power,
they take entire possession of the deep,
and nothing is forbidden their attack;
and all the rights of every land and sea
are disregarded by them. They insult
even the clouds of heaven and their wild
concussions urge the lightnings to strike fires.
The more I know of them, for I knew
them in my childhood and I often saw
them from my father's home, the more I fear.
“But, O dear husband! if this new resolve
can not be altered by my prayers and fears,
and if you are determined, take me, too:
some comfort may be gained, if in the storms
we may be tossed together. I shall fear
only the ills that really come to us,
The separation of Ceyx and Alcyone

Meanwhile Ceyx, troubled by heart�s anxiety, concerning his brother, and what had followed his brother�s strange fate, was preparing to go and consult the sacred oracle of Apollo, at Claros, that reveals human affairs. The infamous Phorbas, leader of the Phlegyans, had made Delphi inaccessible. Nevertheless, before he set out, he discussed it with you, faithful Alcyone.

She felt a chill, immediately, deep in her marrow, her face grew boxwood-pale, and her cheeks were drenched in flowing tears. Three times she tried to speak, three times her face was wet with weeping, and sobs interrupting her loving reproaches, she said: �What sin of mine has turned your mind to this, dear one? Where is that care for me that used to come first? Can you now leave Alcyone behind, without a thought? Does it please you now to travel far? Am I dearer to you, away from you? But I suppose your way is overland, and I shall only grieve, not fear, for you. My anxieties will be free from terror.

The waters scare me, and the sombre face of the deep: and lately I saw wrecked timbers on the shore, and I have often read the names on empty tombs. Do not allow your mind to acquire false confidence, because Aeolus, son of Hippotas, is your father-in-law, who keeps the strong winds imprisoned, and, when he wishes, calms the sea. When once the winds are released and hold sway over the waters, nothing can oppose them: every country, every ocean is exposed to them. They vex the clouds in the sky, and create the red lightning-flashes from their fierce collisions. The more I know of them (I do know them, often seeing them as a child in my father�s house) the more I consider them to be feared. But if no prayers can alter your purpose, dear one, husband, if you are so fixed on going, take me with you, also! Then we shall be storm-tossed together, and at least I shall know what I fear, together we shall bear whatever comes, together we shall be borne over the waters.�

The star-born husband was moved by the daughter of Aeolus�s words and tears: there was no less love in himself. But he would not relinquish his planned sea-journey, nor did he want to put Alcyone in peril. His anxious heart tried to comfort her, with many words, yet, despite that, he could not win his case. He added this further solace, the only one that moved his lover: �Every delay will seem long to us indeed, but I swear to you by my father�s light, to return to you as long as the fates allow it, before the moon has twice completed her circle.�

When her hopes had been revived by these promises of return, he immediately ordered the ship to be dragged down the slipway, launched into the sea, and fitted out with her gear. Alcyone, seeing this, as if she foresaw what was to come, shuddered again, and she gave way to a flood of tears. She hugged him, and, in wretched misery, said a last �Farewell� and her whole body gave way beneath her. With Ceyx still seeking reasons for delay, the young crew, double-ranked, pulled on the oars, with deep-chested strokes, and cut the water with their rhythmic blows.

She raised her wet eyes, and leaning forward could see her husband standing on the curved afterdeck, waving his hand, and she returned the signal. When he was further from shore, and she could no longer recognise his features, she followed the fleeting ship with her gaze, while she could. When even that was too far off to be seen, she still could see the topsails unfurling from the masthead. When no sails could be seen, with heavy heart, she sought out the empty bedroom, and threw herself on the bed. The room and the bed provoked more tears and reminded her of her absent half.

Portibus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes:
475obvertit lateri pendentes navita remos
cornuaque in summa locat arbore totaque malo
carbasa deducit venientesque accipit auras.
Aut minus, aut certe medium non amplius aequor
puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus,
480cum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit
fluctibus et praeceps spirare valentius eurus.
“Ardua iamdudum demittite cornua” rector
clamat “et antemnis totum subnectite velum.”
Hic iubet: impediunt adversae iussa procellae,
485nec sinit audiri vocem fragor aequoris ullam.
Sponte tamen properant alii subducere remos,
pars munire latus, pars ventis vela negare.
Egerit hic fluctus aequorque refundit in aequor,
hic rapit antemnas. Quae dum sine lege geruntur,
490aspera crescit hiems, omnique e parte feroces
bella gerunt venti fretaque indignantia miscent.
Ipse pavet nec se, qui sit status, ipse fatetur
scire ratis rector, nec, quid iubeatve velitve:
tanta mali moles tantoque potentior arte est.
495Quippe sonant clamore viri, stridore rudentes,
undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus aether.
Fluctibus erigitur caelumque aequare videtur
pontus et inductas adspergine tangere nubes;
et modo, cum fulvas ex imo vertit harenas,
500concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda,
sternitur interdum spumisque sonantibus albet.
Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachinia puppis,
et nunc sublimis veluti de vertice montis
despicere in valles imumque Acheronta videtur,
505nunc, ubi demissam curvum circumstetit aequor,
suspicere inferno summum de gurgite caelum.
Saepe dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem
nec levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim
cum laceras aries ballistave concutit arces.
510Utque solent sumptis incursu viribus ire
pectore in arma feri protentaque tela leones,
sic ubi se ventis admiserat unda coortis,
ibat in arma ratis multoque erat altior illis.
Iamque labant cunei, spoliataque tegmine cerae
515rima patet praebetque viam letalibus undis.
Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus imbres,
inque fretum credas totum descendere caelum,
inque plagas caeli tumefactum adscendere pontum.
Vela madent nimbis, et cum caelestibus undis
520aequoreae miscentur aquae; caret ignibus aether,
caecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisque suisque.
Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen
fulmina: fulmineis ardescunt ignibus ignes.
Dat quoque iam saltus intra cava texta carinae
525fluctus; et ut miles, numero praestantior omni,
cum saepe adsiluit defensae moenibus urbis,
spe potitur tandem laudisque accensus amore
inter mille viros murum tamen occupat unus,
sic, ubi pulsarunt noviens latera ardua fluctus,
530vastius insurgens decimae ruit impetus undae;
nec prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam,
quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis.
Pars igitur temptabat adhuc invadere pinum,
pars maris intus erat. Trepidant haud segnius omnes,
535quam solet urbs, aliis murum fodientibus extra
atque aliis murum, trepidare, tenentibus intus.
Deficit ars animique cadunt, totidemque videntur,
quot veniunt fluctus, ruere atque inrumpere mortes.
Non tenet hic lacrimas, stupet hic, vocat ille beatos,
540funera quos maneant: hic votis numen adorat
bracchiaque ad caelum, quod non videt, inrita tollens
poscit opem, subeunt illi fraterque parensque,
huic cum pignoribus domus et quodcumque relictum est.
Alcyone Ceyca movet, Ceycis in ore
545nulla nisi Alcyone est; et cum desideret unam,
gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras
respicere inque domum supremos vertere vultus,
verum ubi sit, nescit; tanta vertigine pontus
fervet, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra
550omne latet caelum, duplicataque noctis imago est.
Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor,
frangitur et regimen, spoliisque animosa superstes
unda, velut victrix, sinuataque despicit undas,
nec levius, quam siquis Athon Pindumve revulsos
555sede sua totos in apertum everterit aequor,
praecipitata cadit pariterque et pondere et ictu
mergit in ima ratem; cum qua pars magna virorum,
gurgite pressa gravi neque in aera reddita, fato
functa suo est: alii partes et membra carinae
560trunca tenent: tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat,
fragmina navigii Ceyx socerumque patremque
invocat heu! frustra. Sed plurima nantis in ore
Alcyone coniunx: illam meminitque refertque,
illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus,
565optat et exanimis manibus tumuletur amicis.
Dum natat, absentem, quotiens sinit hiscere fluctus,
nominat Alcyonen ipsisque inmurmurat undis.
Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum
frangitur et rupta mersum caput obruit unda.
570Lucifer obscurus nec quem cognoscere posses
illa luce fuit, quoniamque excedere caelo
non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora.
together we can certainly endure
discomforts till we gain that distant land.”
Such words and tears of the daughter of Aeolus
gave Ceyx, famed son of the Morning Star,
much thought and sorrow; for the flame of love
burned in his heart as strongly as in hers.
Reluctant to give up the voyage, even more
to make Halcyone his partner on
the dangerous sea, he answered her complaints
in many ways to pacify her breast,
but could not comfort her until at last
he said, “This separation from your love
will be most sorrowful; and so I swear
to you, as witnessed by the sacred fire
of my Star-father, if the fates permit
my safe return, I will come back to you
before the moon has rounded twice her orb.”
These promises gave hope of his return.
Without delay he ordered a ship should
be drawn forth from the dock, launched in the sea,
and properly supplied against the needs
of travel.—Seeing this, Halcyone,
as if aware of future woe, shuddered,
wept, and embraced him, and in extreme woe
said with a sad voice, “Ah—Farewell!” and then,
her nerveless body sank down to the ground.
While Ceyx longed for some pretext to delay,
the youthful oarsmen, chosen for their strength,
in double rows began to draw the oars
back towards their hardy breasts, cutting the waves
with equal strokes. She raised her weeping eyes
and saw her husband on the high-curved stern.
He by his waving hand made signs to her,
and she returned his signals. Then the ship
moved farther from the shore until her eyes
could not distinguish his loved countenance.
Still, while she could, she followed with her gaze
the fading hull; and, when that too was lost
far in the distance, she remained and gazed
at the white topsails, waving from the mast.
But, when she could no longer see the sails,
with anxious heart she sought her lonely couch
and laid herself upon it. Couch and room
renewed her sorrow and reminded her
how much of life was absent on the sea.
The ship had left the harbor, and the breeze
shook the taut rigging. Now the captain bade
the idle oars be drawn up to the sides.
They ran the pointed sailyards up the mast
and with spread canvas caught the coming breeze.
Perhaps the ship had not sailed half her course,
on every side the land was out of sight
in fact at a great distance, when, towards dark
the sea grew white with its increasing waves,
while boisterous east winds blew with violence.—
prompt in his duty, the captain warns his crew,
“Lower the top sails—quick—furl all the sails
tight to the yards!”—He ordered, but the storm
bore all his words away, his voice could not
be heard above the roaring of the sea.
But of their own accord some sailors rushed
to draw the oars in, others to secure
the sides from danger, and some strove to pull
the sails down from the wind. One pumps the waves
up from the hold, and pours the rushing sea
again into the sea; another takes
the yards off.—While such things are being done
without command or order, the wild storm
increases, and on every side fierce winds
wage a destructive warfare, which stirs up
the furious waters to their utmost power.
Even the captain, terrified, confessed
he did not know the status of the ship,
The Tempest

They had left the harbour, and the breeze was stirring the rigging: the captain shipped the oars, ran the yard up to the top of the mast, and put on all sail to catch the freshening breeze. The ship was cutting through the waves, no more than mid-way across, maybe less, far from either shore, when, at nightfall, the sea began to whiten with swelling waves, and the east wind to blow with greater strength.

The captain shouts: �Lower the yards, now, and close reef all sails.� He shouts the order but the adverse wind drowns it, and his voice cannot be heard above the breaking seas. Yet, some of the crew, on their own initiative, remove the oars, some protect the bulwarks, some deny the wind canvas-room. Here one bails water back into the water, another secures the spars. While these things are being done, randomly, the storm increases its severity, and the roaring winds attack from every quarter, stirring the angry waves. The captain himself is fearful, and admits he does not know how things stand, what to order, what to prevent: such is the weight of destruction, so much more powerful than his skill.

There is uproar: men shouting, the rigging straining, the sound of the breaking sea from a weight of sea, and the crash of thunder. ������������ The waves rise up and seem to form the sky, and their spray touches the lowering clouds. Now the water is tainted yellow, with sand churned from the depths, now blacker than the Styx, while the waves break white with hissing foam. The Trachinian ship is driven in the grip of fate, now lifted on high, as if looking down on the valleys from a mountain summit, into the depths of Acheron: now sinking, caught in the trough of the wave, staring at heaven from the infernal pool. Again and again the force of the flood strikes the sides with a huge crash, sounding no lighter a blow than when, sometime, an iron ram, or a ballista, strikes a damaged fortress. As fierce lions, on the attack, drive themselves onto the armoured chests and extended spears of the hunters, so the waves drove forward in the rising winds, reaching the height of the ship, and higher, above it.

And now the wooden wedges give way, and, stripped of their wax covering, cracks appear, offering the lethal waves a passage. Look how the heavy rain falls from the melting clouds, and you would think the whole heaven was emptying into the sea, and the sea was filling the heavenly zones. The sails are soaked with spray, and the seawater mingles with water from the heavens. The sky is starless, and the murky night is full of its own and the storm�s gloom. Flashes of lightning cleave it, and give light: the rain is illuminated by the lightning flares.

Now the sea pours into the ship�s hollow hull, as well. As a soldier, more outstanding than the rest, who has often tried to scale the battlement of a besieged city, succeeds at last, and fired with a love of glory, takes the wall, one man in a thousand; so when the waves have battered nine times against the steep sides, the tenth wave surging with greater impetus rushes on, and does not cease its assault on the beleaguered craft, until it breaches the conquered vessel�s defences. So one part of the sea is still trying to take the ship, and part is already inside.

All is confusion, as a city is confused when some are undermining the walls from outside, while others hold them from within. Skill fails, and courage ebbs, and as may separate deaths as advancing waves seem to rush upon them and burst over them. One cannot hold his tears, another is stupefied, and one cries out that they are fortunate whom proper burial rites await. One worships the gods in prayer, and, lifting his arms in vain to the sky, he cannot see, begs for help. Some think of fathers and brothers, some of home and children, or whatever they have left behind. But Alcyone is what moves Ceyx: nothing but Alcyone is on Ceyx�s lips, and though he only longs for her, he rejoices that she is not there.

How he would like to see his native shores again, and turn his last gaze towards his home, but he knows not where it is: the sea swirls in such vortices, and the covering shadows of pitch-black clouds so hide the sky, that it mirrors the aspect of night. The mast is shattered by the onset of a storm-driven whirlwind, and the rudder is shattered. One ultimate wave, like a conqueror delighting in his spoils, rears up gazing down at the other waves, and, as if one tore Pindus, and Athos, from their base, and threw them utterly into the open sea, it fell headlong, and the weight and the impulse together, drove the ship to the bottom. The majority of the crew met their fate with the ship, driven down by the mass of water, never to return to the light. The rest clung to broken pieces of the vessel.

Ceyx himself, held on to a fragment of the wreck, with a hand more used to holding a sceptre, and called on his father, Lucifer, and his father-in-law, Aeolus, but alas, in vain. Mostly it is his wife�s, Alcyone�s, name on his lips.

He thinks of her, and speaks to her, and prays that the waves might carry his body to her sight, and that, lifeless, he might be entombed by her dear hands. While he can swim, and as often as the waves allow him to open his mouth, he speaks the name of Alcyone, far off, until the waves themselves murmur it, See, a black arc of water breaks over the heart of the sea, and the bursting wave buries his drowning head.

Lucifer was indistinct, and not to be known, that dawn, and since he was not allowed to leave the sky, he covered his face in dense cloud.

Aeolis interea tantorum ignara malorum
dinumerat noctes, et iam, quas induat ille
575festinat vestes, iam quas, ubi venerit ille,
ipsa gerat, reditusque sibi promittit inanes.
Omnibus illa quidem superis pia tura ferebat,
ante tamen cunctos Iunonis templa colebat
proque viro, qui nullus erat, veniebat ad aras
580utque foret sospes coniunx suus utque rediret,
optabat, nullamque sibi praeferret; at illi
hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum.
At dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari
sustinet; utque manus funestas arceat aris,
585“Iri, meae” dixit “fidissima nuntia vocis,
vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam
exstinctique iube Ceycis imagine mittat
somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.”
Dixerat: induitur velamina mille colorum
590Iris, et arcuato caelum curvamine signans
tecta petit iussi sub nube latentia regis.
Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca recessu,
mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni:
quo numquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve
595Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae
exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis.
Non vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris
evocat auroram, nec voce silentia rumpunt
sollicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser.
600Non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami
humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae:
muta quies habitat; saxo tamen exit ab imo
rivus aquae Lethes, per quem cum murmure labens
invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis.
605Ante fores antri fecunda papavera florent
innumeraeque herbae, quarum de lacte soporem
nox legit et spargit per opacas umida terras.
Ianua nec verso stridores cardine reddit:
nulla domo tota, custos in limine nullus.
610At medio torus est ebeno sublimis in antro,
plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus:
quo cubat ipse deus membris languore solutis.
Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas
somnia vana iacent totidem, quot messis aristas,
615silva gerit frondes, eiectas litus harenas.
Quo simul intravit manibusque obstantia virgo
somnia dimovit, vestis fulgore reluxit
sacra domus, tardaque deus gravitate iacentes
vix oculos tollens iterumque iterumque relabens
620summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento,
excussit tandem sibi se; cubitoque levatus,
quid veniat (cognovit enim), scitatur. At illa:
“Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum,
pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corpora duris
625fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori,
somnia, quae veras aequent imitantia formas,
Herculea Trachine iube sub imagine regis
Alcyonen adeant simulacraque naufraga fingant.
Imperat hoc Iuno.” Postquam mandata peregit,
630Iris abit (neque enim ulterius tolerare soporis
vim poterat), labique ut somnum sensit in artus,
effugit et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus.
At pater e populo natorum mille suorum
excitat artificem simulatoremque figurae
635Morphea: non illic quisquam sollertius alter
exprimit incessus vultumque sonumque loquendi.
Adicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique
verba; sed hic solos homines imitatur, at alter
fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens:
640hunc Icelon superi, mortale Phobetora vulgus
nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis
Phantasos: ille in humum saxumque undamque trabemque
quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit.
Regibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus
645nocte solent, populos alii plebemque pererrant.
Praeterit hos senior cunctisque e fratribus unum
Morphea, qui peragat Thaumantidos edita, Somnus
eligit: et rursus molli languore solutus
deposuitque caput stratoque recondidit alto.
and could not order nor forbid the men—
so great the storm, so far beyond his skill.
Then he gave up control, while frightened men
shouted above the rattled cordage shocks,
and heavy waves were dashed against huge waves,
and ail the sky reverberated with
terrific thunders. The deep sea upturned
tremendous billows, which appeared to reach
so near the heaven they touched the heavy clouds
with foam of their tossed waters.—At one time,
while the great billows churned up yellow sand
from off the bottom, the wild rolling waves
were of that color. At another time
they were more black than water of the Styx.
Sometimes they levelled, white with lashing foam.
The ship was tossed about in the wild storm:
aloft as from a mountain peak it seemed
to look down on the valley and the depth
of Acheron; and, when sunk down in a trough
of waves engulfing, it appeared to look
up at the zenith from infernal seas.
Often the waves fell on the sides with crash
as terrible as when a flying stone
or iron ram shatters a citadel.
As lions, mustering up their strength anew,
might hurl their breasts against the spears
and outstretched arms of huntsmen, so the waves,
upon the rising of the winds, rushed forth
against the battered sides of the tossed ship
and rose much higher than the slanting masts.
The ship-bolts lost their grip, the loosened planks,
despoiled of covering wax, gave open seams,
through which streamed water of the fatal waves.—
vast sheets of rain pour from dissolving clouds,
so suddenly, it seemed that all the heavens
were flung into the deep, while swelling seas
ascended to the emptied fields of heaven!
The sails are drenched with rain, the salt sea waves
are mingled with the waters of the skies.
The firmament is black without a star,
and night is doubly dark with its own gloom
and blackness of the storm. Quick lightning makes
the black skies glitter, and the waves are fired
with flames of thunder-bolts. Now floods leap up
into the very middle of the ship.
Just as a soldier, more courageous than
the rest of his brave fellows, after he
has often charged against the embattled walls
of a defended city, gains at length
the place which he has fought for; all inflamed
with his desire of glory, scales the wall
and stands alone among a thousand foes;
so, when destructive waves have beat against
the ship's high sides, the tenth wave with known power,
rushes more furious than the nine before,
nor ceases to attack the failing ship,
until dashed high above the captured walls
it surges in the hold. Part of the sea
is still attempting to get in the ship,
and part is in it. All are panic stricken,
like men within a doomed and shaken town;
who see some foes attack the walls without,
and others hold possession of the walls
within the city. Every art has failed,
their courage sinks. With every coming wave
another death seems rushing in upon them.
One sailor yields in tears; another falls
down, stupefied; another calls those blest
whom funeral rites await; another prays,
addressing trusted gods, lifting his hands
up to that heaven unseen, as vainly he
implores some aid divine, and one in fright
recalls his brothers and his parent, while
another names his children and his home:
each frightened sailor thinks of all he left.
King Ceyx thinks only of Halcyone,
no other name is on his lips but hers:
and though he longs for her, yet he is glad
that she is safe at home. Ah, how he tried
to look back to the shore of his loved land,
to turn his last gaze towards his wife and home.
But he has lost direction.—The tossed sea
The House of Sleep

Meanwhile, Alcyone, Aeolus�s daughter, counts the nights, unaware of this great misfortune, quickly weaving clothes for him to wear, and for herself, for when he returns, and she promises herself the homecoming that will not be. She piously offers incense to all the gods, but worships mostly at Juno�s temple, coming to the altars for a man who is no more, hoping her husband is safe, and returning to her, preferring her above any other woman. Of all her prayers, only this could be granted.

The goddess could no longer bear these appeals for one who was dead, and, to free her altar from those inauspicious hands, she said: �Iris, most faithful carrier of my words, go quickly to the heavy halls of Sleep, and order him to send Alcyone a dream-figure in the shape of her dead Ceyx, to tell her his true fate.� As she spoke, Iris donned her thousand-coloured robe, and, tracing her watery bow on the sky, she searched out, as ordered, the palace of that king, hid under cloud.

There is a deeply cut cave, a hollow mountain, near the Cimmerian country, the house and sanctuary of drowsy Sleep. Phoebus can never reach it with his dawn, mid-day or sunset rays. Clouds mixed with fog, and shadows of the half-light, are exhaled from the ground. No waking cockerel summons Aurora with his crowing: no dog disturbs the silence with its anxious barking, or goose, cackling, more alert than a dog. No beasts, or cattle, or branches in the breeze, no clamour of human tongues. There still silence dwells. But out of the stony depths flows Lethe�s stream, whose waves, sliding over the loose pebbles, with their murmur, induce drowsiness. In front of the cave mouth a wealth of poppies flourish, and innumerable herbs, from whose juices dew-wet Night gathers sleep, and scatters it over the darkened earth. There are no doors in the palace, lest a turning hinge lets out a creak, and no guard at the threshold. But in the cave�s centre there is a tall bed made of ebony, downy, black-hued, spread with a dark-grey sheet, where the god himself lies, his limbs relaxed in slumber. Around him, here and there, lie uncertain dreams, taking different forms, as many as the ears of corn at harvest, as the trees bear leaves, or grains of sand are thrown onshore.

When the nymph entered and, with her hands, brushed aside the dreams in her way, the sacred place shone with the light of her robes. The god, hardly able to lift his eyes heavy with sleep, again and again, falling back, striking his nodding chin on his chest, at last shook himself free of his own influence, and resting on an elbow asked her (for he knew her) why she had come, and she replied:

�Sleep, all things� rest: Sleep, gentlest of the gods, the spirit�s peace, care flies from: who soothes the body wearied with toil, and readies it for fresh labours: Sleep, order a likeness, that mirrors his true form, and let it go, the image of King Ceyx, to Alcyone, in Trachin of Hercules, and depict a phantasm of the wreck. This, Juno commands.�

After she had completed her commission, Iris departed no longer able to withstand the power of sleep, and, feeling the drowsiness steal over her body, she fled, and recrossed the arch by which she had lately come.

From a throng of a thousand sons, his father roused Morpheus, a master craftsman and simulator of human forms. No one else is as clever at expressing the movement, the features, and the sound of speech. He depicts the clothes and the usual accents. He alone imitates human beings. A second son becomes beast, or bird, or long snake�s body. The gods call him Icelos, the mortal crowd Phobetor. The third, of diverse artistry, is Phantasos: he takes illusory shapes of all inanimate things, earth, stones, rivers, trees. These are the ones that show themselves by night to kings and generals, the rest wander among citizens and commoners. Old Somnus passed them by, choosing one of all these brothers, Morpheus, to carry out the command of Iris, daughter of Thaumas, and relaxing again into sweet drowsiness, his head drooped, and he settled into his deep bed.

650Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis
per tenebras intraque morae breve tempus in urbem
pervenit Haemoniam positisque e corpore pennis
in faciem Ceycis abit sumptaque figura
luridus, exanimi similis, sine vestibus ullis,
655coniugis ante torum miserae stetit: uda videtur
barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis.
Tum lecto incumbens, fletu super ora profuso,
haec ait: “Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima coniunx?
An mea mutata est facies? Nunc respice! nosces
660inveniesque tuo pro coniuge coniugis umbram.
Nil opis, Alcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt:
occidimus! Falso tibi me promittere noli!
Nubilus Aegaeo deprendit in aequore navem
auster et ingenti iactatam flamine solvit,
665oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen,
implerunt fluctus. Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor
ambiguus, non ista vagis rumoribus audis:
ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo.
Surge, age, da lacrimas lugubriaque indue nec me
670indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.”
Adicit his vocem Morpheus, quam coniugis illa
crederet esse sui: fletus quoque fundere veros
visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat.
Ingemit Alcyone, lacrimas movet atque lacertos
675per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras
exclamatque “mane! quo te rapis? ibimus una!”
Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem
excutit et primo, si sit, circumspicit, illic,
qui modo visus erat: nam moti voce ministri
680intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam,
percutit ora manu laniatque a pectore vestes
pectoraque ipsa ferit, nec crines solvere curat:
scindit et altrici, quae luctus causa, roganti
“nulla est Alcyone, nulla est!” ait. “Occidit una
685cum Ceyce suo! Solantia tollite verba!
Naufragus interiit! Vidi agnovique manusque
ad discedentem cupiens retinere, tetendi.
Umbra fuit, — sed et umbra tamen manifesta virique
vera mei! Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat
690adsuetos vultus, nec quo prius, ore nitebat:
pallentem nudumque et adhuc umente capillo
infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipse
ecce loco!” (et quaerit, vestigia siqua supersint)
“Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam,
695et ne me fugeres, ventos sequerere, rogabam.
At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas,
me quoque duxisses! Multum fuit utile tecum
ire mihi: neque enim de vitae tempore quicquam
non simul egissem, nec mors discreta fuisset.
700Nunc absens perii, iactor quoque fluctibus absens,
et sine me me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso
sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar
longius et tanto pugnem superesse dolori.
Sed neque pugnabo, nec te, miserande, relinquam
705et tibi nunc saltem veniam comes, inque sepulcro
si non urna, tamen iunget nos littera: si non
ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam.”
Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervenit omni
plangor, et attonito gemitus a corde trahuntur.
is raging in a hurricane so vast,
and all the sky is hidden by the gloom
of thickened storm-clouds, doubled in pitch-black.
The mast is shattered by the violence
of drenching tempests, and the useless helm
is broken. One undaunted giant wave
stands over wreck and spoil, and looks down like
a conqueror upon the other waves:
then falls as heavily as if some god
should hurl Mount Athos or Mount Pindus, torn
from rock foundations, into that wide sea:
so, with down-rushing weight and violence
it struck and plunged the ship to the lowest deeps.
And as the ship sank, many of the crew
sank overwhelmed in deep surrounding waves,
never to rise from suffocating death:
but some in desperation, clung for life
to broken timbers and escaped that fate.
King Ceyx clung to a fragment of the wreck
with that majestic hand which often before
had proudly swayed the sceptre. And in vain,
alas, he called upon his father's name,
alas, he begged his father-in-law's support.
But, while he swam, his lips most frequently
pronounced that dearest name, “Halcyone!”
He longs to have his body carried by waves
to her dear gaze and have at last,
entombment by the hands of his loved friends.
Swimming, he called Halcyone—far off,
as often as the billows would allow
his lips to open, and among the waves
his darling's name was murmured, till at last
a night-black arch of water swept above
the highest waves and buried him beneath
engulfing billows.
Lucifer was dim
past recognition when the dawn appeared
and, since he never could depart from heaven,
soon hid his grieving countenance in clouds.
Meanwhile, Halcyone, all unaware
of his sad wreck, counts off the passing nights
and hastens to prepare for him his clothes
that he may wear as soon as he returns to her;
and she is choosing what to wear herself,
and vainly promises his safe return—
all this indeed, while she in hallowed prayer
is giving frankincense to please the gods:
and first of loving adorations, she
paid at the shrine of Juno. There she prayed
for Ceyx—after he had suffered death,
that he might journey safely and return
and might love her above all other women,
this one last prayer alone was granted to her
but Juno could not long accept as hers
these supplications on behalf of one
then dead; and that she might persuade Halcyone
to turn her death-polluted hands away
from hallowed altars, Juno said in haste,
“O, Iris, best of all my messengers,
go quickly to the dreadful court of Sleep,
and in my name command him to despatch
a dream in the shape of Ceyx, who is dead,
and tell Halcyone the woeful truth.”
So she commanded.—Iris instantly
assumed a garment of a thousand tints;
and as she marked the high skies with her arch,
went swiftly thence as ordered, to the place
where Sleep was then concealed beneath a rock.
Near the Cimmerian Land there is a cave,
with a long entrance, in a hallowed mountain,
the home of slothful Sleep. To that dark cave
the Sun, when rising or in middle skies,
or setting, never can approach with light.
There dense fogs, mingled with the dark, exhale
darkness from the black soil—and all that place
is shadowed in a deep mysterious gloom.
No wakeful bird with visage crested high
calls forth the morning's beauty in clear notes;
nor do the watchful dogs, more watchful geese,
nor wild beasts, cattle, nor the waving trees,
Morpheus goes to Alcyone in the form of Ceyx

Flying through the shadows on noiseless wings, Morpheus, after a short delay, comes to the Haemonian city. Shedding his wings, he takes the shape of Ceyx, pallid like the dead, and naked, and stands before his unfortunate wife�s bed. He appears with sodden beard, and seawater dripping from his matted hair. Then he bends over her pillow, with tears streaming down his face, and says: �My poor wife, do you know your Ceyx, or has my face altered in death? Look at me: you will recognise me, and find for a husband, a husband�s shade! Your prayers have brought me no help, Alcyone! I am dead! Do not hold out false hopes of my return! Storm-laden Auster, the south wind, caught the ship in Aegean waters, and tossed in tempestuous blasts, wrecked her there. My lips, calling helplessly on your name, drank the waves. No dubious author announces this news to you, nor do you hear it as a vague report: I myself, drowned, as you see me before you, tell my fate. Get up, act, shed tears, wear mourning: do not let me go down unwept to Tartarus�s void.�

Morpheus spoke these words in a voice she would believe to be her husband�s (the tears that he wept also seemed real tears) and his hands revealed Ceyx�s gestures. Alcyone groaned, tearfully, stirring her arms in sleep, and seeking his body, grasped only air, and cried out: �Wait for me! Where do you vanish? We will go together.� Roused by her own voice, and her husband�s image, she started up out of sleep. First she gazed round to see if he was still there, the one she had just seen. At the sound of her cry the servants had brought a lamp. Not finding him anywhere, she struck her face with her hands, tore her clothes from her breasts, and beat at the breasts themselves. She did not wait to loosen her hair, but tore at it, and shouted at her nurse, who asked the cause of her grief: �Alcyone is nothing, is nothing: she has died together with her Ceyx. Be done with soothing words! He is wrecked: I saw him, I knew him, I stretched out my hands towards him as he vanished, eager to hold him back. It was a shadow, yet it was my husband�s true shadow, made manifest. True, he did not have his accustomed features, if you ask me, nor did his face shine as before. But pallid and naked, with dripping hair, I, the unfortunate one, saw him.� Look, my poor husband stood on that very spot,� and she tried to find a trace of his footprints. �This is what I feared, with my divining mind, this: and I begged you not to leave me, chasing the winds. But, for certain, I should have desired you to take me with you, since you were going to your death. How good it would have been to have gone with you: then no part of my life would have lacked your presence, nor would we be separated by death. Now I have died absent from myself, and am thrown through the waves, absently, and the sea takes me, without me.

My mind would treat me more cruelly than the sea, if I should try to live on, and fight to overcome my sorrow! But I shall not fight, nor leave you, my poor husband, and at least now I shall come as your companion. If not the sepulchral urn the lettered stone will join us: if I shall not touch you, bone to my bone, still I will touch you, name to name.� Grief choked further words, and lamentation took their place wholly, and sighs drawn from a stricken heart.

710Mane erat, egreditur tectis ad litus et illum
maesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem.
Dumque moratur ibi, dumque “hic retinacula solvit,
hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore” dicit,
quae dum tota locis (s. dumque notata oculis) reminiscitur acta fretumque
715prospicit: in liquida, spatio distante, tuetur
nescio quid quasi corpus, aqua. Primoque, quid illud
esset, erat dubium; postquam paulum appulit unda,
et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat,
qui foret, ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est
720et, tamquam ignoto lacrimam daret, “heu! miser” inquit
“quisquis es, et siqua est coniunx tibi !” Fluctibus actum
fit propius corpus; quod quo magis illa tuetur,
hoc minus et minus est mentis sua, iamque propinquae
admotum terrae, iam quod cognoscere posset,
725cernit: erat coniunx. “Ille est!” exclamat et una
ora, comas, vestem lacerat tendensque trementes
ad Ceyca manus “sic, o carissime coniunx,
sic ad me, miserande, redis?” ait. Adiacet undis
facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris undas
730frangit et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum.
Insilit huc, mirumque fuit potuisse: volabat
percutiensque levem modo natis aera pennis
stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas.
Dumque volat, maesto similem plenumque querellae
735ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro.
Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus,
dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis
frigida nequiquam duro dedit oscula rostro.
Senserit hoc Ceyx, an vultum motibus undae
740tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat: at ille
senserat, et tandem superis miserantibus, ambo
alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem
tunc quoque mansit amor, nec coniugiale solutum est
foedus in alitibus: coeunt fiuntque parentes,
745perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem
incubat Alcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.
Tunc iacet unda maris: ventos custodit et arcet
Aeolus egressu praestatque nepotibus aequor.
make sound or whisper; and the human voice
is never heard there—silent Rest is there.
But, from the bottom of a rock beneath,
Lethean waters of a stream ooze forth,
sounds of a rivulet, which trickle with
soft murmuring amid the pebbles and
invite soft sleep. Before the cavern doors
most fertile poppies and a wealth of herbs
bloom in abundance, from the juice of which
the humid night-hours gather sleep and spread
it over darkened Earth. No door is in
that cavern-home and not a hinge's noise
nor guarding porter's voice disturbs the calm.
But in the middle is a resting-couch,
raised high on night-black ebony and soft
with feathered cushions, all jet black, concealed
by a rich coverlet as dark as night,
on which the god of sleep, dissolved in sloth
lies with unmoving limbs. Around him there
in all directions, unsubstantial dreams
recline in imitation of all shapes—
as many as the uncounted ears of corn
at harvest—as the myriad leaves of trees—
or tiny sand grains spread upon the shore.
As soon as Iris entered that dread gloom,
she pushed aside the visions in her way
with her fair glowing hands; and instantly,
that sacred cavern of the god of Sleep
was all illuminated with the glow
and splendor of her garment.—Out of himself
the god with difficulty lifted up
his lanquid eyes. From this small sign of life
relapsing many times to languid sloth,
while nodding, with his chin he struck his breast
again and again. At last he roused himself
from gloom and slumber; and, while raised upon
his elbow, he enquired of Iris why
she came to him.—He knew her by her name.
She answered him, “O, Sleep, divine repose
of all things! Gentlest of the deities!
Peace to the troubled mind, from which you drive
the cares of life, restorer of men's strength
when wearied with the toils of day, command
a vision that shall seem the actual form
of royal Ceyx to visit Trachin famed
for Hercules and tell Halcyone
his death by shipwreck. It is Juno's wish.”
Iris departed after this was said.
For she no longer could endure the effect
of slumber-vapor; and as soon as she
knew sleep was creeping over her tired limbs
she flew from there—and she departed by
the rainbow, over which she came before.
Out of the multitude—his thousand sons—
the god of sleep raised Morpheus by his power.
Most skillful of his sons, who had the art
of imitating any human shape;
and dexterously could imitate in men
the gait and countenance, and every mode
of speaking. He could simulate the dress
and customary words of any man
he chose to represent—but he could not
assume the form of anything but man.
Such was his art. Another of Sleep's sons
could imitate all kinds of animals;
such as a wild beast or a flying bird,
or even a serpent with its twisted shape;
and that son, by the gods above was called
Icelos—but the inhabitants of earth
called him Phobetor—and a third son, named
Phantasos, cleverly could change himself
into the forms of earth that have no life;
into a statue, water, or a tree.
It was the habit of these three to show
themselves at night to kings and generals;
and other sons would frequently appear
among the people of the common class.
All such the aged god of Sleep passed by.
Selecting only Morpheus from among
the many brothers to accomplish this,
and execute what Iris had desired.
And after all that work, he dropped his head,
and sank again in languid drowsiness,
shrinking to sloth within his lofty couch.
Morpheus at once flew through the night
of darkness, on his wings that make no sound,
and in brief space of intervening time,
arrived at the Haemonian city walls;
and there he laid aside his wings, and took
the face and form of Ceyx. In that form
as one deprived of life, devoid of clothes,
wan and ghastly, he stood beside the bed
of the sad wife. The hero's beard seemed dripping,
sea water streamed down from his drenching hair.
Then leaning on the bed, while dropping tears
were running down his cheeks, he said these words:
“Most wretched wife, can you still recognize
your own loved Ceyx, or have my looks changed:
so much with death you can not?—Look at me,
and you will be assured I am your own:
but here instead of your dear husband, you
will find only his ghost. Your faithful prayers
did not avail, Halcyone, and I
have perished. Give up all deluding hopes
of my return. The stormy Southwind caught
my ship while sailing the Aegean sea;
and there, tossed by the mighty wind, my ship
was dashed to pieces. While I vainly called
upon your name, the angry waters closed
above my drowning head and it is no
uncertain messenger that tells you this
and nothing from vague rumors has been told.
But it is I myself, come from the wreck,
now telling you my fate. Come then, arise
shed tears, and put on mourning; do not send
me unlamented, down to Tartarus.”
And Morpheus added to these words a voice
which she would certainly believe was her
beloved husband's; and he seemed to be
shedding fond human tears; and even his hands
were moved in gestures that Ceyx often used.
Halcyone shed tears and groaned aloud,
and, as she moved her arms and caught at his
dear body, she embraced the vacant air
she cried out loudly, “Stay, oh stay with me!
Why do you hurry from me? We will go
together!” Agitated by her own
excited voice; and by what seemed to be
her own dear husband, she awoke from sleep.
And first looked all about her to persuade
herself that he whom she had lately seen
must yet be with her, for she had aroused
the servants who in haste brought lights desired.
When she could find him nowhere, in despair
she struck her face and tore her garment from
her breast and beat her breast with mourning hands.
She did not wait to loosen her long hair;
but tore it with her hands and to her nurse,
who asked the cause of her wild grief, she cried:
“Alas, Halcyone is no more! no more!
with her own Ceyx she is dead! is dead!
Away with words of comfort, he is lost
by shipwreck! I have seen him, and I knew
him surely—as a ghost he came to me;
and when desirous to detain him, I
stretched forth my arms to him, his ghost left me—
it vanished from me; but it surely was
the ghost of my dead husband. If you ask
description of it, I must truly say
he did not have his well known features—he
was not so cheerful as he was in life!
Alas, I saw him pale and naked, with
his hair still dripping—his ghost from the waves
stood on this very spot:” and while she moaned
she sought his footprints on the floor. “Alas,
this was my fear, and this is what my mind
shuddered to think of, when I begged that you
would not desert me for the wind's control.
But how I wish, since you were sailing forth
to perish, that you had but taken me
with you. If I had gone with you, it would
have been advantage to me, for I should
have shared the whole course of my life with you
and you would not have met a separate death.
I linger here but I have met my death,
I toss on waves, and drift upon the sea.
“My heart would be more cruel than the waves,
if it should ask me to endure this life—
if I should struggle to survive such grief.
I will not strive nor leave you so forlorn,
at least I'll follow you to death. If not
the urn at least the lettered stone
shall keep us still together. If your bones
are not united with my bones, 'tis sure
our names must be united.”Overcome
with grief, she could not say another word—
but she continued wailing, and her groans
were heaved up from her sorrow-stricken breast.
At early dawn, she went from her abode
down to the seashore, where most wretchedly,
she stood upon the spot from which he sailed,
and sadly said; “He lingered here while he
was loosening the cables, and he kissed
me on this seashore when he left me here.”
And while she called to recollection all
that she had seen when standing there, and while
she looked far out on flowing waves from there,
she noticed floating on the distant sea—
what shall I say? At first even she could not
be sure of what she saw. But presently
although still distant—it was certainly
a floating corpse. She could not see what man
he might be, but because it seemed to her
it surely was a shipwrecked body, she
was moved as at an omen and began
to weep; and, moaning as she stood there, said:—
“Ah wretched one, whoever it may be,
ah, wretched is the wife whom you have left!”
As driven by the waves the body came
still nearer to her, she was less and less
the mistress of herself, the more she looked
upon it; and, when it was close enough
for her to see its features, she beheld
her husband. “It is he,” she cried and then
she tore her face, her hair, her royal robe
and then, extending both her trembling hands
towards Ceyx, “So dearest one! So do you come
to me again?” She cried, “O luckless mate.”
A mole, made by the craft of man, adjoins
the sea and breaks the shoreward rush of waves.
To this she leaped—it seemed impossible—
and then, while beating the light air with wings
that instant formed upon her, she flew on,
a mourning bird, and skimmed above the waves.
And while she lightly flew across the sea
her clacking mouth with its long slender bill,
full of complaining, uttered moaning sounds:
but when she touched the still and pallied form,
embracing his dear limbs with her new wings,
she gave cold kisses with her hardened bill.
All those who saw it doubted whether Ceyx
could feel her kisses; and it seemed to them
the moving waves had raised his countenance.
But he was truly conscious of her grief;
and through the pity of the gods above,
at last they both were changed to flying birds,
together in their fate. Their love lived on,
nor in these birds were marriage bonds dissolved,
and they soon coupled and were parent birds.
Each winter during seven full days of calm
Halcyone broods on her floating nest—
her nest that sails upon a halcyon sea:
the passage of the deep is free from storms,
throughout those seven full days; and Aeolus
restraining harmful winds, within their cave,
for his descendants' sake gives halcyon seas.
They are turned into birds

Morning had broken. She went out of the house towards the shore, sadly seeking the place where she had watched him depart. And while she stayed there, and while she was saying: �Here he loosed the rope, on this strand he kissed me as he left,� and while she recalled the significant actions by their locations, and looked seawards, she saw in the flowing waves what looked like a body, unsure at first what it was: after the tide had brought it a little nearer, though it was some way off, it was clearly a body. She did not know whose it was, but was moved by the omen of this shipwrecked man, and as if she wept for the unknown dead, she cried out: �Alas for you, poor soul, whoever you may be, and your wife, if you have one!� The body had been washed nearer by the sea, and the more she gazed at it, the smaller and smaller shrank her courage: woe! Now it was close to land, now she could see who it was: it was her husband! She cried out: �It�s him!� and together tearing at cheeks, and hair, and clothes she stretched out her trembling hands to Ceyx, saying: �O, is it like this, dear husband, is it like this, wretched one, you return to me?

A breakwater built by the waves, broke the initial force of the sea, and weakened the onrush of the tide. Though it was amazing that she could do so, she leapt onto it: she flew, and, beating the soft air on new-found wings, a sorrowing bird, she skimmed the surface of the waves. As she flew, her plaintive voice came from a slender beak, like someone grieving and full of sorrows. When she reached the mute and bloodless corpse, she clasped the dear limbs with her new wings and kissed the cold lips in vain with her hard beak.

People doubted whether Ceyx felt this, or merely seemed to raise his face by a movement of the waves, but he did feel it: and at last through the gods� pity, both were changed to birds, the halcyons. Though they suffered the same fate, their love remained as well: and their bonds were not weakened, by their feathered form. They mate and rear their young, and Alcyone broods on her nest, for seven calm days in the wintertime, floating on the water�s surface. Then the waves are stilled: Aeolus imprisons the winds and forbids their roaming, and controls his grandsons� waves.

Hos aliquis senior iunctim freta lata volantes
750spectat et ad finem servatos laudat amores;
proximus, aut idem, si fors tulit, “hic quoque,” dixit
“quem mare carpentem substrictaque crura gerentem
adspicis” (ostendens spatiosum in guttura mergum),
“regia progenies: sunt si descendere ad ipsum
755ordine perpetuo quaeris, sunt huius origo
Ilus et Assaracus raptusque Iovi Ganymedes
Laomedonque senex Priamusque novissima Troiae
tempora sortitus. Frater fuit Hectoris iste:
qui nisi sensisset prima nova fata iuventa,
760forsitan inferius non Hectore nomen haberet,
quamvis est illum proles enixa Dymantis,
Aesacon umbrosa furtim peperisse sub Ida
fertur Alexirhoe, Granico nata bicorni.
Oderat hic urbes nitidaque remotus ab aula
765secretos montes et inambitiosa colebat
rura nec Iliacos coetus nisi rarus adibat.
Non agreste tamen nec inexpugnabile amori
pectus habens silvas captatam saepe per omnes
adspicit Hesperien patria Cebrenida ripa
770iniectos umeris siccantem sole capillos.
Visa fugit nymphe, veluti perterrita fulvum
cerva lupum longeque lacu deprensa relicto
accipitrem fluvialis anas; quam Troius heros
insequitur celeremque metu celer urget amore:
775ecce latens herba coluber fugientis adunco
dente pedem strinxit virusque in corpore liquit;
cum vita suppressa fuga est: amplectitur amens
exanimem clamatque “piget, piget esse secutum!
Sed non hoc timui, neque erat mihi vincere tanti.
780Perdidimus miseram nos te duo: vulnus ab angue,
a me causa data est. Ego sum sceleratior illo,
qui tibi morte mea mortis solacia mittam.”
Dixit et e scopulo, quem rauca subederat unda,
decidit in pontum. Tethys miserata cadentem
785molliter excepit nantemque per aequora pennis
texit, et optatae non est data copia mortis.
Indignatur amans invitum vivere cogi
obstarique animae misera de sede volenti
exire. Utque novas umeris adsumpserat alas,
790subvolat atque iterum corpus super aequora mittit.
Pluma levat casus: furit Aesacos inque profundum
pronus abit letique viam sine fine retemptat.
Fecit amor maciem: longa internodia crurum,
longa manet cervix, caput est a corpore longe;
795aequor amat nomenque manet, quia mergitur, illi.”
An old man saw the two birds fly across
the wide extended sea and praised their love,
undying to the end. His old friend who
stood near him, said, “There is another bird,
which you can see skimming above the waves
with folded legs drawn up;” and as he spoke,
he pointed at a divedapper, which had
a long throat, and continued, “It was first
the son of a great king, as Ceyx, was:
and if you wish to know his ancestry,
I can assure you he descended from
Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede—
taken by Jupiter, and old Laomedon,
and Priam, ruler at the fall of Troy.
“Aesacus was the brother of the great
illustrious Hector; and, if he had not
been victimized by a strange fate in youth,
he would have equalled Hector's glorious fame,
Hector was child of Hecuba, who was
daughter of Dymas. Alexirhoe,
the daughter of the two-horned Granicus,
so rumor has it, secretly brought forth
Aesacus, hidden under Ida's shade.
“He loathed the city and away from court,
frequented lonely mountains and the fields
of unambitious peasants. Rarely he
was seen among the throngs of Ilium.—
yet, neither churlish nor impregnable
to love's appeal, he saw Hesperia,
the daughter of Cebrenus, while she was
once resting on the velvet-shaded banks
of her sire's cherished stream. Aesacus had
so often sought for her throughout the woods.
“Just when he saw her, while she rested there,
her hair spread on her shoulders to the sun,
she saw him, and without delay she fled,
even as the frightened deer runs from the wolf
or as the water-duck, when she has left
her favored stream, surprised, flies from the hawk.
Aesacus followed her, as swift with love
as she was swift with fear. But in the grass
a lurking snake struck at her rosy heel
and left its venom in her flesh.—And so,
her flight was ended by untimely death.
“Oh, frantic, he embraced her breathless form,
and cried: ‘Alas, alas, that I pursued!
I did not dream of such a dreadful fate!
Success was not worth such a price
I and the snake together caused your death—
the serpent gave the wound, I was the cause.
Mine is the greater guilt, and by my death
I'll give you consolation for your death!’ ”
“He said those words and leaped on a high rock,
which years of sounding waves had undermined,
and hurled himself into the sea below.
“Tethys was moved with pity for his fall,
received him softly, and then covered him
with feathers, as he swam among the waves.
The death he sought for was not granted him.
At this the lover was wroth. Against his will,
he was obliged to live in his distress,
with opposition to his spirit that desired
departure from the wretched pain of life.
“As he assumed upon his shoulders wings
newformed, he flew aloft and from that height
again he plunged his body in the waves
his feathers broke all danger of that fall—
and this new bird, Aesacus, plunged headlong
into the deep, and tried incessantly
that method of destruction. His great love
unsatisfied, made his sad body lean,
till even the spaces fixed between the joints
of his legs have grown long; his neck is long;
so that his head is far away from his
lean body. Still he hunts the sea
and takes his name from diving in the waves.
The transformation of Aesacus

Seeing these birds flying together over the wide sea, some old man praised those affections maintained till the end. Someone near by, or the same man (pointing to a long-necked diving bird) said: �That bird also, skimming over the ocean, trailing his slender legs, is a descendant of kings. If you want to trace his ancestry in unbroken line to himself, its source was Ilus the younger, the son of Tros, and his brothers Assaracus, and Ganymede, whom Jove snatched, Ilus�s son, old Laomedon, and his son Priam, whom fate assigned to Troy�s last days. That bird was Hector�s brother, Aesacus, who, if he had not met his strange fate in youth, would perhaps have had no less a name than Hector, though Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, bore Priam the first, the other Aesacus, is said to have been born to Alexirrho�, daughter of two-horned Granicus, the river-god, in secret, under the shadow of Mount Ida.

He hated cities, and lived in the remote mountains, and insignificant country places, far away from the glittering court, and rarely visited crowded Ilium. Yet he did not have an uncultured heart, or one averse to love, and he often pursued Hesperie, the River Cebren�s daughter, through all the woodland glades, whom he had caught sight of, drying her flowing hair, in the sun, on her father�s shore. The nymph fled on sight, as a frightened hind flees the tawny wolf, or a wild duck, caught far from the pool she left, the hawk. But the Trojan hero, driven by swift love, followed her, driven by swift fear. Behold, a serpent, hidden in the grass, bit her foot with his curving fang, as she fled by, and left his poison in her body. Her flight ended with her life. The lover clasped her unbreathing body and cried: �I regret, I regret I followed you! But I did not expect this, and it was not worth this to attempt to win you. We two have destroyed you, poor girl: the wound given by a snake, the cause of it all myself! Let me be the more accursed, if I do not send you solace by my death.�

He spoke, and threw himself from a cliff, eroded below by the rough waves, into the sea. Tethys, pitying him, caught him gently as he fell, clothed him with feathers as he floated on the water, and denied him the opportunity to choose his death. The lover was angered, that he was forced to live, against his will, and that his spirit was thwarted, wishing to leave its unhappy residence. When he had gained the new wings on his shoulders, he flew up and threw his body again into the sea. His feathers broke his fall. In a rage, Aesacus dived headlong into the deep and tried endlessly to find a path to death. His love made him lean: his legs are long between the joints: his neck remained long: his head is far from his body. He loves seawater, and from diving there he takes his name, mergus, the diver.

Metamorphoses

Book XII

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Nescius adsumptis Priamus pater Aesacon alis
vivere lugebat, tumulo quoque nomen habenti
inferias dederat cum fratribus Hector inani.
Defuit officio Paridis praesentia tristi,
5postmodo qui rapta longum cum coniuge bellum
attulit in patriam; coniurataeque sequuntur
mille rates gentisque simul commune Pelasgae.
Nec dilata foret vindicta, nisi aequora saevi
invia fecissent venti Boeotaque tellus
10Aulide piscosa puppes tenuisset ituras.
Hic patrio de more Iovi cum sacra parassent,
ut vetus accensis incanduit ignibus ara,
serpere caeruleum Danai videre draconem
in platanum, coeptis quae stabat proxima sacris.
15Nidus erat volucrum bis quattuor arbore summa:
quas simul et matrem circum sua damna volantem
corripuit serpens avidoque recondidit ore.
Obstipuere omnes. At veri providus augur
Thestorides “vincemus” ait, “gaudete, Pelasgi!
20Troia cadet, sed erit nostri mora longa laboris,”
atque novem volucres in belli digerit annos.
Ille, ut erat virides amplexus in arbore ramos,
fit lapis et servat serpentis imagine saxum.
Permanet Aoniis Nereus violentus in undis
25bellaque non transfert; et sunt qui parcere Troiae
Neptunum credant, quia moenia fecerat urbi.
At non Thestorides: nec enim nescitve tacetve
sanguine virgineo placandam virginis iram
esse deae. Postquam pietatem publica causa
30rexque patrem vicit castumque datura cruorem
flentibus ante aram stetit Iphigenia ministris,
victa dea est nubemque oculis obiecit et inter
officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantum
supposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva.
35Ergo ubi, qua decuit, lenita est caede Diana,
et pariter Phoebes, pariter maris ira recessit,
accipiunt ventos a tergo mille carinae
multaque perpessae Phrygia potiuntur harena.
Sadly his father, Priam, mourned for him,
not knowing that young Aesacus had assumed
wings on his shoulders, and was yet alive.
Then also Hector with his brothers made
complete but unavailing sacrifice,
upon a tomb which bore his carved name.
Paris was absent. But soon afterwards,
he brought into that land a ravished wife,
Helen, the cause of a disastrous war,
together with a thousand ships, and all
the great Pelasgian nation.
Vengeance would
not long have been delayed, but the fierce winds
raged over seas impassable, and held
the ships at fishy Aulis. They could not
be moved from the Boeotian land. Here, when
a sacrifice had been prepared to Jove,
according to the custom of their land,
and when the ancient altar glowed with fire,
the Greeks observed an azure colored snake
crawling up in a plane tree near the place
where they had just begun their sacrifice.
Among the highest branches was a nest,
with twice four birds—and those the serpent seized
together with the mother-bird as she
was fluttering round her loss. And every bird
the serpent buried in his greedy maw.
All stood amazed: but Calchas, who perceived
the truth, exclaimed, “Rejoice Pelasgian men,
for we shall conquer; Troy will fall; although
the toil of war must long continue—so
the nine birds equal nine long years of war.”
And while he prophesied, the serpent, coiled
about the tree, was transformed to a stone,
curled crooked as a snake.
but Nereus stormed
in those Aonian waves, and not a ship
moved forward. Some declared that Neptune thus
was aiding Troy, because he built the walls
of that great city. Not so Calchas, son
of Thestor! He knew all the truth, and told
them plainly that a virgin's blood
alone might end a virgin goddess' wrath.
The public good at last prevailed above
affection, and the duty of a king
at last proved stronger than a father's love:
when Iphigenia as a sacrifice,
stood by the altar with her weeping maids
and was about to offer her chaste blood,
the goddess, moved by pity, spread a mist
before their eyes, amid the sacred rites
and mournful supplications. It is said
she left a hind there in the maiden's place
and carried Iphigenia away. The hind,
as it was fitting, calmed Diana's rage
and also calmed the anger of the sea.
Iphigenia at Aulis

The father, Priam, mourned for the son, Aesacus, not knowing that he was still alive in winged form. Hector with his brothers had also, inappropriately, offered sacrifices at a tomb inscribed with his name. Paris was not present at this sad ritual, he, who presently brought extended war on his country because of the wife he had stolen. The whole Pelasgian race, joined together to pursue him, in a thousand ships, and vengeance would not have been long in coming had not fierce winds made the seas un-navigable, and the land of Boeotia detained the waiting ships in the fishing-grounds of Aulis. After they had prepared a sacrifice to Jupiter there, after the customs of their country, and when the ancient altar was alive with the kindled flames, The Greeks saw a dark-green snake sliding into a plane tree that stood near to where they had begun the sacrifice. There was a nest with eight young birds in the crown of the tree, and these the serpent seized and swallowed in its eager jaws, together with the mother bird, who circled her doomed fledglings.

They looked at it wonderingly, but Calchas, the seer, son of Thestor, interpreted the truth, saying: �We will conquer, Greeks, rejoice! Troy will fall, though our efforts will be of long duration,� and he divined nine years of war from the nine birds. The snake, was turned to stone, exactly as it was, twined around the green branches, and stamped in the stone its serpent shape.

Boreas, the north-wind, continued to stir the waves violently, and would not grant the warships a crossing, and some thought Neptune was sparing Troy, because he had built its walls. But not Calchas. He knew and did not withhold from them, that a virgin�s blood would appease the wrath of Diana, the virgin goddess. When consideration of the common cause had conquered affection, and the king had suppressed the father, and as Iphigenia stood, among her weeping attendants, before the altar, to surrender her innocent blood, the goddess was vanquished, and veiled their eyes in mist, and, in the midst of the rites and confusion of the sacrifice, and the cries of the suppliants, they say she substituted a hind for the Mycenean girl. When, therefore, Diana had been appeased, by the required victim, and the sea�s anger had subsided simultaneously with that of Phoebe, the thousand ships, driven by a tail wind, reached the shores of Phrygia, after many adventures.

Book XII · THE HOUSE OF FAME AND THE TROJAN CYGNUS

THE HOUSE OF FAME AND THE TROJAN CYGNUS

Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque
40caelestesque plagas, triplicis confinia mundi,
unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit,
inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures.
Fama tenet summaque domum sibi legit in arce,
innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis
45addidit et nullis inclusit limina portis:
nocte dieque patet. Tota est ex aere sonanti,
tota fremit vocesque refert iteratque quod audit.
Nulla quies intus nullaque silentia parte,
nec tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis,
50qualia de pelagi, siquis procul audiat, undis
esse solent, qualemve sonum, cum Iuppiter atras
increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt.
Atria turba tenet: veniunt, leve vulgus, euntque
mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur
55milia rumorum confusaque verba volutant.
E quibus hi vacuas inplent sermonibus aures,
hi narrata ferunt alio; mensuraque ficti
crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor.
Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error
60vanaque Laetitia est consternatique Timores
Seditioque recens dubioque auctore Susurri.
Ipsa, quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur
et tellure, videt totumque inquirit in orbem.
The thousand ships received the winds astern
and gained the Phrygian shore.
There is a spot
convenient in the center of the world,
between the land and sea and the wide heavens,
the meeting of the threefold universe.
From there is seen all things that anywhere
exist, although in distant regions far;
and there all sounds of earth and space are heard.
Fame is possessor of this chosen place,
and has her habitation in a tower,
which aids her view from that exalted highs.
And she has fixed there numerous avenues,
and openings, a thousand, to her tower
and no gates with closed entrance, for the house
is open, night and day, of sounding brass,
reechoing the tones of every voice.
It must repeat whatever it may hear;
and there's no rest, and silence in no part.
There is no clamor; but the murmuring sound
of subdued voices, such as may arise
from waves of a far sea, which one may hear
who listens at a distance; or the sound
which ends a thunderclap, when Jupiter
has clashed black clouds together. Fickle crowds
are always in that hall, that come and go,
and myriad rumors—false tales mixed with true—
are circulated in confusing words.
Some fill their empty ears with all this talk,
and some spread elsewhere all that's told to them.
The volume of wild fiction grows apace,
and each narrator adds to what he hears.
Credulity is there and rash Mistake,
and empty Joy, and coward Fear alarmed
by quick Sedition, and soft Whisper—all
of doubtful life. Fame sees what things are done
in heaven and on the sea, and on the earth.
She spies all things in the wide universe.
The House of Rumour

There is a place at the centre of the World, between the zones of earth, sea, and sky, at the boundary of the three worlds.� From here, whatever exists is seen, however far away, and every voice reaches listening ears. Rumour lives there, choosing a house for herself on a high mountain summit, adding innumerable entrances, a thousand openings, and no doors to bar the threshold. It is open night and day: and is all of sounding bronze. All rustles with noise, echoes voices, and repeats what is heard. There is no peace within: no silence anywhere. Yet there is no clamour, only the subdued murmur of voices, like the waves of the sea, if you hear them far off, or like the sound of distant thunder when Jupiter makes the dark clouds rumble.

Crowds fill the hallways: a fickle populace comes and goes, and, mingling truth randomly with fiction, a thousand rumours wander, and confused words circulate. Of these, some fill idle ears with chatter, others carry tales, and the author adds something new to what is heard. Here is Credulity, here is rash Error, empty Delight, and alarming Fear, sudden Sedition, and Murmurings of doubtful origin. Rumour herself sees everything that happens in the heavens, throughout the ocean, and on land, and inquires about everything on earth.

Fecerat haec notum Graias cum milite forti
65adventare rates, neque inexspectatus in armis
hostis adest: prohibent aditus litusque tuentur
Troes, et Hectorea primus fataliter hasta,
Protesilae, cadis, commissaque proelia magno
stant Danais, fortisque animae nece cognitus Hector.
70Nec Phryges exiguo, quid Achaica dextera possit
sanguine senserunt. Et iam Sigea rubebant
litora, iam leto proles Neptunia Cygnus
mille viros dederat, iam curru instabat Achilles
totaque Peliacae sternebat cuspidis ictu
75agmina, perque acies aut Cygnum aut Hectora quaerens
congreditur Cygno (decimum dilatus in annum
Hector erat): tum colla iugo canentia pressos
exhortatus equos currum direxit in hostem
concutiensque suis vibrantia tela lacertis
80“quisquis es, o iuvenis” dixit “solamen habeto
mortis, ab Haemonio quod sis iugulatus Achille.”
Hactenus Aeacides; vocem gravis hasta secuta est.
Sed quamquam certa nullus fuit error in hasta,
nil tamen emissi profecit acumine ferri
85utque hebeti pectus tantummodo contudit ictu.
“Nate dea, nam te fama praenovimus,” inquit
ille “quid a nobis vulnus miraris abesse?”
(mirabatur enim) “non haec, quam cernis, equinis
fulva iubis cassis neque onus cava parma sinistrae
90auxilio mihi sunt: decor est quaesitus ab istis.
Mars quoque ob hoc capere arma solet! Removebitur omne
tegminis officium, tamen indestrictus abibo.
Est aliquid non esse satum Nereide, sed qui
Nereaque et natas et totum temperat aequor.”
95Dixit et haesurum clipei curvamine telum
misit in Aeaciden, quod et aes et proxima rupit
terga novena boum, decimo tamen orbe moratum est.
Excutit hoc heros rursusque trementia forti
tela manu torsit: rursus sine vulnere corpus
100sincerumque fuit! Nec tertia cuspis apertum
et se praebentem valuit destringere Cygnum.
Haud secus exarsit, quam circo taurus aperto,
cum sua terribili petit inritamina cornu,
poeniceas vestes, elusaque vulnera sentit.
105Num tamen exciderit ferrum, considerat hastae:
haerebat ligno. “Manus est mea debilis ergo,
quasque” ait “ante habuit vires, effudit in uno?
Nam certe valuit, vel cum Lyrnesia primus
moenia deieci, vel cum Tenedonque suoque
110Eetioneas inplevi sanguine Thebas,
vel cum purpureus populari caede Caicus
fluxit opusque meae bis sensit Telephus hastae.
Hic quoque tot caesis, quorum per litus acervos
et feci et video, valuit mea dextra valetque.”
115Dixit et, ante actis veluti male crederet, hastam
misit in adversum Lycia de plebe Menoeten
loricamque simul subiectaque pectora rupit.
Quo plangente gravem moribundo pectore terram
extrahit illud idem calido de vulnere telum
120atque ait: “Haec manus est, haec, qua modo vicimus, hasta:
utar in hoc isdem; sit in hoc, precor, exitus idem!”
Sic fatus Cygnum repetit, nec fraxinus errat
inque umero sonuit non evitata sinistro,
inde velut muro solidaque a caute repulsa est;
125qua tamen ictus erat, signatum sanguine Cygnum
viderat et frustra fuerat gavisus Achilles:
vulnus erat nullum, sanguis fuit ille Menoetae!
Tum vero praeceps curru fremebundus ab alto
desilit et nitido securum comminus hostem
130ense petens parmam gladio galeamque cavari
cernit et in duro laedi quoque corpore ferrum!
Haud tulit ulterius, clipeoque adversa reducto
ter quater ora viri, capulo cava tempora pulsat
cedentique sequens instat turbatque ruitque
135attonitoque negat requiem: pavor occupat illum,
ante oculosque natant tenebrae, retroque ferenti
aversos passus medio lapis obstitit arvo.
Quem super inpulsum resupino corpore Cygnum
vi multa vertit terraeque adflixit Achilles.
140Tum clipeo genibusque premens praecordia duris
vincla trahit galeae: quae presso subdita mento
elidunt fauces et respiramen utrumque
eripiunt animae. Victum spoliare parabat:
arma relicta videt; corpus deus aequoris albam
145contulit in volucrem, cuius modo nomen habebat.
Fame now had spread the tidings, a great fleet
of Greek ships was at that time on its way,
an army of brave men. The Trojans stood,
all ready to prevent the hostile Greeks
from landing on their shores. By the decree
of Fate, the first man killed of the invaders' force
was strong Protesilaus, by the spear
of valiant Hector, whose unthought-of power
at that time was discovered by the Greeks
to their great cost. The Phyrgians also learned,
at no small cost of blood, what warlike strength
came from the Grecian land. The Sigean shores
grew red with death-blood: Cygnus, Neptune's son,
there slew a thousand men: for which, in wrath,
Achilles pressed his rapid chariot
straight through the Trojan army; making a lane
with his great spear, shaped from a Pelion tree.
And as he sought through the fierce battle's press,
either for Cygnus or for Hector, he
met Cygnus and engaged at once with him
(Fate had preserved great Hector from such foe
till ten years from that day).
Cheering his steeds,
their white necks pressed upon the straining yoke,
he steered the chariot towards his foe,
and, brandishing the spear with his strong arm,
he cried, “Whoever you may be, you have
the consolation of a glorious death
you die by me, Haemonian Achilles!”
His heavy spear flew after the fierce words.
Although the spear was whirled direct and true,
yet nothing it availed with sharpened point.
It only bruised, as with a blunted stroke,
the breast of Cygnus! “By report we knew
of you before this battle, goddess born.”
The other answered him, “But why are you
surprised that I escape the threatened wound?”
(Achilles was surprised). “This helmet crowned,
great with its tawny horse-hair, and this shield,
broad-hollowed, on my left arm, are not held
for help in war: they are but ornament,
as Mars wears armor. All of them shall be
put off, and I will fight with you unhurt.
It is a privilege that I was born
not as you, of a Nereid but of him
whose powerful rule is over Nereus,
his daughters and their ocean.” So, he spoke.
Immediately he threw his spear against Achilles,
destined to pierce the curving shield through brass,
and through nine folds of tough bull's hide.
It stopped there, for it could not pierce the tenth.
The hero wrenched it out, and hurled again
a quivering spear at Cygnus, with great strength.
The Trojan stood unwounded and unharmed.
Nor did a third spear injure Cygnus, though
he stood there with his body all exposed.
Achilles raged at this, as a wild bull
in open circus, when with dreadful horns
he butts against the hanging purple robes
which stir his wrath and there observes how they
evade him, quite unharmed by his attack.
Achilles then examined his good spear,
to see if by some chance the iron point
was broken from it, but the point was firm,
fixed on the wooden shaft. “My hand is weak,”
he said, “but is it possible its strength
forsook me though it never has before?
For surely I had my accustomed strength,
when first I overthrew Lyrnessus' walls,
or when I won the isle of Tenedos
or Thebes (then under King Eetion)
and I drenched both with their own peoples' blood,
or when the river Caycus ran red
with slaughter of its people, or, when twice
Telephus felt the virtue of my spear.
On this field also, where such heaps lie slain,
my right hand surely has proved its true might;
and it is mighty.”
So he spoke of strength,
remembered. But as if in proof against
his own distrust, he hurled a spear against
Menoetes, a soldier in the Lycian ranks.
The sharp spear tore the victim's coat of mail
and pierced his breast beneath. Achilles, when
he saw his dying head strike on the earth
wrenched the same spear from out the reeking wound,
and said, “This is the hand, and this the spear
I conquered with; and I will use the same
against him who in luck escaped their power;
and the result should favor as I pray
the helpful gods.”
And, as he said such words,
in haste he hurled his ashen spear, again
at Cygnus. It went straight and struck unshunned.
Resounding on the shoulder of that foe,
it bounced back as if it hit a wall
or solid cliff. Yet when Achilles saw
just where the spear struck, Cygnus there
was stained with blood. He instantly rejoiced;
but vainly, for it was Menoetes' blood!
Then in a sudden rage, Achilles leaped
down headlong from his lofty chariot;
and, seeking his god-favored foe, he struck
in conflict fiercely, with his gleaming sword.
Although he saw that he had pierced both shield
and helmet through, he did not harm the foe—
his sword was even blunted on the flesh.
Achilles could not hold himself for rage,
but furious, with his sword-hilt and his shield
he battered wildly the uncovered face
and hollow-temples of his Trojan foe.
Cygnus gave way; Achilles rushed on him,
buffeting fiercely, so that he could not
recover from the shock. Fear seized upon
Cygnus, and darkness swam before his eyes.
Then, as he moved back with retreating steps,
a large stone hindered him and blocked his way.
His back pushed against this, Achilles seized
and dashed him violently to the ground.
Then pressing with buckler and hard knees the breast
of Cygnus, he unlaced the helmet thongs,
wound them about the foeman's neck and drew
them tightly under his chin, till Cygnus' throat
could take no breath of life. Achilles rose
eager to strip his conquered foe but found
his empty armor, for the god of ocean
had changed the victim into that white bird
whose name he lately bore.
The death and transformation of Cycnus

She had spread the news that the Greek fleet was nearing, filled with brave warriors, and so the arrival of the armed host was no surprise. The Trojans opposed the landing, and defended their coast. You, Protesila�s, were the first to fall beneath Hector�s deadly spear, and joining in battle cost the Greeks dearly, and they knew mighty Hector�s spirit by the slaughter. The Phrygians learnt at no small expense of blood, the power of an Achaian hand. Now the Sigean shores ran red: now Cycnus, a son of Neptune, had consigned a thousand men to death: now Achilles pursued in his chariot, and laid whole columns of men low with a blow of his spear from Pelion. Searching the battlelines for Cycnus or for Hector, he came upon Cycnus (His meeting with Hector postponed till the tenth year of the war).

Then Achilles, urging on his horses, their snowy necks straining against the harness, he drove his chariot straight at the enemy, striking out, with the quivering spear, with all his strength, saying: �O youth, whoever you may be, take death�s comfort in being killed by Achilles of Haemonia!� So Aeacides spoke: His heavy spear followed the words, but although there was certainly no error in the flight of the spear, still the sharp point of the flying blade had no effect, and only bruised Cycnus�s chest, like a blunted weapon. �O son of the goddess,� Cycnus said, �fame has made you known to me, why are you amazed I have no wound? (He was indeed amazed) Neither this helmet you see, with its yellow horsehair crest, nor the hollow shield weighing down my left arm, is to protect me: they only look to serve as ornament. Mars too wears his armour for this reason! Take away the use of this protective covering: I will still escape unharmed. It is worth something to be the son, not of Nereus�s daughter, but of him who rules Nereus and his daughters, and the whole ocean as well.�

He spoke, and hurled his spear at Achilles, but it stuck fast in his round bronze shield. It tore through the bronze and nine layers of bull�s hide, but was stopped by a tenth. Shaking it off, the Greek hero once more threw a quivering spear from his mighty hand. Again his enemy�s body was whole and unharmed. A third spear could not even graze Cycnus though he laid himself open to it. Achilles flared up, like a bull in the arena, when it charges with its deadly horns at the Carthaginian cloak, and finds it escapes damage. He examined the spear to see if the iron point had been loosened: it was fixed to the shaft. �Is my hand enfeebled,� he said, �so that the power it had is lacking against this man?� Certainly it was strong enough when I led the overthrow of Lyrnessus�s walls, or when I drenched the island of Tenedos, and Mysian Thebes, Eetion�s city, in their own blood, when the River Ca�cus ran red with the slaughter of those around it, and Telephus twice felt the touch of my spear. Here also, my right hand has prevailed, and will prevail, striking so many, the heaps of corpses I made and see on the shore.�

He spoke, and as if not believing the results of his previous actions, he threw the spear straight at Menoetes, one of the Lycian men, simultaneously piercing his breastplate and the breast beneath. As the dying man beat his head against the solid earth, Achilles pulled the spear from the hot wound, and cried: �This is the hand, and this is the spear with which I have just been victorious: I shall use it on this enemy, and I pray his end may be the same.� Thus he pursued the death of Cycnus again, and the ashen shaft did not err, thudding unavoidably into the left shoulder, from which it recoiled as if from a wall or a solid rock. Achilles saw that Cycnus was stained with blood where it struck, and exulted, but in vain: there was no wound: it was Menoetes�s blood! Then truly maddened, he leapt headlong from his high chariot, and seeking out his charmed enemy, at close quarters, with glittering sword, saw shield and helmet carved through, but still the iron blunted on the impenetrable body. He could stand it no longer, and he beat at the face and hollow temples of his enemy three or four times with his raised shield and sword-hilt.

One presses as the other gives way: he rushes and harries him, allowing no respite from the shock. Fear grips Cycnus, shadows swim in front of his eyes, and, as he steps backwards, his retreating step is blocked, by a boulder, on the open ground. As he is trapped with his body bent against it, Achilles turns him over with great force, and dashes him to the ground. Then pressing his hard knees and shield into Cycnus�s chest, he pulls on the helmet straps, which, tightening under the chin, squeeze the throat and windpipe, and stop the passage of breath. He prepares to strip his defeated enemy: he sees empty armour: the god of the sea has changed the body into that of a white bird, whose name is the one he bore, but a moment ago.

Hic labor, haec requiem multorum pugna dierum
attulit, et positis pars utraque substitit armis.
Dumque vigil Phrygios servat custodia muros
et vigil Argolicas servat custodia fossas,
150festa dies aderat, qua Cygni victor Achilles
Pallada mactatae placabat sanguine vaccae.
Cuius ut inposuit prosecta calentibus aris
et dis acceptus penetravit in aethera nidor,
sacra tulere suam, pars est data cetera mensis.
155Discubuere toris proceres et corpora tosta
carne replent vinoque levant curasque sitimque.
Non illos citharae, non illos carmina vocum
longave multifori delectat tibia buxi,
sed noctem sermone trahunt, virtusque loquendi
160materia est: pugnas referunt hostisque suasque,
inque vices adita atque exhausta pericula saepe
commemorare iuvat,— quid enim loqueretur Achilles,
aut quid apud magnum potius loquerentur Achillem?
Proxima praecipue domito victoria Cygno
165in sermone fuit. Visum mirabile cunctis,
quod iuvenis corpus nullo penetrabile telo
invictumque a vulnere erat ferrumque terebat.
Hoc ipse Aeacides, hoc mirabantur Achivi,
cum sic Nestor ait: “Vestro fuit unicus aevo
170contemptor ferri nulloque forabilis ictu
Cygnus. At ipse olim patientem vulnera mille
corpore non laeso Perrhaebum Caenea vidi,
Caenea Perrhaebum, qui factis inclitus Othryn
incoluit; quoque id mirum magis esset in illo,
175femina natus erat.” Monstri novitate feruntur
quisquis adest, narretque rogant. Quos inter Achilles:
“Dic age! nam cunctis eadem est audire voluntas,
o facunde senex, aevi prudentia nostri,
quis fuerit Caeneus, cur in contraria versus,
180qua tibi militia, cuius certamine pugnae
cognitus, a quo sit victus, si victus ab ullo est.”
Tum senior: “Quamvis obstet mihi tarda vetustas,
multaque me fugiant primis spectata sub annis,
plura tamen memini. Nec, quae magis haereat ulla
185pectore res nostro est inter bellique domique
acta tot. Ac siquem potuit spatiosa senectus
spectatorem operum multorum reddere, vixi
annos bis centum; nunc tertia vivitur aetas.
Clara decore fuit proles Elateia Caenis,
190Thessalidum virgo pulcherrima, perque propinquas
perque tuas urbes (tibi enim popularis, Achille),
multorum frustra votis optata procorum.
Temptasset Peleus thalamos quoque forsitan illos,
sed iam aut contigerant illi conubia matris,
195aut fuerant promissa, tuae. Nec Caenis in ullos
denupsit thalamos secretaque litora carpens
aequorei vim passa dei est (ita fama ferebat),
utque novae Veneris Neptunus gaudia cepit,
“sint tua vota licet” dixit “secura repulsae:
200elige, quid voveas!” (eadem hoc quoque fama ferebat).
“Magnum” Caenis ait “facit haec iniuria votum;
tale pati iam posse nihil; da, femina ne sim:
omnia praestiteris.” Graviore novissima dixit
verba sono, poteratque viri vox illa videri,
205sicut erat; nam iam voto deus aequoris alti
adnuerat dederatque super, ne saucius ullis
vulneribus fieri ferrove occumbere posset.
Munere laetus abit studiisque virilibus aevum
exigit Atracides Peneiaque arva pererrat.
There was a truce
for many days after this opening fight
while both sides resting, laid aside their arms.
A watchful guard patroled the Phrygian walls;
the Grecian trenches had their watchful guard.
Then, on a festal day, Achilles gave
the blood of a slain heifer to obtain
the favor of Athena for their cause.
The entrails burned upon the altar, while
the odor, grateful to the deities,
was mounting to the skies. When sacred rites
were done, a banquet for the heroes was
served on their tables. There the Grecian chiefs
reclined on couches; while they satisfied
themselves with roasted flesh, and banished cares:
and thirst with wine. Nor harp nor singing voice
nor long pipe made of boxwood pierced with holes,
delighted them. They talked of their own deeds
and valor, all that thrilling night: and even
the strength of enemies whom they had met
and overcome. What else could they admit
or think of, while the great Achilles spoke
or listened to them? But especially
the recent victory over Cygnus held
them ardent. Wonderful it seemed to them
that such a youth could be composed of flesh
not penetrable by the sharpest spear;
of flesh which blunted even hardened steel,
and never could be wounded. All the Greeks,
and even Achilles wondered at the thought.
Then Nestor said to them: “During your time,
Cygnus has been the only man you knew
who could despise all weapons and whose flesh
could not be pierced by thrust of sword or spear.
But long ago I saw another man
able to bear unharmed a thousand strokes,
Caeneus of Thessaly, Caeneus who lived
upon Mt. Othrys. He was famed in war
yet, strange to say, by birth he was a woman!”
Then all expressed the greatest wonderment,
and begged to hear the story of his life.
Achilles cried, “O eloquent old man!
The wisdom of our age! All of us wish
to hear, who was this Caeneus? Why was he
changed to the other sex? in what campaigns,
and in what wars was he so known to you?
Who conquered him, if any ever did?”
The aged man replied to them with care:—
“Although my great age is a harm to me,
and many actions of my early days
escape my memory; yet, most of them
are well remembered. Nothing of old days,
amid so many deeds of war and peace,
can be more firmly fixed upon my mind
than the strange story I shall tell of him.
“If long extent of years made anyone
a witness of most wonderful events
and many, truly I may say to you
that I have lived two hundred years; and now
have entered my third century.
The daughter of Elatus, Caenis, was
remarkable for charm—most beautiful
of all Thessalian maidens—many sighed
for her in vain through all the neighboring towns
and yours, Achilles, for that was her home.
But Peleus did not try to win her love,
for he was either married at that time
to your dear mother, or was pledged to her.
“Caenis never became the willing bride
of any suitor; but report declares,
while she was walking on a lonely shore,
the god of ocean saw and ravished her.
And in the joy of that love Neptune said,
‘Request of me whatever you desire,
and nothing shall deny your dearest wish!’—
the story tells us that he made this pledge.
And Caenis said to Neptune, ‘The great wrong,
which I have suffered from you justifies
the wonderful request that I must make;
I ask that I may never suffer such
an injury again. Grant I may be
no longer woman, and I'll ask no more.’
while she was speaking to him, the last words
of her strange prayer were uttered in so deep,
in such a manly tone, it seemed indeed
they must be from a man.—That was a fact:
Neptune not only had allowed her prayer
but made the new man proof against all wounds
of spear or sword. Rejoicing in the gift
he went his way as Caeneus Atracides,
spent years in every manful exercise,
and roamed the plains of northern Thessaly.
Nestor tells the story of Caeneus-Caenis

This battle brought about that truce, of many days duration, when both sides grounded their weapons and rested. While alert sentries patrolled the Trojan walls and alert sentries patrolled the Greek trenches, a feast day arrived, on which Achilles, the victor over Cycnus, was propitiating Pallas with the blood of a sacrificial cow. When its entrails had been placed on the blazing altars, and the perfume the gods love had climbed to the heavens, part was put aside for their holy rites, and the rest set out on the tables. The leaders reclined on couches, and ate their fill of the roasted meat, while they quenched their thirst, and drowned their cares, with wine. The zither, the sound of singing, the long boxwood flute pierced with many holes, was not their entertainment, rather they lengthened the night with talk, and courage was their theme. They talked of their enemies� battles, and of their own, and delighted in recounting, in turn, the dangers they had encountered and survived. What else should Achilles speak of, and what else should be spoken of in great Achilles�s presence?

The foremost talk was of his latest victory, the overthrow of Cycnus. It seemed wondrous to all of them that a warrior should have a body no spear could penetrate, impervious to wounds, and that blunted iron swords. Achilles himself and the Greeks were marvelling at it, when Nestor said: �Cycnus has been the only one among your generation who ignored swords, and whom no blow could pierce. But, long ago, I myself saw one Caeneus of Thessaly, who could take a thousand strokes with unwounded body: Thessalian Caeneus, I say, who, famous for his exploits, lived on Mount Othrys, and what made it more remarkable in him, he had been born� a woman.� All who there were interested by this strange wonder, and asked him to tell the story.

Achilles, among the rest, said: �Say on, old one! O ancient eloquence, wisdom of our age, all of us equally desire to hear, who Caeneus was, why he was changed to his opposite, what campaign you met him in, fighting against whom, by whom he was overcome, if anyone overcame him.� Then the old warrior said: �Though the slowness of age hampers me, and many things I once saw have slipped from me, I can still remember many. Nothing sticks more firmly in my mind than this, amongst all those acts, in battle and at home, and if length of years alone enabled a man to report many deeds, I have lived two hundred years: now I live in my third century.

�Elatus�s daughter, Caenis, loveliest of the virgins of Thessaly, was famous for her beauty, a girl longed for in vain, the object of many suitors throughout the neighbouring cities and your own (since she was one of your people, Achilles). Perhaps Peleus also would have tried to wed her, but he had already taken your mother in marriage, or she was promised to your father. Caenis would not agree to any marriage, but (so rumour has it) she was walking along a lonely beach, and the god took her by force. When Neptune had enjoyed his new love he said: �Make your wish, without fear of refusal. Ask for what you most want!� (The same rumour mentioned this.)

��This injury evokes the great desire never to be able to suffer any such again. Grant I might not be a woman: you will have given me everything,� Caenis said. She spoke the last words in a deeper tone, that might have been the sound of a man�s voice. So it was: the god of the deep ocean had already accepted her wish, and had granted, over and above it, that as a man Caeneus would be protected from all wounds, and never fall to the sword. Caeneus, the Atracides, left, happy with his gifts, and spent his time in manly pastimes, roaming the Thessalian fields.

210Duxerat Hippodamen audaci Ixione natus,
nubigenasque feros positis ex ordine mensis
arboribus tecto discumbere iusserat antro.
Haemonii proceres aderant, aderamus et ipsi,
festaque confusa resonabat regia turba.
215Ecce canunt Hymenaeon, et ignibus atria fumant,
cinctaque adest virgo matrum nuruumque caterva;
praesignis facie. Felicem diximus illa
coniuge Pirithoum: quod paene fefellimus omen.
Nam tibi, saevorum saevissime Centaurorum,
220Euryte, quam vino pectus, tam virgine visa
ardet, et ebrietas geminata libidine regnat.
Protinus eversae turbant convivia mensae,
raptaturque comis per vim nova nupta prehensis.
Eurytus Hippodamen, alii, quam quisque probabant,
225aut poterant, rapiunt, captaeque erat urbis imago.
Femineo clamore sonat domus: ocius omnes
surgimus, et primus “quae te vecordia,” Theseus
“Euryte, pulsat” ait, “qui me vivente lacessas
Pirithoum violesque duos ignarus in uno?”
230neve ea magnanimus frustra memoraverit ore,
submovet instantes raptamque furentibus aufert.
Ille nihil contra (neque enim defendere verbis
talia facta potest), sed vindicis ora protervis
insequitur manibus generosaque pectora pulsat.
235Forte fuit iuxta signis exstantibus asper
antiquus crater; quem vastum vastior ipso
sustulit Aegides adversaque misit in ora.
Sanguinis ille globos pariter cerebrumque merumque
vulnere et ore vomens madida resupinus harena
240calcitrat. Ardescunt germani caede bimembres
certatimque omnes uno ore “arma, arma” loquuntur.
Vina dabant animos, et prima pocula pugna
missa volant fragilesque cadi curvique lebetes,
res epulis quondam, tum bello et caedibus aptae.
“The son of bold Ixion, Pirithous
wedding Hippodame, had asked as guests
the cloud-born centaurs to recline around
the ordered tables, in a cool cave, set
under some shading trees. Thessalian chiefs
were there and I myself was with them there.
The festal place resounded with the rout
in noisy clamor, singing nuptial verse;
and in the great room, filled with smoking fire,
the maiden came escorted by a crowd
of matrons and young married women; she
most beautiful of all that lovely throng.
“And so Pirithous, the fortunate son,
of bold Ixion, was so praised by all,
for his pure joy and lovely wife,
it seemed his very blessings must have led
to fatal harm: for savage Eurytus,
wildest of the wild centaurs, now inflamed
with sudden envy, drunkenness, and lust,
upset the tables and made havoc there
so dreadful, that the banquet suddenly
was changed from love to uproar. Seized by the hair,
the bride was violently dragged away.
When Eurytus caught up Hippodame
each one of all the centaurs took at will
the maid or matron that he longed for most.
The palace, seeming like a captured town,
resounded with affrighted shrieks of women.
At once we all sprang up. And Theseus cried,
“What madness, Eurytus, has driven you
to this vile wickedness! While I have life,
you dare attack Pirithous. You know
not what you do, for one wrong injures both!’
The valiant hero did not merely talk:
he pushed them off as they were pressing on,
and rescued her whom Eurytus had seized.
Since Eurytus could not defend such deeds
with words, he turned and beat with violent hands
the face of him who saved the bride and struck
his generous breast. By chance, an ancient bowl
was near at hand. This rough with figures carved,
the son of Aegeus caught and hurled it full
in that vile centaur's face. He, spouting out
thick gouts of blood, and bleeding from his wounds—
his brains and wine mixed,—kicked the blood-soaked sand.
His double membered centaur brothers, wild
with passion at his death, all shouted out,
‘To arms! to arms!’ Their courage raised by wine!
In their first onset, hurled cups flew about,
Nestor tells of the battle of Lapiths and Centaurs

�Piritho�s, the daring son of Ixion, married Hippodame, and invited the cloud-born centaurs to take their place at tables, set in lines, in a tree-shaded cave. Caeneus, and the other Thessalian princes were there, and I was there myself. The festive palace echoed with the noisy crowd. See, they were singing the marriage song, and the great hall smoked with fires, and in came the virgin surrounded by a throng of young wives and mothers, conspicuous, in her beauty. We declared Piritho�s to be blessed in his bride, which almost betrayed his good fortune. For your heart was heated by the sight of the girl as much as by wine, Eurytus, most savage of the savage Centaurs: and drunkenness twinned with lust ruled it.

�At once the tables were overturned and the banquet in turmoil, and the new bride was grabbed by the hair and dragged off by force. Eurytus seized Hippodame: the others whosoever they wished to, or could, and it looked like the rape of a city. The palace sounded with women�s cries. We all leaped up quickly, and Theseus, first, shouted out: �What foolishness drives you to this, Eurytus, that you challenge Piritho�s in my presence, and unknowingly attack two in one? Lest his words were in vain, the brave hero pushed aside those threatening him, and rescued the girl from the madmen. The other made no reply (since he could not defend his actions with words) but attacked her champion, with violent hands, striking at his face and noble chest.

�There chanced to be an ancient mixing-bowl nearby, embossed with raised designs, and Theseus raised the huge thing, he himself being huger, and threw it straight at Eurytus�s face. He fell backwards, drumming his feet on the blood-soaked earth, gouts of blood spurting from mouth and wound equally, along with brain-matter and wine. His twin-natured brothers, taking fire at his death, emulated each other, in shouting: �To arms! To arms!� with a single voice. Wine gave them courage, and, in the first battle, cups, fragile jars, and round basins were sent flying, things intended for feasting, now used for fighting and killing.

245Primus Ophionides Amycus penetralia donis
haud timuit spoliare suis et primus ab aede
lampadibus densum rapuit funale coruscis,
elatumque alte, veluti qui candida tauri
rumpere sacrifica molitur colla securi,
250inlisit fronti Lapithae Celadontis et ossa
non cognoscendo confusa relinquit in ore.
Exsiluere oculi, disiectisque ossibus oris
acta retro naris medioque est fixa palato.
Hunc pede convulso mensae Pellaeus acernae
255stravit humi Pelates deiecto in pectora mento,
cumque atro mixtos sputantem sanguine dentes
vulnere Tartareas geminato mittit ad umbras.
Proximus ut steterat, spectans altaria vultu
fumida terribili “cur non” ait “utimur istis?”
260cumque suis Gryneus inmanem sustulit aram
ignibus et medium Lapitharum iecit in agmen
depressitque duos, Brotean et Orion: Orio
mater erat Mycale, quam deduxisse canendo
saepe reluctantis constabat cornua lunae.
265“Non inpune feres, teli modo copia detur!”
dixerat Exadius telique habet instar, in alta
quae fuerant pinu votivi cornua cervi.
Figitur hinc duplici Gryneus in lumina ramo
eruiturque oculos, quorum pars cornibus haeret,
270pars fluit in barbam concretaque sanguine pendet.
Ecce rapit mediis flagrantem Rhoetus ab aris
pruniceum torrem dextraque a parte Charaxi
tempora perstringit fulvo protecta capillo.
Correpti rapida, veluti seges arida, flamma
275arserunt crines, et vulnere sanguis inustus
terribilem stridore sonum dedit, ut dare ferrum
igne rubens plerumque solet, quod forcipe curva
cum faber eduxit, lacubus demittit: at illud
stridet et in tepida submersum sibilat unda.
280Saucius hirsutis avidum de crinibus ignem
excutit inque umeros limen tellure revulsum
tollit, onus plaustri, quod ne permittat in hostem,
ipsa facit gravitas: socium quoque saxea moles
oppressit spatio stantem propiore Cometen.
285Gaudia nec retinet Rhoetus: “Sic, conprecor,” inquit
“cetera sit fortis castrorum turba tuorum!”
semicremoque novat repetitum stipite vulnus,
terque quaterque gravi iuncturas verticis ictu
rupit, et in liquido sederunt ossa cerebro.
and shattered wine casks, hollow basins—things
before adapted to a banquet, now
for death and carnage in the furious fight.
Amycus first (Opinion's son) began to spoil
the inner sanctuary of its gifts.
He snatched up from that shrine a chandelier,
adorned with glittering lamps, and lifted high,
with all the force of one who strives to break
the bull s white neck with sacrificial axe,
he dashed it at the head of Celadon,
one of the Lapithae, and crushed his skull
into the features of his face. His eyes
leaped from his sockets, and the shattered bones
of his smashed face gave way so that his nose
was driven back and fastened in his throat.
But Belates of Pella tore away
a table-leg of maple wood and felled
Amycus to the ground; his sunken chin
cast down upon his breast; and, as he spat
his teeth out mixed with blood, a second blow
despatched him to the shades of Tartarus.
“Gryneus, seeing a smoking altar, cried,
‘Good use for this,’ with which words he raised up
that heavy, blazing altar. Hurling it
into the middle of the Lapithae,
he struck down Broteas and Orius:
Mycale, mother of that Orius,
was famous for her incantations,
which she had often used to conjure down
the shining twin-horns of the unwilling moon.
Exadius threatened, ‘You shall not escape!
Let me but have a weapon!’ And with that,
he whirled the antlers of a votive stag,
which he found there, hung on a tall pine-tree;
and with that double-branching horn he pierced
the eyes of Gryneus, and he gouged them out.
One eye stuck to the horn; the other rolled
down on his beard, to which it strictly clung
in dreadful clotted gore.
Then Rhoetus snatched
a blazing brand of plum-wood from an altar
and whirling it upon the right, smashed through
the temples of Charaxus, wonderful
with golden hair. Seized by the violent flames,
his yellow locks burned fiercely, as a field
of autumn grain; and even the scorching blood
gave from the sore wound a terrific noise
as a red-hot iron in pincers which the smith
lifts out and plunges in the tepid pool,
hissing and sizzling. Charaxus shook
the fire from his burnt locks; and heaved up on
his shoulders a large threshold stone torn from
the ground—a weight sufficient for a team
of oxen. The vast weight impeded him,
so that it could not even touch his foe—
and yet, the massive stone did hit his friend,
Cometes, who was standing near to him,
and crushed him down. Then Rhoetus, crazed with joy,
exulting yelled, ‘I pray that all of you
may be so strong!’ Wielding his half-burnt stake
with heavy blows again and again, he broke
the sutures of his enemy's skull, until
the bones were mingled with his oozing brains.
The deaths of Amycus, Gryneus, Cometes

�First, Amycus, son of Ophion, did not fear to despoil the inner shrine of its offerings, and snatched, first, from the sanctuary, a chandelier, thickly hung with gleaming lamps, and raising it on high, as one wields a sacrificial axe to break the bull�s snowy neck, he dashed it against the forehead of Celadon, the Lapith, leaving him with the bones of his face crushed past recognition. His eyes leapt from their sockets, and his nose, pushed in, as the bones of his face shattered, was driven into his palate. At this, Pelates of Pella, wrenching a leg from a maple-wood table, knocked Amycus to the ground, his chin driven into his chest: and his enemy sent him to the shadows of Tartarus with a second wound, as he spat out teeth, mixed with dark blood.

�Then Gryneus, standing near the smoking altar, gazing at it with wild eyes, shouted: �Why not put this to use?� and lifting the huge altar with its flames, he threw it into the midst of the crowd of Lapiths, crushing two of them, Broteas and Orios: Orios�s mother was Mycale, who was often known to draw down the horned moon by her incantations despite its struggles. �You will not escape with impunity, if I can find a weapon.� said Exadius, who found the equivalent of a spear in a stag�s antlers that hung on a tall pine tree, as a votive offering. Gryneus was pierced in the eyes by the twin branches, and his eyeballs gouged out, one of which stuck to the horn, and the other slipped down onto his beard, and hung there in a clot of blood.

�Then Rhoetus snatched up a burning brand from the altar, wood from a plum tree, and swinging it down from the right hand side, broke Charaxus�s temples protected by yellow hair. The hair flared like a dry cornfield, set alight by the quick flames, and the blood seared in the wound gave out a terrible sizzling noise, as a bar of iron is prone to do, when the smith takes it, red-hot, from the fire, with curved tongs, and plunges it into a bath of water: it whistles and hisses immersed in the bubbling liquid.

�The wounded man shook the rapacious flames from his shaggy hair, and tearing a stone sill from the ground lifted it on his shoulders, a load for oxen, its very weight preventing him from hurling it as far as his enemy: but the mass of stone crushed his friend Cometes, who was standing nearer. Rhoetus could not contain his delight, saying: �May the rest of the crowd on your side be as formidable as that!� and he renewed his attack with the half-burned branch, and with three or four heavy blows broke through the joints of his skull until the bones sank into the fluid brain.

290Victor ad Euagrum Corythumque Dryantaque transit;
e quibus ut prima tectus lanugine malas
procubuit Corythus, “puero quae gloria fuso
parta tibi est?” Euagrus ait, nec dicere Rhoetus
plura sinit rutilasque ferox in aperta loquentis
295condidit ora viri perque os in pectora flammas.
Te quoque, saeve Drya, circum caput igne rotato
insequitur; sed non in te quoque constitit idem
exitus: adsiduae successu caedis ovantem,
qua iuncta est umero cervix, sude figis obusta.
300Ingemuit duroque sudem vix osse revellit
Rhoetus et ipse suo madefactus sanguine fugit.
Fugit et Orneus Lycabasque et saucius armo
dexteriore Medon et cum Pisenore Thaumas,
quique pedum nuper certamine vicerat omnes
305Mermeros (accepto tum vulnere tardius ibat!),
et Pholus et Melaneus et Abas praedator aprorum,
quique suis frustra bellum dissuaserat augur,
Astylos: ille etiam metuenti vulnera Nesso
“ne fuge! ad Herculeos” inquit “servaberis arcus.”
310At non Eurynomus Lycidasque et Areos et Imbreus
effugere necem: quos omnes dextra Dryantis
perculit adversos. Adversum tu quoque, quamvis
terga fugae dederas, vulnus, Crenaee, tulisti;
nam grave respiciens inter duo lumina ferrum,
315qua naris fronti committitur, accipis, imae.
In tanto fremitu cunctis sine fine iacebat
sopitus venis et inexperrectus Aphidas
languentique manu carchesia mixta tenebat,
fusus in Ossaeae villosis pellibus ursae.
320Quem procul ut vidit frustra nulla arma moventem,
inserit amento digitos “miscenda” que dixit
“cum Styge vina bibes!” Phorbas; nec plura moratus
in iuvenem torsit iaculum, ferrataque collo
fraxinus, ut casu iacuit resupinus, adacta est.
325Mors caruit sensu, plenoque e gutture fluxit
inque toros inque ipsa niger carchesia sanguis.
“Victorious, then rushed he upon Evagrus,
and Corythus and Dryas. First of these
was youthful Corythus, whose cheeks were then
just covered with soft down. When he fell dead,
Evagrus cried, ‘What glory do you get,
killing a boy?’ But Rhoetus did not give
him time for uttering one word more. He pushed
the red hot stake into the foeman's mouth,
while he still spoke, and down into his lungs.
He then pursued the savage Dryas, while
whirling the red fire fast about his head;
but not with like success, for, while he still
rejoiced in killings, Dryas turned and pierced
him with a stake where neck and shoulder meet.
“Rhoetus groaned and with a great effort pulled
the stake out from the bone, then fled away,
drenched in his blood. And Orneus followed him.
Lycabas fled, and Medon with a wound
in his right shoulder. Thaumas and Pisenor
and Mermerus fled with them. Mermerus,
who used to excell all others in a race,
ran slowly, crippled by a recent wound.
Pholus and Melaneus ran for their lives
and with them Abas, hunter of wild boars
and Asbolus, the augur, who in vain
had urged his friends to shun that hapless fight.
As Nessus joined the rout, he said to him,
‘You need not flee, for you shall be reserved
a victim for the bow of Hercules!’
but neither Lycidas, Eurynomus
nor Areos, nor Imbreus had escaped
from death: for all of these the strong right hand
of Dryas pierced, as they confronted him.
Crenaeus there received a wound in front.
Although he turned in flight, as he looked back,
a heavy javelin between his eyes
pierced through him, where his nose and forehead joined.
“In all this uproar, Aphidas lay flat,
in endless slumber from the wine he drank,
incessant, and his nerveless hand still held
the cup of mixed wine, as he lay full stretched,
upon a shaggy bear-skin from Mount Ossa.
When Phorbas saw him, harmless in that sleep,
he laid his fingers in his javelin's thong,
and shouted loudly, ‘Mix your wine, down there,
with waters of the Styx!’ And stopping talk,
let fly his javelin at the sleeping youth—
the ashen shaft, iron-tipped, was driven through
his neck, exposed, as he by chance lay there—
his head thrown back. He did not even feel
a touch of death—and from his deep-pierced throat
his crimson blood flowed out upon the couch,
The deaths of Corythus, Aphidas and others

�The victor turned his attention to Euagrus, Corythus and Dryas. When Corythus, one of these, fell, whose first downy hair covered his cheeks, Euagrus cried: �What glory is there on your part in shedding the blood of a boy?� Rhoetus stopped him from speaking, thrusting the fiery flames into the man�s open mouth, and down his throat. He pursued you, also, savage Dryas, whirling the branch round his head, but with a different result. As Rhoetus came on exulting in the succession of killings, you ran him through with a charred stake, where neck and shoulder meet. Rhoetus groaned and with an effort wrenched the stake out of the solid bone: then he ran, drenched in his own blood. Orneus and Lycabas, also ran; Medon, wounded in the right shoulder; Thaumas and Pisenor; and Mermeros who had recently overcome everyone by his fleetness of foot, and now ran more slowly from the wound he had suffered. Pholus, Melaneus, and Abas the boar-hunter also fled, and Asbolus, the augur, who had vainly tried to dissuade them from fighting. To Nessus, who also ran with him, fearful of being wounded, he said: �Do not flee! You are fated to be preserved for Hercules�s bow.� But Eurynomus, and Lycidas, Areos and Imbreus did not escape death: all these Dryas�s hand killed as they fronted him. You also received a wound in front, Crenaeus, though you had turned your back in flight: as you looked back the heavy blade took you between the eyes, where nose and forehead meet.

�Aphidas lay amongst the intense noise, without waking, all his strength sunk in endless sleep, still holding a cup of mixed wine, in his limp hand, stretched out on the shaggy skin of a bear from Mount Ossa. Phorbas caught sight of him at a distance, uselessly idle in the fight, and fitting his fingers into the strap of his javelin said: �Go drink your wine mixed with the waters of Styx.� Without hesitating he hurled his spear at the youth, and the ash shaft tipped with iron was driven through his neck, as he chanced to be lying with his head thrown back. He did not feel death, and the black blood flowed from his welling throat, onto the couch and into the wine-cup itself.�

Vidi ego Petraeum conantem tollere terra
glandiferam quercum; quam dum conplexibus ambit
et quatit huc illuc labefactaque robora iactat,
330lancea Pirithoi costis inmissa Petraei
pectora cum duro luctantia robore fixit.
Pirithoi cecidisse Lycum virtute ferebant,
Pirithoi virtute Chromin. Sed uterque minorem
victori titulum quam Dictys Helopsque dederunt:
335fixus Helops iaculo, quod pervia tempora fecit
et missum a dextra laevam penetravit ad aurem;
Dictys, ab ancipiti delapsus acumine montis,
dum fugit instantem trepidans Ixione natum,
decidit in praeceps et pondere corporis ornum
340ingentem fregit suaque induit ilia fractae.
Victor adest Aphareus saxumque e monte revulsum
mittere conatur: mittentem stipite querno
occupat Aegides cubitique ingentia frangit
ossa; nec ulterius dare corpus inutile leto
345aut vacat aut curat tergoque Bienoris alti
insilit haud solito quemquam portare nisi ipsum,
opposuitque genu costis prensamque sinistra
caesariem retinens vultum minitantiaque ora
robore nodoso praeduraque tempora fregit:
350robore Nedymnum iaculatoremque Lycopen
sternit et inmissa protectum pectora barba
Hippason et summis exstantem Riphea silvis
Thereaque, Haemoniis qui prensos montibus ursos
ferre domum vivos indignantesque solebat.
355Haud tulit utentem pugnae successibus ultra
Thesea Demoleon: solido divellere dumo
annosam pinum magno molimine temptat;
quod quia non potuit, praefractam misit in hostem.
Sed procul a telo Theseus veniente recessit
360Pallados admonitu: credi sic ipse volebat.
Non tamen arbor iners cecidit; nam Crantoris alti
abscidit iugulo pectusque umerumque sinistrum.
Armiger ille tui fuerat genitoris, Achille,
quem Dolopum rector, bello superatus, Amyntor
365Aeacidae dederat pacis pignusque fidemque.
Hunc procul ut foedo disiectum vulnere Peleus
vidit, “at inferias, iuvenum gratissime Crantor,
accipe” ait, validoque in Demoleonta lacerto
fraxineam misit, mentis quoque viribus, hastam.
370Quae laterum cratem praerupit et ossibus haerens
intremuit. Trahit ille manu sine cuspide lignum
(id quoque vix sequitur), cuspis pulmone retenta est.
Ipse dolor vires animo dabat: aeger in hostem
erigitur pedibusque virum proculcat equinis.
375Excipit ille ictus galea clipeoque sonanti
defensatque umeros praetentaque sustinet arma
perque armos uno duo pectora perforat ictu.
Ante tamen leto dederat Phlegraeon et Hylen
eminus, Iphinoum conlato Marte Claninque;
380additur his Dorylas, qui tempora tecta gerebat
pelle lupi saevique vicem praestantia teli
cornua vara boum multo rubefacta cruore.
Huic ego (nam vires animus dabat) “adspice,” dixi,
“quantum concedant nostro tua cornua ferro!”
385et iaculum torsi; quod cum vitare nequiret,
opposuit dextram passurae vulnera fronti:
adfixa est cum fronte manus. Fit clamor, at illum
haerentem Peleus et acerbo vulnere victum
(stabat enim propior) mediam ferit ense sub alvum.
390Prosiluit terraque ferox sua viscera traxit
tractaque calcavit calcataque rupit et illis
crura quoque inpediit et inani concidit alvo.
and in the wine-bowl still grasped in his hand.
“I saw Petraeus when he strove to tear
up from the earth, an acorn-bearing oak.
And, while he struggled with it, back and forth,
and was just ready to wrench up the trunk,
Pirithous hurled a well aimed spear at him,
transfixed his ribs, and pinned his body tight,
writhing, to that hard oak: and Lycus fell
and Chromis fell, before Pirithous.
“They gave less glory to the conqueror
than Helops or than Dictys. Helops was
killed by a javelin, which pierced his temples
from the right side, clear through to his left ear.
And Dictys, running in a desperate haste,
hoping in vain, to escape Ixion's son,
slipped on the steep edge of a precipice;
and, as he fell down headlong crashed into
the top of a huge ash-tree, which impaled
his dying body on its broken spikes.
“Aphareus, eager to avenge him tried
to lift a rock from that steep mountain side;
but as he heaved, the son of Aegeus struck
him squarely with an oaken club; and smashed,
and broke the huge bones of that centaur's arm.
He has no time, and does not want to give
that useless foe to death. He leaps upon
the back of tall Bienor, never trained
to carry riders, and he fixed his knees
firm in the centaur's ribs, and holding tight
to the long hair, seized by his left hand, struck
and shattered the hard features and fierce face
and bony temples with his club of gnarled
strong oak. And with it, he struck to the ground
Nedymnus and Lycopes, dart expert,
and Hippasus, whose beard hid all his breast.
And Rhipheus taller than the highest trees
and Thereus, who would carry home alive
the raging bears, caught in Thessalian hills.
Demoleon could no longer stand and look
on Theseus and his unrestrained success.
He struggled with vast effort to tear up
an old pine, trunk and all, with its long roots,
and, failing shortly in that first attempt,
he broke it off and hurled it at his foe.
But Theseus saw the pine tree in its flight
and, warned by Pallas, got beyond its range—
his boast was, Pallas had directed him!
And yet, the missle was not launched in vain.
It sheared the left shoulder and the breast
from tall Crantor. He, Achilles, was
your father's armor bearer and was given
by King Amyntor, when he sued for peace.
“When Peleus at a distance saw him torn
and mangled, he exclaimed, ‘At least receive
this sacrifice, O Crantor! most beloved!
Dearest of young men!’ And with sturdy arm
and all his strength of soul as well, he hurled
his ashen lance against Demoleon,
which piercing through his shivered ribs, hung there
and quivered in the bones. The centaur wrenched
the wooden shaft out, with his frenzied hands,
but could not move the pointed head, which stuck
within his lungs. His very anguish gave
him such a desperation, that he rose
against his foe and trampled and beat down
the hero with his hoofs, Peleus allowed
the blows to fall on helm and ringing shield.
Protected so, he watched his time and thrust
up through the centaur's shoulder. By one stroke
he pierced two breasts, where horse and man-form met.
Before this, Peleus with the spear had killed
both Myles and Phlegraeus and with the sword
Iphinous and Clanis. Now he killed
Dorylas, who was clad in a wolfskin cap
and fought with curving bull's horns dripping blood.
“To him I said, for courage gave me strength,
‘Your horns! how much inferior to my steel!’—
and threw my spear. Since he could not avoid
the gleaming point, he held up his right hand
to shield his forehead from the threatened wound.
His hand was pierced and pinned against his forehead.
He shouted madly. Peleus, near him while
he stood there pinned and helpless with his wound,
struck him with sharp sword in the belly deep.
He leaped forth fiercely, as he trailed his bowels
upon the ground, with his entangled legs
treading upon them, bursting them, he fell
with empty belly, lifeless to the earth.
“Cyllarus, beauty did not save your life—
if beauty is in any of your tribe—
your golden beard was in its early growth,
your golden hair came flowing to your shoulders.
in your bright face there was a pleasing glance.
The neck and shoulders and the hands and breast,:
Piritho�s, Theseus and Peleus join the fight

�I saw Petraeus trying to tear an oak-tree full of acorns from the ground. While he had his arms round it, bending it this way and that, and shaking the loosened trunk, Piritho�s sent a lance through his ribs, and pinned his writhing body to the hard wood. They say that Lycus fell by Piritho�s�s might, and Chromis by Piritho�s�s might, but Dictys and Helops gave the victor a greater title to fame. Helops was transfixed by a javelin that passed through both temples; hurled from the right and piercing the left ear. Dictys, fleeing in desperate panic, pressed hard by Ixion�s son, stumbled on a mountain height, and fell headlong, breaking a huge flowering ash with the weight of his body, and entangling his entrails in the shattered tree.

�Aphareus was there, his avenger, who tried to hurl a rock torn from the mountainside: but as he tried Theseus, the son of Aegeus, caught him with his oaken club and broke the massive bones of his elbow. Having neither time nor desire to inflict further injury on his worthless body, he leaped onto tall Bienor�s back, unused to carrying anything but its owner, and, pressing his knees into the centaur�s flanks, and clutching the mane with his left hand, he shattered the face, the mouth uttering threats, and the solid temples, with his knotted club. With the club he overthrew Nedymnus, and Lycopes the javelin-thrower; Hippasos, his chest protected by a flowing beard, and Ripheus, who towered above the treetops; Thereus, also, who used to take bears on the mountain slopes of Thessaly, and carry them home angry and alive.

�Demoleon could no longer stand the success Theseus was enjoying: he had been trying, with great effort, to tear up the solid trunk of an ancient pine. Unable to do it, he broke it off and hurled it at the enemy. But Theseus drew well away from the oncoming missile, warned by Pallas, or so he would have us believe. The tree trunk did not fall without effect, since it severed tall Crantor�s chest and left shoulder from the neck. He was your father�s armour bearer, Achilles, whom Amyntor king of the Dolopians, having been defeated in battle, gave to Peleus, the Aeacides, as a true pledge of peace.

�When Peleus, some distance away, saw him torn apart by the frightful wound he shouted: �Accept this tribute to the dead, at least, Crantor, dearest of youths, � and with his powerful arm, he hurled his ash spear, at full strength, at Demoleon.� It ruptured the ribcage, and stuck quivering in the bone. The centaur pulled out the shaft minus its head (he tried with difficulty to reach that also) but the head was caught in his lung. The pain itself strengthened his will: wounded, he reared up at his enemy and beat the hero down with his hooves. Peleus received the resounding blows on helmet and shield, and defending his upper arms, and controlling the weapon he held out, with one blow through the arm he pierced the bi-formed breast.

�Peleus had already, before this, killed Phlegraeos and Hyles, from a distance, and Iphino�s and Clanis in close conflict. He added Dorylas to these, who wore a wolfskin cap on his head, and instead of a deadly spear, carried a magnificent pair of crooked bull�s horns, dyed red with copious blood.

�I shouted to him (my courage giving me strength) �See how your horns give way before my spear� and I threw my javelin. Since he could not evade it, he blocked a wound to his forehead with his right hand, and his hand was pinned to his forehead. He screamed, but Peleus (as he stood near him) struck him with his sword in mid-stomach, as he came to a halt there, overcome by the harsh wound. Dorylas leapt forward fiercely, dragging his guts on the ground, and as he dragged he trampled them, and as he trampled he tore them, entangled his legs in them, and fell, with emptied belly.

Nec te pugnantem tua, Cyllare, forma redemit,
si modo naturae formam concedimus illi:
395barba erat incipiens, barbae color aureus, aurea
ex umeris medios coma dependebat in armos.
Gratus in ore vigor; cervix umerique manusque
pectoraque artificum laudatis proxima signis,
et quacumque vir est; nec equi mendosa sub illo
400deteriorque viro facies: da colla caputque,
Castore dignus erit; sic tergum sessile, sic sunt
pectora celsa toris. Totus pice nigrior atra;
candida cauda tamen, color est quoque cruribus albus.
Multae illum petiere sua de gente, sed una
405abstulit Hylonome, qua nulla decentior inter
semiferos altis habitavit femina silvis.
Haec et blanditiis et amando et amare fatendo
Cyllaron una tenet; cultus quoque, quantus in illis
esse potest membris, ut sit coma pectine levis,
410ut modo rore maris, modo se violave rosave
inplicet, interdum candentia lilia gestet,
bisque die lapsis Pagasaeae vertice silvae
fontibus ora lavet, bis flumine corpora tingat,
nec nisi quae deceant electarumque ferarum
415aut umero aut lateri praetendat vellera laevo.
Par amor est illis: errant in montibus una,
antra simul subeunt; et tum Lapitheia tecta
intrarant pariter, pariter fera bella gerebant.
Auctor in incerto est: iaculum de parte sinistra
420venit et inferius qua collo pectora subsunt,
Cyllare, te fixit; parvo cor vulnere laesum
corpore cum toto post tela educta refrixit.
Protinus Hylonome morientes excipit artus
inpositaque manu vulnus fovet oraque ad ora
425admovet atque animae fugienti obsistere temptat.
Ut videt exstinctum, dictis, quae clamor ad aures
arcuit ire meas, telo, quod inhaeserat illi,
incubuit moriensque suum conplexa maritum est.
and every aspect of his human form
resembled those admired statues which
our gifted artists carve. Even the shape
of the fine horse beneath the human form
was perfect too. Give him the head and neck
of a full-blooded horse, and he would seem
a steed for Castor, for his back was shaped
so comfortable to be sat upon
and muscle swelled upon his arching chest.
His lustrous body was as black as pitch,
and yet his legs and flowing tail
were white as snow.
Many a female of his kind
loved him, but only Hylonome gained
his love. There was no other centaur maid
so beautiful as she within the woods.
By coaxing ways she had won Cyllarus,
by loving and confessing love. By daintiness,
so far as that was possible in one
of such a form, she held his love; for now
she smoothed her long locks with a comb; and now
she decked herself with rosemary and now
with violets or with roses in her hair;
and sometimes she wore lilies, white as snow;
and twice each day she bathed her lovely face,
in the sweet stream that falls down from the height
of wooded Pagasa; and daily, twice
she dipped her body in the stream. She wore
upon her shoulders and left side a skin,
greatly becoming, of selected worth.
“Their love was equal, and together they
would wander over mountain-sides, and rest
together in cool caves; and so it was,
they went together to that palace-cave,
known to the Lapithae. Together they
fought fiercely in this battle, side by side.
Thrown by an unknown hand, a javelin pierced
Cyllarus, just below the fatal spot
where the chest rises to the neck—his heart,
though only slightly wounded, grew quite cold,
and his whole body felt cold, afterwards,
as quickly as the weapon was drawn out.
Then Hylonome held in her embrace
the dying body; fondled the dread wound
and, fixing her lips closely to his lips
endeavored to hold back his dying breath.
But soon she saw that he indeed was dead.
With mourning words, which clamor of the fight
prevented me from hearing, she threw herself
on the spear that pierced her Cyllarus and fell
upon his breast, embracing him in death.
Cyllarus and Hylonome

�Nor did your beauty, Cyllarus, if indeed we attribute beauty to your centaur race, save you in the fighting.

�His beard was beginning to show; a beard the colour of gold; and a golden mane fell from his shoulders half way down his flanks. He had a liveliness of expression that was pleasing; his neck and shoulders, chest and hands, and all his human parts, you would praise as almost sculpted by an artist. Nor was the equine part below marred, or inferior to the human: give him a horse�s head and neck and he would be worthy of a Castor, the back so fit for a rider, the deep chest so muscular. He was blacker than pitch all over, except for a white tail, and legs also snow-white.

�Many females of his race courted him, but one, Hylonome, won him, none lovelier, among the female centaurs, in the deep forests. She alone held Cyllarus�s affections, by endearments, by loving and admitting love; and by her appearance, as far as those limbs allow its cultivation: now she would smooth her mane with a comb, now entwine it with rosemary, now violets or roses: or else she wore bright lilies. She bathed her face twice a day in the spring that fell from the woods, on the heights near Pagasae, twice dipped her body in the stream. She would wear only selected skins of wild beasts that became her, over her shoulder or across her left flank. Their love was equally shared. They wandered the mountainsides together, rested at the same time in caves: and now they had both come to the palace of the Lapiths, and both fought fiercely.

�A javelin (who threw it is unknown) came from the left and took you, Cyllarus, below the place where the chest swells to the neck. When the weapon was withdrawn the heart, though only slightly pierced, grew cold with the whole body. Immediately Hylonome clasped the dying limbs, sealed the wound with her hand, placed her mouth on his, and tried to prevent the passage of his spirit. Seeing he was dead, with words that the noise prevented from reaching my ears, she threw herself onto the spear that had pierced him, embracing her husband in dying.�

Ante oculos stat et ille meos, qui sena leonum
430vinxerat inter se conexis vellera nodis,
Phaeocomes, hominemque simul protectus equumque.
Codice qui misso, quem vix iuga bina moverent,
Tectaphon Oleniden a summo vertice fregit.
fracta volubilitas capitis latissima, perque os
435perque cavas nares oculosque auresque cerebrum
molle fluit veluti concretum vimine querno
lac solet, utve liquor rari sub pondere cribri
manat et exprimitur per densa foramina spissus.
Ast ego, dum parat hic armis nudare iacentem,
440(scit tuus hoc genitor) gladium spoliantis in ima
ilia demisi. Chthonius quoque Teleboasque
ense iacent nostro: ramum prior ille bifurcum
gesserat, hic iaculum; iaculo mihi vulnera fecit:
signa vides! adparet adhuc vetus inde cicatrix.
445Tunc ego debueram capienda ad Pergama mitti,
tum poteram magni, si non superare, morari
Hectoris arma meis! Illo sed tempore nullus,
aut puer Hector erat, nunc me mea deficit aetas.
Quid tibi victorem gemini Periphanta Pyraethi,
450Ampyca quid referam, qui quadrupedantis Echecli
fixit in adverso cornum sine cuspide vultu?
Vecte Pelethronium Macareus in pectus adacto
stravit Erigdupum, memini et venabula condi
inguine Nesseis manibus coniecta Cymeli.
455Nec tu credideris tantum cecinisse futura
Ampyciden Mopsum: Mopso iaculante biformis
accubuit frustraque loqui temptavit Hodites
ad mentum lingua mentoque ad guttura fixo.
Quinque neci Caeneus dederat, Styphelumque Bromumque
460Antimachumque Elymumque securiferumque Pyraechmen:
vulnera non memini, numerum nomenque notavi.
Provolat Emathii spoliis armatus Alesi,
quem dederat leto, membris et corpore Latreus
maximus: huic aetas inter iuvenemque senemque,
465vis iuvenalis erat, variabant tempora cani.
Qui clipeo gladioque Macedoniaque sarisa
conspicuus faciemque obversus in agmen utrumque
armaque concussit certumque equitavit in orbem
verbaque tot fudit vacuas animosus in auras:
470“Et te, Caeni, feram? Nam tu mihi femina semper,
tu mihi Caenis eris. Nec te natalis origo
commonuit, mentemque subit, quo praemia facto
quaque viri falsam speciem mercede parasti?
Quid sis nata, vide, vel quid sis passa, columque,
475i, cape cum calathis et stamina pollice torque:
bella relinque viris.” Iactanti talia Caeneus
extentum cursu missa latus eruit hasta,
qua vir equo commissus erat. Furit ille dolore
nudaque Phyllei iuvenis ferit ora sarisa.
480Non secus haec resilit, quam tecti a culmine grando,
aut siquis parvo feriat cava tympana saxo.
Comminus adgreditur laterique recondere duro
luctatur gladium: gladio loca pervia non sunt.
“Haud tamen effugies! medio iugulaberis ense,
485quandoquidem mucro est hebes” inquit et in latus ensem
obliquat longaque amplectitur ilia dextra.
Plaga facit gemitus in corpore marmoris icti,
fractaque dissiluit percusso lammina callo.
Ut satis inlaesos miranti praebuit artus,
490“nunc age,” ait Caeneus, “nostro tua corpora ferro
temptemus!” capuloque tenus demisit in armos
ensem fatiferum caecumque in viscera movit
versavitque manu vulnusque in vulnere fecit.
Ecce ruunt vasto rabidi clamore bimembres
495telaque in hunc omnes unum mittuntque feruntque.
Tela retusa cadunt: manet inperfossus ab omni
inque cruentatus Caeneus Elateius ictu.
Fecerat attonitos nova res. “Heu dedecus ingens!”
Monychus exclamat, “populus superamur ab uno
500vixque viro: quamquam ille vir est, nos segnibus actis
quod fuit ille, sumus! Quid membra inmania prosunt?
Quid geminae vires et quod fortissima rerum
in nobis duplex natura animalia iunxit?
Nec nos matre dea, nec nos Ixione natos
505esse reor, qui tantus erat, Iunonis ut altae
spem caperet: nos semimari superamur ab hoste!
Saxa trabesque super totosque involvite montes
vivacemque animam missis elidite silvis!
silva premat fauces, et erit pro vulnere pondus.”
510Dixit et insanis deiectam viribus austri
forte trabem nactus validum coniecit in hostem
exemplumque fuit, parvoque in tempore nudus
arboris Othrys erat, nec habebat Pelion umbras.
Obrutus inmani tumulo sub pondere Caeneus
515aestuat arboreo congestaque robora duris
fert umeris. Sed enim postquam super ora caputque
crevit onus neque habet, quas ducat, spiritus auras,
deficit interdum, modo se super aera frustra
tollere conatur iactasque evolvere silvas,
520interdumque movet, veluti, quam cernimus, ecce,
ardua si terrae quatiatur motibus Ide.
Exitus in dubio est: alii sub inania corpus
Tartara detrusum silvarum mole ferebant;
abnuit Ampycides medioque ex aggere fulvis
525vidit avem pennis liquidas exire sub auras,
quae mihi tum primum, tunc est conspecta supremum.
Hanc ubi lustrantem leni sua castra volatu
Mopsus et ingenti circum clangore sonantem
adspexit pariterque animis oculisque secutus
530“o salve” dixit, “Lapithaeae gloria gentis,
maxime vir quondam, sed nunc avis unica, Caeneu!”
Credita res auctore suo est: dolor addidit iram,
oppressumque aegre tulimus tot ab hostibus unum;
nec prius abstitimus ferro exercere dolorem,
535quam data pars leto, partem fuga noxque removit.”
“Another sight still comes before my eyes,
the centaur Phaeocomes with his log.
He wore six lion skins well wrapped around
his body, and with fixed connecting knots
they covered him, both horse and man. He hurled
a trunk two yokes of oxen scarce could move
and struck the hapless son of Olenus
a crushing blow upon the head. The broad
round dome was shattered, and his dying brains
oozed out through hollow nostrils, mouth, and ears,
as curdled milk seeps down through oaken twigs;
or other liquors, crushed out under weights,
flow through a well-pierced sieve and, thick,
squeeze out through numerous holes.
As he began
to spoil his victim—and your father can
affirm the truth of this—I thrust my sword
deep in the wretch's groin. Chthonius, too,
and Teleboas fell there by my sword.
The former had a two-pronged stick as his
sole weapon, and the other had a spear,
with which the wounded me. You see the scar.
The old scar still is surely visible!
“Those were my days of youth and strength, and then
I ought to have warred against the citadel
of Pergama. I could have checked, or even
vanquished, the arms of Hector: but, alas,
Hector had not been born, or was perhaps
a boy. Old age has dulled my youthful strength.
What use is it, to speak of Periphas,
who overcame Pyretus, double-formed?
Why tell of Ampyx, who with pointless shaft,
victorious thrust Echeclus through the face?
Macareus, hurling a heavy crowbar pierced
Erigdupus and laid him low.
A hunting spear that Nessus strongly hurled,
was buried in the groin of Cymelus.
Do not believe that Mopsus, son of Ampycus,
was merely a prophet of events to come,
he slew a daring two-formed monster there.
Hodites tried in vain to speak, before
his death, but could not, for his tongue was nailed
against his chin, his chin against his throat.
“Five of the centaurs Caeneus put to death:
Styphelus, Bromus, and Antimachus,
Elymus, and Pyracmos with his axe.
I have forgot their wounds but noted well
their names and number. Latreus, huge of limb,
had killed and stripped Emathian Halesus.
Now in his armor he came rushing out,
in years he was between old age and youth;
but he retained the vigor of his youth;
his temples showed his hair was mixed with grey.
Conspicuous for his Macedonian lance
and sword and shield, facing both sides—each way,
he insolently clashed his arms; and while
he rode poured out these words in empty air.
“ ‘Shall I put up with one like you, O Caeneus?
For you are still a woman in my sight.
Have you forgot your birth or that disgrace
by which you won reward—at what a price
you got the false resemblance to a man?!
Consider both your birth, and what you have
submitted to! Take up a distaff, and
wool basket! Twist your threads with practiced thumb!
Leave warfare to your men!’
“While puffed-up pride
was vaunting out such nonsense, Caeneus hurled
a spear and pierced the stretched out running side,
just where the man was joined upon the horse.
“The Centaur, Latreus, raved with pain and struck
with his great pike, the face of Caeneus.
His pike rebounded as the hail that slants
up from the roof; or as a pebble might
rebound from hollow drum. Then coming near,
he tried to drive a sword into the hard side
of Caeneus, but it could not make a wound.
‘Aha!’ he cried, ‘this will not get you off.
The good edge of my sword will take your life,
although the point is blunt!’ He turned the edge
against the flank of Caeneus and swung round
the hero's loins with his long, curving arm.
The flesh resounded like a marble block,
the keen blade shattered on the unyielding skin.
“And, after Caeneus had exposed his limbs
unhurt to Latreus, who stood there amazed,
‘Come now,’ he said, ‘and let us try my steel
against your body!’ And, clear to the hilt,
down through the monster's shoulder-blade he plunged
his deadly sword and, turning it again,
deep in the Centaur's entrails, made new wounds
within his wound.
“Then, quite beside themselves,
the double-natured monsters rushed against
that single-handed youth with huge uproar,
and thrust and hurled their weapons all at him.
Their blunted weapons fell and he remained
unharmed and without even a mark.”
“That strange sight left them speechless. ‘Oh what shame!’
at length cried Monychus, ‘Our mighty host,—
a nation of us, are defeated and defied
by one who hardly is a man. Although
indeed, he is a man, and we have proved,
by our weak actions, we are certainly
what he was! Shame on us! Oh, what if we
have twofold strength, of what avail our huge
and mighty limbs, doubly united in
the strongest, hugest bodies in this world?
And how can I believe that we were born
of any goddess? It is surely vain
to claim descent of great Ixion, who
high-souled, sought Juno for his mighty mate;
imagine it, while we are conquered by
an enemy, who is but half a man!
Wake up! and let us heap tree-trunks and stones
and mountains on him! Crush his stubborn life!
Let forests smother him to death! Their weight
will be as deadly as a hundred wounds!’
“While he was raving, by some chance he found
a tree thrown down there by the boisterous wind:
example to the rest, he threw that tree
against the powerful foe; and in short time
Othrys was bare of trees, and Pelion had no shade.
Buried under that mountainous forest heap,
Caeneus heaved up against the weight of oaks
upon his brawny shoulders piled. But, as
the load increased above his face and head,
he could not draw a breath. Gasping for life,
he strove to lift his head into the air,
and sometimes he convulsed the towering mass,
as if great Ida, now before our eyes,
should tremble with some heaving of the earth.
“What happened to him could not well be known.
Some thought his body was borne down by weight
into the vast expanse of Tartarus.
The son of Ampycus did not agree,
for from the middle of the pile we saw
a bird with golden wings mount high in air.
Before or since, I never saw the like.
“When Mopsus was aware of that bird's flight—
it circled round the camp on rustling wings—
with eyes and mind he followed it and shouted aloud:
‘Hail, glory of the Lapithaean race,
their greatest hero, now a bird unique!’
and we believed the verdict of the seer.
“Our grief increased resentment, and we bore
it with disgust that one was overwhelmed
by such a multitude. Then in revenge
we plied our swords, till half our foes were dead,
and only flight and darkness saved the rest.”
The transformation of Caeneus

�Still Phaeocomes stands before my eyes, he, who had tied six lion skins together with knotted cords, as a covering, protecting both man and horse. Hurling a log, that two teams of oxen could hardly move, he crushed the skull-bone of Tectaphos, son of Olenus. The broad dome of his head was shattered, and the soft brain matter oozed out through the hollow nostrils, eyes and ears, like curdled milk through the oak lattice, or as liquid trickles through a coarse sieve, under the weight, and squeezes thickly through the close mesh. But even as Phaecomes prepared to strip the arms from the fallen man (your father knows this), I thrust my sword deep into the despoiler�s thigh. Chthonius and Teleboas also fell to my sword: the first carried a forked branch, the other a spear: he gave me a wound with the spear - see, the scar! - the mark of the old wound is still visible. In those days I would have been sent to capture Troy�s citadel; then, I could have entertained Hector greatly with my weapons, if not overcome him. But Hector at that time was a child or not yet born, now my age has weakened me.

�What need to tell you how Periphas conquered dual-shaped Pyraethus? Why tell of Ampyx who drove his cornel-wood spear that had lost its tip into the opposing face of four-footed Echeclus? Macareus threw a crowbar at the chest of Pelethronian Erigdupus, killing him: and I remember how a hunting spear, from the hand of Nessus, buried itself in Cymelus�s groin. Nor would you have thought Mopsus, Ampycus�s son, only prophesied the future: bi-formed Hodites fell to Mopsus�s throw, trying in vain to speak, his tongue fixed to the floor of his mouth, the floor of his mouth to his throat.

�Caeneus had killed five: Styphelos, Bromus, Antimachus, Elymus; and Pyracmos, who was armed with a battle-axe. I do not recall their wounds, but I noted their number, and their names. Then Latreus rushed forward, massive in body and limbs, armed with the spoils of Emathian Halesus whom he had killed. He was between youth and age, but had the strength of youth, his hair greying on his temples. Prancing in a circle, turning to face each of the battle-lines in turn, and conspicuous for his Macedonian lance, helmet and shield, he clashed his weapons, pouring out many proud words, into the empty air. �Do I have to put up with you, Caenis? For you will always be a woman, Caenis, to me. Does your natal origin not remind you; does not the act you were rewarded for come to mind, at what cost you gained this false aspect of a man? Consider what you were born as, or what you experienced, go, pick up your distaff and basket of wool and twist the spun thread with your thumb: leave war to men.�

�At this Caeneus threw his spear, ploughing a� furrow in the centaur�s side, where man and horse joined, as he was stretched out in the act of galloping. Maddened with pain, Latreus struck the Phylleian youth in his unprotected face, with the lance: but it bounced off like a hailstone from a rooftop, or a small pebble from a hollow drum. Then he closed up on him, and tried to thrust his sword into his impenetrable side: the sword found no way in. The centaur shouted: �You will still not escape! I will kill you with the sword�s edge if the point is blunt.� Turning his blade sideways he reached out for his enemy�s loins with his long right arm. The blow resounded, as if it struck a body of marble, and the weapon fractured in pieces as it hit the firm flesh.

�When he had exposed his unwounded limbs for long enough to his wondering enemy, Caeneus said: �Now let me try your body with my blade!� and he drove his fatal weapon into the other�s side, turning and twisting his hand, buried in the guts, causing wound on wound. See, the centaurs maddened, rushed on him with a great shout, and all aimed and threw their spears at the one man. The spears fell, blunted: and Caeneus, son of Elatus, remained unpierced and unbloodied by all their efforts. This marvel astonished them.

��Oh, what overwhelming shame!� Monychus exclaimed. �A people defeated by one who is scarcely a man: yet he is the man, and we, with our half-hearted attempts are what he once was. What use are our huge limbs? What use our twin powers, and that double nature uniting the strongest living things in us? We are not sons of a divine mother: nor of Ixion who was such as aspired to captivate great Juno: we are overcome by an enemy, who is half a man! Roll down rocks and tree trunks on him, and whole mountainsides, and crush that stubborn spirit with the forests we hurl! Let their mass constrict his throat, and let weight work instead of wounds.�

�He spoke, and finding a chance tree-trunk toppled by a furious southerly wind, he threw it at his powerful enemy. He served as the example, and in a little while Mount Othrys was bare of trees, and Pelion had lost its shade. Buried under the huge pile, Caeneus strained against the weight of trees, and propped up the mass of oak on his strong shoulders, but as it mounted above his mouth and face, he had no breath of the air that he breathed, and lacking it, often, he tried in vain to raise himself into the air, and throw off the forest piled on him, and often heaved, as if steep Mount Ida, that we see there, look, was shaken by an earthquake.

�His fate is doubtful: some said his body was thrust down to empty Tartarus, by the mass of forest: but Mopsus, the son of Ampycus denied this. He saw a bird with tawny wings fly into the clear air from the midst of the pile, which I saw also, then, for the first and last time ever. As Mopsus watched him smoothly circling his camp in flight, making a great noise, he pursued him with mind and vision, saying �Hail to you, Caeneus, glory of the race of Lapiths, once a great hero, but now a bird alone!� The thing was believed because of its author: grief was added to anger, and we could barely accept one man being conquered by so many enemies. Nor did we cease to work off our pain with the sword until half were dead, and half, fleeing, were swallowed by the night.�

Haec inter Lapithas et semihomines Centauros
proelia Tlepolemus Pylio referente dolorem
praeteriti Alcidae tacito non pertulit ore
atque ait: “Herculeae mirum est oblivia laudis
540acta tibi, senior! Certe mihi saepe referre
nubigenas domitos a se pater esse solebat.”
Tristis ad haec Pylius: “Quid me meminisse malorum
cogis et obductos oculis rescindere luctus
inque tuum genitorem odium offensasque fateri?
545Ille quidem maiora fide, di! gessit et orbem
inplevit meritis, quod mallem posse negare:
sed neque Deiphobum nec Polydamanta nec ipsum
Hectora laudamus—quis enim laudaverit hostem?
Ille tuus genitor Messenia moenia quondam
550stravit et inmeritas urbes Elimque Pylumque
diruit inque meos ferrum flammamque penatis
inpulit, utque alios taceam, quos ille peremit,
bis sex Nelidae fuimus, conspecta iuventus:
bis sex Herculeis ceciderunt me minus uno
555viribus; atque alios vinci potuisse ferendum est:
mira Periclymeni mors est, cui posse figuras
sumere, quas vellet, rursusque reponere sumptas
Neptunus dederat, Nelei sanguinis auctor.
Hic ubi nequiquam est formas variatus in omnes,
560vertitur in faciem volucris, quae fulmina curvis
ferre solet pedibus divum gratissima regi;
Viribus usus avis pennis rostroque redunco
hamatisque viri laniaverat unguibus ora:
tendit in hunc nimium certos Tirynthius arcus
565atque inter nubes sublimia membra ferentem
pendentemque ferit, lateri qua iungitur ala;
nec grave vulnus erat sed rupti vulnere nervi
deficiunt motumque negant viresque volandi.
Decidit in terram, non concipientibus auras
570infirmis pennis, et qua levis haeserat alae,
corporis adfixi pressa est gravitate sagitta
perque latus summum iugulo est exacta sinistro.
Nunc videor debere tui praeconia rebus
Herculis, o Rhodiae rector pulcherrime classis?
575Nec tamen ulterius, quam fortia facta silendo
ulciscor fratres: solida est mihi gratia tecum.”
Haec postquam dulci Neleius edidit ore,
a sermone senis repetito munere Bacchi
Nestor had hardly told this marvellous tale
of bitter strife betwixt the Lapithae
and those half-human, vanquished Centaurs, when
Tlepolemus, incensed because no word
of praise was given to Hercules, replied
in this way; “Old sir, it is very strange,
you have neglected to say one good word
in praise of Hercules. My father told
me often, that he overcame in battle
those cloud born centaurs.”
Nestor, very loth,
replied, “Why force me to recall old wrongs,
to uncover sorrow buried by the years,
that made me hate your father? It is true
his deeds were wonderful beyond belief,
heaven knows, and filled the earth with well earned praise
which I should rather wish might be denied.
Deiphobus, the wise Polydamas, and even
great Hector get no praise from me.
Your father, I recall once overthrew
Messene's walls and with no cause destroyed
Elis and Pylos and with fire and sword
ruined my own loved home. I cannot name
all whom he killed. But there were twelve of us,
the sons of Neleus and all warrior youths,
and all those twelve but me alone he killed.
Ten of them met the common fate of war,
but sadder was the death of Periclymenus.
“Neptune, the founder of my family,
had granted him a power to assume
whatever shape he chose, and when he wished
to lay that shape aside. When he, in vain,
had been transformed to many other shapes
he turned into the form of that bird, which
is wont to carry in his crooked talons
the forked lightnings, favorite bird of Jove.
With wings and crooked bill and sharp-hooked talons,
he assailed and tore the face of Hercules.
But, when he soared away on eagle wings
up to the clouds and hovered, poised in air,
that hero aimed his too unerring bow
and hit him where the new wing joined his side.
The wound was not large, but his sinews cut
failed to uphold him, and denied his wings
their strength and motion. He fell down to earth;
his weakened pinions could not catch the air.
And the sharp arrow, which had lightly pierced
the wing, was driven upward through the side
into the left part of my brother's neck.
“O noble leader of the Rhodian fleet,
why should I sing the praise of Hercules?
But for my brothers I take no revenge
except withholding praise of his great deeds.
With you, my friendship will remain secure.”
When Nestor with his honied tongue had told
Nestor tells of the death of Periclymenus

As the hero from Pylos told of this battle between the Lapiths and the half-human Centaurs, Tlepolemus, son of Hercules, leader of the Rhodians, could not keep his mouth silent in his indignation at Hercules, the descendant of Alceus, being overlooked. He said �Old man, it is amazing that your recital forgot to praise Hercules: certainly my father often used to tell me of the cloud-born centaurs he defeated.� Nestor answered him, sternly. �Why do you force me to remember wrongs, to re-open wounds healed by the years, and to reveal hatred for your father and the injuries he did me?� He has done deeds beyond belief, the gods know, and filled the earth with his praises: that, I wish I could deny. But we do not praise De�phobus, or Polydamas, or Hector: who praises an enemy indeed?

�That father of yours razed Messene�s walls; destroyed the innocent cities of Elis and Pylos, and overthrew my household gods with fire and sword. I say nothing of the others he killed: there were twelve of us, sons of Neleus, outstanding young men, all except myself fell to Hercules�s strength. We must accept that the others could be defeated: the death of Periclymenus was strange, whom Neptune, founder of Neleus�s bloodline, had granted the power to assume any form he wished and reverse that which he had assumed. Now, after he had changed to every form in turn, he reverted to the shape of a bird, the eagle that carries the lightning bolts in its curved talons, beloved by the king of the gods. He tore at the hero�s face with all the power of his wings, his hooked beak, and crooked claws. Then, as he soared among the clouds, and hung poised there, the Tirynthian fired his unerring bow at him, and pierced him where the wing meets the side.

�The wound was not fatal, but the sinews, severed by the wound, failed, devoid of movement or power of flight. He fell to earth, his weakened pinions not mastering the air, and the arrow, clinging lightly to the wing, was driven upwards with the body�s weight, and forced through the top of the breast into the left side of the throat.

�Now, O most glorious leader of the Rhodian fleet, do you think I should cry out your Hercules�s praises? Yet I look for no other revenge for my brothers than to be silent about his mighty deeds: there is unbroken friendship between you and me.�

When Nestor had told his tale in a pleasant voice, passing from the old man�s story to the gifts of Bacchus again, they rose from the couches: the rest of the night was given to sleep.

Book XII · THE DEATH OF ACHILLES

THE DEATH OF ACHILLES

surrexere toris: nox est data cetera somno.
580At deus, aequoreas qui cuspide temperat undas,
in volucrem corpus nati Phaethontida versum
mente dolet patria saevumque perosus Achillem
exercet memores plus quam civiliter iras,
iamque fere tracto duo per quinquennia bello
585talibus intonsum conpellat Sminthea dictis:
“O mihi de fratris longe gratissime natis,
inrita qui mecum posuisti moenia Troiae,
ecquid, ubi has iamiam casuras adspicis arces,
ingemis? Aut ecquid tot defendentia muros
590milia caesa doles? Ecquid, ne persequar omnes,
Hectoris umbra subit circum sua Pergama tracti?
cum tamen ille ferox belloque cruentior ipso
vivit adhuc, operis nostri populator, Achilles.
Det mihi se! faxo, triplici quid cuspide possim,
595sentiat; at quoniam concurrere comminus hosti
non datur, occulta necopinum perde sagitta!”
Adnuit atque animo pariter patruique suoque
Delius indulgens nebula velatus in agmen
pervenit Iliacum mediaque in caede virorum
600rara per ignotos spargentem cernit Achivos
tela Parim fassusque deum “Quid spicula perdis
sanguine plebis?” ait. “Siqua est tibi cura tuorum,
vertere in Aeaciden caesosque ulciscere fratres!”
Dixit et ostendens sternentem Troica ferro
605corpora Peliden, arcus obvertit in illum
certaque letifera direxit spicula dextra.
Quod Priamus gaudere senex post Hectora posset,
hoc fuit: ille igitur tantorum victor, Achille,
victus es a timido Graiae raptore maritae!
610At si femineo fuerat tibi Marte cadendum,
Thermodontiaca malles cecidisse bipenni!
Iam timor ille Phrygum, decus et tutela Pelasgi
nominis, Aeacides, caput insuperabile bello,
arserat: armarat deus idem idemque cremabat;
615iam cinis est, et de tam magno restat Achille
nescio quid parvam, quod non bene conpleat urnam:
at vivit totum quae gloria conpleat orbem!
Haec illi mensura viro respondet, et hac est
par sibi Pelides nec inania Tartara sentit.
620Ipse etiam, ut, cuius fuerit, cognoscere posses
bella movet clipeus, deque armis arma feruntur.
Non ea Tydides, non audet Oileos Aiax,
non minor Atrides, non bello maior et aevo
poscere, non alii: solis Telamone creato
625Laerteque fuit tantae fiducia laudis.
A se Tantalides onus invidiamque removit
Argolicosque duces mediis considere castris
iussit et arbitrium litis traiecit in omnes.
these tales of old, they all took wine again
and they arose and gave the night to sleep.
But Neptune, who commands the ocean waves,
lamented with a father's grief his son,
whose person he had changed into a bird—
the swan of Phaethon, and towards Achilles,
grim victor in the fight, his lasting hate
made him pursue resentment far beyond
the ordinary manner of the gods.
After nine years of war he spoke these words,
addressing long haired Sminthean Apollo:
“O nephew the most dear to me of all
my brother's sons, with me you built in vain
the walls of Troy: you must be lost in grief,
when you look on those towers so soon to fall?
Or do you not lament the multitudes
slain in defence of them—To name but one:
“Does not the ghost of Hector, dragged around
his Pergama, appear to you? And yet
the fierce Achilles, who is bloodstained more
than slaughtering war, lives on this earth,
for the destruction of our toil. Let him
once get into my power, and I will make
him feel the action of my triple spear.
But, since I may not meet him face to face,
do you with sudden arrow give him death.”
The Delian god, Apollo, gave assent,
both for his own hate and his uncle's rage.
Veiled in a cloud, he found the Trojan host
and, there, while bloody strife went on, he saw
the hero Paris shoot at intervals
his arrows at the nameless host of Greeks.
Revealing his divinity, he said:
“Why spend your arrows on the common men
if you would serve your people, take good aim
at great Achilles and at last avenge
your hapless brothers whom he gave to death.”
He pointed out Achilles—laying low
the Trojan warriors with his mighty spear.
On him he turned the Trojan's willing bow
and guided with his hand the fatal shaft.
It was the first joy that old Priam knew
since Hector's death. So then Achilles you,
who overcame the mighty, were subdued
by a coward who seduced a Grecian wife!
Ah, if you could not die by manly hands,
your choice had been the axe.
Now that great terror of the Trojan race,
the glory and defence of the Pelasgians,
Achilles, first in war, lay on the pyre.
The god of Fire first armed, then burned, his limbs.
And now he is but ashes; and of him, so great,
renowned and mighty, but a pitiful
handful of small dust insufficient for
a little urn! But all his glory lives
enough to fill the world—a great reward.
And in that glory is his real life:
in a true sense he will never know the void
of Tartarus.
But soon his very shield—
that men might know to whom it had belonged—
brings war, and arms are taken for his arms.
Neither Diomed nor Ajax called the less
ventured to claim the hero's mighty shield.
Menelaus and other warlike chiefs,
even Agamemnon, all withdrew their claims.
Only the greater Ajax and Ulysses
had such assurance that they dared contest
for that great prize. Then Agamemnon chose
to avoid the odium of preferring one.
He bade the Argolic chieftains take their seats
within the camp and left to all of them
the hearing and decision of the cause.
The death of Achilles

But the god of the trident, who rules the ocean waters, grieved, with a father�s feelings, for the son changed into a swan, the bird of Phaethon, and, hating fierce Achilles, he nursed an excessive anger in his memory.

And now, when the war against Troy had lasted for almost ten years, he called to Sminthean Apollo, the unshorn, in these words: �O, by far the best loved of my brother�s sons, who built the walls of Troy with me, to no purpose, do you sigh at all to see these battlements at the moment of their destruction? Do you grieve at all that so many thousands died defending her walls? Not to name all of them, does not the shade come before you of Hector, dragged round his own citadel, Pergama? But savage Achilles, more cruel than war itself, is still alive, ravager of our creation. Let him be given up to me. I would let him feel what I can do with my three-pronged spear: but since I am not allowed to meet face to face with the enemy, destroy him unexpectedly with a hidden arrow!�

The Delian god nodded, and satisfying his own and his uncle�s desire, he came to the Trojan lines, wrapped in a cloud, and there, among human massacre, he saw Paris firing infrequent shafts at unknown Greeks. Showing himself as a god, he said: �Why waste your arrows on the blood of the rank and file?� If you care for your own, aim at Achilles, grandson of Aeacus, and avenge your dead brothers!� He spoke, and, pointing to Pelides, who, with his weapon, was strewing the ground with Trojan bodies, he turned Paris�s bow towards him, and guided the unerring shaft with deadly hand. This was the one thing that could delight old Priam since Hector�s death.

So, Achilles, conqueror of so much greatness, you are conquered, by the cowardly thief of the wife of a Greek! If your death had to be by a woman�s hand, in war, you would rather have fallen to an Amazon�s two-edged axe.

Now Achilles, grandson of Aeacus, the terror of the Phrygians, the glory and defence of the Pelasgian name, the invincible captain in battle, was burned: one god, Vulcan, armed him, and that same god consumed him. Now he is ash, and little if anything remains of Achilles, once so mighty, hardly enough to fill an urn. But his fame lives, enough to fill a world. That equals the measure of the man, and, in that, the son of Peleus is truly himself, and does not know the void of Tartarus.

So that you might know whose it was, even his shield makes war: and arms, for his arms, are raised. Diomede, son of Tydeus, and the lesser Ajax, Oileus�s son, dare not claim them, nor the younger son of Atreus, Menela�s, nor the elder, Agamemnon, greater in warfare, nor the rest. Only Ajax, the son of Telamon, and Ulysses, La�rtes�s son, were confident enough for such glory. Agamemnon, the descendant of Tantalus, in order to escape the invidious burden of choosing between them, ordered the leaders of the Greeks to meet in the middle of the camp, and he transferred judgment of the dispute to them all.

Metamorphoses

Book XIII

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Consedere duces, et vulgi stante corona
surgit ad hos clipei dominus septemplicis Aiax,
utque erat impatiens irae, Sigeia torvo
litora respexit classemque in litore vultu
5intendensque manus “agimus, pro Iuppiter!” inquit
“ante rates causam, et mecum confertur Ulixes!
At non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere flammis,
quas ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fugavi.
Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis,
10quam pugnare manu! Sed nec mihi dicere promptum,
nec facere est isti: quantumque ego Marte feroci
quantum acie valeo, tantum valet iste loquendo.
Nec memoranda tamen vobis mea facta, Pelasgi,
esse reor: vidistis enim. Sua narret Ulixes,
15quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est.
Praemia magna peto, fateor; sed demit honorem
aemulus: Aiaci non est tenuisse superbum,
sit licet hoc ingens, quidquid speravit Ulixes.
Iste tulit pretium iam nunc temptaminis huius,
20quod, cum victus erit, mecum certasse feretur.
Atque ego, si virtus in me dubitabilis esset,
nobilitate potens essem, Telamone creatus,
moenia qui forti Troiana sub Hercule cepit
litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colcha carina.
25Aeacus huic pater est, qui iura silentibus illic
reddit, ubi Aeoliden saxum grave Sisyphon urget.
Aeacon agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur
Iuppiter esse suam: sic a Iove tertius Aiax.
Nec tamen haec series in causam prosit, Achivi,
30si mihi cum magno non est communis Achille:
frater erat, fraterna peto! Quid sanguine cretus
Sisyphio furtisque et fraude simillimus illi
inseris Aeacidis alienae nomina gentis?
An quod in arma prior nulloque sub indice veni,
35arma neganda mihi, potiorque videbitur ille,
ultima qui cepit detrectavitque furore
militiam ficto, donec sollertior isto
et sibi inutilior timidi commenta retexit
Naupliades animi vitataque traxit ad arma?
40Optima num sumat, quia sumere noluit ulla:
nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi,
obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus?
Atque utinam aut verus furor ille, aut creditus esset,
nec comes hic Phrygias umquam venisset ad arces
45hortator scelerum. Non te, Poeantia proles,
expositum Lemnos nostro cum crimine haberet!
Qui nunc, ut memorant, silvestribus abditus antris
saxa moves gemitu Laertiadaeque precaris
quae meruit: quae, si di sunt, non vana precaris!
50Et nunc ille eadem nobis iuratus in arma,
heu! pars una ducum, quo successore sagittae
Herculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque
velaturque aliturque avibus, volucresque petendo
debita Troianis exercet spicula fatis.
55Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen;
mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus:
viveret aut certe letum sine crimine haberet!
Quem male convicti nimium memor iste furoris
prodere rem Danaam finxit fictumque probavit
60crimen et ostendit, quod iam praefoderat, aurum.
Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis,
aut nece: sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes.
Qui licet eloquio fidum quoque Nestora vincat,
haud tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen
65esse rear nullum. Qui cum imploraret Ulixem
vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis,
proditus a socio est. Non haec mihi crimina fingi
scit bene Tydides, qui nomine saepe vocatum
corripuit trepidoque fugam exprobravit amico.
70Adspiciunt oculis superi mortalia iustis!
En eget auxilio, qui non tulit, utque reliquit,
sic linquendus erat: legem sibi dixerat ipse.
Conclamat socios: adsum videoque trementem
pallentemque metu et metuentem morte futura;
75opposui molem clipei texique iacentem
servavique animam (minimum est hic laudis) inertem.
Si perstas certare, locum redeamus in illum:
redde hostem vulnusque tuum solitumque timorem
post clipeumque late et mecum contende sub illo!
80At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires
non dederant, nullo tardatus vulnere fugit.
Hector adest secumque deos in proelia ducit,
quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe,
sed fortes etiam: tantum trahit ille timoris.
85Hunc ego sanguineae successu caedis ovantem
eminus ingenti resupinum pondere fudi,
hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurreret, unus
sustinui, sortemque meam vovistis, Achivi,
et vestrae valuere preces! Si quaeritis huius
90fortunam pugnae, non sum superatus ab illo.
Ecce ferunt Troes ferrumque ignesque Iovemque
in Danaas classes: ubi nunc facundus Ulixes?
Nempe ego mille meo protexi pectore puppes,
spem vestri reditus: date pro tot navibus arma!
95Quod si vera licet mihi dicere, quaeritur istis,
quam mihi, maior honos, coniunctaque gloria nostra est,
atque Aiax armis, non Aiaci arma petuntur.
Conferat his Ithacus Rhesum imbellemque Dolona
Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum:
100luce nihil gestum est, nihil est Diomede remoto.
Si semel ista datis meritis tam vilibus arma,
dividite, et pars sit maior Diomedis in illis!
Quo tamen haec Ithaco, qui clam, qui semper inermis
rem gerit et furtis incautum decipit hostem?
105Ipse nitor galeae claro radiantis ab auro
insidias prodet manifestabitque latentem.
Sed neque Dulichius sub Achillis casside vertex
pondera tanta feret, nec non onerosa gravisque
Pelias hasta potest imbellibus esse lacertis,
110nec clipeus vasti concretus imagine mundi
conveniet timidae nataeque ad furta sinistrae:
debilitaturum quid te petis, Improbe, munus?
Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Achivi,
cur spolieris, erit, non cur metuaris ab hoste,
115et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, vincis,
tarda futura tibi est gestamina tanta trahenti.
Adde quod iste tuus, tam raro proelia passus,
integer est clipeus: nostro, qui tela ferendo
mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus.
120Denique (quid verbis opus est?) spectemur agendo!
Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes:
inde iubete peti et referentem ornate relatis?”
The chiefs were seated, and the soldiers form
a circle round them. Then Ajax, the approved
lord of the seven-fold shield, arose and spoke.
Impatient in his wrath, he looked with stern,
set features, out over Sigaean shores,
and over the fleet of ships upon the beach,
and, stretching out his hands, he said,
“We plead,
O Jupiter, our cause before the ships,—
Ulysses vies with me! He did not shrink
from giving way before the flames of Hector,
when I withstood them and I saved the fleet.
'Tis safer then to fight with lying words
than with his hands. I am not prompt to speak,
nor he to act. I am as good in war
and deadly battle as he is in talk.
Pelasgians, I do not suppose my deeds
must here be mentioned: you have witnessed them
but let Ulysses tell of deeds which he
performed without a witness and which Night
alone is conscious of. I own the prize
we seek is great, but such a rival makes
it small. To Ajax there s no cause for pride
in having any prize, however great,
for which Ulysses hoped. But he has won
reward enough already. He can boast,
when vanquished, that he strove with me.
“I, even if my merit were in doubt
should still excell in birth. I am the son
of Telamon, who with great Hercules
brought low the power of Troy and in the ship
of Jason voyaged even to the Colchian shores.
His father, Aeacus, now is a judge
among the silent shades—where Sisyphus
toils and is mocked forever with the stone.
Great Jove himself calls Aeacus his son.
Thus, Ajax is the third from Jupiter.
But, Greeks, let not this line of my descent
avail me, if I do not share it with
my cousin, great Achilles. I demand
these arms now due me as a cousin. Why
should this one, from the blood of Sisyphus,
and like him for his thefts and frauds, intrude
the names of that loathed family upon
honored descendants of brave Aeacus?
“Will you deny me arms because I took
arms earlier, no man prompting me,
and call this man the better, who last of all
took up arms, and, pretending he was mad,
declined war, till the son of Naplius
more shrewd than he (but to his future cost)
discovered the contrivance of the fraud
and had the coward dragged forth to the arms
he had avoided. And shall this man have
the world's best arms, who wanted none?
Shall I lack honor and my cousin's gift
because I faced the danger with the first?
“Would that his madness had been real, or
had been accepted as reality
and that he never had attended us,
as our companion to the Phrygian towers,
this counsellor of evil! Then, good son
of Poeas, Lemnos would not hold you now,
exposed through guilt of ours! You, as men say,
hidden in forest lairs, are moving with your groans
the very rocks and asking for Ulysses
what he so well deserves—what, if indeed
there still are gods, you shall not ask in vain.
And now, one of our leaders, he that was
sworn to the same arms with ourselves! by whom
the arrows of great Hercules are used,
as his successor; broken by disease
and famine, clothed with feathers, now must feed
on birds and squander for his wretched fare
the arrows destined for the wreck of Troy.
“At least he lives, because he has not stayed
too near Ulysses. Hapless Palamedes
might wish that he too had been left behind,
then he would live or would have met a death
without dishonor. For this man, who well
remembered the unfortunate discovery
of his feigned madness, made a fraudulent
attack on Palamedes, who he said
betrayed the Grecian interest. He proved
his false charge to the Greeks by showing them
the gold which he himself hid in the ground.
By exile or by death he has decreased
the true strength of the Greeks. And so he fights,
for such things men have cause to fear Ulysses!
“Should he excel the faithful Nestor by
his eloquence, I'd yet be well convinced
the way he forsook Nestor was a crime,
old Nestor, who implored in vain his aid,
when he was hindered by his wounded steed
and wearied with the years of his old age,
was then deserted by that scheming man.
The charge that I have made is strictly true,
and the son of Tydeus knows it all too well;
for he at that time called him by his name,
rebuked him and upbraided his weak friend
for coward flight.
“The gods above behold
the affairs of men with justice. That same man
who would not help a friend now calls for help;
he who forsook a friend, should be forsaken,
the law he made returns upon himself.
He called aloud on his companions;
I came and saw him trembling, pale with fear,
and shuddering, at the thought of coming death.
I held my shield above him where he lay,
and that way saved the villain's dastard life,
and little praise I have deserved for that.
If you still wish to claim this armor, let
us both return to that place and restore
the enemy, your wound, and usual fear—
there hide behind my shield, and under that
contend with me! Yet, when I faced the foe,
he, whom his wound had left no power to stand,
forgot the wound and took to headlong flight.
“Hector approached, and brought the gods with him
to battle; and, wherever he rushed on,
not only this Ulysses was alarmed,
but even the valiant, for so great the fear
he caused them. Hector, proud in his success
in blood and slaughter, I then dared to meet
and with a huge: stone from a distance hurled
I laid him flat. When he demanded one
to fight with, I engaged him quite alone,
for you my Greek friends, prayed the lot
might fall upon me, and your prayers prevailed.
If you should ask me of this fight, I will
declare I was not vanquished there by him.
“Behold, the Trojans brought forth fire and sword
and Jove, as well, against the Grecian fleet,
where now has eloquent Ulysses gone?
Truly, I did protect a thousand ships
with my breast, saving the hopes of your return.—
for all these many ships, award me arms!
But, let me speak the truth, the arms will gain
more fame than I, for they will share my glory.
And they need Ajax, Ajax needs not them.
Let the Ithacan compare with deeds like mine
his sleeping Rhesus, his unwarlike Dolon,
Helenus taken, and Pallas gained by theft—
all done by night and all with Diomed.
If you must give these arms for deeds so mean,
then give the greater share to Diomed.
“Why give arms to Ulysses, who by stealth
and quite unarmed, has always done his work,
deceiving his unwary enemy
by stratagems? This brilliant helmet, rich
with sparkling gold, will certainly betray
his plans, and will discover him when hid.
His soft Dulichian head beneath the helm
of great Achilles will not bear the weight;
Achilles' heavy spear from Pelion must
be burdensome for his unwarlike hands:
nor will the shield, graven with the vasty world
beseem a dastard left hand, smooth for theft.
“Why caitiff, will you beg them for a gift,
which will but weaken you? If by mistake,
the Grecian people should award you this,
it would not fright the foe but offer spoils
and that swift flight (in which alone you have
excelled all others, dastard wretch!) would soon
grow laggard, dragging such a weight. And that
good shield of yours, which has but rarely felt
a conflict, is unhurt; for mine, agape
with wounds a thousand from swift-striking darts,
a new one must be found.
“In short, what need
is there for words? Let us be tried in war.
Let all the arms of brave Achilles now
be thrown among the foe; order them all
to be retrieved; and decorate for war
whoever brings them back, a worthy prize.”
The debate over the arms: Ajax speaks

When the captains were seated, and the rank and file were standing, in a circle, around them, Ajax, master of the seven-layered shield, leapt up, and, fired with indignation, he looked back fiercely at the Sigean shore, and the ships beached on the shore, and, pointing to them, he said: �It is in front of these vessels I plead my cause, and Ulysses opposes me, by Jupiter! Yet he did not hesitate to give way before Hector�s blazing torches, which I resisted, which I drove away from the boats. But then, it is less risky to battle using lying words, than to fight with fists, and I am not prompt to speak, as he is not to act. I am as powerful in the fierce conflicts of the battle, as that man is in talk. I do not think however that I need to mention my deeds to you, Pelasgians, since you have seen them: let Ulysses tell you of his that are conducted without witness, in which night is the only sharer! I confess the prize I seek is great: but my rival detracts from the honour of it. There is nothing magnificent for Ajax in it, however great the thing is, if Ulysses has aspired to it. He has already won the prize in this contest, since when he is defeated he can say he fought it out with me.

�As for me, if my courage were in doubt, my noble birth is a powerful argument, a son of Telamon, he who, under brave Hercules, captured the walls of Troy, and sailed in the ship from Pagasae, with the Argonauts, to Colchis. Telamon�s father was Aeacus, who judges there, among the silent dead, where Sisyphus, son of Aeolus rolls his heavy stone. Lofty Jupiter acknowledges Aeacus and confesses him to be his son: so Ajax is third in descent from Jove. Yet even this ancestry would not further my cause, if I did not share it with great Achilles. Our fathers, Peleus and Aeacus, were brothers: Achilles was my cousin, I ask for my cousin�s weapons! Why are you, Ulysses, the son of Sisyphus, and similar to him in your capability for fraud and trickery, involving an alien race in the affairs of the Aeacidae?

�Are the arms denied me because I took up arms first, and without being rooted out, and shall he seem the better man who seized his weapons last, and shirked the fight with a pretence of madness, until Palamades, son of Nauplius, the shrewder man, uncovered this cowardly spirit�s deceit, and dragged him to the weapons he shunned? Shall he own all, who wanted none: shall I, who was the first to put myself at risk, be denied honour, and my cousin�s gifts? if only his madness had been real, or been believed, and this exhorter to crime had never been our companion against the Phrygian fortresses! Then Lemnos would not hold you, to our shame, Philoctetes, son of Poeas, of whom they say that, hidden in the woodland caves, you move the stones, now, with your laments, calling down on La�rtes�s son, the curses that he deserves, and, if there are gods, do not curse in vain! Now, alas, he who was sworn to the same conflict as ourselves, one of our captains, heir to Hercules�s arrows, weakened by sickness and hunger, clothed and fed by the birds, employs the arrows, that fate intended for Troy, in firing at birds! Still, he is alive, because he did not accompany Ulysses further: luckless Palamades would have preferred to be left behind also: he would have been alive, or at least have died an irreproachable death: that man there, remembering all too well the exposure of his own supposed madness, accused him of betraying the Greek cause, and uncovered gold, he had previously hidden, as evidence of the fabricated charge. So, by abandonment or death, he has drawn the strength of Achaea: that is how Ulysses fights, that is why he is to be feared!

�Though he be greater than Nestor, the true, in eloquence, I will never believe that his desertion of Nestor in battle was anything but a crime. When Nestor implored Ulysses�s help, weary as he was with old age, and slowed by a wound to his horse, he was abandoned by his companion. Diomede, son of Tydeus, is well aware that I am not inventing the charge: he called Ulysses repeatedly, by name, and reproached his cowardly friend for running away.

�The gods look down, with the eyes of the just, at human dealings! Look, he who gave no help needs it: and as he had abandoned Nestor, so he would have been abandoned: he himself had established his own precedent. He shouted to his companions. I approached, and saw him, trembling and pale, and shaking with fear of impending death. I thrust out the mass of my shield, and covered him as he lay there, and (small cause for praise in that) I saved his cowardly life. If you go through with this contest, let us revisit that spot: revisit the enemy, your wound, and your usual cowardice, hide behind my shield, and contend with me under it! Yet, after I had snatched him up, he who was granted no strength to stand, because of his wounds, ran for it, not slowed by his wounds at all.

�Hector approaches, and, with him, leads the gods to battle, and brave men as well as you are terrified, Ulysses, when he rushes onwards, such is the fear he brings. I felled him to the ground with a huge rock hurled from a distance, as he was exulting in the success of his bloodthirsty slaughter. When he challenged one warrior to meet him, I withstood him. You wished the lot would fall to me, Achaeans, and your prayers were answered. If you ask what the outcome of that conflict was I was not beaten by Hector. See, the Trojans bring fire and sword, and Jupiter himself, against the Greek ships: where now is the eloquent Ulysses? Surely I, with my own breast, shielded the thousand ships, your hope of return: grant me the arms for all that fleet.

�Yet, if I may speak the truth, the arms search for greater honour than I do, to be linked to my glory, and the arms seek out Ajax, not Ajax the arms. Let the Ithacan compare with these things his killing of Rhesus, and of cowardly Dolon, his taking captive Helenus, Priam�s son, and his theft of Pallas�s image, the Palladium: nothing performed in daylight, nothing without Diomede present. If ever you grant the armour for such worthless service, divide it, and let Diomede have the greater share of it.� Nevertheless why give them to the Ithacan, who carries things out secretly, and always unarmed, deceiving the unsuspecting enemy with his tricks? The gleam of the helmet, radiant with shining gold, will reveal his scheming, and show where he hides. The Dulichian�s head beneath Achilles�s helmet, will not bear so great a weight, and the spear-shaft, from Pelion, cannot be anything but heavy and burdensome for his arm, unsuited to war, and the shield, with its engraved design of the vast world, will not be fit for that cowardly left hand born for stealing. Perverse man, why do you go after a prize that will cripple you, one that, if it is given you in error by the Achaean people, will be a reason for being despoiled by the enemy, not feared by them? And running away, in which you surpass everyone, you master-coward, will turn out to be a slow game for you, if you are carrying such a weight. Add to that your shield that is rarely used in battle, and uninjured, and mine split in a thousand places from fending off spear-thrusts, that needs a new successor.

�Finally (what is the use of words?) let us be seen together in action!� Send out the brave hero�s arms into the middle of the enemy ranks: order them to be recovered from there, and let the retriever be equipped with what he retrieves.�

Finierat Telamone satus vulgique secutum
ultima murmur erat, donec Laertius heros
125adstitit atque oculos paulum tellure moratos
sustulit ad proceres exspectatoque resolvit
ora sono; neque abest facundis gratia dictis.
“Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi,
non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis heres,
130tuque tuis armis, nos te poteremur, Achille.
Quem quoniam non aequa mihi vobisque negarunt
fata” (manuque simul veluti lacrimantia tersit
lumina), “quis magno melius succedit Achilli,
quam per quem magnus Danais successit Achilles?
135Huic modo ne prosit, quod, uti est, hebes esse videtur,
neve mihi noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi,
profuit ingenium, meaque haec facundia, siqua est,
quae nunc pro domino, pro vobis saepe locuta est,
invidia careat, bona nec sua quisque recuset.
140Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi,
vix ea nostra voco; sed enim quia rettulit Aiax
esse Iovis pronepos, nostri quoque sanguinis auctor
Iuppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo.
Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi,
145Iuppiter huic, neque in his quisquam damnatus et exsul.
Est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis
altera nobilitas: deus est in utroque parente.
Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu,
nec mihi quod pater est fraterni sanguinis insons,
150proposita arma peto: meritis expendite causam,
dummodo, quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt,
Aiacis meritum non sit nec sanguinis ordo,
sed virtutis honor spoliis quaeratur in istis!
Aut si proximitas primusque requiritur heres,
155est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus filius illi.
Quis locus Aiaci? Phthiam haec Scyrumve ferantur!
Nec minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli:
num petit ille tamen? num si petat, auferat illa?
Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur:
160plura quidem feci, quam quae comprendere dictis
in promptu mihi sit; rerum tamen ordine ducar.
Praescia venturi genetrix Nereia leti
dissimulat cultu natum, et deceperat omnes,
in quibus Aiacem, sumptae fallacia vestis.
165Arma ego femineis animum motura virilem
mercibus inserui, neque adhuc proiecerat heros
virgineos habitus, cum parmam hastamque tenenti
“nate dea,” dixi “tibi se peritura reservant
Pergama! quid dubitas ingentem evertere Troiam?”
170iniecique manum fortemque ad fortia misi.
Ergo opera illius mea sunt: ego Telephon hasta
pugnantem domui, victum orantemque refeci;
quod Thebae cecidere, meum est, me credite Lesbon,
me Tenedon Chrysenque et Cillan, Apollinis urbes,
175et Scyrum cepisse, mea concussa putate
procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra,
utque alias taceam, qui saevum perdere posset
Hectora, nempe dedi: per me iacet inclitus Hector.
Illis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles,
180arma peto: vivo dederam, post fata reposco. —
Ut dolor unius Danaos pervenit ad omnes
Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae,
exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi
flamina erant, duraeque iubent Agamemnona sortes
185inmeritam saevae natam mactare Dianae.
Denegat hoc genitor divisque irascitur ipsis
atque in rege tamen pater est. Ego mite parentis
ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti.
Nunc equidem (fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides!)
190difficilem tenui sub iniquo iudice causam.
Hunc tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique
summa movet sceptri, laudem ut cum sanguine penset.
Mittor et ad matrem, quae non hortanda, sed astu
decipienda fuit: quo si Telamonius isset,
195orba suis essent etiamnum lintea ventis.
Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces,
visaque et intrata est altae mihi curia Troiae
(plenaque adhuc erat illa viris), interritus egi,
quam mihi mandarat communis Graecia causam,
200accusoque Parim praedamque Helenamque reposco
et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora iunctum.
At Paris et fratres et qui rapuere sub illo,
ni tenuere manus (scis hoc, Menelae) nefandas,
primaque lux nostri tecum fuit illa pericli.
205Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque
utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli.
Post acies primas urbis se moenibus hostes
continuere diu, nec aperti copia Martis
ulla fuit: decimo demum pugnavimus anno.
210Quid facis interea, qui nil nisi proelia, nosti?
Quis tuus usus erat? Nam si mea facta requiris,
hostibus insidior, fossas munimine cingo,
consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli
mente ferant placida, doceo, quo simus alendi
215armandique modo, mittor, quo postulat usus.
Ecce Iovis monitu, deceptus imagine somni,
rex iubet incepti curam dimittere belli.
Ille potest auctore suam defendere vocem:
non sinat hoc Aiax delendaque Pergama poscat,
220quodque potest, pugnet! Cur non remoratur ituros?
Cur non arma capit? det, quod vaga turba sequatur!
Non erat hoc nimium numquam nisi magna loquenti.
Quid quod et ipse fugit? Vidi, puduitque videre,
cum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela parares.
225Nec mora, “quid facitis? quae vos dementia” dixi
“concitat, o socii? captam dimittite Troiam!
Quidve domum fertis decimo, nisi dedecus, anno?”
Talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum
fecerat, aversos profuga de classe reduxi.
230Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes;
nec Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam
audet, at ausus erat reges incessere dictis
Thersites etiam, per me haud impune protervus!
Erigor et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem
235amissamque mea virtutem voce reposco.
Tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri
fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga retraxi.
Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve?
At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta,
240me probat et socio semper confidit Ulixe.
Est aliquid, de tot Graiorum milibus unum
a Diomede legi (nec me sors ire iubebat !),
si tamen et spreto noctisque hostisque periclo
ausum eadem, quae nos, Phrygia de gente Dolona
245interimo, non ante tamen, quam cuncta coegi
prodere, et edidici, quid perfida Troia pararet.
Omnia cognoram, nec, quod specularer, habebam,
et iam promissa poteram cum laude reverti.
Haud contentus eo petii tentoria Rhesi
250inque suis ipsum castris comitesque peremi
atque ita captivo victor votisque potitus
ingredior curru laetos imitante triumphos;
cuius equos pretium pro nocte poposcerat hostis,
arma negate mihi, fueritque benignior Aiax!
255Quid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro
devastata meo? Cum multo sanguine fudi
Coeranon Iphitiden et Alastoraque Chromiumque
Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytanimque,
exitioque dedi cum Chersidamante Thoona
260et Charopem fatisque inmitibus Ennomon actum
quique minus celebres nostra sub moenibus urbis
procubuere manu. Sunt et mihi vulnera, cives,
ipso pulchra loco; nec vanis credite verbis:
adspicite en!” vestemque manu deduxit et “haec sunt
265pectora semper” ait “vestris exercita rebus.
At nil impendit per tot Telamonius annos
sanguinis in socios et habet sine vulnere corpus!
Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga
arma tulisse refert contra Troasque Iovemque?
270Confiteorque, tulit (neque enim benefacta maligne
detractare meum est), sed ne communia solus
occupet atque aliquem vobis quoque reddat honorem,
reppulit Actorides sub imagine tutus Achillis
Troas ab arsuris cum defensore carinis.
275Ausum etiam Hectoreis solum concurrere telis
se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique,
nonus in officio et praelatus munere sortis.
Sed tamen eventus vestrae, fortissime, pugnae
quis fuit? Hector abit violatus vulnere nullo!
280Me miserum, quanto cogor meminisse dolore
temporis illius, quo Graium murus, Achilles
procubuit! Nec me lacrimae luctusque timorque
tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem.
His umeris, his, inquam, umeris ego corpus Achillis.
285et simul arma tuli, quae nunc quoque ferre laboro!
Sunt mihi, quae valeant in talia pondera, vires,
est animus certe vestros sensurus honores.
Scilicet idcirco pro nato caerula mater
ambitiosa suo fuit, ut caelestia dona,
290artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles
indueret? neque enim clipei caelamina novit,
Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera caelo
Pleiadasque hyadasque inmunemque aequoris arcton
diversasque urbes nitidumque Orionis ensem:
295postulat, ut capiat, quae non intelligit, arma!
Quid quod me duri fugientem munera belli
arguit incepto serum accessisse labori,
nec se magnanimo maledicere sentit Achilli?
Si simulasse vocas crimen, simulavimus ambo;
300si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo.
Me pia detinuit coniunx, pia mater Achillem,
primaque sunt illis data tempora, cetera vobis.
Haud timeo, si iam nequeam defendere, crimen
cum tanto commune viro: deprensus Ulixis
305ingenio tamen ille, at non Aiacis Ulixes!
Neve in me stolidae convicia fundere linguae
admiremur eum, vobis quoque digna pudore
obicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe est
accusasse mihi, vobis damnasse decorum?
310Sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum
tamque patens valuit, nec vos audistis in illo
crimina: vidistis, pretioque obiecta patebant.
Nec Poeantiaden quod habet Vulcania Lemnos,
esse reus merui: factum defendite vestrum,
315consensistis enim. Nec me suasisse negabo,
ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori
temptaretque feros requie finire dolores.
Paruit et vivit! Non haec sententia tantum
fida, sed et felix, cum sit satis esse fidelem.
320Quem quoniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt,
ne mandate mihi: melius Telamonius ibit
eloquioque virum morbis iraque furentem
molliet aut aliqua producet callidus arte.
Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ide
325stabit et auxilium promittet Achaia Troiae,
quam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus,
Aiacis stolidi Danais sollertia prosit!
Sis licet infestus sociis regique mihique,
dure Philoctete, licet exsecrere meumque
330devoveas sine fine caput cupiasque dolenti
me tibi forte dari nostrumque haurire cruorem,
utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri:
te tamen adgrediar mecumque reducere nitar,
tamque tuis potiar (faveat Fortuna!) sagittis,
335quam sum Dardanio, quem cepi, vate potitus,
quam responsa deum Troianaque fata retexi,
quam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minervae
hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi comparat Aiax?
Nempe capi Troiam prohibebant fata sine illo:
340fortis ubi est Aiax? Ubi sunt ingentia magni
verba viri? Cur hic metuis? cur audet Ulixes
ire per excubias et se committere nocti
perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum,
verum etiam summas arces intrare suaque
345eripere aede deam raptamque adferre per hostes?
Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus
gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem.
Illa nocte mihi Troiae victoria parta est,
Pergama tunc vici, cum vinci posse coegi!
350Desine Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis
ostentare meum: pars est sua laudis in illo.
Nec tu, cum socia clipeum pro classe tenebas,
solus eras: tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus.
Qui nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem
355esse nec indomitae deberi praemia dextrae,
ipse quoque haec peteret, peteret moderatior Aiax
Eurypylusque ferox claroque Andraemone natus,
nec minus Idomeneus patriaque creatus eadem
Meriones, peteret maioris frater Atridae:
360quippe manu fortes nec sunt tibi Marte secundi,
consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello
utilis: ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro;
tu vires sine mente geris, mihi cura futuri;
tu pugnare potes, pugnandi tempora mecum
365eligit Atrides; tu tantum corpore prodes,
nos animo; quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit
remigis officium, quanto dux milite maior,
tantum ego te supero; nec non in corpore nostro
pectora sunt potiora manu: vigor omnis in illis.
370At vos, o proceres, vigili date praemia vestro,
proque tot annorum cura, quibus anxius egi,
hunc titulum meritis pensandum reddite nostris.
Iam labor in fine est: obstantia fata removi
altaque posse capi faciendo Pergama cepi.
375Per spes nunc socias casuraque moenia Troum
perque deos oro, quos hosti nuper ademi,
per siquid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum,
siquid adhuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est,
si Troiae fatis aliquid restare putatis,
380este mei memores! Aut si mihi non datis arma,
huic date!” — et ostendit signum fatale Minervae.
Ajax, the son of Telamon, stopped speech,
and murmuring among the multitude
followed his closing words, until Ulysses,
Laertian hero, stood up there and fixed
his eyes a short time on the ground; then raised
them towards the chiefs; and with his opening words,
which they awaited, the grace of his art
was not found wanting to his eloquence.
“If my desire and yours could have prevailed,
O noble Greeks, the man who should receive
a prize so valued, would not be in doubt,
and you would now enjoy your arms, and we
enjoy you, great Achilles. Since unjust
fate has denied him both to me and you,
(and here he wiped his eyes dry with his hands,
as though then shedding tears,) who could succeed
the great Achilles better than the one
through whom the great Achilles joined the Greeks?
Let Ajax win no votes because he seems
to be as stupid as the truth declares.
Let not my talents, which were always used
for service of the Greeks, increase my harm:
and let this eloquence of mine (if such
we call it) which is pleading now for me,
as it has pleaded many times for you,
awake no envy. Let each man show his best.
“Now as for ancestors and noble birth
and deeds we have not done ourselves, all these
I hardly call them ours. But, if he boasts
because he is the great grandson of Jove,
the founder of my family, you know,
is Jupiter; by birth I am just the same
degree removed from Jupiter as he.
Laertes is my father, my grandsire is
Arcesius; and my great grandsire is Jove,
and my line: has no banished criminal.
My mother's grandsire, Mercury, would give
me further claims of birth—on either side a god.
“But not because my mother's line is better
and not because my father certainly,
is innocent of his own brother's blood,
have I advanced my claim to own those arms.
Let personal merit weigh the cause alone.
Let Ajax win no credit from the fact
that Telamon, was brother unto Peleus.
Let not his merit be that he is near by blood,
may honor of manhood weigh in your award!
“But, if you seek the heir and next of kin,
Peleus is father, and Pyrrhus is the son
of great Achilles. Where is Ajax then?
These arms might go to Phthia or to Scyros!
Teucer might claim the prize because he is
Achilles' cousin. Does he seek these arms?
And, if he did, would you allow his claim?
“Since then the contest lies in deeds alone,
though I have done more than may be well told,
I will recall them as they have occurred.
“Achilles' Nereid mother, who foresaw
his death, concealed her son by change of dress.
By that disguise Ajax, among the rest,
was well deceived. I showed with women's wares
arms that might win the spirit of a man.
The hero still wore clothing of a girl,
when, as he held a shield and spear, I said
‘Son of a goddess! Pergama but waits
to fall by you, why do you hesitate
to assure the overthrow of mighty Troy?’
With these bold words, I laid my hand on him—
and to: brave actions I sent forth the brave:
his deeds of Bravery are therefore mine
it was my power that conquered Telephus,
as he fought with his lance; it was through me
that, vanquished and suppliant? he at last was healed.
I caused the fall of Thebes; believe me, I
took Lesbos, Tenedos, Chryse and Cilla—
the cities of Apollo; and I took
Scyros; think too, of the Lyrnesian wall
as shaken by my hand, destroyed, and thrown
down level with the ground. Let this suffice:
I found the man who caused fierce Hector's death,
through me the famous Hector now, lies low!
And for those arms which made Achilles known
I now demand these arms. To him alive
I gave them—at his death they should be mine.
“After the grief of one had reached all Greece,
and ships a thousand, filled Euboean Aulis;
the breezes long expected would not blow
or adverse held the helpless fleet ashore.
Then ruthless oracles gave their command,
that Agamemnon should make sacrifice
of his loved daughter and so satisfy
Diana's cruel heart. The father stood
up resolute, enraged against the gods,
a parent even though a king. I turned,
by tactful! words, a father's tender heart
to the great issue of the public weal.
I will confess it, and when I have confessed,
may the son of Atreus pardon: I had to plead
a difficult case before a partial judge.
The people's good, his brother's, and stern duty,
that followed his great office, won his ear,
till royal honor outweighed claims of blood.
I sought the mother, who could not be won
by pleading but must be deceived by craft.
Had Ajax gone to her, our thousand sails
would still droop, waiting for the favoring breeze.
“As a bold envoy I was even sent
off to the towers of Ilium, and there
I saw the senate-house of lofty Troy,
and, fearless, entered it, while it was full
of heroes. There, undaunted, I spoke for
the cause which all the Greeks had given me.
Accusing Paris, I demanded back
the gold and stolen Helen, and I moved
both Priam and Antenor. All the while
Paris, his brothers, and their robber crew
could scarce withhold their wicked hands from me.
And all this, Menelaus, is well known to you:
that was the first danger I shared with you.
“I need not linger over the many things
which by my counsel and my bravery
I have accomplished through this long-drawn war.
“A long time, after the first battle clash,
the foe lay quiet within city walls,
giving no challenge for an open fight—
he stood nine years of siege before we fought
what were you doing all that tedious time,
what use were you, good only in a fight?
If you will make inquiry of my deeds:
I fashioned ambuscades for enemies;
and circled our defenses with a trench;
I cheered allies so they might all endure
with patient minds a long, protracted war;
I showed how our own army might subsist
and how it could be armed; and I was sent
wherever the necessity required.
“Then, at the wish of Jove, our king, deceive
by A false dream, bids us give up the war—
he could excuse his order by the cause.
Let Ajax tell him Troy must be laid low
or let him fight—at least he can do that!
Why does he fail to stop the fugitives?
Why not take arms and tell the wavering crowd
to rally round him? Would that be too much
for one who never speaks except to boast?
But now words fail me: Ajax turns and flees!
I witnessed it and was ashamed to see
you turn disgraced, preparing sails for flight.
With exclamations and without delay,
I said, ‘What are you doing? O my friends,
has madness seized you that you will quit Troy,
which is as good as taken? What can you
bear home, after ten years, but your disgrace?’
“With these commanding words, which grief itself
gave eloquence, I brought resisting Greeks
back from their purposed flight. Atrides called
together his allies, all terror struck.
Even then, Ajax the son of Telamon
dared not vouchsafe one word. But impudent
Thersites hurled vile words against the kings,
and, thanks to me, he did not miss reproof.
I rose and spoke to my disheartened friends,
reviving their lost courage with my words
from that time forth, whatever deeds this man,
my rival, may have done, belong to me.
'Twas I who stayed his flight and brought him back.
“Which of the noble Greeks has given you praise
or sought your company? Yet Diomed
has shared his deeds with me and praises me,
and, while Ulysses is with him, is brave
and confident. 'Tis worthy of regard,
when out of many thousands of the Greeks,
a man becomes the choice of Diomed!
“It was not lot that ordered me to go;
and yet, despising dangers of the night,
despising dangers of the enemy,
I slew one, Dolon, of the Phrygian race,
who dared to do the very things we dared,
but not before I had prevailed on him
to tell me everything, by which I learned
perfidious actions which Troy had designed.
“Of such things now, I had discovered all
that should be found out, and I might have then
returned to enjoy the praise I had deserved.
But not content with that, I sought the tent
of Rhesus, and within his camp I slew
him and his proved attendants. Having thus
gained as a conqueror my own desires,
I drove back in a captured chariot,—
a joyous triumph. Well, deny me, then.
The arms of him whose steeds the enemy
demanded as the price of one night's aid.
Ajax himself has been more generous.
“Why should I name Sarpedon's Lycian troops
among whom I made havoc with my sword?
I left Coeranos dead and streaming blood,
with the sword I killed Alastor, Chromius,
Alcander, Prytanis, Halius, and Noemon,
Thoon and Charops with Chersidamas,
and Ennomus—all driven by cruel fate,
not reckoning humbler men whom I laid low,
battling beneath the shadow of the city walls.
And fellow citizens, I have my wounds
honorable in the front. Do not believe
my word alone. Look for yourselves and see!”
Then with one hand, he drew his robe aside.
“Here is a breast,” he cried, “that bled for you!
But Ajax never shed a drop of blood
to aid his friends, in all these many years,
and has a body free of any wound.
“What does it prove, if he declares that he
fought for our ships against both Troy and Jove?
I grant he did, for it is not my wont
with malice to belittle other's deeds.
But let him not claim for himself alone
an honor in which all may have a share,
let him concede some credit due to you.
Disguised within the fear inspiring arms
of great Achilles, Actor's son drove back
the host of Trojans from our threatened fleet
or ships and Ajax would have burned together.
“Unmindful of the king, the chiefs, and me,
he dreams that he alone dared to engage
in single fight with Hector—he the ninth
to volunteer and chosen just by lot.
But yet, O brave chief! What availed the fight?
Hector returned, not injured by a wound.
“Ah, bitter fate, with how much grief I am
compelled to recollect the time, when brave
Achilles, bulwark of the Greeks, was slain.
Nor tears, nor grief, nor fear, could hinder me:
I carried his dead body from the ground,
uplifted on these shoulders, I repeat,
upon these shoulders from that ground
I bore off dead Achilles, and those arms
which now I want to bear away again.
I have the strength to walk beneath their weight,
I have a mind to understand their worth.
Did the hero's mother, goddess of the sea,
win for her son these arms, made by a god,
a work of wondrous art, to have them clothe
a rude soldier, who has no mind at all?
He never could be made to understand
the rich engravings, pictured on the shield—
the ocean, earth, and stars in lofty skies;
the Pleiades, and Hyades, the Bear,
which touches not the ocean, far beyond
the varied planets, and the fire-bright sword
of high Orion. He demands a prize,
which, if he had it, would be lost on him.
“What of his taunting me, because I shrank
from hardships of this war and I was slow
to join the expedition? Does he not see,
that he reviles the great Achilles too?
Was my pretense a crime? then so was his.
Was our delay a fault? mine was the less,
for I came sooner; me a loving wife
detained from war, a loving mother him.
Some hours we gave to them, the rest to you.
Why should I be alarmed, if now I am
unable to defend myself against
this accusation, which is just the same
as you have brought against so great a man?
Yet he was found by the dexterity
of me, Ulysses, and Ulysses was
not found by the dexterity of Ajax.
“It is no wonder that he pours on me
reproaches of his silly tongue, because
he charges you with what is worthy shame.
Am I depraved because this Palamedes has
improperly been charged with crime by me?
Then was it honorable for all of you,
if you condemned him? Only think, that he,
the son of Naplius, made no defence
against the crime, so great, so manifest:
nor did you only hear the charges brought
against him, but you saw the proof yourselves,
and in the gold his villainy was shown.
“Nor am I to be blamed, if Vulcan's isle
of Lemnos has become the residence
of Philoctetes. Greeks, defend yourselves,
for you agreed to it! Yes, I admit
I urged him to withdraw from toils of war
and those of travel and attempt by rest
to ease his cruel pain. He took my advice
and lives! The advice was not alone well meant
(that would have been enough) but it was wise.
Because our prophets have declared, he must
lead us, if we may still maintain our hope
for Troy's destruction—therefore, you must not
intrust that work to me. Much better, send
the son of Telamon. His eloquence
will overcome the hero's rage, most fierce
from his disease and anger: or else his
invention of some wile will skilfully
deliver him to us.—The Simois
will first flow backward, Ida stand without
its foliage, and Achaia promise aid
to Troy itself; ere, lacking aid from me,
the craft of stupid Ajax will avail.
“Though, Philoctetes, you should be enraged
against your friends, against the king and me;
although you curse and everlastingly
devote my head to harm; although you wish,
to ease your anguish, that I may be given
into your power, that you may shed my blood;
and though you wait your turn and chance at me;
still I will undertake the quest and will
try all my skill to bring you back with me.
If my good fortune then will favor me,
I shall obtain your arrows; as I made
the Trojan seer my captive, as I learned
the heavenly oracles and fate of Troy,
and as I brought back through a host of foes
Minerva's image from the citadel.
“And is it possible, Ajax may now
compare himself with me? Truly the Fates
will hold Troy from our capture, if we leave
the statue. Where is valiant Ajax now,
where are the boasts of that tremendous man?
Why are you trembling, while Ulysses dares
to go beyond our guards and brave the night?
In spite of hostile swords, he goes within
not only the strong walls of Troy but even
the citadel, lifts up the goddess from
her shrine, and takes her through the enemy!
If I had not done this, Telamon's son
would bear his shield of seven bull hides in vain.
That night I gained the victory over Troy—
'Twas then I won our war with Pergama,
because I made it possible to win.
“Stop hinting by your look and muttered words
that Diomed was my partner in the deed.
The praise he won is his. You, certainly
fought not alone, when you held up your shield
to save the allied fleet: a multitude
was with you, but a single man gave me
his valued help.
“And if he did not know
a fighting man can not gain victory
so surely as the wise man, that the prize
is given to something rarer than a brave right hand,
he would himself be a contender now
for these illustrious arms. Ajax the less
would have come forward too, so would the fierce
Eurypylus, so would Andraemon's son.
Nor would Idomeneus withhold his claim,
nor would his countryman Meriones.
Yes, Menelaus too would seek the prize.
All these brave men, my equals in the field,
have yielded to my wisdom.
“Your right hand
is valuable in war, your temper stands
in need of my direction. You have strength
without intelligence; I look out for
the future. You are able in the fight;
I help our king to find the proper time.
Your body may give service, and my mind
must point the way: and just as much as he
who guides the ship must be superior
to him who rows it; and we all agree
the general is greater than the soldier; so,
do I excel you. In the body lives
an intellect much rarer than a hand,
by that we measure human excellence.
“O chieftains, recompense my vigilance!
For all these years of anxious care, award
this honor to my many services.
Our victory is in sight; I have removed
the opposing fates and, opening wide the way
to capture Pergama, have captured it.
Now by our common hopes, by Troy's high walls
already tottering and about to fall,
and by the gods that I won from the foe,
by what remains for wisdom to devise
or what may call for bold and fearless deeds—
if you think any hope is left for Troy,
remember me! Or, if you do not give
these arms to me, then give them all to her!”
The debate over the arms: Ulysses speaks

The son of Telamon finished, and the crowd�s applause followed his closing words. Until the hero, son of La�rtes, stood. He gazed at the ground for a while and then raised his eyes to look at the captains, and opened his lips for the speech they anticipated: his eloquent words did not lack grace in their delivery.

�If my wishes and yours, Pelasgians, had been worth anything, there would be no question as to who should inherit the arms in this great contest: you, Achilles, would have your armour, and we would have you. But since unequal fate has denied his presence to me and to you, (and he made as if to wipe a tear from his eye), who better to take Achilles�s place than the man through whom mighty Achilles took his place among the Greeks? Only do not let it help him that he is slow-witted, as he seems to be, nor harm my case that my ability has always profited you Greeks. And let this eloquence of mine, if it exists, that often spoke for you, and now speaks for its master, escape envy: no man should refuse to employ his talents.

�Now, as to race, and ancestry, and whatever we have not personally achieved; I hardly call those things ours. But since Ajax has recalled that he is Jove�s great grandson, Jupiter is the founder of my bloodline also, and I am the same distance from him. La�rtes is my father, Arcesius was La�rtes�s father, and he was the son of Jupiter: and there are no exiled criminals, like Peleus and Telamon, amongst them. Also there is the addition to my nobility of Cyllenian Mercury through my mother, Anticleia. The gods are in both my parents. But I do not claim the arms lying there, because I am nobler on my mother�s side, nor because my father is innocent of a brother�s blood. Judge the case on its merits. Provided that it is not regarded as Ajax�s merit that Telamon and Peleus were brothers, and that what is considered in this award is respect for ability not the claims of blood! Or, if you are asking who is the next of kin, and the lawful heir, well Peleus is Achilles�s father, and Pyrrhus is Achilles�s son: where is Ajax�s claim? Take the arms to Peleus�s Phthia, or Pyrrhus�s Scyros! Teucer is no less Achilles�s cousin than Ajax, yet does he ask for the arms, and if he did, would he gain them? So, since it is a contest about naked achievements, I have done more than I can recount in glib words, but I will take things in their proper order.

�Thetis, Achilles�s Nereid mother, foreseeing her son�s death, disguised his appearance, and wearing women�s clothes he deceived everyone, including Ajax. But, among the things women buy, I placed arms to stir a man�s spirit. Before the hero had abandoned the clothes of a girl, while he held the shield and spear, I said: �Pergama the citadel doomed to be destroyed, waits for you, son of the goddess! Why do you hesitate to overthrow mighty Troy?� And I took him in hand, and sent the brave out to do brave things. So his deeds are mine: I overcame warring Telephus with my spear, and healed him with it, when he was defeated and begging for help. It is down to me that Mysian Thebes fell: credit the capture of Lesbos to me, Tenedos to me, Chryse and Cilla the cities of Apollo, and Phrygian Scyros as well. Imagine that my right hand razed Lyrnesus�s walls to the ground. I gave you the man who could destroy fierce Hector, not to speak of those other Trojans: through me glorious Hector lies low! I seek these arms for the arms that revealed Achilles: I gave to the living, I claim from the dead.

�When one man�s sorrow fell on all the Greeks, and a thousand ships gathered at Euboean Aulis, though they waited for a long time, there were adverse winds or no wind. Then a cruel oracle ordered Agamemnon to sacrifice his innocent daughter, Iphigenia, to pitiless Diana. The father said no, angered with the gods themselves: and there is still a father even in a king. I with my skill in words turned him away from a parent�s fondness and towards the common good. I had a difficult case indeed to plead, before (I confess, and may Atrides pardon the confession) a prejudiced judge, but given the needs of his brother and the expedition, and the high command vested in him, he balanced glory against blood. Then I was sent to the mother, Clytaemnestra, who was not to be persuaded, but deceived by cunning. If Telamon�s son had gone, our sails would still be waiting for the winds.

�Also, as an ambassador, I was sent to Troy�s citadel, and saw and entered the senate house of lofty Ilium, still full of heroes. As I was charged to do by Greece, for the common good, undaunted, I accused Paris, demanded the return of Helen and what Paris had plundered, and stirred Priam, and Antenor, at one with Priam. But Paris, and his brothers, and those who plundered with him, could scarcely keep their sinful hands off me (you know it, Menela�s) and that first day of danger to me was shared with you.

�It would take a long time to tell what I have achieved that has been useful, by stratagem and deed, in the long space of this conflict. After the first onslaught the enemy kept inside the city walls for a long time, and there was no chance for open warfare. Finally in the tenth year we fought it out. What were you doing meanwhile, Ajax, you who only know about battles? What use were you then? If you ask what I was doing, I laid ambushes for the enemy; surrounded the defences with a ditch; encouraged our allies so that they might bear the weariness of a long campaign with patience of mind; advised on how we should be fed and armed; was sent wherever benefit required it.

�See, deceived by a dream in sleep, Agamemnon, the king, commanded by Jupiter, orders us to give up all concern with the war we have begun. He can justify his words by this dream�s authority. Let Ajax prevent it, and demand that the citadel, Pergama, be destroyed, let him do what he can do, fight! Why does he not restrain those who are for returning home? Why does he not take up arms, and give a lead for the fickle mob to follow?

�That was not too much to ask of one who never speaks without boasting: but what of the fact that he fled as well?

�I saw you, Ajax, and was ashamed to see it, when, turning your back, you readied your dishonourable sails. Instantly I shouted: �What are you doing? What madness is urging you to abandon captured Troy? What are you taking home with you, except disgrace? With these words, and others, in which my anguish made me eloquent, I turned men from their flight, and led them back.� Atrides assembled the allies who were quaking with fear: even then the son of Telamon did not dare utter a thing, but even Thersites dared to attack the kings with insolent words, though not without punishment from me! I rose to my feet and urged on my frightened countrymen against the enemy, and by my voice restored their lost courage. From that time on, whatever bravery this man can be seen to have shown, is mine, who dragged him back when he was given to flight.

�Next, which of the Greeks praises you or seeks you out, Ajax? Yet Diomede shares what he does with me, supports me, and always trusts Ulysses as his companion. That is something, to be singled out by Diomede from so many thousand Greeks! No drawing of lots forced me to go: yet, disregarding the dangers of night and the enemy, I killed Dolon, the Phrygian, out on the same errand as we were, but not before I had forced him to tell what he knew, and had learned what perfidious Troy was planning. I had discovered everything, and had no need to spy further, and could now return with the glory I sought: yet not content with that, I searched out Rhesus�s tents, and I killed him and his comrades in their camp. And so, a victor, with what I prayed for achieved, as if it were a triumph, I rode his captured chariot. Deny me the arms of Achilles, whose horses my enemy, Dolon, asked of Hector, for his night�s work, and let Ajax be more generous than you.

�Why should I have to mention the ranks of Sarpedon of Lycia cut to pieces by my sword? With bloody slaughter I killed Coeranos, Iphitus�s son; Alastor and Chromius; Alcander, Halius, No�mon and Prytanis; and I dealt destruction to Tho�n, Chersidamas, Charopes, and Ennomos driven by inexorable fate; and others less well known fell to my hand under the walls of the city. I have wounds, friends, honourable ones, as their position shows: do not believe empty words, look!� and he pulled his tunic open with his hand, �here is my breast that has always been employed in your actions! But the son of Telamon has shed no blood for his companions, in all these years, and his flesh is unwounded!

�What relevance is it that he declares he took up arms against the Trojans and against Jove? I agree, he did (since I do not maliciously disparage beneficial actions) but do not let him seize the honour that is shared, and let him grant you some respect also. It was Patroclus, son of Actor, protected by being disguised in Achilles�s armour, who pushed back the Trojans from the ships that would have gone up in flames, with Ajax, their defender. He thinks that he is the only one who dared to face Hector�s spear, forgetting the captains and the king, and myself: he was the ninth to volunteer, and selected by the luck of the draw. But what was the result of your struggle, strongest of men? Hector retreated without receiving a single wound.

�Alas, with what sadness I am forced to recall that time when Achilles, the defence of Achaia, fell! Yet tears, grief, fear did not prevent my lifting his body from the earth: I carried the body of Achilles over these shoulders, these very shoulders, along with the weapons, that now also I am anxious to carry. I have strength enough for such a burden, and a mind that can surely appreciate the honour. Was it for this that his mother, the sea-goddess, was so ambitious for her son, that the gifts of heaven, the works of such artistry, should adorn an ignorant and thoughtless soldier? He understands nothing of the shield�s engraving, Ocean, or earth, or high starry sky; the Pleiades and the Hyades, the Bear that is always clear of the waters, and opposite, beyond the Milky Way, Orion, with his glittering sword.� He demands to bear armour that he does not comprehend!

�What of the fact that he accuses me of shirking the harsh duties of war, and of coming late to a labour already begun? Does he not see that he is speaking ill of great Achilles? If you call it a crime to dissimulate, we both dissimulated: if delay is a fault, I was the earlier to arrive. A loving wife detained me, a loving mother Achilles. Our priority was given to them, the rest to you. I hardly fear an accusation, even if I cannot defend myself against it, shared with such a man: he was revealed by Ulysses�s cunning, but not Ulysses by Ajax�s.

�Let us not be astonished that he pours out against me the invective from his foolish tongue, since he reproaches you shamefully. Was it a disgrace for me to accuse Palamades on an erroneous charge, but proper for you to condemn him? But then the son of Nauplias could not defend himself against so great a crime, and one so clearly proven: nor did you merely hear of the crime: you saw it, revealed by the gold I exposed.

�Nor do I merit being called a criminal because Lemnos, Vulcan�s isle, holds the son of Poeas, Philoctetes, (defend your own actions, since you agreed to it!) but I will not deny that I persuaded him to withdraw from the hardships of war and the journey, and to try and relieve his terrible agonies in rest. He agreed � and he still lives! Not only was my opinion offered in good faith, though it is enough that it was in good faith, but it turned out well. Now since our seers demand his presence for the destruction of Troy, do not commission me! Telamon�s son, with his eloquence, had better go and soothe that man, maddened by pain and fury, or bring him by some cunning trick! If my mind were idle on your behalf, the River Simo�s would flow backwards, and Mount Ida stand there leafless, and Achaia help Pergama, before the skill, of foolish Ajax, would benefit the Greeks.

�I would go to you, harsh Philoctetes, and try to bring you back with me, though you are aggressive towards king and countrymen, and myself; though you execrate me, and pour curses endlessly on my head; and, in your pain, long for me to be given into your power, to drink my blood, and to have your chance at me, as I did at you. And I would gain possession of your arrows (by Fortune�s favour), as I took possession of the Dardanian seer, Helenus, whom I captured; as I revealed the gods� oracles and the fate of Troy; as I stole the image of Phrygian Minerva from the inner sanctuary, from the midst of the enemy. Does Ajax compare himself to me? The fates surely denied our capturing Troy without it.

�Where is brave Ajax now? Where are the great hero�s mighty words? What do you fear then? Why does Ulysses dare to go through the sentries and commit himself to night; to enter not only the walls of Troy but also the heights of the citadel, past the sharp swords; and to snatch the goddess from her temple, and carry her captive through the enemy ranks? If I had not done it, the son of Telamon would have carried the seven-layered bull�s-hide shield on his left arm in vain. That night the victory over Troy was established: I defeated Pergama then, when I secured the possibility of her defeat.

�You can stop pointing out with your murmurs and looks, Ajax, that Diomede was my partner: he has his share of praise in this! Nor were you alone, when you held your shield in defence of the allied ships: you had a crowd of companions: I had only one. If he did not know that a fighter is worth less than a thinker, and that the prize is not owed merely because of an indomitable right hand, he would also claim it; so would the lesser Ajax, fierce Eurypylus, and Thoas, the son of famous Andraemon, and no less surely would Idomeneus, and Meriones born of the same nation, and Menela�s, the brother of Agamemnon.

�In fact, they accept my counsel, these strong right hands, not second to me in battle. Your right hand, useful in war, needs the guidance of my intellect. You have power without mind, mine is the care for the future. You can fight, but Atrides, with me, chooses the time to fight. You only display the flesh, I the spirit. By as much as he who steers the ship is superior to him who rows, by as much as the general exceeds the soldier, by that much I surpass you. No less is the head more powerful than the hand, in our body: the energy of the whole is within it.

�O princes, grant the prize to your sentry, for the many years I have spent in anxious care, grant me the judgement, this honour for my services. Now my labour is done: I have removed fate�s obstacles, and by making it possible to take high Pergama, have taken her. Now, by our common expectation; by Troy�s doomed walls; by the gods I recently took from the enemy; by whatever else remains that needs to be done wisely; I pray, that if there is still some bold and dangerous thing to attempt, if you think that anything is yet in store involving Troy�s fate, remember me! And if you do not give me the arms, give them to her!� and he pointed towards Minerva�s fatal statue.

Mota manus procerum est, et quid facundia posset,
re patuit, fortisque viri tulit arma disertus.
Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignesque Iovemque
385sustinuit totiens, unam non sustinet iram,
invictumque virum vicit dolor: arripit ensem
et “meus hic certe est! an et hunc sibi poscit Ulixes?
Hoc” ait “utendum est in me mihi, quique cruore
saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc caede madebit,
390ne quisquam Aiacem possit superare nisi Aiax.”
Dixit et in pectus tum demum vulnera passum,
qua patuit ferro, letalem condidit ensem.
Nec valuere manus infixum educere telum:
expulit ipse cruor, rubefactaque sanguine tellus
395purpureum viridi genuit de caespite florem,
qui prius Oebalio fuerat de vulnere natus;
littera communis mediis pueroque viroque
incripta est foliis, haec nominis, illa querellae.
And he pointed to Minerva's fateful head.
The assembled body of the chiefs was moved;
and then, appeared the power of eloquence:
the fluent man received, amid applause,
the arms of the brave man. His rival, who
so often when alone, stood firm against
great Hector and the sword, and flames and Jove,
stood not against a single passion, wrath.
The unconquerable was conquered by his grief.
He drew his sword, and said:—“This is at least
my own; or will Ulysses also claim
this, for himself. I must use this against
myself—the blade which often has been wet,
dripping with blood of Phrygians I have slain,.
Will drip with his own master's:blood,
lest any man but Ajax vanquish Ajax.”
Saying this, he turned toward the vital spot
in his own breast, which never had felt a wound,
the fated sword and plunged it deeply in.
though many sought to aid, no hand had strength
to draw that steel—deep driven. The blood itself
unaided drove it out. The ensanguined earth
sprouted from her green turf that purple flower
which grew of old from Hyacinthine blood.
Its petals now are charged with double freight—
the warrior's name, Apollo's cry of woe.
The death of Ajax

The council of princes was swayed, and it shows what eloquence can do: the gifted speaker carried away the arms of the brave hero. But Ajax, who had so often stood alone against Hector, against sword and flame, against Jove himself, could not stand against mere passion, and indignation conquered the unconquerable hero. Drawing his sword he shouted: �This is mine, at least! Or does Ulysses demand it for himself? This I will use myself, on myself, and the iron so often drenched in Phrygian blood, will now be drenched in its master�s, so that none can defeat Ajax but himself.� He spoke, and drove the lethal weapon to its full extent into his chest, that, till then, had never felt a wound. No hand was strong enough to draw out the implanted weapon: it was the blood itself expelled it, and the bloodstained ground bore a purple flower from the green turf, that had first sprung from the wound of the Spartan, Hyacinthus. In the centre of the petals letters are inscribed, shared by the hero and the boy, one reading of them being a name, , and the other one, , a cry of woe.

Victor ad Hypsipyles patriam clarique Thoantis
400et veterum terras infames caede virorum
vela dat, ut referat Tirynthia tela, sagittas.
Quae postquam ad Graios, domino comitante, revexit,
imposita estque fero tandem manus ultima bello,
Troia simul Priamusque cadunt: Priameia coniunx
405perdidit infelix hominis post omnia formam
externasque novo latratu terruit auras,
longus in angustum qua clauditur Hellespontus.
Ilion ardebat, neque adhuc consederat ignis,
exiguumque senis Priami Iovis ara cruorem
410combiberat tracta atque comis antistita Phoebi
non profecturas tendebat ad aethera palmas.
Dardanidas matres patriorum signa deorum,
dum licet, amplexas succensaque templa tenentes
invidiosa trahunt victores praemia Grai.
415Mittitur Astyanax illis de turribus, unde
pugnantem pro se proavitaque regna tuentem
saepe videre patrem monstratum a matre solebat.
Iamque viam suadet boreas, flatuque secundo
carbasa mota sonant, iubet uti navita ventis.
420“Troia, vale! rapimur” clamant, dant oscula terrae
Troades et patriae fumantia tecta relinquunt.
Ultima conscendit classem (miserabile visu!)
in mediis Hecube natorum inventa sepulcris:
prensantem tumulos atque ossibus oscula dantem
425Dulichiae traxere manus, tamen unius hausit
inque sinu cineres secum tulit Hectoris haustos;
Hectoris in tumulo canum de vertice crinem,
inferias inopes, crinem lacrimasque reliquit.
The conqueror, Ulysses, now set sail,
for Lemnos, country of Hypsipyle,
and for the land of Thoas, famed afar,
those regions infamous in olden days,
where women slew their husbands. So he went
that he might capture and bring back with him
the arrows of brave Hercules. When these
were given back to the Greeks, their lord with them,
a final hand at last prevailed to end
that long fought war. Both Troy and Priam fell,
and Priam's wretched wife lost all she had,
until at last she lost her human form.
Her savage barkings frightened foreign lands,
where the long Hellespont is narrowed down.
Great Troy was burning: while the fire still raged,
Jove's altar drank old Priam's scanty blood.
The priestess of Apollo then, alas!
Was dragged by her long hair, while up towards heaven
she lifted supplicating hands in vain.
The Trojan matrons, clinging while they could
to burning temples and ancestral gods,
victorious Greeks drag off as welcome spoil.
Astyanax was hurled down from the very tower
from which he often had looked forth and seen
his father, by his mother pointed out,
when Hector fought for honor and his country's weal.
Now Boreas counsels to depart. The sails,
moved by a prosperous breeze, resound and wave—
the Trojan women cry,—“Farewell to Troy!
Ah, we are hurried off! ” and, falling down,
they kiss the soil, and leave the smoking roofs
of their loved native land. The last to go
on board the fleet was Hecuba, a sight
most pitiful. She was found among the tombs
of her lost sons. While she embraced each urn
and fondly kissed their bones, Ulysses came
with ruthless hands and bore her off, his prize
she in her bosom took away the urn
of Hector only, and upon his grave
she left some white hair taken from her head,
a meager gift, her white hair and her tears.
Across the strait from Troy, there is a land
The fall of Troy

Ulysses, the winner, set sail for Lemnos, the island of Queen Hypsipyle and her father the famous Thoas, a country notorious in ancient times for the murder by its women of their men, to bring back the arrows of Tyrinthian Hercules. When he had brought them back to the Greeks, with Philoctetes their master, the last hand was dealt in the long drawn-out war. Troy fell, and Priam also. Hecuba, Priam�s unhappy wife, when all else was lost, lost her human form, and filled the air of an alien country, where the long Hellespont narrows to a strait, with strange barking.

Ilium burned; the flames had not yet died down; Jove�s altar was soaking up old Priam�s meagre stream of blood; and Cassandra, the head priestess of Apollo, dragged along by her hair, stretched out her arms uselessly to the heavens. The Dardanian women, embracing the statues of their nation�s gods while they still could, and thronging the burning temples, were snatched away by the victorious Greeks as enviable prizes. Astyanax, was thrown down from that tower, from which he used to see his father, Hector, whom Andromache his mother pointed out to him, as Hector fought for him, and protected the ancestral kingdom. Now Boreas, the north wind, urged the Greeks on their way, and the sails flapped in a favourable breeze.

The sailers are ordered to take advantage of the wind. The Trojan women wail, kissing their native earth, abandoning the burning houses: �Troy, farewell! We are taken against our will.�

The last to embark � pitiable sight! � was Hecuba, found among the tombs of her sons. There as she clung to their graves, trying to kiss their relics, the hands of Dulichian Ulysses dragged her away. Yet she emptied one sepulchre, and carried away with her, at her breast, Hector�s ashes from the emptied urn. And on Hector�s grave she left a scant offering to the dead, shreds of her grey hair, hair and tears.

Est, ubi Troia fuit, Phrygiae contraria tellus,
430Bistoniis habitata viris: Polymestoris illic
regia dives erat, cui te commisit alendum
clam, Polydore, pater Phrygiisque removit ab armis,
consilium sapiens, sceleris nisi praemia magnas
adiecisset opes, animi inritamen avari.
435Ut cecidit fortuna Phrygum, capit impius ensem
rex Thracum iuguloque sui demisit alumni
et, tamquam tolli cum corpore crimina possent,
exanimem scopulo subiectas misit in undas.
Litore Threicio classem religarat Atrides,
440dum mare pacatum, dum ventus amicior esset.
Hic subito, quantus cum viveret esse solebat,
exit humo late rupta similisque minanti
temporis illius vultum referebat Achilles,
quo ferus iniustum petiit Agamemnona ferro,
445“inmemores” que “mei disceditis” inquit “Achivi,
obrutaque est mecum virtutis gratia nostrae?
Ne facite! utque meum non sit sine honore sepulcrum,
placet Achilleos mactata Polyxena manes!”
Dixit, et inmiti sociis parentibus umbrae,
450rapta sinu matris, quam iam prope sola fovebat,
fortis et infelix et plus quam femina virgo
ducitur ad tumulum diroque fit hostia busto.
Quae memor ipsa sui, postquam crudelibus aris
admota est sensitque sibi fera sacra parari,
455utque Neoptolemum stantem ferrumque tenentem
utque suo vidit figentem lumina vultu,
utere iamdudum generoso sanguine!” dixit,
“nulla mora est: aut tu iugulo vel pectore telum
conde meo! (iugulumque simul pectusque retexit)
460scilicet haud ulli servire Polyxena vellem.
haud per tale sacrum numen placabitis ullum!
Mors tantum vellem matrem mea fallere posset!
Mater obest minuitque necis mihi gaudia, quamvis
non mea mors illi, verum sua vita gemenda est.
465Vos modo, ne Stygios adeam non libera manes,
ite procul, si iusta peto, tactuque viriles
virgineo removete manus! Acceptior illi,
quisquis is est, quem caede mea placare paratis,
liber erit sanguis. Siquos tamen ultima nostri
470verba movent oris (Priami vos filia regis,
nunc captiva rogat), genetrici corpus inemptum
reddite, neve auro redimat ius triste sepulcri,
sed lacrimis! Tunc, cum poterat, redimebat et auro.”
Dixerat, at populus lacrimas, quas illa tenebat,
475non tenet; ipse etiam flens invitusque sacerdos
praebita coniecto rupit praecordia ferro.
Illa super terram defecto poplite labens
pertulit intrepidos ad fata novissima vultus.
Tunc quoque cura fuit partes velare tegendas,
480cum caderet, castique decus servare pudoris.
claimed by Bistonian men, and in that land
was a rich palace, built there by a king
named Polymnestor. To him the Phrygian king
in secret gave his youngest son to rear,
his Polydorus, safe from Troy and war,
a prudent course, if he had not sent gold
arousing greed, incitement to a crime.
Soon, when the fortunes of the Trojans fell,
that wicked king of Thrace took his own sword,
and pierced the throat of his poor foster son
and then, as if the deed could be concealed,
if he removed the body, hurled the boy
from a wild cliff into the waves below.
Until the sea might be more calm, and gales
of wind might be subdued, Atrides moored
his fleet of ships upon the Thracian shore;
there, from wide gaping earth, Achilles rose,
as large as when he lived, with look as fierce,
as when his sword once threatened Agamemnon.
“Forgetting me do you depart, O Greeks?”
He said, “And is your grateful! memory
of all my worth interred with my bones?
Do not do so. And that my sepulchre
may have due worship, let Polyxena
be immolated to appease the ghost:
of dead Achilles.” Fiercely so he spoke.
The old friends of Achilles all obeyed
his unforgiving shade; and instantly
the noble and unhappy virgin—brave,
more like a man than woman—was torn from
her mother's bosom, cherished more by her,
since widowed and alone. And then they led
the virgin as a sacrifice from there
up to the cruel altar. When the maid
observed the savage rites prepared for her,
and when she noticed Neoptolemus
stand by her with his cruel sword in hand,
his fixed eyes on her countenance; she said:—
“Do not delay my generous gift of blood,
with no resistance thrust the ready steel
into my throat or breast!” And then she laid
both throat and bosom bare. “Polyxena
would never wish to live in slavery.
And such rites win no favor from a god.
Only I fondly wish my mother might
not know that I have died. My love of her
takes from my joy in death and gives me fear.
Not my death truly, but her own sad life
should be the most lamented in her tears.
Now let your men stand back, that I may go
with dignity down to the Stygian shades,
and, if my plea is just, let no man's hand
touch my pure virgin body. A nobler gift
to him, whoever he may be, whom you
desire to placate with my death today,
shall be a free maid's blood. But, if my words—
my parting wish, has power to touch your hearts,
(King Priam's daughter, not a captive, pleads)
freely return my body to my mother,
let her not pay with gold for the sad right
to bury me—but only with her tears!
Yes, when she could, she also paid with gold.”
After she said these words, the people could
no more restrain their tears; but no one saw
her shed one tear. Even the priest himself,
reluctantly and weeping, drove the steel
into her proffered breast. On failing knees
she sank down to the earth; but still maintained
a countenance undaunted to the last:
and, even unto death, it was her care
to cover all that ought to be concealed,
and save the value of chaste modesty.
The deaths of Polydorus and Polyxena

There is a country opposite Phrygia, where Troy stood, that the Bistones inhabit: Polymestor�s wealthy court was there, to whom Priam your father secretly sent you, Polydorus, to be reared away from the Phrygian war: a wise plan if he had not sent great riches with you, a reward for the criminal, a temptation to the greedy spirit. When Phrygia�s fortunes waned, the impious king of Thrace took his sword and stabbed his young foster child in the throat, and threw the body from a cliff into the sea, as if murder could be eliminated with the corpse.

Agamemnon had moored his fleet on a Thracian beach until the sea calmed, and the winds were kinder. Here, suddenly the ghost of Achilles appeared from a broad fissure in the earth, as large as he used to be in life. He appeared as on the day when, with threatening face, and sword in hand, he fiercely challenged Agamemnon�s injustice. �You depart, then, Achaeans, forgetting me, and gratitude for my courage is buried with me!� he cried, �Do not let it be so! Let Polyxena be sacrificed, so that my tomb is not without its honours. Appease Achilles�s shade!�

He spoke, and, his countrymen obeyed the pitiless ghost. Now, she was torn from her mother�s arms, and the girl, almost Hecuba�s only comfort, ill-fated, but with more than a woman�s courage, was led to the burial mound and became a victim of the dread grave. She remembered who she was, set before the brutal altar, knowing the savage rite was readied for her, and when she saw Neoptolemus standing, gripping his sword, his eyes gazing at her face, she said: �Now, shed noble blood, nothing prevents you: but sheathe your sword in my throat or in my breast,� and she uncovered both her throat and her breast, �Polyxena, for certain, has no desire to be slave to any man! No god will be appeased by such a rite as this! I only wish my death could be unknown to my mother: my mother weakens and lessens my joy in death, though it is not my dying but her living that is terrible. Now, move away, you, so that if my request is lawful, I may not be hindered in going to the Stygian shades: and take the hands of man from virgin flesh! My free blood will be more acceptable to him, whoever he is, whom you are trying to appease with my murder. If my last words still move any of you (The daughter of Priam asks it, not a prisoner) return my body to my mother without ransom: let her pay for the sad privilege of burying me, not with gold, but with tears! When she could, then she paid in gold as well�

She spoke, and the crowd could not restrain its tears, that she restrained. Then the priest, also weeping, and against his will, driving his sword home, pierced the breast she offered up. Her knees gave way, and she sank to the ground, keeping her look of fearless courage to the end. Even then, as she fell, she was careful to hide the parts that should be hidden, and to protect the honour of her chaste modesty.

Troades excipiunt deploratosque recensent
Priamidas et quid dederit domus una cruoris,
teque gemunt, virgo, teque, o modo regia coniunx,
regia dicta parens, Asiae florentis imago,
485nunc etiam praedae mala sors, quam victor Ulixes
esse suam nollet, nisi quod tamen Hectora partu
edideras: dominum matri vix repperit Hector!
Quae corpus complexa animae tam fortis inane,
quas totiens patriae dederat natisque viroque,
490huic quoque dat lacrimas lacrimas in vulnera fundit
osculaque ore tegit consuetaque pectora plangit
canitiemque suam concreto in sanguine verrens
plura quidem, sed et haec laniato pectore dixit:
“Nata, tuae (quid enim superest?) dolor ultime matris,
495nata, iaces, videoque tuum, mea vulnera, pectus,
et ne perdiderim quemquam sine caede meorum,
tu quoque vulnus habes! At te, quia femina, rebar
a ferro tutam: cecidisti et femina ferro,
totque tuos idem fratres, te perdidit idem,
500exitium Troiae nostrique orbator, Achilles.
At postquam cecidit Paridis Phoebique sagittis,
“nunc certe,” dixi, “non est metuendus Achilles!rsquo;
Nunc quoque mi metuendus erat: cinis ipse sepulti
in genus hoc saevit, tumulo quoque sensimus hostem.
505Aeacidae fecunda fui! Iacet Ilion ingens,
eventuque gravi finita est publica clades, —
sed finita tamen; soli mihi Pergama restant,
in cursuque meus dolor est: modo maxima rerum,
tot generis natisque potens nuribusque viroque,
510nunc trahor exul, inops, tumulis avulsa meorum,
Penelopae munus; quae me data pensa trahentem
matribus ostendens Ithacis “haec Hectoris illa est
clara parens, haec est” dicet “Priameia coniunx!”
Postque tot amissos tu nunc, quae sola levabas
515maternos luctus, hostilia busta piasti!
Inferias hosti peperi! Quo ferrea resto?
Quidve moror? Quo me servas, annosa senectus?
Quo, di crudeles, nisi uti nova funera cernam,
vivacem differtis anum? Quis posse putaret
520felicem Priamum post diruta Pergama dici?
Felix morte sua est, nec te, mea nata, peremptam
adspicit et vitam pariter regnumque reliquit.
At, puto, funeribus dotabere, regia virgo,
condeturque tuum monumentis corpus avitis.
525Non haec est fortuna domus: tibi munera matris
contingent fletus peregrinaeque haustus harenae!
Omnia perdidimus: superest, cur vivere tempus
in breve sustineam, proles gratissima matri,
nunc solus, quondam minimus de stirpe virili,
530has datus Ismario regi Polydorus in oras.
Quid moror interea crudelia vulnera lymphis
abluere et sparsos inmiti sanguine vultus?”
Dixit et ad litus passu processit anili,
albentes lacerata comas. “Date, Troades, urnam”
535dixerat infelix, liquidas hauriret ut undas:
adspicit eiectum Polydori in litore corpus
factaque Threiciis ingentia vulnera telis!
Troades exclamant: obmutuit illa dolore,
et pariter vocem lacrimasque introrsus obortas
540devorat ipse dolor, duroque simillima saxo
torpet et adversa figit modo lumina terra,
interdum torvos sustollit ad aethera vultus,
nunc positi spectat vultum, nunc vulnera nati
vulnera praecipue, seque armat et instruit iram.”
545Qua simul exarsit, tamquam regina maneret,
ulcisci statuit poenaeque in imagine tota est,
utque furit catulo lactente orbata leaena
signaque nacta pedum sequitur, quem non videt, hostem,
sic Hecube, postquam cum luctu miscuit iram,
550non oblita animorum, annorum oblita suorum,
vadit ad artificem dirae, Polymestora, caedis
conloquiumque petit: nam se monstrare relictum
velle latens illi, quod nato redderet, aurum.
Credidit Odrysius praedaeque adsuetus amore
555in secreta venit. Tum blando callidus ore
“tolle moras, Hecube,” dixit, “da munera nato!
Omne fore illius quod das, quod et ante dedisti,
per superos iuro.” Spectat truculenta loquentem
falsaque iurantem tumidaque exaestuat ira
560atque ita correpto captivarum agmina matrum
invocat et digitos in perfida lumina condit
expellitque genis oculos (facit ira nocentem)
immergitque manus, foedataque sanguine sonti
non lumen (neque enim superest), loca luminis haurit.
565Clade sui Thracum gens inritata tyranni
Troada telorum lapidumque incessere iactu
coepit. At haec missum rauco cum murmure saxum
morsibus insequitur, rictuque in verba parato
latravit, conata loqui: locus exstat et ex re
570nomen habet, veterumque diu memor illa malorum
tum quoque Sithonios ululavit maesta per agros.
illius Troasque suos hostesque Pelasgos,
illius fortuna deos quoque moverat omnes,
sic omnes, ut et ipsa Iovis coniunxque sororque
575eventus Hecubam meruisse negaverit illos.
The Trojan matrons took her and recalled,
lamenting, all the sons of Priam dead,
the wealth of blood one house had shed for all.
And they bewailed the chaste Polyxena
and you, her mother, only lately called
a royal mother and a royal wife,—
the soul of Asia's fair prosperity,;
now lowest fallen in all the wreck of Troy.
The conquering Ulysses only claimed
her his because she had brought Hector forth:
and Hector hardly found a master for
his mother. She continued to embrace
the body of a soul so brave, and shed
her tears, as she had shed them often before
for country lost, for sons, for royal mate.
She bathed her daughter's wounds with tears and kissed
them with her lips and once more beat her breast.
Her white hair streamed down in the clotting blood,
she tore her breast, and this and more she said:
“My daughter, what further sorrow can be mine?
My daughter you lie dead, I see your wounds—
they are indeed my own. Lest I should lose
one child of mine without a cruel sword,
you have your wound. I thought, because
you were a woman, you were safe from swords.
But you, a woman, felt the deadly steel.
That same Achilles, who has given to death
so many of your brothers, caused your death,
the bane of Troy and the serpent by my nest!
When Paris and when Phoebus with their shafts
had laid him low, ‘Ah, now at least,’ I said,
‘Achilles will no longer cause me dread.’
Yet even then he still was to be feared.
For him I have been fertile! Mighty Troy
now lies in ruin, and the public woe
is ended in one vast calamity.
For me alone the woe of Troy still lives.
“But lately on the pinnacle of fame,
surrounded by my powerful sons-in-law,
daughters, and daughters-in-law, and strong
in my great husband, I am exiled now,
and destitute, and forced from the sad tombs
of those I love, to wretched slavery,
serving Penelope: who showing me
to curious dames of Ithaca, will point
and say, while I am bending to my task,
‘Look at that woman who was widely known,
the mother of great Hector, once the wife
of Priam!’ After so many have been lost,
now you, last comfort of a mother's grief,
must make atonement on the foeman's tomb.
I bore a victim for my enemy.
“Why do I live—an iron witted wretch?
Why do I linger? Why does cruel age
detain me? Why, pernicious deities,
thus hold me to this earth, unless you will
that I may weep at future funerals?
After the fall of Troy, who would suppose
King Priam could be happy? Blest in death,
he has not seen my daughter's dreadful fate.
He lost at once his kingdom and his life.
“Can I imagine you, a royal maid,
will soon be honored with due funeral rites,
and will be buried in our family tomb?
Such fortune comes no more to your sad house.
A drift of foreign sand will be your grave,
the parting gift will be your mother's tears.
We have lost everything! But no, there is
one reason why I should endure a while.
His mother's dearest, now her only child,
once youngest of that company of sons,
my Polydorus lives here on these shores
protected by the friendly Thracian king.
Then why delay to bathe these cruel wounds,
her dear face spattered with the dreadful blood?”
So Hecuba went wailing towards the shore
with aged step and tearing her gray hair.
At last the unhappy mother said, “Give me
an urn; O, Trojan women!” for, she wished
to dip up salt sea water. But just then,
she saw the corpse of her last son, thrown out
upon the shore; her Polydorus, killed,
disfigured with deep wounds of Thracian swords.
The Trojan women cried aloud, and she
was struck dumb with her agony, which quite
consumed both voice and tears within her heart—
rigid and still she seemed as a hard rock.
And now she gazes at the earth in front
now lifts her haggard face up toward the skies,
now scans that body lying stark and dead,
now scans his wounds and most of all the wounds.
She arms herself and draws up all her wrath.
It burned as if she still held regal power
she gave up all life to the single thought
of quick revenge. Just as a lioness
rages when plundered of her suckling cub
and follows on his trail the unseen foe,
so, Hecuba with rage mixed in her grief
forgetful of her years, not her intent,
went hastily to Polymnestor, who
contrived this dreadful murder, and desired
an interview, pretending it was her wish
to show him hidden gold, for her lost son.
The Odrysian king believed it all:
accustomed to the love of gain, he went
with her, in secret, to the spot she chose.
Then craftily he said in his bland way:
“Oh, Hecuba, you need not wait, give now,
munificently to your son—and all
you give, and all that you have given,
by the good gods, I swear, shall be his own.”
She eyed him sternly as he spoke
and swore so falsely.—Then her rage boiled over,
and, seconded by all her captive train,
she flew at him and drove her fingers deep
in his perfidious eyes; and tore them from
his face—and plunged her hands into the raw
and bleeding sockets (passion made her strong),
defiled with his bad blood. How could she tear
his eyes, gone from their seats? She wildly gouged
the sightless sockets of his bleeding face!
The Thracians, angered by such violence done
upon their king, immediately attacked
the Trojan matron with their stones and darts
but she with hoarse growling and snapping jaws
sprang at the stones, and, when she tried to speak,
she barked like a fierce dog. The place still bears
a name suggested by her hideous change.
And she, long mindful! of her old time woe,
ran howling dismally in Thracian fields.
Her sad fate moved the Trojans and the Greeks,
her friends and foes, and all the heavenly gods.
Yes all, for even the sister-wife of Jove
denied that Hecuba deserved such fate.
Hecuba�s lament and transformation

The Trojan women lift her body, counting over the lamented children of Priam, and recounting how much blood one house has surrendered. They weep for you, girl, and for you, Hecuba, who were lately called the royal wife, the royal parent, the image of bright Asia, now in evil circumstances, even for a prisoner, whom victorious Ulysses would not have wanted, except for the fact that you had given birth to Hector: a partner for his mother that Hector would scarcely have imagined!

Embracing the body of Polyxena, now empty of that brave spirit, she sheds the tears for her that she has shed so often for her husband, sons and country. She pours her tears over her daughter�s wound, covers her lips with kisses, and beats at her own bruised breast.

Then, tearing at her white hair caked with blood, and plucking at her breast, she said this amongst other things: �Child � since, what else is left me? � your mother�s last grief, Child, you lie there, and I see your wound, that is my wound. Look, you also have your wound, so that I might lose none of my children without bloodshed. Because you were a woman, I thought you safe from the sword: yet, a woman, you have died by the sword: and that same Achilles who has ruined Troy and made me childless, who has destroyed so many of your brothers, has killed you in the same way.

Yet when he fell to the arrow of Paris, and Phoebus, I said: �Now surely, Achilles is no longer to be feared.� Yet even then I still needed to fear him. His very ashes in the tomb are hostile to our race: even in the grave we feel his enmity: I gave birth for the Aeacidae! Mighty Ilium is in the dust, and, in a grievous outcome, our ruined State is ended. But still, it ended: in me, only, Pergama remains. My grief still takes it course. A moment ago I was endowed with the greatest things, so many sons and daughters, sons-in-law, and daughters-in-law, and my husband. Now, exiled, destitute, torn from the tombs of my loved ones, I am dragged off as a prize, to serve Penelope. She will point me out to the women of Ithaca, as I spin the wool she gives me, and say: �This is the famous mother of Hector, this is Priam�s queen.� Now you, Polyxena, after so many have been lost, you, who were the only one left to comfort your mother�s grief, have been sacrificed on an enemy tomb! I have borne offerings for the enemy dead!

Why do I remain, unyielding? Why do I linger here? Why do you preserve me, wrinkled old age? Why prolong an old woman�s life, cruel gods, unless it is for me to view more funerals? Who would have thought Priam could be happy when Pergama has fallen? Yet he is happy, in death! He did not see you killed, daughter, but left his kingdom and his life together. Do I imagine you will be endowed with funereal splendour, and your body laid to rest in the ancestral tomb? That is not our house�s fate! Your mother�s tears will be your funeral gift, and the wastes of foreign sand. I have lost everything: now an only child is left, once the youngest son of my family, his mother�s dearest, a reason to endure life for a brief space of time, Polydorus, sent to these shores, to the Ismarian king.

But why do I delay, meanwhile, the cleansing of your cruel wound with water, your face spattered with drops of blood?�

She spoke, and went to the shore, with the stumbling steps of an old woman, tearing at her white hair. �Give me an urn, women of Troy!� said the unhappy mother, wanting to draw water from the sea. There, she saw Polydorus�s body, thrown on the beach, covered with open wounds made by Thracian spears. The Trojan women cried out, but she was dumb with grief. The grief itself obliterated both her powers of speech and the tears welling inside, and she stood unmoving like solid rock, at one moment with her gaze fixed on the ground, the next lifting her face grimly towards the sky. Now she looked at her dead son�s face, now at his wounds, mostly at his wounds, awakening a growing anger in herself. Then it blazed out, and she, as if she were still a queen, determined on vengeance, her whole mind filled with thoughts of punishment.

Hecuba, her grief mixed with anger, forgetting her age, but not forgetting her rage, like a lioness maddened by the theft of her unweaned cub, that, though she cannot see her enemy, follows the traces she finds of his footsteps, found her way to the author of the dreadful crime, Polymestor. She made out that she wanted to show him a secret hoard of gold, to be given to her son. The Thracian believed her, and with his usual desire for gain, came with her secretly.� Then with smooth and cunning words, he said: �Do not delay, Hecuba: give me your gift to your son! It will all be for him, both what you give and what was given before, I swear by the gods.�

She gazed at him, grimly, as he spoke and swore his lying oath, until, her seething anger boiling over, she called on her train of captive women to attack the man, and drove her nails into his deceitful eyes, and (made strong by anger) tore the eyeballs from their sockets, and dipped her hand, and drank, stained with his sinful blood, not from his eyes (nothing of them remained) but from the holes that were his eyes.

The Thracians, enraged by the murder of their king, attacked the Trojan woman, hurling stones and missiles, but she chased the stones they threw, snapping at them with a harsh growling, and, readying her jaws for words, barked when she tried to speak. The place is still there, and takes its name, Cynossema, the Monument of the Bitch, from this, and she still howls mournfully amongst the Sithonian fields, remembering endlessly her ancient suffering.

Her fate moved the Trojans and her enemies the Greeks, and it moved all the gods as well, yes, all, so that even Juno, Jove�s sister-wife, said that Hecuba did not merit such misfortune.

Non vacat Aurorae, quamquam isdem faverat armis,
cladibus et casu Troiaeque Hecubaeque moveri.
Cura deam proprior luctusque domesticus angit
Memnonis amissi, Phrygiis quem lutea campis
580vidit Achillea pereuntem cuspide mater:
vidit, et ille rubor, quo matutina rubescunt
tempora, palluerat, latuitque in nubibus aether.
At non impositos supremis ignibus artus
sustinuit spectare parens, sed crine soluto,
585sicut erat, magni genibus procumbere non est
dedignata Iovis lacrimisque has addere voces:
“Omnibus inferior, quas sustinet aureus aether
(nam mihi sunt totum rarissima templa per orbem),
diva tamen veni, non ut delubra diesque
590des mihi sacrificos caliturasque ignibus aras.
Si tamen adspicias, quantum tibi femina praestem,
tum cum luce nova noctis confinia servo,
praemia danda putes; sed non ea cura neque hic est
nunc status Aurorae, meritos ut poscat honores:
595Memnonis orba mei venio, qui fortia frustra
pro patruo tulit arma suo primisque sub annis
occidit a forti, sic vos voluistis, Achille.
Da, precor, huic aliquem, solacia mortis, honorem,
summe deum rector, maternaque vulnera leni.”
600Iuppiter adnuerat, cum Memnonis arduus alto
corruit igne rogus nigrique volumine fumi
infecere diem (veluti cum flumina natas
exhalant nebulas, nec sol admittitur infra);
atra favilla volat glomerataque corpus in unum
605densetur faciemque capit sumitque calorem
atque animam ex igni (levitas sua praebuit alas),
et primo similis volucri, mox vera volucris
insonuit pennis: pariter sonuere sorores
innumerae, quibus est eadem natalis origo,
610terque rogum lustrant, et consonus exit in auras
ter plangor: quarto seducunt castra volatu.
Tam duo diversa populi de parte feroces
bella gerunt rostrisque et aduncis unguibus iras
exercent alasque adversaque pectora iactant
615inferiaeque cadunt cineri cognata sepulto
corpora seque viro forti meminere creatas.
praepetibus subitis nomen facit auctor: ab illo
Memnonides dictae, cum sol duodena peregit
signa, parentali moriturae voce rebellant.
620Ergo aliis latrasse Dymantida flebile visum est:
luctibus est Aurora suis intenta, piasque
nunc quoque dat lacrimas et toto rorat in orbe.
Although Aurora had given aid to Troy,
she had no heart nor leisure to be moved
by fall of Troy or fate of Hecuba.
At home she bore a greater grief and care;
her loss of Memnon is afflicting her.
Aurora, his rose-tinted mother, saw
him perish by Achilles' deadly spear,
upon the Phrygian plain. She saw his death,
and the loved rose that lights the dawning hour
turned death-pale, and the sky was veiled in clouds.
The parent could not bear to see his limbs
laid on the final flames. Just as she was,
with loose hair streaming round her, she did not
disdain to crouch down at the knees of Jove,
and said these sad words added to her tears:
“Beneath all those whom golden heaven sustains;
(inferior, for see, through all the world
my temples are so few) I have come now
a goddess, to you; not with any hope
that you may grant me temples, festivals,
and altars, heated with devoted fires:
but if you will consider the good deeds,
which I, a woman, may yet do for you,
when at the dawn I mark the edge of night;
then you may think of some reward for me.
But that is not my care; nor is it now
Aurora's purpose here, that she should plead
for honors, though deserved. I come bereaved,
of my son Memnon, who in vain bore arms
to aid his uncle and in prime of life
(0, thus you willed it!) fell stricken by the sword
of great Achilles. Give my son, I pray,
O highest ruler of the gods, some honor,
some comfort for his death, a little ease
his mother's grief.” Jove nodded his assent.
Immediately the high-wrought funeral-pile
of Memnon fell down with its lofty fire,
and volumes of black smoke obscured the day,
as streams exhaling their dense rising fogs,
exclude the bright sun from the land below.
Black ashes fly and, rolling up a shape,
retain a form and gather heat and life
out of the fire. Their lightness gave them wings,
first like a bird and then in fact a bird.
The wings move whirring. In the neighboring air
uncounted sisters, of one birth and growth
together make one noise. Three times they flew
around the funeral pile; and thrice the sound
accordant of their fluttering wings went swift
upon the soft breeze. When they turned about,
their fourth flight in the skies divided them.
As two fierce races from two hostile camps,
clash in their warfare, these bird-sisters with
their beaks and crooked claws clashed, passionate,
until their tired wings and opposing breasts
could not sustain them. And those kindred-foes
fell down a sacrifice, memorial,
to Memnon's ashes buried in that place.
Brave Memnon, author of their birth, has given
his name to those birds, marvellously formed,—
and from him they are called Memnonides.—
now, always when the Sun has passed the twelve
signs of the Zodiac, they war again,
to perish as a sacrifice for him.
So others grieved, while Dymas' royal daughter
was barking: but Aurora overcome
with lasting sorrows, could not think of her:
and even now, she sheds affectionate tears:
and sprinkles them as dew on all the world.
Aurora and the Memnonides

But Aurora had no time for being moved by the fall and ruin of Hecuba and Troy, though she had aided its defence. A closer sorrow, and a private grief tormented her, the loss of her son Memnon, whom she, his bright mother, had seen wasted by Achilles�s spear on the Phrygian plain. She saw it, and that colour, that reddens the dawn, paled, and the sky was covered with cloud. His mother could not bear to look at his body laid on the summit of the funeral pyre, but with dishevelled hair, just as she was, she did not scorn to fall at the feet of mighty Jove, adding tears to these words: �I am the least of all, whom the golden heavens hold (since temples to me are the rarest in all the world), yet I come as a goddess: though not that you might give me sanctuaries, or sacred days, or altars to flame with sacrificial fires. Yet if you considered what I, as a woman, do for you, when each new dawn I keep the borders of night, you would think to give me some reward. But that is not my care, nor Aurora�s errand, to ask for well-merited honours.

I come bereft of my Memnon, who bore arms bravely, but in vain, for his uncle Priam, and in his youth has fallen to mighty Achilles (so you willed). I beg you to grant him some honour, as a solace for his death, great king of the gods, and lessen a mother�s wound!� Jupiter nodded, while Memnon�s steep pyre collapsed in leaping flames, and the daylight was stained with columns of black smoke, like the river-fog the naiad breathes out, that does not admit the light beneath it. Dark ashes flew upwards, and gathering into a ball and solidifying, they formed a shape, and it drew life and heat from the fire (its own lightness giving it wings). At first resembling a bird, then a true bird, it clapped its wings, and innumerable sisters, sprung from the same natal source, sounded too. Three times they circled the pyre, and three times their clamour rose in the air in consonance, on the fourth flight the flock divided. Then in two separate fierce bands they made war, wielding beaks and hooked talons in rage, wearying wing and breast in the struggle.

Remembering they were sprung from a brave hero, they fell as offerings to the buried ashes of their kinsman�s body. The source of these suddenly created birds gave them his name: from him they were called the Memnonides: and when the sun has transited his twelve signs, they war and die again in ritual festival.

And so, while others wept to witness Hecuba�s baying, Aurora was intent on her own grief, and even now she sheds tears, and wets the whole world with dew.

Non tamen eversam Troiae cum moenibus esse
spem quoque fata sinunt: sacra et, sacra altera, patrem
625fert umeris, venerabile onus, Cythereius heros:
de tantis opibus praedam pius eligit illam
Ascaniumque suum profugaque per aequora classe
fertur ab Antandro scelerataque limina Thracum
et Polydoreo manantem sanguine terram
630linquit et utilibus ventis aestuque secundo
intrat Apollineam sociis comitantibus urbem.
Hunc Anius, quo rege homines, antistite Phoebus
rite colebatur, temploque domoque recepit
urbemque ostendit delubraque nota duasque
635Latona quondam stirpes pariente retentas.
Ture dato flammis vinoque in tura profuso
caesarumque boum fibris de more crematis
regia tecta petunt positisque tapetibus altis
munera cum liquido capiunt Cerealia Baccho.
The Fates did not allow the hope of Troy
to be destroyed entirely with her walls.
Aeneas, the heroic son of Venus,
bore on his shoulders holy images
and still another holy weight, his sire,
a venerable burden. From all his wealth
the pious hero chose this for his care
together with his child, Ascanius.
Then with a fleet of exiles he sails forth,
he leaves Antandrus, leaves the wicked realm
and shore of Thrace now dripping with the blood
of Polydorus. With fair winds and tide
he and his comrades reach Apollo's isle.
Good Anius, king of Delos, vigilant
for all his subjects' welfare, and as priest
devoted to Apollo, took him there
into his temple and his home, and showed
the city, the famed shrines, and the two trees
which once Latona, while in labor, held.
They burned sweet incense, adding to it wine,
and laid the flesh of cattle in the flames,
an offering marked by custom for the god.
Then in the palace and its kingly hall,
reclining on luxurious couches, they
Aeneas begins his wanderings

Yet the fates did not allow Troy�s destiny, also, to be overthrown with her walls. Aeneas, Cytherean Venus�s heroic son, carried away on his shoulders her sacred icons, and bore his father, another sacred and venerable burden. He dutifully chose that prize from all his riches, and his son Ascanius, and carried over the sea in his exiled fleet, he left Antandros�s harbour, and the sinful thresholds of Thrace, and the soil drenched in Polydorus�s blood, and riding the favourable winds and tides, he came with his company of friends, to the city of Apollo on Delos.

Anius, who ruled the people, and worshipped Phoebus, with the proper ritual, as high priest, received him in palace and temple. He showed him the city, the famous sanctuary, and the two trees to which Latona clung when she gave birth. They gave incense to the flames, poured wine onto the incense, and, in accord with custom, burned the entrails of slaughtered oxen, and then sought out the royal palace, where reclining on high couches, they ate the gifts of Ceres, and drank the wine of Bacchus.

640Tum pius Anchises: “O Phoebi lecte sacerdos,
fallor, an et natum, cum primum haec moenia vidi,
bisque duas natas, quantum reminiscor, habebas?”
Huic Anius niveis circumdata tempora vittis
concutiens et tristis ait: “Non falleris, heros
645maxime: vidisti natorum quinque parentem,
quem nunc (tanta homines rerum inconstantia versat!)
paene vides orbum. Quod enim mihi filius absens
auxilium, quem dicta suo de nomine tellus
Andros habet pro patre locumque et regna tenentem?
650Delius augurium dedit huic, dedit altera Liber
femineae stirpi voto maiora fideque
munera: nam tactu natarum cuncta mearum
in segetem laticemque meri canaeque Minervae
transformabantur, divesque erat usus in illis.
655Hoc ubi cognovit Troiae populator Atrides,
ne non ex aliqua vestram sensisse procellam
nos quoque parte putes, armorum viribus usus
abstrahit invitas gremio genitoris, alantque
imperat Argolicam caelesti munere classem.
660Effugiunt, quo quaeque potest: Euboea duabus,
et totidem natis Andros fraterna petita est.
Miles adest et, ni dedantur, bella minatur.
Victa metu pietas: consortia corpora poenae
dedidit (et timido possis ignoscere fratri:
665non hic Aeneas, non, qui defenderet Andron,
Hector erat, per quem decimum durastis in annum);
iamque parabantur captivis vincla lacertis:
illae tollentes etiamnum libera caelo
bracchia “Bacche pater, fer opem!” dixere, tulitque
670muneris auctor opem, — si miro perdere more
ferre vocatur opem, nec qua ratione figuram
perdiderint, potui scire aut nunc dicere possum;
summa mali nota est: pennas sumpsere tuaeque
coniugis in volucres, niveas abiere columbas.”
drank flowing wine with Ceres' gifts of food.
But old Anchises asked: “O chosen priest
of Phoebus, can I be deceived? When first
I saw these walls, did you not have a son,
and twice two daughters? Is it possible
I am mistaken?” Anius replied,—
shaking his temples wreathed with fillets white,—
“It can be no mistake, great hero, you
did see the father of five children then,
(so much the risk of fortune may affect
the best of men). You see me now, almost
bereft of all. For what assistance can
my absent son afford, while he is king,
the ruler over Andros—that land named
for his name—over which he rules for me?
“The Delian god gave to my son the art
of augury; and likewise, Liber gave
my daughters precious gifts exceeding all
my wishes and belief: since, every thing
my daughters touched assumed the forms of corn,
of sparkling wine, or gray-green olive oil.
Most surely, wonderful advantages.
“Soon as Atrides, he who conquered Troy
had heard of this (for you should not suppose
that we, too, did not suffer from your storms)
he dragged my daughters there with savage force,
from my loved bosom to his hostile camp,
and ordered them to feed the Argive fleet,
by their divinely given power of touch.
“Whichever way they could, they made escape
two hastened to Euboea, and two sought
their brother's island, Andros. Quickly then
an Argive squadron, following, threatened war,
unless they were surrendered. The brother's love
gave way to fear. And there is reason why
you should forgive a timid brother's fear:
he had no warrior like Aeneas, none
like Hector, by whose prowess you held Troy
from its destruction through ten years of war.
“Strong chains were brought to hold my daughters' arms.
Both lifted suppliant hands, which still were free,
to heaven and cried, ‘0, Father Bacchus! give
us needed aid!’ And he who had before
given them the power of touch, did give them aid—
if giving freedom without human shape
can be called giving aid.—I never knew
by what means they lost shape, and cannot tell;
but their calamity is surely known:
my daughters were transformed to snow-white doves,
The transformation of Anius�s daughters.

Then virtuous Anchises said: �O chosen priest of Phoebus, am I wrong, or do I not remember that you had a son and four daughters, when I first saw your city?� Shaking his head, bound with its white sacrificial fillets, Anius replied sadly: �Mightiest of heroes, you are not wrong: you saw me the father of five children, whom now you see almost bereft. What is the use of my absent son, who holds the island of Andros, that takes its name from him, and rules it in his father�s place? Delian Apollo gave him the power of prophecy. Bacchus Liber gave my female offspring other gifts, greater than those they hoped or prayed for. All that my daughter�s touched turned into corn or wine or the grey-green olives of Minerva, and employing them was profitable.

When Agamemnon, son of Atreus, ravager of Troy, learned of this (so that you do not think we escaped all knowledge of your destructive storm) he used armed force to snatch my unwilling daughters from a father�s arms, and ordered them to feed the Greek fleet, using their gift from heaven. Each escaped where they could. Two made for Euboea, and two for their brother�s island of Andros. The army landed and threatened war unless they were given up. Fear overcame brotherly affection, and he surrendered his blood-kin. It is possible to forgive the cowardly brother, since Aeneas and Hector, thanks to whom you held out till the tenth year, were not here to defend Andros.

Now they were readying the chains for the prisoners� arms. They, while their arms were free, stretched them out to the sky, saying: �Bacchus, father, bring your aid!� and he, who granted their gifts, helped them � if you call it help for them to lose in some strange way their human form, for I could not discover by what process they lost it, nor can I describe it. The end of this misfortune I did observe: they took wing, and became snow-white doves, the birds of your goddess-wife Anchises, Venus.�

675Talibus atque aliis postquam convivia dictis
implerunt, mensa somnum petiere remota,
cumque die surgunt adeuntque oracula Phoebi:
qui petere antiquam matrem cognataque iussit
litora; prosequitur rex et dat munus ituris,
680Anchisae sceptrum, chlamydem pharetramque nepoti,
cratera Aeneae, quem quondam transtulit illi
hospes ab Aoniis Therses Ismenius oris.
Miserat hunc illi Therses, fabricaverat Alcon
Hyleus et longo caelaverat argumento.
685Urbs erat, et septem posses ostendere portas:
hae pro nomine erant et, quae foret illa, docebant.
Ante urbem exequiae tumulique ignesque rogique
effusaeque comas et apertae pectora matres
significant luctum: nymphae quoque flere videntur
690siccatosque queri fontes, sine frondibus arbor
nuda riget, rodunt arentia saxa capellae.
Ecce facit mediis natas Orione Thebis,
agmen femineum, iugulo dare pectus aperto,
illas demisso per inertia vulnera telo
695pro populo cecidisse suo pulchrisque per urbem
funeribus ferri celebrique in parte cremari,
tum de virginea geminos exire favilla,
ne genus intereat, iuvenes, quos fama Coronos
nominat, et cineri materno ducere pompam.
700Hactenus antiquo signis fulgentibus aere,
summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho.
Nec leviora datis Troiani dona remittunt
dantque sacerdoti custodem turis acerram,
dant pateram claramque auro gemmisque coronam.
white birds of Venus, guardian of your days.”
With this and other talk they shared the feast,
then left the table and retired to sleep.
They rose up with the day, and went at once
to hear the oracle of Phoebus speak.
He counselled them to leave that land and find
their ancient mother and their kindred shores.
The king attended them, and gave them gifts
when ready to depart; a sceptre to
Anchises, and a robe and quiver to
his grandson, and he gave a goblet to
Aeneas, that which formerly was sent
to him by Therses, once his Theban guest.
Therses had sent it from Aonian shores;
but Alcon the Hylean should be named,
for he had made the goblet and inscribed
a pictured story on the polished side.
There was a city shown with seven gates,
from which the name could be derived by all.
Outside the walls was a sad funeral,
and tombs and fires and funeral pyres were shown,
and many matrons with dishevelled hair
and naked breasts, expressive of their grief,
and many nymphs too, weeping mournfully
because their streams were dry. Without a leaf
the bare trees stood straight up and the she goats
were nibbling in dry, stony fields. And there he carved
Orion's daughters in the Theban square,
one giving her bare throat a cruel cut,
one with her shuttle making clumsy wounds;
both dying for their people. Next they were borne
out through the city with doe funeral pomp,
and mourning crowds were gathered round their pyre.
Then from the virgin ashes, lest the race
should die. twin youths arose, whom fame
has named Coroni and they shared
in all the rites becoming for their mothers' dust.
Even so in shining figures all was shown
inscribed on ancient bronze. The top rim, made
quite rough, was gilded with acanthus leaves.
Presents of equal worth the Trojans gave:
a maple incense casket for the priest,
a bowl, a crown adorned with gold and gems.
The cup of Alcon

After they had filled the time with these and other matters, they left the table and retired to sleep, and rising with the dawn, they went to the oracle of Phoebus, who ordered them to seek their ancient mother, and their ancestral shores.

The king gave them parting gifts and escorted them on their way: a sceptre for Anchises, a cloak and quiver for his grandson, Ascanius, and a drinking-bowl for Aeneas, that Therses of Thebes, a friend, had sent, from the Aonian coast, to the king: Therses had given it, but it was made by Alcon of Hyle, who had engraved it with a complete story.

There was a city, and you could see its seven gates: these served to name it, and tell you that it was Thebes. In front of the city funeral rites, sepulchres, funeral pyres, and fires, and women with naked breasts and streaming hair, depicted mourning. Nymphs, also, appeared weeping, and lamenting their dried-up fountains: the trees stood bare and leafless: goats nibbled the dry gravel.

See here, in the midst of Thebes he portrays Orion�s daughters, the one, more than a woman, slashing her unprotected throat, the other stabbing a weapon into her valiant breast, falling on behalf of their people, then carried in glorious funeral procession through the city, and burned among crowds of mourners. Then two youths, famous as the Coroni, spring from the virgin ashes, so that the race will not die, and lead the cort�ge containing their mother�s remains.

Such was the ancient bronze with its gleaming designs: round the rim gilded acanthus leaves were embossed. The Trojans gave gifts in return, worth no less: an incense-box for the priest, a libation-saucer, and a crown shining with gold and jewels.

Book XIII · GALATEA AND POLYPHEMUS

GALATEA AND POLYPHEMUS

705Inde recordati Teucros a sanguine Teucri
ducere principium, Cretam tenuere locique
ferre diu nequiere Iovem, centumque relictis
urbibus Ausonios optant contingere portus:
saevit hiems iactatque viros, Strophadumque receptos
710portubus infidis exterruit ales Aello.
Et iam Dulichios portus Ithacamque Samonque
Neritiasque domus, regnum fallacis Ulixis,
praeter erant vecti: certatam lite deorum
Ambraciam versique vident sub imagine saxum
715iudicis, Actiaco quae nunc ab Apolline nota est,
vocalemque sua terram Dodonida quercu
Chaoniosque sinus, ubi nati rege Molosso
inpia subiectis fugere incendia pennis.
Proxima Phaeacum felicibus obsita pomis
720rura petunt, Epiros ab his regnataque vati
Buthrotos Phrygio simulataque Troia tenetur.
Inde futurorum certi, quae cuncta fideli
Priamides Helenus monitu praedixerat, intrant
Sicaniam: tribus haec excurrit in aequora pinnis,
725e quibus imbriferos est versa Pachynos ad austros,
mollibus expositum zephyris Lilybaeon, ad arctos
aequoris expertes spectat boreamque Peloros.
Hac subeunt Teucri, et remis aestuque secundo
sub noctem potitur Zanclaea classis harena.
730Scylla latus dextrum, laevum inrequieta Charybdis
infestat: vorat haec raptas revomitque carinas,
illa feris atram canibus succingitur alvum,
virginis ora gerens, et, si non omnia vates
ficta reliquerunt aliquo quoque tempore virgo.
735Hanc multi petiere proci; quibus illa repulsis
ad pelagi nymphas, pelagi gratissima nymphis,
ibat et elusos iuvenum narrabat amores.
Then, recollecting how the Trojans had
derived their origin from Teucer's race,
they sailed to Crete but there could not endure
ills sent by Jove, and, having left behind
the hundred cities, they desired to reach
the western harbors of the Ausonian land.
Wintry seas then tossed the heroic band,
and in a treacherous harbor of those isles,
called Strophades, Aello frightened them.
They passed Dulichium's port, and Ithaca,
Samos, and all the homes of Neritos,—
the kingdom of the shrewd deceitful man,
Ulysses; and they reached Ambracia,
contended for by those disputing gods;
which is today renowned abroad, because
of Actian Apollo, and the stone
seen there conspicuous as a transformed judge;
they saw Dodona, vocal with its oaks;
and also, the well known Chaonian bays,
where sons of the Molossian king escaped
with wings attached, from unavailing flames.
They set their sails then for the neighboring land
of the Phaeacians, rich with luscious fruit:
then for Epirus and to Buthrotos,
and came then to a mimic town of Troy,
ruled by the Phrygian seer. With prophecies
which Helenus, the son of Priam, gave,
they came to Sicily, whose three high capes
jut outward in the sea. Of these three points
Pachynos faces towards the showery south;
and Lilybaeum is exposed to soft
delicious zephyrs; but Peloros looks
out towards the Bears which never touch the sea.
The Trojans came there. Favored by the tide,
and active oars, by nightfall all the fleet
arrived together on Zanclaean sands.
Scylla upon the right infests the shore,
Charybdis, restless on the left, destroys.
Charybdis swallows and then vomits forth
misfortuned ships that she has taken down;
Scylla's dark waist is girt with savage dogs.
She has a maiden's face, and, if we may believe
what poets tell, she was in olden time
a maiden. Many suitors courted her,
but she repulsed them; and, because she was
so much beloved by all the Nereids,
Aeneas�s journey to Sicily

From there, remembering that they, the Teucrians, came originally from the blood of Teucer, they made for his Crete. But, unable to endure Jove�s plague, they left Crete with its hundred cities, hoping to reach the harbours of Ausonian Italy. Tempests raged, and tossed the heroes on stormy seas, and taking refuge in the treacherous harbour of the Strophades, they were terrified by the harpy, A�llo.

Now they were carried past Dulichium�s anchorage; past Same, and the houses of Neritos; and Ithaca, cunning Ulysses�s kingdom. They saw Ambracia, famous now for its Apollo of Actium, once contended over by quarreling gods; and saw the image of the judge who was turned to stone; Dodona�s land with its oracular oaks; and Chaonia�s bay, where the sons of Munichus, the Molossian king, escaped the impious flames on new-found wings.

Next they headed for the country of the Phaeacians, set with rich orchards, and touched at Buthrotus in Epirus, a miniature Troy, ruled by Helenus, the Trojan seer. From there, certain of their future, all of which Helenus, Priam�s son predicted, with reliable warnings, they entered Sicilian waters.� Three tongues of this land run down into the sea. Of these Pachynos faces the rainy south, Lilybaeon fronts the soft western breeze, and Peloros looks to the northern Bears that never touch the waves. Here the Teucrians came, and rowing, with a favourable tide, their fleet reached the sandy beach of Zancle, as night fell.

Scylla attacks from the right-hand coast, restless Charybdis from the left. The latter sucks down and spits out ships she has caught: the former has a girdle of savage dogs round her dark belly. She has a girl�s face, and if the tales of poets are not all false, she was once a girl also. Many suitors wooed her, whom she rejected, and she would go and tell the ocean nymphs, being well loved by the ocean nymphs, of the thwarted desires of young men.

Quam, dum pectendos praebet Galatea capillos,
talibus adloquitur, referens suspiria, dictis:
740“Te tamen, o virgo, genus haud inmite virorum
expetit, utque facis, potes his impune negare;
At mihi, cui pater est Nereus, quam caerula Doris
enixa est, quae sum turba quoque tuta sororum,
non nisi per luctus licuit Cyclopis amorem
745effugere,” — et lacrimae vocem impediere loquentis.
Quas ubi marmoreo detersit pollice virgo
et solata deam est, “refer, o carissima,” dixit.
“neve tui causam tege (sic sum fida) doloris!”
Nereis his contra resecuta Crataeide natam est:
750“Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus,
magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas,
nostra tamen maior: nam me sibi iunxerat uni.
Pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis
signarat teneras dubia lanugine malas.
755Hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat.
En si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne
Acidis in nobis fuerit praesentior, edam:
par utrumque fuit. Pro quanta potentia regni
est, Venus alma, tui! Nempe ille inmitis et ipsis
760horrendus silvis et visus ab hospite nullo
impune et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi,
quid sit amor, sensit validaque cupidine captus
uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.
Iamque tibi formae, iamque est tibi cura placendi,
765iam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos,
iam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam
et spectare feros in aqua et componere vultus.
Caedis amor feritasque sitisque inmensa cruoris
cessant, et tutae veniunt abeuntque carinae.
770Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen,
Telemus Eurymides, quem nulla fefellerat ales,
terribilem Polyphemon adit “lumen” que, “quod unum
fronte geris media, rapiet tibi” dixit “Ulixes!”
Risit et “o vatum stolidissime, falleris,” inquit,
775“altera iam rapuit!” Sic frustra vera monentem
spernit et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu
degravat aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra.
Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo
collis utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda;
780huc ferus ascendit Cyclops mediusque resedit,
lanigerae pecudes nullo ducente secutae.
Cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum,
ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis,
sumptaque harundinibus compacta est fistula centum,
785senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes,
senserunt undae; latitans ego rupe meique
Acidis in gremio residens procul auribus hausi
talia dicta meis auditaque verba notavi:
she sought these nymphs and used to tell
how she escaped from the love-stricken youths.
But Galatea, while her loosened locks
were being combed, said to her visitor,—
“Truly, O maiden, a gentle race of men
courts you, and so you can, and do, refuse
all with impunity. But I, whose sire
is Nereus, whom the azure Doris bore,
though guarded by so many sister nymphs,
escaped the Cyclops' love with tragic loss.”
And, sobbing, she was choked with tears.
When with her fingers, marble white and smooth,
Scylla had wiped away the rising tears
of sorrow and had comforted the nymph,
she said, “Tell me, dear goddess, and do not
conceal from me (for I am true to you)
the cause of your great sorrows.” And the nymph,
daughter of Nereus, thus replied to her:—
“Acis, the son of Faunus and the nymph
Symaethis, was a great delight to his
dear father and his mother, but even more
to me, for he alone had won my love.
Eight birthdays having passed a second time,
his tender cheeks were marked with softest down.
“While I pursued him with a constant love,
the Cyclops followed me as constantly.
And, should you ask me, I could not declare
whether my hatred of him, or my love
of Acis was the stronger.—They were equal.
“O gentle Venus! what power equals yours!
That savage, dreaded by the forest trees,
feared by the stranger who beholds his face
contemner of Olympus and the gods,
now he can feel what love is. He is filled
with passion for me. He burns hot for me,
forgetful of his cattle and his caves.
“Now, Polyphemus, wretched Cyclops, you
are careful of appearance, and you try
the art of pleasing. You have even combed
your stiffened hair with rakes: it pleases you
to trim your shaggy beard with sickles, while
you gaze at your fierce features in a pool
so earnest to compose them. Love of flesh,
ferocity and your keen thirst for blood
have ceased. The ships may safely come and go!
“While all this happened, Telemus arrived
at the Sicilian Aetna—Telemus,
the son of Eurymus, who never could
mistake an omen, met the dreadful fierce,
huge Cyclops, Polyphemus, and he said,
‘That single eye now midmost in your brow
Ulysses will take from you.’ In reply,
the Cyclops only laughed at him and said,
‘Most silly of the prophets! you are wrong,
a maiden has already taken it!’
So he made fun of Telemus, who warned
him vainly of the truth—and after that,
he either burdened with his bulk the shore,
by stalking back and forth with lengthy strides,
or came back weary to his shaded cave.
“A wedge-formed hill projects far in the sea
and either side there flow the salty waves.
To this the giant savage climbed and sat
upon the highest point. The wooly flock,
no longer guided by him, followed after.
There, after he had laid his pine tree down,
which served him for a staff, although so tall
it seemed best fitted for a ship's high mast,
he played his shepherd pipes—in them I saw
a hundred reeds. The very mountains felt
the pipings of that shepherd, and the waves
beneath him shook respondent to each note.
All this time I was hidden by a rock,
reclining on the bosom of my own
dear Acis; and, although afar, I heard
such words as these, which I can not forget:—
‘O Galatea, fairer than the flower
of snow-white privet, and more blooming than
Acis and Galatea

Once while Galatea let Scylla comb her hair, she addressed these words to her, sighing often: �At least, O virgin Scylla, you are not wooed by a relentless breed of men: and you can reject them without fear, as you do. But I, whose father is Nereus, and whose mother is sea-green Doris, I, though protected by a crowd of sisters, was not allowed to flee the love of Polyphemus, the Cyclops, except through sorrow�, and tears stopped the sound of her voice. When the girl had wiped away the tears with her white fingers, and the goddess was comforted, she said: �Tell me, O dearest one: do not hide the cause of your sadness (I can be so trusted)� The Nereid answered Crateis�s daughter in these words: �Acis was the son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, a great delight to his father and mother, but more so even to me, since he and I alone were united. He was handsome, and having marked his sixteenth birthday, a faint down covered his tender cheeks. I sought him, the Cyclops sought me, endlessly. If you asked, I could not say which was stronger in me, hatred of Cyclops, or love of Acis, both of them were equally strong.

Oh! Gentle Venus, how powerful your rule is over us! How that ruthless creature, terrifying even to the woods themselves, whom no stranger has ever seen with impunity, who scorns mighty Olympus and its gods, how he feels what love is, and, on fire, captured by powerful desire, forgets his flocks and caves. Now Polyphemus, you care for your appearance, and are anxious to please, now you comb your bristling hair with a rake, and are pleased to cut your shaggy beard with a reaping hook, and to gaze at your savage face in the water and compose its expression. Your love of killing, your fierceness, and your huge thirst for blood, end, and the ships come and go in safety.

Meanwhile, Telemus the augur, Telemus, the son of Eurymus, whom no flight of birds could deceive, came to Sicilian Mount Aetna, addressed grim Polyphemus, and said: �Ulysses will take from you, that single eye in the middle of your forehead.� He laughed, and answered: �O most foolish of seers, you are wrong, another, a girl, has already taken it.� So he scorned the true warning, given in vain, and weighed the coast down, walking with giant tread, or returned weary to his dark cave.

A wedge-shaped hillside, ending in a long spur, projects into the sea (the waves of the ocean wash round it on both sides). The fierce Cyclops climbed to it, and sat at its apex, and his woolly flocks, shepherd-less, followed. Then laying at his feet the pine trunk he used as a staff, fit to carry a ship�s rigging, he lifted his panpipes made of a hundred reeds. The whole mountain felt the pastoral notes, and the waves felt them too. Hidden by a rock, I was lying in my Acis�s arms, and my ears caught these words, and, having heard them, I remembered:�

“Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri,
790floridior pratis, longa procerior alno,
splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo,
levior adsiduo detritis aequore conchis,
solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra,
nobilior pomis, platano conspectior alta,
795lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva,
mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto
et, si non fugias, riguo formosior horto
saevior indomitis eadem Galatea iuvencis,
durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis,
800lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis,
his inmobilior scopulis, violentior amne,
laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni,
asperior tribulis, feta truculentior ursa,
surdior aequoribus, calcato inmitior hydro,
805et, quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem.
Non tantum cervo claris latratibus acto,
verum etiam ventis volucrique fugacior aura!
At bene si noris, pigeat fugisse morasque
ipsa tuas damnes et me retinere labores.
810Sunt mihi, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo
antra, quibus nec sol medio sentitur in aestu
nec sentitur hiems; sunt poma gravantia ramos,
sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae,
sunt et purpureae: tibi et has servamus et illas.
815Ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra
mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna
prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco,
verum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras.
Nec tibi castaneae me coniuge, nec tibi deerunt
820arbutei fetus: omnis tibi serviet arbor.
Hoc pecus omne meum est, multae quoque vallibus errant,
multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris.
Nec, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere, quot sint:
pauperis est numerare pecus! De laudibus harum
825nil mihi credideris: praesens potes ipse videre,
ut vix circueant distentum cruribus uber.
Sunt, fetura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni,
sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi.
Lac mihi semper adest niveum: pars inde bibenda
830servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant.
Nec tibi deliciae faciles vulgataque tantum
munera contingent, dammae leporesque caperque
parve columbarum demptusve cacumine nidus:
inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint,
835inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis,
villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae,
inveni et dixi “dominae servabimus istos!”
Iam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exsere ponto,
iam, Galatea, veni, nec munera despice nostra.
840Certe ego me novi liquidaeque in imagine vidi
nuper aquae, placuitque mihi mea forma videnti.
Adspice, sim quantus! Non est hoc corpore maior
Iuppiter in caelo: nam vos narrare soletis,
nescio quem regnare Iovem. Coma plurima torvos
845prominet in vultus umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat.
Nec mea quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis
corpora, turpe puta turpis sine frondibus arbor,
turpis equus, nisi colla iubae flaventia velent;
pluma tegit volucres, ovibus sua lana decori est
850barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae.
Unum est in media lumen mihi fronte, sed instar
ingentis clipei. Quid? non haec omnia magnus
Sol videt e caelo? Soli tamen unicus orbis!
Adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat:
855hunc tibi do socerum; tantum miserere precesque
supplicis exaudi! tibi enim succumbimus uni.
Quique Iovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen,
Nerei, te veneror: tua fulmine saevior ira est. —
Atque ego contemptus essem patientior huius,
860si fugeres omnes; sed cur Cyclope repulso
Acin amas praefersque meis complexibus Acin?
Ille tamen placeatque sibi placeatque licebit,
quod nollem, Galatea, tibi; modo copia detur,
sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires!
865Viscera viva traham divisaque membra per agros
perque tuas spargam (sic se tibi misceat!) undas.
Uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrior ignis,
cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam
pectore ferre meo: nec tu, Galatea, moveris.”
the meadows, and more slender than the tall
delightful alder, brighter than smooth glass,
more wanton than the tender skipping kid,
smoother than shells worn by continual floods,
more pleasing than the winter sun, or than
the summer shade, more beautiful than fruit
of apple trees, more pleasing to the sight
than lofty plane tree, clearer than pure ice,
and sweeter than the ripe grape, softer than
soft swan-down and the softest curdled milk;
alas, and if you did not fly from me,
I would declare you are more beautiful
than any watered garden of this world.
‘And yet, O Galatea; I must say,
that you are wilder than all untrained bullocks,
harder than seasoned oak, more treacherous
than tumbled waters, tougher than the twigs
of osier and the white vine, harder to move
than cliffs which front these waves, more violent
than any torrent, you are prouder than
the flattered peacock, fiercer than hot fire,
rougher than thistles, and more cruel than
the pregnant she-bear, deafer than the waves
of stormy seas, more deadly savage than
the trodden water-snake: and, (what I would
endeavor surely to deprive you of)
your speed is fleeter than the deer
pursued by frightful barkings, and more swift
than rapid storm-winds and the flitting air.
‘But Galatea, if you knew me well
you would regret your hasty flight from me,
and you would even blame your own delay,
and strive for my affection. I now hold
the choice part of this mountain for my cave,
roofed over with the native rock. The sun
is not felt in the heat of middle day,
nor is the winter felt there: apples load
the bending boughs and luscious grapes
hang on the lengthened vines, resembling gold,
and purple grapes as rich—I keep for you
those two delicious fruits. With your own hands,
you shall yourself uncover strawberries,
growing so soft beneath the woodland shade;
you shall pluck corners in the autumn ripe,
and plums, not only darkened with black juice
but larger kinds as yellow as new wax.
If I may be your mate, you shall have chestnuts,
fruits of the arbute shall be always near,
and every tree shall yield at your desire.
‘The ewes here all are mine, and many more
are wandering in the valleys; and the woods
conceal a multitude—and many more
are penned within my caves. If you perchance
should ask me, I could never even guess
or count the number; it is for the poor
to count their cattle. Do not trust my word,
but go yourself and see with your own eyes,
how they can hardly stand up on their legs
because of their distended udders' weight.
‘I have lambs also, as a future flock,
kept in warm folds, and kids of their same age
in other folds. I always have supplies
of snow-white milk for drinking, and much more
is hardened with good rennet liquefied.
‘The common joys of ordinary things
will not be all you should expect of me—
tame does and hares and she-goats or a pair
of doves, or even a nest from a tall tree—
for I have found upon a mountain top,
the twin cubs of a shaggy wild she-bear,
of such appearance you can hardly know
the one from other. They will play with you.
The very day I found them I declared,
these I will keep for my dear loved one's joy.
‘Do now but raise your shining head above
the azure sea: come Galatea come,
and do not scorn my presents. Certainly,
I know myself, for only recently
I saw my own reflection pictured clear
in limpid water, and my features pleased
and charmed me when I saw it. See how huge
I am. Not even Jove in his high heaven
is larger than my body: this I say
because you tell me how imperial Jove
surpasses.—Who is he? I never knew.
‘My long hair plentifully hangs to hide
unpleasant features; as a grove of trees
overshadowing my shoulders. Never think
my body is uncomely, although rough,
thick set with wiry bristles. Every tree
without leaves is unseemly; every horse,
unless a mane hangs on his tawny neck;
feathers must cover birds; and their soft wool
is ornamental on the best formed sheep:
therefore a beard, and rough hair spread upon
the body is becoming to all men.
I have but one eye centered perfectly
within my forehead, so it seems most like
a mighty buckler. Ha! does not the Sun
see everything from heaven? Yet it has
but one eye.—
‘Galatea, you must know,
my father is chief ruler in your sea,
and therefor I now offer him to you
as your own father-in-law—But oh, do take
some pity on a suppliant,— and hear his prayer,
for only unto you my heart is given.
‘I, who despise the power of Jove, his heavens
and piercing lightnings, am afraid of you—
your wrath more fearful than the lightning's flash—
but I should be more patient under slights,
if you avoided all men: why reject
the Cyclops for the love that Acis gives?
And why prefer his smiles to my embraces,
but let him please himself, and let him please
you, Galatea, though against my will.
‘If I am given an opportunity
he will be shown that I have every strength
proportioned to a body vast as mine:
I will pull out his palpitating entrails,
and scatter his torn limbs about the fields
and over and throughout your salty waves;
and then let him unite himself to you.—
I burn so, and my slighted passion raves
with greater fury and I seem to hold
and carry Aetna in my breast—transferred
The song of Polyphemus

�Galatea, whiter than the snowy privet petals, �taller than slim alder, more flowery than the meadows, �friskier than a tender kid, more radiant than crystal, �smoother than shells, polished, by the endless tides; �more welcome than the summer shade, or the sun in winter, �showier than the tall plane-tree, fleeter than the hind;� �more than ice sparkling, sweeter than grapes ripening, �softer than the swan�s-down, or the milk when curdled, �lovelier, if you did not flee, than a watered garden. Galatea, likewise, wilder than an untamed heifer, harder than an ancient oak, trickier than the sea; tougher than the willow-twigs, or the white vine branches, firmer than these cliffs, more turbulent than a river, vainer than the vaunted peacock, fiercer than the fire; more truculent than a pregnant bear, pricklier than thistles, deafer than the waters, crueller than a trodden snake; and, what I wish I could alter in you, most of all, is this: that you are swifter than the deer, driven by loud barking, swifter even than the winds, and the passing breeze.

But if you knew me well, you would regret your flight, and you would condemn your own efforts yourself, and hold to me: half of the mountain is mine, and the deep caves in the natural rock, where winter is not felt nor the midsummer sun. There are apples that weigh down the branches, golden and purple grapes on the trailing vines. Those, and these, I keep for you. You will pick ripe strawberries born in the woodland shadows, in autumn cherries and plums, not just the juicy blue-purples, but also the large yellow ones, the colour of fresh bees�-wax. There will be no lack of fruit from the wild strawberry trees, nor from the tall chestnuts: every tree will be there to serve you.

This whole flock is mine, and many are wandering the valleys as well, many hidden by the woods, many penned in the caves. If you asked me I could not tell you how many there are: a poor man counts his flocks. You can see, you need not merely believe me, how they can hardly move their legs with their full udders. There are newborn lambs in the warn sheepfolds, and kids too, of the same age, in other pens, and I always have snow-white milk: some of it kept for drinking, and some with rennet added to curdle it.

You will not have vulgar gifts or easily found pleasures, such as leverets, or does, or kids, or paired doves, or a nest from the treetops. I came upon twin cubs of a shaggy bear that you can play with: so alike you can hardly separate them. I came upon them and I said: �I shall keep these for my mistress.�

Now Galatea, only lift your shining head from the dark blue sea: come, do not scorn my gifts. Lately, I examined myself, it�s true, and looked at my reflection in the clear water, and, seeing my self, it pleased me. Look how large I am: Jupiter, in the sky, since you are accustomed to saying some Jove or other rules there, has no bigger a body. Luxuriant hair hangs over my face, and shades my shoulders like a grove. And do not consider it ugly for my whole body to be bristling with thick prickly hair. A tree is ugly without its leaves: a horse is ugly unless a golden mane covers its neck: feathers hide the birds: their wool becomes the sheep: a beard and shaggy hair befits a man�s body. I only have one eye in the middle of my forehead, but it is as big as a large shield. Well? Does great Sol not see all this from the sky? Yet Sol�s orb is unique.

Added to that my father, Neptune, rules over your waters: I give you him as a father-in-law. Only have pity, and listen to my humble prayers! I, who scorn Jove and his heaven and his piercing lightning bolt, submit to you alone: I fear you, Nereid: your anger is fiercer than lightning. And I could bear this contempt of yours more patiently, if you fled from everyone. But why, rejecting Cyclops, love Acis, and prefer Acis�s embrace to mine? Though he is pleased with himself, and, what I dislike, pleases you too, Galatea, let me just have a chance at him. Then he will know I am as strong as I am big! I�ll tear out his entrails while he lives, rend his limbs and scatter them over the fields, and over your ocean, (so he can join you!) For I am on fire, and, wounded, I burn with a fiercer flame, and I seem to bear Aetna with all his violent powers sunk in my breast, yet you, Galatea, are unmoved.�

870Talia nequiquam questus (nam cuncta videbam)
surgit et ut taurus vacca furibundus adempta,
stare nequit silvaque et notis saltibus errat:
cum ferus ignaros nec quicquam tale timentes
me videt atque Acin “video” que exclamat “et ista
875ultima sit, faciam, veneris concordia vestrae!”
Tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere
debuit, illa fuit: clamore perhorruit Aetne.
Ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor,
terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros
880et “fer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi! ferte, parentes”
dixerat “et vestris periturum admittite regnis!”
Insequitur Cyclops partemque e monte revulsam
mittit, et extremus quamvis pervenit ad illum,
angulus is molis totum tamen obruit Acin.
885At nos, quod fieri solum per fata licebat,
fecimus, ut vires adsumeret Acis avitas.
Puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra
temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit
fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre
890purgaturque mora; tum moles tacta dehiscit,
vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit harundo,
osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis:
miraque res, subito media tenus exstitit alvo
incinctus iuvenis flexis nova cornua cannis,
895qui, nisi quod maior, quod toto caerulus ore,
Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem
versus, et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen.”
there with its flames—Oh Galatea! can
you listen to my passion thus unmoved!’
“I saw all this; and, after he in vain
had uttered such complaints, he stood up like
a raging bull whose heifer has been lost,
that cannot stand still, but must wander on
through brush and forests, that he knows so well:
when that fierce monster saw me and my Acis—
we neither knew nor guessed our fate—he roared:
‘I see you and you never will again
parade your love before me!’ In such a voice
as matched his giant size. All Aetna shook
and trembled at the noise; and I amazed
with horror, plunged into the adjoining sea.
“My loved one, Acis turned his back and fled
and cried out, ‘Help me Galatea, help!
0, let your parents help me, and admit
me safe within their realm; for I am now
near my destruction!’ But the Cyclops rushed
at him and hurled a fragment, he had torn
out from the mountain, and although the extreme
edge only of the rock could reach him there.
It buried him entirely.
“Then I did
the only thing the Fates permitted me:
I let my Acis take ancestral power
of river deities. The purple blood
flowed from beneath the rock, but soon
the sanguine richness faded and became
at first the color of a stream, disturbed
and muddied by a shower. And presently
it clarified.— The rock that had been thrown
then split in two, and through the cleft a reed,
stately and vigorous, arose to life.
And soon the hollow mouth in the great rock,
resounded with the waters gushing forth.
And wonderful to tell, a youth emerged,
the water flowing clear about his waist,
his new horns circled with entwining reeds,
and the youth certainly was Acis, though
he was of larger stature and his face
and features all were azure. Acis changed
into a stream which ever since that time
has flowed there and retained its former name.
Acis is turned into a river-god

�With such useless complaints he rose (for I saw it all) and as a bull that cannot stay still, furious when the cow is taken from it, he wanders through the woods and glades. Not anticipating such a thing, without my knowing, he saw me, and saw Acis. �I see you,� he cried, �and I�ll make this the last celebration of your love.� His voice was as loud as an angry Cyclops�s voice must be: Aetna shook with the noise. And I, terrified, plunged into the nearby waters. My hero, son of Symaethis, had turned his back, and ran, crying: �Help me, I beg you, Galatea! Forefathers, help me, admit me to your kingdom or I die!�

Cyclops followed him and hurled a rock wrenched from the mountain, and though only the farthest corner of the stone reached him, it still completely buried Acis. Then I, doing the only thing that fate allowed me, caused Acis to assume his ancestral powers. From the rock, crimson blood seeped out, and in a little while its redness began to fade, became the colour of a river at first swollen by rain, gradually clearing. Then the rock, that Polyphemus had hurled, cracked open, and a tall green reed sprang from the fissure, and the mouth of a chamber in the rock echoed with leaping waters, and (a marvel) suddenly a youth stood, waist-deep in the water, his fresh horns wreathed with rushes. It was Acis, except that he was larger, and his face dark blue: yet it was still Acis, changed to a river-god, and his waters still retain his former name.

Desierat Galatea loqui, coetuque soluto
discedunt placidisque natant Nereides undis.
900Scylla redit (neque enim medio se credere ponto
audet) et aut bibula sine vestibus errat harena,
aut, ubi lassata est, seductos nacta recessus
gurgitis, inclusa sua membra refrigerat unda.
Ecce fretum scindens alti novus incola ponti,
905nuper in Euboica versis Anthedone membris,
Glaucus adest visaeque cupidine virginis haeret
et quaecumque putat fugientem posse morari
verba refert; fugit illa tamen veloxque timore
pervenit in summum positi prope litora montis.
910Ante fretum est ingens, apicem conlectus in unum,
longa sub arboribus convexus in aequora vertex:
constitit hic, et tuta loco, monstrumne deusne
ille sit, ignorans, admiraturque colorem
caesariemque umeros subiectaque terga tegentem,
915ultimaque excipiat quod tortilis inguina piscis.
Sensit et innitens, quae stabat proxima, moli,
“non ego prodigium nec sum fera belua, virgo,
sed deus” inquit “aquae: nec maius in aequore Proteus
ius habet et Triton Athamantiadesque Palaemon.
920Ante tamen mortalis eram, sed, scilicet altis
deditus aequoribus, tantum exercebar in illis.
Nam modo ducebam ducentia retia pisces,
nunc in mole sedens moderabar harundine linum.
Sunt viridi prato confinia litora, quorum
925altera pars undis, pars altera cingitur herbis,
quas neque cornigerae morsu laesere iuvencae,
nec placidae carpsistis oves hirtaeve capellae;
non apis inde tulit conlectos semine flores,
non data sunt capiti genialia serta, neque umquam
930falciferae secuere manus; ego primus in illo
caespite consedi, dum lina madentia sicco,
utque recenserem captivos ordine pisces,
insuper exposui, quos aut in retia casus
aut sua credulitas in aduncos egerat hamos.
935Res similis fictae (sed quid mihi fingere prodest?):
gramine contacto coepit mea praeda moveri
et mutare latus terraque, ut in aequore, niti.
Dumque moror mirorque simul, fugit omnis in undas
turba suas dominumque novum litusque relinquunt.
940Obstipui dubitoque diu causamque requiro,
num deus hoc aliquis, num sucus fecerit herbae.
“Quae” tamen “has” inquam “vires habet herba?”,manuque
pabula decerpsi decerptaque dente momordi.
Vix bene combiberant ignotos guttura sucos,
945cum subito trepidare intus praecordia sensi
alteriusque rapi naturae pectus amore,
nec potui restare diu “repetenda” que “numquam
terra, vale!” dixi corpusque sub aequora mersi.
Di maris exceptum socio dignantur honore,
950utque mihi quaecumque feram mortalia, demant,
Oceanum Tethynque rogant: ego lustror ab illis,
et purgante nefas noviens mihi carmine dicto
pectora fluminibus iubeor supponere centum;
nec mora, diversis lapsi de partibus amnes
955totaque vertuntur supra caput aequora nostrum.
Hactenus acta tibi possum memoranda referre,
hactenus haec memini, nec mens mea cetera sensit.
Quae postquam rediit, alium me corpore toto
ac fueram nuper, neque eundem mente recepi.
960Hanc ego tum primum viridem ferrugine barbam
caesariemque meam, quam longa per aequora verro,
ingentesque umeros et caerula bracchia vidi
cruraque pinnigero curvata novissima pisce.
Quid tamen haec species, quid dis placuisse marinis,
965quid iuvat esse deum, si tu non tangeris istis?”
Talia dicentem, dicturum plura, reliquit
Scylla deum; furit ille inritatusque repulsa
prodigiosa petit Titanidos atria Circes.
So Galatea, after she had told
her sorrow, ceased; and, when the company
had gone from there, the Nereids swam again
in the calm and quiet waves. But Scylla soon
returned (because she did not trust herself
in deep salt waters) and she wandered there
naked of garments on the thirsty sand;
but, tired, by chance she found a lonely bay,
and cooled her limbs with its enclosing waves.
Then suddenly appeared a newly made
inhabitant of that deep sea, whose name
was Glaucus. Cleaving through the blue sea waves,
he swam towards her. His shape had been transformed
but lately for this watery life, while he
was living at Anthedon in Euboea.—
now he is lingering from desire for her
he saw there and speaks whatever words
he thought might stop her as she fled from him.
Yet still she fled from him, and swift through fear,
climbed to a mountain top above the sea.
Facing the waves, it rose in one huge peak,
parting the waters with a forest crown.
She stood on that high summit quite secure:
and, doubtful whether he might be a god
or monster, wondered at his flowing hair
which covered his broad shoulders and his back,—
and marvelled at the color of his skin
and at his waist merged into a twisted fish.
All this he noticed, and while leaning there
against a rock that stood near by, he said: —
“I am no monster, maiden, I am not
a savage beast; I am in truth a god
of waters, with such power upon the seas
as that of Proteus, Triton, or Palaemon—
reared on land the son of Athamas.
“Not long ago I was a mortal man,
yet even then my thought turned to the sea
and all my living came from waters deep,
for I would drag the nets that swept up fish,
or, seated on a rock, I flung the line
forth from the rod. The shore I loved was near
a verdant meadow. One side were the waves,
the other grass, which never had been touched
by horned, grazing cattle. Harmless sheep
and shaggy goats had never cropped it—no
industrious bee came there to harvest flowers;
no festive garlands had been gathered there,
adornments of the head; no mower's hands
had ever cut it. I was certainly
the first who ever sat upon that turf,—
while I was drying there the dripping nets.
And so that I might in due order count
the fish that I had caught, I laid out those
which by good chance were driven into my nets,
or credulous, were caught on my barbed hooks.
“It all seems like a fiction (but what good
can I derive from fictions?) just as soon
as any of my fish-prey touched the grass,
they instantly began to move and skip
as usual in sea water. While I paused
and wondered, all of them slid to the waves,
and left me, their late captor, and the shore.
“I was amazed and doubtful, a long time;
while I considered what could be the cause.
What god had done this? Or perhaps the juice
of some herb caused it? ‘But,’ I said, ‘what herb
can have such properties?’ and with my hand
I plucked the grass and chewed it with my teeth.
My throat had hardly time to swallow those
unheard of juices, when I suddenly
felt all my entrails throbbing inwardly,
and my entire mind also, felt possessed
by passions foreign to my life before.
“I could not stay in that place, and I said
with shouting, ‘Farewell! dry land! never more
shall I revisit you;’ and with those words
upon my lips, I plunged beneath the waves.
The gods of that deep water gave to me,
when they received me, kindred honors, while
they prayed Oceanus and Tethys both
to take from me such mortal essence as
might yet remain. So I was purified
by them and after a good charm had been
nine times repeated over me, which washed
away all guilt, I was commanded then
to put my breast beneath a hundred streams.
“So far I can relate to you all things
most worthy to be told; for all so far
I can remember; but from that time on
I was unconscious of the many things
that followed. When my mind returned to me,
I found myself entirely different
from what I was before; and my changed mind
was not the same as it had always been.
Then, for the first time I beheld this beard
so green in its deep color, and I saw
my flowing hair which now I sweep along
the spacious seas, and my huge shoulders with
their azure colored arms, and I observed
my leg extremities hung tapering
exactly perfect as a finny fish.
“But what avail is this new form to me.
Although it pleased the Ocean deities?
What benefit, although I am a god,
if you are not persuaded by these things?”
While he was telling wonders such as these—
quite ready to say more—Scylla arose
and left the god. Provoked at his repulse—
enraged, he hastened to the marvellous court
of Circe, well known daughter of the Sun.
Glaucus tells Scylla of his transformation

Galatea finished speaking and the group of Nereids went away, swimming through the placid waves. Scylla returned to the beach, not daring to trust herself to mid-ocean, and either wandered naked along the parched sand, or, when she was tired, found a remote, sheltered pool, and cooled her limbs in its enclosed waters.

See, Glaucus comes, skimming the water, a new inhabitant of the sea, his form recently altered, at Anthedon opposite Euboea. Seeing the girl, he stood still, desiring her, and said whatever he thought might stop her running away. Nevertheless she ran, and, with the swiftness of fear, came to the top of a mountain standing near the shore. It faced the wide sea, rising to a single peak, its wooded summit leaning far out over the water.� Here she stopped, and from a place of safety, marvelled at his colour; the hair that hid his shoulders and covered his back; and his groin below that merged into a winding fish�s tail; she not knowing whether he was god or monster.

He saw her, and, leaning on a rock that stood nearby, he said: �Girl, I am no freak or wild creature, but a god of the sea. Proteus, Triton, or Palaemon son of Athamas, have no greater power in the ocean. Mortal once, but no doubt destined for the deep, even then I worked the waves: now drawing in the drag nets full of fish, now sitting on a rock, casting, with rod and line.

There is a beach, bounded by a green field, one side bordered by sea, the other by grass, that horned cattle have not damaged by grazing, that placid sheep or shaggy goats have not cropped. No bees intent on gathering pollen plundered the flowers there; no garlands came from there for the heads of revellers; no one had ever mown it, scythe in hand. I was the first to sit there on the turf, drying my sea-soaked lines, and laying out in order the fish I had caught, to count them, that either chance or innocence had brought to my curved hook. This will sound like a tale, but what would I get from lying? Touching the grass, my catch began to stir, and shift about, and swim over land as if they were in the sea. While I hesitated and wondered, the complete shoal fled into their native waters, leaving behind their new master, their new land.

I stood dumbfounded, for a while not believing it, searching for the cause. Had some god done it, or the juice of some herb? �Yet what herb has such power?� I asked, and gathering some herbage in my hand, I bit what I had gathered with my teeth. My throat had scarcely swallowed the strange juice, when suddenly I felt my heart trembling inside me, my breast seized with yearning for that other element. Unable to hold out for long, crying out: �Land, I will never return to, goodbye!� I immersed my body in the sea.

The gods of the sea received me, thinking me worth the honour of their company, and asked Oceanus and Tethys to purge what was mortal in me. I was purified by them, and, cleansed of sin by an incantation nine times repeated, they ordered me to bathe my body in a hundred rivers. Immediately streams from every side poured their waters over my head. So much I can tell of you of those marvellous things, so much of them I remember: then my mind knew no more. When later I came to, my whole body was altered from what I was before, and my mind was not the same.

Then I saw, for the first time, this dark green beard, my hair that sweeps the wide sea, these giant shoulders and dusky arms, these legs that curve below into a fish�s fins. Yet what use is this shape, or that I was pleasing to the ocean gods? What use is it to be a god, if these things do not move you?�

As the god spoke these words, looking to say more, Scylla abandoned him. Then Glaucus, maddened, and angered by her rejection, sought the wondrous halls of Circe, daughter of the Sun.

Metamorphoses

Book XIV

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Iamque Giganteis iniectam faucibus Aetnen
arvaque Cyclopum, quid rastra, quid usus aratri
nescia nec quicquam iunctis debentia bubus,
liquerat Euboicus tumidarum cultor aquarum,
5liquerat et Zanclen adversaque moenia Rhegi
navifragumque fretum, gemino quod litore pressum
Ausoniae Siculaeque tenet confinia terrae.
Inde manu magna Tyrrhena per aequora raptus
herbiferos adiit colles atque atria Glaucus
10Sole satae Circes, variarum plena ferarum.
Quam simul adspexit, dicta acceptaque salute,
“diva, dei miserere, precor! nam sola levare
tu potes hunc,” dixit “videar modo dignior esse!
Quanta sit herbarum, Titani, potentia, nulli
15quam mihi cognitius, qui sum mutatus ab illis.
Neve mei non nota tibi sit causa furoris:
litore in Italico, Messenia moenia contra,
Scylla mihi visa est; pudor est promissa precesque
blanditiasque meas contemptaque verba referre.
20At tu, sive aliquod regnum est in carmine, carmen
ore move sacro, sive expugnantior herba est,
utere temptatis operosae viribus herbae.
Nec medeare mihi sanesque haec vulnera mando,
fineque nil opus est: partem ferat illa caloris.”
25At Circe (neque enim flammis habet aptius ulla
talibus ingenium, seu causa est huius in ipsa,
seu Venus indicio facit hoc offensa paterno)
talia verba refert. “Melius sequerere volentem
optantemque eadem parilique cupidine captam.
30Dignus eras ultro (poteras certeque) rogari,
et, si spem dederis, mihi crede, rogaberis ultro.
Neu dubites adsitque tuae fiducia formae:
en ego, cum dea sim, nitidi cum filia Solis,
gramine cum tantum, tantum quoque carmine possim,
35ut tua sim, voveo; spernentem sperne, sequenti
redde vices unoque duas ulciscere facto!”
Talia temptanti “prius” inquit “in aequore frondes”
Glaucus “et in summis nascentur montibus algae,
sospite quam Scylla nostri mutentur amores!”
40Indignata dea est, et laedere quatenus ipsum
non poterat (nec vellet amans), irascitur illi,
quae sibi praelata est, venerisque offensa repulsa
protinus horrendis infamia pabula sucis
conterit et tritis Hecateia carmina miscet
45caerulaque induitur velamina perque ferarum
agmen adulantum media procedit ab aula,
oppositumque petens contra Zancleia saxa
Rhegion ingreditur ferventes aestibus undas,
in quibus ut solida ponit vestigia terra
50summaque decurrit pedibus super aequora siccis.
Parvus erat gurges, curvos sinuatus in arcus,
grata quies Scyllae; quo se referebat ab aestu
et maris et caeli, medio cum plurimus orbe
sol erat et minimas a vertice fecerat umbras.
55Hunc dea praevitiat portentificisque venenis
inquinat, hic pressos latices radice nocenti
spargit et obscurum verborum ambage novorum
ter noviens carmen magico demurmurat ore.
Scylla venit mediaque tenus descenderat alvo,
60cum sua foedari latrantibus inguina monstris
adspicit ac primo credens non corporis illas
esse sui partes refugitque abigitque timetque
ora proterva canum, sed quos fugit, attrahit una
et corpus quaerens femorum crurumque pedumque,
65Cerbereos rictus pro partibus invenit illis:
statque canum rabie subiectaque terga ferarum
inguinibus truncis uteroque exstante coercet.
Flevit amans Glaucus nimiumque hostiliter usae
viribus herbarum fugit conubia Circes;
70Scylla loco mansit cumque est data copia primum,
in Circes odium sociis spoliavit Ulixen;
mox eadem Teucras fuerat mersura carinas,
ni prius in scopulum, qui nunc quoque saxeus exstat,
transformata foret: scopulum quoque navita vitat.
Now the Euboean dweller in great waves,
Glaucus, had left behind the crest of Aetna,
raised upward from a giant's head; and left
the Cyclops' fields, that never had been torn
by harrow or by plough and never were
indebted to the toil of oxen yoked;
left Zancle, also, and the opposite walls
of Rhegium, and the sea, abundant cause
of shipwreck, which confined with double shores
bounds the Ausonian and Sicilian lands.
All these behind him, Glaucus, swimming on
with his huge hands through those Tyrrhenian seas,
drew near the hills so rich in magic herbs
and halls of Circe, daughter of the Sun,—
halls filled with men in guise of animals.
After due salutations had been given—
received by her as kindly—Glaucus said,
“You as a goddess, certainly should have
compassion upon me, a god; for you
alone (if I am worthy of it) can
relieve my passion. What the power of herbs
can be, Titania, none knows more than I,
for by their power I was myself transformed.
To make the cause of my strange madness known,
I have found Scylla on Italian shores,
directly opposite Messenian walls.
“It shames me to recount my promises,
entreaties, and caresses, and at last
rejection of my suit. If you have known
a power of incantation, I implore
you now repeat that incantation here,
with sacred lips—If herbs have greater power,
use the tried power of herbs. But I would not
request a cure—the healing of this wound.
Much better than an end of pain, let her
share, and feel with me my impassioned flame.”
But Circe was more quick than any other
to burn with passion's flame. It may have been
her nature or it may have been the work
of Venus, angry at her tattling sire.
“You might do better,” she replied, “to court
one who is willing, one who wants your love,
and feels a like desire. You did deserve
to win her love, yes, to be wooed yourself.
In fact you might be. If you give some hope,
you have my word, you shall indeed be wooed.
That you may have no doubt, and so retain
all confidence in your attraction's power—
behold! I am a goddess, and I am
the daughter also, of the radiant Sun!
And I who am so potent with my charms,
and I who am so potent with my herbs,
wish only to be yours. Despise her who
despises you, and her who is attached
to you repay with like attachment—so
by one act offer each her just reward.”
But Glaucus answered her attempt of love,
“The trees will sooner grow in ocean waves,
the sea-weed sooner grow on mountain tops,
than I shall change my love for graceful! Scylla.”
The goddess in her jealous rage could not
and would not injure him, whom she still loved,
but turned her wrath upon the one preferred.
She bruised immediately the many herbs
most infamous for horrid juices, which,
when bruised, she mingled with most artful care
and incantations given by Hecate.
Then, clothed in azure vestments, she passed through
her troop of fawning savage animals,
and issued from the center of her hall.
Pacing from there to Rhegium, opposite
the dangerous rocks of Zancle, she at once
entered the tossed waves boiling up with tides:
on these as if she walked on the firm shore,
she set her feet and, hastening on dry shod,
she skimmed along the surface of the deep.
Not far away there was an inlet curved,
round as a bent bow, which was often used
by Scylla as a favorite retreat.
There, she withdrew from heat of sea and sky
when in the zenith blazed the unclouded sun
and cast the shortest shadows on the ground.
Circe infected it before that hour,
polluting it with monster-breeding drugs.
She sprinkled juices over it, distilled
from an obnoxious root, and thrice times nine
she muttered over it with magic lips,
her most mysterious charm involved in words
of strangest import and of dubious thought.
Scylla came there and waded in waist deep,
then saw her loins defiled with barking shapes.
Believing they could be no part of her,
she ran and tried to drive them back and feared
the boisterous canine jaws. But what she fled
she carried with her. And, feeling for her thighs,
her legs, and feet, she found Cerberian jaws
instead. She rises from a rage of dogs,
and shaggy backs encircle her shortened loins.
The lover Glaucus wept. He fled the embrace
of Circe and her hostile power of herbs
and magic spells. But Scylla did not leave
the place of her disaster; and, as soon
as she had opportunity, for hate
of Circe, she robbed Ulysses of his men.
She would have wrecked the Trojan ships, if she
had not been changed beforehand to a rock
which to this day reveals a craggy rim.
And even the rock awakes the sailors' dread.
The transformation of Scylla

Glaucus, the fisher of the swollen Euboean waters, soon left Aetna behind, that mountain piled on Typhoeus�s giant head, and the Cyclops�s fields, that know nothing of the plough�s use or the harrow, and owe nothing to the yoked oxen. Zancle was left behind as well, and the walls of Rhegium opposite, and the dangerous strait, hemmed in between twin coastlines, that marks the boundary between Sicily and Italian Ausonia. From there, swimming with mighty strokes, across the Tyrrhenian Sea, he came to the grassy hills and the halls of Circe, daughter of the Sun, filled with transformed beasts.

As soon as he saw her, and words of welcome had been exchanged, he said: �Goddess, I beg you, take pity on a god! You alone can help this love of mine, if I seem worthy of help. No one knows better than I, Titaness, what power herbs have, since I was transmuted by them. So that the cause of my passion is not unknown to you, I saw Scylla, on the Italian coast, opposite Messene�s walls. I am ashamed to tell of the prayers and promises, the blandishments I used, words that were scorned. If there is any power in charms, utter a charm from your sacred lips: or, if herbs are more potent, use the proven strength of active herbs. I trust you not to cure me, or heal me, of these wounds: my love cannot end: only let her feel this heat.

No one has a nature more susceptible to such fires than Circe, whether the root of it is in herself, or whether Venus, offended by Sol her father�s tale-bearing, made her that way, so she replied: �You would do better to chase after someone whose wishes and purposes were yours, and who was captured by equal desire. Besides, you were worth courting (and certainly could be courted), and if you offer any hope, believe me you will be too.� If you doubt it, and have no faith in your attractions, well, I, though I am a goddess, daughter of shining Sol, though I possess such powers of herbs and charms, I promise to be yours. Spurn the spurner, repay the admirer, and, in one act, be twice revenged.�

To such temptations as these Glaucus replied: �Sooner than my love will change, Scylla unchanged, leaves will grow on the waters, and sea-weed will grow on the hills.� The goddess was angered, and since she could not harm him (nor, loving him, wished to do so) she was furious with the girl, who was preferred to her. Offended at his rejection of her passion, she at once ground noxious herbs with foul juices, and joined the spells of Hecate to their grinding. Wrapping herself in a dusky cloak, she made her way from the palace, through the crowd of fawning beasts, and sought out Rhegium opposite Zancle�s cliffs, travelling over the seething tidal waters, as if she trod on solid ground, crossing dry-footed over the surface of the sea.

There was a little pool, curved in a smooth arc, dear to Scylla for its peacefulness. When the sun was strongest, at the zenith, and from its heights made shortest shadows, she retreated there from the heat of sky and sea. This, the goddess tainted in advance and contaminated with her monstrous poison. She sprinkled the liquid squeezed from harmful roots, and muttered a mysterious incantation, dark with strange words, thrice nine times, in magical utterance.

Scylla comes, wading waist deep into the pool, only to find the water around her groin erupt with yelping monsters. At first, not thinking them part of her own body, she retreats from their cruel muzzles, fears them, and pushes them away: but, what she flees from, she pulls along with her, and, seeking her thighs, her legs, her feet, in place of them finds jaws like Cerberus�s. She stands among raging dogs, and is encircled by beasts, below the surface, from which her truncated thighs and belly emerge.

Her lover Glaucus wept, and fled Circe�s embrace, she, who had made too hostile a use of her herbs� powers. Scylla remained where she was, and, at the first opportunity, in her hatred of Circe, robbed Ulysses of his companions. Later she would have overwhelmed the Trojan ships, if she had not previously been transformed into a rock, whose stone is visible even now: a rock that sailors still avoid.

75Hunc ubi Troianae remis avidamque Charybdim
evicere rates, cum iam prope litus adesset
Ausonium, Libycas vento referuntur ad oras.
Excipit Aenean illic animoque domoque
non bene discidium Phrygii latura mariti
80Sidonis; inque pyra sacri sub imagine facta
incubuit ferro deceptaque decipit omnes.
Rursus harenosae fugiens nova moenia terrae
ad sedes Erycis fidumque relatus Acesten
sacrificat tumulumque sui genitoris honorat;
85quasque rates Iris Iunonia paene cremarat,
solvit et Hippotadae regnum terrasque calenti
sulphure fumantes Acheloiadumque relinquit
Sirenum scopulos, orbataque praeside pinus
Inarimen Prochytenque legit sterilique locatas
90colle Pithecusas, habitantum nomine dictas.
Quippe deum genitor, fraudem et periuria quondam
Cercopum exosus gentisque admissa dolosae,
in deforme viros animal mutavit, ut idem
dissimiles homini possent similesque videri,
95membraque contraxit naresque a fronte resimas
contudit et rugis peraravit anilibus ora
totaque velatos flaventi corpora villo
misit in has sedes nec non prius abstulit usum
verborum et natae dira in periuria linguae:
100posse queri tantum rauco stridore reliquit.
After the Trojan ships, pushed by their oars,
had safely passed by Scylla and the fierce
Charybdis, and with care had then approached
near the Ausonian shore, a roaring gale
bore them far southward to the Libyan coast.
And then Sidonian Dido, who was doomed
not calmly to endure the loss of her
loved Phrygian husband, graciously received
Aeneas to her home and her regard:
and on a pyre, erected with pretense
of holy rites, she fell upon the sword.
Deceived herself, she there deceived them all.
Aeneas, fleeing the new walls built on
that sandy shore, revisited the land
of Eryx and Acestes, his true friend.
There he performed a hallowed sacrifice
and paid due honor to his father's tomb.
And presently he loosened from that shore
the ships which Iris, Juno's minister,
had almost burned; and sailing, passed far off
the kingdom of the son of Hippotas,
in those hot regions smoking with the fumes
of burning sulphur, and he left behind
the rocky haunt of Achelous' daughters,
the Sirens. Then, when his good ship had lost
the pilot, he coasted near Inarime,
near Prochyta, and near the barren hill
which marks another island, Pithecusae,
an island named from strange inhabitants.
The father of the gods abhorred the frauds
and perjuries of the Cercopians
and for the crimes of that bad treacherous race,
transformed its men to ugly animals,
appearing unlike men, although like men.
He had contracted and had bent their limbs,
and flattened out their noses, bent back towards
their foreheads; he had furrowed every face
with wrinkles of old age, and made them live
in that spot, after he had covered all
their bodies with long yellow ugly hair.
Besides all that, he took away from them
the use of language and control of tongues,
so long inclined to dreadful perjury;
and left them always to complain of life
and their ill conduct in harsh jabbering.
Aeneas journeys to Cumae

When the oarsmen of the Trojan ships had escaped Scylla, and rapacious Charybdis, when they had almost reached the Ausonian shore, the wind carried them to the coast of Libya. There Sidonian Queen Dido took Aeneas into her heart and home, she, who was fated not to endure her Phrygian husband�s departure. She stabbed herself with his sword, on a blazing pyre, that was built as if it were intended for sacred rites, deceiving, as she had been deceived.

Fleeing from the new city, Carthage, and its sandy shores, and carried back to the home of his loyal half-brother Acestes, son of Venus of Eryx, Aeneas sacrificed there, and paid honours at his dead father�s, Anchises�s, tomb. Then he loosed the ships, that Iris almost destroyed by fire, at Juno�s command, and passed the Aeolian Islands, smoking with clouds of hot sulphur, the kingdom of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, and passed the rocky isle of the Sirens, the daughters of Achelo�s.

Bereft of its pilot, Palinurus, he follows the coast by Inarime, Prochyte, and Pithecusae, on its barren hill, named after its inhabitants, from pithecium, a little ape. For the father of the gods, Jupiter, hating the lying and deceit of the Cercopes, and the crimes of that treacherous people, changed them into disgraceful creatures, so that, though unlike men, they should seem like them. He contracted their limbs, turned up and blunted their noses, and furrowed their faces with the wrinkles of old age. Their bodies completely covered by yellow hair, he sent them, as monkeys, to this place, but not before he had robbed them of the power of speech, and those tongues born for dreadful deceit, leaving them only the power to complain in raucous shrieks.

Has ubi praeteriit et Parthenopeia dextra
moenia deseruit, laeva de parte canori
Aeolidae tumulum et, loca feta palustribus undis,
litora Cumarum vivacisque antra Sibyllae
105intrat, et ut manes veniat per Averna paternos,
orat. At illa diu vultum tellure moratum
erexit tandemque deo furibunda recepto
“magna petis” dixit, “vir factis maxime, cuius
dextera per ferrum est, pietas spectata per ignes.
110Pone tamen, Troiane, metum: potiere petitis
Elysiasque domos et regna novissima mundi
me duce cognosces simulacraque cara parentis.
Invia virtuti nulla est via!” Dixit et auro
fulgentem ramum silva Iunonis Avernae
115monstravit iussitque suo divellere trunco.
Paruit Aeneas et formidabilis Orci
vidit opes atavosque suos umbramque senilem
magnanimi Anchisae; didicit quoque iura locorum,
quaeque novis essent adeunda pericula bellis.
120Inde ferens lassos adverso tramite passus
cum duce Cumaea mollit sermone laborem.
Dumque iter horrendum per opaca crepuscula carpit,
“seu dea tu praesens, seu dis gratissima” dixit,
“numinis instar eris semper mihi meque fatebor
125muneris esse tui, quae me loca mortis adire,
quae loca me visae voluisti evadere mortis.
Pro quibus aerias meritis evectus ad auras
templa tibi statuam, tribuam tibi turis honores.”
Respicit hunc vates et suspiratibus haustis
130“nec dea sum” dixit “nec sacri turis honore
humanum dignare caput; neu nescius erres,
lux aeterna mihi carituraque fine dabatur,
si mea virginitas Phoebo patuisset amanti.
Dum tamen hanc sperat dum praecorrumpere donis
135me cupit, “elige” ait, “virgo Cumaea, quid optes:
optatis potiere tuis.” Ego pulveris hausti
ostendi cumulum: quot haberet corpora pulvis,
tot mihi natales contingere vana rogavi;
excidit, ut peterem iuvenes quoque protinus annos.
140Hos tamen ille mihi dabat aeternamque iuventam,
si venerem paterer: contempto munere Phoebi
innuba permaneo; sed iam felicior aetas
terga dedit, tremuloque gradu venit aegra senectus,
quae patienda diu est (nam iam mihi saecula septem
145acta vides): superest, numeros ut pulveris aequem,
ter centum messes, ter centum musta videre.
Tempus erit, cum de tanto me corpore parvam
longa dies faciet consumptaque membra senecta
ad minimum redigentur onus: nec amata videbor
150nec placuisse deo; Phoebus quoque forsitan ipse
vel non cognoscet vel dilexisse negabit:
usque adeo mutata ferar, nullique videnda,
voce tamen noscar; vocem mihi fata relinquent.”
After Aeneas had passed by all those
and seen to his right hand the distant walls
guarding the city of Parthenope,
he passed on his left hand a mound,
grave of the tuneful son of Aeolus.
Landing on Cumae's marshy shore, he reached
a cavern, home of the long lived Sibylla,
and prayed that she would give him at the lake,
Avernus, access to his father's shade.
She raised her countenance, from gazing on
the ground, and with an inspiration given
to her by influence of the god, she said,
“Much you would have, O man of famous deeds,
whose courage is attested by the sword,
whose filial piety is proved by flame.
But, Trojan, have no fear. I grant your wish,
and with my guidance you shall look upon
the latest kingdom of the world, shall see
Elysian homes and your dear father's shade,
for virtue there is everywhere a way.”
She spoke, and pointed out to him a branch
refulgent with bright gold, found in the woods
of Juno of Avernus, and commanded him
to pluck it from the stem. Aeneas did
what she advised him. Then he saw the wealth
of the dread Orcus, and he saw his own
ancestors, and beheld the aged ghost
of great Anchises. There he learned the laws
of that deep region, and what dangers must
be undergone by him in future wars.
Retracing with his weary steps the path
up to the light, he found relief from toil
in converse with the sage Cumaean guide.
While in thick dusk he trod the frightful way,
“Whether you are a deity,” he said,
“Or human and most favored by the gods,
to me you always will appear divine.
I will confess, too, my existence here
is due to your kind aid, for by your will
I visited the dark abodes of death,
and I escaped the death which I beheld.
For this great service, when I shall emerge
into the sunlit air, I will erect
for you a temple and will burn for you
sweet incense kindled at the altar flame.”
The prophetess looked on him and with sighs,
“I am no goddess,” she replied, “nor is
it well to honor any mortal head
with tribute of the holy frankincense.
And, that you may not err through ignorance,
I tell you life eternal without end
was;offered to me, if I would but yield
virginity to Phoebus for his love.
And, while he hoped for this and in desire
offered to bribe me for my virtue, first
with gifts, he said, ‘Maiden of Cumae choose
whatever you may wish, and you shall gain
all that you wish.’ I pointed to a heap
of dust collected there, and foolishly
replied, ‘As many birthdays must be given
to me as there are particles of sand.’
“For I forgot to wish them days of changeless youth.
He gave long life and offered youth besides,
if I would grant his wish. This I refused,
I live unwedded still. My happier time
has fled away, now comes with tottering step
infirm old age, which I shall long endure.
You find me ending seven long centuries,
and there remain for me, before my years
equal the number of those grains of sand,
three hundred harvests, three hundred vintages!
The time will come, when long increase of days
will so contract me from my present size
and so far waste away my limbs with age
that I shall dwindle to a trifling weight,
so trifling, it will never be believed
I once was loved and even pleased a god.
Perhaps, even Phoebus will not recognize me,
or will deny he ever bore me love.
But, though I change till eye would never know me,
my voice shall live, the fates will leave my voice.”
Aeneas and the Sybil of Cumae

When he had passed those islands, and left the walls of Parthenope behind him to starboard, the tomb of Misenus, the trumpeter, the son of Aeolus, was to larboard, and the shore of Cumae, a place filled with marshy sedges. He entered the cave of the Sibyl, and asked to go down to Avernus, to find his father�s ghost. Then the Sibyl after remaining, for a long time, with her eyes gazing at the earth, lifted them, at last, filled with the frenzy of the god, and cried: �You ask great things, man of great achievements, whose hand has been tested by the sword, whose faith has been tested by the fire. But have no fear, Trojan, you will have what you desire, and, with me as your guide, you will know the halls of Elysium, and earth�s strangest realm, and the likeness of your dear father. To virtue, no way is barred.�

She spoke, and pointed out to him a gleaming golden bough, in the woods of Proserpine, the Juno of Avernus, and ordered him to break it from the tree. Aeneas obeyed, and saw the power of dread Dis, and he saw his own ancestors, and the ancient shade of great-souled Anchises. He learned also the laws of those regions, and the trials he must undergo in fresh wars.

Then taking the return path, with weary paces, he eased the labour by talking with his Cumean guide. As he travelled the fearful road through the shadowy twilight, he said: �Whether you are truly a goddess, or only most beloved by the gods, you will always be like a goddess to me, and I will acknowledge myself in your debt, who have allowed me to enter the place of the dead, and having seen that place of the dead, escape it. When I reach the upper air, I will build a temple to you, for this service, and burn incense in your honour.�

The priestess gazed at him and with a deep sigh, said: �I am not a goddess: and do not assume any human being is worth the honour of holy incense, or err out of ignorance. I was offered eternal life without end, if I would surrender my virginity to Phoebus my lover. While he still hoped for it, while he desired to bribe me beforehand with gifts, he said: �Virgin of Cumae, choose what you wish, and what you wish you shall have.� Pointing to a pile of dust, that had collected, I foolishly begged to have as many anniversaries of my birth, as were represented by the dust. But I forgot to ask that the years should be accompanied by youth. He gave me the years, and lasting youth, as well, if I would surrender: I rejected Phoebus�s gift, and never married.

�But now my more fruitful time has turned its back on me, and old age comes, with tottering step, that must be long endured. Though I have now lived seven centuries, three hundred harvests, three hundred vintages, still remain to be seen, to equal the content of the dust. The time will come when the passage of days will render such body as I have tiny, and my limbs, consumed with age, will reduce to the slightest of burdens. I will be thought never to have loved, and never to have delighted a god. Phoebus too perhaps will either not know me, or will deny that he loved me. I will go as far as having to suffer transformation, and I will be viewed as non-existent, but still known as a voice: the fates will bequeath me a voice.�

Talia convexum per iter memorante Sibylla
155sedibus Euboicam Stygiis emergit in urbem
Troius Aeneas sacrisque ex more litatis
litora adit nondum nutricis habentia nomen.
Hic quoque substiterat per taedia longa laborum
Neritius Macareus, comes experientis Ulixei;
160desertum quondam mediis e rupibus Aetnae
noscit Achaemeniden improvisoque repertum
vivere miratus “qui de casusve deusve
servat, Achaemenide? cur” inquit “barbara Graium
prora vehit? petitur vestra quae terra carina?”
165Talia quaerenti iam non hirsutus amictu,
iam suus et spinis conserto tegmine nullis,
fatur Achaemenides: “Iterum Polyphemon et illos
adspiciam fluidos humano sanguine rictus,
hac mihi si potior domus est Ithacique carina,
170si minus Aenean veneror genitore nec umquam
esse satis potero, praestem licet omnia, gratus.
Quod loquor et spiro caelumque et sidera solis
respicio, possimne ingratus et impius esse?
Ille dedit, quod non anima haec Cyclopis in ora
175venit, et ut iam nunc lumen vitale relinquam,
aut tumulo aut certe non illa condar in alvo.
Quid mihi tunc animi (nisi si timor abstulit omnem
sensum animumque) fuit, cum vos petere alta relictus
aequora conspexi? Volui inclamare, sed hosti
180prodere me timui: vestrae quoque clamor Ulixis
paene rati nocuit. Vidi, cum monte revulsum
inmanem scopulum medias permisit in undas;
vidi iterum veluti tormenti viribus acta
vasta Giganteo iaculantem saxa lacerto
185et, ne deprimeret fluctus ventusve carinam,
pertimui, iam me non esse oblitus in illa.
Ut vero fuga vos a certa morte reduxit,
ille quidem totam gemebundus obambulat Aetnam
praetemptatque manu silvas et luminis orbus
190rupibus incursat foedataque bracchia tabo
in mare protendens gentem exsecratur Achivam
atque ait: “O si quis referat mihi casus Ulixem
aut aliquem e sociis, in quem mea saeviat ira,
viscera cuius edam, cuius viventia dextra
195membra mea laniem, cuius mihi sanguis inundet
guttur et elisi trepident sub dentibus artus:
quam nullum aut leve sit damnum mihi lucis ademptae!”
Haec et plura ferox; me luridus occupat horror
spectantem vultus etiamnum caede madentes
200crudelesque manus et inanem luminis orbem
membraque et humano concretam sanguine barbam.
mors erat ante oculos, minimum tamen ipsa doloris:
et iam prensurum, iam nunc mea viscera rebar
in sua mersurum, mentique haerebat imago
205temporis illius, quo vidi bina meorum
ter quater adfligi sociorum corpora terrae,
cum super ipse iacens hirsuti more leonis
visceraque et carnes cumque albis ossa medullis
semianimesque artus avidam condebat in alvum.
210Me tremor invasit: stabam sine sanguine maestus;
mandentemque videns eiectantemque cruentas
ore dapes et frusta mero glomerata vomentem
talia fingebam misero mihi fata parari
perque dies multos latitans omnemque tremescens
215ad strepitum, mortemque timens cupidusque moriri,
glande famem pellens et mixta frondibus herba,
solus, inops, exspes, leto poenaeque relictus
hanc procul adspexi longo post tempore navem
oravique fugam gestu ad litusque cucurri —
220et movi. Graiumque ratis Troiana recepit!
Tu quoque pande tuos, comitum gratissime, casus
et ducis et turbae, quae tecum est credita ponto.”
Sibylla with such words beguild their way
from Stygian realms up to the Euboean town.
Trojan Aeneas, after he had made
due sacrifice in Cumae, touched the shore
that had not yet been given his nurse's name.
There Macareus of Neritus had come,
companion of long tried Ulysses, there
he rested, weary of his lengthened toils.
He recognized one left in Aetna's cave,
greek Achaemenides, and, all amazed
to find him yet alive, he said to him,
“What chance, or what god, Achaemenides,
preserves you? Why is this barbarian ship
conveying you a Greek? What land is sought?”
No longer ragged in the clothes he wore
and his own master, wearing clothes not tacked
with sharp thorns, Achaemenides replied,
“Again may I see Polyphemus' jaws
out-streaming with their slaughtered human blood;
if my own home and Ithaca give more
delight to me than this barbarian bark,
or if I venerate Aeneas less
than my own father. If I should give my all,
it never could express my gratitude,
that I can speak and breath, and see the heavens
illuminated by the gleaming sun—
how can I be ungrateful and forget all this?
Because of him these limbs of mine were spared
the Cyclops' jaws; and, though I were even now
to leave the light of life, I should at worst
be buried in a tomb—not in his maw.
“What were my feelings when (unless indeed
my terror had deprived me of all sense) left there,
I saw you making for the open sea?
I wished to shout aloud, but was afraid
it would betray me to the enemy.
The shoutings of Ulysses nearly caused
destruction of your ship and there I saw
the Cyclops, when he tore a crag away
and hurled the huge rock in the whirling waves;
I saw him also throw tremendous stones
with his gigantic arms. They flew afar,
as if impelled by catapults of war,
I was struck dumb with terror lest
the waves or stones might overwhelm the ship,
forgetting that I still was on the shore!
“But when your flight had saved you from that death
of cruelty, the Cyclops, roaring rage,
paced all about Mount Aetna, groping through
its forests with his outstretched arms. Deprived
of sight, he stumbled there against the rocks,
until he reached the sea; and stretching out
his gore stained arms into its waters there,
he cursed all of the Grecian race, and said,
‘Oh! that some accident would carry back
Ulysses to me, or but one of his
companions; against whom my rage
might vent itself, whose joints my hand might tear
whose blood might drench my throat, whose living limbs
might quiver in my teeth. How trifling then,
how insignificant would be the loss,
of my sight which he took from me!’
“All this
and more he said. A ghastly horror took
possession of me when I saw his face
and every feature streaming yet with blood,
his ruthless hands, and the vile open space
where his one eye had been, and his coarse limbs,
and his beard matted through with human blood.
“It seemed as if Death were before my eyes,
yet that was but the least part of my woe.
I seemed upon the point of being caught,
my flesh about to be the food of his.
Before my mind was fixed the time I saw
two bodies of my loved companions
dashed three or four times hard against the ground,
when he above them, like a lion, crouched,
devouring quickly in his hideous jaws,
their entrails and their flesh and their crushed bones,
white marrowed, and their mangled quivering limbs.
A trembling fear seized on me as I stood
pallid and without power to move from there,
while I recalled him chewing greedily,
and belching out his bloody banquet from
his huge mouth—vomiting crushed pieces mixed
with phlegmy wine—and I feared such a doom
in readiness, awaited wretched me.
“Most carefully concealed for many days,
trembling at every sound and fearing death,
although desiring death; I fed myself
on grass and acorns, mixed with leaves; alone
and destitute, despondent unto death,
awaiting my destruction I lost hope.
In that condition a long while, at last
I saw a ship not far off, and by signs
prayed for deliverance, as I ran in haste,
down to the shore. My prayers prevailed on them.
A Trojan ship took in and saved a Greek!
“And now, O dearest to me of all men,
tell me of your adventures, of your chief
and comrades, when you sailed out on the sea.”
Macareus meets Achaemenides again

As the Sibyl spoke these words, they emerged, by the rising path, from the Stygian regions, into the city of Cumae of the Euboeans. Trojan Aeneas came to the shore that was later named after his nurse Caieta, where he carried out her funeral rites, as accepted, according to custom. This was also the place where Macareus of Neritos, a companion of sorely tried Ulysses, had settled, after the interminable weariness of hardship.

Macareus now recognised Achaemenides, among the Trojans, he, who had been given up as lost, by Ulysses, long ago, among the rocks of Aetna. Astonished to discover him, unexpectedly, still alive, he asked: �What god or chance preserved you, Achaemenides? Why does a Trojan vessel now carry a Greek? What land is your ship bound for? Achaemenides, no longer clothed in rags, his shreds of clothing held together with thorns, but himself again, replied to his questions, in these words: �If this ship is not more to me than Ithaca and my home, if I revere Aeneas less than my father, let me gaze at Polyphemus once more, with his gaping mouth dripping human blood. I can never thank Aeneas enough, even if I offered my all. Could I forget, or be ungrateful for, the fact that I speak and breathe and see the sky and the sun�s glory? Aeneas granted that my life did not end in the monster�s jaws, and when I leave the light of day, now, I shall be buried in the tomb, not, indeed, in its belly.

�What were my feelings, then (if fear had not robbed me of all sense and feeling), abandoned, seeing you making for the open sea? I wanted to shout to you, but feared to reveal myself to the enemy. Indeed, Ulysses�s shout nearly wrecked your vessel. I watched as Cyclops tore an enormous boulder from the mountainside, and threw it into the midst of the waves. I watched again as he hurled huge stones, as if from a catapult, using the power of his gigantic arms, and, forgetting I was not on board the ship, I was terrified that the waves and air they displaced would sink her.

�When you escaped by flight from certain death, Polyphemus roamed over the whole of Aetna, groaning, and groping through the woods with his hands, stumbling, bereft of his sight, among the rocks. Stretching out his arms, spattered with blood, to the sea, he cursed the Greek race like the plague, saying: �O, if only chance would return Ulysses to me, or one of his companions, on whom I could vent my wrath, whose entrails I could eat, whose living body I could tear with my hands, whose blood could fill my gullet, and whose torn limbs could quiver between my teeth: the damage to me of my lost sight would count little or nothing then!�

�Fiercely he shouted, this and more. I was pale with fear, looking at his face still dripping with gore, his cruel hands, the empty eye-socket, his limbs and beard coated with human blood. Death was in front of my eyes, but that was still the least of evils. Now he�ll catch me, I thought, now he�ll merge my innards with his own, and the image stuck in my mind of the moment when I saw him hurl two of my friends against the ground, three, four times, and crouching over them like a shaggy lion, he filled his greedy jaws with flesh and entrails, bones full of white marrow, and warm limbs.

�Trembling seized me: I stood there, pale and downcast, watching him chew and spit out his bloody feast, vomiting up lumps of matter, mixed with wine. I imagined a like fate was being prepared for my wretched self. I hid for many days, trembling at every sound, scared of dying but longing to be dead, staving off hunger with acorns, and a mixture of leaves and grasses, alone, without help or hope, left to torture and death.

After a long stretch of time, I spied this ship far off, begging them by gestures to rescue me, and ran to the shore and moved their pity: a Trojan ship received a Greek!

Now, dearest of comrades, tell me of your fortunes too, and of your leader, and the company that has entrusted itself to the sea with you.�

Aeolon ille refert Tusco regnare profundo,
Aeolon Hippotaden, cohibentem carcere ventos;
225quos bovis inclusos tergo, memorabile munus,
Dulichium sumpsisse ducem flatuque secundo
lucibus isse novem et terram adspexisse petitam;
proxima post nonam cum sese aurora moveret,
invidia socios praedaeque cupidine victos,
230esse ratos aurum, dempsisse ligamina ventis;
cum quibus isse retro, per quas modo venerat undas,
Aeoliique ratem portus repetisse tyranni.
“Inde Lami veterem Laestrygonis” inquit “in urbem
venimus. Antiphates terra regnabat in illa.
235Missus ad hunc ego sum, numero comitante duorum,
vixque fuga quaesita salus comitique mihique:
tertius e nobis Laestrygonis impia tinxit
ora cruore suo. Fugientibus instat et agmen
concitat Antiphates. Coeunt et saxa trabesque
240coniciunt merguntque viros merguntque carinas.
Una tamen, quae nos ipsumque vehebat Ulixen,
effugit. Amissa sociorum parte dolentes
multaque conquesti terris adlabimur illis,
quas procul hinc cernis (procul hinc, mihi crede, videnda
245insula, visa mihi!), tuque o iustissime Troum,
nate dea (neque enim finito Marte vocandus
hostis es, Aenea), moneo, fuge litora Circes.
Nos quoque Circaeo religata in litore pinu,
Antiphatae memores inmansuetique Cyclopis,
250ire negabamus vel tecta ignota subire;
sorte sumus lecti, sors me fidumque Politen
Eurylochumque simul nimiique Elpenora vini
bisque novem socios Circaea ad moenia misit.
Quae simul attigimus stetimusque in limine tecti,
255mille lupi mixtaeque lupis ursique leaeque
occursu fecere metum, sed nulla timenda
nullaque erat nostro factura in corpore vulnus.
Quin etiam blandas movere per aera caudas
nostraque adulantes comitant vestigia, donec
260excipiunt famulae perque atria marmore tecta
ad dominam ducunt: pulchro sedet illa recessu,
sollemni solio, pallamque induta nitentem
insuper aurato circumvelatur amictu.
Nereides nymphaeque simul, quae vellera motis
265nulla trahunt digitis nec fila sequentia ducunt:
gramina disponunt sparsosque sine ordine flores
secernunt calathis variasque coloribus herbas;
ipsa quod hae faciunt opus, exigit, ipsa, quis usus
quove sit in folio, quae sit concordia mixtis,
270novit et advertens pensas examinat herbas.
Haec ubi nos vidit, dicta acceptaque salute,
diffudit vultus et reddidit omina voce.
Nec mora, misceri tosti iubet hordea grani
mellaque vimque meri cum lacte coagula passo,
275quique sub hac lateant furtim dulcedine, sucos
adicit. Accipimus sacra data pocula dextra.
Quae simul arenti sitientes hausimus ore,
et tetigit summos virga dea dira capillos,
(et pudet et referam!) saetis horrescere coepi
280nec iam posse loqui, pro verbis edere raucum
murmur et in terram toto procumbere vultu;
osque meum sensi pando occallescere rostro,
colla tumere toris, et qua modo pocula parte
sumpta mihi fuerant, illa vestigia feci,
285cumque eadem passis (tantum medicamina possunt!)
claudor hara, solumque suis caruisse figura
vidimus Eurylochum: solus data pocula fugit.
Quae nisi vitasset, pecoris pars una manerem
nunc quoque saetigeri, nec tantae cladis ab illo
290certior ad Circen ultor venisset Ulixes.
Pacifer huic dederat florem Cyllenius album,
moly vocant superi, nigra radice tenetur;
tutus eo monitisque simul caelestibus intrat
ille domum Circes, et ad insidiosa vocatus
295pocula, conantem virga mulcere capillos
reppulit et stricto pavidam deterruit ense.
Inde fides dextraeque datae, thalamoque receptus
coniugii dotem sociorum corpora poscit.
Spargimur ignotae sucis melioribus herbae
300percutimurque caput conversae verbere virgae,
verbaque dicuntur dictis contraria verbis.
Quo magis illa canit, magis hoc tellure levati
erigimur, saetaeque cadunt, bifidosque relinquit
rima pedes, redeunt umeri et subiecta lacertis
305bracchia sunt: flentem flentes amplectimur ipsi
haeremusque ducis collo nec verba locuti
ulla priora sumus quam nos testantia gratos.
Annua nos illic tenuit mora, multaque praesens
tempore tam longo vidi, multa auribus hausi,
310hoc quoque cum multis, quod clam mihi rettulit una
quattuor e famulis ad talia sacra paratis.
Cum duce namque meo Circe dum sola moratur,
illa mihi niveo factum de marmore signum
ostendit iuvenale, gerens in vertice picum,
315aede sacra positum multisque insigne coronis.
Quis foret et quare sacra coleretur in aede,
cur hanc ferret avem, quaerenti et scire volenti
“accipe” ait “Macareu, dominaeque potentia quae sit
hinc quoque disce meae: tu dictis adice mentem!
Then Macareus told him of Aeolus,
the son of Hippotas, whose kingdom is
the Tuscan sea, whose prison holds the winds,
and how Ulysses had received the winds
tied in a bull's hide bag, an awesome gift,
how nine days with a favoring breeze they sailed
and saw afar their longed for native land.
How, as the tenth day dawned, the crew was moved
by envy and a lust for gold, which they
imagined hidden in that leathern bag
and so untied the thong which held the winds.
These, rushing out, had driven the vessel back
over the waves which they had safely passed,
back to the harbor of King Aeolus.
“From there,” he said, “we sailed until we reached
the ancient city of Lamus, Laestrygon.—
Antiphates was reigning in that land,
and I was sent with two men of our troop,
ambassadors to see him. Two of us
escaped with difficulty, but the third
stained the accursed Lestrygonian's jaws
with his devoted blood. Antiphates
pursued us, calling out his murderous horde.
They came and, hurling stones and heavy beams,
they overwhelmed and sank both ships and men.
One ship escaped, on which Ulysses sailed.
“Grieving, lamenting for companions lost,
we finally arrived at that land which
you may discern far off, and, trust my word,
far off it should be seen—I saw it near!
And oh most righteous Trojan, Venus' son,
Aeneas, whom I call no more a foe,
I warn you now: avoid the shores of Circe.
“We moored our ship beside that country too;
but, mindful of the dangers we had run
with Laestrygons and cruel Polyphemus,
refused to go ashore. Ulysses chose
some men by lot and told them to seek out
a roof which he had seen among the trees.
The lot took me, then staunch Polytes next,
Eurylochus, Elpenor fond of wine,
and eighteen more and brought us to the walls
of Circe's dwelling.
“As we drew near and stood
before the door, a thousand wolves rushed out
from woods near by, and with the wolves there ran
she bears and lionesses, dread to see.
And yet we had no cause to fear, for none
would harm us with the smallest scratch.
Why, they in friendship even wagged their tails
and fawned upon us, while we stood in doubt.
“Then handmaids took us in and led us on
through marble halls to the presence of their queen.
She, in a beautiful recess, sat on her throne,
clad richly in a shining purple robe,
and over it she wore a golden veil.
Nereids and nymphs, who never carded fleece
with motion of their fingers, nor drew out
a ductile thread, were setting potent herbs
in proper order and arranging them
in baskets—a confusing wealth of flowers
were scattered among leaves of every hue:
and she prescribed the tasks they all performed.
“She knew the natural use of every leaf
and combinations of their virtues, when
mixed properly; and, giving them her close
attention, she examined every herb
as it was weighed. When she observed us there,
and had received our greetings and returned them,
she smiled, as if we should be well received.
At once she had her maidens bring a drink
of parched barley, of honey and strong wine,
and curds of milk. And in the nectarous draught
she added secretly her baleful drugs.
“We took the cups presented to us by
her sacred right hand; and, as soon as we,
so thirsty, quaffed them with our parching mouths,
that ruthless goddess with her outstretched wand
touched lightly the topmost hair upon our heads.
(Although I am ashamed, I tell you this)
stiff bristles quickly grew out over me,
and I could speak no more. Instead of words
I uttered hoarse murmurs and towards the ground
began to bend and gaze with all my face.
I felt my mouth take on a hardened skin
with a long crooked snout, and my neck swell
with muscles. With the very member which
a moment earlier had received the cup
I now made tracks in sand of the palace court.
Then with my friends, who suffered a like change
(charms have such power!) I was prisoned in a stye.
“We saw Eurylochus alone avoid
our swinish form, for he refused the cup.
If he had drained it, I should still remain
one of a bristly herd. Nor would his news
have made Ulysses sure of our disaster
and brought a swift avenger of our fate.
“Peace bearing Hermes gave him a white flower
from a black root, called Moly by the gods.
With this protection and the god's advice
he entered Circe's hall and, as she gave
the treacherous cup and with her magic wand
essayed to touch his hair, he drove her back
and terrified her with his quick drawn sword.
She gave her promise, and, right hands exchanged,
he was received unharmed into her couch,
where he required the bodies of his friends
awarded him, as his prized marriage gift.
“We then were sprinkled with more favored juice
of harmless plants, and smitten on the head
with the magic wand reversed. And new charms were
repeated, all conversely to the charms
which had degraded us. Then, as she sings,
more and yet more we raise ourselves erect,
the bristles fall off and the fissures leave
our cloven feet, our shoulders overcome
their lost shape and our arms become attached,
as they had been before. With tears of joy
we all embrace him, also weeping tears;
and we cling fondly to our chieftain's neck;—
not one of us could say a single word
till thus we had attested gratitude.”
“The full space of a year detained us there,
and I, remaining that long stretch of time,
saw many things and heard as much besides:
and this among the many other things,
was told me secretly by one of the four
handmaidens of those rites. While Circe passed
her time from all apart except my chief,
she brought me to a white marble shape, a youth
who bore a woodpecker upon his head.
It stood erected in a hallowed place,
adorned with many wreaths. When I had asked
the statue's name and why he stood revered
in that most sacred temple, and what caused
that bird he carried on his head; she said:—
‘Listen, Macareus, and learn from this tale too
the power of Circe, and weigh the knowledge well!’
Ulysses and Circe

Macareus spoke of how Aeolus ruled the Tuscan deep, Aeolus son of Hippotes, imprisoning the winds. Ulysses, the Dulichian leader, had received them from him, an amazing gift, fastened up, in a bull�s hide bag. Sailing for nine days, with a favourable wind, Ulysses and his crew spied the homelands they sought, but when the tenth morning came, his comrades were conquered by greed and desire for their share: thinking the bag contained gold, they loosened the strings that tied up the winds. The ship was blown back over the waters, through which they had come, and, once more, entered King Aeolus�s harbour.

�From there,� Macareus said, �we came to the ancient city of Lamus, of the Laestrygonians: Antiphates was now king in that land. I was sent to him with two companions. One of my friends and myself, fleeing, barely reached safety. The third reddened the Laestrygonians� evil mouths with his blood. Antiphates chased us as we ran for it, urging his men on. They rushed us, hurling rocks and tree-trunks, drowning the men, and sinking the ships. The one which Ulysses himself, and I sailed in, escaped.

�Mourning our lost companions, lamenting greatly, we came to that land you see, in the distance, (believe me the island I saw is best seen from a distance!) and I warn you, O most virtuous of Trojans, son of the goddess, (since the war is over now, I will not treat you as an enemy, Aeneas) shun the shores of Circe! We, likewise, beaching our vessel, refused to go on, remembering Antiphates, and savage Cyclops: but we were chosen by lot to explore the unknown place. I, and the loyal Polites, and also Eurylochus, and Elpenor, too fond of wine, and eighteen others of my comrades, were sent within Circe�s walls.

�We had no sooner arrived, and were standing on the threshold of her courts, when a thousand wolves, and. mixed with the wolves. she-bears and lionesses rushed at us, filling us with terror. But there was nothing to be afraid of: none of them gave our bodies a single scratch. Why they even wagged their tails in the air with affection, and fawned on us, as they followed our footsteps, until female servants received us, and led us, through halls covered with marble, to their mistress.

�She sat in a lovely inner room on her sacred throne, wearing a shining robe, covered over with a gold-embroidered veil. Nereids and nymphs were with her, who do not work wool with nimble fingers, nor, then, spin the thread: they arrange herbs, scattered without order, separating flowers and grasses of various colours, into baskets. She herself directs the work they do: she herself knows the use of each leaf, which kinds mix in harmony, examines them, and pays attention to the weighings of the herbs.

�When she saw us, and words of welcome had been received, she smiled at us, and seemed to give a blessing to our desires. Without delay she ordered a drink to be blended, of malted barley, honey, strong wine, and curdled milk, to which she secretly added juices, that its sweetness would hide. We took the cup offered by her sacred hand. As soon as we had drained it, thirstily, with parched lips, the dread goddess touched the top of our hair with her wand, and then (I am ashamed, but I will tell you) I began to bristle with hair, unable to speak now, giving out hoarse grunts instead of words, and to fall forward, completely facing the ground.

�I felt my mouth stiffening into a long snout, my neck swelling with brawn, and I made tracks on the ground, with the parts that had just now lifted the cup to my mouth. I was shut in a sty with the others in the same state (so much can magic drugs achieve!) We saw that only Eurylochus had escaped the transformation: the only one to avoid the proffered cup. If he had not refused, I would even now be one of the bristly herd, since Ulysses would not have heard of our plight from him, or come to Circe, as our avenger.

�Peace-loving Cyllenian Mercury had given him the white flower, the gods call moly, that springs from a black root. With this, and divine warnings, he entered Circe�s house in safety, and, when he was asked to drink from the fateful cup, he struck aside the wand, with which she tried to stroke his hair, and scared off the frightened goddess, with drawn sword. Then they gave their right hands to each other, as a pledge of good faith, and after being received into her bed as her husband, he asked for his friends true bodies to be restored, as a wedding gift.

�We were sprinkled with the more virtuous juices of unknown herbs, our heads were stroked with the wand reversed, and the words, she had said, were pronounced, with the words said backwards. The more words she spoke, the more we stood erect, lifted from the ground. Our bristles fell away, our cloven hoofs lost their cleft, our shoulders reappeared, and below them were our upper and lower arms. Weeping we embraced him, as he wept himself, and clung to our leader�s neck, and nothing was said until we had testified to our gratitude.

�We stayed there for a year, and, in that length of time, I saw and heard many things. Here is one told me, in secret, by one of the four female servants, dedicated to those earlier tasks. While Circe was tarrying alone with our leader, the girl showed me the statue of a young man, carved out of snow-white marble, with a woodpecker�s head on top. It stood in a holy temple, distinguished by many wreaths. I asked, as I wished to know, who it was, and why he was worshipped in a holy temple, and why he bore a bird�s head. She said �Listen, Macareus, and learn, as well, how great is my mistress�s power: keep your mind on my words!

Book XIV · PICUS AND CANENS

PICUS AND CANENS

320Picus in Ausoniis, proles Saturnia terris
rex fuit, utilium bello studiosus equorum;
forma viro, quam cernis, erat: licet ipse decorem
adspicias fictaque probes ab imagine veram.
Par animus formae; nec adhuc spectasse per annos
325quinquennem poterat Graia quater Elide pugnam.
Ille suos dryadas Latiis in montibus ortas
verterat in vultus, illum fontana petebant
numina, naiades, quas Albula, quasque Numici,
quas Anienis aquae cursuque brevissimus Almo
330Narve tulit praeceps et opacae Farfarus umbrae,
quaeque colunt Scythicae stagnum nemorale Dianae
finitimosque lacus; spretis tamen omnibus unam
ille colit nymphen, quam quondam in colle Palati
dicitur Ionio peperisse Venilia Iano.
335Haec ubi nubilibus primum maturuit annis,
praeposito cunctis Laurenti tradita Pico est,
rara quidem facie, sed rarior arte canendi,
unde Canens dicta est: silvas et saxa movere
et mulcere feras et flumina longa morari
340ore suo volucresque vagas retinere solebat.
Quae dum feminea modulatur carmina voce,
exierat tecto Laurentes Picus in agros,
indigenas fixurus apros, tergumque premebat
acris equi, laevaque hastilia bina ferebat,
345poeniceam fulvo chlamydem contractus ab auro.
Venerat in silvas et filia Solis easdem,
utque novas legeret fecundis collibus herbas,
nomine dicta suo Circaea reliquerat arva.
Quae simul ac iuvenem, virgultis abdita, vidit,
350obstipuit: cecidere manu, quas legerat, herbae,
flammaque per totas visa est errare medullas.
Ut primum valido mentem conlegit ab aestu,
quid cuperet, fassura fuit: ne posset adire,
cursus equi fecit circumfususque satelles.
355“Non” ait “effugies, vento rapiare licebit,
si modo me novi, si non evanuit omnis
herbarum virtus et non mea carmina fallunt.”
Dixit et effigiem, nullo cum corpore, falsi
finxit apri praeterque oculos transcurrere regis
360iussit et in densum trabibus nemus ire videri,
plurima qua silva est et equo loca pervia non sunt.
Haud mora: continuo praedae petit inscius umbram
Picus equique celer spumantia terga relinquit
spemque sequens vanam silva pedes errat in alta.
365Concipit illa preces et verba precantia dicit
ignotosque deos ignoto carmine adorat,
quo solet et niveae vultum confundere Lunae
et patrio capiti bibulas subtexere nubes.
Tum quoque cantato densetur carmine caelum,
370et nebulas exhalat humus, caecisque vagantur
limitibus comites, et abest custodia regis.
Nacta locum tempusque “per, o, tua lumina” dixit,
“quae mea ceperunt, perque hanc, pulcherrime, formam,
quae facit, ut supplex tibi sim dea, consule nostris
375ignibus et socerum, qui pervidet omnia, Solem
accipe, nec durus Titanida despice Circen!”
Dixerat. Ille ferox ipsamque precesque relinquit
et “quaecumque es” ait, “non sum tuus: altera captum
me tenet et teneat per longum, comprecor, aevum!
380Nec venere externa socialia foedera laedam,
dum mihi Ianigenam servabunt fata Canentem!”
Saepe retemptatis precibus Titania frustra
“non impune feres, neque” ait “reddere Canenti,
laesaque quid faciat, quid amans, quid femina disces.”
385rebus, ait, sed amans et laesa et femina Circe.
Tum bis ad occasum, bis se convertit ad ortus,
ter iuvenem baculo tetigit, tria carmina dixit.
Ille fugit, sed se solito velocius ipse
currere miratur: pennas in corpore vidit,
390seque novam subito Latiis accedere silvis
indignatus avem duro fera robora rostro
figit et iratus longis dat vulnera ramis.
Purpureum chlamydis pennae traxere colorem,
fibula quod fuerat vestemque momorderat aurum,
395pluma fit, et fulvo cervix praecingitur auro,
nec quicquam antiquum Pico nisi nomina restat.
“Picus, offspring of Saturn, was the king
of the Ausonian land, one very fond
of horses raised for war. The young man's form
was just what you now see, and had you known
him as he lived, you would not change a line.
His nature was as noble as his shape.
He could not yet have seen the steeds contend
four times in races held with each fifth year
at Grecian Elis. But his good looks had charmed
the dryads born on Latin hills, Naiads
would pine for him—both goddesses of spring
and goddesses of fountains, pined for him,
and nymphs that live in streaming Albula,
Numicus, Anio's course, brief flowing Almo,
and rapid Nar and Farfarus, so cool
in its delightful shades; all these and those
which haunt the forest lake of Scythian
Diana and the other nearby lakes.
“ ‘But, heedless of all these, he loved a nymph
whom on the hill, called Palatine, 'tis said,
Venilia bore to Janus double faced.
When she had reached the age of marriage, she
was given to Picus Laurentine, preferred
by her above all others—wonderful
indeed her beauty, but more wonderful
her skill in singing, from which art they called
her Canens. The fascination of her voice
would move the woods and rocks and tame wild beasts,
and stay long rivers, and it even detained
the wandering bird. Once, while she sang a lay
with high, clear voice, Picus on his keen horse
rode in Laurentian fields to hunt the boar,
two spears in his left hand, his purple cloak
fastened with gold. The daughter of the Sun
wandered in woods near by to find new herbs
growing on fertile hills, for she had left
Circaean fields called so from her own name.
“ ‘From a concealing thicket she observed
the youth with wonder. All the gathered herbs
dropped from her hands, forgotten, to the ground
and a hot fever-flame seemed to pervade
her marrow. When she could collect her thought
she wanted to confess her great desire,
but the swift horse and his surrounding guards
prevented her approach. “Still you shall not
escape me,” she declared, “although you may
be borne on winds, if I but know myself,
and if some potency in herbs remains,
and if my art of charms does not deceive.”
“ ‘Such were her;thoughts, and then she formed
an image of a bodiless wild swine
and let it cross the trail before the king
and rush into a woodland dense with trees,
which fallen trunks made pathless for his horse.
Picus at once, unconscious of all harm,
followed the phantom-prey and, hastily
quitting the reeking back of his good steed,
he wandered in pursuit of a vain hope,
on foot through that deep wood. She seized the chance
and by her incantation called strange gods
with a strange charm, which had the power to hide
the white moon's features and draw thirsty clouds
about her father's head. The changing sky
then lowered more black at each repeated tone
of incantation, and the ground exhaled
its vapours, while his people wandered there
along the darkened paths until no guard
was near to aid the imperiled king.
“ ‘Having now gained an opportunity
and place, she said, “ O, youth most beautiful!
By those fine eyes, which captivated mine,
and by that graceful person, which brings me,
even me, a goddess, suppliant to you,
have pity on my passion; let the Sun,
who looks on all things, be your father-in-law;
do not despise Circe, the Titaness.”
“But fiercely he repelled her and her prayer,
“Whoever you may be, you are not mine,”
he said. “Another lady has my heart.
I pray that for a lengthening space of time
she may so hold me. I will not pollute
conjugal ties with the unhallowed loves
of any stranger, while the Fates preserve
to me the child of Janus, my dear Canens.”
“‘Titan's daughter, when many pleas had failed,
said angrily, “You shall not leave me with
impunity, and you shall not return
to Canens; and by your experience
you shall now learn what can be done by her
so slighted—what a woman deep in love
can do— and Circe is that slighted love.”
“ ‘Then twice she turned herself to face the west
and twice to face the East; and three times then
she touched the young man with her wand,
and sang three incantations. Picus fled,
but, marvelling at his unaccustomed speed,
he saw new wings, that spread on either side
and bore him onward. Angry at the thought
of transformation—all so suddenly
added a strange bird to the Latian woods,
he struck the wild oaks with his hard new beak,
and in his rage inflicted many wounds
on the long waving branches his wings took
the purple of his robe. The piece of gold
which he had used so nicely in his robe
The transformation of Picus

��Picus, the son of Saturn, was king in the land of Ausonia, and loved horses trained for war. The hero�s appearance was as you see it there. Though, if you looked at his beauty itself, you would approve the true and not the imaginary form. His spirit equalled his looks. In age, he had not yet seen four of the five-yearly Games at Elis in Greece. He had turned the heads of the dryads born on the hills of Latium: the nymphs of the fountains pursued him, and the naiads; those that live in the Tiber; and in the River Numicius; in Anio�s streams; and the brief course of the Almo; the rushing Nar; and Farfar of dense shadows; and those who haunt the wooded pool of Scythian Diana, and its neighbouring lakes.

��But, spurning them all, he loved one nymph alone, whom, it is said, Venilia once bore, on the Palatine hill, to two-faced Janus. She, when she had grown to marriageable age, was given to Picus of Laurentum, preferred of all her suitors. She was of rare beauty, but rarer her gift of song, so that she was called Canens. She could move the rocks and trees with her singing, make wild beasts gentle, halt wide rivers, and detain the wandering birds. One day when she was singing her song, with a girl�s expressiveness, Picus left home to hunt the native wild boar, in the Laurentian fields. Astride the back of an eager mount, he carried two hunting spears in his left hand, and wore a Greek military cloak, dyed crimson, fastened with a golden brooch.

��Sol�s daughter had come to those same woods, leaving the fields, called Circean from her name, to cull fresh herbs in the fertile hills. As soon as she saw the youth from the cover of a thicket, she was stunned: the herbs she had culled fell from her hand, and flames seemed to reach to her very marrow. As soon as she had recovered rational thought after the wave of passion, she wanted to own to her desires, but she could not reach him, because of his horse�s speed, and his crowd of companions. �Though the wind take you, you will not escape,� she cried, �if I know my skill, if the power of herbs has not completely vanished, and my incantations do not fail.� Saying this, she conjured up a bodiless phantom boar, and commanded it to cross under the king�s very eyes, and seem to enter a dense grove of trees, where the woods were thickest, and the place was impenetrable to horses. Instantly, and unwittingly, without a moment�s delay, Picus, followed his shadowy prey, and, quickly leaping from the back of his foaming mount, he roamed, on foot, through the deep wood, chasing an empty promise.

��Circe recited curses, and spoke magic words, worshipping unknown gods, with unknown incantations, by which she used to dim the face of the bright moon, and veil her father�s orb, with moisture-loving cloud.

��Now, also, by her song, the sky is darkened, and the earth breathes out fog, and his companions wander on blind trails, and the king�s protection is lost. Having made the time and place, she says: �O, by those eyes, that have captured mine, and by that beauty, most handsome of youths, that has made a goddess suppliant to you, think of my passion, and accept the sun, who sees all things, as your father-in-law. Do not, unfeelingly, despise Circe, daughter of Titan.�

��She spoke: he fiercely rejected her and her entreaties, and said: �Whoever you may be, I am not for you. Another has captured my love and holds me, and I hope she will hold me forever. While the fates guard Canens, Janus�s daughter, for me, I will not harm our bond of affection by an alien love. Repeating her entreaties, time and again, in vain, Circe cried: �You will not go unpunished, or return to your Canens, and you will learn the truth of what the wounded; a lover; a woman, can do: and Circe is a lover; is wounded; is a woman!�

��Then twice to the west, twice to the east, she turned; thrice touched the youth with her wand, thrice spoke an incantation. He ran, but was surprised to find himself running faster than before: he saw wings appear on his body. Angered at his sudden transformation to a strange bird in the woods of Latium, he pecked at the rough oak wood with his hard beak, and in fury wounded the long branches. The feathers of his crown and nape took on the colour of his crimson cloak, and what had been a golden brooch, pinning his clothes, became plumage, and his neck was surrounded behind by green-gold. Nothing was left to Picus of his former being, except his name.

Interea comites, clamato saepe per agros
nequiquam Pico nullaque in parte reperto,
inveniunt Circen (nam iam tenuaverat auras
400passaque erat nebulas ventis ac sole recludi)
criminibusque premunt veris regemque reposcunt
vimque ferunt saevisque parant incessere telis.
Illa nocens spargit virus sucosque veneni
et Noctem noctisque deos Ereboque chaoque
405convocat et longis Hecaten ululatibus orat:
exsiluere loco (dictu mirabile) silvae,
ingemuitque solum, vicinaque palluit arbor,
sparsaque sanguineis maduerunt pabula guttis,
et lapides visi mugitus edere raucos,
410et latrare canes et humus serpentibus atris
squalere et tenues animae volitare videntur.
Attonitum monstris vulgus pavet: illa paventis
ora venenata tetigit mirantia virga,
cuius ab attactu variarum monstra ferarum
415in iuvenes veniunt: nulli sua mansit imago.
Sparserat occiduus Tartessia litora Phoebus,
et frustra coniunx oculis animoque Canentis
exspectatus erat: famuli populusque per omnes
discurrunt silvas atque obvia lumina portant;
420nec satis est nymphae flere et lacerare capillos
et dare plangorem (facit et tamen omnia) seque
proripit ac Latios errat vesana per agros.
Sex illam noctes, tetidem redeuntia solis
lumina viderunt inopem somnique cibique
425per iuga, per valles, qua fors ducebat, euntem.
Ultimus adspexit Thybris luctuque viaque
fessam et iam longa ponentem corpora ripa.
Illic cum lacrimis ipso modulata dolore
verba sono tenui maerens fundebat, ut olim
430carmina iam moriens canit exequialia cygnus.
Luctibus extremis teneras liquefacta medullas
tabuit inque leves paulatim evanuit auras;
fama tamen signata loco est, quem rite Canentem
nomine de nymphae veteres dixere Camenae.”
was changed to golden feathers, and his neck
was rich as yellow gold. Nothing remained
of Picus as he was except the name.
“ ‘While all this happened his attendants called
on Picus often but in vain throughout
surrounding fields, and finding not a trace
of their young king, at length by chance they met
with Circe, who had cleared the darkened air
and let the clouds disperse before the wind
and clear rays of the sun. Then with good cause
they blamed her, they demanded the return
of their lost king, and with their hunting spears
they threatened her. She, sprinkling baleful drugs
and poison juices over them, invoked
the aid of Night and all the gods of Night
from Erebus and Chaos, and desired
the aid of Hecat with long, wailing cries.
“ ‘Most wonderful to tell, the forests leaped
from fixed localities and the torn soil
uttered deep groans, the trees surrounding changed
from life-green to sick pallor, and the grass
was moistened with besprinkling drops of blood;
the stones sent forth harsh longings, unknown dogs
barked loudly, and the ground became a mass
of filthy snakes, and unsubstantial hosts
of the departed flitted without sound.
The men all quaked appalled. With magic rod
she touched their faces, pale and all amazed,
and at her touch the youths took on strange forms
of wild animals. None kept his proper shape.
“ ‘The setting sun is resting low upon
the far Tartessian shores, and now in vain
her husband is expected by the eyes
of longing Canens. Her slaves and people run
about through all the forest, holding lights
to meet him. Nor is it enough for that
dear nymph to weep and frenzied tear her hair
and beat her breast—she did all that and more.
Distracted she rushed forth and wandered through
the Latin fields. Six nights, six brightening dawns
found her quite unrefreshed with food or sleep
wandering at random over hill and dale.
The Tiber saw her last, with grief and toil
wearied and lying on his widespread bank.
In tears she poured out words with a faint voice,
lamenting her sad woe, as when the swan
about to die sings a funereal dirge.
Melting with grief at last she pined away;
her flesh, her bones, her marrow liquified
and vanished by degrees as formless air
and yet the story lingers near that place,
The fate of Canens

��Meanwhile, his companions came upon Circe, after calling for Picus through the fields, often, and uselessly� (she had now thinned the mist, and dispersed the clouds with winds, and revealed the sun). They pressed true charges against her; demanded the king; showed force; and prepared to attack her with deadly spears. She sprinkled them with harmful drugs and poisonous juices, summoning Night and the gods of Night, from Erebus and Chaos, and calling on Hecate with long wailing cries.

��Marvellous to say, the trees tore from their roots, the earth rumbled, the surrounding woods turned white, and the grass she sprinkled was wet with drops of blood. And the stones seemed to emit harsh groans, and dogs to bark, and the ground to crawl with black snakes, and the ghostly shades of the dead to hover. The terrified band shuddered at these monstrosities. She touched the fearful, stunned, faces with her wand, and, at its contact, the monstrous forms of various wild beasts appeared, as the warriors were transformed: none of them retained his human form.

��Now Phoebus, setting, dyed the shores of Spain, and Canens was looking, in vain, for her husband, with her eyes and in her thoughts. Her servants, and her people, ran through the woods to meet him, carrying torches. The nymph was not satisfied with weeping, and tearing at her hair, and beating her breast (though she did all those things) and she rushed out herself, and roamed madly through the fields of Latium. Six nights, and as many returns of the sun�s light, found her wandering, without food or sleep, through valleys and hills, wherever chance lead her.

��Tiber was last to see her, as she lay down, weary with grief and journeying, on his wide banks. There, she poured out her words of grief, tearfully, in faint tones, in harmony with sadness, just as the swan sings once, in dying, its own funeral song.� At the last she melted away, wasted by grief, liquefied to the marrow, little by little vanishing into thin air. But her story is signified by the place, that the Muses of old, fittingly, called Canens, from the nymph�s name.�

435Talia multa mihi longum narrata per annum
visaque sunt. Resides et desuetudine tardi
rursus inire fretum, rursus dare vela iubemur.
Ancipitesque vias et iter Titania vastum
dixerat et saevi restare pericula ponti.
440Pertimui, fateor, nactusque hoc litus adhaesi.”
Finierat Macareus. Urnaque Aeneia nutrix
condita marmoreo tumulo breve carmen habebat:
HIC ME CAIETAM NOTAE PIETATIS ALUMNUS
EREPTAM ARGOLICO QUO DEBUIT IGNE CREMAVIT.
fitly named Canens by old-time Camenae!.’
“Such things I heard and saw through a long year.
Sluggish, inactive through our idleness,
we were all ordered to embark again
out on the deep, again to set our sails.
The Titaness explained the doubtful paths,
the great extent and peril, of wild seas.
I was alarmed, I will confess to you;
so, having reached these shores, I have remained.”
Macareus finished. And Aeneas' nurse,
now buried in a marble urn, had this
brief, strange inscription on her tomb:—
“My foster-child of proven piety,
burned me Caieta here: although
Caieta�s epitaph

�I heard many such stories, and saw many things throughout that long year. Sluggish and torpid, through inactivity, we were commanded to spread the sails and travel the seas again. Circe, the Titan�s daughter, had told us of the fierce dangers of the seas to come, the dangerous channels, and the vast reaches: I confess I was afraid, and finding this shore, I clung to it.� Macareus had done.

Aeneas�s nurse, Caieta, was interred in a marble urn, having a brief epitaph carved on her tomb:

HERE HE WHOM I, CAIETA, NURSED, WHO, NOTED FOR HIS PIETY, SAVED ME FROM ACHAEAN FIRE, AS IS RIGHT, CREMATED ME.

445Solvitur herboso religatus ab aggere funis,
et procul insidias infamataeque relinquunt
tecta deae lucosque petunt, ubi nubilus umbra
in mare cum flava prorumpit Thybris harena;
Faunigenaeque domo potitur nataque Latini,
450non sine Marte tamen: bellum cum gente feroci
suscipitur, pactaque furit pro coniuge Turnus.
Concurrit Latio Tyrrhenia tota, diuque
ardua sollicitis victoria quaeritur armis.
Auget uterque suas externo robore vires,
455et multi Rutulos, multi Troiana tuentur
castra. Neque Aeneas Euandri ad moenia frustra,
at Venulus frustra profugi Diomedis ad urbem
venerat: ille quidem sub Iapyge maxima Dauno
moenia condiderat dotaliaque arva tenebat.
460Sed Venulus Turni postquam mandata peregit
auxilium petiit, vires Aetolius heros
excusat: nec se aut soceri committere pugnae
velle sui populos, aut quos e gente suorum
armet habere ullos, “neve haec commenta putetis,
465admonitu quamquam luctus renoventur amari
perpetiar memorare tamen. Postquam alta cremata est
Ilion et Danaas paverunt Pergama flammas,
Naryciusque heros, a virgine virgine rapta,
quam meruit poenam solus, digessit in omnes,
470spargimur et ventis inimica per aequora rapti
fulmina, noctem, imbres, iram caelique marisque
perpetimur Danai cumulumque Capherea cladis.
Neve morer referens tristes ex ordine casus,
Graecia tum potuit Priamo quoque flenda videri.
475Me tamen armiferae servatum cura Minervae
fluctibus eripuit, patriis sed rursus ab agris
pellor, et antiquo memores de vulnere poenas
exigit alma Venus, tantosque per alta labores
aequora sustinui, tantos terrestribus armis,
480ut mihi felices sint illi saepe vocati,
quos communis hiems importunusque Caphereus
mersit aquis, vellemque horum pars una fuissem.
I was at first preserved from Argive fire,
I later burned with fire which was my due.”
The cable loosened from the grassy bank,
they steered a course which kept them well away
from ill famed Circe's wiles and from her home
and sought the groves where Tiber dark with shade,
breaks with his yellow sands into the sea.
Aeneas then fell heir to the home and won
the daughter of Latinus, Faunus' son,
not without war. A people very fierce
made war, and Turnus, their young chief,
indignant fought to hold a promised bride.
With Latium all Etruria was embroiled,
a victory hard to win was sought through war.
By foreign aid each side got further strength:
the camp of Rutuli abounds in men,
and many throng the opposing camp of Troy.
Aeneas did not find Evander's home
in vain. But Venulus with no success
came to the realm of exiled Diomed.
That hero had marked out his mighty walls
with favor of Iapygian Daunus and
held fields that came to him as marriage dower.
When Venulus, by Turnus' orders, made
request for aid, the Aetolian hero said
that he was poor in men: he did not wish
to risk in battle himself nor any troops
belonging to his father-in-law and had
no troops of his that he could arm for battle.
“Lest you should think I feign,” he then went on
“Although my grief must be renewed because
of bitter recollections of the past,
I will endure recital now to you:—
“After the lofty Ilion was burnt
and Pergama had fed the Grecian flames,
and Ajax, the Narycian hero, had
brought from a virgin, for a virgin wronged,
the punishment which he alone deserved
on our whole expedition, we were then
dispersed and driven by violent winds
over the hostile seas; and we, the Greeks,
had to endure in darkness, lightning, rain,
the wrath both of the heavens and of the sea,
and Caphareus, the climax of our woe.
Not to detain you by relating such
unhappy things in order, Greece might then
have seemed to merit even Priam's tears.
“Although well armed Minerva's care preserved
me then and brought me safe through rocks and waves,
from my native Argos I was driven again,
for outraged Venus took her full revenge
remembering still that wound of long ago;
and I endured such hardships on the deep,
and hazards amid armies on the shore,
that often I called those happy whom the storm—
War in Latium: Turnus asks Diomede�s help

Freeing their cables from the grassy shore, and keeping far away from the treacherous island and the home of the infamous goddess, the Trojans sought the groves where dark-shadowed Tiber, rushes, yellow with sand, to the sea. There, Aeneas won the daughter, Lavinia, and the kingdom of Latinus, son of Faunus, but not without a battle.

Turnus fights with fury for his promised bride, and war is waged with a fierce people. All Etruria clashes with Latium, and for a long time, with anxious struggle, hard-fought victory is looked for. Both sides add to their strength with outside aid, and many support the Rutuli, many others the Trojan camp.

Aeneas did not seek help from Evander in vain, but Venulus, sent by Turnus, had no profit from the city of exiled Diomede. He had founded a major city, Arpi, in Daunus�s kingdom of Iapygia, and held the country given him as a dowry. When Venulus had done as Turnus commanded and asked for help, Diomede, Aetolia�s hero, pleaded lack of resources as an excuse: he did not wish to commit himself or his father-in-law�s people, nor had he any men of his own race he could arm. �So that you do not think that these are lies,� he said, �I will endure the telling of my story patiently, though its mention renews my bitter grief.�

When high Ilium had been burned, and Pergama had fed the Greek fires, and when Ajax, hero of Naryx, had brought down, on us all, the virgin goddess Minerva�s punishment, that he alone deserved, for the rape of virgin Cassandra, we Greeks were taken, and scattered by storms, over the hostile seas. We suffered lightning, darkness, and storms, the anger of sea and sky, and Cape Caphereus, the culminating disaster. Not to waste time by telling you our sad misfortunes one by one, the Greeks then might even have appeared to warrant Priam�s tears. Warrior Minerva�s saving care for me, however, rescued me from the waves. But I was driven from my native country again, for gentle Venus, remembering the wound I had once given her, exacted punishment. I suffered such great toils in the deep sea, such conflicts on land, that I often called those happy whom the storm, that we shared, and the troubled waters, of Caphereus, drowned, and I longed to have been one of them.�

Ultima iam passi comites belloque fretoque
deficiunt finemque rogant erroris, at Acmon
485fervidus ingenio, tum vero et cladibus asper,
“quid superest, quod iam patientia nostra recuset
ferre, viri?” dixit; “quid habet Cytherea, quod ultra
(velle puta!) faciat? Nam dum peiora timentur,
est locus in vulnus: sors autem ubi pessima rerum,
490sub pedibus timor est securaque summa malorum.
Audiat ipsa licet, et, quod facit, oderit omnes
sub Diomede viros, odium tamen illius omnes
spernimus: et magno stat magna potentia nobis!”
Talibus iratam Venerem Pleuronius Acmon
495instimulat verbis stimulisque resuscitat iram.
Dicta placent paucis: numeri maioris amici
Acmona corripimus; cui respondere volenti
vox pariter vocisque via est tenuata, comaeque
in plumas abeunt, plumis nova colla teguntur
500pectoraque et tergum, maiores bracchia pennas
accipiunt, cubitusque leves sinuatur in alas.
Magna pedis digitos pars occupat, oraque cornu
indurata rigent finemque in acumine ponunt.
Hunc Lycus, hunc Idas et cum Rhexenore Nycteus,
505hunc miratur Abas: et dum mirantur, eandem
accipiunt faciem, numerusque ex agmine maior
subvolat et remos plausis circumvolat alis.
Si volucrum quae sit dubiarum forma, requiris,
ut non cygnorum, sic albis proxima cygnis.
510Vix equidem has sedes et Iapygis arida Dauni
arva gener teneo minima cum parte meorum.”
an ill that came on all, or Cephareus had drowned.
I even wished I had been one of them.
“My best companions having now endured
utmost extremities in wars and seas,
lost courage and demanded a swift end
of our long wandering. Acmon, by nature hot,
and much embittered by misfortune, said,
‘What now remains for you, my friends,
that patience can endure? What can be done
by Venus (if she wants to) more than she
already has done? While we have a dread
of greater evils, reason will be found
for patience; but, when fortune brings her worst,
we scorn and trample fear beneath our feet.
Upon the height of woe, why should we care?
Let Venus listen, let her hate Diomed
more than all others—as indeed she does,
we all despise her hate. At a great price
we have bought and won the right to such contempt!’
“With language of this kind Pleuronian Acmon.
Provoking Venus further than before,
revived her former anger. His fierce words
were then approved of by a few, while we
the greater number of his real friends,
rebuked the words of Acmon: and while he
prepared to answer us, his voice, and even
the passage of his voice, were both at once
diminished, his hair changed to feathers, while
his neck took a new form. His breast and back
covered themselves with down, and both his arms
grew longer feathers, and his elbows curved
into light wings, much of each foot was changed
to long toes, and his mouth grew still and hard
with pointed horn.
“Amazed at his swift change
were Lycus, Abas, Nycteus and Rhexenor.
And, while they stared, they took his feathered shape.
The larger portion of my company
flew from their boat, resounding all around
our oars with flapping of new-fashioned wings.
If you should ask the form of these strange birds
Acmon and others are changed into birds

�Now my friends lost heart, having endured ultimate misery in war and on the sea, and begged me to end our wanderings. But fiery-natured Acmon, truly exasperated by our disasters, said: �What is left, indeed, men, that your patience would not bear? What more could Cytherean Venus do, do you think, if she wished to? When we fear the worst there is a place for prayer, but when our lot is worst, fear is under our feet, and at the height of misfortune we are unconcerned. Though she herself should hear me, though she should hate, as she does, all those under Diomede�s command, yet we all scorn her hatred. Great powers hardly count as great to us.�

Acmon of Pleuron goaded Venus with these insulting words, and rekindled her former anger. Few of us approved of what he said: the majority of his friends reproved him, and when he tried to answer, his voice and throat grew attenuated; his hair turned to plumage; and plumage covered his newly formed neck, chest and back. His arms received large feathers, and his elbows twisted to form swift wings; his toes took up most of his feet, and his face hardened and stiffened like horn, and ended in a pointed beak. Lycus, and Idas, Rhexenor, Nycteus and Abas, marvelled at him, and while they marvelled, they took the same form. The larger number of the flock rose, and circled the oarsmen on beating wings. If you ask the shape of these suddenly created birds, they were like white swans, though they were not swans. Now I can scarcely hold this house, and its parched fields, as Daunus of Iapygia�s son-in-law, with this tiny remnant of my friends.�

Book XIV · METAMORPHOSES RELATED TO AENEAS

METAMORPHOSES RELATED TO AENEAS

Hactenus Oenides. Venulus Calydonia regna
Peucetiosque sinus Messapiaque arva relinquit.
In quibus antra videt, quae multa nubila silva
515et levibus cannis manantia semicaper Pan
nunc tenet, at quodam tenuerunt tempore nymphae.
Apulus has illa pastor regione fugatas
terruit et primo subita formidine movit,
mox, ubi mens rediit et contempsere sequentem,
520ad numerum motis pedibus duxere choreas.
Improbat has pastor, saltuque imitatus agresti
addidit obscenis convicia rustica dictis,
nec prius os tacuit, quam guttura condidit arbor:
arbore enim sucoque licet cognoscere mores;
525quippe notam linguae bacis oleaster amaris
exhibet: asperitas verborum cessit in illas.
they were like snowy swans, though not the same.
“Now as Iapygian Daunus' son-in-law
I scarcely hold this town and arid fields
with my small remnant of trustworthy men.”
So Diomed made answer. Venulus
soon after left the Calydonian realms,
Peucetian bays, and the Messapian fields.
Among those fields he saw a darkened cave
in woods and waving reeds. The halfgoat Pan
now lives there, but in older time the nymphs
possessed it. An Apulian shepherd scared
them from that spot. At first he terrified
them with a sudden fear, but soon in scorn,
as they considered what the intruder was,
they danced before him, moving feet to time.
The shepherd clown abused them, capering,
grotesquely imitating graceful steps,
and railed at them with coarse and foolish words.
He was not silent till a tree's new bark
had closed his mouth for now he is a tree.
And the wild olive's fruit took bitterness
from him. It has the tartness of his tongue.
The creation of the wild olive

So said Diomede, grandson of Oeneus of Calydon. Venulus left that kingdom passing the Peucetian valleys, and the fields of Messapia. Here he came across a cave, dark with trees, and masked by slender reeds, that now is held by the goat-god Pan, but once was held by the nymphs. A shepherd from that region of Apulia scared them to flight, at first, suddenly inspiring terror in them. When they had collected their wits, scornful of their pursuer, they returned to their dancing, feet skipping to the measure.

The shepherd mocked them, leaping wildly in imitation, and adding foul language, with coarse abuse. Nor was his mouth silent till tree-bark imprisoned his throat: he is indeed a tree: you may know its character, by the taste of its fruit that bears the mark of his speech in the wild olives� bitterness. The sharpness of his words has entered them.

Hinc ubi legati rediere, negata ferentes
arma Aetola sibi, Rutuli sine viribus illis
bella instructa gerunt, multumque ab utraque cruoris
530parte datur; fert ecce avidas in pinea Turnus
texta faces, ignesque timent, quibus unda pepercit.
Iamque picem et ceras alimentaque cetera flammae
Mulciber urebat perque altum ad carbasa malum
ibat, et incurvae fumabant transtra carinae:
535cum memor has pinus Idaeo vertice caesas
sancta deum genetrix tinnitibus aera pulsi
aeris et inflati complevit murmure buxi,
perque leves domitis invecta leonibus auras
“inrita sacrilega iactas incendia dextra,
540Turne!” ait. “Eripiam, nec me patiente cremabit
ignis edax nemorum partes et membra meorum.”
Intonuit dicente dea, tonitrumque secuti
cum saliente graves ceciderunt grandine nimbi,
aeraque et tumidum subitis concursibus aequor
545Astraei turbant et eunt in proelia fratres.
E quibus alma parens unius viribus usa
stuppea praerupit Phrygiae retinacula puppis
fertque rates pronas medioque sub aequore mergit;
robore mollito lignoque in corpora verso
550in capitum facies puppes mutantur aduncae,
in digitos abeunt et crura natantia remi,
quodque prius fuerat, latus est mediisque carina
subdita navigiis spinae mutatur in usum,
lina comae molles, antemnae bracchia fiunt,
555caerulus, ut fuerat, color est; quasque ante timebant,
illas virgineis exercent lusibus undas
naides aequoreae durisque in montibus ortae
molle fretum celebrant nec eas sua tangit origo.
Non tamen oblitae, quam multa pericula saepe
560pertulerint pelago, iactatis saepe carinis
supposuere manus, nisi siqua vehebat Achivos:
cladis adhuc Phrygiae memores, odere Pelasgos
Neritiaeque ratis viderunt fragmina laetis
vultibus et laetis videre rigescere puppem
565vultibus Alcinoi saxumque increscere ligno.
When the ambassadors returned and told
their tale about Aetolian arms refused,
the bold Rutulians carried on the war
without those forces, and much blood was shed.
Then Turnus with a greedy torch drew near
the Trojan fleet, well built of close-knit pine.
What had escaped the waves, now feared the flame.
Soon Mulciber was burning pitch and wax
and other food of fire, up the high masts
he ran and fed upon the tight furled sails,
and even the benches in the curved hull smoked.
When the holy mother of the gods, recalling
how those same pines were felled on Ida's crest,
filled the wind with a sound of cymbals clashed
and trill of boxwood flutes. Borne through light air
by her famed lion yoke, she came and said,
“In vain you cast the fire with impious hand,
Turnus, for I will save this burning fleet.
I will not let the greedy flame consume
trees that were part and members of my grove.”
It thundered while she spoke, and heavy clouds,
following the thunder, brought a storm
of bounding hail. The Astraean brothers filled
both air and swollen waters with their rage
and rushed to battle. With the aid of one
of them the kindly mother broke the ropes
which held the Phrygian ships, and, drawing all
prow foremost, plunged them underneath the wave.
Softening quickly in the waters quiet depth,
their wood was changed to flesh, the curving prows
were metamorphosed into human heads,
blades of the oars made feet, the looms were changed
to swimming legs, the sides turned human flanks,
each keel below the middle of a ship
transformed became a spine, the cordage changed
to soft hair, and the sail yards changed to arms.
The azure color of the ships remained.
As sea-nymphs in the water they began
to agitate with virgin sports the waves,
which they had always dreaded. Natives of
the rugged mountains they are now so changed,
they swim and dwell in the soft flowing sea,
with every influence of birth forgot.
Never forgetful of the myriad risks
they have endured among the boisterous waves,
they often give a helping hand to ships
tossed in the power of storms—unless, of course,
the ship might carry men of Grecian race.
Never forgetful of the Phrygians and
catastrophe, their hatred was so great
of all Pelasgians, that they looked with joy
upon the fragments of Ulysses' ship;
and were delighted when they saw the ship
of King Alcinous growing hard upon
the breakers, as its wood was turned to stone.
Many were hopeful that a fleet which had
received life strangely in the forms of nymphs
The transformation of Aeneas�s ships

When the ambassadors returned, saying that Aetolia�s arms were denied them, the Rutuli pursued war without their help, and much blood was spilled on both sides. Turnus attacked the pinewood ships, with devouring fire, and the Trojans feared to lose by fire what the sea had spared. Now Mulciber�s flames burned the pitch and wax, and other fuel, and climbed the tall masts to the sails, and the thwarts across the curved hulls were smouldering, when Cybele, the sacred mother of the gods, remembering that these pines were felled on Mount Ida�s summit, filled the air with the clashing throb of bronze cymbals, and the shrilling of boxwood flutes. Carried through the clear air by tame lions, she cried out: �Turnus, you hurl those firebrands, with sacrilegious hands, in vain! I will save: I will not allow the devouring fire to burn what was part of my woods and belongs to me.�

As the goddess spoke it thundered, and, after the thunder, heavy rain, and leaping hail, fell, and the winds, the brothers, sons of Astraeus the Titan by Aurora, troubled the air and the sea, swollen by the sudden onrush, and joined the conflict. The all-sustaining mother goddess, used the force of one of them, and broke the hempen cables of the Trojan ships, drove them headlong, and sank them in the deep ocean.

Their rigidity softened, and their wood turned to flesh; the curved sternposts turned into heads; the oars into fingers and legs, swimming; the sides of each vessel became flanks, and the submerged keel down the ship�s middle turned into a spine; the cordage became soft hair, the yards were arms; and their dusky colour was as before. Naiads of the waters, they play, in the waves they used to fear, and born on the hills they frequent the gentle sea, and their origin does not affect them. Yet not forgetting how many dangers they have often endured on the ocean, they often place their hands beneath storm-tossed boats, unless they have carried Greeks. Remembering, as yet, the Trojan disaster, they hate the Pelasgians and with joyful faces they saw the wreckage of Ulysses�s ship, and with joyful faces they saw King Alcinous�s vessel become a rock, its wood turning to stone.

Spes erat, in nymphas animata classe marinas,
posse metu monstri Rutulum desistere bello:
perstat, habetque deos pars utraque, quodque deorum est
instar, habent animos; nec iam dotalia regna
570nec sceptrum soceri, nec te, Lavinia virgo,
sed vicisse petunt deponendique pudore
bella gerunt, tandemque Venus victricia nati
arma videt, Turnusque cadit, cadit Ardea, Turno
sospite dicta potens. Quem postquam barbarus ensis
575abstulit et tepida latuerunt tecta favilla,
congerie e media tum primum cognita praepes
subvolat et cineres plausis everberat alis.
Et sonus et macies et pallor et omnia, captam
quae deceant urbem, nomen quoque mansit in illa
580urbis; et ipsa suis deplangitur Ardea pennis.
would cause the chieftain of the Rutuli
to feel such awe that he would end their strife.
But he continued fighting, and each side
had its own gods, and each had courage too,
which often can be as potent as the gods.
Now they forgot the kingdom as a dower,
forgot the scepter of a father-in-law,
and even forgot the pure Lavinia:
their one thought was to conquer, and they waged
war to prevent the shame of a defeat.
But Venus finally beheld the arms
of her victorious son; for Turnus fell,
and Ardea fell, a town which, while he lived,
was counted strong. The Trojan swords
destroyed it.—All its houses burned and sank
down in the heated embers: and a bird
not known before that time, flew upward from
a wrecked heap, beating the dead ashes with
its flapping wings. The voice, the lean pale look,
the sorrows of a captured city, even
the name of the ruined city, all these things
remain in that bird—Ardea's fallen walls
are beaten in lamentation by his wings.
The heron is born from Ardea�s ruins

There was hope that the Rutuli, in awe of the wonder of the Trojan fleet being turned into sea-nymphs, would abandon the war. It continued, and both sides had gods to help them, and courage that is worth as much as the gods� assistance. Now they were not seeking a kingdom as a dowry, nor a father-in-law�s sceptre, nor you, virgin Lavinia, but to win: and they waged war because they were ashamed to surrender. At length Turnus fell, and Venus saw her son�s weapons victorious. Ardea fell, spoken of as a power while Turnus lived. After the savage fires had destroyed it, and warm ashes buried its houses, a bird flew from the ruins, one now seen for the first time, and beat at the embers with flapping wings. Its cry, its leanness, its pallor, everything that fitted the captured city, even its name, ardea, the heron, survived in the bird: and in the beating of its wings, Ardea mourns itself.

Iamque deos omnes ipsamque Aeneia virtus
Iunonem veteres finire coegerat iras,
cum, bene fundatis opibus crescentis Iuli,
tempestivus erat caelo Cythereius heros:
585ambieratque Venus superos, colloque parentis
circumfusa sui “numquam mihi” dixerat “ullo
tempore dure pater, nunc sis mitissimus, opto,
Aeneaeque meo, qui te de sanguine nostro
fecit avum, quamvis parvum des, optime, numen,
590dummodo des aliquod: satis est inamabile regnum
adspexisse semel, Stygios semel isse per amnes.”
Adsensere dei, nec coniunx regia vultus
immotos tenuit placatoque adnuit ore;
tum pater “estis” ait “caelesti numine digni,
595quaeque petis, pro quoque petis: cape, nata, quod optas!”
Fatus erat: gaudet gratesque agit illa parenti,
perque leves auras iunctis invecta columbis
litus adit Laurens, ubi tectus harundine serpit
in freta flumineis vicina Numicius undis.
600Hunc iubet Aeneae, quaecumque obnoxia morti,
abluere et tacito deferre sub aequora cursu;
corniger exsequitur Veneris mandata suisque,
quidquid in Aenea fuerat mortale, repurgat
et respergit aquis: pars optima restitit illi.
605Lustratum genetrix divino corpus odore
unxit et ambrosia cum dulci nectare mixta
contigit os fecitque deum, quem turba Quirini
nuncupat Indigetem temploque arisque recepit.
The merit of Aeneas now had moved
the gods. Even Juno stayed her lasting hate,
when, with the state of young Iulus safe,
the hero son of Cytherea was
prepared for heaven. In a council of the gods
Venus arose, embraced her father's neck,
and said: “ My father, ever kind to me,
I do beseech your kind indulgence now;
grant, dearest, to Aeneas, my own son
and also your own grandson, grant to him
a godhead power, although of lowest class,
sufficient if but granted. It is enough
to have looked once upon the unlovely realm.
And once to have gone across the Stygian streams.”
The gods assented, and the queen of Jove
nodded consent with calm, approving face.
The father said, “You well deserve the gift,
both you who ask it, and the one for whom
you ask it: what you most desire is yours,
my daughter.” He decreed, and she rejoiced
and thanked her parent. Borne by harnessed doves
over and through the light air, she arrived
safe on Laurentine shores: Numicius there
winds through his tall reeds to the neighboring sea
the waters of his stream: and there she willed
Numicius should wash perfectly away
from her Aeneas every part that might
be subject unto death; and bear it far
with quiet current into Neptune's realm.
The horned Numicius satisfied the will
of Venus; and with flowing waters washed
from her Aeneas every mortal part,
and sprinkled him, so that the essential part
of immortality remained alone,
and she anointed him, thus purified,
with heavenly essence, and she touched his face
with sweetest nectar and ambrosia mixt,
thereby transforming him into a god.
The throng of the Quirini later named
the new god Indiges, and honored him.
The deification of Aeneas

Aeneas�s virtues had compelled all the gods, even Juno herself, to bring to an end their ancient feud, and since his young son Julus�s fortunes were firmly founded, Cytherea�s heroic son was ripe for heaven. Venus had sought the opinion of the gods, and throwing her arms round her father�s neck, had said �You have never been harsh to me, father, now be kindest of all, I beg you. Grant my Aeneas, who claims you as his grandfather through my bloodline, some divinity, however little - you choose - so long as you grant him something! It is enough that he once gazed on the hateful kingdom, once crossed the steams of Styx.� The gods agreed, and Juno, the royal consort, did not display her severe expression, but consented peacefully. Then Jupiter said: �You are worthy of this divine gift, you who ask, as is he for whom you ask it: my daughter, possess what you desire!�

The word was spoken: with joy she thanked her father, and drawn by her team of doves through the clear air, she came to the coast of Laurentum, where the waters of the River Numicius, hidden by reeds, wind down to the neighbouring sea. She ordered the river-god to cleanse Aeneas, of whatever was subject to death, and bear it away, in his silent course, into the depths of the ocean. The horned god executed Venus�s orders, and purged Aeneas of whatever was mortal, and dispersed it on the water: what was best in him remained. Once purified, his mother anointed his body with divine perfume, touched his lips with a mixture of sweet nectar and ambrosia, and made him a god, whom the Romans named Indiges, admitting him to their temples and altars.

Inde sub Ascanii dicione binominis Alba
610resque Latina fuit. Succedit Silvius illi.
Quo satus antiquo tenuit repetita Latinus
nomina cum sceptro. Clarus subit Alba Latinum.
Epytus ex illo est; post hunc Capetusque Capysque,
sed Capys ante fuit. Regnum Tiberinus ab illis
615cepit et in Tusci demersus fluminis undis
nomina fecit aquae; de quo Remulusque feroxque
Acrota sunt geniti. Remulus maturior annis
fulmineo periit, imitator fulminis, ictu.
Fratre suo sceptrum moderatior Acrota forti
620tradit Aventino, qui, quo regnarat, eodem
monte iacet positus tribuitque vocabula monti.
Iamque Palatinae summam Proca gentis habebat.
Under the scepter of Ascanius
the Latin state, transferred, was Alban too.
Silvius ruled after him. Latinus then,
wearing the crown, brought back an older name.
Illustrious Alba followed after him,
Epytus next in time, and Capys next,
then Capetus. And reigning after them
King Tiberinus followed. He was drowned
in waves of that Etrurian stream, to which
he gave his name. His sons were Remulus
and fierce Acrota—each in turn was king.
The elder, Remulus, would imitate
the lightning, and he perished by a flash
of lightning. Then Acrota, not so rash,
succeeded to his brother, and he left
his scepter to the valiant Aventinus,
hill-buried on the very mountain which
he ruled upon and which received his name.
And Proca ruled then—on the Palatine.
Under this king, Pomona lived, and none
of all the Latin hamadryads could
attend her garden with more skill, and none
The line of Alban kings

After that the Alban and Latin kingdom had both names under Ascanius. Silvius succeeded him, whose son claimed the name Latinus, with the sceptre. The famous Alba followed Latinus, and then Epytus inherited. After him came first Capys, and then Capetus. Tiberinus inherited the kingdom from them, who, drowning in the waters of that Tuscan stream, gave his name to the River Tiber. His sons were Acrota the warrior, and Remulus. The elder Remulus was killed by a lightning-bolt, when trying to portray the lightning. Acrota, more restrained than his brother, passed the sceptre to brave Aventinus, who lies buried on the very hill where he reigned, and has given his name to it, the Aventine hill. And then Proca had the rule of the Palatine people.

Rege sub hoc Pomona fuit, qua nulla Latinas
inter hamadryadas coluit sollertius hortos
625nec fuit arborei studiosior altera fetus.
Unde tenet nomen: non silvas illa nec amnes,
rus amat et ramos felicia poma ferentes.
Nec iaculo gravis est, sed adunca dextera falce,
qua modo luxuriem premit et spatiantia passim
630bracchia compescit, fisso modo cortice lignum
inserit et sucos alieno praestat alumno;
nec sentire sitim patitur bibulaeque recurvas
radicis fibras labentibus inrigat undis:
hic amor, hoc studium; veneris quoque nulla cupido est.
635Vim tamen agrestum metuens pomaria claudit
intus et accessus prohibet refugitque viriles.
Quid non et satyri, saltatibus apta iuventus,
fecere et pinu praecincti cornua Panes
Silenusque, suis semper iuvenalior annis,
640quique deus fures vel falce vel inguine terret,
ut poterentur ea? Sed enim superabat amando
hos quoque Vertumnus neque erat felicior illis.
O quotiens habitu duri messoris aristas
corbe tulit verique fuit messoris imago!
645Tempora saepe gerens faeno religata recenti
desectum poterat gramen versasse videri;
saepe manu stimulos rigida portabat, ut illum
iurasses fessos modo disiunxisse iuvencos.
Falce data frondator erat vitisque putator;
650induerat scalas: lecturum poma putares;
miles erat gladio, piscator harundine sumpta.
Denique per multas aditum sibi saepe figuras
repperit, ut caperet spectatae gaudia formae.
Ille etiam picta redimitus tempora mitra,
655innitens baculo, positis per tempora canis,
adsimulavit anum cultosque intravit in hortos
pomaque mirata est “tanto” que “potentior!” inquit,
paucaque laudatae dedit oscula, qualia numquam
vera dedisset anus, glaebaque incurva resedit
660suspiciens pandos autumni pondere ramos.
Ulmus erat contra speciosa nitentibus uvis:
quam socia postquam pariter cum vite probavit,
“at si staret” ait “caelebs sine palmite truncus,
nil praeter frondes, quare peteretur, haberet;
665haec quoque, quae iuncta est, vitis requiescit in illo:
si non nupta foret, terrae acclinata iaceret.
Tu tamen exemplo non tangeris arboris huius
concubitusque fugis nec te coniungere curas.
Atque utinam velles! Helene non pluribus esset
670sollicitata procis nec quae Lapitheia movit
proelia nec coniunx nimium tardantis Ulixei.
Nunc quoque, cum fugias averserisque petentes,
mille viri cupiunt et semideique deique
et quaecumque tenent Albanos numina montes.
675Sed tu, si sapies, si te bene iungere anumque
hanc audire voles, quae te plus omnibus illis,
plus quam credis, amo, vulgares reice taedas
Vertumnumque tori socium tibi selige! pro quo
me quoque pignus habes (neque enim sibi notior ille est,
680quam mihi); nec passim toto vagus errat in orbe:
haec loca magna colit; nec, uti pars magna procorum,
quam modo vidit, amat: tu primus et ultimus illi
ardor eris, solique suos tibi devovet annos.
Adde, quod est iuvenis, quod naturale decoris
685munus habet formasque apte fingetur in omnes,
et quod erit iussus, iubeas licet omnia, fiet.
Quid quod amatis idem? quod, quae tibi poma coluntur,
primus habet laetaque tenet tua munera dextra?
Sed neque iam fetus desiderat arbore demptos,
690nec, quas hortus alit, cum sucis mitibus herbas,
nec quicquam, nisi te; miserere ardentis et ipsum,
quod petit, ore meo praesentem crede precari
ultoresque deos et pectora dura perosam
Idalien memoremque time Rhamnusidis iram!
695Quoque magis timeas (etenim mihi multa vetustas
scire dedit), referam tota notissima Cypro
facta, quibus flecti facile et mitescere possis.
was more attentive to the fruitful trees,
because of them her name was given to her.
She cared not for the forests or the streams,
but loved the country and the boughs that bear
delicious fruit. Her right hand never felt
a javelin's weight, always she loved to hold
a sharp curved pruning-knife with which she would
at one time crop too largely growing shoots,
or at another time reduce the branch
that straggled; at another time she would
engraft a sucker in divided bark,
and so find nourishment for some young, strange
nursling. She never suffered them to thirst,
for she would water every winding thread
of twisting roots with freshly flowing streams.
All this was her delight, her chief pursuit;
she never felt the least desire of love;
but fearful of some rustic's violence,
she had her orchard closed within a wall;
and both forbade and fled the approach of males.
What did not satyrs do to gain her love,
a youthful crew expert at every dance?
And also Pans their brows wreathed with the pine,
Silenus too, more youthful than his years,
and that god who is ever scaring thieves
with pruning-hook or limb—what did they not
to gain her love? And though Vertumnus did
exceed them in his love, yet he was not
more fortunate than they.
How often disguised
as a rough reaper he brought her barley ears—
truly he seemed a reaper to the life!
Often he came, his temples wreathed with hay,
as if he had been tossing new mown grass.
He often held a whip in his tough hand,
you could have sworn he had a moment before
unyoked his wearied oxen. When he had
a pruning-knife, he seemed to rear fine fruit
in orchard trees or in the well kept vines.
When he came with a ladder, you would think
he must be gathering fruit. Sometimes he was
a soldier with a sword—a fisherman,
the rod held in his hand.—In fact by means
of many shapes he often had obtained
access to her and joyed in seeing her beauty.
At length he had his brows bound with a cap
of color, and then leaning on a stick,
with white hair round his temples, he assumed
the shape of an old woman. Entering so
the cultivated garden, he admired
the fruit and said, “But you are so much lovelier!”
And, while he praised her, gave some kisses too,
such as no real beldame ever gave.
The bent old creature then sat on the grass.
Gazing at branches weighed down with their fruit
of autumn. Opposite to them there was
an elm-tree beautiful with shining grapes;
and, after he had praised it with the vine
embracing it, he said,
“But only think,
if this trunk stood unwedded to this vine,
it would have nothing to attract our hearts
beyond its leaves, and this delightful vine,
united to the elm tree finds its rest;
but, if not so joined to it, would fall down,
prostrate upon the ground. And yet you find
no warning in the example of this tree.
You have avoided marriage, with no wish
to be united—I must wish that you
would change and soon desire it. Helen would
not have so many suitors for her hand, nor she
who caused the battles of the Lapithae,
nor would the wife of timid, and not bold,
Ulysses. Even now, while you avoid
those who are courting you, and while you turn
in your disgust, a thousand suitors want
to marry you—the demigods and gods,
and deities of Alba's mountain-tops.
“But you, if you are wise, and wish to make
a good match, listen patiently to me,
an old, old woman (I love you much more
than all of them, more than you dream or think).
Despise all common persons, and choose now
Vertumnus as the partner of your couch,
and you may take me as a surety for him.
He is not better known even to himself,
than he is known to me. And he is not
now wandering everywhere, from here to there
throughout the world. He always will frequent
the places near here; and he does not, like
so many of your wooers, fall in love
with her he happens to have seen the last.
You are his first and last love, and to you
alone will he devote his life. Besides
all—he is young and has a natural gift
of grace, so that he can most readily
transform himself to any wanted shape,
and will become whatever you may wish—
even though you ask him things unseen before.
“And only think, have you not the same tastes?
Will he not be the first to welcome fruits
which are your great delight? And does he not
hold your gifts safely in his glad right hand?
But now he does not long for any fruit
plucked from the tree, and has no thought of herbs
with pleasant juices that the garden gives;
he cannot think of anything but you.
Have pity on his passion, and believe
that he who woos you is here and he pleads
with my lips.
“You should not forget to fear
avenging deities, and the Idalian,
who hate all cruel hearts, and also dread
the fierce revenge of her of Rhamnus-Land.
And that you may stand more in awe of them,
(old age has given me opportunities
of knowing many things) I will relate
some happenings known in Cyprus, by which you
may be persuaded and relent with ease.
Vertumnus woos Pomona

Pomona lived in this king�s reign. No other hamadryad, of the wood nymphs of Latium, tended the gardens more skilfully or was more devoted to the orchards� care, hence her name. She loved the fields and the branches loaded with ripe apples, not the woods and rivers. She carried a curved pruning knife, not a javelin, with which she cut back the luxuriant growth, and lopped the branches spreading out here and there, now splitting the bark and inserting a graft, providing sap from a different stock for the nursling. She would not allow them to suffer from being parched, watering, in trickling streams, the twining tendrils of thirsty root. This was her love, and her passion, and she had no longing for desire. Still fearing boorish aggression, she enclosed herself in an orchard, and denied an entrance, and shunned men.

What did the Satyrs, fitted by their youth for dancing, not do to possess her, and the Pans with pine-wreathed horns, and Silvanus, always younger than his years, and Priapus, the god who scares off thieves, with his pruning hook or his phallus? But Vertumnus surpassed them all, even, in his love, though he was no more fortunate than them. O how often, disguised as an uncouth reaper, he would bring her a basket filled with ears of barley, and he was the perfect image of a reaper! Often he would display his forehead bound with freshly cut hay, and might seem to have been tossing the new-mown grass. Often he would be carrying an ox-goad in his stiff hand, so that you would swear he had just unyoked his weary team. Given a knife he was a dresser and pruner of vines: he would carry a ladder: you would think he�d be picking apples. He was a soldier with a sword, or a fisherman taking up his rod.

In short, by his many disguises, he frequently gained admittance, and found joy, gazing at her beauty. Once, he even covered his head with a coloured scarf, and leaning on a staff, with a wig of grey hair, imitated an old woman. He entered the well-tended garden, and admiring the fruit, said: �You are so much more lovely�, and gave her a few congratulatory kisses, as no true old woman would have done. He sat on the flattened grass, looking at the branches bending, weighed down with autumn fruit. There was a specimen elm opposite, covered with gleaming bunches of grapes. After he had praised it, and its companion vine, he said: �But if that tree stood there, unmated, without its vine, it would not be sought after for more than its leaves, and the vine also, which is joined to and rests on the elm, would lie on the ground, if it were not married to it, and leaning on it.

But you are not moved by this tree�s example, and you shun marriage, and do not care to be wed. I wish that you did! Helen would not have had more suitors to trouble her, or Hippodamia, who caused the Lapithae problems, or Penelope, wife of that Ulysses, who was delayed too long at the war. Even now a thousand men want you, and the demi-gods and the gods, and the divinities that haunt the Alban hills, though you shun them and turn away from their wooing. But if you are wise, if you want to marry well, and listen to this old woman, that loves you more than you think, more than them all, reject their vulgar offers, and choose Vertumnus to share your bed! You have my assurance as well: he is not better known to himself than he is to me: he does not wander here and there in the wide world: he lives on his own in this place: and he does not love the latest girl he has seen, as most of your suitors do.

You will be his first love, and you will be his last, and he will devote his life only to you. And then he is young, is blessed with natural charm, can take on a fitting appearance, and whatever is ordered, though you ask all, he will do. Besides, that which you love the same, those apples you cherish, he is the first to have, and with joy holds your gifts in his hand! But he does not desire now the fruit of your trees, or the sweet juice of your herbs: he desires nothing but you. Take pity on his ardour, and believe that he, who seeks you, is begging you, in person, through my mouth. Fear the vengeful gods, and Idalian Venus, who hates the hard-hearted, and Rhamnusian Nemesis, her inexorable wrath! That you may fear them more (since my long life has given me knowledge of many tales) I will tell you a story, famous through all of Cyprus, by which you might easily be swayed and softened.�

Book XIV · ANAXARETE TRANSFORMED

ANAXARETE TRANSFORMED

Viderat a veteris generosam sanguine Teucri
Iphis Anaxareten, humili de stirpe creatus,
700viderat et totis perceperat ossibus aestum
luctatusque diu, postquam ratione furorem
vincere non potuit, supplex ad limina venit
et modo nutrici miserum confessus amorem,
ne sibi dura foret, per spes oravit alumnae,
705et modo de multis blanditus cuique ministris
sollicita petiit propensum voce favorem;
saepe ferenda dedit blandis sua verba tabellis,
interdum madidas lacrimarum rore coronas
postibus intendit posuitque in limine duro
710molle latus tristisque serae convicia fecit.
Saevior illa freto surgente cadentibus Haedis,
durior et ferro, quod Noricus excoquit ignis,
et saxo, quod adhuc vivum radice tenetur,
spernit et inridet factisque inmitibus addit
715verba superba ferox et spe quoque fraudat amantem.
Non tulit impatiens longi tormenta doloris
Iphis et ante fores haec verba novissima dixit:
“Vincis, Anaxarete, neque erunt tibi taedia tandem
ulla ferenda mei: laetos molire triumphos
720et Paeana voca nitidaque incingere lauru!
Vincis enim, moriorque libens: age, ferrea, gaude!
Certe aliquid laudare mei cogeris amoris,
quo tibi sim gratus, meritumque fatebere nostrum
Non tamen ante tui curam fugisse memento,
725quam vitam, geminaque simul mihi luce carendum est.
Nec tibi fama mei ventura est nuntia leti:
ipse ego, ne dubites, adero praesensque videbor,
corpore ut exanimi crudelia lumina pascas.
Si tamen, o superi, mortalia facta videtis,
730este mei memores (nihil ultra lingua precari
sustinet) et longo facite ut narremur in aevo,
et, quae dempsistis vitae, date tempora famae!”
Dixit, et ad postes ornatos saepe coronis
umentes oculos et pallida bracchia tollens,
735cum foribus laquei religaret vincula summis,
“haec tibi serta placent, crudelis et impia?” dixit,
inseruitque caput, sed tum quoque versus ad illam,
atque onus infelix elisa fauce pependit.
Icta pedum motu est adapertaque ianua factum
740visa dedisse sonum est adapertaque ianua factum
prodidit. Exclamant famuli frustraque levatum
(nam pater occiderat) referunt ad limina matris;
accipit illa sinu complexaque frigida nati
membra sui postquam miserarum verba parentum
745edidit et matrum miserarum facta peregit,
funera ducebat mediam lacrimosa per urbem
luridaque arsuro portabat membra feretro.
Forte viae vicina domus, qua flebilis ibat
pompa, fuit, duraeque sonus plangoris ad aures
750venit Anaxaretae, quam iam deus ultor agebat:
mota “tamen videamus” ait “miserabile funus”
et patulis iniit tectum sublime fenestris;
vixque bene impositum lecto prospexerat Iphin,
deriguere oculi, calidusque e corpore sanguis
755inducto pallore fugit, conataque retro
ferre pedes haesit, conata avertere vultus
hoc quoque non potuit, paulatimque occupat artus,
quod fuit in duro iam pridem pectore, saxum.
Neve ea ficta putes, dominae sub imagine signum
760servat adhuc Salamis: Veneris quoque nomine templum
Prospicientis habet. — Quorum memor, o mea, lentos
pone, precor, fastus et amanti iungere, nymphe.
Sic tibi nil vernum nascentia frigus adurat
poma nec excutiant rapidi florentia venti!'
765Haec ubi nequiquam formae deus aptus anili
edidit, in iuvenem rediit et anilia demit
instrumenta sibi talisque apparuit illi,
qualis ubi oppositas nitidissima solis imago
evicit nubes nullaque obstante reluxit,
770vimque parat: sed vi non est opus, inque figura
capta dei nymphe est et mutua vulnera sensit.
“Iphis, born of a humble family,
had seen the famed Anaxarete, who
was of the race of ancient Teucer.—He
had seen her and felt fire inflame his bones.
Struggling a long time, he could not subdue
his passion by his reason, so he came
a suppliant to her doors. And having now
confessed his ardent passion to her nurse,
besought her by the hopes reposed in her
by the loved girl, not to give him a cold heart
and at another time, with fair words given
to each of many servants he besought
their kindest interest with an anxious voice.
He often gave them coaxing words engraved
on tablets of soft wax; and sometimes he
would fasten garlands, wet with dew of tears,
upon the door-posts; and he often laid
his tender side nightlong on the hard threshold,
sadly reproaching the obdurate bolt.
“Deafer than the deep sea that rises high
when the rainy Constellation of the Kids
is setting; harder than the iron which
the fire of Noricum refines; more hard
than rock which in its native state is fixed
firm rooted; she despised and laughed at him,
and, adding to her cruel deeds and pride,
she boasted and deprived him of all hope.
“Iphis, unable to endure such pain prolonged,
spoke these, his final words, before her door:
‘Anaxarete, you have conquered me,
and you shall have no more annoyances
to bear from me. Be joyful and prepare
your triumph, and invoke god Paean, crown
yourself with shining laurel. You are now
my conqueror, and I resigned will die.
Woman of iron, rejoice in victory!
“At least, you will commend me for one thing,
one point in which I must please even you,
and cause you to confess my right of praise.
Remember that my star crossed love for you
died only with the last breath of my life.
And now in one short moment I shall be
deprived a twofold light; and no report
will come to you, no messenger of death.
But doubt not, I will come to you so that
I can be seen in person, and you may
then satiate your cruel eyesight with
my lifeless body. If, you gods above!
You have some knowledge of our mortal ways
remember me, for now my tongue can pray
no longer. Let me be renowned in times
far distant and give all those hours to Fame
which you have taken from my life on earth.’
“Then to the doorpost which he often had
adorned with floral wreaths he lifted up
his swimming eyes and both his pallid arms,
and, when he had fastened over the capital
a rope that held a dangling noose, he said,—
“Are these the garlands that delight your heart?
You cruel and unnatural woman?”—Then,
thrust in his head, turning even then towards her,
and hung a hapless weight with broken neck.
“The door, struck by the motion of his feet
as they were quivering, seemed to utter sounds
of groaning, and, when it flew open, showed
the sad sight. All the servants cried aloud,
and after they had tried in vain to save him,
carried him from there to his mother's house,
(to her because his father was then dead).
“She held him to her bosom and embraced
the cold limbs of her dead child. After she
had uttered words so natural to the grief
of wretched mothers—after she had done
what wretched mothers do at such sad times,
she led a tearful funeral through the streets,
the pale corpse following high upon the bier,
on to a pyre laid in the central square.
By chance, Anaxarete's house was near
the way through which the mournful funeral
was going with the corpse, and the sad sound
of wailing reached the ears of that proud girl—
hardhearted, and already goaded on
by an avenging god. Moved by the sound,
she said; “Let me observe their sniveling rites.”
And she ascended to an upper room,
provided with wide windows. Scarcely had
she looked at Iphis, laid out on the bier,
when her eyes stiffened, and she turned all white,
as warm blood left her body. She tried then
to turn back from the window, but she stood
transfixed there. She then tried to turn her face
away from that sad sight, but could not move;
and by degrees the stone, which always had
existed, petrified in her cold breast,
and took possession of her heart and limbs.
“This is not fiction, and that you may know,
Salamis keeps that statue safe today,
formed of the virgin and has also built
a temple called, ‘Venus the watchful Goddess.’
Warned by her fate, O sweet nymph, lay aside
prolonged disdain, and cheerfully unite
yourself to one who loves you. Then may frost
of springtime never nip your fruit in bud,
nor rude winds strike the blossom.”
When the god,
fitted for every shape, had said these words in vain,
he laid the old woman's form aside and was
again a youth. On her he seemed to blaze,
as when the full light of the brilliant Sun,
after it has dispelled opposing clouds,
has shone forth with not one to intercept.
He purposed violence, but there was then
no need of force. The lovely nymph was charmed,
was captivated by the god's bright form
and felt a passion answering to his love.
Anaxarete and Iphis

�Once, Iphis, a youth, born of humble stock, saw noble Anaxarete, of the blood of Teucer, saw her, and felt the fire of passion in every bone. He fought it for a long time, but when he could not conquer his madness by reason, he came begging at her threshold. Now he would confess his sorry love to her nurse, asking her not to be hard on him, by the hopes she had for her darling. At other times he flattered each of her many attendants, with enticing words, seeking their favourable disposition. Often he gave them messages to carry to her, in the form of fawning letters. Sometimes he hung garlands on her doorpost wet with his tears, and lay with his soft flank on the hard threshold, complaining at the pitiless bolts barring the way.

But she spurned, and mocked, him, crueler than the surging sea, when the Kids set; harder than steel tempered in the fires of Noricum; or natural rock still rooted to its bed. And she added proud, insolent words to harsh actions, robbing her lover of hope, as well. Unable to endure the pain of his long torment, Iphis spoke these last words before her door. �You have conquered, Anaxarete, and you will not have to suffer any tedium on my account. Devise glad triumphs, and sing the Paean of victory, and wreathe your brow with shining laurel! You have conquered, and I die gladly: now, heart of steel, rejoice! Now you will have something to praise about my love, something that pleases you. Remember that my love for you did not end before life itself, and that I lose twin lights in one.

No mere rumour will come to you to announce my death: have no doubt, I myself will be there, visibly present, so you can feast your savage eyes on my lifeless corpse. Yet, if you, O gods, see what mortals do, let me be remembered (my tongue can bear to ask for nothing more), and suffer my tale to be told, in future ages, and grant, to my fame, the years, you have taken from my life.�

He spoke, and lifted his tear-filled eyes to the doorposts he had often crowned with flowery garlands, and, raising his pale arms to them, tied a rope to the cross-beam, saying: �This wreath will please you, cruel and wicked, as you are!� Then he thrust his head in the noose, though, as he hung there, a pitiful burden, his windpipe crushed, even then he turned towards her. The drumming of his feet seemed to sound a request to enter, and when the door was opened it revealed what he had done.

The servants shrieked, and lifted him down, but in vain. Then they carried his body to his mother�s house (since his father was dead). She took him to her breast, and embraced her son�s cold limbs, and when she had said all the words a distraught father could say, and done the things distraught mothers do, weeping, she led his funeral procession through the heart of the city, carrying the pallid corpse, on a bier, to the pyre.

The sound of mourning rose to the ears of stony-hearted Anaxarete, her house chancing to be near the street, where the sad procession passed. Now a vengeful god roused her. Still, she was roused, and said: �Let us see this miserable funeral� and went to a rooftop room with open windows. She had barely looked at Iphis, lying on the bier, when her eyes grew fixed, and the warm blood left her pallid body. Trying to step backwards she was rooted: trying to turn her face away, also, she could not. Gradually the stone that had long existed in her heart possessed her body. If you think this is only a tale, Salamis still preserves the image of the lady as a statue, and also possesses a temple of Gazing Venus.�

Remember all this, O nymph of mine: put aside, I beg you, reluctant pride, and yield to your lover. Then the frost will not sear your apples in the bud, nor the storm winds scatter them in flower.�

When Vertumnus, the god, disguised in the shape of the old woman, had spoken, but to no effect, he went back to being a youth, and threw off the dress of an old woman, and appeared to Pomona, in the glowing likeness of the sun, when it overcomes contending clouds, and shines out, unopposed. He was ready to force her: but no force was needed, and the nymph captivated by the form of the god, felt a mutual passion.

Proximus Ausonias iniusti miles Amuli
rexit opes, Numitorque senex amissa nepotis
munere regna capit, festisque Palilibus urbis
775moenia conduntur, Tatiusque patresque Sabini
bella gerunt, arcisque via Tarpeia reclusa
dignam animam poena congestis exuit armis.
Inde sati Curibus tacitorum more luporum
ore premunt voces et corpora victa sopore
780invadunt portasque petunt, quas obice firmo
clauserat Iliades: unam tamen ipsa reclusit
nec strepitum verso Saturnia cardine fecit.
Sola Venus portae cecidisse repagula sensit
et clausura fuit, nisi quod rescindere numquam
785dis licet acta deum. Iano loca iuncta tenebant
naides Ausoniae gelido rorantia fonte:
has rogat auxilium, nec nymphae iusta petentem
sustinuere deam venasque et flumina fontis
elicuere sui; nondum tamen invia Iani
790ora patentis erant, neque iter praecluserat unda:
lurida supponunt fecundo sulphura fonti
incenduntque cavas fumante bitumine venas.
Viribus his aliisque vapor penetravit ad ima
fontis, et Alpino modo quae certare rigori
795audebatis aquae, non ceditis ignibus ipsis!
Flammifera gemini fumant adspergine postes,
portaque, nequiquam rigidis promissa Sabinis,
fonte fuit praestructa novo, dum Martius arma
indueret miles; quae postquam Romulus ultro
800obtulit, et strata est tellus Romana Sabinis
corporibus strata estque suis, generique cruorem
sanguine cum soceri permiscuit impius ensis,
pace tamen sisti bellum nec in ultima tantum
decertare placet Tatiumque accedere regno.
At Proca's death unjust Amulius
seized with his troops the whole Ausonian wealth.
And yet old Numitor, obtaining aid
from his two grandsons, won the land again
which he had lost; and on the festival
of Pales were the city walls begun.
King Tatius with his Sabines went to war;
Tarpeia, who betrayed the citadel,
died justly underneath the weight of arms.
Then troops from Cures crept, like silent wolves,
without a word toward men subdued by sleep
and tried the gates that Ilia's son had barred.
Then Saturn's daughter opened wide a gate,
turning the silent hinge. Venus alone
perceived the bars of that gate falling down.
She surely would have closed it, were it not
impossible for any deity
to countervail the acts of other gods.
The Naiads of Ausonia occupied
a spring that welled up close to Janus' fane.
To them she prayed for aid. The fountain-nymphs
could not resist the prayer of Venus, when
she made her worthy plea and they released
all waters under ground. Till then the path
by Janus' fane was open, never yet had floods
risen to impede the way. But now they laid
hot sulphur of a faint blue light beneath
the streaming fountain and with care applied
fire to the hallowed ways with smoking pitch.
By these and many other violent means
hot vapors penetrated to the source
of the good fountain.—Only think of it!
Those waters which had rivalled the cold Alps,
now rivalled with their heat the flames themselves!
And, while each gate post steamed with boiling spray,
the gate, which had been opened (but in vain)
to hardy Sabines just outside, was made
impassable by the heated fountain's flood,
till Roman soldiers had regained their arms.
After brave Romulus had led them forth
and covered Roman ground with Sabines dead
and its own people; and the accursed sword
shed blood of father-in-law and son-in-law,
with peace they chose at last to end the war,
rather than fight on to the bitter end:
Tatius and Romulus divide the throne.
Tatius had fallen, and you, O Romulus,
War and reconciliation with the Sabines

Now unjust Amulius rules Ausonia, by means of military power, and old Numitor, with his grandson Romulus�s help, captures the kingdom he has lost, and the city of Rome is founded, on the day of the Palilia.

The Sabine leaders, and their king Tatius, wage war, and Tarpeia who gives them access to the citadel, is punished as she deserves, stripped of her life, crushed by a heap of weapons.

Then the men of Cures, with hushed voices, silently, like wolves, overcome the Romans, whose bodies are lost in sleep, and attempt the gates that Romulus, son of Ilia, has closed, and firmly barred.

Saturnian Juno herself unbarred a gate, opening it silently on its hinges. Only Venus saw that the gate�s bars had dropped, and would have closed it, except that one god is never allowed to reverse the actions of another.

The Ausonian Naiads, owned a spot, adjoining the temple of Janus, moistened by a cold spring. Venus asked them for help: the nymphs did not refuse her just request, and elicited the aid of the streams, and watercourses, belonging to their fountain. But the pass of Janus was still not blocked, and the water did not bar the way: they placed yellow sulphur under their copious spring, and heated the hollow channels with burning pitch. By these and other means the vapour penetrated the depths of the spring, and you waters that a moment ago dared to compete with Alpine coldness, now did not concede to fire itself!

The twin gateposts smouldered under a fiery spray, and the gate, that vainly promised an entrance to the tough Sabines, was blocked by the new waters, while the Roman soldiers took up their weapons of war.

After this Romulus sallied out, and the Roman soil was strewn with the Sabine dead, and with Rome�s own, and the impious sword mixed the blood of son-in-law with the blood of father-in-law. Yet it was decided not to fight it out to the end, to let peace end war, and that Tatius should share the rule of Rome.

805Occiderat Tatius, populisque aequata duobus,
Romule, iura dabas, posita cum casside Mavors
talibus adfatur divumque hominumque parentem:
“Tempus adest, genitor, quoniam fundamine magno
res Romana valet et praeside pendet ab uno,
810praemia (sunt promissa mihi dignoque nepoti!)
solvere et ablatum terris imponere caelo.
Tu mihi concilio quondam praesente deorum
(nam memoro memorique animo pia verba notavi)
“unus erit, quem tu tolles in caerula caeli”
815dixisti: rata sit verborum summa tuorum!”
Adnuit omnipotens et nubibus aera caecis
occuluit tonitruque et fulgure terruit orbem:
quae sibi promissae sensit rata signa rapinae
innixusque hastae pressos temone cruento
820impavidus conscendit equos Gradivus et ictu
verberis increpuit pronusque per aera lapsus
constitit in summo nemorosi colle Palati
reddentemque suo non regia iura Quiriti
abstulit Iliaden: corpus mortale per auras
825dilapsum tenues, ceu lata plumbea funda
missa solet medio glans intabescere caelo.
Pulchra subit facies et pulvinaribus altis
dignior, est qualis trabeati forma Quirini.
were giving laws to peoples now made one,
when Mars put off his helmet and addressed
the father of gods and men in words like these:
“The time has come, for now the Roman state
has been established on a strong foundation
and no more must rely on one man's strength
the time has come for you to give the prize,
promised to me and your deserving grandson,
to raise him from the earth and grant him here
a fitting place in heaven. One day you said
to me before a council of the gods,
(for I recall now with a grateful mind
how I took note of your most gracious speech)
‘Him you shall lift up to the blue of heaven.’
Now let all know the meaning of your words!”
The god all-powerful nodded his assent,
and he obscured the air with heavy clouds
and on a trembling world he sent below
harsh thunder and bright lightning. Mars at once
perceived it was a signal plainly given
for promised change—so, leaning on a spear,
he mounted boldly into his chariot,
and over bloodstained yoke and eager steeds
he swung and cracked the loud-resounding lash.
Descending through steep air, he halted on
the wooded summit of the Palatine
and there, while Ilia's son was giving laws—
needing no pomp and circumstance of kings,
Mars caught him up. His mortal flesh dissolved
into thin air, as when a ball of lead
shot up from a broad sling melts all away
and soon is lost in heaven. A nobler shape
was given him, one more fitted to adorn
rich couches in high heaven, the shape divine
The deification of Romulus

Tatius died, and you, Romulus, gave orders equally to both peoples. Mars, removing his helmet, addressed the father of gods and men in these words: �The time has come, lord, to grant the reward (that you promised to me and your deserving grandson), since the Roman state is strong, on firm foundations, and does not depend on a single champion: free his spirit, and raising him from earth set him in the heavens. You once said to me, in person, at a council of the gods (since I am mindful of the gracious words I noted in my retentive mind), �There will be one who you will raise to azure heaven.� Let your words be ratified in full!�

Omnipotent Jupiter nodded, and, veiling the sky with dark clouds, he terrified men on earth with thunder and lightning. Mars knew this as a sign that ratified the promised ascension, and leaning on his spear, he vaulted, fearlessly, into his chariot, the horses straining at the blood-wet pole, and cracked the loud whip. Dropping headlong through the air, he landed on the summit of the wooded Palatine. There he caught up Romulus, son of Ilia, as he was dealing royal justice to his people. The king�s mortal body dissolved in the clear atmosphere, like the lead bullet, that often melts in mid-air, hurled by the broad thong of a catapult. Now he has beauty of form, and he is Quirinus, clothed in ceremonial robes, such a form as is worthier of the sacred high seats of the gods.

Flebat ut amissum coniunx, cum regia Iuno
830Irin ad Hersiliam descendere limite curvo
imperat et vacuae sua sic mandata referre:
“O et de Latio, o et de gente Sabina
praecipuum, matrona, decus, dignissima tanti
ante fuisse viri, coniunx nunc esse Quirini,
835siste tuos fletus et, si tibi cura videndi
coniugis est, duce me lucum pete, colle Quirini
qui viret et templum Romani regis obumbrat.”
Paret et in terram pictos delapsa per arcus
Hersilien iussis compellat vocibus Iris.
840Illa verecundo vix tollens lumina vultu
“o, dea, namque mihi nec, quae sis, dicere promptum est,
et liquet esse deam, duc, o duc” inquit “et offer
coniugis ora mihi, quem si modo posse videre
fata semel dederint, caelum accepisse fatebor.”
845Nec mora, Romuleos cum virgine Thaumantea
ingreditur colles: ibi sidus ab aethere lapsum
decidit in terras, a cuius lumine flagrans
Hersilie crines cum sidere cessit in auras.
Hanc manibus notis Romanae conditor urbis
850excipit et priscum pariter cum corpore nomen
mutat Horamque vocat, quae nunc dea iuncta Quirino est.
of Quirinus clad in the trabea.
His queen, Hersilia, wept continually,
regarding him as lost, till regal Juno
commanded Iris to glide down along
her curving bow and bring to her these words:
“O matron, glory of the Latin race
and of the Sabines, worthy to have been
the consort chosen by so great a man
and now to be his partner as the god
Quirinus, weep no more. If you desire
to see your husband, let me guide you up
to a grove that crowns the hill of Quirinus,
shading a temple of the Roman king.”
Iris obeyed her will, and, gliding down
to earth along her tinted bow, conveyed
the message to Hersilia; who replied,
with modest look and hardly lifted eye,
“Goddess (although it is not in my power
to say your name, I am quite certain you
must be a goddess), lead me, O lead me
until you show to me the hallowed form
of my beloved husband. If the Fates
will but permit me once again to see
his features, I will say I have won heaven.”
At once Hersilia and the virgin child
of Thaumas, went together up the hill
of Romulus. Descending through thin air
there came a star, and then Hersilia
her tresses glowing fiery in the light,
rose with that star, as it returned through air.
And her the founder of the Roman state
received with dear, familiar hands. He changed
her old time form and with the form her name.
The deification of his wife Hersilia

His wife, Hersilia, was mourning him as lost, when royal Juno ordered Iris to descend to her, by her rainbow path, and carry these commands, to the widowed queen: �O lady, glory of the Latin and Sabine peoples, worthy before to have been the wife of so great a hero, and now of Quirinus, dry your tears, and if it is your desire to see your husband, follow me and seek the grove, that flourishes on the Quirinal hill and shades the temple of Rome�s king.�

Iris obeyed, and gliding to earth along her many-coloured arch addressed Hersilia as she had been ordered. She, hardly raising her eyes, replied, modestly: �O goddess (since it is not easy for me to say who you are, but it is clear you are a goddess), lead on: O, lead on, and show me my husband�s face. If only the fates allow me to see him once, I shall declare I have been received in heaven.�

Without delay, she climbed to Romulus�s hill, with Iris, the virgin daughter of Thaumas. There a star fell, gliding from sky to earth, and Hersilia, hair set alight by its fire, vanishes with the star in the air. The founder of the Roman city receives her in his familiar embrace, and alters her former body and her name, and calls her Hora, who, a goddess now, is one with her Quirinus.

Metamorphoses

Book XV

English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892

Latin words are clickable — look up in: Perseus · Logeion
Latin (Magnus 1892)
English
1Quaeritur interea quis tantae pondera molis
sustineat tantoque queat succedere regi:
destinat imperio clarum praenuntia veri
fama Numam; non ille satis cognosse Sabinae
5gentis habet ritus: animo maiora capaci
concipit et, quae sit rerum natura, requirit.
Huius amor curae, patria Curibusque relictis,
fecit ut Herculei penetraret ad hospitis urbem.
Graia quis Italicis auctor posuisset in oris
10moenia, quaerenti sic e senioribus unus
rettulit indigenis, veteris non inscius aevi:
“Dives ab Oceano bubus Iove natus Hiberis
litora felici tenuisse Lacinia cursu
fertur et, armento teneras errante per herbas,
15ipse domum magni nec inhospita tecta Crotonis
intrasse et requie longum relevasse laborem
atque ita discedens “aevo” dixisse “nepotum
hic locus urbis erit”; promissaque vera fuerunt.
Nam fuit Argolico generatus Alemone quidam
20Myscelos, illius dis acceptissimus aevi.
Hunc super incumbens pressum gravitate soporis
claviger adloquitur: “Lapidosas Aesaris undas
i, pete diversi! Patrias, age, desere sedes!”
et, nisi paruerit multa ac metuenda minatur;
25post ea discedunt pariter somnusque deusque.
Surgit Alemonides tacitaque recentia mente
visa refert, pugnatque diu sententia secum:
numen abire iubet, prohibent discedere leges,
poenaque mors posita est patriam mutare volenti.
30Candidus Oceano nitidum caput abdiderat Sol,
et caput extulerat densissima sidereum Nox:
visus adesse idem deus est eademque monere
et, nisi paruerit, plura et graviora minari.
Pertimuit patriumque simul transferre parabat
35in sedes penetrale novas: fit murmur in urbe,
spretarumque agitur legum reus; utque peracta est
causa prior crimenque patens sine teste probatum,
squalidus ad superos tollens reus ora manusque
“o cui ius caeli bis sex fecere labores,
40fer, precor” inquit, “opem! nam tu mihi criminis auctor.”
Mos erat antiquus niveis atrisque lapillis,
his damnare reos, illis absolvere culpa;
tunc quoque sic lata est sententia tristis, et omnis
calculus inmitem demittitur ater in urnam.
45Quae simul effudit numerandos versa lapillos,
omnibus e nigro color est mutatus in album,
candidaque Herculeo sententia numine facta
solvit Alemoniden. Grates agit ille parenti
Amphitryoniadae, ventisque faventibus aequor
50navigat Ionium, Sallentinumque Neretum
praeterit et Sybarin Crimisenque et Iapygis arva;
Thurinosque sinus Crimisenque et Iapygis arva
vixque pererratis, quae spectant litora, terris,
invenit Aesarei fatalia fluminis ora
55nec procul hinc tumulum, sub quo sacrata Crotonis
ossa tegebat humus, iussaque ibi moenia terra
condidit et nomen tumulati traxit in urbem.”
Talia constabat certa primordia fama
esse loci positaeque Italis in finibus urbis.
While this was happening, they began to seek
for one who could endure the weight of such
a task and could succeed a king so great;
and Fame, the harbinger of truth, destined
illustrious Numa for the sovereign power.
It did not satisfy his heart to know
only the Sabine ceremonials,
and he conceived in his expansive mind
much greater views, examining the depth
and cause of things. His country and his cares
forgotten, this desire led him to visit
the city that once welcomed Hercules.
Numa desired to know what founder built
a Grecian city on Italian shores.
One of the old inhabitants, who was well
acquainted with past history, replied:
“Rich in Iberian herds, the son of Jove
turned from the ocean and with favoring wind
'Tis said he landed on Lacinian shores.
And, while the herd strayed in the tender grass,
he visited the house, the friendly home,
of far-famed Croton. There he rested from
his arduous labors. At the time of his
departure, he said, ‘Here in future days
shall be a city of your numerous race.’
The passing years have proved the promise true,
for Myscelus, choosing that site, marked out
a city's walls. Argive Alemon's son,
of all men in his generation, he
was most acceptable to the heavenly gods.
Bending over him once at dawn, while he
was overwhelmed with drowsiness of sleep,
the huge club-bearer Hercules addressed
him thus: ‘Come now, desert your native shores.
Go quickly to the pebbly flowing stream
of distant Aesar.’ And he threatened ill
in fearful words, unless he should obey.
“Sleep and the god departed instantly.
Alemon's son, arising from his couch,
pondered his recent vision thoughtfully,
with his conclusions at cross purposes.—
the god commanded him to quit that land,
the laws forbade departure, threatening death
to all who sought to leave their native land.
“The brilliant Sun had hidden in the sea
his shining head, and darkest Night had then
put forth her starry face; and at that time
it seemed as if the same god Hercules
was present and repeating his commands,
threatening still more and graver penalties,
if he should fail to obey. Now sore afraid
he set about to move his household gods
to a new settlement, but rumors then
followed him through the city, and he was
accused of holding statutes in contempt.
“The accusation hardly had been made
when his offense was evidently proved,
even without a witness. Then he raised
his face and hands up to the gods above
and suppliant in neglected garb, exclaimed,
‘Oh mighty Hercules, for whom alone
the twice six labors gave the privilege
of heavenly residence, give me your aid,
for you were the true cause of my offence.’
“It was an ancient custom of that land
to vote with chosen pebbles, white and black.
The white absolved, the black condemned the man.
And so that day the fateful votes were given—:
all cast into the cruel urn were black!
Soon as that urn inverted poured forth all
the pebbles to be counted, every one
was changed completely from its black to white,
and so the vote adjudged him innocent.
By that most fortunate aid of Hercules
he was exempted from the country's law.
“Myscelus, breathing thanks to Hercules,
with favoring wind sailed on the Ionian sea,
past Sallentine Neretum, Sybaris,
Spartan Tarentum, and the Sirine Bay,
Crimisa, and on beyond the Iapygian fields.
Then, skirting shores which face these lands, he found
the place foretold the river Aesar's mouth,
and found not far away a burial mound
which covered with its soil the hallowed bones
of Croton.—There, upon the appointed land,
he built up walls—and he conferred the name
of Croton, who was there entombed, on his
new city, which has ever since been called
Crotona.” By tradition it is known
such strange deeds caused that city to be built,
by men of Greece upon the Italian coast.
Myscelus: the founding of Crotona

Meanwhile the Romans looked for a leader, to bear the weight of such responsibility, and follow so great a king: Fame, the true harbinger, determined on the illustrious Numa for the throne. Not content with knowing the rituals of the Sabine people, with his capable mind he conceived a wider project, and delved into the nature of things. His love of these enquiries led him to leave his native Cures, and visit the city of Crotona, to which Hercules was friendly. When Numa asked who was the founder of this Greek city on Italian soil, one of the older inhabitants, not ignorant of the past, replied: �They say that Hercules, Jupiter�s son, back from the sea with the rich herds of Spain, happily came to the shore of Lacinium, and while his cattle strayed through the tender grass, he entered the house of the great Croton, a not inhospitable roof, and refreshed himself with rest, after his long labours, and, in leaving, said: �At a future time, there will be a city here, of your descendants.�

And the promise proved true, since there was one Myscelus, the son of Alemon of Argos, dearest to the gods of all his generation. Hercules, the club-bearer, leaning over him, spoke to him as he lay in a deep sleep: �Rise now, leave your native country: go, find the pebble-filled waves of Aesar!� and he threatened him with many and fearful things if he did not obey. Then the god and sleep vanished together. Alemon�s son rose, and, in silence, thought over the vision, fresh in his mind. He struggled in himself for a long time over the decision: the god ordered him to go: the law prohibited his going. Death was the penalty for the man who wished to change his nationality.

Bright Sol had hidden his shining face in Ocean�s stream, and Night had lifted her starriest face: the same god seemed to appear to him, to admonish him in the same way, and warn of worse and greater punishment if he did not obey. He was afraid, and prepared, at once, to transfer the sanctuary of his ancestors to a new place. There was talk in the city, and he was brought to trial, for showing contempt for the law. When the case against him had been presented, and it was evident the charge was proven, without needing witnesses, the wretched defendant, lifting his face and hands to heaven, cried: �O you, whose twelve labours gave you the right to heaven, help me, I beg you! Since you are the reason for my crime.�

The ancient custom was to vote using black and white pebbles: the black to condemn: the white to absolve from punishment. Now, also, the harsh verdict was determined in this way, and every pebble dropped into the pitiless urn was black: but when the urn was tipped over and the pebbles poured out for the count, their colour had changed from black to white, and, acquitted through the divine power of Hercules, Alemon�s son was freed.

He first gave thanks to that son of Amphitryon, his patron, and with favouring winds set sail on the Ionian Sea. He sailed by Neretum, of the Sallentines, Sybaris, and the Spartan colony of Tarentum, the bay of Siris, Crimisa, and the Iapygian fields. He had barely passed the lands that overlook those seas, when he came, by destiny, to the mouth of the river Aesar, and near it the tumulus beneath which the earth covered the sacred bones of Croton. He founded the city of Crotona there, in the land commanded by the god, and derived the name of the city from him, whom the tumulus held. Such were the established beginnings, according to reliable tradition, of that place, and the cause of the city�s being sited on Italian soil.

60Vir fuit hic, ortu Samius, sed fugerat una
et Samon et dominos odioque tyrannidis exsul
sponte erat, isque, licet caeli regione remotos,
mente deos adiit et quae natura negabat
visibus humanis, oculis ea pectoris hausit,
65cumque animo et vigili perspexerat omnia cura,
in medium discenda dabat coetusque silentum
dictaque mirantum magni primordia mundi
et rerum causas et, quid natura, docebat,
quid deus, unde nives, quae fulminis esset origo,
70Iuppiter an venti discussa nube tonarent,
quid quateret terras, qua sidera lege mearent —
et quodcumque latet; primusque animalia mensis
arguit imponi, primus quoque talibus ora
docta quidem solvit, sed non et credita, verbis:
75“Parcite, mortales, dapibus temerare nefandis
corpora! Sunt fruges, sunt deducentia ramos
pondere poma suo tumidaeque in vitibus uvae,
sunt herbae dulces, sunt quae mitescere flamma
mollirique queant; nec vobis lacteus umor
80eripitur, nec mella thymi redolentia flore:
prodiga divitias alimentaque mitia tellus
suggerit atque epulas sine caede et sanguine praebet.
Carne ferae sedant ieiunia, nec tamen omnes:
quippe equus et pecudes armentaque gramine vivunt.
85At quibus ingenium est inmansuetumque ferumque,
Armeniae tigres iracundique leones
cumque lupis ursi, dapibus cum sanguine gaudent.
Heu quantum scelus est in viscera viscera condi
congestoque avidum pinguescere corpore corpus
90alteriusque animantem animantis vivere leto!
Scilicet in tantis opibus, quas optima matrum
terra parit, nil te nisi tristia mandere saevo
vulnera dente iuvat ritusque referre Cyclopum,
nec, nisi perdideris alium, placare voracis
95et male morati poteris ieiunia ventris?
At vetus illa aetas, cui fecimus aurea nomen,
fetibus arboreis et, quas humus educat, herbis
fortunata fuit nec polluit ora cruore.
Tunc et aves tutae movere per aera pennas,
100et lepus impavidus mediis erravit in arvis,
nec sua credulitas piscem suspenderat hamo:
cuncta sine insidiis nullamque timentia fraudem
plenaque pacis erant. Postquam non utilis auctor
victibus invidit, quisquis fuit ille, deorum
105corporeasque dapes avidam demersit in alvum,
fecit iter sceleri, primoque e caede ferarum
incaluisse potest maculatum sanguine ferrum
(idque satis fuerat), nostrumque petentia letum
corpora missa neci salva pietate fatemur:
110sed quam danda neci, tam non epulanda fuerunt.
Longius inde nefas abiit, et prima putatur
hostia sus meruisse mori, quia semina pando
eruerit rostro spemque interceperit anni.
Vite caper morsa Bacchi mactatus ad aras
115dicitur ultoris; nocuit sua culpa duobus!
Quid meruistis oves, placidum pecus, inque tuendos
natum homines, pleno quae fertis in ubere nectar,
mollia quae nobis vestras velamina lanas
praebetis vitaque magis quam morte iuvatis?
120Quid meruere boves, animal sine fraude dolisque,
innocuum, simplex, natum tolerare labores?
Inmemor est demum nec frugum munere dignus,
qui potuit curvi dempto modo pondere aratri
ruricolam mactare suum, qui trita labore
125illa, quibus totiens durum renovaverat arvum,
tot dederat messes, percussit colla securi.
Nec satis est, quod tale nefas committitur: ipsos
inscripsere deos sceleri, numenque supernum
caede laboriferi credunt gaudere iuvenci.
130Victima labe carens et praestantissima forma
(nam placuisse nocet) vittis insignis et auro
sistitur ante aras auditque ignara precantem
imponique suae videt inter cornua fronti,
quas coluit, fruges percussaque sanguine cultros
135inficit in liquida praevisos forsitan unda.
Protinus ereptas viventi pectore fibras
inspiciunt mentesque deum scrutantur in illis:
unde (fames homini vetitorum tanta ciborum!)
audetis vesci, genus o mortale? Quod, oro,
140ne facite, et monitis animos advertite nostris!
Cumque boum dabitis caesorum membra palato,
mandere vos vestros scite et sentite colonos.
Here lived a man, by birth a Samian.
He had fled from Samos and the ruling class,
a voluntary exile, for his hate
against all tyranny. He had the gift
of holding mental converse with the gods,
who live far distant in the highth of heaven;
and all that Nature has denied to man
and human vision, he reviewed with eyes
of his enlightened soul. And, when he had
examined all things in his careful mind
with watchful study, he released his thoughts
to knowledge of the public.
He would speak
to crowds of people, silent and amazed,
while he revealed to them the origin
of this vast universe, the cause of things,
what is nature, what a god, whence came the snow,
the cause of lightning—was it Jupiter
or did the winds, that thundered when the cloud
was rent asunder, cause the lightning flash?
What shook the earth, what laws controlled the stars
as they were moved—and every hidden thing
he was the first man to forbid the use
of any animal's flesh as human food,
he was the first to speak with learned lips,
though not believed in this, exhorting them.—
“No, mortals,” he would say, “Do not permit
pollution of your bodies with such food,
for there are grain and good fruits which bear down
the branches by their weight, and ripened grapes
upon the vines, and herbs—those sweet by nature
and those which will grow tender and mellow with
a fire, and flowing milk is not denied,
nor honey, redolent of blossoming thyme.
“The lavish Earth yields rich and healthful food
affording dainties without slaughter, death,
and bloodshed. Dull beasts delight to satisfy
their hunger with torn flesh; and yet not all:
horses and sheep and cattle live on grass.
But all the savage animals—the fierce
Armenian tigers and ferocious lions,
and bears, together with the roving wolves—
delight in viands reeking with warm blood.
“Oh, ponder a moment such a monstrous crime—
vitals in vitals gorged, one greedy body
fattening with plunder of another's flesh,
a living being fed on another's life!
In that abundance, which our Earth, the best
of mothers, will afford have you no joy,
unless your savage teeth can gnaw
the piteous flesh of some flayed animal
to reenact the Cyclopean crime?
And can you not appease the hungry void—
the perverted craving of a stomach's greed,
unless you first destroy another life?
“That age of old time which is given the name
of ‘Golden,’ was so blest in fruit of trees,
and in the good herbs which the earth produced
that it never would pollute the mouth with blood.
The birds then safely moved their wings in air,
the timid hares would wander in the fields
with no fear, and their own credulity
had not suspended fishes from the hook.
All life was safe from treacherous wiles,
fearing no injury, a peaceful world.
“After that time some one of ill advice
(it does not matter who it might have been)
envied the ways of lions and gulped into
his greedy paunch stuff from a carcass vile.
He opened the foul paths of wickedness.
It may be that in killing beasts of prey
our steel was for the first time warmed with blood.
And that could be defended, for I hold
that predatory creatures which attempt
destruction of mankind, are put to death
without evasion of the sacred laws:
but, though with justice they are put to death,
that cannot be a cause for eating them.
“This wickedness went further; and the sow
was thought to have deserved death as the first
of victims, for with her long turned-up snout
she spoiled the good hope of a harvest year.
The ravenous goat, that gnawed a sprouting vine,
was led for slaughter to the altar fires
of angry Bacchus. It was their own fault
that surely caused the ruin of those two.
“But why have sheep deserved sad destiny,
harmless and useful for the good of man
with nectar in full udders? Their soft wool
affords the warmest coverings for our use,
their life and not their death would help us more.
Why have the oxen of the field deserved
a sad end—innocent, without deceit,
and harmless, without guile, born to endure
hard labor? Without gratitude is he,
unworthy of the gift of harvest fields,
who, after he relieved his worker from
weight of the curving plow could butcher him,
could sever with an axe that toil worn neck,
by which so often with hard work the ground
had been turned up, so many harvests reared.
For some, even crimes like these are not enough,
they have imputed to the gods themselves
abomination—they believe a god
in heaven above, rejoices at the death
of a laborious ox.
“A victim free
of blemish and most beautiful in form
(perfection brings destruction) is adorned
with garlands and with gilded horns before
the altar. In his ignorance he hears
one praying, and he sees the very grain
he labored to produce, fixed on his head
between the horns, and felled, he stains with blood
the knife which just before he may have seen
reflected in clear water. Instantly
they snatch out entrails from his throbbing form,
and seek in them intentions of the gods.
Then, in your lust for a forbidden food
you will presume to batten on his flesh,
O race of mortals! Do not eat such food!
Give your attention to my serious words;
and, when you next present the slaughtered flesh
of oxen to your palates, know and feel
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Vegetarianism

There was a man here, Pythagoras, a Samian by birth, who had fled Samos and its rulers, and, hating their tyranny, was living in voluntary exile. Though the gods were far away, he visited their region of the sky, in his mind, and what nature denied to human vision he enjoyed with his inner eye. When he had considered every subject, through concentrated thought, he communicated it widely in public, teaching the silent crowds, who listened in wonder to his words, concerning the origin of the vast universe, and of the causes of things; and what the physical world is; what the gods are; where the snows arise; what the origin of lightning is; whether Jupiter, or the storm-winds, thunder from colliding clouds; what shakes the earth; by what laws the stars move; and whatever else is hidden; and he was the first to denounce the serving of animal flesh at table; the first voice, wise but not believed in, to say, for example, in words like these :

�Human beings, stop desecrating your bodies with impious foodstuffs. There are crops; there are apples weighing down the branches; and ripening grapes on the vines; there are flavoursome herbs; and those that can be rendered mild and gentle over the flames; and you do not lack flowing milk; or honey fragrant from the flowering thyme. The earth, prodigal of its wealth, supplies you with gentle sustenance, and offers you food without killing or shedding blood.

�Flesh satisfies the wild beast�s hunger, though not all of them, since horses, sheep and cattle live on grasses, but those that are wild and savage: Armenian tigers, raging lions, and wolves and bears, enjoy food wet with blood. Oh, how wrong it is for flesh to be made from flesh; for a greedy body to fatten, by swallowing another body; for one creature to live by the death of another creature! So amongst such riches, that earth, the greatest of mothers, yields, you are not happy unless you tear, with cruel teeth, at pitiful wounds, recalling Cyclops�s practice, and you cannot satisfy your voracious appetite, and your restless hunger, unless you destroy other life!

�But that former age, that we call golden, was happy with the fruit from the trees, and the herbs the earth produced, and did not defile its lips with blood. Then birds winged their way through the air in safety, and hares wandered, unafraid, among the fields, and its own gullibility did not hook the fish: all was free from trickery, and fearless of any guile, and filled with peace. But once someone, whoever he was, the author of something unfitting, envied the lion�s prey, and stuffed his greedy belly with fleshy food, he paved the way for crime. It may be that, from the first, weapons were warm and bloodstained from the killing of wild beasts, but that would have been enough: I admit that creatures that seek our destruction may be killed without it being a sin, but while they may be killed, they still should not be eaten.

�From that, the wickedness spread further, and it is thought that the pig was first considered to merit slaughter because it rooted up the seeds with its broad snout, and destroyed all hope of harvest. The goat was led to death, at the avenging altar, for browsing the vines of Bacchus. These two suffered for their crimes! What did you sheep do, tranquil flocks, born to serve man, who bring us sweet milk in full udders, who give us your wool to make soft clothing, who give us more by your life than you grant us by dying? What have the oxen done, without guile or deceit, harmless, simple, born to endure labour?

�He is truly thankless, and not worthy of the gift of corn, who could, in a moment, remove the weight of the curved plough, and kill his labourer, striking that work-worn neck with his axe, that has helped turn the hard earth as many times as the earth yielded harvest. It is not enough to have committed such wickedness: they involve the gods in crime, and believe that the gods above delight in the slaughter of suffering oxen! A victim of outstanding beauty, and without blemish (since to be pleasing is harmful), distinguished by sacrificial ribbons and gold, is positioned in front of the altar, and listens, unknowingly, to the prayers, and sees the corn it has laboured to produce, scattered between its horns, and, struck down, stains with blood those knives that it has already caught sight of, perhaps, reflected in the clear water.

�Immediately they inspect the lungs, ripped from the still-living chest, and from them find out the will of the gods. On this (so great is man�s hunger for forbidden food) you feed, O human race! Do not, I beg you, and concentrate your minds on my admonitions! When you place the flesh of slaughtered cattle in your mouths, know and feel, that you are devouring your fellow-creature.

Et quoniam deus ora movet, sequar ora moventem
rite deum Delphosque meos ipsumque recludam
145aethera et augustae reserabo oracula mentis.
Magna nec ingeniis investigata priorum
quaeque diu latuere, canam; iuvat ire per alta
astra, iuvat terris et inerti sede relicta
nube vehi validique umeris insistere Atlantis
150palantesque homines passim ac rationis egentes
despectare procul trepidosque obitumque timentes
sic exhortari seriemque evolvere fati:
O genus attonitum gelidae formidine mortis,
quid Styga, quid manes et nomina vana timetis,
155materiem vatum, falsique pericula mundi?
Corpora, sive rogus flamma, seu tabe vetustas
abstulerit, mala posse pati non ulla putetis!
Morte carent animae, semperque priore relicta
sede novis domibus vivunt habitantque receptae.
160Ipse ego (nam memini) Troiani tempore belli
Panthoides Euphorbus eram, cui pectore quondam
haesit in adverso gravis hasta minoris Atridae:
cognovi clipeum, laevae gestamina nostrae,
nuper Abanteis templo Iunonis in Argis.
165Omnia mutantur, nihil interit: errat et illinc
huc venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet occupat artus
spiritus eque feris humana in corpora transit
inque feras noster nec tempore deperit ullo;
utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris
170nec manet ut fuerat nec formas servat easdem,
sed tamen ipsa eadem est: animam sic semper eandem
esse, sed in varias doceo migrare figuras.
Ergo, ne pietas sit victa cupidine ventris,
parcite, vaticinor, cognatas caede nefanda
175exturbare animas, nec sanguine sanguis alatur!
that you gnaw your fellow tillers of the soil.
“And, since a god impels me to speak out,
I will obey the god who urges me,
and will disclose to you the heavens above,
and I will even reveal the oracles
of the Divine Will. I will sing to you
of things most wonderful, which never were
investigated by the intellects
of ancient times and things which have been long
concealed from man. In fancy I delight
to float among the stars or take my stand
on mighty Atlas' shoulders, and to look
afar down on men wandering here and there—
afraid in life yet dreading unknown death,
and in these words exhort them and reveal
the sequence of events ordained by fate!
“O sad humanity! Why do you fear
alarms of icy death, afraid of Styx,
fearful of moving shadows and empty names—
of subjects harped on by the poets' tales,
the fabled perils of a fancied life?
Whether the funeral pile consumes your flesh
with hot flames, or old age dissolves it with
a gradual wasting power, be well assured
the body cannot meet with further ill.
And souls are all exempt from power of death.
When they have left their first corporeal home,
they always find and live in newer homes.
“I can declare, for I remember well,
that in the days of the great Trojan War,
I was Euphorbus, son of Panthous.
In my opposing breast was planted then
the heavy spear-point of the younger son
of Atreus. Not long past I recognised
the shield, once burden of my left arm, where
it hung in Juno's temple at ancient Argos,
the realm of Abas. Everything must change:
but nothing perishes. The moving soul
may wander, coming from that spot to this,
from this to that—in changed possession live
in any limbs whatever. It may pass
from beasts to human bodies, and again
to those of beasts. The soul will never die,
in the long lapse of time. As pliant wax
is moulded to new forms and does not stay
as it has been nor keep the self same form
yet is the selfsame wax, be well assured
the soul is always the same spirit, though
it passes into different forms. Therefore,
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Metempsychosis

�Now, since a god moves my lips, I will follow, with due rite, the god who moves those lips, and reveal my beloved Delphi and the heavens themselves, and unlock the oracles of that sublime mind. I will speak of mighty matters, not fathomed by earlier greatness, things long hidden. I delight in journeying among the distant stars: I delight in leaving earth and its dull spaces, to ride the clouds; to stand on the shoulders of mighty Atlas, looking down from far off on men, wandering here and there, devoid of knowledge, anxious, fearing death; to read the book of fate, and to give them this encouragement!

�O species, stunned by your terror of chill death, why fear the Styx, why fear the ghosts and empty names, the stuff of poets, the spectres of a phantom world? Do not imagine you can suffer any evil, whether your bodies are consumed by the flames of the funeral pyre, or by wasting age! Souls are free from death, and always, when they have left their previous being, they live in new dwelling-places, and inhabit what received them. I myself (for I remember) was Euphorbus, son of Pantho�s, at the time of the Trojan War, in whose chest was pinned the heavy spear of the lesser Atrides, Menela�s. I recognised the shield I used to carry on my left arm, recently, in the temple of Juno at Argos, city of Abas!

�Everything changes, nothing dies: the spirit wanders, arriving here or there, and occupying whatever body it pleases, passing from a wild beast into a human being, from our body into a beast, but is never destroyed. As pliable wax, stamped with new designs, is no longer what it was; does not keep the same form; but is still one and the same; I teach that the soul is always the same, but migrates into different forms. So, I say as a seer, cease to make kindred spirits homeless, by wicked slaughter: do not let blood be nourished by blood!

Et quoniam magno feror aequore plenaque ventis
vela dedi: nihil est toto, quod perstet, in orbe.
Cuncta fluunt, omnisque vagans formatur imago;
ipsa quoque adsiduo labuntur tempora motu,
180non secus ac flumen, neque enim consistere flumen
nec levis hora potest, sed ut unda impellitur unda
urgeturque eadem veniente urgetque priorem,
tempora sic fugiunt pariter pariterque sequuntur
et nova sunt semper; nam quod fuit ante, relictum est,
185fitque quod haud fuerat, momentaque cuncta novantur.
Cernis et emensas in lucem tendere noctes,
et iubar hoc nitidum nigrae succedere nocti.
Nec color est idem caelo, cum lassa quiete
cuncta iacent media, cumque albo Lucifer exit
190clarus equo rursusque alius, cum praevia lucis
tradendum Phoebo Pallantias inficit orbem.
Ipse dei clipeus, terra cum tollitur ima,
mane rubet, terraque, rubet cum conditur ima,
candidus in summo est, melior natura quod illic
195aetheris est terraeque procul contagia fugit.
Nec par aut eadem nocturnae forma Dianae
esse potest umquam, semperque hodierna sequente,
si crescit, minor est, maior, si contrahit orbem.
that natural love may not be vanquished by
unnatural craving of the appetite,
I warn you, stop expelling kindred souls
by deeds abhorrent as cold murder.—Let
not blood be nourished with its kindred blood!
“Since I am launched into the open sea
and I have given my full sails to the wind,
nothing in all the world remains unchanged.
All things are in a state of flux, all shapes
receive a changing nature. Time itself
glides on with constant motion, ever as
a flowing river. Neither river nor
the fleeting hour can stop its constant course.
But, as each wave drives on a wave, as each
is pressed by that which follows, and must press
on that before it, so the moments fly,
and others follow, so they are renewed.
The moment which moved on before is past,
and that which was not, now exists in Time,
and every one comes, goes, and is replaced.
“You see how night glides by and then proceeds
on to the dawn, then brilliant light of day
succeeds the dark night. There is not the same
appearance in the heavens,: when all things
for weariness are resting in vast night,
as when bright Lucifer rides his white steed.
And only think of that most glorious change,
when loved Aurora, Pallas' daughter, comes
before the day and tints the world, almost
delivered to bright Phoebus. Even the disk
of that god, rising from beneath the earth,
is of a ruddy color in the dawn
and ruddy when concealed beneath the world.
When highest, it is a most brilliant white,
Pythagoras�s Teachings:The Eternal Flux

�Since I have embarked on the wide ocean, and given full sails to the wind, I say there is nothing in the whole universe that persists. Everything flows, and is formed as a fleeting image. Time itself, also, glides, in its continual motion, no differently than a river. For neither the river, nor the swift hour can stop: but as wave impels wave, and as the prior wave is chased by the coming wave, and chases the one before, so time flees equally, and, equally, follows, and is always new. For what was before is left behind: and what was not comes to be: and each moment is renewed.

�You see the nights� traverses tend towards day, and brilliant light follow the dark of night. The sky has a different colour when all weary things are at rest, at midnight, than when bright Lucifer appears on his white charger, and alters again when Aurora, herald of the dawn, stains the world she bequeaths to Phoebus. The shield of the god himself is red, when it rises from beneath the earth, and still red, when it is hidden below the earth, again: but is white at the zenith, because there the atmosphere is purer, and it escapes far from the contagion of earth. And Diana, the moon, can never have the same or similar form, and is always less today than tomorrow if her orb is waxing, greater if it is waning.

Quid? non in species succedere quattuor annum
200adspicis, aetatis peragentem imitamina nostrae?
Nam tener ac lactens puerique simillimus aevo
vere novo est: tunc herba nitens et roboris expers
turget et insolida est et spe delectat agrestes.
Omnia tunc florent, florumque coloribus almus
205ludit ager, neque adhuc virtus in frondibus ulla est.
Transit in aestatem post ver robustior annus
fitque valens iuvenis: neque enim robustior aetas
ulla nec uberior, nec quae magis ardeat, ulla est.
Excipit autumnus, posito fervore iuventae
210maturus mitisque, inter iuvenemque senemque
temperie medius, sparsus quoque tempora canis.
Inde senilis hiems tremulo venit horrida passu,
aut spoliata suos, aut quos habet, alba capillos.
Nostra quoque ipsorum semper requieque sine ulla
215corpora vertuntur, nec, quod fuimusve sumusve,
cras erimus; fuit illa dies, qua semina tantum
spesque hominum primae matrisque habitavimus alvo.
Artifices natura manus admovit et angi
corpora visceribus distentae condita matris
220noluit eque domo vacuas emisit in auras.
Editus in lucem iacuit sine viribus infans;
mox quadrupes rituque tulit sua membra ferarum,
paulatimque tremens et nondum poplite firmo
constitit adiutis aliquo conamine nervis.
225Inde valens veloxque fuit spatiumque iuventae
transit et emeritis medii quoque temporis annis
labitur occiduae per iter declive senectae.
Subruit haec aevi demoliturque prioris
robora, fletque Milon senior, cum spectat inanes
230(illos, qui fuerant solidorum mole tororum
Herculeis similes!) fluidos pendere lacertos;
Flet quoque, ut in speculo rugas adspexit aniles,
Tyndaris et secum, cur sit bis rapta, requirit.
Tempus edax rerum, tuque, invidiosa vetustas,
235omnia destruitis, vitiataque dentibus aevi
paulatim lenta consumitis omnia morte.
for there the ether is quite purified,
and far away avoids infection from
impurities of earth. Diana's form
at night remains not equal nor the same!
'Tis less today than it will be tomorrow,
if she is waxing; greater, if she wanes.
“Yes, do you not see how the year moves through
four seasons, imitating human life:
in early Spring it has a nursling's ways
resembling infancy, for at that time
the blade is shooting and devoid of strength.
Its flaccid substance swelling gives delight,
to every watching husbandman, alive
in expectation. Then all things are rich
in blossom, and the genial meadow smiles
with tints of blooming flowers; but not as yet
is there a sign of vigor in the leaves.
“The year now waxing stronger, after Spring
it passes into Summer, and its youth
becomes robust. Indeed of all the year
the Summer is most vigorous and most
abounds with glowing and life-giving warmth.
“Autumn then follows, and, the vim of life
removed, that ripe and mellow time succeeds
between youth and old age, and a few white hairs
are sprinkled here and there upon his brow.
“Then aged Winter with his tremulous step
follows, repulsive, strips of graceful locks
or white with those he has retained so long.
“Our bodies also, always change unceasingly:
we are not now what we were yesterday
or we shall be tomorrow. And there was
a time when we were only seeds of man,
mere hopes that lived within a mother's womb.
But Nature changed us with her skilfull touch,
determined that our bodies should not be
held in such narrow room, below the entrails
in our distended parent; and in time
she brought us forth into the vacant air.
“Brought into light, the helpless infant lies.
Then on all fours he lifts his body up,
feeling his way, like any young wild beast,
and then by slow degrees he stands upright,
weak-kneed and trembling, steadied by support
of some convenient prop. And soon more strong
and swift he passes through the hours of youth,
and, when the years of middle age are past,
slides down the steep path of declining age.
“This undermines him and destroys the strength
of former years: and Milon, now grown old,
weeps, when he sees his arms, which once were firm
with muscles big as those of Hercules,
hang flabby at his side: and Helen weeps,
when in the glass she sees her wrinkled face,
and wonders why two heroes fell in love
and carried her away.—O Time,
Pythagoras�s Teachings:The Four Ages of Man

�Do you not see that the year displays four aspects, passing through them, in a semblance of our life? For spring, in its new life, is tender and sap-filled, and like a child: then the shoots are fresh and growing, delicate, without substance, quickening the farmer�s hopes. Then everything blossoms, the kindly land is a riot of brightly coloured flowers, but the leaves are still not strong. From spring, the year, grown stronger, moves to summer, and becomes a powerful man: no season is sturdier, or more expansive, than this, or shines more richly. Autumn comes, when the ardour of youth has gone, ripe and mellow, between youth and age, a scattering of grey on its forehead. Then trembling winter, with faltering steps, its hair despoiled, or, what it has, turned white.

�And our bodies themselves are always, restlessly, changing: we shall not be, tomorrow, what we were, or what we are. There was a time when we were hidden in our first mother�s womb, only the seed and promise of a human being: nature applied her skilful hands, and, unwilling for our bodies to be buried, cramped in our mother�s swollen belly, expelled us from our home, into the empty air. Born into the light, the infant lay there, powerless: but soon it scrambled on all fours like a wild creature, then, gradually, helped by a supporting harness, it stood, uncertainly, on shaky legs. From that point, it grew strong and swift, and passed through its span of youth.

�When the middle years are also done, life takes the downward path of declining age. Milon, the athlete, grown old, cries when he looks at those weak and flabby arms, that were once, like those of Hercules, a solid mass of muscle. Helen, the daughter of Tyndareus, also weeps, when she sees an old woman�s wrinkles in the glass, and asks why she has been twice ravaged.� Devouring Time, and you, jealous Age, consume everything, and slowly gnawing at them, with your teeth, little by little, consign all things to eternal death!

Haec quoque non perstant, quae nos elementa vocamus,
quasque vices peragant, (animos adhibete!) docebo.
Quattuor aeternus genitalia corpora mundus
240continet; ex illis duo sunt onerosa suoque
pondere in inferius, tellus atque unda, feruntur,
et totidem gravitate carent nulloque premente
alta petunt, aer atque aere purior ignis.
Quae quamquam spatio distant, tamen omnia fiunt
245ex ipsis et in ipsa cadunt, resolutaque tellus
in liquidas rarescit aquas, tenuatus in auras
aeraque umor abit, dempto quoque pondere rursus
in superos aer tenuissimus emicat ignes.
Inde retro redeunt, idemque retexitur ordo;
250ignis enim densum spissatus in aera transit,
hic in aquas, tellus glomerata cogitur unda.
Nec species sua cuique manet, rerumque novatrix
ex aliis alias reddit natura figuras:
nec perit in toto quicquam, mihi credite, mundo,
255sed variat faciemque novat, nascique vocatur
incipere esse aliud, quam quod fuit ante, morique
desinere illud idem. Cum sint huc forsitan illa,
haec translata illuc, summa tamen omnia constant.
devourer of all things, and envious Age,
together you destroy all that exists
and, slowly gnawing, bring on lingering death.
“Yes, even things which we call elements,
do not endure. Now listen well to me,
and I will show the ways in which they change.
“The everlasting universe contains
four elemental parts. And two of these
are heavy—earth and water—and are borne
downwards by weight. The other two devoid
of weight, are air and—even lighter—fire:
and, if these two are not constrained, they seek
the higher regions. These four elements,
though far apart in space, are all derived
from one another. Earth dissolves
as flowing water! Water, thinned still more,
departs as wind and air; and the light air,
still losing weight, sparkles on high as fire.
But they return, along their former way:
the fire, assuming weight, is changed to air;
and then, more dense, that air is changed again
to water; and that water, still more dense,
compacts itself again as primal earth.
“Nothing retains the form that seems its own,
and Nature, the renewer of all things,
continually changes every form
into some other shape. Believe my word,
in all this universe of vast extent,
not one thing ever perished. All have changed
appearance. Men say a certain thing is born,
if it takes a different form from what it had;
and yet they say, that certain thing has died,
if it no longer keeps the self same shape.
Pythagoras�s Teachings:The Elements

�Even the things we call elements do not persist. Apply your concentration, and I will teach the changes, they pass through. The everlasting universe contains four generative states of matter. Of these, two, earth and water, are heavy, and sink lower, under their own weight. The other two lack heaviness, and, if not held down, they seek height: that is air, and fire, purer than air. Though they are distinct in space, nevertheless they are all derived from one another, and resolve into one another. Earth, melting, is dilated to clear water: the moisture, rarified, changes to wind and air: then air, losing further weight, in the highest regions shines out as fire, the most rarified of all. Then they return, in reverse, revealing the same series of changes. Since fire, condenses, turns into denser air, and this to water, and water, contracted, solidifies as earth.

�Nothing keeps its own form, and Nature, the renewer of things, refreshes one shape from another. Believe me, nothing dies in the universe as a whole, but it varies and changes its aspect, and what we call �being born� is a beginning to be, of something other, than what was before, and �dying� is, likewise, ending a former state. Though, �that� perhaps is transferred here, and �this�, there, the total sum is constant.

Nil equidem durare diu sub imagine eadem
260crediderim: sic ad ferrum venistis ab auro,
saecula, sic totiens versa est fortuna locorum.
Vidi ego, quod fuerat quondam solidissima tellus,
esse fretum, vidi factas ex aequore terras:
et procul a pelago conchae iacuere marinae,
265et vetus inventa est in montibus ancora summis.
Quodque fuit campus, vallem decursus aquarum
fecit, et eluvie mons est deductus in aequor,
eque paludosa siccis humus aret harenis,
quaeque sitim tulerant, stagnata paludibus ument.
270Hic fontes natura novos emisit, at illic
clausit, et antiquis tam multa tremoribus orbis
flumina prosiliunt aut excaecata residunt.
Sic ubi terreno Lycus est epotus hiatu,
exsistit procul hinc alioque renascitur ore:
275Sic modo combibitur, tecto modo gurgite lapsus
redditur Argolicis ingens Erasinus in arvis,
et Mysum, capitisque sui ripaeque prioris
paenituisse ferunt, alia nunc ire Caicum;
nec non Sicanias volvens Amenanus harenas
280nunc fluit, interdum suppressis fontibus aret.
Ante bibebatur, nunc, quas contingere nolis,
fundit Anigros aquas, postquam, nisi vatibus omnis
eripienda fides, illic lavere bimembres
vulnera, clavigeri quae fecerat Herculis arcus.
285Quid? non et Scythicis Hypanis de montibus ortus,
qui fuerat dulcis, salibus vitiatur amaris?
Fluctibus ambitae fuerant Antissa Pharosque
et Phoenissa Tyros, quarum nunc insula nulla est.
Leucada continuam veteres habuere coloni:
290nunc freta circueunt. Zancle quoque iuncta fuisse
dicitur Italiae, donec confinia pontus
abstulit et media tellurem reppulit unda.
Si quaeras Helicen et Burin, Achaidas urbes,
invenies sub aquis, et adhuc ostendere nautae
295inclinata solent cum moenibus oppida mersis.
Est prope Pittheam tumulus Troezena, sine ullis
arduus arboribus, quondam planissima campi
area, nunc tumulus; nam (res horrenda relatu!)
vis fera ventorum, caecis inclusa cavernis,
300exspirare aliqua cupiens luctataque frustra
liberiore frui caelo, cum carcere rima
nulla foret toto nec pervia flatibus esset,
extentam tumefecit humum, ceu spiritus oris
tendere vesicam solet aut derepta bicorni
305terga capro; tumor ille loci permansit et alti
collis habet speciem longoque induruit aevo.
Though distant things move near, and near things far,
always the sum of all things is unchanged.
“For my part, I cannot believe a thing
remains long under the same form unchanged.
Look at the change of times from gold to iron,:
look at the change in places. I have seen
what had been solid earth become salt waves,
and I have seen dry land made from the deep;
and, far away from ocean, sea-shells strewn,
and on the mountain-tops old anchors found.
Water has made that which was once a plain
into a valley, and the mountain has
been levelled by the floods down to a plain.
A former marshland is now parched dry sand,
and places which endured severest drought
are wet with standing pools. Here Nature has
opened fresh springs, but there has shut them up;
rivers aroused by ancient earthquakes have
rushed out or vanished, as they lost their depth.
“So, when the Lycus has been swallowed by
a chasm in the earth, it rushes forth
at a distance and is reborn a different stream.
The Erasinus now flows down into a cave,
now runs beneath the ground a darkened course,
then rises lordly in the Argolic fields.
They say the Mysus, wearied of his spring
and of his former banks, appears elsewhere
and takes another name, the Caicus.
“The Amenanus in Sicilian sands
now smoothly rolling, at another time
is quenched, because its fountain springs are dry.
The water of the Anigros formerly
was used for drinking, but it pours out now
foul water which you would decline to touch,
because (unless all credit is denied
to poets) long ago the Centaurs, those
strange mortals double-limbed, bathed in the stream
wounds which club-bearing Hercules had made
with his strong bow.—Yes, does not Hypanis
descending fresh from mountains of Sarmatia,
become embittered with the taste of salt?
“Antissa, Pharos, and Phoenician Tyre,
were once surrounded by the wavy sea:
they are not islands now. Long years ago
Leucas was mainland, if we can believe
what the old timers there will tell, but now
the waves sweep round it. Zancle was a part
of Italy, until the sea cut off
the neighboring land with strong waves in between.
Should you seek Helice and Buris, those
two cities of Achaea, you will find
them underneath the waves, where sailors point
to sloping roofs and streets in the clear deep.
“Near Pittheaan Troezen a steep, high hill,
quite bare of trees, was once a level plain,
but now is a hill, for (dreadful even to tell)
the raging power of winds, long pent in deep,
dark caverns, tried to find a proper vent,
long struggling to attain free sky.
Finding no opening from the prison-caves,
imperious to their force, they raised the earth,
exactly as pent air breathed from the mouth
inflates a bladder, or the bottle-hides
stripped off the two-horned goats. The swollen earth
remained on that spot and has ever since
appearance of a high hill hardened by
the flight of time.
“Of many strange events
that I have heard and known, I will add a few.
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Geological changes

�For my part, I would have thought that nothing lasts for long with the same appearance. So the ages changed from gold to iron, and so the fortunes of places have altered. I have seen myself what was once firm land, become the sea: I have seen earth made from the waters: and seashells lie far away from the ocean, and an ancient anchor has been found on a mountaintop. The down rush of waters has made what was once a plain into a valley, and hills, by the deluge have been washed to the sea. Marshy land has drained to parched sand, and what was once thirsty ground filled with a marshy pool.

�Here, Nature generates fresh springs, and there seals them up, and rivers, released by deep earthquakes, burst out or dry up, and sink. So when the Lycus is swallowed by a chasm in the earth, it emerges far off, reborn, from a different source. So, engulfed, flowing as a hidden stream, the mighty Erasinus emerges again, in the fields of Argos. And they say that Mysus, ashamed of its origin and its former banks, now flows elsewhere, as Caicus. Amenanus flows sometimes churning Sicilian sands, at other times dried up, its fountains blocked. Anigrus, once drinkable, now flows with water you would not wish to touch, since, unless we deny all credence to the poets, the bi-formed centaurs washed their wounds there, dealt by the bow of club-bearing Hercules. Is the Hypanis, born in the Scythian mountains, not ruined by bitter saltwater, that once was sweet?

�Antissa, and Pharos, and Phoenician Tyre, were surrounded by sea: of which not one, now, is an island. The former settlers of Leucas lived on a peninsula: now the waves encircle it. Zancle also is said to have been joined to Italy, till the waves washed away the boundary, and the deep sea pushed back the land. If you look for Helice and Buris, cities of Achaia, you will find them under the waters, and sailors are accustomed, even now, to point out the submerged towns with their sunken walls.

�There is a mound near Troezen, where Pittheus ruled, steep and treeless, that once was the flattest open space on the plain, and now is a mound. For (strange to relate) the wild strength of the winds, imprisoned in dark caves, longing for somewhere to breathe, and struggling in vain to enjoy the freer expanses of sky, since there was no gap at all in their prison, as an exit for their breath, extended and swelled the ground, just as a man inflates a bladder, or a goatskin taken from a twin-horned goat. The swelling remained there, and has the look of a high hill, solidified by long centuries.

Plurima cum subeant audita et cognita nobis,
pauca super referam. Quid? non et lympha figuras
datque capitque novas? Medio tua, corniger Ammon,
310unda die gelida est, ortuque obituque calescit.
Admotis Athamanas aquis accendere lignum
narratur, minimos cum luna recessit in orbes.
Flumen habent Cicones, quod potum saxea reddit
viscera, quod tactis inducit marmora rebus.
315Crathis et huic Sybaris, nostris conterminus oris
electro similes faciunt auroque capillos.
Quodque magis mirum est, sunt qui non corpora tantum,
verum animos etiam valeant mutare liquores.
Cui non audita est obscenae Salmacis undae
320Aethiopesque lacus? Quos siquis faucibus hausit,
aut furit, aut patitur mirum gravitate soporem.
Clitorio quicumque sitim de fonte levavit,
vina fugit gaudetque meris abstemius undis,
seu vis est in aqua calido contraria vino,
325sive, quod indigenae memorant, Amythaone natus,
Proetidas attonitas postquam per carmen et herbas
eripuit furiis, purgamina mentis in illas
misit aquas odiumque meri permansit in undis.
Huic fluit effectu dispar Lyncestius amnis;
330quem quicumque parum moderato gutture traxit,
haud aliter titubat, quam si mera vina bibisset.
Est locus Arcadiae (Pheneum dixere priores),
ambiguis suspectus aquis, quas nocte timeto:
nocte nocent potae, sine noxa luce bibuntur.
335Sic alias aliasque lacus et flumina vires
concipiunt, tempusque fuit, quo navit in undis,
nunc sedet Ortygie. Timuit concursibus Argo
undarum sparsas Symplegadas elisarum,
quae nunc inmotae perstant ventisque resistunt.
340Nec, quae sulphureis ardet fornacibus, Aetne
ignea semper erit, neque enim fuit ignea semper.
Nam sive est animal tellus et vivit habetque
spiramenta locis flammam exhalantia multis,
spirandi mutare vias, quotiensque movetur,
345has finire potest, illas aperire cavernas;
sive leves imis venti cohibentur in antris
saxaque cum saxis et habentem semina flammae
materiam iactant, ea concipit ictibus ignem,
antra relinquentur sedatis frigida ventis;
350sive bitumineae rapiunt incendia vires
luteave exiguis ardescunt sulphura fumis:
nempe ubi terra cibos alimentaque pinguia flammae
non dabit absumptis per longum viribus aevum
naturaeque suum nutrimen deerit edaci,
355non feret illa famem desertaque deseret ignis.
Esse viros fama est in Hyperborea Pallene,
qui soleant levibus velari corpora plumis,
olim Tritoniacam noviens subiere paludem.
Haud equidem credo: sparsae quoque membra venenis
360exercere artes Scythides memorantur easdem.
Why, does not water give and take strange forms?
Your wave, O horned Ammon, will turn cold
at mid-day, but is always mild and warm
at sun-rise and at sun-set. I have heard
that Athamanians kindle wood, if they
pour water on it, when the waning moon
has shrunk away into her smallest orb.
The people of Ciconia have a stream
which turns the drinker's entrails into stone,
which changes into marble all it raves.
The Achaean Crathis and the Sybaris,
which flow not far from here, will turn the hair
to something like clear amber or bright gold.
“What is more wonderful, there are some waters
which change not only bodies but the minds:
who has no knowledge of the Salmacis
and of its ill famed waves? Who has not
heard of the lakes of Aethiopia:
how those who drink of them go raving mad
or fall in a deep sleep, most wonderful
in heaviness. Whoever quenches thirst
from the Clitorian spring will hate all wine,
and soberly secure great pleasure from
pure water. Either that spring has a power
the opposite of wine-heat, or perhaps
as natives tell us, after the famed son
of Amythaon by his charms and herbs,
delivered from their base insanity
the stricken Proetides, he threw the rest
of his mind healing herbs into the spring,
where hatred of all wine has since remained.
Unlike in nature flows another stream
of the country, called Lyncestius: everyone
who drinks of it, even with most temperate care,
will reel, as if he had drunk unmixed wine.
In Arcadia is a place, called Pheneos
by men of old, which is mistrusted for
the twofold nature of its waters. Stand
in dread of them at night; if drunk at night,
they harm you, but in daytime they will do
no harm at all.
So lakes and rivers have
now this, now that effect.
“Ortygia once
moved like a ship that drifts among the waves.
Now it is fixed. The Argo was in dread
of the Symplegades, which moved apart
with waves in-rushing. Now immovable
they stand, resisting the attack of winds.
“Aetna, which burns with sulphur furnaces,
will not be always concentrated fire,
nor was it always fiery. If the earth
is like an animal and is alive
and breathes out flame at many openings,
then it can change these many passages
used for its breathing and, when it is moved,
may close these caverns as it opens up
some others. Or if rushing winds are penned
in deepest caverns, and they drive great stones
against the rock, and substances which have
the properties of flame and fire are made
by those concussions; when the winds are calmed
the caverns will, of course, be cool again.
“Or if some black bitumen catches fire
or yellow sulphur burns with little smoke,
then surely, when the ground no longer gives
such food and oily nutriment for flames
and they in time have ravined all their store,
their greedy nature soon will pine with death—
it will not bear such famine but depart
and, when deserted, will desert the place.
“'Tis said that Hyperboreans of Pallene
can cover all their bodies with light plumes
by plunging nine times in Minerva's marsh.
But I cannot believe another tale:
that Scythian women get a like result
by having poison sprinkled on their limbs.
“If we give any credit to the things
proved by experience, we can surely know
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Physical changes

�Though many instances, I have heard and known of, come to mind, I shall relate only a few more. Does not water, also, offer and receive new forms? Your stream, horned Ammon, is chill at mid-day, and warm in the morning and evening, and they tell of the Athamanians setting fire to wood, by pouring your waters over it, when the moon wanes to her smallest crescent.

�The Cicones have a river, whose waters when drunk turn the vital organs to stone, and that change things to marble when touched. The Crathis, and the Sybaris, here, near our own country, make hair like amber or gold: and what is more amazing, there are streams that have power to change not merely the body but the mind as well. Who has not heard of the disgusting waves of Salmacis, and the Aethiopian lakes? Whoever wets his throat with these, is either maddened, or falls into a strange, deep sleep.

�Whoever slakes his thirst at Clitor�s fountain, shuns wine, and only enjoys pure water, whether it is due to a power in the water that counteracts hot wine, or whether, as the natives claim, Melampus, Amythaon�s son, when he had saved the demented daughters of Proetus from madness, by herbs and incantations, threw the remnants, of what had purged their minds, into its springs, and the antipathy to wine was left behind in its waters. The flow of the River Lyncestius has the opposite effect, so that whoever drinks even moderately of it, stumbles about, as if they had drunk pure wine. There is a place in Arcadia, the ancients called Pheneus, mistrusted for its dual-natured waters: beware of them at night, drunk at night they are harmful: in the day they can be drunk without harm. So, rivers and lakes can harbour some power or other.

�There was a time when Ortygia floated on the waves, now it is fixed, and the Argo�s crew feared the Symphlegades� collisions, and the spray of their crashing waves, islands that now stand there motionless, and resist the winds.

�And Aetna that glows, with its sulphurous furnaces, was not always on fire, and will not always be on fire. For if the earth is a creature, that lives, and, in many places, has vents that breathe out flame, she can alter her air passages, and as frequently as she shifts, she can close these caverns and open others. Or, if swift winds are confined in the deep caves, and strike rock against rock, or against material containing the seeds of fire, and Aetna catches alight from the friction, the caves will be left cold when the wind dies. Or, if it is bituminous substances that take fire, and yellow sulphur, burning with little smoke, then, when the ground no longer provides rich fuel, or nourishment for the flames, and their strength fails after long centuries, earth herself will lack the support of devouring nature, and will not withstand that famine, and forsaken, will forsake her fires.

�There is a tale of men in Hyperborean Pallene, who are used to clothing their bodies in soft plumage, by plunging nine times in Minerva�s pool: for my part, I can scarcely believe it: also the women of Scythia are said to practise the same arts, sprinkling their bodies with magic liquids.

Siqua fides rebus tamen est addenda probatis,
nonne vides, quaecumque mora fluidoque calore
corpora tabescunt, in parva animalia verti?
I quoque, delectos mactatos obrue tauros
365(cognita res usu) de putri viscere passim
florilegae nascuntur apes, quae more parentum
rura colunt operique favent in spemque laborant;
pressus humo bellator equus crabronis origo est;
concava litoreo si demas bracchia cancro,
370cetera supponas terrae, de parte sepulta
scorpius exibit caudaque minabitur unca;
quaeque solent canis frondes intexere filis
agrestes tineae (res observata colonis)
ferali mutant cum papilione figuram.
375Semina limus habet virides generantia ranas,
et generat truncas pedibus, mox apta natando
cura dat, utque eadem sint longis saltibus apta,
posterior superat partes mensura priores.
Nec catulus, partu quem reddidit ursa recenti,
380sed male viva caro est: lambendo mater in artus
fingit et in formam, quantam capit ipsa, reducit.
Nonne vides, quos cera tegit sexangula, fetus
melliferarum apium sine membris corpora nasci
et serosque pedes serasque adsumere pennas?
385Iunonis volucrem, quae cauda sidera portat,
armigerumque Iovis Cythereiadasque columbas
et genus omne avium mediis e partibus ovi,
ni sciret fieri, quis nasci posse putaret?
Sunt qui, cum clauso putrefacta est spina sepulcro,
390mutari credant humanas angue medullas.
whatever bodies are decayed by time
or by dissolving heat are by such means
changed into tiny animals—Come now,
bury choice bullocks killed for sacrifice,
and it is well known by experience
that the flower-gathering bees are so produced,
miraculous, from entrails putrefied.
These, like the faithful animals from which
they were produced, inhabit the green fields,
delight in toil, and labor for reward.
“The warlike steed, when buried in the ground,
is a known source of hornets. If you cut
the bending claws off from the sea-shore crab
and bury the remainder in the earth,
a scorpion will come forth from the dead crab
buried there, threatening with its crooked tail.
“The worms which cover leaves with their white threads,
a thing observable by husbandmen,
will change themselves to funeral butterflies.
Mud holds the seeds that generate green frogs,
at first producing tadpoles with no feet,
and soon it gives them legs adapted for
their swimming, and, so they may be as well
adapted to good leaping, their hind legs
are longer than the fore-legs. The mother bear
does not bring forth a cub but a limp mass
of flesh that hardly can be called alive.
By licking it the mother forms the limbs,
and brings it to a shape just like her own.
“Do not the offspring of the honey bees,
concealed in cells hexagonal, at first
get life with no limbs, and assume in time
both feet and wings? Unless the fact were known,
could anyone suppose it possible
that Juno's bird, whose tail is bright with stars;
the eagle, armor-bearer of high Jove;
the doves of Cytherea; and all birds
emerge from the middle part of eggs?
And some believe the human marrow turns
into a serpent when the spine at length
has putrefied in the closed sepulchre.
“Now these I named derive their origin
from other living forms. There is one bird
which reproduces and renews itself:
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Autogenesis

�However if trust is only placed in proven things, do you not see that whenever corpses putrefy, due to time or melting heat, they generate tiny creatures? Bury the carcases of sacrificed bulls (it is a known experiment) in the ditch where you have thrown them, and flower-sipping bees, will be born, here and there, from the putrid entrails. After the custom of their parent bodies, they frequent the fields, are devoted to work, and labour in hope of harvest.

�A war-horse dug into the earth is the source of hornets: If you remove the hollow claws of land-crabs, and put the rest under the soil, a scorpion, with its curved and threatening tail, will emerge from the parts interred: and the caterpillars that are accustomed to weave their white cocoons, on uncultivated leaves (a thing observed by farmers) change to a butterfly�s form, symbol of the soul.

�Mud contains the generative seeds of green frogs, and generates them without legs, soon giving them legs for swimming, and, at the same time, with hind legs longer than their forelegs, so that they are fit to take long leaps. The cub that a she-bear has just produced is not a cub but a scarcely living lump of flesh: the mother gives it a body, by licking it, and shapes it into a form like that she has herself. Do you not see how the larvae of the honey-carrying bees, protected by the hexagonal waxen cells, are born as limbless bodies, and later acquire legs, and later still wings?

�Who would believe, if he did not know, that Juno�s bird, the peacock, that bears eyes, like stars, on its tail; and Jupiter�s eagle, carrying his lightning-bolt; and Cytherea�s doves; all the bird species; are born from the inside of an egg? There are those who believe that when the spine decomposes, interred in the tomb, human marrow forms a snake.

Haec tamen ex aliis generis primordia ducunt:
una est, quae reparet seque ipsa reseminet, ales.
Assyrii phoenica vocant; non fruge neque herbis,
sed turis lacrimis et suco vivit amomi.
395Haec ubi quinque suae complevit saecula vitae,
ilicis in ramis tremulaeque cacumine palmae
unguibus et puro nidum sibi construit ore.
Quo simul ac casias et nardi lenis aristas
quassaque cum fulva substravit cinnama murra,
400se super imponit finitque in odoribus aevum.
Inde ferunt, totidem qui vivere debeat annos,
corpore de patrio parvum phoenica renasci.
Cum dedit huic aetas vires, onerique ferendo est,
ponderibus nidi ramos levat arboris altae
405fertque pius cunasque suas patriumque sepulcrum,
perque leves auras Hyperionis urbe potitus
ante fores sacras Hyperionis aede reponit.
Si tamen est aliquid mirae novitatis in istis,
alternare vices et quae modo femina tergo
410passa marem est, nunc esse marem miremur hyaenam;
id quoque, quod ventis animal nutritur et aura,
protinus adsimulat, tetigit quoscumque colores.
Victa racemifero lyncas dedit India Baccho:
e quibus, ut memorant, quidquid vesica remisit,
415vertitur in lapides et congelat aere tacto.
Sic et curalium quo primum contigit auras
tempore, durescit: mollis fuit herba sub undis.
the Assyrians gave this bird his name—the Phoenix.
He does not live either on grain or herbs,
but only on small drops of frankincense
and juices of amomum. When this bird
completes a full five centuries of life
straightway with talons and with shining beak
he builds a nest among palm branches, where
they join to form the palm tree's waving top.
“As soon as he has strewn in this new nest
the cassia bark and ears of sweet spikenard,
and some bruised cinnamon with yellow myrrh,
he lies down on it and refuses life
among those dreamful odors.—And they say
that from the body of the dying bird
is reproduced a little Phoenix which
is destined to live just as many years.
“When time has given to him sufficient strength
and he is able to sustain the weight,
he lifts the nest up from the lofty tree
and dutifully carries from that place
his cradle and the parent's sepulchre.
As soon as he has reached through yielding air
the city of Hyperion, he will lay
the burden just before the sacred doors
within the temple of Hyperion.
“But, if we wonder at strange things like these,
we ought to wonder also, when we learn
that a hyena has a change of sex:
the female, quitting her embracing male,
herself becomes a male.—That animal
which feeds upon the winds and air, at once
assumes with contact any color touched.
“Conquered India gave to the vine crowned Bacchus
lynxes, whose urine turns, they say to stones,
hardening in air. So coral, too, as soon
as it has risen above the sea, turns hard.
Below the waves it was a tender plant.
“The day will fail me; Phoebus will have bathed
his panting horses in the deep sea waves,
before I can include in my discourse
Pythagoras�s Teachings:The Phoenix

�Yet these creatures receive their start in life from others: there is one, a bird, which renews itself, and reproduces from itself. The Assyrians call it the phoenix. It does not live on seeds and herbs, but on drops of incense, and the sap of the cardamom plant. When it has lived for five centuries, it then builds a nest for itself in the topmost branches of a swaying palm tree, using only its beak and talons. As soon as it has lined it with cassia bark, and smooth spikes of nard, cinnamon fragments and yellow myrrh, it settles on top, and ends its life among the perfumes.

�They say that, from the father�s body, a young phoenix is reborn, destined to live the same number of years. When age has given it strength, and it can carry burdens, it lightens the branches of the tall palm of the heavy nest, and piously carries its own cradle, that was its father�s tomb, and, reaching the city of Hyperion, the sun-god, through the clear air, lays it down in front of the sacred doors of Hyperion�s temple.

�If there is anything to marvel at, however, in these novelties, we might marvel at how the hyena changes function, and a moment ago a female, taken from behind by a male, is now a male. Also that animal, the chameleon, fed by wind and air, instantly adopts the colour of whatever it touches.

�Vanquished India gave lynxes to Bacchus of the clustered vines, and, they say that, whatever their bladder emits, changes to stone, and solidifies on contact with air. So coral, also, hardens the first time air touches it: it was a soft plant under the waves.

Desinet ante dies et in alto Phoebus anhelos
aequore tinget equos, quam consequar omnia verbis
420in species translata novas: sic tempora verti
cernimus atque illas adsumere robora gentes,
concidere has. Sic magna fuit censuque virisque
perque decem potuit tantum dare sanguinis annos,
nunc humilis veteres tantummodo Troia ruinas
425et pro divitiis tumulos ostendit avorum.
Clara fuit Sparte, magnae viguere Mycenae,
nec non et Cecropis nec non Amphionis arces.
Vile solum Sparte est, altae cecidere Mycenae,
Oedipodioniae quid sunt, nisi nomina, Thebae?
430Quid Pandioniae restant, nisi nomen, Athenae?
Nunc quoque Dardaniam fama est consurgere Romam,
Appenninigenae quae proxima Thybridis undis
mole sub ingenti rerum fundamina ponit:
haec igitur formam crescendo mutat et olim
435immensi caput orbis erit. Sic dicere vates
faticinasque ferunt sortes quantumque recordor,
dixerat Aeneae, cum res Troiana labaret,
Priamides Helenus flenti dubioque salutis:
“Nate dea, si nota satis praesagia nostrae
440mentis habes, non tota cadet te sospite Troia!
Flamma tibi ferrumque dabunt iter: ibis et una
Pergama rapta feres, donec Troiaeque tibique
externum patrio contingat amicius arvum.
Urbem etiam cerno Phrygios debere nepotes,
445quanta nec est nec erit nec visa prioribus annis.
Hanc alii proceres per saecula longa potentem,
sed dominam rerum de sanguine natus Iuli
efficiet; quo cum tellus erit usa, fruentur
aetheriae sedes, caelumque erit exitus illi.”
450Haec Helenum cecinisse penatigero Aeneae
mente memor refero, cognataque moenia laetor
crescere et utiliter Phrygibus vicisse Pelasgos.
the myriad things transforming to new shapes.
In lapse of time we see the nations change;
some grow in power, some wane. Troy was once great
in riches and in men—so great she could
for ten unequalled years afford much blood;
now she lies low and offers to our gaze
but ancient ruins and, instead of wealth,
ancestral tombs. Sparta was famous once
and great Mycenae was most flourishing.
And Cecrops' citadel and Amphion's shone
in ancient power. Sparta is nothing now
save barren ground, the proud Mycenae fell,
what is the Thebes of storied Oedipus
except a name? And of Pandion's Athens
what now remains beyond the name?
“Reports come to me that Dardanian Rome
is rising, and beside the Tiber's waves,
whose springs are high in the Apennines, is laying
her deep foundations. So in her growth
her form is changing, and one day she will
be the sole mistress of the boundless world.
“They say that soothsayers and that oracles,
revealers of our destiny, declare
this fate, and, if I recollect it right,
Helenus, son of Priam, prophesied
unto Aeneas, when he was in doubt
of safety and lamenting for the state
of Troy, about to fall, ‘O, son of a goddess,
if you yourself, will fully understand
this prophecy now surging in my mind
Troy shall not, while you are preserved to life
fall utterly. Flames and the sword shall give
you passage. You shall go and bear away
Pergama, ruined; till a foreign soil,
more friendly to you than your native land,
shall be the lot of Troy and of yourself.
“Even now I know it is decreed by Fate
that our posterity, born far from Troy,
will build a city greater than exists,
or ever will exist, or ever has
been seen in former times. Through a long lapse
of ages other noted men shall make
it strong, but one of the race of Iulus;
shall make it the great mistress of the world.
After the earth has thoroughly enjoyed
his glorious life, aetherial abodes
shall gain him, and immortal heaven shall be
his destiny.’
Such was the prophesy
of Helenus, when great Aeneas took
away his guardian deities, and I
rejoice to see my kindred walls rise high
Pythagoras�s Teachings:Transfers of Power

�The day will end, and Phoebus will bathe his weary horses in the deep, before my words can do justice to all that has been translated into new forms. So we see times change, and these nations acquiring power and those declining. So Troy, that was so great in men and riches, and for ten years of war could give so freely of her blood, is humbled, and only reveals ancient ruins now, and, for wealth, ancestral tombs. Sparta was famous, great Mycenae flourished, and Cecrops�s citadel of Athens, and Amphion�s Thebes. Sparta is worthless land, proud Mycenae is fallen, and what is the Thebes of Oedipus but a name, what is left of the Athens of Pandion, but a name?

�Even now, there is a rumour that Rome, of the Dardanians, is rising, by Tiber�s waters, born in the Apennines, and laying, beneath its mass, the foundation of great things. So, growing, it changes form, and one day will be the capital of a whole world! So, it is said, the seers predict, and the oracles that tell our fate. As I remember also, when the Trojan State was falling, Helenus, son of Priam, said to a weeping Aeneas, who was unsure of his future: �Son of the goddess, if you take careful heed, of what my mind prophesies, Troy will not wholly perish while you live! Fire and sword will give way before you: you will go, as one man, catching up, and bearing away Pergama, till you find a foreign land, kinder to you and Troy, than your fatherland. I see, even now, a city, destined for Phrygian descendants, than which none is greater, or shall be, or has been, in past ages.

�Other leaders will make her powerful, through the long centuries, but one, born of the blood of I�lus, will make her mistress of the world. When earth has benefited from him, the celestial regions will enjoy him, and heaven will be his goal.�

�These things, I remember well, Helenus prophesied for Aeneas, as Aeneas carried the ancestral gods, and I am glad that the walls, of his descendants, are rising, and that the Greeks conquered to a Trojan�s gain.

Ne tamen oblitis ad metam tendere longe
exspatiemur equis, caelum et quodcumque sub illo est,
455inmutat formas tellusque et quidquid in illa est:
nos quoque, pars mundi, quoniam non corpora solum,
verum etiam volucres animae sumus inque ferinas
possumus ire domos pecudumque in corpora condi,
corpora, quae possunt animas habuisse parentum
460aut fratrum aut aliquo iunctorum foedere nobis
aut hominum certe, tuta esse et honesta sinamus
neve Thyesteis cumulemus viscera mensis!
Quam male consuescit, quam se parat ille cruori
impius humano, vituli qui guttura cultro
465rumpit et inmotas praebet mugitibus aures,
aut qui vagitus similes puerilibus haedum
edentem iugulare potest, aut alite vesci,
cui dedit ipse cibos! Quantum est, quod desit in istis
ad plenum facinus? Quo transitus inde paratur?
470Bos aret aut mortem senioribus imputet annis,
horriferum contra borean ovis arma ministret,
ubera dent saturae manibus pressanda capellae!
Retia cum pedicis laqueosque artesque dolosas
tollite nec volucrem viscata fallite virga,
475nec formidatis cervos includite pennis,
nec celate cibis uncos fallacibus hamos!
Perdite, siqua nocent, verum haec quoque perdite tantum:
ora vacent epulis alimentaque mitia carpant!”
and realize how much the Trojans won
by that resounding victory of the Greeks!
“But, that we may not range afar with steeds
forgetful of the goal, the heavens and all
beneath them and the earth and everything
upon it change in form. We likewise change,
who are a portion of the universe,
and, since we are not only things of flesh
but winged souls as well, we may be doomed
to enter into beasts as our abode;
and even to be hidden in the breasts
of cattle. Therefore, should we not allow
these bodies to be safe which may contain
the souls of parents, brothers, or of those
allied to us by kinship or of men
at least, who should be saved from every harm?
Let us not gorge down a Thyestean feast!
“How greatly does a man disgrace himself,
how impiously does he prepare himself
for shedding human blood, who with u knife
cuts the calf's throat and offers a deaf ear
to its death-longings! who can kill the kid
while it is sending forth heart rending cries
like those of a dear child; or who can feed
upon the bird which he has given food.
How little do such deeds as these fall short
of actual murder? Yes, where will they lead?
“Let the ox plough, or let him owe his death
to weight of years; and let the sheep give us
defence against the cold of Boreas;
and let the well-fed she-goats give to man
their udders for the pressure of kind hands.
“Away with cruel nets and springs and snares
and fraudulent contrivances: deceive
not birds with bird-limed twigs: do not deceive
the trusting deer with dreaded feather foils:
do not conceal barbed hooks with treacherous bait:
if any beast is harmful, take his life,
but, even so, let killing be enough.
Taste not his flesh, but look for harmless food!”
Pythagoras�s Teachings:The Sanctity of Life

�Now (lest I stray too far off course, my horses forgetting to aim towards their goal), the heavens, and whatever is under them, change their form, and the earth, and whatever is within it. We, as well, who are a part of the universe, because we are not merely flesh, but in truth, winged spirits, and can enter into the family of wild creatures, and be imprisoned in the minds of animals.

�We should allow those beings to live in safety, and honour, that the spirits of our parents, or brothers, or those joined to us by some other bond, certainly human, might have inhabited: and not fill our bellies as if at a Thyestean feast! What evil they contrive, how impiously they prepare to shed human blood itself, who rip at a calf�s throat with the knife, and listen unmoved to its bleating, or can kill a kid to eat, that cries like a child, or feed on a bird, that they themselves have fed! How far does that fall short of actual murder? Where does the way lead on from there?

�Let the ox plough, or owe his death to old age: let the sheep yield wool, to protect against the chill north wind: let the she-goats give you full udders for milking! Have done with nets and traps, snares and the arts of deception! Do not trick the birds with limed twigs, or imprison the deer, scaring them with feathered ropes, or hide barbed hooks in treacherous bait. Kill them, if they harm you, but even then let killing be enough. Let your mouth be free of their blood, enjoy milder food!�

Talibus atque aliis instructum pectora dictis
480in patriam remeasse ferunt ultroque petitum
accepisse Numam populi Latiaris habenas.
Coniuge qui felix nympha ducibusque Camenis
sacrificos docuit ritus gentemque feroci
adsuetam bello pacis traduxit ad artes.
485Qui postquam senior regnumque aevumque peregit,
exstinctum Latiaeque nurus populusque patresque
deflevere Numam; nam coniunx urbe relicta
vallis Aricinae densis latet abdita silvis
sacraque Oresteae gemitu questuque Dianae
490impedit: a! quotiens nymphae nemorisque lacusque,
ne faceret, monuere et consolantia verba
dixerunt. Quotiens flenti Theseius heros
“siste modum!” dixit, “ne que enim fortuna querenda
sola tua est; similes aliorum respice casus:
495mitius ista feres, utinamque exempla dolentem
non mea te possent relevare! Sed et mea possunt.
Fando aliquem Hippolytum vestras puto, contigit aures
credulitate patris, sceleratae fraude novercae
occubuisse neci: mirabere, vixque probabo,
500sed tamen ille ego sum. Me Pasiphaeia quondam
temptatum frustra patrium temerare cubile,
quod voluit, voluisse, infelix crimine verso
(indiciine metu magis offensane repulsae?)
damnavit, meritumque nihil pater eicit urbe
505hostilique caput prece detestatur euntis.
Pittheam profugo curru Troezena petebam,
iamque Corinthiaci carpebam litora ponti,
cum mare surrexit, cumulusque inmanis aquarum
in montis speciem curvari et crescere visus
510et dare mugitus summoque cacumine findi.
Corniger hinc taurus ruptis expellitur undis,
pectoribusque tenus molles erectus in auras
naribus et patulo partem maris evomit ore.
Corda pavent comitum. Mihi mens interrita mansit
515exsiliis contenta suis: cum colla feroces
ad freta convertunt adrectisque auribus horrent
quadrupedes monstrique metu turbantur et altis
praecipitant currum scopulis; ego ducere vana
frena manu spumis albentibus oblita luctor
520et retro lentas tendo resupinus habenas.
Nec vires tamen has rabies superasset equorum.
ni rota, perpetuum qua circumvertitur axem,
stipitis occursu fracta ac disiecta fuisset.
Excutior curru, lorisque tenentibus artus
525viscera viva trahi nervosque in stipe teneri,
membra rapi partim, partim reprensa relinqui,
ossa gravem dare fracta sonum fessamque videres
exhalari animam nullasque in corpore partes,
noscere quas posses; unumque erat omnia vulnus.
530Num potes aut audes cladi componere nostrae,
nympha, tuam? Vidi quoque luce carentia regna
et lacerum fovi Phlegethontide corpus in unda,
nec nisi Apollineae valido medicamine prolis
reddita vita foret; quam postquam fortibus herbis
535atque ope Paeonia Dite indignante recepi,
tum mihi, ne praesens augerem muneris huius
invidiam, densas obiecit Cynthia nubes,
utque forem tutus possemque impune videri,
addidit aetatem nec cognoscenda reliquit
540ora mihi Cretenque diu dubitavit habendam
traderet an Delon: Delo Creteque relictis
hic posuit nomenque simul, quod possit equorum
admonuisse, iubet deponere, “qui” que “fuisti
Hippolytus” dixit, “nunc idem Virbius esto!”
545Hoc nemus inde colo, de disque minoribus unus
numine sub dominae lateo atque accenseor illi.”
They say that Numa with a mind well taught
by these and other precepts traveled back
to his own land and, being urged again,
assumed the guidance of the Latin state.
Blest with a nymph as consort, blest also with
the Muses for his guides, he taught the rites
of sacrifice and trained in arts of peace
a race accustomed long to savage war.
When, ripe in years, he ended reign and life,
the Latin matrons, the fathers of the state,
and all the people wept for Numa's death.
For the nymph, his widow, had withdrawn from Rome,
concealed within the thick groves of the vale
Aricia, where with groans and wailing she
disturbed the holy rites of Cynthia,
established by Orestes. Ah! how often
nymphs of the grove and lake entreated her
to cease and offered her consoling words.
How often the son of Theseus said to her
“Control your sorrow; surely your sad lot
is not the only one; consider now
the like calamities by others borne,
and you can bear your sorrow. To my grief
my own disaster was far worse than yours.
At least it can afford you comfort now.
“Is it not true, discourse has reached yours ears
that one Hippolytus met with his death
through the credulity of his loved sire,
deceived by a stepmother's wicked art?
It will amaze you much, and I may fail
to prove what I declare, but I am he!
Long since the daughter of Pasiphae
tempted me to defile my father's bed
and, failing, feigned that I had wished to do
what she herself had wished. Perverting truth—
either through fear of some discovery
or else through spite at her deserved repulse—
she charged me with attempting the foul crime.
“Though I was guiltless of all wrong,
my father banished me and, while I was
departing, laid on me a mortal curse.
Towards Pittheus and Troezen I fled aghast,
guiding the swift chariot near the shore
of the Corinthian Gulf, when all at once
the sea rose up and seemed to arch itself
and lift high as a white topped mountain height,
make bellowings, and open at the crest.
Then through the parting waves a horned bull
emerged with head and breast into the wind,
spouting white foam from his nostrils and his mouth.
“The hearts of my attendants quailed with fear,
yet I unfrightened thought but of my exile.
Then my fierce horses turned their necks to face
the waters, and with ears erect they quaked
before the monster shape, they dashed in flight
along the rock strewn ground below the cliff.
I struggled, but with unavailing hand,
to use the reins now covered with white foam;
and throwing myself back, pulled on the thongs
with weight and strength. Such effort might have checked
the madness of my steeds, had not a wheel,
striking the hub on a projecting stump,
been shattered and hurled in fragments from the axle.
“I was thrown forward from my chariot
and with the reins entwined about my legs.
My palpitating entrails could be seen
dragged on, my sinews fastened on a stump.
My torn legs followed, but a part
remained behind me, caught by various snags.
The breaking bones gave out a crackling noise,
my tortured spirit soon had fled away,
no part of the torn body could be known—
all that was left was only one crushed wound—
how can, how dare you, nymph, compare your ills
to my disaster?
“I saw the Lower World
deprived of light: and I have bathed my flesh,
so tortured, in the waves of Phlegethon.
Life could not have been given again to me,
but through the remedies Apollo's son
applied to me. After my life returned—
by potent herbs and the Paeonian aid,
despite the will of Pluto—Cynthia then
threw heavy clouds around that I might not
be seen and cause men envy by new life:
and that she might be sure my life was safe
she made me seem an old man; and she changed
me so that I could not be recognized.
“A long time she debated whether she
would give me Crete or Delos for my home.
Delos and Crete abandoned, she then brought
me here, and at the same time ordered me
to lay aside my former name—one which
when mentioned would remind me of my steeds.
She said to me, ‘You were Hippolytus,
but now instead you shall be Virbius.’
And from that time I have inhabited
The transformation of Hippolytus

His mind versed in these and other teachings, it is said that Numa returned to his native country, and took control of Latium, at the people�s request. Blessed with a nymph, Egeria, for wife, and guided by the Muses, he taught the sacred rituals, and educated a savage, warlike, race in the arts of peace.

When, in old age, he relinquished his sceptre, with his life, the women of Latium, the populace, and the senators wept for the dead Numa: but Egeria, his wife, left the city, and lived in retirement, concealed by dense woods, in the valley of Aricia, and her sighs and lamentations prevented the worship of Oresteian Diana. O! How often the nymphs of the lakes and groves admonished her to stop, and spoke words of consolation to her!

How often Hippolytus, Theseus�s heroic son, said, to the weeping nymph: �Make an end to this, since yours is not the only fate to be lamented: think of others� like misfortunes: you will endure your own more calmly. I wish my own case had no power to lighten your sorrow! But even mine can. If your ears have heard anything of Hippolytus, of how, through his father�s credulity, and the deceits of his accursed stepmother, he met his death, though you will be amazed, and I will prove it with difficulty, nevertheless, I am he.

�Phaedra, Pasipha��s daughter, having tried, vainly, to tempt me to dishonour my father�s bed, deflected guilt, and, (more through fear than anger at being rejected?), made out I had wanted, what she wished, and so accused me. Not in the least deserving it, my father banished me from the city, and called down hostile curses on my head.

�Exiled, I headed my chariot towards Troezen, Pittheus�s city, and was travelling the Isthmus, near Corinth, when the sea rose, and a huge mass of water shaped itself into a mountain, and seemed to grow, and give out bellowings, splitting at the summit: from it, a horned bull, emerged, out of the bursting waters, standing up to his chest in the gentle breeze, expelling quantities of seawater from his nostrils and gaping mouth. My companions� hearts were troubled, but my mind stayed unshaken, preoccupied with thoughts of exile, when my fiery horses turned their necks towards the sea, and trembled, with ears pricked, disturbed by fear of the monster, and dragged the chariot, headlong, down the steep cliff.

�I struggled, in vain, to control them with the foam-flecked reins, and leaning backwards, strained at the resistant thongs. Even then, the horses� madness would not have exhausted my strength, if a wheel had not broken, and been wrenched off, as the axle hub, round which it revolves, struck a tree. I was thrown from the chariot, and, my body entangled in the reins, my sinews caught by the tree, you might have seen my living entrails dragged along, my limbs partly torn away, partly held fast, my bones snapped with a loud crack, and my weary spirit expiring: no part of my body recognisable: but all one wound. Now can you compare your tragedy, or dare you, nymph, with mine?

�I saw, also, the kingdom without light, and bathed my lacerated body in Phlegethon�s waves: there still, if Apollo�s son, Aesculapius, had not restored me to life with his powerful cures. When, despite Dis�s anger, I regained it, by the power of herbs and Paean�s help, Cynthia, created a dense mist round me, so that I might not be seen and increase envy at the gift. And she added a look of age, and left me unrecognisable, so that I would be safe, and might be seen with impunity. She considered, for a while, whether to give me Crete or Delos to live in: abandoning Delos and Crete, she set me down here, and ordered me to discard my name that might remind me of horses, and said: �You, who were Hippolytus, be also, now, Virbius!� Since then I have lived in this grove, one of the minor deities, and sheltering in the divinity of Diana, my mistress, I am coupled with her.�

Egeria�s grief could not be lessened, even by the sufferings of others: prostrate, at the foot of a mountain, she melted away in tears, till Phoebus�s sister, out of pity for her true sorrow, made a cool fountain from her body, and reduced her limbs to unfailing waters.

Non tamen Egeriae luctus aliena levare
damna valent, montisque iacens radicibus imis
liquitur in lacrimas, donec pietate dolentis
550mota soror Phoebi gelidum de corpore fontem
fecit et aeternas artus tenuavit in undas.
this grove; and, as one of the lesser gods,
I live concealed and numbered in her train.”
The grief of others could not ease the woe
of sad Egeria, and she laid herself
down at a mountain's foot, dissolved in tears,
till moved by pity for her faithful sorrow,
Diana changed her body to a spring,
her limbs into a clear continual stream.
Et nymphas tetigit nova res, et Amazone natus
haud aliter stupuit, quam cum Tyrrhenus arator
fatalem glaebam mediis adspexit in arvis
555sponte sua primum nulloque agitante moveri,
sumere mox hominis terraeque amittere formam
oraque venturis aperire recentia fatis
(indigenae dixere Tagen, qui primus Etruscam
edocuit gentem casus aperire futuros);
560utve Palatinis haerentem collibus olim
cum subito vidit frondescere Romulus hastam,
quae radice nova, non ferro stabat adacto
et iam non telum, sed lenti viminis arbor
non exspectatas dabat admirantibus umbras;
565aut sua fluminea cum vidit Cipus in unda
cornua (vidit enim) falsamque in imagine credens
esse fidem, digitis ad frontem saepe relatis,
quae vidit, tetigit, nec iam sua lumina damnans
restitit, ut victor domito veniebat ab hoste,
570ad caelumque manus et eodem lumina tollens
“quiquid” ait, “superi, monstro portenditur isto,
seu laetum est, patriae laetum populoque Quirini,
sive minax, mihi sit!” viridique e caespite factas
placat odoratis herbosas ignibus aras
575vinaque dat pateris mactatarumque bidentum,
quid sibi significent, trepidantia consulit exta.
Quae simul adspexit Tyrrhenae gentis haruspex,
magna quidem rerum molimina vidit in illis,
non manifesta tamen. Cum vero sustulit acre
580a pecudis fibris ad Cipi cornua lumen,
“rex” ait, “o salve! Tibi enim, tibi, Cipe, tuisque
hic locus et Latiae parebunt cornibus arces.
Tu modo rumpe moras portasque intrare patentes
adpropera! sic fata iubent; namque urbe receptus
585rex eris et sceptro tutus potiere perenni.”
Rettulit ille pedem torvamque a moenibus urbis
avertens faciem “procul a! procul omina” dixit
“talia di pellant! Multoque ego iustius aevum
exsul agam, quam me videant Capitolia regem!”
590Dixit et extemplo populumque gravemque senatum
convocat, ante tamen pacali cornua lauro
velat; et aggeribus factis a milite forti
insistit priscosque deos e more precatus
“est” ait “hic unus, quem vos nisi pellitis urbe,
595rex erit. Is qui sit, signo, non nomine dicam:
cornua fronte gerit. Quem vobis indicat augur,
si Romam intrarit, famularia iura daturum.
Ille quidem potuit portas inrumpere apertas,
sed nos obstitimus, quamvis coniunctior illo
600nemo mihi est. Vos urbe virum prohibete, Quirites,
vel, si dignus erit, gravibus vincite catenis,
aut finite metum fatalis morte tyranni!”
Qualia succinctis, ubi trux insibilat eurus,
murmura pinetis fiunt, aut qualia fluctus
605aequorei faciunt, siquis procul audiat illos,
tale sonat populus; sed per confusa frementis
verba tamen vulgi vox eminet una “quis ille est?”,
et spectant frontes praedictaque cornua quaerunt.
Rursus ad hos Cipus “quem poscitis” inquit, “habetis”
610et dempta capiti, populo prohibente, corona
exhibuit gemino praesignia tempora cornu.
Demisere oculos omnes gemitumque dedere
atque illud meritis clarum (quis credere possit?)
inviti videre caput; nec honore carere
615ulterius passi, festam imposuere coronam.
At proceres, quoniam muros intrare vetaris,
ruris honorati tantum tibi, Cipe, dedere,
quantum depresso subiectis bubus aratro
complecti posses ad finem lucis ab ortu,
620cornuaque aeratis miram referentia formam
postibus insculpunt, longum mansura per aevum.
This wonderful event surprised the nymphs,
and filled Hippolytus with wonder, just
as great as when the Etrurian ploughman saw
a fate-revealing clod move of its own
accord among the fields, while not a hand
was touching it, till finally it took
a human form, without the quality
of clodded earth, and opened its new mouth
and spoke, revealing future destinies.
The natives called him Tages. He was the first
who taught Etrurians to foretell events.
They were astonished even as Romulus,
when he observed the spear, which once had grown
high on the Palatine, put out new leaves
and stand with roots—not with the iron point
which he had driven in. Not as a spear
it then stood there, but as a rooted tree
with limber twigs for many to admire
while resting under that surprising shade.
Or, as when Cippus first observed his horns
in the clear stream (he truly saw them there).
Believing he had seen a falsity,
he often touched his forehead with his hand
and, so returning, touched the thing he saw.
Assured at last that he could trust his eyes,
he stood entranced, as if he had returned
victorious from the conquest of his foes:
and, raising eyes and hands toward heaven, he cried,
“You gods above! Whatever is foretold
by this great prodigy, if it means good,
then let it be auspicious to my land
and to the inhabitants of Quirinus,—
if ill, let that misfortune fall on me.”
He made an offering at new altars, built
of grassy thick green turf, with fragrant fires,
presenting wine in bowls. And he took note
of panting entrails from new-slaughtered sheep,
to learn the meaning of the event for him.
When an Etruscan seer examined them,
he found the evidence of great events,
as yet obscure, and, when he raised keen eyes
up from the entrails to the horns of Cippus,
“O king, all hail!” he cried, “For in future time
this country and the Latin towers will live
in homage to you, Cippus, and your horns.
But you must promptly put aside delay;
hasten to enter the wide open gates—
the fates command you. Once received within
the city, you shall be its chosen king
and safely shall enjoy a lasting reign.”
Cippus retreated, and he turned his grave
eyes from the city's walls and said, “O far,
O far away, the righteous gods should drive
such omens from me! Better it would be
that I should pass my life in exile than
be seen a king throned in the capitol.”
Such words he spoke and forthwith he convoked
the people and the grave and honored Senate.
But first he veiled his horns with laurel, which
betokens peace. Then, standing on a mound
raised by the valiant troops, he made a prayer
after the ancient mode, and then he said,
“There is one here who will be king, if you
do not expel him from your city—I
will show him to you surely by a sign;
although I will not tell his name. He wears
horns on his head. The augur prophecies
that, if he enters this your city, he
will give you laws as if you were his slaves.
“He might have forced his way within your gates,
for they stand open, but I have hindered him,
although nobody is to him so close
as I myself. Good Romans, then, forbid
your city to this man; or, if you find
that he deserves still worse, then bind him fast
with heavy fetters; or else end your fears
by knowledge of the destined tyrant's death.”
As murmurs which arise among the groves
of pine trees thick above us, when the fierce
east wind is whistling in them, or as sound
produced by breaking waves, when it is heard
afar off, such the noise made by the crowd.
But in that angry stirring of the throng
one cry could be distinguished, “Which is he?”
And they examined foreheads, and they sought
predicted horns. Cippus then spoke again:
“The man whom you demand,” he said, “is here!”
And, fearless of the people, he threw back
the chaplet from his forehead, so that all
could see his temples plainly, wonderful
for their two horns. All then turned down their eyes
and uttered groans and (was it possible?)
they looked unwillingly upon that head
famed for its merit. They could not permit
him to remain there long, deprived
of honors, and they placed upon his head
the festive chaplet. And the Senate gave
you, Cippus, since you nevermore must come
within the walls, a proof of their esteem—
so much land as your oxen and their plow
could circle round from dawn to setting sun.
Moreover they engraved the shapely horns
on the bronze pillars of the city gate,
which for long ages kept his name revered.
Cipus acquires horns

This strange event amazed the nymphs, and the Amazon�s son was no less astounded, than the Tyrrhenian ploughman when he saw a fateful clod of earth in the middle of his fields, first move by itself with no one touching it, then assume the form of a man, losing its earthy nature, and open its newly acquired mouth, to utter things to come. The native people called him Tages, he who first taught the Etruscan race to reveal future events.� No less astounded than Romulus, when he saw his spear, that had once grown on the Palatine Hill, suddenly put out leaves, and stand there, not with its point driven in, but with fresh roots: now not a weapon but a tough willow-tree, giving unexpected shade to those who wondered at it.

No less astounded than Cipus, the praetor, when he saw his horns in the river�s water (truly he saw them) and, thinking it a false likeness of his true form, lifting his hands repeatedly to his forehead, touched what he saw. Unable now to resist the evidence of his eyes, he raised his eyes and arms to the sky, like a victor returning from a beaten enemy, and cried: �You gods, whatever this unnatural thing portends, if it is happiness, let it be the happiness of my country, and the race of Quirinus: if it is a threat, let it be towards me.�

Making a grassy altar of green turf, he appeased the gods with burning incense, and made a libation of wine, and inspected the quivering entrails of sacrificed sheep, as to what they portended for him. As soon as the Tyrrhenian seer, there, saw them, he recognised the signs of great happenings, not yet manifest, and when indeed he raised his keen eyes from the sheep�s entrails to Cipus�s forehead, he cried: �Hail! O King! You, even you, Cipus, and your horns, this place, and Latium�s citadels, shall obey. Only no delay: hurry and enter the open gates! So fate commands: and received in the city, you will be king, and safely possess the eternal sceptre.�

Cipus drew back, and grimly turning his face away from the city�s walls, he said: �Oh, let the gods keep all such things, far, far away, from me! Far better for me to spend my life in exile, than for the Capitol to see me crowned! He spoke, and immediately called together the people and the grave senators. First however he hid his horns with the laurels of peace, then standing on a mound raised by resolute soldiers, and praying to the ancient gods as customary, he said: �There is a man here who shall be king, unless you drive him from the city. I will show you who he is, not by name, but by a sign: he wears horns on his forehead! The augur declares that if he enters Rome, he will grant you only the rights of slaves. He could have forced his way in, through the open gates, but I opposed it, though no one is more closely connected to him than me. Quirites, keep the man out of your city, and, if he deserves it, load him with heavy chains, or end all fear, with the death of this fated tyrant!�

There was a sound from the crowd, like the murmur from the pine-trees when the wild East wind whistles through them, or like the waves of the sea, heard from far off: but among the confused cries of the noisy throng, one rang out: �Who is he?� They looked at each other�s forehead looking for the horns foretold. Cipus spoke to them again: �You have here, whom you seek,� and, taking the wreath from his head, the people trying to prevent him, he showed them his temples, conspicuous by their twin horns. They all sighed, and lowered their eyes (who could believe it?) and were reluctant to look at that distinguished head. Not allowing him any longer to be dishonoured, they replaced the festal wreath.

But since you were forbidden to enter the city, Cipus, they gave you, as an honour, as much land as you could enclose, with a team of oxen, harnessed to the plough, between dawn and sunset. And they engraved horns on the bronze gateposts, recalling their marvellous nature, to remain there through the centuries.

Pandite nunc, Musae, praesentia numina vatum
(scitis enim, nec vos fallit spatiosa vetustas,)
unde Coroniden circumflua Thybridis alti
625insula Romuleae sacris adiecerit urbis.
Dira lues quondam Latias vitiaverat auras,
pallidaque exsangui squalebant corpora morbo.
Funeribus fessi postquam mortalia cernunt
temptamenta nihil, nihil artes posse medentum,
630auxilium caeleste petunt mediamque tenentes
orbis humum Delphos adeunt, oracula Phoebi,
utque salutifera miseris succurrere rebus
sorte velit tantaeque urbis mala finiat, orant:
et locus et laurus et, quas habet ipse, pharetras
635intremuere simul, cortinaque reddidit imo
hanc adyto vocem pavefactaque pectora movit:
“Quod petis hinc, propiore loco, Romane, petisses,
et pete nunc propiore loco! nec Apolline vobis,
qui minuat luctus, opus est, sed Apolline nato.
640Ite bonis avibus prolemque accersite nostram!”
Iussa dei prudens postquam accepere senatus,
quam colat, explorant, iuvenis Phoebeius urbem,
quique petant ventis Epidauria litora mittunt.
Quae simul incurva missi tetigere carina,
645concilium Graiosque patres adiere, darentque,
oravere, deum, qui praesens funera gentis
finiat Ausoniae: certas ita dicere sortes.
Dissidet et variat sententia, parsque negandum
non putat auxilium, multi retinere suamque
650non emittere opem nec numina tradere suadent:
dum dubitant, seram pepulere crepuscula lucem,
umbraque telluris tenebras induxerat orbi,
cum deus in somnis opifer consistere visus
ante tuum, Romane, torum, sed qualis in aede
655esse solet, baculumque tenens agreste sinistra
caesariem longae dextra deducere barbae
et placido tales emittere pectore voces:
“Pone metus! Veniam simulacraque nostra relinquam.
Hunc modo serpentem, baculum qui nexibus ambit,
660perspice et usque nota visu, ut cognoscere possis!
Vertar in hunc, sed maior ero tantusque videbor,
in quantum verti caelestia corpora debent.”
Extemplo cum voce deus, cum voce deoque
somnus abit, somnique fugam lux alma secuta est.
665Postera sidereos aurora fugaverat ignes:
incerti, quid agant, proceres ad templa petiti
perveniunt operosa dei, quaque ipse morari
sede velit, signis caelestibus indicet, orant.
Vix bene desierant, cum cristis aureus altis
670in serpente deus praenuntia sibila misit
adventuque suo signumque arasque foresque
marmoreumque solum fastigiaque aurea movit
pectoribusque tenus media sublimis in aede
constitit atque oculos circumtulit igne micantes.
675Territa turba pavet. Cognovit numina castos
evinctus vitta crines albente sacerdos:
“En deus est deus est! Animis linguisque favete,
quisquis ades!” dixit. “Sis, o pulcherrime, visus
utiliter populosque iuves tua sacra colentes !”
680Quisquis adest, visum venerantur numen, et omnes
verba sacerdotis referunt geminata piumque
Aeneadae praestant et mente et voce favorem.
Adnuit his motisque deus rata pignora cristis
et repetita dedit vibrata sibila lingua.
685Tum gradibus nitidis delabitur oraque retro
flectit et antiquas abiturus respicit aras
adsuetasque domos habitataque templa salutat.
Inde per iniectis adopertam floribus ingens
serpit humum flectitque sinus mediamque per urbem
690tendit ad incurvo munitos aggere portus.
Restitit hic agmenque suum turbaeque sequentis
officium placido visus dimittere vultu
corpus in Ausonia posuit rate: numinis illa
sensit onus, pressa estque dei gravitate carina;
695Aeneadae gaudent caesoque in litore tauro
torta coronatae solvunt retinacula navis.
Impulerat levis aura ratem: deus eminet alte,
impositaque premens puppim cervice recurvam
caeruleas despectat aquas modicisque per aequor
700Ionium zephyris sextae Pallantidos ortu
Italiam tenuit praeterque Lacinia templo
nobilitata deae Scylaceaque litora fertur;
linquit Iapygiam laevisque Amphrisia remis
saxa fugit, dextra praerupta Celennia parte,
705Romethiumque legit Caulonaque Naryciamque,
evincitque fretum Siculique angusta Pelori
Hippotadaeque domos regis Temesesque metalla,
Leucosiamque petit tepidique rosaria Paesti.
Inde legit Capreas promunturiumque Minervae
710et Surrentino generosos palmite colles
Herculeamque urbem Stabiasque et in otia natam
Parthenopen et ab hac Cumaeae templa Sibyllae.
Hinc calidi fontes lentisciferumque tenetur
Liternum multamque trahens sub gurgite harenam
715Volturnus niveisque frequens Sinuessa columbis
Minturnaeque graves et quam tumulavit alumnus
Antiphataeque domus Trachasque obsessa palude
et tellus Circaea et spissi litoris Antium.
Huc ubi veliferam nautae advertere carinam
720(asper enim iam pontus erat), deus explicat orbes
perque sinus crebros et magna volumina labens
templa parentis init flavum tangentia litus.
Aequore placato patrias Epidaurius aras
linquit et hospitio iuncti sibi numinis usus
725litoream tractu squamae crepitantis harenam
sulcat et innixus moderamine navis in alta
puppe caput posuit, donec Castrumque sacrasque
Lavini sedes Tiberinaque ad ostia venit.
Huc omnis populi passim matrumque patrumque
730obvia turba ruit, quaeque ignes, Troica, servant,
Vesta, tuos, laetoque deum clamore salutant.
Quaque per adversas navis cita ducitur undas,
tura super ripas aris ex ordine factis
parte ab utraque sonant et odorant aera fumis,
735ictaque coniectos incalfacit hostia cultros.
Iamque caput rerum, Romanam intraverat urbem:
erigitur serpens summoque acclinia malo
colla movet sedesque sibi circumspicit aptas.
Scinditur in geminas partes circumfluus amnis
740(Insula nomen habet), laterumque a parte duorum
porrigit aequales media tellure lacertos.
Huc se de Latia pinu Phoebeius anguis
contulit et finem, specie caeleste resumpta,
luctibus imposuit venitque salutifer urbi.
Relate, O Muses, guardian deities
of poets (for you know, and the remote
antiquity conceals it not from you),
the reason why an island, which the deep stream
of Tiber closed about, has introduced
Coronis' child among the deities
guarding the city of famed Romulus.
A dire contagion had infested long
the Latin air, and men's pale bodies were
deformed by a consumption that dried up
the blood. When, frightened by so many deaths,
they found all mortal efforts could avail
them nothing, and physicians' skill had no
effect, they sought the aid of heaven. They sent
envoys to Delphi center of the world,
and they entreated Phoebus to give aid
in their distress, and by response renew
their wasting lives and end a city's woe.
While ground, and laurels and the quivers which
the god hung there all shook, the tripod gave
this answer from the deep recesses hid
within the shrine, and stirred with trembling their
astonished hearts—
“What you are seeking here,
O Romans, you should seek for nearer you.
Then seek it nearer, for you do not need
Apollo to relieve your wasting plague,
you need Apollo's son. Go then to him
with a good omen and invite his aid.”
After the prudent Senate had received
Phoebus Apollo's words, they took much pains
to learn what town the son of Phoebus might
inhabit. They despatched ambassadors
under full sail to the coast of Epidaurus.
When the curved ships had touched the shore, these men
in haste went to the Grecian elders there
and prayed that Rome might have the deity
whose presence would drive out the mortal ill
from their Ausonian nation; for they knew
response unerring had directed them.
The councillors dismayed, could not agree
on their reply: some thought that aid ought not
to be refused, but many more held back,
declaring it was wise to keep the god
for their own safety and not give away
a guardian deity. And, while they talked,
discussing it, the twilight had expelled
the waning day, and darkness on the earth
spread a thick mantle over the wide world.
Then in your sleep, the healing deity
appeared, O Roman leader, by your couch,
as in his temple he is used to stand,
holding in his left hand a rustic staff.
Stroking his long beard with his right, he seemed
to utter from his kindly breast these words:
“Forget your fears; for I will come to you,
and leave my altar. But now look well at
the serpent with its binding folds entwined
around this staff, and accurately mark
it with your eyes that you may recognize it.
I will transform myself into this shape
but of a greater size, I will appear
enlarged and of a magnitude to which
a heavenly being ought to be transformed.”
The god departed, when he said those words;
and sleep went, when the god and words were gone;
and genial light came, when the sleep had left.
The morning then dispersed fire-given stars.
The envoys met together in much doubt
within the temple of the long sought god.
They prayed the god to indicate for them,
by clear celestial tokens, in what spot
he wished to dwell.
Scarce had they ceased the prayer
for guidance, when the god all glittering
with gold and as a serpent, crest erect,
sent forth a hissing as to notify
a quick approach— and in his coming shook
his statue and the altars and the doors,
the marble pavement and the gilded roof.
Then up to his breast the serpent stood erect
within the temple. He gazed on all with eyes
that sparkled fire. The waiting multitude
was frightened; but the priest, his chaste hair bound
with a white fillet, knew the deity.
“Behold the god!” he cried, “It is the god.
Think holy thoughts and walk in reverent silence,
all who are present. Oh, most Beautiful,
let us behold you to our benefit,
and give aid to this people that performs
your sacred rites.”
All present then adored
the deity as bidden by the priest.
The multitude repeated his good words,
and the descendants of Aeneas gave
good omen, with their feelings and their speech.
Nodding well pleased and moving his great crest,
the god at once assured them of his favor
and hissed repeatedly with darting tongue.
And then he glided down the polished steps;
turned back his head; and, ready to depart,
gazed on the altars he had known for so long—
a last salute to the temple of his love.
While all the people strewed his way with flowers,
the great snake wound in sinuous course along
and, passing through the middle of their town,
came to the harbor and its curving wall.
He stopped there, and it seemed that he dismissed
his train and dutiful attendant crowd,
and with a placid countenance he placed
his mighty body in the Ausonian ship,
which plainly showed the great weight of the god.
The glad descendants of Aeneas all
rejoiced, and they sacrificed a bull beside
the harbor, wreathed the ship with flowers, and loosed
the twisted hawsers from the shore. As a soft breeze
impelled the ship, within her curving stern
the god reclined, his coils uprising high,
and gazed down on the blue Ionian waves.
So wafted by the favoring winds, they came
in six days to the shores of Italy.
There he was borne past the Lacinian Cape,
ennobled by the goddess Juno's shrine,
and Scylacean coasts. He left behind
Iapygia; then he shunned Amphrysian rocks
upon the left and on the other side
escaped Cocinthian crags. He passed, near by,
Romechium and Caulon and Naricia;
crossed the Sicilian sea; went through the strait;
sailed by Pelorus and the island home
of Aeolus and by the copper mines
of Temesa. He turned then toward Leucosia
and toward mild Paestum, famous for the rose.
He coasted by Capreae and around
Minerva's promontory and the hills
ennobled with Surrentine vines, from there
to Herculaneum and Stabiae
and then Parthenope built for soft ease.
He sailed near the Cumaean Sibyl's temple.
He passed the Warm Springs and Linternum, where
the mastick trees grow, and the river called
Volturnus, where thick sand whirls in the stream,
over to Sinuessa's snow-white doves;
and then to Antium and its rocky coast.
When with all sails full spread the ship came in
the harbor there (for now the seas grew rough),
the god uncoiled his folds, and, gliding out
with sinuous curves and all his mighty length,
entered the temple of his parent, where
it skirts that yellow shore. But, when the sea
was calm again, the Epidaurian god
departing from his father's shrine, where he
a while had shared the sacred residence
reared to a kindred deity, furrowed
the sandy shore with weight of crackling scales,
again he climbed into the lofty stern
and near the rudder laid his head at rest.
There he remained until the vessel passed
by Castrum and Lavinium's sacred homes
to where the Tiber flows into the sea
there all the people of Rome came rushing out—
mothers and fathers and even those who tend
your sacred fire, O Trojan goddess Vesta—
and joyous shouted welcome to the god.
Wherever the swift ship steered through the tide,
they built up many altars in a line,
so that perfuming frankincense with smoke
crackled along the banks on either hand,
and victims made the keen knives hot with blood.
The serpent-deity has entered Rome,
the world's new capital and, lifting up
his head above the summit of the mast,
looked far and near for a congenial home.
The river there, dividing, flows about
a place known as the Island, on both sides
an equal stream glides past dry middle ground.
And here the serpent child of Phoebus left
the Roman ship, took his own heavenly form,
and brought the mourning city health once more
Aesculapius, the god, saves Rome from plague

You Muses, goddesses present to poets, reveal, now (since you know, and spacious time cannot betray you) where Aesculapius, son of Coronis, came from, to be joined to the gods of Romulus�s city, that the deep Tiber flows around.

Once, plague tainted the air of Latium, and people�s bodies were ravaged by disease, pallid and bloodless. When they saw that their efforts were useless, and medical skill was useless, wearied with funeral rites, they sought help from the heavens, and travelled to Delphi, set at the centre of the earth, to the oracle of Phoebus, and prayed that he would aid them, in their misery, by a health-giving prophecy, and end their great city�s evil. The ground, the laurel-tree, and the quiver he holds himself, trembled together, and the tripod responded with these words, from the innermost sanctuary, troubling their fearful minds: �You should have looked in a nearer place, Romans, for what you seek here: even now, look for it from that nearer place: your help is not from Apollo, to lessen your pain, but Apollo�s son. Go, with good omens, and fetch my child.�

When the senate, in its wisdom, heard the god�s command, it made enquiries as to the city where Phoebus�s son lived, and sent an embassy to sail to the coast of Epidaurus. As soon as the curved ship touched shore, the embassy went to the council of Greek elders, and begged them to give up the god, who, by his presence, might prevent the death of the Ausonian race: so the oracle truly commanded. They disagreed, and were of various minds: some thought that help could not be refused: the majority recommended the god should be kept, and their own wealth not released, or surrendered.

While they wavered, as dusk dispelled the lingering light, and darkness covered the countries of the earth with shadow, then, in your dreams, Aesculapius, god of healing, seemed to stand before your bed, Roman, just as he is seen in his temple, holding a rustic staff in his left hand, and stroking his long beard with his right, and with a calm voice, speaking these words: �Have no fear! I will come, and I will leave a statue of myself behind. Take a good look at this snake, that winds, in knots, round my staff, and keep it in your sight continually, until you know it! I will change into this, but greater in size, seeming as great as a celestial body should be when it changes.� The god vanished with the voice, at once: and sleep, with the voice, and the god: and as sleep fled, kind day dawned.

When morning had put the bright stars to flight, the leaders, still unsure what to do, gathered at the temple complex of that god whom the Romans sought, and begged him to show them by some divine token where he himself wanted to live. They had hardly ceased speaking, when the golden god, in the likeness of a serpent with a tall crest, gave out a hiss as a harbinger of his presence, and by his coming, rocked the statue, the doors, the marble pavement, and the gilded roof. Then he stopped, in the middle of the temple, raising himself breast-high, and gazed round, with eyes flashing fire.

The terrified crowd trembled, but the priest, his sacred locks tied with a white band, knew the divine one, and cried: �The god, behold, it is the god! Restrain your minds and tongues, whoever is here! Let the sight of you, O most beautiful one, work for us, and help the people worshipping at your shrine!� Whoever was there, worshipped the god, as they were told, and all re-echoed the priest�s words, and the Romans gave dutiful support, with mind and voice.

The god nodded, and shook his crest, confirming his favour, by hissing three times in succession, with his flickering tongue. Then he glided down the gleaming steps, and turning his head backwards, gazed at the ancient altars he was abandoning, and saluted his accustomed house, and the temple where he had lived. From there the vast serpent slid over the flower-strewn ground, flexing his body, and made his way through the city centre to the harbour, protected by its curved embankment. He halted there, and, appearing to dismiss the dutiful throng, with a calm expression, settled his body down in the Ausonian ship. It felt the divine burden, and the keel sank under the god�s weight. The Romans were joyful, and, sacrificing a bull on the shore, they loosed the twisted cables of their wreath-crowned ship. A gentle breeze drove the vessel: the god arching skyward, rested his neck heavily on the curving sternpost, and gazed at the dark blue waters.

With gentle breezes he reached Italy, over the Ionian Sea, on the sixth morning. He passed the shores of Lacinium, famous for Juno�s temple, and Scylaceum; he left Iapygia, and avoided the rocks of Amphrisia to larboard, the cliffs of Cocinthia to starboard; he coasted by Romethium, by Caulon and Narycia: he passed the narrow strait of Sicilian Pelorus, and the home of King Aeolus, and the mines of Temese, and headed for Leucosia and the rose-gardens of gentle Paestum.

From there he skirted Capri, and Minerva�s promontory, and Surrentum�s hills well-stocked with vines, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Parthenope, born for idleness, and headed for the temple of the Cumean Sibyl. By Baiae�s hot pools; and Liternum�s lentisk trees; and the River Volturnus, dragging quantities of sand along in its floodwaters; and Sinuessa, frequented by white doves; and unhealthy Minturnae; and Ca�eta, named after her whom Aeneas her foster-son buried; and the home of Antiphates; and marsh-surrounded Trachas; and Circe�s land; and Antium�s firm shore.

When the sailors steered their ship, under sail, to the place (since the sea was now rough) the god unwound his coils, and gliding along, fold after fold, in giant curves, entered his father Apollo�s temple, bordering the yellow strand. When the sea was calm, the Epidaurian left the paternal altars, and having enjoyed the hospitality of his divine father, furrowed the sandy shore as he dragged his rasping scales along, and climbing the rudder, rested his head on the ship�s high sternpost, until he came to Castrum, the sacred city of Lavinium, and the Tiber�s mouths.

All the people, men and women alike, had come thronging from every side, in a crowd, to meet him, along with those who serve your flames, Trojan Vesta, and they hailed the god with joyful cries. As the swift ship sailed up-stream, incense burned with a crackling sound on a series of altars on either bank, and the fumes perfumed the air, and the slaughtered victims bled heat on the sacrificial knives.

Now it entered Rome, the capital of the world. The snake stood erect, and resting his neck on the mast�s summit, turned, and looked for places fit for him to live. The river splits here into two branches, flowing round what is named the Island, stretching its two arms out equally on both sides, with the land between. There the serpent-child of Phoebus landed, and, resuming his divine form, made an end to grief, and came as a health-giver to the city.

745Hic tamen accessit delubris advena nostris:
Caesar in urbe sua deus est; quem Marte togaque
praecipuum non bella magis finita triumphis
resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum
in sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem,
750quam sua progenies; neque enim de Caesaris actis
ullum maius opus, quam quod pater exstitit huius:
scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos
perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili
victrices egisse rates Numidasque rebelles
755Cinyphiumque Iubam Mithridateisque tumentem
nominibus Pontum populo adiecisse Quirini
et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos,
quam tantum genuisse virum? Quo praeside rerum
humano generi, superi, favistis abunde!
760Ne foret hic igitur mortali semine cretus,
ille deus faciendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit
Aeneae genetrix, vidit quoque triste parari
pontifici letum et coniurata arma moveri,
palluit et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, divis
765“adspice” dicebat, “quanta mihi mole parentur
insidiae quantaque caput cum fraude petatur,
quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat Iulo.
Solane semper ero iustis exercita curis,
quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta,
770nunc male defensae confundant moenia Troiae,
quae videam natum longis erroribus actum
iactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum
bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur,
cum Iunone magis? Quid nunc antiqua recordor
775damna mei generis? Timor hic meminisse priorum
non sinit: en acui sceleratos cernitis enses?
Quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite, neve
caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae!”
Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo
780verba iacit superosque movet, qui rumpere quamquam
ferrea non possunt veterum decreta sororum,
signa tamen luctus dant haud incerta futuri.
Arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes
terribilesque tubas auditaque cornua caelo
785praemonuisse nefas; solis quoque tristis imago
lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris.
Saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris,
saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae.
Caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra
790sparsus erat, sparsi Lunares sanguine currus.
Tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo,
mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur
auditi sanctis et verba minantia lucis.
Victima nulla litat magnosque instare tumultus
795fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis.
Inque foro circumque domos et templa deorum
nocturnos ululasse canes umbrasque silentum
erravisse ferunt motamque tremoribus urbem.
Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata
800praemonitus potuere deum, strictique feruntur
in templum gladii; neque enim locus ullus in urbe
ad facinus diramque placet nisi curia, caedem.
Tum vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque
pectus et Aeneaden molitur condere nube,
805qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae
et Diomedeos Aeneas fugerat enses.
Talibus hanc genitor: “Sola insuperabile fatum,
nata, movere paras? Intres licet ipsa sororum
tecta trium: cernes illic molimine vasto
810ex aere et solido rerum tabularia ferro,
quae neque concussum caeli neque fulminis iram
nec metuunt ullas tuta atque aeterna ruinas.
Invenies illic incisa adamante perenni
fata tui generis: legi ipse animoque notavi
815et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri.
Hic sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras,
tempora, perfectis, quos terrae debuit, annis.
Ut deus accedat caelo templisque colatur,
tu facies natusque suus, qui nominis heres
820impositum feret unus onus caesique parentis
nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit.
Illius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem
victa petent Mutinae, Pharsalia sentiet illum.
Emathiique iterum madefient caede Philippi,
825et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis,
Romanique ducis coniunx Aegyptia taedae
non bene fisa cadet, frustraque erit illa minata,
servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo.
Quid tibi barbariem, gentesque ab utroque iacentes
830oceano numerem? Quodcumque habitabile tellus
sustinet, huius erit: pontus quoque serviet illi!
Pace data terris animum ad civilia vertet
iura suum legesque feret iustissimus auctor
exemploque suo mores reget inque futuri
835temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum
prospiciens prolem sancta de coniuge natam
ferre simul nomenque suum curasque iubebit,
nec nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos,
aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget.
840Hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam
fac iubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque
divus ab excelsa prospectet Iulius aede.”
Apollo's son came to us from abroad,
but Caesar is a god in his own land.
The first in war and peace, he rose by wars,
which closed in triumphs, and by civic deeds
to glory quickly won, and even more
his offspring's love exalted him as a new,
a heavenly, sign and brightly flaming star.
Of all the achievements of great Julius Caesar
not one is more ennobling to his fame
than being father of his glorious son.
Was it more glorious for him to subdue
the Britons guarded by their sheltering sea
or lead his fleet victorious up the stream
seven mouthed of the papyrus hearing Nile;
to bring beneath the Roman people s rule
rebel Numidia, Libyan Juba, and
strong Pontus, proud of Mithridates' fame;
to have some triumphs and deserve far more;
than to be father of so great a man,
with whom as ruler of the human race,
O gods, you bless us past all reckoning?
And, lest that son should come from mortal seed,
Julius Caesar must change and be a god.
When the golden mother of Aeneas was
aware of this and saw a grievous end
plotted against her high priest, saw the armed
conspiracy preparing for his death,
with pallid face she met each god and said:
“Look with what might this plot prepares itself
against my cause; with how much guile it dooms
the head which is the last that I have left
from old-time Iulus, prince and heir of Troy.
Shall I alone be harassed through all time
by fear well grounded? First the son of Tydeus
must wound me with his Calydonian spear;
and then I tremble at the tottering walls
of ill defended Troy; I watch my son
driven in long wanderings, tossed upon the sea,
descending to the realm of silent shades,
and waging war with Turnus—or, if I should speak
the truth, with Juno! Why do I recall
disasters of my race from long ago?
The present dread forbids my looking back
at ills now past. See how the wicked swords
are whetted for the crime! Forbid it now,
I pray you, and prevent the deed,
let not the priest's warm blood quench vestal fires!”
Such words as these, full of her anxious thoughts,
Venus proclaimed through all the heavens, in vain.
The gods were moved, and, since they could not break
the ancient sisters' iron decree, they gave
instead clear portents of approaching woe.
It is declared, resounding arms heard from
the black clouds and unearthly trumpet blasts
and clarions heard through all the highest heavens,
forewarned men of the crime. The sad sun's face
gave to the frightened world a livid light;
and in the night-time torches seemed to burn
amid the stars, and often drops of blood
fell in rain-showers. Then Lucifer shone blue
with all his visage stained by darksome rust.
The chariot of the moon was sprinkled with
red blood. The Stygian owl gave to the world
ill omens. In a thousand places, tears
were shed by the ivory statues. Dirges, too,
are said to have been heard, and threatening words
by unknown speakers in the sacred groves.
No victim gave an omen of good life:
the fibers showed great tumults imminent,
the liver's cut-off edge was found among
the entrails. In the Forum, it is said,
and round men's homes and temples of the gods
dogs howled all through the night, and silent shades
wandered abroad, and earthquakes shook the city.
But portents of the gods could not avert
the plots of men and stay approaching fate.
Into a temple naked swords were brought—
into the Senate House. No other place
in all our city was considered fit
for perpetrating such a dreadful crime!
With both hands Cytherea beat her breast,
and in a cloud she strove to hide the last
of great Aeneas' line, as in times past
she had hid Paris from fierce Menelaus
Aeneas from the blade of Diomed.
But Jove, her father, cautioned her and said,
“Do you my daughter, without aid, alone,
attempt to change the fixed decrees of Fate?
Unaided you may enter the abode
of the three sisters and can witness there
a register of deeds the future brings.
These, wrought of brass and solid iron with
vast labor, are unchangeable through all
eternity; and have no weakening fears
of thunder-shocks from heaven, nor from the rage
of lightnings they are perfectly secure
from all destruction. You will surely find
the destinies of your descendants there,
engraved in everlasting adamant.
'Tis certain. I myself, have read them there:
and I, with care have marked them in my mind.
I will repeat them so that you may have
unerring knowledge of those future days.
“Venus, the man on whose behalf you are
so anxious, already has completed his
alloted time. The years are ended which
he owed to life on earth. You with his son,
who now as heir to his estate must bear
the burden of that government, will cause
him, as a deity, to reach the heavens,
and to be worshipped in the temples here.
“The valiant son will plan revenge on those
who killed his father and will have our aid
in all his battles. The defeated walls
of scarred Mutina, which he will besiege,
shall sue for peace. Pharsalia's plain will dread
his power and Macedonian Philippi
be drenched with blood a second time, the name
of one acclaimed as ‘Great’ shall be subdued
in the Sicilian waves. Then Egypt's queen,
wife of the Roman general, Antony,
shall fall, while vainly trusting in his word,
while vainly threatening that our Capitol
must be submissive to Canopus' power.
“Why should I mention all the barbarous lands
and nations east and west by ocean's rim?
Whatever habitable earth contains
shall bow to him, the sea shall serve his will!
“With peace established over all the lands,
he then will turn his mind to civil rule
and as a prudent legislator will
enact wise laws. And he will regulate
the manners of his people by his own
example. Looking forward to the days
of future time and of posterity,
he will command the offspring born of his
devoted wife, to assume the imperial name
and the burden of his cares. Nor till his age
shall equal Nestor's years will he ascend
to heavenly dwellings and his kindred stars.
Meanwhile transform the soul, which shall be reft
from this doomed body, to a starry light,
that always god-like Julius may look down
in future from his heavenly residence
upon our Forum and our Capitol.”
Jupiter hardly had pronounced these words,
when kindly Venus, although seen by none,
The deification of Julius Caesar

Though Aesculapius came as a stranger to our temples, Caesar is a god in his own city. Outstanding in war or peace, it was not so much his wars that ended in great victories, or his actions at home, or his swiftly won fame, that set him among the stars, a fiery comet, as his descendant. There is no greater achievement among Caesar�s actions than that he stood father to our emperor. Is it a greater thing to have conquered the sea-going Britons; to have lead his victorious ships up the seven-mouthed flood of the papyrus-bearing Nile; to have brought the rebellious Numidians, under Juba of Cinyps, and Pontus, swollen with the name of Mithridates, under the people of Quirinus; to have earned many triumphs and celebrated few; than to have sponsored such a man, with whom, as ruler of all, you gods have richly favoured the human race? Therefore, in order for the emperor not to have been born of mortal seed, Caesar needed to be made a god.

When Venus, the golden mother of Aeneas, saw this, and also saw that a grim death was being readied for Caesar, her high-priest, and an armed conspiracy was under way, she grew pale and said to every god in turn: �See the nest of tricks being prepared against me, and with what treachery that life is being attacked, all that is left to me of Trojan I�lus. Will I be the only one always to be troubled by well-founded anxiety: now Diomede�s Calydonian spear wounds me: now the ill-defended walls of Troy confound me, seeing my son Aeneas driven to endless wandering, storm-tossed, entering the silent house of shadows, waging war against Turnus, or, if we speak the truth, with Juno, rather? Why do I recall, now, the ancient sufferings of my race? This present fear inhibits memory of the past: look at those evil knives being sharpened. Prevent them, I beg you, thwart this attempt, and do not allow Vesta�s flames to be quenched by the blood of her priest!�

Venus in her anxiety voiced her fears throughout the heavens, but in vain, troubling the gods, who though they could not break the iron rules of the ancient sisters, nevertheless gave no uncertain omens of imminent disaster. They say weapons, clashing among black clouds, and terrifying trumpets and horns, foretelling crime, were heard from the sky: and that the face of the sun, darkened, gave out a lurid light, over the troubled earth. Often, firebrands were seen, burning in the midst of the stars: often drops of blood rained from the clouds: Lucifer, the morning star, was dulled, with rust-black spots on his disc, and the moon�s chariot was spattered with blood.

The Stygian owl sounded its sad omens in a thousand�� places: in a thousand places ivory statues wept: and incantations, and warning words, were said to have been heard in the sacred groves. No sacrifice was favourable, and the livers were found with cleft lobes, among the entrails, warning of great and impending civil conflict. In the forum, and around men�s houses, and the temples of the gods, dogs howled at night, and they say the silent dead walked, and earthquakes shook the city. Still the gods� warnings could not prevent the conspiracy, or fate�s fulfillment.

Drawn swords were carried into the curia, the sacred senate house: no place in the city would satisfy them, as scene for the act of evil murder, but this. Then in truth Cytherean Venus struck her breast with both hands, and tried to hide Caesar in a cloud, as Paris was once snatched from the attack of Atrides, and Aeneas escaped Diomede�s sword.�

Then Jupiter, the father, spoke: �Alone, do you think you will move the immoveable fates, daughter? You are allowed yourself to enter the house of the three: there you will see all things written, a vast labour, in bronze and solid iron, that, eternal and secure, does not fear the clashing of the skies, the lightning�s anger, or any forces of destruction. There you will find the fate of your descendants cut in everlasting adamant. I have read them myself, and taken note of them in my mind, and I will tell you, so that you are no longer blind to the future.��������������

This descendant of yours you suffer over, Cytherean, has fulfilled his time, and the years he owes to earth are done. You, and Augustus, his �son�, will ensure that he ascends to heaven as a god, and is worshipped in the temples. Augustus, as heir to his name, will carry the burden placed upon him alone, and will have us with him, in battle, as the most courageous avenger of his father�s murder. Under his command, the conquered walls of besieged Mutina will sue for peace; Pharsalia will know him; Macedonian Philippi twice flow with blood; and the one who holds Pompey�s great name, will be defeated in Sicilian waters; and a Roman general�s Egyptian consort, trusting, to her cost, in their marriage, will fall, her threat that our Capitol would bow to her city of Canopus, proved vain.

Why enumerate foreign countries, for you, or the nations living on either ocean shore? Wherever earth contains habitable land, it will be his: and even the sea will serve him!

When the world is at peace, he will turn his mind to the civil code, and, as the most just of legislators, make law. He will direct morality by his own example, and, looking to the future ages and coming generations, he will order a son, Tiberius, born of his virtuous wife, to take his name, and his responsibilities. He will not attain his heavenly home, and the stars, his kindred, until he is old, and his years equal his merits. Meanwhile take up Caesar�s spirit from his murdered corpse, and change it into a star, so that the deified Julius may always look down from his high temple on our Capitol and forum.�

Vix ea fatus erat, media cum sede senatus
constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique
845Caesaris eripuit membris neque in aera solvi
passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris.
Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit
emisitque sinu: luna volat altius illa,
flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem
850stella micat natique videns bene facta fatetur
esse suis maiora et vinci gaudet ab illo.
Hic sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta paternis,
libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia iussis
invitum praefert unaque in parte repugnat:
855sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus,
Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vicit Achilles;
denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar,
sic et Saturnus minor est Iove: Iuppiter arces
temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis,
860terra sub Augusto est; pater est et rector uterque.
Di, precor, Aeneae comites, quibus ensis et ignis
cesserunt, dique Indigetes genitorque Quirine
urbis et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini,
Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata penates,
865et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta,
quique tenes altus Tarpeias Iuppiter arces,
quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque est:
tarda sit illa dies et nostro serior aevo,
qua caput Augustum, quem temperat, orbe relicto
870accedat caelo faveatque precantibus absens!
stood in the middle of the Senate-house,
and caught from the dying limbs and trunk
of her own Caesar his departing soul.
She did not give it time so that it could
dissolve in air, but bore it quickly up,
toward all the stars of heaven; and on the way,
she saw it gleam and blaze and set it free.
Above the moon it mounted into heaven,
leaving behind a long and fiery trail,
and as a star it glittered in the sky.
There, wondering at the younger Caesar's deeds,
Julius confessed they were superior
to all of his, and he rejoiced because
his son was greater even than himself.
Although the son forbade men to regard
his own deeds as the: mightier! Fame, that moves
free and untrammelled by the laws of men,
preferred him even against his own desire
and in that one point disobeyed his will.
And so great Atreus yields to greater fame
of Agamemnon, Aegeus yields to Theseus,
and Peleus to Achilles, or, to name
a parallel befitting these two gods,
so Saturn yields to Jove. Now Jupiter
rules in high heavens and is the suzerain
over the waters and the world of shades,
and now Augustus rules in all the lands—
so each is both a father and a god.
Gods who once guarded our Aeneas, when
both swords and fire gave way, and native gods
of Italy, and Father Quirinus—
patron of Rome, and you Gradivus too—
the sire of Quirinus the invincible,
and Vesta hallowed among Caesar's gods,
and Phoebus ever worshipped at his hearth,
and Jupiter who rules the citadel
high on Tarpeia's cliff, and other gods—
all gods to whom a poet rightfully
and with all piety may make appeal;
far be that day—postponed beyond our time,
when great Augustus shall foresake the earth
which he now governs, and mount up to heaven,
Ovid�s celebration of Augustus

He had barely finished, when gentle Venus stood in the midst of the senate, seen by no one, and took up the newly freed spirit of her Caesar from his body, and preventing it from vanishing into the air, carried it towards the glorious stars. As she carried it, she felt it glow and take fire, and loosed it from her breast: it climbed higher than the moon, and drawing behind it a fiery tail, shone as a star.

Seeing his son�s good works, Caesar acknowledges they are greater than his own, and delights in being surpassed by him. Though the son forbids his own actions being honoured above his father�s, nevertheless fame, free and obedient to no one�s orders, exalts him, despite himself, and denies him in this one thing. So great Atreus cedes the title to Agamemnon: so Theseus outdoes Aegeus, and Achilles his father Peleus: and lastly, to quote an example worthy of these two, so Saturn is less than Jove.

Jupiter commands the heavenly citadels, and the kingdoms of the threefold universe. Earth is ruled by Augustus. Each is a father and a master. You gods, the friends of Aeneas, to whom fire and sword gave way; you deities of Italy; and Romulus, founder of our city; and Mars, father of Romulus; Vesta, Diana, sacred among Caesar�s ancestral gods, and you, Phoebus, sharing the temple with Caesar�s Vesta; you, Jupiter who hold the high Tarpeian citadel; and all you other gods, whom it is fitting and holy for a poet to invoke, I beg that the day be slow to arrive, and beyond our own lifetime, when Augustus shall rise to heaven, leaving the world he rules, and there, far off, shall listen, with favour, to our prayers!

Iamque opus exegi, quod nec Iovis ira nec ignis
nec poterit ferrum nec edax abolere vetustas.
Cum volet, illa dies, quae nil nisi corporis huius
ius habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi:
875parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis
astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum,
quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris,
ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama,
siquid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam.
from that far height to hear his people's prayers!
And now, I have completed a great work,
which not Jove's anger, and not fire nor steel,
nor fast-consuming time can sweep away.
Whenever it will, let the day come, which has
dominion only over this mortal frame,
and end for me the uncertain course of life.
Yet in my better part I shall be borne
immortal, far above the stars on high,
and mine shall be a name indelible.
Wherever Roman power extends her sway
over the conquered lands, I shall be read
by lips of men. If Poets' prophecies
Ovid�s Envoi

And now the work is done, that Jupiter�s anger, fire or sword cannot erase, nor the gnawing tooth of time. Let that day, that only has power over my body, end, when it will, my uncertain span of years: yet the best part of me will be borne, immortal, beyond the distant stars. Wherever Rome�s influence extends, over the lands it has civilised, I will be spoken, on people�s lips: and, famous through all the ages, if there is truth in poet�s prophecies, �vivam - I shall live.

The End of Ovid's Metamorphoses // Back to the Beginning

Ovid's Metamorphoses · Humanistica Digitalia

Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892 · English: Brookes More, 1922 & A.S. Kline, 2000 · Greek: Βλάνδης (Vlandis), Βενετία 1798 (Books I–VIII)

Prepared and curated by Dr. Maria Papadopoulou, Ass. Professor in Digital Humanities and Classics, Department of Philology (Classics Division), University of Crete

Licence: All source texts are open editions. The reading interface is freely accessible and reusable in support of open scholarship in the humanities.·CC BY-NC-SA 4.0