Book I
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Invocation
I want to speak about bodies changed into new forms. You, gods, since you are the ones who alter these, and all other things, inspire my attempt, and spin out a continuous thread of words, from the world's first origins to my own time.
Before there was earth or sea or the sky that covers everything, Nature appeared the same throughout the whole world: what we call chaos: a raw confused mass, nothing but inert matter, badly combined discordant atoms of things, confused in the one place. There was no Titan yet, shining his light on the world, or waxing Phoebe renewing her white horns, or the earth hovering in surrounding air balanced by her own weight, or watery Amphitrite stretching out her arms along the vast shores of the world. Though there was land and sea and air, it was unstable land, unswimmable water, air needing light. Nothing retained its shape, one thing obstructed another, because in the one body, cold fought with heat, moist with dry, soft with hard, and weight with weightless things.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'.
Περὶ τῆς Χάους, ὅπου μετεβλήθη εἰς τὰ τέσσαρα Στοιχεῖα.
ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ.
Ἡ Χάος, κατὰ τὸν Ἡσίοδον εἰς τὸ ποίημα τῆς Θεογονίας, ἦτον μία σύγχυσις, μία ἀδιάκριτος μάζα ἀπράγματος, τὰ ὁποῖα μετὰ ταῦτα ἐχωρίσθησαν εἰς τὴν τάξιν, ὁποὺ ἔχουσι τώρα· τὸ μὲν πῦρ, καὶ ὁ ἀήρ, ὡς ἐλαφρότερα τῶν ἄλλων σωμάτων, ἔλαβον τὴν θέσιν των εἰς τὸ ἄνω μέρος τοῦ παντός, ἡ δὲ γῆ, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ, ὡς βαρύτερα εἰς τὸ κατώτερον.
ΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΝ.
Πρῶτα γὰρ ἦτον ἡ Γῆ, ἢ δὲ ἡ Θάλασσα, ἐπροτοῦ νὰ γίνῃ ὁ τὰ πάντα καλύπτων Οὐρανός, ἡ Φύσις τοῦ Παντὸς εἶχε μόνον μίαν μορφήν, ἡ δὲ ἦτον ἄλλο τι, εἰμὴ ἕνας σωρὸς ἀνείδεος, ἕνα μίγμα, τὸ ὁποῖον, μὲ ὅλον ὁποῦ περεῖχεν ὅλας τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν πραγμάτων, δὲν ἠδύνατο ὅμως νὰ βλαστήσῃ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τίποτε. Ὁ λαμπρὸς ὀφθαλμὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ὁποῦ δίδει τὸ φῶς εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, καὶ ἡ Σελήνη ἡ συχνάκις μεταβαλλομένη, δὲν ἦσαν τίποτε. Ἡ Γῆ ἐπειδομένη εἰς τὸν ἑαυτόν της, ἐσύρετο, ἢ ἐσπαρασσόμενη ἀπὸ τὸ ἴδιον της βάρος, χωρὶς νὰ κρέμαται εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον τώρα περικυκλώνεται. Ἡ Θάλασσα δὲν εἶχεν ἁπλώσει τὰς ἀγκάλας της, διὰ νὰ ἀγκαλιάσῃ, ἢ νὰ περιεργυρίσῃ πόσον μεγάλα μέρη τῆς Γῆς, ἀλλ' οὔτε ἦταν γῆ, οὔτε ἀνεῦρίσκετο ἢ ἀὴρ, ἢ ὕδωρ. Κατ' ἐκεῖνον λοιπὸν τὸν
Ἔτσι ἡ Γῆ δεν εἶχε καμμίας σταθερότητα, τὸ ὕδωρ ἦτον ἀπήκτον, ἢ ὁ ἀήρ ἦτον ἀκαθάρτος, καὶ ἀδιαφανής, καὶ οὐδὲ λόγῳ κανένα πράγμα ὅσα εἶχε μορφή. Κάθε πράγμα ἐγίνετο ἐμπόδιον εἰς τὸ ἄλλο, ἐπειδὴ εἰς ἕνα καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σῶμα ἐμάχετο τὸ θερμὸν μὲ τὴν ψυχρότητα, τὸ ξηρὸν μὲ τὴν ὑγρότητα, ἢ τὰ ὑγρότερα ἐμάχοντο μὲ τὰ ξηρότερα, ἢ ἔτσι ἐλάμβανον αἴτια ἢ τὰ ἐλαφρότερα νὰ φιλονεικῶ μὲ τὰ βαρύτερα. Ὁ Θεὸς ὅμως, ὁ Κύριος τῆς φύσεως κατέπαυσεν αὐτὰς τὰς διαφορὰς, ἐξεχωρίζοντας τὸν Οὐρανὸν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, τὴν δὲ γῆν ἀπὸ τὰ ὕδατα, ἢ τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὸν αἴθερα, δηλαδὴ ἀπὸ τὸ λεπτότατον, ἢ καθαρώτατον μέρος τοῦ ἀέρος.
Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ὅλα αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα ἐξεχωρίσθησαν, ὁψαίνοντες ἀπὸ τὸ σκότος, καὶ τὴν σύγχυσιν, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πρότερον ἦσαν καταβεβυθισμένα, ἐβάλθησαν καθ᾽ ἕνα ἐξεχωρισμένα· εἶχον ὅμως ἀναμεσόν τους κοινωνίαν, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Θεὸς ἔνδεσεν εἰς αὐτὰ φιλίαν ἢ εἰρήνην. Τὸ πῦρ λοιπὸν ὄντας φυσικὰ ἐλαφρότερον ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα σώματα, ἐξεχωρίσθη νὰ ἵσταται εἰς τὸ ἀνώτατον μέρος τοῦ παντός· ὁ ἀήρ, ὡς μετὰ τὸ πῦρ ἐλαφρότερος τῶν ἄλλων σωμάτων, διετάχθη νὰ ἔχνει ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸ πῦρ· ἡ δὲ γῆ ὡς στερεά, ἢ βαρύτερα, ἐστάθη εἰς τὸ κατώτατον μέρος, ὅπου ἡ ἰδία της βαρύτης τὴν ἐσταμάτησε, ἢ τὸ ὕδωρ περιεχύθη εἰς τὸ στερεὸν ἢ ἀπήκτον στοιχεῖον τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὁποίαν κατά τινα τρόπον τὴν περιέζωσαν.
ΑΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ
This conflict was ended by a god and a greater order of nature, since he split off the earth from the sky, and the sea from the land, and divided the transparent heavens from the dense air. When he had disentangled the elements, and freed them from the obscure mass, he fixed them in separate spaces in harmonious peace. The weightless fire, that forms the heavens, darted upwards to make its home in the furthest heights. Next came air in lightness and place. Earth, heavier than either of these, drew down the largest elements, and was compressed by its own weight. The surrounding water took up the last space and enclosed the solid world.
Εἰς σχεδίως κατ' ἀρχάς, ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἐφύτευσα νὰ ὁμιλήσω διὰ τὸ Χάος, ἐπειδὴ ὁ σκοπός τῆς Ἀλληγορείας τῶν εἶναι ἡ ἐξήγησις τῶν Μύθων, ὅτι τὸ μέρος τῆς Μεταμορφώσεων τοῦ Ὀβιδίου, ὅπου ἀναγιγνώσκεται μία τόσον εὔμορφη περιγραφὴ τῆς πλάσεως τοῦ Κόσμου, δὲν ἀρκεῖσκει νὰ συνδεδεμένη μὲ τοὺς Μύθους. Καὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, εἰς τὸ Χάος, ὡς τινες ἐπίστασις, ὡς πεῖν νὰ ὑποθέσῃ ὡς τοῦ Μουσαίου, αὐτὴ ἡ διήγησις, ὅπου ἡμεῖς ἀνεδιαλάβαμε εἰς τὸ Βιβλίον, δὲν εἶναι ὅλως Μῦθος, καὶ παλλάκι εἰς τὸν πολλὰ πίστευσον ὅτι ὁ Ὀβίδιος τὴν συμφωνίαν πολὺ εἶπε, διὰ τί ἀληθῶς πῶς ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὀνομάσῃ μεταμόρφωσιν ἐκείνο, ὅπου ἦ μόνον χρεισμὸς, ἢ μεταποίησις, καὶ ὄχι μεταβολὴ τῆς φύσεως, διὸ τὸ τῆς ἰδέας κατὰ τὸν Ἡσίοδον, τὸ Χάος ἦτον ἕνα μῖγμα ἀσαφῶν πραγμάτων, ἠμπόρησα μετὰ λόγου να εἰπωμεν πῶς ἦγινε μεταμόρφωσις, εἰς κατάστασιν, ὅπου δὲν ἦγινε μεταμόρφωσις, ἀλλὰ μόνον μία διαίρεσις, καὶ ἕνας χωρισμὸς ἑνὸς πράγματος ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο, ἢ πεῖν λοιπὸν νὰ πιστεύσωμεν ὅτι καὶ ὁ Ὀβίδιος μὲ ὄνομα Χάος εἴπωσε τὸ μηδέν. Τὸ αἴτιον δέ, ὅπου τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ τὸ ὀνομάσῃ μεταμόρφωσιν, δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο, παρὰ τὸ νὰ ἐννοήσῃ, ὅτι τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο ἔργον, ἡ πλάσις τοῦ Κόσμου ποῦ περίεσσε μὲ δίκαιον τρόπον νὰ ὀνομάσῃ διὰ τὴ μεταμορφώσεων εἰς Βιβλίον ποῦ εἶχεν, ὅπου ὀνοματοζόμενον τώρα Ποῦ, ἐξ ἐμοῦ μεταμόρφωσις: ἢ ἐκ ταύτου τὸν ἐπαμφοτέρισῃ ἡ ἀξιέπαινος αὐτοῦ συμπεριφορεύση ἀνάμεσα τὰ φιλοδοξία, ὅτι οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅσα ἐλάλησαν διὰ δοῦ παλαιοῦ, καὶ διὰ διδασκαλίαν, τῷ ὁποίας μειρακίοι ἐδιδάχθησαν ἁπλῶς, καθῶς τὸν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 5
ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἡμπόρευσιν δύσκολως νὰ λάβωσιν δι' αὐτοῦ ὅλα τὰ ἐφάγματα παντὸς Θεοῦ, ὡς τὶς ἔδωκε εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὴν δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἀγαθήν, ἢ κακήν, ἢ ὡς τὶς τὰς κακὰς ἐργαγμένας ζωὰς τιμωρεῖ. Πρῶτον δὲ λέγει περὶ τῆς γενέσεως τοῦ Χάους, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον, κατὰ τοὺς Ποιητάς, ἐγίνεν ὁ Κόσμος, ἢ τὸ ὁποῖον ὑπῆρχε ἀπὸ αἰώνων, ἐκλήφθη κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τοῦ Ποιητοῦ, ἥτις δὲν συμφωνῇ κατὰ πάντα αὐτὴ ἡ γνώμη μὲ τὴν Θείαν Γραφήν, πλησιάζει ὅμως περισσότερον εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν, παρὰ ἐκείνη τῶν Δημοσθένη, ἢ ἄλλων Δημοσθένη, καὶ Ποιηταί. Πάντα τὸν Κόσμον καὶ λέγουσιν οἱ Ποιηταὶ βλέπειν δύω ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κόσμου, Θεὸν δηλαδὴ καὶ Χάος, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι οἱ ἐκλαμβάνοντες τὸ Χάος, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ Ὄντος (καθὼς ἀμφισβήτως ἦν αὐτὸ τὸ ἐννοούμενον) ἢ ἀντὶ τῆς ὕλης, δι' ἧς ὁ Θεὸς τὰ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παρήγαγε, κατὰ τὴν γνώμην δὲ παλαιῶν σοφῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, δὲν διαφέρει αὐτὴ ἡ γνώμη τόσον πολὺ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Παντός, ἢ τῆς Πλάσεως.
Περὶ τῆς Πλάσεως τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου. ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ.
Ἡ Μνήμη ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων ἐνεγράφη ὑπὸ τὰ ἄλλα Στοιχεῖα, ἵνα ἔπειτα ἐπλάσθη Ἄνθρωπος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔπρεπε νὰ εἶναι Κύριος της.
Ἀφοῦ ὁ Θεὸς ἐχώρισε τὰ μέρη ἐκεῖνα, ὁποῦ πρότερον ἦσαν μεμιγμένα, καὶ εἰς μεγάλην σύγχυσιν, καὶ ἔπλασε τὰ μέρη τοῦ Παντός, ἠθέλησε πρῶτον μὲν ἡ Γῆ νὰ λάβῃ σχῆμα σφαιροειδές, ἔπειτα ἔχυσε τὰς Θαλάσσας ἐπάνω τῆς γῆς, προστάζωντας τὰ νὰ φυσικῶς τρέχουν, καὶ νὰ συμπνέουν μὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τῶν ἀνέμων, καὶ
When whichever god it was had ordered and divided the mass, and collected it into separate parts, he first gathered the earth into a great ball so that it was uniform on all sides. Then he ordered the seas to spread and rise in waves in the flowing winds and pour around the coasts of the encircled land. He added springs and standing pools and lakes, and contained in shelving banks the widely separated rivers, some of which are swallowed by the earth itself, others of which reach the sea and entering the expanse of open waters beat against coastlines instead of riverbanks. He ordered the plains to extend, the valleys to subside, leaves to hide the trees, stony mountains to rise: and just as the heavens are divided into two zones to the north and two to the south, with a fifth and hotter between them, so the god carefully marked out the enclosed matter with the same number, and described as many regions on the earth. The equatorial zone is too hot to be habitable; the two poles are covered by deep snow; and he placed two regions between and gave them a temperate climate mixing heat and cold.�
εμποδίζοντας αυτόν από το νά υπερβαίνειν τάς όχθας των, αλλά νά στέκωνται μέσα είς τά συνορα, μέ τά οποία τάς περιώρισον. Εφρόντισε πλέον νά γενή νά βλα στήση χόρτος, καί είς μερικά μέρη πλέον εστόλισε μέ λίμνας μεγάλας· εφρόντισε νά φτιάχωσιν επάνωθεν οι ποταμοί, από τής οποίας μερικοί μέν νά χάνωνται, ή νά κατακλύζωνται από πλέον ιδίαν γήν, άλλοι δέ νά ευχαι ρίζωσιν είς πλέον μεγαλοπελάγαν άβυσσον τής θαλάσσας, ελευθερωμένοι από τάς όχθας, όπου τάς περιώριζαν ώ σάν είς μίαν φυλακήν. Εφρόντισε τάς πλάκας νά επταν θείν, ή τάς κοιλάδας νά βαθύνειν, τάς λόγγας νά γε μίσειν από φυτά, ή τάς πέτρας, ή τά όρη νά υψω θείν. Καί καθώς ο Ουρανός είναι διηρημένος από δύο Ζώνας δεξιά, ή δύο αριστερά, ή είς την μέσην είναι άλλη μία πέμπτη Ζώνη θερμοτέρα από τάς άλλας, κατά τον όμοιον τρόπον διαίρεσε ή γήν, ήτις είναι το κατοικητόν όλον αυτό τής Κτίσεως. Αφήκε δέ ακατοί κητας, τόσον αυτόν τον μεσαίαν τόπον, διά την ύπερ βολικήν καύσιν, όσον ή τάς δύο άλλας, οπού είναι είς πλέον άκραν διά πλέον μεγάλου κρύου. Είς τάς τόπους δέ, οπού είναι μεταξύ των ρηθέντων δύο, εσώρευσαν ά κραν συμμετριότητα, συγκεράννοντες πλέον καύσιν μέ το κρύος, μέ τέτοιον τρόπον, όπου ποτέ τό ένα νά μήν υπερβή το άλλο, διά νά ημπορή νά παρφορή ή γή. Ο άήρ, όπου διαδέχεται είς αυτούς τάς επαρχίας εί ναι μέν ελαφρότερος από πλέον γήν, καί από το ύδωρ, βαρύτερος δέ από το πυρ· καί αυτός ο τόπος εδιώρί σθη από τον Θεόν νά είναι ή σύναξις των κατεχνών, των συννέφων, ή των αεροπλανειών, τά οποία φοβερίζειν τάς ανθρώπους, καί τάς ενθυμίζουν πάντοτε, ότι είς τον Ουρανόν είναι μία άφθαστος Δυνατοσύνη, ή οποία δέν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 7
λει πολλάκις αἰωνίως τὰς ἀπιστίας, ἢ τὰ ἀμαρτήματα των. Ἐπέτρεψε δὲ ἢ εἰς τὰς ἀνέμους νὰ περιέρχωνται εἰς τὴν ἀέρα, ὄχι ὅμως ἀφοδριοθεῖς ὡς πάντοχοῦ, ἢ μὲ πάντελῆ ἐλευθερίαν· ἐπειδὴ αὐ πῶρα ὅτε καθόλου μεταχειρίζεται τὴν δύναμίν του ἐξαιρέσει μόνον εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον, ὅπου κυριαρχεῖ, μόλις ἠμπορῶμεν νὰ ἀντισταθῶμεν εἰς αὐτούς, ἄραγε δὲν ἤθελαν χαλάσῃ τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ δὲν ἤθελαν τὸν φέρῃ εἰς τὴν πρώτην του ἀκαταστασίαν, ἂν εἶχον τὸ ἐλεύθερον νὰ ἐξέχουν ὅλοι ὁμοῦ πάντοχοῦ, ἢ νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὰς δυνάμεις των ὁ εἰς τὰ ἔργα; Ὁ Εὖρος λοιπὸν ἐτραβήχθη κατὰ τὴν Ἀνατολήν, καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐξάπλωσε τὸ βασίλειόν του, εἰς τὴν Περσίαν δηλαδὴ καὶ Ἀραβίαν, καὶ σχεδὸν εἰς ὅλας τὰς ἀνατολικὰς χώρας. Ὁ Ζέφυρος ἐκατοίκησεν εἰς τὰ Δυτικὰ μέρη, ἐκεῖ ὅπου ὁ Ἥλιος κάθε βράδυ κρύπτεται, ἢ ἔκτισεν ἐκεῖ τὸ παλάτιόν του, ἢ ἔστησε τὸν Θρόνον του. Ὁ δὲ Σκυθικὸς Βορρέας ἐκυρίευσε τὴν Σκυθίαν, ἢ ὅλα τὰ Ἄρκτια μέρη. Ὁ Νότος δὲ πολυταῖον ὁ πατὴρ τῆς βροχῆς, ἐκάθη εἰς τὸ ἀντικρινὸν μέρος τοῦ Βορρέως, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὴν Μεσημβρίαν. Τὸν δὲ Οὐρανὸν ἐξετείμησεν ὁ Θεὸς εἰς τὸ ὑψηλὸν μέρος, σχηματίζοντάς τον ἀπὸ μίαν ὑγρὰν, ἀβαρῆ, ἢ πάσης γηΐνης ἀναθαρσίας ἄμοιρον ὕλην. Μόλις ἐβάλθησαν αὐτὰ τὰ σώματα εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν τάξιν, ὅπου εἴπαμεν, ἢ εὐθὺς ἤρχησαν τὰ ἄστρα, τὰ ὁποῖα πρότερον ἦσαν κερυμμένα, ἢ μεμιγμένα μὲ τὰ ἄλλα σώματα, νὰ φαίνωνται, καὶ νὰ λάμπωσιν εἰς τοὺς Οὐρανούς. Διὰ νὰ μὴ μείνῃ δὲ εἰς τὸ παν κανένα μέρος ἀκατοίκητον, οἱ μὲν Θεοὶ κατώκησαν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, τὰ ὄψεα ἐξαπλώθησαν εἰς τὰ νερὰ
Air overhangs them, heavier than fire by as much as water�s weight is lighter than earth. There he ordered the clouds and vapours to exist, and thunder to shake the minds of human beings, and winds that create lightning-bolts and flashes.
The world�s maker did not allow these, either, to possess the air indiscriminately; as it is they are scarcely prevented from tearing the world apart, each with its blasts steering a separate course: like the discord between brothers. Eurus, the east wind, drew back to the realms of Aurora, to Nabatea, Persia, and the heights under the morning light: Evening, and the coasts that cool in the setting sun, are close to Zephyrus, the west wind. Chill Boreas, the north wind, seized Scythia and the seven stars of the Plough: while the south wind, Auster, drenches the lands opposite with incessant clouds and rain. Above these he placed the transparent, weightless heavens free of the dross of earth.
Εἰς ἀναπλήρωσιν ὅμως τῆς μεγάλης τῆς Παντὸς ἀλειψίας, ἀπέλειπε τὸ σεβασμιώτερον, ἢ δ᾽ ὀξύτερον πνεῦμα, ὁπὸ ἐδύνατο νὰ κυβερνήση τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα. Διὰ νὰ ἔχη λοιπὸν αὐτῶν τῆς προστασίας, ἔγινεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, πλασθεὶς ἔστε ἀπὸ θείον σπόρον τῆ Πομπῆ τῆ Πάντος, ἔστε ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἡ ὁποία μὲ τὸ νὰ ἦτον ἀπόμι φορὰ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ὀλίγας εἶχε ξεχωρισθῆ ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἔχει ἀκόμι εἰς ἑαυτὴν μερικὰς τιμιωτέρας ἀναθυμιάσεις, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶχον ἱκανὴν δύναμιν, διὰ νὰ γεννηθῆ ἐξ αὐτῶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος. Ὁ Προμηθεὺς λοιπὸν ἀνακατώσας μερικὸν χῶμα μὲ νερὸν, ἔπλασε τὸν ἄνθρωπον καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσίν τῶν Θεῶν, ἢ ὄχι τῆς ἐπιλοίπων ζώων, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ κεφαλὴ κλίνει πρὸς τὴν γῆν, ἀλλὰ μὲ τὸ πρόσωπον ὑψωμένον πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἢ τοῦτο διὰ νὰ ἔχη πάντοτε τὸν νοῦν του προημλαμένον πρὸς τὸν Ποιητὴν του. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἡ ἄμορφος, ἢ ἀνείδεος γῆ, σῶμα βαρὺ, ἢ σκληρὸν οὖσα τὰ πρῶτον, μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄνθρωπον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔμελλε νὰ τὴν κατοικήση, ἢ νὰ εἶνε ἐξοχήν.
Ἀφ᾽ ἧς Ὀβίδιος ὡμίλησεν περὶ τοῦ Παντὸς τόσον καλὰ, ἠμποροῦμε μετὰ λόγου νὰ εἰπῶμεν πῶς ἐχρησίμευσεν εἰς τὴν πλάσιν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Διὰ τοῦ Προμηθέως ἢ ἔχουσες ἐκείνας ἀληθῶς τὰ πάρα τοῦ ἰδίου Θεοῦ. Τοῦτο ἐπικυροῦσι καὶ εἰς πολλῶν Παλαιῶν, οἱ ὁποῖοι Προμηθέα λέγοντες ἐννοοῦσαν ἢ ἦν, ὁπὸ προβλέπει τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ μάλιστα τὴν σοφίαν Πρόνοιαν, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν διοικεῖται τὸ σύμπαν τοῦ κόσμου. Καὶ ἅμα τῷ Προμηθέῳ, συντελεσθῇ τὴν πλάσιν παρεβλήθησαν. Ὁ Ὀράτιος εἰς τὸν ὕμνον τῆς γνώμον ὀρθῆν ὀνομάζει τὸν Προμηθέα θεῖον, καὶ μάλι
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 9
ποῦτα, καὶ τὴν Προσταγὴν αὐτῷ, δὲν ἠμποροῦσε αὐτὸς ὁ Νῶε, ἢ ἡ Προσταγὴν νὰ εἶναι ἀπὸ τὶ παρὰ ὁ Θεός. Ἰδὲ λοιπὸν τὶ λέγουσι ὁ Ὀβίδιος μὲ τὸν Προμηθέα, ὅπου ἔπλασε τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὑπὸ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὅπως τὸν εἰκόνισε κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα, ἢ ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ.
Οἱ Σοφοὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπίστευον ὅτι ὁ Κόσμος δὲν εἶναι αἴδιος, ἢ ὅτι ἔλαβεν ἀρχήν, ἠθέλησαν νὰ εἴπουν τὴν ἀρχήν του μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ Προμηθέως, ἢ μὲ τὴν κοσμογονίαν του κόσμου, καὶ ἡ πρώτη ἐμφάνησις τοῦ κοσμογονήθεν, καὶ ἐπλάσθη δι' ἀγνοίαν του, κατὰ ἐγὼ ἀποσκεπάζει τὰ Θεοῦ, ἢ ἡ ὁποία ἔμεινεν ἰλώδης, ἢ ξηρανθεῖσα ἐγέννησε κάποια μικρὰ σπέρματα, τὰ ὁποῖα θερμανθέντα ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμέραν ὑπὸ τῆς ζέσεως τοῦ Ἡλίου, καὶ ψυχρανθέντα τὴν νύκτα ὑπὸ τῆς δροσίας τῆς Σελήνης, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πολύπλοκα εἴδη ζώων. Κατὰ πάντων τὴν γνώμην ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγεννήθη ὑπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς σπέρματα, ὥστε τὶ ἀφ' ὧν πυρακάσας μέχρι μικροῦ χρόνου, ἐφράδευεν, καὶ ἐγίνησαν ἄνθρωποι. Ὕστερον πάντων ἡ γῆ ἐπυρακάθη σκληρὰ, ἔπαυσε ὑπὸ τὸ νὰ ἀναδίδῃ ζῶα, ἢ ἀνθρώπους, καὶ ἐπειδὴ μὲ ζῶα, ἢ οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐδυνήθησαν μὲ τὴν συνουσίαν μέσῃ. Τότε οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζων ἐξ ἔθους ἁπλῶς, ἢ δὲ ἰδέας εἶχον ὅτε τὸν γεωργικὸν, ὅτε ἄλλων τινὲ τεχνικὸν ἐπιτήδευμα· δὲν εἶχον ὅτε ἀρρωστίας, ὅτε θάνατον, ἀλλὰ πίπτοντες κατὰ γῆς, καὶ ἀγνοοῦντες τὸ συμβεβηκὸς, ὅτε τὶ κακοῦ ἢ ὄφελος ἔκειθεν, ὅπου ἐφάδθησαν, ἀπέθανον εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἐπίπτον.
Ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα μὲ νώτητα, ἢ καρύχης ἐπολεμοῦσαν μὲ τὰ
He had barely separated out everything within fixed limits when the constellations that had been hidden for a long time in dark fog began to blaze out throughout the whole sky. And so that no region might lack its own animate beings, the stars and the forms of gods occupied the floor of heaven, the sea gave a home to the shining fish, earth took the wild animals, and the light air flying things.
�As yet there was no animal capable of higher thought that could be ruler of all the rest. Then Humankind was born. Either the creator god, source of a better world, seeded it from the divine, or the newborn earth just drawn from the highest heavens still contained fragments related to the skies, so that Prometheus, blending them with streams of rain, moulded them into an image of the all-controlling gods. While other animals look downwards at the ground, he gave human beings an upturned aspect, commanding them to look towards the skies, and, upright, raise their face to the stars. So the earth, that had been, a moment ago, uncarved and imageless, changed and assumed the unknown shapes of human beings.
ὑπὲρ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαίων ζῶον εἰς τὰ σπέρματα ἡ δὴ παραδόντα τῆς πῦρ σάρχος ἐ κηπήματα, αἱ ὁποῖαι ὦσαν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναι ψυχῆς τοῦ νοῦ ὅπουσαν σῆσα ἐ φωτία τοῦ πνεύματος, καὶ ὅτι μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν φωτίαν ὁ Προμηθεὺς ἐμψύχωσε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Τὸ ὅντι τί εἶναι ὁ ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς φιλοσοφίαν, ἐ μάθησιν λόγον ὄχι ἄλλο εἰ μὴ ἐκ χώματα, ὑπὸ ἔχοντα εἰκόνα ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶναι ἄνθρωπος.
Περὶ τῆς διαφέσεως τῶν Αἰώνων.
Ἀφοῦ ἤπειρεν ἡ διαίρεσις τῶν Αἰώνων εἰς τέσσαρας, ὁ πρῶτος Αἰὼν ὠνοματώθη Χρυσῆς, ὁ δεύτερος Ἀργυρῆς, ὁ τρίτος Χάλκινος, καὶ ὁ τέταρτος Σιδηροῦς, καὶ τὰ αἴτια τῶν ὀνομασιῶν αὐτῶν.
Ὁ πρῶτος Αἰὼν ἢ Καιρὸς ὠνομάσθη Χρυσῆς, ἐπειδὴ καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν αἰῶνα οἱ ἄνθρωποι χωρὶς νὰ ἔχουν Κριτάς, μήτε νὰ βιάζωνται ἀπὸ Νόμους, ἐξ ἰδίας των φρονήσεως ἐφύλαττον πίστιν καὶ δικαιοσύνην, χωρὶς νὰ νομίζουσιν ἄλλο τι καλλίτερον, εἰμὴ τὴν ἁπλότητα, καὶ ἀκακίαν. Κόσμοι καὶ φόβοι τότε δὲν ἦσαν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εὑρίσκοντο κακοὶ ἄνθρωποι, διὰ τοῦτο δὲν ἦτον ἑτοιμασμένος τιμωρητής, μήτε νόμος, ὅπως νὰ τοὺς διορθώνῃ. Δὲν ἐφοβοῦντο τότε τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ Κριτοῦ, ὥστε ὁ Κόσμος δικαιούμενος, ἦτον χωρὶς Κριτὴν ἀσφαλὴς. Τότε τὰ μεγάλα δένδρα, ὅπως ὀνομάζονται Πίτυες, δὲν εἶχον κοπῆ, διὰ νὰ κατασκευασθῶσιν ἐξ αὐτῶν καράβια, μήτε ἀπὸ τὰ Βουνά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἦτον πολιτισμός, δὲν
This was the Golden Age that, without coercion, without laws, spontaneously nurtured the good and the true. There was no fear or punishment: there were no threatening words to be read, fixed in bronze, no crowd of suppliants fearing the judge�s face: they lived safely without protection. No pine tree felled in the mountains had yet reached the flowing waves to travel to other lands: human beings only knew their own shores. There were no steep ditches surrounding towns, no straight war-trumpets, no coiled horns, no swords and helmets. Without the use of armies, people passed their lives in gentle peace and security. The earth herself also, freely, without the scars of ploughs, untouched by hoes, produced everything from herself. Contented with food that grew without cultivation, they collected mountain strawberries and the fruit of the strawberry tree, wild cherries, blackberries clinging to the tough brambles, and acorns fallen from Jupiter�s spreading oak-tree. Spring was eternal, and gentle breezes caressed with warm air the flowers that grew without being seeded. Then the untilled earth gave of its produce and, without needing renewal, the fields whitened with heavy ears of corn. Sometimes rivers of milk flowed, sometimes streams of nectar, and golden honey trickled from the green holm oak.
δεν εἶχον κατεβῆ ἀνδμή εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν, διὰ νὰ ὑπάγειν νὰ ἰδῆν τόπον ἀγνώστον. Οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐμεῖνον τὸν καιρὸν δεν ἐγνώσειλον ἄλλα γῆ ἐκτὸς τῆς πατερνῆς των, ἢ αἱ χῶραι ἦσαν ἀπερίφρακτοι, μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν εἶχον φόβον νὰ πολεμηθῶσι. Σάλπιγγες, ἀσάλια, ἢ ἄλλα ὅπλα δεν ηὑρίσκοντο, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐνῷ διαφυλάττωσι μερικάς, ἀφανίζουν ἄλλας· ἀλλ' ἔχοντες ἀναμεταξύ των εἰρήνην οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ἔζησαν μὲ πᾶσαν ὑδοργίαν, χωρὶς νὰ χρειάζωνται τὴν ἰσχύν των ὅπλων. Ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησσε πλουσιοπαρόχως πᾶσαν παράγωγον, χωρὶς νὰ βιάζῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕνιον, ἢ ἀλέτρι, τὸ ὁποῖον τότε οἱ ἄνθρωποι δεν ἐμετακειρίζοντο, ὄντες ὀλιγαρκεσμένοι εἰς ἐκεῖνο, ὅπως ἡ γῆ ἐθελουσίως ἐβλάστανον, ἤγουν εἰς ἐκεῖνα, ὅπως ἐμάζωναν ἀπὸ τὰς Βάτους, καὶ εἰς τὸ βαλανίδι, ὅπου ἐπίπτει ἀπὸ τὰ δενδρα, καὶ μὲ αὐτὰς τὰς παραγωγὰς ἔκαμναν ὀψάρια ξεχασμάτια. Ἡ Ἄνοιξις ἦταν παντοτινή, ἢ ἡ θρασία τῆς πνοῆς τῶν Ζεφύρων περιέβαλπε τὴν ἁρμιότητα τῶν ἀνθέων, τὰ ὁποῖα χωρὶς νὰ σπαρῶσιν ἀπὸ τινα, ηὔξανον. Εὐθὺς ὅπως ἐθέριζον τὸ στάχυ, ἡ γῆ ἐκ δευτέρου ἐβλάστησσον ἄλλο νέον, χωρὶς νὰ ἐνοχληθῇ ὁ γεωργὸς ἐργαζόμενος τὴν γῆν. Παντακόθεν ἔρρεον ποταμοὶ πλήρεις γάλακτος, ἢ νέκταρος, ἢ τὰ δάση εἶχον δένδρα, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνετο νὰ ῥέῃ μέλι.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Αἰ εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ φανερώσωμε τὸ νόημα τῆς Μύθης ταύτης, μάλλον νομίζω νὰ μὴν εἶναι χρεία νὰ εἰπῶ παραπάνω τίποτες, ἐφόσον δὲν εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ καταληφθῇ τὸ νοῦ ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναγνώστας. Τὸ Μῦθος ὁ ἀκόλουθος εἶναι λοιπὸν νὰ παραστήσω. Τὸ
ξη, ότι το πλῆθος ἦν ανθρώπων πληθυσμένον, κατέπεσε κατ' ολίγον τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπλότητα καὶ ἀκακίας, καὶ τέλος πάντων κατήντησεν εἰς αὐτὴν τῆς ἐσχάτης φθορᾶς, ἡ ὁποία διαπλάθη εἰς ἅλα τὰ πράγματα· διότι πιστὸν εἶναι τὸ ἴδιωμα τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων, καὶ δὲν πράγμα τέλειον δηλαδὴ νὰ μὴ πέσῃ πολὺ κατρὸν εἰς τελειότητα, ὡς λέγει ἕνας Ποιητής. Οὕτως ἡ πρώτη ἀκακία, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζουν ὡς Θεοί, ἐκίνησθη ὁδηγούμενα ὑπὸ τὴν δυναστείαν, τῆς ὁποίας μετεχειρίσθη ἡ κακία κατ' αὐτῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Αὐτὸ εἶναι ἐκεῖνο, ὁπὸ οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἠθέλησαν νὰ φανερώσουν μὲ τὴν Μεταμόρφωσιν τῶν Αἰώνων, καὶ αὐτὸ πάντοτε τὸ βλέπομεν, καὶ θέλομεν νὰ κατηγορήσωμεν ὀλίγην διαφθορὰν τῶν παρόντων, καὶ ἀπεριγράπτον τῶν παραγμάτων. Ὁ πρῶτος λοιπὸν Αἰὼν ὠνομάσθη Χρυσὸς, ἤτοι ἂν μὲν τὶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ πᾶσα τὶς τοῦ κόσμου ἀνήμνησαν, καὶ δὲν ἐχρειάζετο πολιτισμὸς, οὐδὲ μῆ μεταξὺ τῶν κυμάτων, καὶ τῶν εὐνόμων. Ὠνομάσθη δὲ Ἡλικία, ἢ Αἰὼν Χρυσὸς, διὰ τὶ ὁ ἀὴρ ἦν τοῦ καθαρώτατος καὶ ἡ γῆ καρποφορωτάτη, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἡ Φύσις τότε εἶχε πολυστερῆ διάταξιν, ὡς νεωτέρα ὁποῦ ἦτον, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἔλειπον τότε αἱ πολυτέλειαι καὶ σωστείες, πὸς ὁποῖες βλέπομεν σήμερον εἰς ὅλα τὰ πράγματα. Βέβαια τὸ πρεσβύτερον μέρος τῶν ἀνθρώπων γνωρίζουν, καὶ δὲν τὸ μαρτυροῦν, πῶς δὲν ἐλερμίζοντο τίποτες, ἢ τὰ λαχιστὰ πολὺ ὀλίγον καλῶς, ὡς δὲν ἦσαν ὑπεράφανοι, καὶ ότι αὕτη ἡ πολυτέλεια καὶ φιλοδοξία, ὅπερ τοὺς κάνει νὰ φαντάζουν μεγάλοι, καὶ νὰ λατρεύωνται ὑπὸ πολλῶν, εἶναι ὁ δαίμων, ὅπου τοὺς ἐμφορεῖ, καὶ τοὺς πείθει ὅτι ἄφησαν τὴν ἁπλότητα, καὶ δὲν ἀγαπῶσιν ἄλλο εἰ μὴ τὴν σωστείας. Ποῦ δὲν κόπη πάχιον πάνακα, ἢ μήποτε ἢ μήπως παραμένουν καὶ ἐποίουν ὅτι χρόνος οὐδὲ αἱ δέξη χάνει ἐσὺν τὴν εἰσαγωγὴν αὕτη εἶναι ἕτερας πεινασμένον, ὁπὸ δὲν ἡμπορεῖ τίνα νὰ τὸ χερτάση, εἶναι μία χρυσέα βαθυπάλια, ὁπου δὲν ἡμπορεῖ νὰ γεμίσῃ ποτέ.
When Saturn was banished to gloomy Tartarus, and Jupiter ruled the world, then came the people of the age of silver that is inferior to gold, more valuable than yellow bronze. Jupiter shortened spring�s first duration and made the year consist of four seasons, winter, summer, changeable autumn, and brief spring. Then parched air first glowed white scorched with the heat, and ice hung down frozen by the wind. Then houses were first made for shelter: before that homes had been made in caves, and dense thickets, or under branches fastened with bark. Then seeds of corn were first buried in the long furrows, and bullocks groaned, burdened under the yoke.
Καὶ καθὼς νὰ εἴπω ὅτι μόνον ὠνομάζετο ἐκείνη ἡ δευτέρα, μὲ τὸ ἀσήμι, ἣν ὁποίαν ὁ Κῦρος ἐδεσπόζατο, μετοικίσαντες καὶ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ τοὺς Χαλδαίους, ἢ Μήδους, εἰς τοὺς Πέρσας. Μὲ τὸ χάλκωμα, ἡ τρίτη, τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἣν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐπερίωσεν, εἰς τὴν Μακεδονίαν, ὑπάγοντας τοὺς Πέρσας. Ἡ μὲ τὸ σίδηρον, ἡ τετάρτη τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἢ ὁποία Ῥωμαίων, ἡ ὁποία ἐστάθη ἀναμφιβόλως ἡ ἰσχυροτέρα, ἢ ἡ πλέον φθοροποιός, εἰς τὸν ἀφανισμόν, ὅσα οἱ πόλεμοι ἐπαξεύρισκαν. Εἶναι λοιπὸν ἀληθέστατον, ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες, διὰ ὁποίους εἶχον μεγαλωτέραν ἐμπόδειαν μὲ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους, ἔμαθον παρ᾽ αὐτῶν τὴν ἱστορίαν τοῦ Δαυΐδ, καὶ τοῦ ἀγίου τοῦ Ναβουχοδονόσορος.
Δὲν εὕρομεν δὲ ἂν αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος τῶν τεσσάρων ἡλικιῶν τοῦ χρυσοῦ, ἢ ἀργύρου Αἰῶνος τοῦ Κόσμου, ἠμπορεῖ νὰ παραβαλλῇ ἢ μὲ τὰς τέσσαρας ἡλικίας τοῦ ἀνθρώπου· ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸ τὸ χρυσοῦ σημαίνει τὴν ἀκακίαν, καθὼς ὁ Ὀβίδιος θέλει νὰ μᾶς βεβαιώσῃ· εἶναι δὲ γενεὰ φρόνιμα μὲ ἀθωοτέραν ἀκακίαν ὑπὸ τὴν Κρόνου· Ὀβίδιος τὸ αὐτὸ εἶχε καταστῆσαι ὑπὸ τὸ χρυσοῦ, ἂν ὑπάρχῃ ἡ γενεὰ ὀλίγον καταπτῶσα ὑπὸ τὴν μετάλλου· Καὶ τὸν ὁ χάλκος ἔτι εἶχεν εἰς τὴν δουλείαν ὑπὸ τὸ ἀσήμι· πάλιν δὲ εὕρομεν νὰ πλάκιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι σοβαρωτέρα ἡ γειότης· Καὶ πολὺ πάλιν τὸ σίδηρον εἶναι τὸ σκληρότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέταλλα, καὶ πλέον ὑποκεῖ μόχθον εἰς τὸ νὰ σκευάζῃ, ἔτσι ἢ τὸ γῆρας εἶναι ἡ ὑστάτη ἡλικία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἢ τοῦ Κόσμου ὁ ἀφθόρευτος· ἢ κατὰ τινὰ τρόπον ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ.
Περὶ τῆς διαιρέσεως τῆς τεσσάρων Καιρῶν τῆς Χρόνης.
Ὁ Ζεὺς ἀφ' οὗ ἀπεδίωξε τὸν Κρόνον
ἦλθεν ἡ ἀπάτη, προδοσία, βία, καὶ φιλαργυρία. Ὁ ναύτης ἐξέπλωσε τὰ πάντα εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ὅπως δὲ εἶχεν ἐγνώρισαν αὐτόν, καὶ τὰ δένδρα, ὅπου ἐδείσαντο πόσον καιρὸν εἰς τὰς κορυφὰς τῆς Πενᾶν, γενόμενα πλοῖα, παρεπόδησαν εἰς τὰ τερμώνα τῆς ἀγνώστων Θαλασσῶν, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἔγινον εἰς τὸν ἴδιον καιρὸν τὰ παιγνίδι ἢ θόρυβον. Ἤρχισαν ὕστερα τότοις νὰ διορίζουν συνόρα, μοιράζοντες τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ ἦτον προότερα κοινὴ, ὡς ὁ ἀήρ, ἢ τὸ φῶς τὰ Ἡλίου. Δὲν διχαειωδήσαν δὲ νὰ ζητήσουν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν σπέρματα, ἢ ἄλλα πράγματα ἀναγκαῖα, ἀλλ' ἤρχισαν νὰ γορεύουν ἕως τὰ εἰς τὰ ἐντόσθια της, ἀνάζοντες θησαυρούς, τὸ θέλημον τῆς ἐπιθυμίας μας, ἢ τὸν πόρον τῆς δυστυχίας μας, καὶ τῆς κακίας, τῆς ὁποίας θησαυρούς ἡ γῆ πρὶν εἶχε κεκρυμμένους εἰς τὰ βαθύτατα μέρη, διὰ νὰ μᾶς ἐλευθερώσῃ ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ, ὑστερῶντάς μας τὸν πόθον, ὅπου ἔχομεν εἰς αὐτούς. Μόλις ἄρθη ὁ σίδηρος, μόλις ἔλαμψε τὸ χρυσίον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι βλαβερώτερον ἀπὸ τὸν σίδηρον, ἢ ἐπικινδυνώτερον, ἢ δὶ αὐτὰ ἤρχισεν ἡ δικαιοσύνη νὰ φύγῃ, ἢ ὁ πόλεμος νὰ βλαστήσῃ, ὁ ὁποῖος μεταχειρίζεται ἢ τὸ ἕν ἢ τὸ ἄλλο, δηλαδὴ ἢ τὸν χρυσὸν, ἢ τὸν σίδηρον, ὁρμώμενος εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ αὐτὰ τὰ ἄρματα ἐμβαίνουν εἰς τὰ χέρια αἱματωμένα τῶν φιλοδόξων, ἢ τῆς τυράννου. Οὕτως οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔζουν πλέον ἀπὸ ἁρπαγάς, ἢ κλεπτίας· οἱ φίλοι δὲν ἐμπιστεύουντο πλέον τοὺς φίλους των, μήτε ὁ πενθερὸς τὸν γαμβρόν του, καὶ δὲν ὑπῆν ἄλλο φράγμα ἀπανωτέρον ἀπὸ τὴν ὁμοίοιαν, καὶ φιλίαν τῶν ἀδελφῶν. Ὁ ἄνδρας ἐπιβουλεύεται τὴν γυναῖκά του, αὕτη δὲ τὸν ἄνδρα της· ἢ αἱ
Third came the people of the bronze age, with fiercer natures, readier to indulge in savage warfare, but not yet vicious. The harsh iron age was last. Immediately every kind of wickedness erupted into this age of baser natures: truth, shame and honour vanished; in their place were fraud, deceit, and trickery, violence and pernicious desires. They set sails to the wind, though as yet the seamen had poor knowledge of their use, and the ships� keels that once were trees standing amongst high mountains, now leaped through uncharted waves. The land that was once common to all, as the light of the sun is, and the air, was marked out, to its furthest boundaries, by wary surveyors. Not only did they demand the crops and the food the rich soil owed them, but they entered the bowels of the earth, and excavating brought up the wealth it had concealed in Stygian shade, wealth that incites men to crime. And now harmful iron appeared, and gold more harmful than iron.�� War came, whose struggles employ both, waving clashing arms with bloodstained hands. They lived on plunder: friend was not safe with friend, relative with relative, kindness was rare between brothers. Husbands longed for the death of their wives, wives for the death of their husbands. Murderous stepmothers mixed deadly aconite, and sons inquired into their father�s years before their time. Piety was dead, and virgin Astraea, last of all the immortals to depart, herself abandoned the blood-drenched earth.
χια, τὰ δὲ πονηρὰ τέκνα νὰ μάχνωνται νὰ συντέμνουν τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς των. Σχεδὸν δὲν ἔμενεν εἰς τὴν γῆν μήτε ἀγάπη, μήτε πίστις, ἢ ἡ Δικαιοσύνη, ἡ ὁποία μόνη ἀπὸ τοὺς Θεοὺς διέτριβεν ἀκόμη μεταξὺ τῶν ἀν- θρώπων, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἀφίνουσα τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶδεν αἱματοβρεχομένην.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ὁ Μῦθος τοῦτος ἀναφέρεται εἰς τὴν Ἱστορίαν, διότι πιστεύουσιν εἰς ἐκείνους, οἱ ὁποῖοι λέγουν ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος ἦτον ὁ πρῶτος ἄνθρωπος, ἀπὸ ὁμοπάτριον Βασιλέα, ἀλλά τοῦ ὁποίου ἄλλοι λέγουν νά ἔμεινεν αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς κατηγορημένος νὰ βασιλεύσῃ εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, καὶ νὰ ἔλαβε πολλὰ παιδία, μεταξὺ τῶν ὁποίων ἦτον καὶ ὁ Ζεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἔβγαλεν ἐκ τοῦ Βασιλείου, ἁρπάζοντας δυναστικῶς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁλόκληρον, καὶ ἄλλοι λέγουν ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος Θεοκρατικὸς ἔκαμε παραίτησιν τοῦ θρόνου, μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ τοῦ κυβερνήσῃ διὰ αἰτίας τὰ γήρατά του. Ὅπως δὲ καὶ νὰ εἶναι, ἡμεῖς δὲν ἔχομεν ὑπόκρισιν νὰ διαλύσωμεν αὐτὴν τὴν διαφοράν, ὥστε νὰ ἀθωώσωμεν, ἢ νὰ καταδικάσωμεν τὸν Δία. Ἀλλὰ λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς πρῶτος παρατηρήσας τὰς μεταβολάς, ὅπως κάμνουσιν οἱ τέσσαρες καιροὶ τοῦ χρόνου, τῆς ἐδιδάξεως τὴν μέθοδον, ὅπως ὁ καθένας νὰ ἀρχῆται, ἢ νὰ τελειώνῃ, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον τῆς Μύθου ταύτης τῶν τεσσάρων καιρῶν. Προσέτι ἐφαντάσθησαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι ὁ Κρόνος νὰ ἐκρημνίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, διὰ αἰτίας τοῦ βάθους τοῦ ἀέρος, ὅπου ὑπολαμβάνεται ὅτι τὴν ἄβυσσον τοῦ Ἅδου. Βέβαια τοῦτο, ὁ Πλάτων εἶναι ὁ ὕστερος, ἢ πλέον ἐξακριβὴς ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἢ ἡ κίνησίς του πόσον εἶναι, ὅπως παρατήρησις ὅτι εἰς τὴν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 17
Giants
Rendering the heights of heaven no safer than the earth, they say the giants attempted to take the Celestial kingdom, piling mountains up to the distant stars. Then the all-powerful father of the gods hurled his bolt of lightning, fractured Olympus and threw Mount Pelion down from Ossa below. Her sons� dreadful bodies, buried by that mass, drenched Earth with streams of blood, and they say she warmed it to new life, so that a trace of her children might remain, transforming it into the shape of human beings. But these progeny also despising the gods were savage, violent, and eager for slaughter, so that you might know they were born from blood.
When Saturn�s son, the father of the gods, saw this from his highest citadel, he groaned, and recalling the vile feast at Lycaon�s table, so recent it was still unknown, his mind filled with a great anger fitting for Jupiter, and he called the gods to council, a summons that brooked no delay.
There is a high track, seen when the sky is clear, called the Milky Way, and known for its brightness. This way the gods pass to the palaces and halls of the mighty Thunderer. To right and left are the houses of the greater gods, doors open and crowded. The lesser gods live elsewhere. Here the powerful and distinguished have made their home. This is the place, if I were to be bold, I would not be afraid to call high heaven�s Palatine.
Περὶ γεννήσεως τοῦ Γιγάντων.
Οἱ Γίγαντες συμμαχοι ὑπὸ τῶν γῆς, ἐκήρυξαν πόλεμον κατὰ τῆς Οὐρανοῦ· ὁ δὲ Ζεὺς βλέποντες τὴν αὐθάδειαν των, τοὺς ἐκαταπάτησε με τὴς κεραυνῆς του, ἢ ὑπὸ τὸ αἷμα αὐτῶν ἔχυσεν ἀνθρώπους, ὄχι ὀλιγώτερον κακίστους ὑπὸ αὐτῆς.
Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴν ἤθελον ἔσται μήτε ὁ Οὐρανὸς ἀσφαλέστερος ἢ ἰσχυρότερος ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, οἱ Γίγαντες, οἱ υἱοὶ τῆς γῆς, ἐσκοπήθησαν νὰ τὸν πολεμήσουν, ἢ νὰ ἁρπάξουν τὴν Βασιλείαν του. Οὕτω λοιπὸν σωρεύοντες βουνὸν ἐπάνω εἰς βουνὸν, διὰ νὰ κάμουν σκάλαν, ὕψωσαν τοιοῦτον σωρόν, ὥστε πάντα ἦτον νὰ ἐγγίζουν εἰς τὰ ἄστρα. Ὁ Ζεὺς ὅμως ὁ ὕψιστος τῶν Θεῶν ἢ Βασιλεὺς, ἐν ῥοπῇ ὀφθαλμοῦ, ἐσύντριψε τὸν Ὄλυμπον τὸ βουνὸν τῆς Θεσσαλίας με τὸ ἀστροπελέκι, ἀναποδογύρισε τὸν Ὦσσαν, ὅπου εἶχαν βάλει ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ἄλλα βουνὰ, καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ φοβερὰ συντρίμματα τῶν βουνῶν ἐγίνηκαν τάφοι αὐτῆς τῆς αὐθάδειας ἀνθρώπων. Λέγουσι δὲ ὅτι ἡ Γῆ μεμολυσμένη ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῶν θορυβημένων παίδων της (τῶν ὁποίων τὰ μεγάλα σώματα ἔμειναν καταπιεσμένα ἀπὸ τὸ ἰδίων των βάρος) νὰ ἐμψυχώσῃ ἐκεῖνο τὸ αἷμα, ὅπερ ἦτον ἀκόμη ζεστὸν, ἢ τὸ μετέπλασεν εἰς ἀνθρωπίνην μορφὴν, διὰ νὰ μὴν ἤθελεν ἐξαλειφθῇ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ καινὴ γενεὰ, δὲν κατεφάνησε τοὺς Θεοὺς ὀλιγώτερον ἀπὸ τῆς Προγόνης της, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἤρχησε ἤδη αὐτὴ νὰ μεταχειρίζεται τὰς τυραννίας, ἤδη τοὺς φόνους, ὥστε ὅποιος τὴς ἤθελεν ἰδῇ, βέβαια ἠμποροῦσε νὰ εἴπῃ, ὅτι ἀπὸ αἷμα ἦσαν γεννημένοι.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Αὐτὸ ὁ Μῦθος ὑποδείχνει σαφῶς, ὅτι σκοπὸν ἔχει νὰ μᾶς φανερώση διὰ τῆς Γιγάντων μάχης τὴν ἀσέβειάν, ἢ φιλοδοξίαν, ὑπὸ τῆς ὁποίας οἱ μάχοι χρησιμοποιοῦν πόλεμον μὲ τὸν Θεόν, οἱ δόλιοι δὲ μὲ τὰς ἁγίας δυνάμεις τῆς Ἐξουσιάδος. Ὁ Μακρόβιος νομίζει, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες ἦσαν οἱ θεοὶ ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἀρνήθησαν τῆς τιμῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ μὲ ὅλην τὴν ἀσθένειάν των, νομίζοντα ὅτι ἡ διάδοχη τῆς δικῆς του ἦτον ἰδιότητος κ᾿ ἀπόδειξα τῆν τὸ αὐτὸ εἰπεῖ τὸ θέλησον τῆς θεότητος ἢ θεότης ὑπὸ τῆς θρησκείας καὶ νὰ τὸν ἀρνηθῆ. Ἄλλοι δὲ ἐνόμισαν νὰ γνωρίσουν ἐκεῖ μόνον τὴν φιλοδοξίαν καὶ ἀσέβειαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἁπλῶς τὴν κακὴν ζωήν, ἢ δηλαδὴ ὅλες τὰς ἀνθρώπους, οἱ ὁποῖοι κυβερνιῶνται ἀπὸ τὰ ἀκράπαστα πάθη, καὶ κάμνουν κάθε τρόπον νὰ θεσκεύωσιν τοῦ Θείου Νόμου ὅσον ἐναντιώμεται εἰς τὰς πολυμήτεις ὁρμὰς των. Λέγουσι ἀκόμη τοῦτο ὅτι εἶχον ποδόχεια ὀφίδη, διὰ νὰ μᾶς δείξουν ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι, ὁποὺ ὅλην τὴν Γιγάντων θεσμονίζονται, εἰς ὅλον τὸν φυσικὸν βίον δὲν ἐμπεριπατήσαν ποτὲ ὀρθῶς, ἤγουν ὅλως ἦσαν μετεχρυσμένοι ἀπὸ τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης, ἢ τῆς τιμῆς.
When the gods had taken their seats in the marble council chamber their king, sitting high above them, leaning on his ivory sceptre, shook his formidable mane three times and then a fourth, disturbing the earth, sea and stars. Then he opened his lips in indignation and spoke. �I was not more troubled than I am now concerning the world�s sovereignty than when each of the snake-footed giants prepared to throw his hundred arms around the imprisoned sky. Though they were fierce enemies, still their attack came in one body and from one source. Now I must destroy the human race, wherever Nereus sounds, throughout the world. I swear it by the infernal streams, that glide below the earth through the Stygian groves. All means should first be tried, but the incurable flesh must be excised by the knife, so that the healthy part is not infected. Mine are the demigods, the wild spirits, nymphs, fauns and satyrs, and sylvan deities of the hills. Since we have not yet thought them worth a place in heaven let us at least allow them to live in safety in the lands we have given them. Perhaps you gods believe they will be safe, even when Lycaon, known for his savagery, plays tricks against me, who holds the thunderbolt, and reigns over you.�
Οἱ Φυσικοὶ λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες σημαίνουσι τὰς ἀτμίδας, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὄντες κατεισμένοι εἰς τὰ ἀπλάγχνια τῆς γῆς, ζητοῦν πρὸς νὰ εὔρη, ἢ νὰ ἐλαφρωθοῦν. Διὰ ταῦτο πολλάκις συνέβησαν τὰ ὑψηλότατα ἄνη, ἢ σύννεφα, ἢ μετὴν βαβὴν ἢ δυσκολίαν ἄρουσιν εἰς τὰ σύννεφα μεγαλώτατα τμήματα τῆς ἀποθανούσης φλογὸς τοῦ διαζῶν μετ' αὐτῶν ἰσχυραμένης ἢ παρομοιάζωσιν αὐτῶν τοῦ Μύθου εἰς τὴν συγκαυσίαν, ἢ ἄγνητον δὲ καὶ ἀσθενεῖ, ὅτι ὁ χυμὸς ὑπόκαυστος, φέρουσι τὴν ἁρμονίαν των, ἠμπορῆ νὰ παρομοιασθῇ μὲ τῆς Γίγαντας, καὶ ὅτι αἱ ἀδυναίαι, ὅπου ἔφθονται ἡ μία μὲ τὴν ἄλλην, εἶναι τὰ ἄνη, τὰ ὁποῖα οἱ Γίγαντες ἐσώρευσαν. Ὁ Ζεύς, καὶ τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον κακοὺς σκοπούς, ὡς τὸ ἢ ἔβλεψε κατ᾿ αὐτῶν, εἶναι ἡ Ἰάπξις, τὸ ὑψηλὸν ἀστροπελέκι ὅτε ὁ Θεὸς ἐσκόρπισεν ἐναντίον εἰς τὰς Γίγαντας, ἠλῶν εἰς τὰς ἀτμίδας.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 19
Ἕνας ἄλλος εἶπε μὲ ἀσεβείστηκε μεγαλύτερε ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες εἶναι ἢ ἐκ τῶν ἠλιθίων Φιλοσόφων, οἱ τινες σφίζονταν νὰ μὴν δυνίσκωσι κακανένα πράγμα πόσον ὑψηλὸν, ὅπου αὐτοὶ νὰ μὴν εἶναι ἄξιοι νὰ τὸ ὑπεράλθουν, ἢ μὲ τὸ νὰ φανταζώνται ὅτι εἶναι αὐτοὶ μόνον σοφοὶ εἰς τὸν κόσμον, καὶ περὶ τούτου εἰς τὰ ἀποδείξεις.
Οι Γίγαντες λέγουν μετεχειρίσθησαν τινα ορη, ιδιόν να φθάσουν εις τον Ουρανόν, ή οι Φιλόσοφοι μετεχειριζόμενοι τα τρία μέρη της Φιλοσοφίας, ιδιόν να φθάσουν εις το υψηλότερον μέρος του Ουρανού, ή της Φύσεως, ή αφού υψώθησαν πολλά, επέσον εις την πλάνην, ήγουν εις την σύγχυσιν, ως τιμωρίαν της μεγάλης των ανεργείας.
Ένας άλλος βλέπων ένα Αστρολόγον, όπου έπεσεν εις λάκκον ωδοιπορούμενος τον Ουρανόν, ιδού, είπεν, ο Γίγας απόλαυσε την τιμωρίαν των Δελφών να φιλοσοφήση με αυτόν, ότι ολότελα ημπορεί να εφαρμοσθή ο ΜΥΘΟΣ των Γιγάντων εις την μεταξύ των Αστρολόγων.
Μυθολογεῖται πρὸς τινὸς, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ ἐπιχείρησις τῶν Γιγάντων κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, ἐγίνεν εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ἐπειδὴ εἰς τὰ πλεῖστα τὰ μέρη τῆς Θεσσαλίας, καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ κατεχρήσθη τῶν Θεῶν, εἰς οἱ Θεσσαλοὶ. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες ἐπῶς ὀνομαστόθησαν μᾶλλον διὰ τὸ ὕψος τῶν ὀρειμάτων των, παρὰ διὰ τὴν μεγαλόσητα τῶν σωμάτων των. Ὅμως εἶναι πολλοὶ, ὅσοι διισχυρίζονται ὅτι ἐλευθματίσαν ἄνθρωποι ἑνὸς πολλὰ μεγάλου ἀναστήματος, φοβερώτατοι, ἢ ἰσχυρότατοι. Τὸ ὅ,τι ἡ Ἄγιες ἦ που μία μεγάλη πόλις, πλησίον εἰς τὸ ὄρος Λίβανον, ἡ ὁποία ἐκλήθη πόλις τῶν Γιγάντων, διότι οἱ κάτοικοι της ἦσαν πολλὰ μεγαλήτεροι ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους. Λέγεσι δὲ νὰ εὕρον αὐτοὶ τὰ ὅπλα, τὰ ὁποῖα μετεχειρίσθησαν, ἔνθεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον ὑπὸ Ἀνατολῶν μέχρι Δυσμῶν. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ βεβαιώσωσιν περισσότερον ὅτι ἦσαν Γίγαντες, λέγουσιν ὅτι εὑρέθη εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν ἓν κογκύλιον ποιμένος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν τόσον μεγάλον, ὥστε μόλις τεσσαράκοντα βάσια ἐχώρουν ἀπὸ Οὐράνιος. Εἶδον εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν εἰς τὶ σπήλαιον τῆς Δημητριάδος Μυελὸν καὶ χάλκον ἁρμόνα τὰ ἄθ' ἁρμόνα σιαγόνα ἀνθρώπινον, ἦσαν τὸ μάκρος μιᾶς σπιθαμῆς, καὶ τεσσάρων δακτύλων, κατ' εὐθεῖαν, ὑπὸ πλὼ μία ἀρχὴ ἕως πλὼ ἄλλω, καὶ εἰκοσικτὼ ὀδόντες.
All the gods murmured aloud and, zealously and eagerly, demanded punishment of the man who committed such actions. When the impious band of conspirators were burning to drown the name of Rome in Caesar�s blood, the human race was suddenly terrified by fear of just such a disaster, and the whole world shuddered with horror. Your subjects� loyalty is no less pleasing to you, Augustus, than theirs was to Jupiter. After he had checked their murmuring with voice and gesture, they were all silent. When the noise had subsided, quieted by his royal authority, Jupiter again broke the silence with these words: �Have no fear, he has indeed been punished, but I will tell you his crime, and what the penalty was. News of these evil times had reached my ears. Hoping it false I left Olympus�s heights, and travelled the earth, a god in human form. It would take too long to tell what wickedness I found everywhere. Those rumours were even milder than the truth. I had crossed Maenala, those mountains bristling with wild beasts� lairs, Cyllene, and the pinewoods of chill Lycaeus. Then, as the last shadows gave way to night, I entered the inhospitable house of the Arcadian king. I gave them signs that a god had come, and the people began to worship me. At first Lycaon ridiculed their piety, then exclaimed �I will prove by a straightforward test whether he is a god or a mortal. The truth will not be in doubt.� He planned to destroy me in the depths of sleep, unexpectedly, by night. That is how he resolved to prove the truth. Not satisfied with this he took a hostage sent by the Molossi, opened his throat with a knife, and made some of the still warm limbs tender in seething water, roasting others in the fire. No sooner were these placed on the table than I brought the roof down on the household gods, with my avenging flames, those gods worthy of such a master. He himself ran in terror, and reaching the silent fields howled aloud, frustrated of speech. Foaming at the mouth, and greedy as ever for killing, he turned against the sheep, still delighting in blood. His clothes became bristling hair, his arms became legs. He was a wolf, but kept some vestige of his former shape. There were the same grey hairs, the same violent face, the same glittering eyes, the same savage image. One house has fallen, but others deserve to also. Wherever the earth extends the avenging furies rule. You would think men were sworn to crime! Let them all pay the penalty they deserve, and quickly. That is my intent.�
μέται Σκαίρετου, ὡς ἐκείνο τῆς μελισσῶν. Ἔξω ὑπὸ αὐτὸ ἡ Ἀρκαδία ὠνομάσθη ποτὲ Γιγαντίς, ἔθει διατί τις τὰ συμπέρση, ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι, ὅπου ὠνομάσθησαν ἔπειτα Ἀρκάδες, ὠνομάζοντο κατὰ πρότερον Γίγαντες. Ὁ Νεμβρώδ, ὅπου ἔκτισε τὴν Βαβυλῶνα, ἦ ἀρχὴ ὠνομάσθη ποτὲ Γιγαντίς, καὶ ἔθει ἐκ φύσεως τὸν Γίγαντα, ἀπὸ γενεὰν κακοῦ μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμόν, κατὰ τινας ἐλήμψεν τὰ ὕψος τοῦ πέντε ἡμίσεος πήχης. Κατὰ δὲ τὸν Πόμπον, ἡμπορεῖ νὰ τις θαυμάση ὅτι νὰ ἐλήμψαν Γίγαντες, ἴσως νὰ ἀνευρίσκωνται καὶ τώρα εἰς κάμποσα μέρη.
Διὰ δὲ πῶν καὶ μὲν δὲν ἡμπορῶ νὰ εἶπῶ κάμποσα βέβαιον, διότι ἡ τοῦ Μώσε παράδοσις τῆς Ἱστορίας δὲν ἀρχίζει μεταγενέστερον ὑπὸ ἐκείνην τῶν Ποιημάτων. Ὁ Ἰώσηπος θέλει νὰ μᾶς βεβαιώση εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαϊκὴν Ἀρχαιολογίαν, ὅτι οἱ Γίγαντες νὰ ἐφημήθησαν ἀπὸ τὴν σύμμιξιν τῶν Δαιμόνων μὲ τὰς γυναίκας. Ὁ Λακτάντιος φαίνεται νὰ κλίνη εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην, καθὼς τὸ ὑποδεικνύει ἀπὸ τοῦ θείου Γραφὴν. Σεβῆρος ὁ Σουλπίκιος, ἤθελον ὅλοι οἱ Θεολόγοι νὰ νομίζουσιν ὅτι οἱ Ἄγγελοι ἠγάπησαν τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἴσως ὅτι τὰς ἐνυμφεύθησαν, καθὼς οἱ Γίγαντες ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν γάμον. Ἀλλὰ Ἱερὸς Αὐγουστῖνος, ἤ ὅλοι οἱ Θεολόγοι, ταῦτα ἀκριβώσαντες, ἀπέρριψαν δικαίως αὐτὴν τὴν ἕξιν ὁλωσδιόλου, ὥσαν εἰ τώρα φαίνεται εἰ δύο φράσματα ἐδόθησαν ἀφορμὴν τοῦ Μύθου τούτου.
Ἀγγέλοι τῶν Θεῶν οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐκρημνίσαν εἰς τὸν δεσμὸν τὸ πῦρος, ἢ ὕστερον ὁ Νεμβρώδ, διότι ἔκτισε πύργον ἐπὶ τοῦ ὁποίου ἔστη ἡ περιττὴ διαίτη τῶν ὀρνίθων καὶ τοῦ ὁποίου φυλάξαντος αὐτόν, εἰς μακρὸν καὶ εἰς τὸν Ὠκεανόν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲν πρέπει νὰ ἀμφιβάλλωμεν ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες
Περὶ τῆς Λυκάονος τῆς Τυραννίας, ὡς τῆς μετεμορφώθη εἰς λύκον.
Τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦ Λυκάονος, Ἄρχοντος ἢ Τυράννου ὑπὸ Ἀρκαδίας, ὑπόδειγμα πόσον αὐτὸ τὸ ἦθος ἦν ἀπάνθρωπον, καὶ ἤμαστον ἀδικίας· ὁ Ζεὺς ὀργισθεὶς διὰ τὰς συληροφορίας τοῦ ἱεροῦ, ἢ ὁ δύσκολος μὲ τοὺς ξένους ἀδίκως, ἢ τὸν μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Λύκον, τὸ ὁποῖον αὐτὸς εἶχε τὸ ὄνομα τῶν καρδίαν, ἢ τὰ ἰδιώματα.
Βλέπων τὰς ὁ Ζεὺς οὐρανόθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ μῖσος τῆς γῆς, ἀνεστέναξε μεγάλως, ἢ ἐνθυμούμενος τὸ θαυμαστόν συμπόσιον, ὁποῦ τοῦ εἶχον ἑτοιμάσει ὁ Λυκάων, ὠργίζη κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ, ἢ ἐσυνεκρότησε τὸ Συνέδριον τῶν Θεῶν, οἵ τινες κατὰ τὴν πρόσταγήν του δὲν ἔλειψαν νὰ ἔλθουν. Εἶναι δὲ ὁ δρόμος εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπομεν ὁπόταν ὅταν εἶναι ὁ ἀὴρ γαληνός, ἢ καθαρός· ὀνομάζεται δὲ Γαλαξίας διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του λαμπρότητα, καὶ ἀπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔρχονται οἱ Θεοὶ εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τοῦ Διός. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν οἱ πλέον ἐκλαμπροὶ τῶν Θεῶν ἀνοίγουσι τὰς θύρας τῶν οἰκημάτων των ἐκ δεξιῶν, ἢ ἐξ εὐωνύμων· ἐπειδὴ οἱ κατώτεροι ἔχουν τὴν κατοικίαν των εἰς ἄλλα μέρη, ἢ μόνον οἱ ὑψηλότεροι ἢ κρατιστότεροι κατοικοῦσιν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον. Αὐτὸς εἶναι ὁ τόπος, ὁποῦ, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται,
The Deluge
When he had spoken, some of the gods encouraged Jupiter�s anger, shouting their approval of his words, while others consented silently. They were all saddened though at this destruction of the human species, and questioned what the future of the world would be free of humanity. Who would honour their altars with incense? Did he mean to surrender the world to the ravages of wild creatures? In answer the king of the gods calmed their anxiety, the rest would be his concern, and he promised them a people different from the first, of a marvellous creation.
Now he was ready to hurl his lightning-bolts at the whole world but feared that the sacred heavens might burst into flame from the fires below, and burn to the furthest pole: and he remembered that a time was fated to come when sea and land, and the untouched courts of the skies would ignite, and the troubled mass of the world be besieged by fire. So he set aside the weapons the Cyclopes forged, and resolved on a different punishment, to send down rain from the whole sky and drown humanity beneath the waves.
Straight away he shut up the north winds in Aeolus�s caves, with the gales that disperse the gathering clouds, and let loose the south wind, he who flies with dripping wings, his terrible aspect shrouded in pitch-black darkness. His beard is heavy with rain, water streams from his grey hair, mists wreathe his forehead, and his feathers and the folds of his robes distil the dew. When he crushes the hanging clouds in his outstretched hand there is a crash, and the dense vapours pour down rain from heaven. Iris, Juno�s messenger, dressed in the colours of the rainbow, gathers water and feeds it back to the clouds. The cornfields are flattened and saddening the farmers, the crops, the object of their prayers, are ruined, and the long year�s labour wasted.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'.
τας, εδυκατα τις να ονομάση Παλάτιον, καὶ Αὐλὴν τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἃ ἦτον συγχωρημένον να λάβῃ τινὰς μίαν τοιαύτως τόλμην. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ᾽ οὗ καθ᾽ ὅλας ἐκάθησεν εἰς τὸ θρόνον του, καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ὑψηλότερα ἀπὸ ὅλες, ἀπεμβάντας εἰς τὸ ἐλεφάντινον σκῆπτρόν του, ἐτίναξε ξεῖς καὶ τεσσαρες φορὰς τὰ νέφη τοῦ, καὶ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ σημεῖον, ὅπως ᾔδειχνε τὴν ὀργήν του, ἔσεισε τὸν Οὐρανόν, τὴν γῆν, καὶ τὴν Θάλασσαν, καὶ ἔπειτα μετὰ μεγάλης Θυμῆς, εἶπε τὰ ἑξῆς λόγια· "Τέτοιαν πίκραν ἔχω σήμερον, ὥστε παρομοίαν δὲν ἔλαβα ποτὲ, μήτε ὅταν οὔρμηκαν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν ἐκεῖνα τὰ τράπη μὲ ἑκατὸν χέτρας. Θέλουσι νὰ ἐξεδιώξουν, καὶ νὰ ὑποτάξῃν τὸν Οὐρανόν· διὰ τὶ ὅσον σκληρὸς ἢ ξομερὸς καὶ ἃ ἦτον ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἐχθρός, δέν με ἔτρεπε τόσον, ἐπειδὴ εἶχα νὰ πολεμήσω μὲ ἓν γένος ἀνθρώπων μόνον· τὸ ὁποῖον ἀφανίζοντας τὸ ἐτελείωνα ἡ μάχη· ἀλλὰ τὴν σήμερον ἔχω ἐχθροὺς εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς γῆς, ὅπου προσκυλώνει ὁ Ποσειδών, καὶ ἃ πας ἀφανίσω ὅλες, ἐκάθη ἡ ἀνθρώπινος φύσις. Μὲ ὅλον τὸ ἐγὼ ἀπεφάσισα νὰ τοὺς ἀφανίσω, καὶ ὁμνύω εἰς τὰ ποταμὲς, ὅπου ξέχει ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς, μεταξὺ τὰ σκότας τοῦ Ἅδου. Ὅμως πρῶτα θέλω δοκιμάσει κάθε φράγμα, ἢ ἐὰν ἡ πληγὴ εὑρεθῇ ἀνίατος, κρεῖάζεται τότε σίδηρον, διὰ νὰ μὴ φανώσῃ περισσότερον, ἢ νὰ μὴ γίνῃ αἴτιον τὸ σαπρὸν μέρος ἢ σαπίσῃ ἢ τὸ γερόν. Ἔχω εἰς τὴν γῆν Ἡμιθέας, Φαῦνας, ἢ Νύμφας, ἔχω Σατύρας, καὶ Σιλβανες, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη δὲν θέλομεν νὰ ἔλθουν νὰ λάβουν αὐτο
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 23
μὴ σκανδαλιστῆτε ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι νὰ ἦσαν βέβαιοι, καὶ ἐλεύθερος ἀπὸ κάθε κίνδυνον, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ὁ κατηραμένος Λυκάων, πόσον γνωστὸς διὰ τὴν σκληρότητά του, αὐθάδιασε νὰ ἐπιβουλευθῆ ἐμὲ, ὡς τις κρατῶ τὴν περίοδόν μου εἰς τὰς χεῖράς του, ἐμὲ τὸν κύριόν σας, ἐμὲ, τὸν ὁποῖον σεῖς γνωρίζετε Βασιλέα, ἢ Μονάρχην; Κάθε εἷς τῶν Θεῶν λαμβάνοντας ἀρκετὸν ζυμὸν ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν ὁμιλίαν, ἀποφάσισαν ὅλοι κοινῶς νὰ τιμωρήσουν τὸν ἔργον τόσον μιαρῆς, καὶ σκληρᾶς. Τοιοῦτον ὅπως ὅταν μερικοὶ κακοῦργοι ἐπάσχισαν συνεκδότως νὰ σβύσουν τὸ Ρωμαϊκὸν ὄνομα μὲ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἐτρόμαξεν ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος μὲ μίαν τοιαύτην ἀφανδότητον κατερρφωσιν, καὶ ὁ ζῆλος τῶν φίλων σου, ὦ μέγιστε Αὔγουστε, σὲ ἔφανε πόσον χρηστὸς, ὅσον ὁ ζῆλος τῶν Θεῶν ἔφανε ἀρεστὸς εἰς τὸν Δία· ὁ ὁποῖος ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἔκαμε νὰ παύσῃ ἡ σύγχυσις, καὶ νὰ γίνῃ ἡσυχία, καὶ σιωπὴ, ἀνέλαβε πάλιν τὸν λόγον καὶ εἶπε· Μὴ ἐμβαίνεσθε εἰς κόπον, ὦ Θεοί, ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ κακὸς ὑπέδοξε· ἀλλὰ πρέπον εἶναι νὰ σᾶς φανερώσω τὸ ἔγκλημά του, καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς ἐπουσίας του, καὶ τῆς τιμωρίας, ὁποῦ ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ λόγου μου. Ὅταν ἡ μεγάλη φήμη τῶν κακῶν, καὶ τῆς ἀνομίας τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἔφθασεν εἰς τὰ αὐτία μου, βέβαια ἐπεθύμησα νὰ φανῇ ψευδὴς αὐτὴ ἡ φήμη, καὶ κατέβηκα κάτω ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ γίνω αὐτόπτης, κρύπτοντας τὴν Θεότητά μου εἰς ἀνθρώπινον σχῆμα, περιῆλθον ὅλην τὴν γῆν. Ἂν ἤθελα νὰ σᾶς διηγήσω ὅσα ἐπαθήματα, καὶ ὅσας παρανομίας εἶδα εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἔπρεπε νὰ σᾶς κάμω μίαν διεξοδικὴν
Jupiter�s anger is not satisfied with only his own aerial waters: his brother the sea-god helps him, with the ocean waves. He calls the rivers to council, and when they have entered their ruler�s house, says �Now is not the time for long speeches! Exert all your strength. That is what is needed. Throw open your doors, drain the dams, and loose the reins of all your streams!� Those are his commands. The rivers return and uncurb their fountains� mouths, and race an unbridled course to the sea.
Neptune himself strikes the ground with his trident, so that it trembles, and with that blow opens up channels for the waters. Overflowing, the rivers rush across the open plains, sweeping away at the same time not just orchards, flocks, houses and human beings, but sacred temples and their contents. Any building that has stood firm, surviving the great disaster undamaged, still has its roof drowned by the highest waves, and its towers buried below the flood.� And now the land and sea are not distinct, all is the sea, the sea without a shore.
πέρασε τὸ Μεγάλον ὄρος, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι γεμάτον ἀπὸ ἄγρια ζῶα, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο τῆς Κυλλήνου, καὶ τὰς πίτυας τῆς Λυκίας ὄρος, ἔφθασα εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, καὶ ἐμβῆκα τὸ ἐσώτερον εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τῆς Τυράννου ἐκείνης τῆς Ἐπαρχίας, δίδοντας πρότερον κάποια σημεῖα ὅτι ἔφθασεν ἕνας Θεός· εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα καταπλησθεὶς ὁ λαός, ἤρχισε νὰ προσεύχεται, καὶ νὰ μὲ παρακαλῇ· ἀλλ' ὁ Λυκάων ἤρχισε νὰ γελᾷ, ἐμπαίζοντας τὸν Θεόν, καὶ τὰς εὐχάς, ὁποὺ ἔκαμεν ὁ λαός. Θέλω δοκιμάσει, λέγει, ἂν οὗτος εἶναι Θεός, ἢ ἄνθρωπος, ἢ θέλω κάμη μίαν δοκιμήν, ἡ ὁποῖα θέλει λύσει ὅλας τὰς ἀμφιβολίας, καὶ θέλει δεῖξει ὅλην τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Καὶ οὕτως ἐσκεδάσθη νὰ μὲ φονεύσῃ ἐξάφνα κοιμώμενον, καὶ ἡ δοκιμή, ὁποὺ ἤθελε νὰ κάμῃ διὰ νὰ μὲ γνωρίσῃ ποῖος εἶμαι, ἦτον τοιαύτη· Ἔσφαξαν ἕθεν ἀπὸ ἐκείνους, ὁποὺ οἱ Μολοσσοὶ τοῦ εἶχον στείλει ὁμήρους, καὶ προστάξε νὰ μοῦ ἑτοιμασθῇ βραστὸν τὸ μέρος τοῦ κορμίου ἐκείνου τοῦ δυστυχοῦς νέου, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο ψητόν, μ' ὅλον ὅτι ἦταν ἀκόμη ζεστόν, καὶ ἐτρέμετο. Μόλις δὲ προσέταξε νὰ τὸ βάλουν εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, καὶ ἐγὼ προστάξα τὸ πῦρ νὰ κατακάψῃ ἐκεῖνον τὸν οἶκον, πρὸς τιμωρίαν τῆς οἰκοδεσπότου. Ἠμπορεῖτε νὰ σκεφθῆτε πόσον ζῆλον τῆς προξένησεν ἐκεῖνο τὸ συμβεβηκός. Φεύγει λοιπὸν ἔξω εἰς τὰς κάμπους, φωνάζει θέλοντας νὰ παρακαλεθῇ, ἀλλ' ἀντὶ νὰ λαλήσῃ ὠρύεται, κοπιάζοντας ματαίως νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον, καὶ οὕτω δὴ ἀπολαμβάνει ἀπὸ λόγου ποὺ ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ λύσσαν, ἐξασκῶντας εἰς τὰ ζῶα ἐκείνην τὴν αἱμοβόρον του ὄρεξιν, ὁποὺ εἶχον ἐπιθυμῶντας τοὺς φόνους, καθὼς
εἰς νὰ θέλη ἄλλω ἐοοίες. Τὰ ῥούχα του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἔιχας σαληρας, καὶ τὰ χέιειά του ἄγνια ποδδεια, καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω σωτόμως ἄγνιε Λύος, καὶ καθὼς εἶχε φρότερον ποιαύτηρ φύσιν, ἐφύλαξε καὶ τώρα εἰς τὴν νέαν του μορφὴν τὴν παλαιὰν του ἀπανθρωπίαν. Ἔχει λυσσότητα τὴν ἴδια, ὡς καὶ φρότερον, φαίνεται ἡ αὐτη ἀγρότης τὰ προσώπις του, καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ πῦρ εἰς τὰ ὁμμάτιά του· αὐτοῦ εἶναι πάντε ἡ εἰκὼν τῆς σκληρότητος.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
There one man escapes to a hilltop, while another seated in his rowing boat pulls the oars over places where lately he was ploughing. One man sails over his cornfields or over the roof of his drowned farmhouse, while another man fishes in the topmost branches of an elm. Sometimes, by chance, an anchor embeds itself in a green meadow, or the curved boats graze the tops of vineyards. Where lately lean goats browsed shapeless seals play. The Nereids are astonished to see woodlands, houses and whole towns under the water. There are dolphins in the trees: disturbing the upper branches and stirring the oak-trees as they brush against them. Wolves swim among the sheep, and the waves carry tigers and tawny lions. The boar has no use for his powerful tusks, the deer for its quick legs, both are swept away together, and the circling bird, after a long search for a place to land, falls on tired wings into the water. The sea in unchecked freedom has buried the hills, and fresh waves beat against the mountaintops. The waters wash away most living things, and those the sea spares, lacking food, are defeated by slow starvation.
Ἅπως ὁ Μῦθος, ὥς τὸν σοφώτατα κάλλα, εἶναι μία καλὴ γενεσιλογία, ὅτι διδάσκει τοὺς Βασιλείας, καὶ Ἡγεμόνας νὰ μὴ κάμνουν τίποτε αὐθάδεια, καὶ χωρὶς καλῶν ἐξέτασιν. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς θέλοντας νὰ τιμωρήσῃ τὴν κακίαν, συναθροίζει τὸ συνέδριον ὅλων τῶν Θεῶν, ὅθεν νὰ βουλεύσῃ ἀπὸ τὴν τιμωρίαν των. Συναθροίζει δὲ ὄχι μόνον τοὺς μεγάλους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς μικροὺς, θέλοντας νὰ δείξῃ με ταῦτο ὅτι οἱ Αὐθέπται δὲν ὀφείλουν νὰ συμβουλεύωνται μόνον τοὺς μεγάλους Ἄρχοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πλέον ταπεινοτέρους ἀνθρώπους, καὶ ὅτι καθὼς ἦτον ἀρκετὸν εἰς αὐτοὺς τοὺς μικροὺς Θεοὺς νὰ εἶναι ἁπλῶς Θεοὶ, διὰ νὰ ἔχουσι τόπον εἰς τὸ Συμβούλιον τοῦ Διὸς, οὕτως εἶναι ἀρκετὸν εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὥς καὶ ταπεινοὺς, νὰ εἶναι μόνον τὸ δίκαιοι, διὰ νὰ ἔχουσι τόπον εἰς τὰ Συμβούλια τῶν Ἡγεμόνων. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί μυθολογεῖ, ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς παράγγειλεν ἅπαν τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ μάλιστα εἰς ἐκείνας, ὅπου ἡ φήμη λέγει δὲ τὰ μέγαλα ἀδικήματα, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων; Ταῦτα λογίζομαι, ὡς νομίζω, διὰ νὰ μάθουν οἱ Ἄρχοντες νὰ μὴ πιστεύουν ὅσα ἀκοῦν, καὶ νὰ θεωροῦν με τὰ ἴδια των ὀμμάτα τὰ
Πεῖ δὲ τὰ Λυκάονος εἶπας βέβαιον ὅτι ἐλέγχατίσε Βασιλεὺς ἦτον Ἀρκαδίας σκληρὸς καὶ ἀπάνθρωπος τόσον, ὡς καὶ φίλης, ἥμιστε συμμάχης ἐμφάνει. Ἡ γὰρ ἔπεμψε αὐτὸς, φῶτος παρέβη τὰς εἰσάκω χάξες ἐ διὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς, ὡπὸ γίνονται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλέισον μετάξὺ τῆς πο λυσέδης, ὡς ὑπὲρ τὰς παρέβη Δυσίάζωπης τῆ Διὸ τῆς ὀμήρης, ὅτι τὰ τὰ ἐξ ἰχον σείλη οἱ Μολοσοὶ εἰς εὐφγαιρον, καὶ ξήτως ὑπεπάξες αὐτὸ τὸ ἔσίος, ὅπε ἦτον ἀπλέξατον, ἴς εἰπολει τὰ ὑποτάχθη, ἔρ ῥέῦσθη ὅτι τὰς κατέπιει, ὡς ὁ Λύκος τὰ ἀφέβαιε· καὶ ὑπεῖθι ὄνο μάζετο Λυκάων, ἔλαβον ἐκ τήτῃ ἀφορμώμ οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ εἴσθω ἐ τι μεταμορφάθη εἰς Λύκον. Καὶ ἐπείδὴ δέν εἶναι φράγμα σκληρό τερον εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπον ἀπό αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἴτων ἀληστοῦ, ἐ κείνο ὁ πῶ εἶναι, γεμίζω ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος ἔδωκεν αἴτιας εἰς τὸ ῥητὸν, ὅπου λέγει. Homo homo mini Lupus, δηλαδὴ ἀνθρώπός ἀνθρώπῳ Λύκες, ἤ αὐτό τὸ ῥητὸν ἔδωκεν ἀφορμώμ τῷ Μύθῳ.
Phocis, a fertile country when it was still land, separates Aonia from Oeta, though at that time it was part of the sea, a wide expanse of suddenly created water. There Mount Parnassus lifts its twin steep summits to the stars, its peaks above the clouds. When Deucalion and his wife landed here in their small boat, everywhere else being drowned by the waters, they worshipped the Corycian nymphs, the mountain gods, and the goddess of the oracles, prophetic Themis. No one was more virtuous or fonder of justice than he was, and no woman showed greater reverence for the gods. When Jupiter saw the earth covered with the clear waters, and that only one man was left of all those thousands of men, only one woman left of all those thousands of women, both innocent and both worshippers of the gods, he scattered the clouds and mist, with the north wind, and revealed the heavens to the earth and the earth to the sky.� It was no longer an angry sea, since the king of the oceans putting aside his three-pronged spear calmed the waves, and called sea-dark Triton, showing from the depths his shoulders thick with shells, to blow into his echoing conch and give the rivers and streams the signal to return. He lifted the hollow shell that coils from its base in broad spirals, that shell that filled with his breath in mid-ocean makes the eastern and the western shores sound. So now when it touched the god�s mouth, and dripping beard, and sounded out the order for retreat, it was heard by all the waters on earth and in the ocean, and all the waters hearing it were checked. Now the sea has shorelines, the brimming rivers keep to their channels, the floods subside, and hills appear. Earth rises, the soil increasing as the water ebbs, and finally the trees show their naked tops, the slime still clinging to their leaves.
Τέλος πάντων ἐλέγχεται μὲ τὸ τοῦ πλάσματος ἡ ἀσέβεια, ἀπιστία, ἢ ἡ ἄτιμος καὶ κακὴ ὑποδοχή, ὅπως κακῶν ἰδιούντες θεοὺς γῆν· ὁπλὰ τί εἶναι κακοῦ ἡ φιλοξενία· Λιτίσμος μὲ τὸ γραμμένον καθόλου, μᾶς ἀφ' ἀνθρώπης κοινωνίας, καὶ ἱματοποίησης τοὺς πόσον τὸν πολλὸν σχεδίας, ἐνόχου ὄντες τοῦ Ξενίου. Ὁ Τῆος Αἴσιος, ὁ Λογμὸν ὑπολέτας τῆς Ῥωμαίων σταν Ἰσραήλης, δείχνει εἰς ἕνα μέρος τῆς Συμποσίου τῷ πόσον ἐτίμιζε οἱ Παλαιοὶ τὴν φιλοξενίαν, λέγωντας ὅτι ἕνας κάποιος Βάδιος ἐκ τῆς Κάπαυς, ὅπου εἶχεν ἀκολούθησθη τὸν Ἄγιβα, ἠρνήθη δημοσίως ἐμπορέσθη εἰς τὰ δύο χρηστάυματα τῶν φιλοξενίαν, ὅπου
Ὅπως ἠφανίσθη ἐξ μόνον ἀσήτιον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅλα μόρον δὲν ἦτον ἄξιον ἀφανισμοῦ. Τὰ ἐγκλήματα, ἡδ αἱ τῆ Ἅδου Ἐρινύες ἀπλώνυν τὸ βασιλείόν των εἰς ὅλην τὴν γῆν, ὥστε ἠμπορέμεν νὰ εἰπώμεν ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὁρκίσθησαν νὰ μὴ γάμουν ἄλλο τι παρὰ ἀδικίας. Πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ ὑποφέρουν ὅλοι τὴν τιμωρίαν, τῆς ὁποίας ἔγιναν ἔνοχοι. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπεφάσισα· ἡδ ἤθελα κάμει μεγάλην ἀδικίαν, ἂν δὲν τοὺς ἐτιμώρια ὅλους κοινῶς, ἐπειδὴ ὅλοι εἶναι ἄξιοι νὰ τιμωρηθῶσι. Ἓν μέρος τῶν Θεῶν ἐπαίνεσε τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ τοῦ Διὸς, ἡδ τὴν ἐπαρακίνουσεν εἰς τοῦτο μάλιστα· τὸ δὲ ἄλλο μέρος ἐπέσενε τὴν γνώμην του, χωρὶς ὅμως νὰ τὸν παρακάμη καθὼς τὸ πρῶτον. Ὡστόσον δὲν ἦτον κανένας, ὅπου νὰ μὴ ἐστενοχωρήθη διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης γενεᾶς· ἰ λυπημένοι, ἐφώναξαν εἰς τὸν Δία, ποῖος εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς ἤθελε προσφέρῃ τὰ θυμιάματα εἰς τὰς βωμὰς των, ἰ τί ἤμελλε νὰ γείνῃ ἡ γῆ, χωρὶς νὰ ἔχῃ ἐνκατοίκους, ἡδ ἂν ἤθελε δώσει ἄδειαν εἰς τὰ ἄγρια ζῶα νὰ τὴν γυρίσουν; Ὁ Ζεῦς ὅμως, ἀφοῦ εἶχε τὴν φροντίδα ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, τοὺς ὑπάξεν ὅτι ἤθελε ξαναγεμίσει πάλιν τὴν γῆν με νέον λαὸν, ὅπου δὲν ἤθελε παρομοιάζει τὸν πρῶτον, τοῦ ὁποίου λαοῦ ἡ γέννησις νὰ εἶναι θαυμασιωτάτη. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ὁ Ζεῦς ἦτον ἕτοιμος νὰ ρίψῃ τοὺς κεραυνοὺς του εἰς ὅλην τὴν γῆν φοβούμενος ὅμως νὰ μήπως καῇ ὁ ἀὴρ ἀπὸ τὰς τόσας μεγάλας φλόγας, ἡδ
πὸ μέσω ἀπολεσθῇ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν πάντα τοῦτον, ἵνα γίνῃ ὁ ἀφανισμὸς παγκόσμιος, ἀλλάξε γνώμην· μάλιστα ἐνθυμούμενος ὅτι, κατὰ τὰ εἰρημένα, ἔμελλε μίαν ἡμέραν νὰ πάῃ ἡ γῆ, ἡ θάλασσα, ὁ οὐρανὸς, ἢ ὅτι αὕτη ἡ μεγάλη φωτιὰ ἤθελε βάλῃ εἰς κίνδυνον τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον, ἀφῆκε τὰ συνήθη του ὅπλα, τὰ ὁποῖα κατασκευάζονται ἀπὸ τοὺς Κύκλωπας. καὶ ἐσκέφθη νὰ μεταχειρισθῇ ἄλλην παιδείαν, δηλαδὴ νὰ ἀφανίσῃ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος μὲ τὰ νερά, προστάζων τες νὰ χυθῶν χείμαρροι ἀπὸ πᾶσαν μέρος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, διὰ νὰ τιμωρήσῃ τοὺς θνητούς. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἐσφάλισε τὸν Βορέαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια τοῦ Αἰόλου, ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνέμους, ὅσοι ξηραίνουν τὴν γῆν, ἢ σκορπίζουν τὰ σύννεφα, καὶ ἀφῆκεν ἐλεύθερον μόνον τὸν Νότον, ὁ ὁποῖος εὐθὺς ἐπέταξε μὲ τὰς ὑγρὰς του πτέρυγας, συσκοτισμένος ἀπὸ τὸ σκότος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔκρυβε τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπὸ τὸν Κόσμον. Ἦτον τὸ μέτωπόν του φορτωμένον σύννεφα, μὲ ρίζας ποὺ ἦσαν τόσαι ῥυάκες, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν του κατοικημένον μὲ κατεχῶνα, καὶ ἐξέβγαινον ἀπὸ τὰς πτέρυγάς του τόσοι ποταμοί, ὅσα ἦτον τὰ πτερά του. Ἀφοῦ ἐσύναξε τὰ σύννεφα, ὅπου ἦσαν σκορπισμένα εἰς διάφορα μέρη, καὶ τὰ ἔσφιξε μὲ τὰ ζωηρά του χέρια, ἔγινε μεγαλωτάτη βροχὴ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ἔχυθησαν ἐν ταὐτῷ μεγαλώτατοι ποταμοί, ὥστε ἐτρόμαξαν ὅλην γῆν. Ὡσαύτως ἡ ὑπηρέτρια τῆς Ἥρας, δηλαδὴ ἡ Ἶρις, ἐνδεδυμένη εἰς φόρεμα ποικιλόχροον, συνηθροίζες ὑδάτινα νερά, καὶ ἐφόρτωνεν εἰς τὰ σύννεφα. Τὰ σιτάλεια ἐδιασκορπίσθησαν, οἱ γεωργοὶ δακρυσμένοι ἔβλεπον τὰς κόπους των νὰ χάθωνται εἰς ὀλίγον διάστημα, καὶ ἐπροσέφερον εἰς μάτην δεήσεις πρὸς τοὺς Θεούς. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ζεὺς δὲν ἀ
The world was restored. But when Deucalion saw its emptiness, and the deep silence of the desolate lands, he spoke to Pyrrha, through welling tears. �Wife, cousin, sole surviving woman, joined to me by our shared race, our family origins, then by the marriage bed, and now joined to me in danger, we two are the people of all the countries seen by the setting and the rising sun, the sea took all the rest. Even now our lives are not guaranteed with certainty: the storm clouds still terrify my mind. How would you feel now, poor soul, if the fates had willed you to be saved, but not me? How could you endure your fear alone? Who would comfort your tears? Believe me, dear wife, if the sea had you, I would follow you, and the sea would have me too. If only I, by my father�s arts, could recreate earth�s peoples, and breathe life into the shaping clay! The human race remains in us. The gods willed it that we are the only examples of mankind left behind.� He spoke and they wept, resolving to appeal to the sky-god, and ask his help by sacred oracles. Immediately they went side by side to the springs of Cephisus that, though still unclear, flowed in its usual course. When they had sprinkled their heads and clothing with its watery libations, they traced their steps to the temple of the sacred goddess, whose pediments were green with disfiguring moss, her altars without fire. When they reached the steps of the sanctuary they fell forward together and lay prone on the ground, and kissing the cold rock with trembling lips, said �If the gods wills soften, appeased by the prayers of the just, if in this way their anger can be deflected, Themis tell us by what art the damage to our race can be repaired, and bring help, most gentle one, to this drowned world!�
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 29
Σημόν εἰς τὰ ἄρματα, ὅπως ὡρμήχθη εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν ὁ ἀδελφός του ἔρχεται εἰς βοήθειαν του μέ τὰ νερά του, ἡ ἐσυνάθροισεν ὅλης τῆς ποταμῆς, ἡ ἀφ' ἐτοῦ ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸ Παλάτιόν του, τῆς εἶπε· μὴ σοχαῖς ἐσθε σεῖς πῶρα ὅτι θέλετε δουλύειν τὸν Δία, ὄχι· ἀλλὰ θέλετε δουλύειν ἐμὲ τὸν αὐθέντην σας, ἡ κύριον. Δείξετε εἰς ὅλα τὰ μέρη τὶ δύναμι νὰ ἔχῃ ἡ ὁρμήσας ἡ βία· ἀνοίξατε τὰς πηγάς σας, συντρίψατε ὅλα τὰ ἐμπόδια, ὅπου σας χαλινώνουν, ἡ δώσετε εἰς τὰ νερά σας πᾶσαν ἐλευθερίαν. Λαμβάνοντες αὐτήν τὴν ἀφορμήν οἱ ποταμοί, ἔτρεξαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια των, ἡ μαθ' ὑσας, ἀνοίξαν τὰς πόρτας, ὅπου περιεπλήσιον τὰ νερά των· ἐσήλασαν ἀπὸ κάθε μέρος τὰ ἐμπόδια, ἡ τὰ φράγματα, ὅπου ἀντιστέκοντα εἰς τὸν Σιμόντων, ἡ μὲ βίαιον ξέξιμον, ἐρρίφθησαν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Τότε ὁ Ποσειδῶν κτυπώντας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὴν Τρίαιναν του, τὴν ἔκαμε μὲ τὸν φόβον τοῦ κτυπήματος ξεπέρασσα νὰ ἀνοίξῃ εἰς τὰ νερὰ νέας δρόμους. Οἱ ποταμοὶ ξεχειλίζοντες ἐχύθησαν εἰς τὰ κάμπα, ἡ ἥρπαξαν ἀδιαφόρως, ἡ τὰ δένδρα, ἡ τὰ φυτά, ἡ τὰ ζῶα, ἡ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἡ τὰ παλάτια, ἡ τοὺς Ναούς. Ἂν κάπου σπίτιον ἔμενεν ὀρθόν, ἡ ἂν ἐδυνήθη νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὴν βίαν τοιαύτου μεγάλου κακοῦ, αὐτὸ ἐσκεπάσθη ἀπὸ τὰ νερὰ. Δὺο ἐστήθησαν πύργοι τόσον ὑψηλοί, ὥστε νὰ μὴν ἐμβαπτίσθησαν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν φοβερὰν ἄβυσσον. Οὕτως ἡ γῆ, ἡ ἡ θάλασσα ἐσυγχύσθησαν ἀναμεταξύ των, χωρὶς νὰ εἶναι καμμία διαφορὰ ἀναμέσον εἰς τὰ δύω αὐτὰ στοιχεῖα. Ὅλη ἡ Οἰκουμένη ἦτον μία θάλασσα, ὅπου δὲν εἶχεν οὔτε λιμένα, οὔτε παραθαλάσσιον. Ἀπὸ τῆς
φυγῆς, ἄλλοι εἰς πλοῖα, μεταχειριζόμενοι τὸ μαστέπεϊ, ὅπου παρότερον μετεχειρίζοντο τὸ ἀλέτειο· ἄλλοι πάλιν ἐκολυμβοῦσαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ σπίτεια, ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τῶν σωστίων δένδρων, ὅπου ἦσαν βεβυθισμένα εἰς τὰ νερὰ, καὶ ἄλλοι ἀναβαίνοντες εἰς τὰ ὑψηλότερα δένδρα να ἐλευθερωθῇ, ἐπεὶ εὔρισκον ὁ τόπος· Ἂν κατὰ τύχην ἤθελε ρίψῃ τις τὴν ἄγκυραν, αὕτη ἐνέβαινεν εἰς τὰ λιβάδι, ἢ εἰς ἀμπέλι· καὶ τὰ πέρατα τῆς θαλάσσης ἀναπαύονται ἐκεῖ, ὅπου τὰ παρόβατα, ἢ τὰ γίδια ἐσυνήθιζαν να βόσκουν, καὶ να ἡσυχάζουν. Αἱ Νηρεΐδες ἀπορήσαν βλέψασαι ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ νερὰ δάση, πόλεις, καὶ οἰκήματα. Οἱ Δέλφινες περιπατήσαν εἰς τὰς δρῦς, ἢ φαίνονται οἱ Λύκοι να κολυμβοῦν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ παρόβατα. Τὸ νερὸν, ὅπου βασιλεύει εἰς πᾶν μέρος, φέρει τοὺς λέοντας, ἢ τὰς τίγρεις, ἢ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ ἀγριοχοίρου, δι᾽ οὐδὲν ὠφέλει τίποτε· ὁμοίως ἢ ἡ ταχύτης, ἢ ἐλαφρότης τῶν ἐλαφίων, τοὺς ὑποῦ παντάπασιν ἀνωφελῆς· ἢ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὰ πτηνὰ ἐξήτησαν πολλὸν καιρὸν τόπον, διὰ να ἀναπαυθοῦν, πίπτουσιν εἰς τὸ νερὸν ἀπὸ τὸν κόπον, καὶ πνίγουσιν. Τέλος πάντων αὐτὸ τὸ φοβερὸν ξεχείλισμα τῆς θαλάσσης ἔφθασεν ἕως εἰς τὰ ὑψηλότερα βουνὰ, τῆς ὁποίων τὰς κορυφὰς ἐδυσκολοῦντο οἱ ἄνεμοι να τὰς φθάσουν, τὰ δὲ κύματα χωρὶς δυσκολίαν τὰς ἐπλάκωσαν, εἰς τρόπον, ὥστε τὸ περισσότερον μέρος ἐκείνων, ὅπου ἐσκοπίζοντο εἰς τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν να εὕρουν καταφύγιον, ἔγιναν θῦμα, ἢ παίγνια τοῦ νερὸ, καὶ ἄλλοι, ὅπου τὰ νερὰ τοὺς ἀφύχησαν, ἐφθάρησαν ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖναν.
The goddess was moved, and uttered oracular speech: �Leave the temple and with veiled heads and loosened clothes throw behind you the bones of your great mother!� For a long time they stand there, dumbfounded. Pyrrha is first to break the silence: she refuses to obey the goddess�s command. Her lips trembling she asks for pardon, fearing to offend her mother�s spirit by scattering her bones. Meanwhile they reconsider the dark words the oracle gave, and their uncertain meaning, turning them over and over in their minds. Then Prometheus�s son comforted Epimetheus�s daughter with quiet words: �Either this idea is wrong, or, since oracles are godly and never urge evil, our great mother must be the earth: I think the bones she spoke about are stones in the body of the earth. It is these we are told to throw behind us.�
Though the Titan�s daughter is stirred by her husband�s thoughts, still hope is uncertain: they are both so unsure of the divine promptings; but what harm can it do to try? They descended the steps, covered their heads and loosened their clothes, and threw the stones needed behind them. The stones, and who would believe it if it were not for ancient tradition, began to lose their rigidity and hardness, and after a while softened, and once softened acquired new form. Then after growing, and ripening in nature, a certain likeness to a human shape could be vaguely seen, like marble statues at first inexact and roughly carved. The earthy part, however, wet with moisture, turned to flesh; what was solid and inflexible mutated to bone; the veins stayed veins; and quickly, through the power of the gods, stones the man threw took on the shapes of men, and women were remade from those thrown by the woman.� So the toughness of our race, our ability to endure hard labour, and the proof we give of the source from which we are sprung.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 31
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Εις ὁ Μεταμορφώσεως Μῦθος ἴσχυει ἀφ' ἑκυθερίας ἠφ' Ἀρχόντων, ὁ παρὸν εἶναι ἀπὸ ἱερσίαν ὑλῶν κοινὸς ἠφ' ἀνθρώπων ἐπειδῆ καὶ εἰς τὰ γερὰ ἐκληθεῖσαν ἠ ἄρχοντες ἠ ἀρχόμενοι τὸν αὐτὸν κίνδυνον, παθῆ ἡ δύναμις ἠφ μεγάλων δεῖ τῆς ἐβοηθείας καταστοῦ ὑπὸ τὴν ἀδυναμείας ἠφ μικρῶν, μαεθόμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Μύθου ὅτι πάσῃ ὠφέλει ἀείποτε νὰ εἶναι τῆς Βασιλέως ἠ ἡ ὑποψίη ἁγνὴ τὰ Θεῷ, ἠ ὅτι οἱ μεγάλοι ἠ οἱ μικροὶ δέν ἀμφοτέρων νὰ ἀντίγνωσιν τὰ Θεῷ παντοθεν ὁ σκοπὸς τὸ εἶναι σαθὴν εἰς τὴν ὀργὴν τὸ εὑρεθῆ ται μὲς ἱασθετηον μὲ τὸ παράδειγμα τὰ Δευκαλίωνος ἠ τῆς Πύρρας, (οἱ ἱστορίας ἑτέρας, ἠ λαβέται ἠφ Θεῶν, κτίζοντες εἰς αὐτὴν μὲ ἠχ ἀνθρωποποίησον ὑπὸ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν) ὅτι μὲ ἐπ' ἀδωράτως, ἠ ἰσακισμο τῆς ζωῆς ὑποκτὰ κάθης πῆ δείαν κάει, ἠ δύσπασι νὰ φυλαχθῆ ὑπὸ τὴν παγκόσμιον παγκατία.
Πειστὸν εἶνει ἰδῶ νὰ ἀποδείξω ὅτι ἐξησμάτισαν πολλοὶ Δεύκαλίωνες ἐπειδὴ δὲν μᾶς ὠφελεῖ τὸ ἱξάρρουθον. Ὅσοι δὲ ἦξ τῶν τὸν Δεύκαλίωνα τῆ Κατακλυσμὸ μυσάθιον ὅτι ἦτον υἱὸς τῆ Προμηθέως, δηλαδὴ τῆς φρονήσεως, ἦ εἰς αὐτὸν ὑποδεῖξαι τὴν ὀδὺκίαισιν τῆ ἀνθρωπίνης Γενῆς καθὼς ὑποδεῖξα εἰς τὸν Προμηθέα ἡ πλάσις τὰ ἀνθρώπης ἐπειδὴ μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὶ ἐν χον Δημιουργὸν ἀπέδιδοτι, ἦ ἀζεροι τῆς ἀσφαλείας κατοίκησαν εἰς τὰς πέτρας, ἦ εἰς τὰ ἀγάλια δένδρα, ἦ Δεύκαλίων, καὶ ἡ κησαν εἰς τὰς πέτρας, ἦ εἰς τὰ ἀγάμησι τῆ Πύρρα, δηλαδὶ κάθεψησιν τῆς ζωῆς ἀνεζούντης τῆς ὑπὸ τῆς σκληρῆς κατακλίας, τῆς σωθέντων ἀνθρώπων ἦ ἐκ τούτης ἔλαβον αἴτιαν οἱ
Νῦν αὖ ἔστησαν, ὦ ἐ ψάλου δεῦ ἐφ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰς τὸ ἱερόν, εἰ γὰρ πόσον μεγάλως ὅσον τὸ ζῆ ὑπὸ τὰ μέρη τῆ Κόσμο. Ὁ Πλούταρχος τῷ μαρτυρεῖ, ὡς ὁ Λάσκαρος, λέγοντας ὅτι εὑρέθη τὸ σπειστέρῳ ὑπὸ τῆς Κιβώτου, ἡ ὁποία ἔφερε σημεῖον ὅτι ἀναχώρησαν τὰ ὕδατα.
Λέγοσι φῦός τῷ τοῖς ὅτι ὁ Δεύκαλίων, μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμόν, ἐσυμβουλεύθη τῷ Θέμιδα, ἦ δὲν ἔκαμε ἄλλο τί παρὰ ὅ, τί νὰ ἐσκανδάξει ἐκείνῳ, ὡς νὰ ἐλέγομεν ὅτι ἐσυμβουλεύθη τὸν λόγον, ἦ τὴν φύσιν, διὰ ἡ Θέμις ἄλλο δὲν δηλοῖ παρὰ τὸν Νόμον τῆς Φύσεως ἦ τῶν κείσιν τὰ ἰσος, ὅπως διδάσκει τὸν ἄνθρωπον νὰ πράττῃ ὅσα εἶναι συγχωρημένα (ἐπειδὴ ἡ λέξις Θέμις ἑλληνιστὶ σημαίνει τὸ δίκαιον, τὸ συγχωρημένον) ἦδε κατ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐξεμελιώθη ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη Κοινωνία.
Earth spontaneously created other diverse forms of animal life. After the remaining moisture had warmed in the sun�s fire, the wet mud of the marshlands swelled with heat, and the fertile seeds of things, nourished by life-giving soil as if in a mother�s womb, grew, and in time acquired a nature. So, when the seven-mouthed Nile retreats from the drowned fields and returns to its former bed, and the fresh mud boils in the sun, farmers find many creatures as they turn the lumps of earth. Amongst them they see some just spawned, on the edge of life, some with incomplete bodies and number of limbs, and often in the same matter one part is alive and the other is raw earth. In fact when heat and moisture are mixed they conceive, and from these two things the whole of life originates. And though fire and water fight each other, heat and moisture create everything, and this discordant union is suitable for growth. So when the earth muddied from the recent flood glowed again heated by the deep heaven-sent light of the sun she produced innumerable species, partly remaking previous forms, partly creating new monsters.
Περὶ τῆς ἀναπλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου Γένους ὑπὸ τῆς Δευκαλίωνος, καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Πύρρας.
Ὁ Δευκαλίων, καὶ Πύρρα ἡ γυνή, σώθέντες ἐκ τῆς γενικῆς, μιᾶς Κατακλυσμῆς, ἐγέμισαν πάλιν τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπους καὶ διάφορον ζῶον, διὰ τῆς συμβουλῆς τῆς Θεᾶς Θέμιδος.
Φωκὶς, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι μεταξὺ τῆς Ἀττικῆς, καὶ Βοιωτίας, ἦτον μία γῆ εὔκαρπος πρὸ τῆς Κατακλυσμῆς. ὕστερον δὲ ἐγίνε μέρος τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἤγουν πόντος ἀπέραντος διασημότατος, σκεπασμένος ἀπὸ νερά. Εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν Ἐπαρχίαν εἶναι βουνὸν χωρισμένον εἰς
δύο κορυφὰς ὑψηλοτέρας ἢ νεφῶν, ὀνομάζεται δὲ Παρνασσός. Εἰς αὐτὸς ἡας δύο κορυφάς, τῶν ὁποίων αἱ ἄκραι ἐφαίνοντο ὀλίγον, ἦτον πότε ὁ μόνος λιμνώ, ὁπόθ ἀβρίσκετο εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἐπειδὴ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα βουνὰ ἐσκεπάσθησαν ἀπὸ τὰ νερά· κἰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ μέρος ἐσώθην τὸ ζευγάρι τῆς Δευκαλίωνος, τῆς γῆς γυναικός τας, οἱ ὁποῖοι μόνον ἐλευθερώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν παγκόσμιον Κατακλυσμόν. Αὐτὸς ὁ Δευκαλίων ἦτον τόσον δίκαιος ἄνθρωπος, ὁπόθ ποτὲ δύο ἐφάνη εἰς τὸν Κόσμον παρόμοιος, εἰς τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ἁπλότητα, ἠθ ἀκακίαν, ἡ γυναῖκα ὡσαύτως ἦτον ἡ πλέον θερμὴ εἰς τὴν σεβασμίαν, κἰ λατρείαν τῶν Θεῶν. Βλέποντας λοιπὸν ὁ Ζεὺς ὅτι ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος κατεφθάρη, κἰ δὲν ἔμειναν παρὰ μόνον οἱ ἀνδρόγυνον ἄκακοι, κἰ Θεοσεβεῖς, ἐπροσέταξε τὸν Βορρᾶν νὰ διώξῃ τὰ σύννεφα, ἐλευθερώσαντας αὐτὸν τὸν βόρειον ἄνεμον ἀπὸ τὰ δεσμά, ὁπὸ τὸν ἔχει· ὁ ὁποῖος συνηθίζει νὰ καθαρίζῃ τὸν ἀέρα. Καὶ ἔτσι ἐπροσέταξε νὰ φανῇ ἡ γῆ, κἰ νὰ ἴδῃ τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς οὐρανός κἰ νὰ ἡμερώσῃ ἡ θάλασσα. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἀφήνοντας τὴν Τρίαιναν, ἐκάλεσε τὰ δυσμόρφα κύματα, κἰ ἐπροσέταξε τὸν Τρίτωνα νὰ σημάνῃ τὴν σάλπιγγά τας, κἰ νὰ ἀνακαλέσῃ τοὺς ποταμούς· ὁ ὁποῖος σημαίνοντας κατὰ τὴν προσταγὴν τῆς Κυρίας τας, χωρὶς νὰ χάσῃ καιρόν, ἀπὸ τὴν μέσην τῆς θαλάσσης, ἔκαμε νὰ ἀκουσθῇ εἰς ὅλα τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς ἡ προσταγὴ· ἡ ὁποία μόλις ἠκούσθη, κἰ Θεὸς ὑπεχώρησαν ὅλα τὰ νερὰ τῆς γῆς, κἰ τῆς θαλάσσης. Ἡ θάλασσα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον παντοῦ ἐξαπλωμένη, ἐσυμμαζώχθη κἰ περιεκλείσθη εἰς τὰ σύνορα τῆς, οἱ ποταμοὶ ἤρχισαν πάλιν νὰ τρέχουν εἰς τὰς αὐλακάς των, κἰ νὰ φαίνονται
Indeed, though she would not have desired to, she then gave birth to you, great Python, covering so great an area of the mountain slopes, a snake not known before, a terror to the new race of men. The archer god, with lethal shafts that he had only used before on fleeing red deer and roe deer, with a thousand arrows, almost emptying his quiver, destroyed the creature, the venom running out from its black wounds. Then he founded the sacred Pythian games, celebrated by contests, named from the serpent he had conquered. There the young winners in boxing, in foot and chariot racing, were honoured with oak wreaths. There was no laurel as yet, so Phoebus crowned his temples, his handsome curling hair, with leaves of any tree.
�Phoebus�s first love was Daphne, daughter of Peneus, and not through chance but because of Cupid�s fierce anger. Recently the Delian god, exulting at his victory over the serpent, had seen him bending his tightly strung bow and said �Impudent boy, what are you doing with a man�s weapons? That one is suited to my shoulders, since I can hit wild beasts of a certainty, and wound my enemies, and not long ago destroyed with countless arrows the swollen Python that covered many acres with its plague-ridden belly. You should be intent on stirring the concealed fires of love with your burning brand, not laying claim to my glories!� Venus�s son replied �You may hit every other thing Phoebus, but my bow will strike you: to the degree that all living creatures are less than gods, by that degree is your glory less than mine.� He spoke, and striking the air fiercely with beating wings, he landed on the shady peak of Parnassus, and took two arrows with opposite effects from his full quiver: one kindles love, the other dispels it. The one that kindles is golden with a sharp glistening point, the one that dispels is blunt with lead beneath its shaft. With the second he transfixed Peneus�s daughter, but with the first he wounded Apollo piercing him to the marrow of his bones.
φορ με αὐτε̃ τὰ νερὰ ̓Αμφότες να ἡμπορόσα να ἀναπαιγίσιο το αὐθρώπινον γενος με̃ τον αὐτον ξόπον, οπ̃ε̃ ὁ πατήρ με̃ τὸ εἶχε κάμη εἰς τη̃ς ἀρχε̃ς. ̓Αμποτες να ἡμπορόσα να ἐλλογώσω χώμα συγκερασμενον με̃ ὕδωρ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸ ἤθελα πλάση̃ εἰν ἀνθρώπτε̃ς μορφή, ὥσαν ὁπ̃ε̃ μόνος ἀπέμεινα πώρα ἀπὸ ὄλον το ἀθρώπινον γενος̃, ἡ δεῖ εἶναι ἀλλ̃ος παρὰ ἡμε̃ς οἱ δύω, οἳ ὁποῖοι ἐμέναμες εἰς τον Κόσμον ὥσαν φανταλόματα, κ᾽ παραδε̃ιγματα τ̃ι ἀνθρώπ̃ε.
Αὕτα λέγωντας, κ᾽ δακρύων πηγάδες χύνοντες ἀμφόστεροι, ἀπεφάσισαν να παρακαλέσουν τὰς Θέας, κ᾽ μὲ ζήτησιν ἀπὸ τὰς μαντείας παρηγορείαν κ᾽ βοήθειαν. Κα᾽ οὕτως ἁμὰ ἀργοστόριντες περισσότερον, ἐπήγαν ὁμοῦ περιπατῶντες το μῆκρο τῆς ὄχθης τοῦ Κεφίσου ποταμοῦ, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ νερὰ δ᾽ ἦσαν ἀκόμη πόσον καθαρά, μὲ ὅλον ὅπ᾽ εἶχον ῥαντισθῇ εἰς τον τόποντας. Ἀπὸ τον ὁποῖον πέρνοντες νερόν, κ᾽ χύνοντες εἰς τὰς κεφαλὰς πάνω, κ᾽ εἰς τὰ ῥοῦχα πάνω, ἐπήγαν εἰς τον Ναὸν τῆς Θέμιδος, πρὸ ὁποίου ἡ εἴσοδος ἦτον ἀκόμη γεμάτη ἀπὸ λασπωμένον βρύον, ἡ θ᾽ αἱ τράπεζαι ὀρθαὶ, χωρεῖς να φαίνεται εἰς αὐτὲς κανένα σημεῖον Θυσίας. Εὐθὺς ὁπ᾽ ἐπάτησαν τὰς βασμίδας τοῦ Ναοῦ, ἔπεσαν καὶ γῆς κ᾽ οἱ δύω μακροφιλῶντες το ἔδαφος, κ᾽ προσευχόμενοι ἔλεγον πρὸς τὴν Θεὰν· „ αἱ ἡμπορῶν οἱ Θεοὶ να δυσώσηθῶσι μὲ προσευχὰς δικαίας, ἡ θ᾽ ὕβλαβεῖς, αἱ ὁ Θυμὸς των ἡμπορᾷ να παύσῃ, φανέρωσον μας, ὦ ἱερὰ Θέμις, πῶς δύναται να ἀναπαύσῃ τὸ ἀφανισθὲν γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων·
δύονται ἄλλη φύσιν μαλακωτέραν, ἐδύνατό τις νὰ διεκπείρη, εἰς αὐτὸς τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης μορφῆς· ἀλλ᾿ αὐτὴ ἡ μορφὴ δέν ἦτον πεπελεσμένη, ἰ ὡμοίαζες τὰ ἀγάλματα, ὅπως εἶναι μόνον χαραγμένα εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ἢ εἰς τὸ μάρμαρον. Τὸ τρυφερότερον, καὶ γεωδέστερον μέρος τῆς πέτρας, μετεβλήθη εἰς σάρκα, καὶ εἰς νεῦρα, τὸ δὲ σκληρότερον, ἔγινε κόκκαλα· ἐκεῖ δὲ ὅπως ἤσαν φλέβες εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ἔμειναν πάλιν φλέβες εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον· εἰς τρόπον ὅτι αἱ πέτραι, ὅπως ἐρρίφθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἔλαβον τὸ εἶδος τῶν μορφῶν τους, καὶ ἀναπλήσθησαν αἱ μὲν παρὰ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος τὸ γένος τῶν ἀνδρῶν· αἱ δὲ παρὰ τῆς Πύῤῥας τὸ γένος τῶν γυναικῶν. Τοῦτο εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον, ὅπου δεικνύεται τόση σκληρότης εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο ἔχουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τόσον δύσκολον καὶ σκληρότητα νὰ ὑποφέρουσιν τοὺς κόπους, ἢ τὰς παλαιψωχίας· Τέλος πάντων ἡμεῖς οἱ Ἴδιοι μαρτυροῦμεν μὲ τὴν σκληρότητα τῶν καρδιῶν μας ἀπὸ ποίαν ἀρχὴν κατάγομεθα.
Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ὡς τις ἐφόνευσε τὸν ὄφιν τὸν καλούμενον Πύθωνα, ὁποῦ ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τῆς λάσπης.
Ἀφ' ἑτάραξε τὰ ὕδατα τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ, ἐγεννήθη ὑπὸ τῆς λάσπης τῆς γῆς ὄφις καλούμενος Πύθων, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐφόνευσε μὲ τὰς σαΐττας του· καὶ διὰ μνήμην ἐκείνου μὴ ἐλθε κατακλυσμὸς ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, κατ' ἐπιταγὴν τῆς Θεᾶς, ἀφ' οὗπερ ἐδόθησαν αἱ ἀγῶνες ὁ μὲν ὀνομάσθησαν Πύθιοι, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς αὐτὸς ἐπωνομάσθη Πύθιος, διότι περιέλαβεν ἐκείνο τὸ τέρας.
Ἡ γὰρ τῇ ῥοή τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ ἐγέννησεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ τὰ πλεῖστα ἔδνη τῶν ζώων· διότι ἀφ' οὗ ἡ φυσική της ὑγρασία ἐθερμάνθη ἀπὸ τὰς ἀκτίνας τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἡ λάσπη ἐφούσκωσεν ἀπὸ τὴν θερμότητα, οἱ ἀτμοί, ὁποὺ αὐτὴ ἔδιωχνεν εἰς τὸν κόλπον της, ἤρχησαν νὰ αὐξάνονται, ὡς εἰς τὰς κοιλίας τὰς μήτρας των, καὶ ἔλαβον διαφόρους μορφάς, καὶ τὰς διαφόρους δυνάμεις των. Οὕτως ὅταν ὁ Νεῖλος ποταμὸς ἀναχωρῇ ἀπὸ τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Αἰγύπτου εἰς τὸ συνηθισμένον του αὐλάκι, ἀφ' οὗ ἐθερμάνθη ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον ἡ λάσπη, ὁποὺ ἀφῆκεν μετὰ τὴν ἀναχώρησίν του, ὁ γεωργὸς ὀργάνοντας τὴν γῆν, εὑρίσκει ἀμέτρητον πλῆθος ζώων· καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ζῶα ἄλλα μὲν φαίνονται μόνον σχεδιασμένα καὶ ἀτελῆ, ἄλλα δὲ τελειότερα, ὅμως ἀποσπασμένα ἀπὸ πάντε
ρα μέλος τῆ σώματός πων, ἥ ἀβεῖσμορται συγχάνις μετεινά, ὅπις ζῆν ἥ πιχέντται ἀπό τό σῦ μέρος, ἥαὶ ἀπό τό ἄλλο εἶναι ἀπόμι χώματα· ἐπειδή ὅταν ἡ ὑρέστης ἥαὶ ἡ Θερμότης ἔλθουν εἰς κάποιαν συνχέρασιν, γίνονται ἄρκετα παρός κύησιν, ἥαὶ αὕταε εἶναι ἐκείναι αἱ δύο ἀρχαί, ἐκ τῆν ὁποίων γεννῶνται ὅλα τὰ ἐν τῶ Κόσμῳ. Καὶ ἀγκαλα ἡ φωτία, ἥ τό νερόν εἶναι φυσικά ἀντικέμενα, ἥ ἔχουσιν ἀναμεταξύτων παντοτινόν πόλεμον, ὅμως ἡ ὕγρά καῦσις συντείνει εἰς τλῶ γένησιν ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, ἥαὶ διά να εἰπῶ οὕτως ἡ ἀσύμφωτος ὁμόνοια τῶν τῆ δύο ἀντικειμένων, εἶναι ἡ αἰτία τῆς γενήσεως ὅλων ἐπείνων, ὅπε φεῦνονται εἰς τόν Κόσμον. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ οὖ ἡ γῆ, ἥτις εἶχε μέτρι ἀπαντάχε γεμάτη ἀπό τόν πηλόν ῆ κατεπλύσιμε, ἐθερμάνθη ἀπό πας ἀκτῖνας τῆ Ἡλίε, ἐγένησε πληθος ζῴων, διαφόρων εἰδῶν, χημάτιζσσα μερινα ὡς ἐπείνα, ὅπα ἔχον φυή προτέρεα, ἥ ἄλλα διαφορετικα, ἥ μὲ νέας μορφάς. Οὕτως ἐγένησε, ἥ μὴ θέλησα, τόν φοβερόν Πύθαν, τό μέγα ἥ φειμτόν πέρας τῆ κόσμου.
�Wait nymph, daughter of Peneus, I beg you! I who am chasing you am not your enemy. Nymph, Wait! This is the way a sheep runs from the wolf, a deer from the mountain lion, and a dove with fluttering wings flies from the eagle: everything flies from its foes, but it is love that is driving me to follow you! Pity me! I am afraid you might fall headlong or thorns undeservedly scar your legs and I be a cause of grief to you! These are rough places you run through. Slow down, I ask you, check your flight, and I too will slow. At least enquire whom it is you have charmed. I am no mountain man, no shepherd, no rough guardian of the herds and flocks. Rash girl, you do not know, you cannot realise, who you run from, and so you run. Delphi�s lands are mine, Claros and Tenedos, and Patara acknowledges me king. Jupiter is my father. Through me what was, what is, and what will be, are revealed. Through me strings sound in harmony, to song. My aim is certain, but an arrow truer than mine, has wounded my free heart! The whole world calls me the bringer of aid; medicine is my invention; my power is in herbs. But love cannot be healed by any herb, nor can the arts that cure others cure their lord!�
Αὐτό ἦτον ἕνας ὄφις ἀγνώστης μορφῆς, ἤ τόσον ὑπερβολικὲς μεγέθους, ὥστε ἐσκέπαζε μὲ τό σῶμα του ἕνα βουνόν. Κατά τούτου ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετεχειρίσθη τῆς σαΐτης του, τὴν ὁποίαν πρότερον δὲν εἶχε μετεχειρισθῆ παρὰ εἰς τὰ ἀγρίμια ζῷα, ἤ ἐλάφια. Ἀφ' ὧν δὲ πολεμώντας του ἀδείασον ὅλως τὴν σαΐτθηναν, τὸν ἐθάνατωσε τέλος πάντων μὲ ἀπείρους πληγάς, κάμνοντάς τον νὰ ξεράσῃ τὸ φαρμάκι του, ἤ τὴν ζωήν του· ὅθεν διὰ νὰ μὴ δυνηθῇ ὁ καιρὸς νὰ ἐξαλείψῃ τὴν ἐνθύμησιν ἑνὸς ἔργου τόσον ἐνδόξου, ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐθέσπισε τινὰ παιγνίδια, ἤ δημοσίους ἀγῶνας, ὅπου ὠνομάσθησαν Πύθιοι, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πύθωνος, κατὰ τοῦ ὁποίου ἐτόξευσε τὸ βέλος. Οἱ νέοι, ὅπου ἐλάμβανον τὴν νίκην εἰς αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἀγῶνας, ἤ μὲ τὸν πόδα, ἤ μὲ τὴν πάλην, ἤ μὲ τὸ τρέξιμον ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ἄλογα, ἤ ἁμάξια ἀξιόνοντο εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν εἰς τὰ στεφάνια ἀπὸ φύλλα βαλανιδιᾶς, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἦσαν ἀκόμη δάφναι, καὶ εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρὸν πᾶσαν εἶδος δένδρον ἦτον εὐάρεστον εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, διὰ νὰ στεφανώνῃ τὴν κεφαλήν του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Μετὰ τὴν κατάπαυσιν τῆς πλημμύρας τῆς Κασκελύσεως, μένοντα ἢ ἦτον ὀλίγον καιρὸν ὑγρὰ, ἐσηκώθησαν ἔτι αὐτῆ πολλὰ αὐτοσώματα σώματα, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐπεσκότησαν ἕως ὅτου ὁ Ἥλιος τὰς ἀφῄρεσε τὴν ὑγρίαν, ξηραίνοντας τὴν γῆν. Τοῦτο εἶναι ἐκεῖνο, ὅπως ἐννοεῖται μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Πύθωνος τοῦ φοβεροῦ ἐκείνου ὄφιος, ὅπου ἐφόνευσεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων· διότι Πύθων σημαίνει σήψιν, ἢ φθοράν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος ἀκορτίζει ἢ ἀφανίζει τὰς σήψεις ἢ ἀκαθαρσίας τῆς γῆς, ἀνάλογος ἀπὸ τὸ μέγα ἢ λαμπρὸν σῶμα διὰ ἀκτῖνα ὡσὰν παύει σαίτες, ἐνόμισαν ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὅστις εἶναι ὁ Ἥλιος, ἐφόνευσε μὲ τὰς σαίτες του Πύθωνα ὄφιν, διὰ τοῦ ὁποίου ἐγνώσθη μὲ ἀναδρομίσησις τῆς γῆς. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Πυθικοὶ ἀγῶνες ἐδόθησαν εἰς τιμὴν τῆς Μίξεως χθόνων ἐχαίρον εἰς τὴν Ἰδέαν τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ τοῦ Λεόντος. ὁ Πύθων ἢ παρὰ τὸ τῆς ἀνθρώπης, ἀγρίως ἀλλὰγῆς ἢ μέγας φονδὴς, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Δελφικὸς Ἀπόλλων ἐτιμώρησεν αὐστηρῶς· διότι λέγει ὁ Κικέρων νὰ ἐλογίσθησαν τέσσαρες Ἀπόλλωνες· πρῶτος ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀρχαῖος Ἀπόλλων, ὅπου ἦτον υἱὸς ὑπερατῆρος ἢ Δελφικὸς, ὁ δεύτερος, ὅπου ἦτον υἱὸς Κορύβαντος, ἢ ἔγεννήθη εἰς τὴν Κρήτην· ὁ τρίτος, υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ τῆς Λητοῦς,
He would have said more as timid Pene�s ran, still lovely to see, leaving him with his words unfinished. The winds bared her body, the opposing breezes in her way fluttered her clothes, and the light airs threw her streaming hair behind her, her beauty enhanced by flight. But the young god could no longer waste time on further blandishments, urged on by Amor, he ran on at full speed. Like a hound of Gaul starting a hare in an empty field, that heads for its prey, she for safety: he, seeming about to clutch her, thinks now, or now, he has her fast, grazing her heels with his outstretched jaws, while she uncertain whether she is already caught, escaping his bite, spurts from the muzzle touching her. So the virgin and the god: he driven by desire, she by fear. He ran faster, Amor giving him wings, and allowed her no rest, hung on her fleeing shoulders, breathed on the hair flying round her neck. Her strength was gone, she grew pale, overcome by the effort of her rapid flight, and seeing Peneus�s waters near cried out �Help me father! If your streams have divine powers change me, destroy this beauty that pleases too well!� Her prayer was scarcely done when a heavy numbness seized her limbs, thin bark closed over her breast, her hair turned into leaves, her arms into branches, her feet so swift a moment ago stuck fast in slow-growing roots, her face was lost in the canopy. Only her shining beauty was left.
γαι ο αιτιος, και ο Θεος της Ιαχησης, ης ως ποιστος ειναι ο υπερτιμος Ιαϊος, η δ αφνησης τη νοσον η χωαι να παλλωμιδ με τον Μοϊον, επειδη ο Ηλιος καθδειξει τον αιτρα, και τις γιο, διδοντες τη ψυχη την διαλημη, οπα εχει να δεταπευει πες αρμοσιας, δει ημποροι τις να αιη ισι τα το σημα. οτι ηλιος ειναι νημπης του πατρα του Δαφνον, οπα νοηδαιον και τα αστρα του νμμον· οπο ολας πας αλας αιτης, οπα η Ιαχειη γνωαει ζει, η πολυχισον λεες εχει να γνωειχη·
Περι της Νυμφης Δαφνης, οπου μεταμορφωθη εις το Δεμδρον στω καλαμεμον·
Ο Απολλων γιγεται εραστης της Δαφνης Συγαξος του Πηναιου ποταμε, η οποια η δεν η ωρατερα κ αλειοτερα τη Νυμφων τε καρφ της· μη διαβεϊνδος δε να την κατοπειση οτε με παξηματι, ωστε με πας παρακλησεις τα απειρασιας να μειρυειειση την βιαν· ωστε η Δαφνη βλεπουσα οτι εκατερετο, και δει η τον πλεον εις κατασχειη να δερβαντηθη, εληπισε βοηθειαν απο του πατερα της, ο οποιος μετεβαλει αυτην εις δαφνη· διε να φυλαξη την παρθενειαν της.
Ω Δαφνη Συγαπτρ τα Πηναιος ποταμε, εφκηματισσω η φωραιη ωρατης, οπε ηγαπησου ο Θεος ο Απολλων· Αυτη δε η φαρος των Δαφνιλω αγαπη του Αποδλωνος δει ηπου συγηρον τι εργον, αλλ εποι κησις τα Θεε τα Ερωτος, τον οποιον επειπος αρο ολιγας ειχεν
2ο ΥΒΕΙΟΝ. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων ὑπερηφανευόμενος διὰ τὴν νίκην, ὁποῦ νεωστὶ εἶχε λάβει κατὰ τοῦ Πύθωνος, συναπαντῶντας τὸν Ἔρωτα, ὅστις ἔτεινε τὸ τόξον του, λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν οὕτως· „ὦ παιδάριον εἰς ἐσὲ δὲν εἶναι φαρέτρον νὰ μεταχειρίζεσθαι ὅπλα τοιοῦτον δυνατά· αὐτὰ δὲν εἶναι εἰς τὸν τύπον της, παρὰ μόνον ὅταν βαστῶνται εἰς τὰς ὤμους με, ἢ εἰς τὰς χεῖράς με. Ἐγὼ ἐγὼ μόνος εἶμαι ἄξιος νὰ τὰ μεταχειρίζωμαι, ὁποῦ ἰσχύω νὰ πληγώσω τὰ Θηρία, ὁποῦ ἠμπορῶ νὰ διαβάλω ἐναντίον ἑνὸς ἐχθροῦ, ἢ ὁποῦ τώρα νεωστὶ ἐθανάτωσα ἐκεῖνο τὸ φοβερὸν τέρας, τοῦ ὁποίου ἡ κοιλία γεμάτη φαρμάκη, ἐσκέπαζε τόσα πέλεθρα γῆς. Εὐχαριστῆσαι, τὸ παιδί με, νὰ βαστῆς εἰς τὸ χέρι σου μίαν λαμπάδα, ἥτις δύναται νὰ ἀνάψῃ ὀλίγην φλόγα, ἢ ὄχι τὰ ὅπλα, ὁποῦ εἶναι ἐδικῆς μου δόξα." Ὁ Ἔρως πληγωθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰ λόγια αὐτὰ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως· „ἂς πληγώσουν αἱ σαΐται σου πᾶσαν πρᾶγμα· αἱ ἐδικαί μου ὅμως θέλουν δυνηθῆ νὰ πληγώσουν τὴν καρδίαν σου, ἢ τότε θέλεις ὁμολογήσει τὴν δόξαν σου πόσον κατωτέραν τῆς ἐδικῆς μου, ὅσον διαφέρει τὸ ζῶον, ἀπὸ τὸν θεόν".
Even like this Phoebus loved her and, placing his hand against the trunk, he felt her heart still quivering under the new bark. He clasped the branches as if they were parts of human arms, and kissed the wood. But even the wood shrank from his kisses, and the god said �Since you cannot be my bride, you must be my tree! Laurel, with you my hair will be wreathed, with you my lyre, with you my quiver. You will go with the Roman generals when joyful voices acclaim their triumph, and the Capitol witnesses their long processions. You will stand outside Augustus�s doorposts, a faithful guardian, and keep watch over the crown of oak between them. And just as my head with its uncropped hair is always young, so you also will wear the beauty of undying leaves.� Paean had done: the laurel bowed her newly made branches, and seemed to shake her leafy crown like a head giving consent.
Δ' εἶπε περισσότερον ἀπὸ αὐτά, ἢ ἀετὸς φίζοντας τοῦ ἀέρα με τὰς πτέρυγας του, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸ Παρ- νασσοῦ ὄρος, ὅπου μόλις ἔφθασεν, ἐβγαλεν ἀπὸ τῶν σαϊδήλιν τὴ δύο σαῖτα, τῶν ὁποίων αἱ ἐνέργειαι ἦ- σαν διαφορετικαί, διότι ἡ μία ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ διώχῃ τὸν ἔρωτα, ἡ δὲ ἄλλη νὰ τὸν γεννᾷ. Καὶ ἡ μὲν γεννῶσα τὸν ἔρωτα εἶναι περιχρυσωμένη, ἡ δὲ ἀκμὴ της κατακολλὰ ὀξεῖα, ἡ λαμπρά· ἡ ἄλλη δέ, ὅπε διώχνει τὸν ἔρωτα εἶναι
μως φεύγουσιν ἀπὸ τὰς ἐχθράς των· ἀλλ' ἐγὼ δὲν εἶ- μαι ἐχθρὸς, καὶ μόνον ὁ Ἔρως μὲ ἀναγκάζει νὰ σὲ διώκω. Τόσον ἀπέχω μάλιστα νὰ σὲ εὔχωμαι τὰ κακὰ, ὅσα δύναται νὰ σοῦ κάμῃ ἕνας ἐχθρὸς, ὅπου φοβοῦμαι διὰ ἐσένα, ὡραία Νύμφη· φοβοῦμαι μὴ πέσῃς, φεύγουσα τόσον ὀλιγώρως· κοίταξαι καλὰ κά- νενα ἀγκάθι νὰ μὴ σοῦ πληγώσῃ τὰ εὔμορφα χέ- ρια, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι ἄξια ἄλλης τύχης, καὶ γίνω οὕ- τως αἴτιος τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον θέλω νὰ φυ- λαχθῇς. Οἱ τόποι, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους φεύγουσα τρέ- χεις, εἶναι τραχεῖς· τρέχε σὲ παρακαλῶ ἐλαφρότε- ρα, ἡμέρωσον ὀλίγον τὴν φυγήν σου, καὶ θέλω σὲ ἀκολουθήσει καὶ ἐγὼ ἀργότερα. Ἂν δὲν θέλῃς νὰ σταθῇς, γύρισαι κἂν τὸ πρόσωπόν σου νὰ ἴδῃς εἰς ποῖον ἐφάνης ἀρεστὴ, καὶ ποῖος εἶναι ἐκεῖνος, ὅπου σὲ ἀγαπᾷ. Δὲν εἶναι ἤτοι κανένας ἄγροικος ἄνθρωπος, ἢ κανένας δυστυχὴς βοσκὸς, ὅπου καίεται σήμερον διὰ σέ. Δὲν ἰξεύρεις, ὦ ἀνόητη κόρη, ὅτι δὲν ἰ- ξεύρεις ἀπὸ ποῖον φεύγεις, καὶ μόνον φεύγεις διὰ τὶ δὲν γνωρίζεις τὸν κυνηγόν σου. Οἱ Δελφοὶ, ἡ Κλάρος, ἡ Τένεδος, τὰ Πάταρα μὲ γνωρίζουσι διὰ Βασιλέα των· ὁ μέγας Ζεὺς εἶναι πατήρ μου· δι' ἐ- μοῦ ἀνακαλύπτονται ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, καὶ τὰ μέλ- λοντα δι' ἐμοῦ γίνονται παρόντα εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Δι' ἐμοῦ ὅλος ὡραΐζεται ὁ Κόσμος, καὶ ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ ἐφευρετὴς τῆς μουσικῆς τέχνης. Ρίπτω σαΐτας, ὅπου δὲν ἀποτύχον ποτὲ, καὶ δὲν εὑρίσκονται ἰσχυρότερα βέλη ἀπὸ τὰ ἐδικά μου, εἰ μὴ ἐκεῖνο μό- νον, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον, εὔμορφη Δάφνη, σὺ μὲ ἐπλη-
There is a grove in Haemonia, closed in on every side by wooded cliffs. They call it Tempe. Through it the river Peneus rolls, with foaming waters, out of the roots of Pindus, and in its violent fall gathers clouds, driving the smoking mists along, raining down spray onto the tree tops, and deafening remoter places with its roar. Here is the house, the home, the innermost sanctuary of the great river. Seated here, in a rocky cavern, he laid down the law to the waters and the nymphs who lived in his streams. Here the rivers of his own country first met, unsure whether to console with or celebrate Daphne�s father: Spercheus among poplars, restless Enipeus, gentle Amphrysus, Aeas and ancient Apidanus; and then later all the others that, whichever way their force carries them, bring down their weary wandering waters to the sea. Only Inachus is missing, but hidden in the deepest cave he swells his stream with tears, and in utter misery laments his lost daughter, Io, not knowing if she is alive or among the shades. Since he cannot find her anywhere, he imagines her nowhere, and his heart fears worse than death.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 47
Βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τῆς πτέρυγας τοῦ ἔρωτος, τὴν κυνηγεῖ ὀλιγωρότερα παρὰ ὅπ' ἐκείνη ἐδύνατο νὰ φύγῃ· ἰδοὺ τὴν ἀφίνει νὰ ἀναπνύσῃ, ἐγγίζωντας παρ' ὀλίγον τὰ ῥάχη ης, κἱ ἀσφάζόμενος σχεδὸν τὰ μαλλιὰ ης. Τέλος παντὸς ἡ Δάφνη κεραυνωθεῖσα· ἤρχισε νὰ ἀλλάζῃ ὄμμα, κἱ αἰσθανομένη τὴν ἑαυτῆ ης νικημένην ἀπὸ τὸν κόπον τῆς φυγῆς, γνεύει τὰ ὄμματά ης κατὰ τὸ μέρος τοῦ Πηνειοῦ ποταμοῦ, πρὸς τὸν ὁποῖον λέγει αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια· ὦ πάτερ μου· ἂν οἱ ποταμοὶ εἶναι Θεοί, βοήθησόν μοι εἰς αὐτὸν τὴν ἀνάγκην· κἱ σὺ ὦ γῆ κατάπιέ με, ἢ τουλάχιστον ἀναίρεσαί με τ' ἀμέσως νὰ μεταβολῶ αὐτὴν τὴν δυστυχῆ ὡραιότητα, ὁποῦ εἶναι αἴτία ἐμὲ καταδιώκουν, καὶ μοῦ ἀποκτᾷ τοσοὺς ἐχθροὺς τῆς τιμῆς με. Μόλις ἔφθασε νὰ τελειώσῃ τὴν προσευχῆ ης, καὶ εὐθὺς ὕστερον βαθὺς ἐπεκάλυψεν ὅλα τὰ μέλη ης· τὸ σῶμά της ἐνδύθη μίαν ξηφεράν φλοῦδα, τὰ μαλλιὰ ης ἔγιναν φύλλα, τὰ χέρια ης ἀπλώθησαν εἰς κλῶνες, καὶ τὰ πόδιά της τὰ χθὲς ὀλίγες ἐλαφρότητα, ἐκόλλησαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, μεταλλαττόμενα εἰς ῥίζας. Τὸ πρόσωπόν ης ἔγινεν ἡ κορυφῆ τοῦ δένδρου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφύλαξε τὴν λαμπρότητά της, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὴν ἔρωτά του· ὅστις δὲν ἔπαυσε νὰ ἀγαπᾷ τὴν Δάφνην, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι αὐτὴ δὲν ἦτον ἄλλο παρὰ ἓν δένδρον· Ἀπλώνει λοιπὸν τὸ χέρι του εἰς τὸν κορμὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον τὸ σῶμά της μεταμορφώθη, καὶ αἰσθάνεται ἀκόμη τὴν καρδίαν ης νὰ κτυπᾷ, ὑποκάτω εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν φλοῦδα. Παρατηρεῖται· ἀπελπίζεται, ἀγκαλιάζει τὰς ὑλάδας, ὁποῦ ἦσαν πρότερον οἱ βραχίονες τῆς Δάφνης, ἀσπάζεται τὸ δένδρον, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ ἀποφεύγει τὰς ἀσπασμάς· καὶ τέλος πάλιν, λέγει, συμφίλατί με Δάφνη, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν
ἡμπορεῖς πλέον νὰ γίνης συμβίαιος, τελάχιστον θέλεις εἶσαι τὸ δένδρον με. Σύ, ὦ αειθαλὴς Δάφνη, θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε ὁ στεφανός με· σὺ θέλεις περικυκλῶν πάντοτε τὰ ἱλῶ λύραν με, καὶ τὸ φαρέτραν με· θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε τὸ πόλισμα τῶν Νυμφῶν, καὶ τῆς Νίκης. θέλεις συνοδεύῃ πάντα τὴς ἀνδρείας Στρατηγός, ἢ Ἡγεμόνας, οἱ ὁποῖοι θέλουσιν εἶναι ὑψῶσαι βαστάντες σε εἰς τὰ κεφαλὰ των, ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ θριαμβευτικόν ἁμάξιον, ἢ ἀναβαίνοντες μετὰ σέ εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον, θέλουν νὰ βάλῃ ὁλόγυρα μιᾶς δρυὸς ἐμφυτῶσει εἰς τὴν θύραν τῆς Παλατίης τῶν Αὐτοκρατόρων, ὥσαν τὴν πλέον πιστὴν των φύλακαν· ἢ καθὼς τὰ μαλλία με δὲν γηράσκουν ποτέ, ἀλλὰ θέλεν ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὰ χαρείας, καὶ τὰ σημεῖα μιᾶς ἀειθαλοῦς νεότητος, οὕτω καὶ τὰ φύλλα σε θέλεν ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὸν στολισμόν τῆς Ἀνοίξεως, καὶ θέλουν εἶναι πάντοτε ὡραῖσιμα, ἢ οἱ χειμῶνες, ἢ αἱ ἐποχαὶ δὲν θέλεν ἀποτολμήσῃ νὰ τὰ βλάψωσιν αἰωνίως. Μόλις ἐπαύσε νὰ λαλῇ, ἢ ἡ Δάφνη ἔκλινε τὸν κορμὸν, καὶ τοὺς κλάδους τῆς, καθὼς ἤθελε κάμῃ τῆς μὲ τὸ κεφάλι, δείχνουσα ὅτι εὐχαριστεῖτο ἐπεῖτε, ὥστε ὁ Ἀπόλλων τῆς ἀφοπρόσφερε.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Jupiter first saw her returning from her father�s stream, and said �Virgin, worthy of Jupiter himself, who will make some unknown man happy when you share his bed, while it is hot and the sun is at the highest point of its arc, find shade in the deep woods! (and he showed her the woods� shade). But if you are afraid to enter the wild beasts� lairs, you can go into the remote woods in safety, protected by a god, and not by any lesser god, but by the one who holds the sceptre of heaven in his mighty hand, and who hurls the flickering bolts of lightning. Do not fly from me!� She was already in flight. She had left behind Lerna�s pastures, and the Lyrcean plain�s wooded fields, when the god hid the wide earth in a covering of fog, caught the fleeing girl, and raped her.
Φαίνεται ότι ἐξαίρεσιν αὐτό, ὁ Μῦθος εἰς τιμὴν τῶν σωφρόνων Παρθένων, ὅσαι προτιμῶσι νὰ χάσουν τὴν ζωήν τες, παρὰ τὴν τιμήν. Μᾶς δείχνει μὲ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Δάφνης, ἡ ὁποία ἀντέστη εἰς τὸν ἁμορφότερον θεόν, ὅτι δὲν ἡμπορεῖ καμμία δύναμις νὰ βιάση μίαν κόρην, ὅταν αὐτὴ δὲν θελήση. Μυθάζουσι δὲ ὅτι μεταμορφώθη εἰς δάφνην, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι δένδρον ἀειθαλές, διὰ νὰ διδάξη ὅλους ὅτι ἡ ἀνταμοιβὴ τῆς παρθενείας δὲν εἶναι μία δόξα πρόσκαιρος καὶ φθαρτή, ἀλλ' ἀείδιος. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὴν ἠγάπησε καὶ μετὰ τὴν μεταβολήν της, ὅταν διελάβη ἀπεγνωσμένος νὰ τὴν ὑπολαύση· τοῦτο ὑποδεικνύει ὅτι καὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἴδιοι, ὅσοι καταδέχονται τὴν τιμὴν τῆς παρθένου, μὴ ἔχοντες ἄλλον σκοπὸν παρὰ νὰ ἀρχήσωσι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν των, τὰς καὶ πάλιν τὰς δοξάζουν, ὅταν αὐταὶ ἰξεύρουν νὰ ἀντιστῶσι μὲ στερεότητα.
Λέγειασι δὲ ὅτι ἡ Δάφνη, δηλαδῆ ἡ δάφνη τὸ δένδρον, ἀγαπήθη ὑπὸ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφυσικὰ ὁ φῶσος τῆς Ἰατρῶν, καὶ τῆς Μαντέων, ἐπειδῆ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον τὸ μεταχειριζόμενοι κατάσχολα θερμὴ ἀποδείκνυται, καὶ χρησιμάθη διὰ τὴν μαντείαν. Εἶναι γνώμη ὅτι ὁ κοιμώμενος ἢ ὁ ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας σφάγων τῆς Νιόβης, καὶ ὁ βαθέως κατακλινόμενος, ἢ ὅτι βαθύνων ὑπὸ τὰ φύλλα ὑπαράττων ἢ τὸ πρόσωπόν του, βλέπει τινὰς ὀνείρατα ἀληθινά. Εἶναι ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἢ διὰ αὐτὴν τὴν αἰτίαν τε, ἢ διὰ τὴν θερμότητα, ὅπου ἔχει φυσικὰ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον, ἐπειδῆ τρίβοντες δύω ξύλα Δάφνης τὸ ἓν μὲ τὸ ἄλλο, ἀνάπτει φωτίαν, ὡς ὑπὸ τὸν σίδηρον, καὶ ὑπὸ τὰ πυροβόλα ἐργαλεῖα. Ὁ Πλίνιος λέγει ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον ἦτον εἰς μεγαλωτάτην τιμὴν εἰς τὰς Δελφούς, ὅπου ἐλάτρετο αὐτὸς ὁ μυθώδης Θεὸς, καὶ ὅπου ἦσαν σὺν ὑπὸ τὰ πλέον φημισμένα Μαντεῖα του.
Μυθώδευσαν ὅτι ἡ Δάφνη ἦτον θυγάτηρα τοῦ Πηνειοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐπειδῆ φυσικὰ αὐξάνει πληθυσμὸν Δαφνῶν εἰς τὰ παραποτάμια τῆς Θήβης ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι καὶ τῆς ὑποχθονίας ἐπὶ μετεχειρίσθη ἡ Ὥρα εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, εἰς τὴν Δάφνην, καὶ ἢ ἡ αὐτὴ κομβολογιθῆ, ἱστορίῳ ὅτι ὑποδέχνυται νὰ εὐχάριστο τὰς ἰδιωμάτων, ἢ τὰς διὰ
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'. ΙΒ'. ΙΓ'.
Περὶ τῆς Ἴους, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς δάμαλιν, τῆς Σύριγγος εἰς αὐλόν, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ Ἄργου, τεθέντων εἰς τὴν οὐρὰν τῆς παγωνῆς.
Ἡ Ἰὼ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἰνάχου ποταμοῦ ἀγαπᾶτο ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός, ὅστις τὴν ἐπίσκεπε μὲ τὰς παρακελεύσεις του· ἔπειτα διὰ νὰ τὴν φυλάξῃ ὑπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ Ἥρας, καὶ νὰ κρύψῃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, τὴν μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς δάμαλιν. Ἡ δὲ Ἥρα μετεμόρφωσε καὶ αὐτὴ τὸν Ἄργον εἰς παγώνιον, θέτουσα εἰς τὴν οὐράν του, τὰ ἑκατὸν μάτια τοῦ Ἄργου, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐφόνευσεν ὁ Ἑρμῆς. Εὕρεσις, καὶ κατασκευὴ τῆς σύριγγος.
Εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν εἶναι τόπος περιεκλεισμένος πανταχόθεν ἀπὸ δάση, ὁ ὁποῖος ὀνομάζεται Τέμπη, ἀφοῦ ὁ Πηνειὸς ποταμὸς καταβαίνοντας ἀπὸ τοῦ Πηλίου, κυλεῖ τὰ νερὰ του γεμάτα ἀπὸ ἀφρόν· καθὼς αὐτὰ πίπτουσιν ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ βράχου, φράζουσιν ἕνα ὁμίχλην καπνόν, ὁποῦ ῥαντίζει τὰς κορυφὰς τῶν δένδρων· τὸ δὲ πέσιμόν των κάμνει τόσον κτύπον, ὥστε εἰσακούεται εἰς ἐπέκεινα, οἱ τόποι εἶναι ἀρκετὰ ἀπομακρά, ὄχι μόνον εἰς τοὺς γείτονας. Ἐκεῖ εἶναι ὁ θρόνος, καὶ τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ μεγάλου αὐτοῦ ποταμοῦ· ἐκεῖ εἰς αὐλὴν σκεπασμένην ἢ περικυκλωμένην ἀπὸ σκοπέλους, δίδει τοὺς νόμους εἰς τὰ νερὰ τῆς ἐπικρατείας του, καὶ εἰς τὰς Νύμφας,
Meanwhile Juno looked down into the heart of Argos, surprised that rapid mists had created night in shining daylight. She knew they were not vapours from the river, or breath from the damp earth. She looked around to see where her husband was, knowing by now the intrigues of a spouse so often caught in the act. When she could not find him in the skies, she said �Either I am wrong, or being wronged� and gliding down from heaven�s peak, she stood on earth ordering the clouds to melt. Jupiter had a presage of his wife�s arrival and had changed Inachus�s daughter into a gleaming heifer. Even in that form she was beautiful. Saturnia approved the animal�s looks, though grudgingly, asking, then, whose she was, where from, what herd, as if she did not know. Jupiter, to stop all inquiry, lied, saying she had been born from the earth. Then Saturnia claimed her as a gift. What could he do? Cruel to sacrifice his love, but suspicious not to. Shame urges him to it, Amor urges not. Amor would have conquered Shame, but if he refused so slight a gift as a heifer to the companion of his race and bed, it might appear no heifer!
φας, ὅπου τὰ κατοικήσιν· Οἱ ποταμοί τῆ πόλη φῶροι ἐσυναδρόμισαν ἐπεί, ἀμφιβόλοι ἂν ἦλθον διὰ νὰ συγχαρῶν· ἢ νὰ παρηγορήσειν ἕνα πατέρα. Ὁ ποταμὸς καλούμενος Σπερχαῖος, ξεφανωμένος ἀπὸ αἰγέρειες, δὲν ἐλέησεν ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ ἦλθη· ὁ ἀμήσυχος Ἐνιπεὺς, ὁ γέρων Ἀπίδανος, καὶ ὁ γλυκὺς Ἄμβρυσος, ἦλθον καὶ αὐτοί· νὰ κάμουν τὸ χρέος των· καὶ ἐπεῖτα οἱ ἄλλοι ποταμοί, ἀπὸ ὁποιονδήποτε μέρος ἡ βία των τοὺς ἐδιώκει εἰς την Θάλασσαν, ὥσαν χερασμένοι ἀπὸ τῆς γύ- ρας, ὅπου ἐπήραν εἰς τὸν δρόμον της. Μόνος ὁ Ἴναχος δὲν ἦλθεν, ὤντας κεχυμμένος εἰς τὸ σπηλάσιόν του, ὅπως ηὔξανε τὰ νερά του με τὰ δάκρυα, ὅπως ἔχυνεν, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁμμάτια. Αὐτὸς ὁ ἄθλιος πατήρ· ἐπέλασε την στέρνησιν τῆς Συγμέλης του, τὴν ὁποίαν ἠγάπα ὑπερβολικὰ· Δὲν ἤξευρεν ἂν ἐζοῦσεν, ἢ ἂν ἀπέθανεν αὐτὴ ἡ κό- ρη του, καὶ δὲν ἐνόμιζε νὰ ζῇ πλέον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν τὴν ἦτον εἰς κανένα μέρος· καὶ τὰ ἁπλᾶ πράγματα, ὅπως ἐφοβεῖτο, τοῦ ἐφαίνοντο χειρότερα ἀπὸ τὸν Θάνατον.
Οἱ Θεοί, τούς ὁποίους ὁ Ζεὺς τῷ εἶχε συναπανήσει, ὅτε ἐγύρευσεν ἀπὸ τὸν πατέρα της, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχεν ὑπάγει διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐπισκεφθῇ, ἰδὼν αὐτὴν βλέποντας πῶς ὁ Ζεὺς ἀλησμόνησε πὼς εἶναι Θεός, ἰδὼν ἔγινε δοῦλος μιᾶς κόρης, ἰδὼν λέγει πρὸς· ὦ ἀξιοπότιμη, ἰδὼν ὡραῖα κόρη, ἥτις εἶσαι ἀξία διὰ κανένα Θεόν, ἰδὼν εἶσαι ἴσως ἀποφασισμένη διὰ κανένα κοινὸν ἄνθρωπον, τὸν ὁποῖον θέλεις κάμει εὐτυχέστατον, συζευγνυμένη μὲ αὐτόν, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος καίει τώρα τὸ μεσημέρι κατὰ πολλά, ἔμβα εἰς τὸν ἴσκιον κανενὸς δένδρου, ἕως νὰ περάσῃ τὸ καῦμα.
Though her rival was given up the goddess did not abandon her fears at once, cautious of Jupiter and afraid of his trickery, until she had given Io into Argus�s keeping, that son of Arestor. Argus had a hundred eyes round his head, that took their rest two at a time in succession while the others kept watch and stayed on guard. Wherever he stood he was looking at Io, and had Io in front of his eyes when his back was turned. He let her graze in the light, but when the sun sank below the earth, he penned her, and fastened a rope round her innocent neck. She grazed on the leaves of trees and bitter herbs. She often lay on the bare ground, and the poor thing drank water from muddy streams. When she wished to stretch her arms out to Argus in supplication, she had no arms to stretch. Trying to complain, a lowing came from her mouth, and she was alarmed and frightened by the sound of her own voice. When she came to Inachus�s riverbanks where she often used to play and saw her gaping mouth and her new horns in the water, she grew frightened and fled terrified of herself.
ριὸς Θεοῦ, ὅπου βαστᾶ τὸ σκῆπτρον τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσιάζεις τὰς βροντάς. Μὴ φύγῃς, ὡραία Νύμφη· διότι ἐκείνη ἤρχισε νὰ φεύγῃ, καὶ ἴσον ὀπλιγώρα, ὥστε εἶχον ἀπεράσῃ τὰς βοσκὰς τῆς Λέρνης λίμνης, καὶ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας τὰς πεδιάδας. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς συσκοτίζοντας τὴν γῆν μὲ σκότος, ἐκρύψει αὐτὴν τὴν Νύμφην, καὶ ἐμποδίζοντας τὴν φυγήν της, ἔφθειρε τὴν παρθενίαν της. Ὡς πόσον ἡ Ἥρα ῥίψασα τὰ ὄμματα μεταξὺ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ βλέψασα τὴν αἴφνιδίον κατακτίαν, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε συστήσῃ μίαν τοιαύτην λαμπράν καὶ θαλυίαν ἡμέραν, κατέλαβεν εὐθύς ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς δὲν ἐχωρχετο οὔτε ἀπὸ τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις τοῦ νεροῦ, οὔτε ἀπὸ τὰς λεπτὰς ἀτμίδας τῆς γῆς. Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν ὑποπτευθήσασα διὰ τὸν ἄνδρα της τὸν Δία, ἤρχισε νὰ τὸν γυρεύῃ ἀπανταχοῦ, καὶ μεταχειρίζεται κάθε ἐπιμέλειαν, ἐπιθυμοῦσα νὰ μάθῃ μήπως κανένας ἔρως πάλιν τῆς ἀποπλανᾶ τὸν ἄνδρα της. Καὶ μὴν εὑρίσκουσα αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν· ἢ ἀπατῶμαι, εἶπεν, ἢ ἀτιμάζομαι· καὶ εὐθὺς καταβαίνει ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ προστάζει τὴν ὁμίχλην νὰ διαλυθῇ. Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Ζεὺς αἰσθανόμενος τὴν ἐρχομήν τῆς γυναικὸς του, μετεμόρφωσε τὴν Ἰὼ εἰς ἀγελάδα λευκήν, ἀφηνώντας της ὅμως κάποιόν τι ἀπὸ τὴν πρώτην της εὐμορφίαν. Ἡ οὖν ἀγελάδα ἦτον πόσον εὐμορφη, ὥστε ἡ Ἥρα καὶ ἐκείνως τὴν ἐπαίνεσε, καὶ ὡς νὰ μὴν ἤθελεν ἐννοήσῃ τὸ γιγνόμενον, ἡρώτησε πόθεν εἶναι αὐτὴ ἡ εὐμορφη ἀγελάδα, καὶ ποῖος τὴν ἔφερε· Ὁ Ζεὺς τῆς ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι εἶχε γεννηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς· καὶ μετεχειρίσθη τοῦτο τὸ ψεῦδος, διὰ νὰ ἀποκόψῃ κάθε
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 53
το επίστευσε, τὴ ζητεῖ τὴ αγελάδα, βιάζεται τό- σον, ὥστε αὐτὴ ἠθυ ὑπὲρ Θεὸς, δὲν ἤξευρε τί νὰ ἀπο- φασίση· νὰ ἀφήση τὸν ἐρωμένοι, τοῦ εἰς χέρας τῆς ἀντιτύπης, ἦτον σκληρόν· νὰ ἀρνηθῇ τὸν χάριν, ὑπο- πτον· ἀπὸ τὸ ἓν μέρος ἡ ἐντροπὴ τὸν. Βιάζει νὰ δώ- ση τὸ χάρισμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ ἔρως του λέγει τὸ ἐναντίον. Τέλος πάντων ὁ ἔρως ἤθελεν νικήση τὴν ἐντροπὴν, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀπόστασις οὐδὲ τοιαῦτα μικρὸ ζητήμα- τος τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς, ἢ ὁμῆς συμβίας, ἤθελε την πάρη νὰ λέγη εὔκολα ὅτι ἡ ἀγελάδα, ἦτον ἄλλο τι παρὰ ἀγελά- δα. Τὴν ἐχάρισε λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν Ἥραν, ἡ ὁποία φυλάτ- τουσα μὲ ὅλον τὸν τὸν φόβον τῆς, ἢ τὴν ζηλοτυπίαν τῆς, ὑπόπτως εἰς τὸν Δία, ἢ τὸ δῶρόν του τὸν ἐξευρω- ποῦσαν, ἕως οὗ τὴν ἐπαραδώκησε εἰς Ἄργον νὰ τὴν φυ- λάττῃ. Καὶ βέβαια αὐτὸς ὁ Ἄργος, ἦτον πολλὰ ἄξιος νὰ φυλάξη τὴν Ἰὼ, ἐπειδὴ εἶχον ἑκατὸν ὀμμάτια εἰς τὸ κεφάλι τῆς, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα δύω μόνον ἐκοιμῶντο, τὰ δὲ ἄλ- λα πάντα ἀγρυπνοῦσαν, ἢ ἐφυλάττον. Κατ αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον λοιπὸν ἔβλεπε τὴν Ἰὼ ὡς ἥθελε αὐτὴ ἐγύριζε νὰ πηγαίνῃ, ἢ ἄν καλὰ αὐτὸς νὰ ἐστρέφῃ τὴν ῥάχιν τοῦ, ὅ- μως εἶχε πάντοτε ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰ ὀμμάτια του αὐτὴν τὴν Ἰώ. Τὴν ἀφίνεν ὅλης τὴν ἡμέραν νὰ βόσκῃ, ἀλ- λὰ φθάνοντος νὰ δύσῃ ὁ Ἥλιος, τὴν ἐσφάλισε, δενόντας τὸν ἀτίμως. Δὲν τὴν ἐτρέφεν εἰμὴ φύλλα, ἢ χόρτα, δὲν τὴν ἐπλαγίαζον εἰμὴ εἰς τὸ χῶμα, δὲν τὴν ἐπό- τιζεν εἰμὴ νερὰ γεμάτα ἀπὸ λάσπην. Πολλάκις ἤθελε νὰ ἀπλώση χέρια πρὸς τὸν Ἄργον, πάχα διὰ νὰ τοῦ ζητήση παρηγοριὰν χάριν, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶχε χέρια, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορέση νὰ τὰ ἀπλώση πρὸς αὐτόν. Ὅταν δὲ ἤ- θελε νὰ παραπονῆται, ἐμύκατο, ἢ ἐφοβεῖτο αὐτὴ ἡ ἴ- δία τὸν
�� The naiads did not know her: Inachus himself did not know her, but she followed her father, followed her sisters, allowing herself to be petted, and offering herself to be admired. Old Inachus pulled some grasses and held them out to her: she licked her father�s hand and kissed his palm, could not hold back her tears, and if only words could have come she would have begged for help, telling her name and her distress. With letters drawn in the dust with her hoof, instead of words, she traced the sad story of her changed form. �Pity me!� said her father Inachus, clinging to the groaning heifer�s horns and snow-white neck, �Pity me!� he sighed; �Are you really my daughter I searched the wide world for? There was less sadness with you lost than found! Without speech, you do not answer in words to mine, only heave deep sighs from your breast, and all you can do is low in reply to me.� Unknowingly I was arranging marriage and a marriage-bed for you, hoping for a son-in-law first and then grandchildren. Now you must find a mate from the herd, and from the herd get you a son. I am not allowed by dying to end such sorrow; it is hard to be a god, the door of death closed to me, my grief goes on immortal for ever.� As he mourned, Argus with his star-like eyes drove her to distant pastures, dragging her out of her father�s arms. There, sitting at a distance he occupied a high peak of the mountain, where resting he could keep a watch on every side.
Now the king of the gods can no longer stand Phoronis�s great sufferings, and he calls his son, born of the shining Pleiad, and orders him to kill Argus. Mercury, quickly puts on his winged sandals, takes his sleep-inducing wand in his divine hand, and sets his cap on his head. Dressed like this the son of Jupiter touches down on the earth from his father�s stronghold. There he takes off his cap, and doffs his wings, only keeping his wand. Taking this, disguised as a shepherd, he drives she-goats, stolen on the way, through solitary lanes, and plays his reed pipe as he goes. Juno�s guard is captivated by this new sound. �You there, whoever you are� Argus calls �you could sit here beside me on this rock; there�s no better grass elsewhere for your flock, and you can see that the shade is fine for shepherds.�
The descendant of Atlas sits down, and passes the day in conversation, talking of many things, and playing on his reed pipe, trying to conquer those watching eyes. Argus however fights to overcome gentle sleep, and though he allows some of his eyes to close, the rest stay vigilant. He even asks, since the reed pipe has only just been invented, how it was invented.
τόσον ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐβόσκησε ἐπήγχε ἕως εἰς τὰς ὄχθας τοῦ πάχους τῆς ποταμοῦ, ὅπου ἦτον συμπεθισμένη νὰ πηγαίνῃ νὰ ξεδιψάσῃ, καὶ μόλις εἶδε τὴν μορφὴν της μέσα εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ τὰ κέρατα τῆς κεφαλῆς της, ἐτρόμαξεν. Αἱ Νάϊδες δὲν τὴν ἐγνώρισαν, οὐδὲ ὁ πατήρ της ὁμοίως· αὐτὴ ὅμως ἡ παλαίπωρος, ἡ ὁποία ἔχασε τὴν μορφήν της, δὲν ἔχασε τὸ λογικόν της, καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ πάντα τὸν πατέρα της, καὶ τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Ἄφινε νὰ τὴν ἐγγίξῃ, καὶ ἔτρεχε ἔμπροσθέν των ὡς διὰ νὰ εἰπῇ πρὸς ἐκείνους, ὅποι τὴν ἔβλεπον, θαυμάζοντες τὴν ὡμορφίαν της, νὰ παρχίσουν νὰ τὴν γνωρίσουν. Ὁ γέρων Ἴναχος, μὴ ἐξεύροντας ποία εἶναι, διὰ τὰ κλάδια ὅπου τὰ κόπτει, τῇ προσφέρει χορτάρια· ἐκείνη δὲ γλείφει, καὶ ἀσπάζεται τὰ χέρια τοῦ πατρὸς της, καὶ δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ κρατήσῃ τὰ δάκρυά της, καὶ ἂν ἠδύνατο νὰ λαλήσῃ, ἤθελε τοῦ ζητήσει βοήθειαν, καὶ νὰ εἰπῇ τὸ ὄνομά της, καὶ τὴν δυστυχίαν της. Τέλος πάντων, ἀντὶ τῆς λαλιᾶς, μεταχειρίζεται τὴν γραφήν, ἐγχαράττουσα εἰς τὴν ἄμμον μὲ τὸ ποδάρι της τὴν ἀξιοθρήνητον δυστυχίαν της, καὶ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέσον ἐφανέρωσε τὴν μεταβολήν της. ὦ οἴ μοι τοῦ παλαιπώρου, ἐφώναξεν ὁ πατήρ της, ἀγκαλιάζοντας τὸν λαιμὸν τῆς ἀγελάδος, σύ εἶσαι λοιπόν, ὦ θυγατερ, ὅπου πανταχῆ σὲ ἐγύρευσα, καὶ τώρα σὲ εὑρίσκω, ὥσαν καὶ νὰ μὴ σὲ εὕρισκον. Ἀλλοίμονον! ἡ λύπη μου εἶναι μεγαλητέρα τώρα ὅπου σὲ εὑρῆκα. Σύ δὲν μὲ ἀποκρίνεσαι, παρὰ μόνον ἀναστενάζεις, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅπου ἀγωνίζεσαι διὰ νὰ μοῦ ἀποκριθῇς, μυκᾶσαι, καὶ μὲ λυπᾶσαι. Ἐγὼ ἐφρόντιζα διὰ τὸν γάμον σου, καὶ ἤλπιζα γαμβροῦ, καὶ ἐγγόνια νὰ ἔχω ἀπὸ σὲ,
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 55
„ τὰ βόσκησιν εἰς τὰ παραποτάμια μέ, ἢ νὰ λάμψης „ παιδία, συνασθμιζόμενα μέ εἰς τὰ κοπάδια. Ἡ „ μεγαλειτέρα μέ δυστυχία εἶναι νὰ εἶμαι ἀθάνατος, ἢ „ δὲν ἡμπορῶ νὰ ἐλπίσω τὸν Θάνατον, ὡς θεραπείαν „ τῆς δυστυχίων μου. βλάπτει μέ τὸ νὰ εἶμαι Θεός, „ ἐπειδὴ αἱ λύπαι μέ θέλουν εἶναι καθὼς κἀγὼ „ ἀθάνατοι". Ἐν ᾧ ἐκεῖνος ἐπαραπονεῖτο οὕτως, ὁ Ἄργος ἥρπασε τὴν κόρην ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγκάλας τε, φέρωντάς την εἰς ἀπὸ μέρος νὰ βόσκη, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ την χάση ἀπὸ τὰ ὀμμάτια τε, ἀνέβη εἰς ἕνα βουνὸ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἔβλεπε παντaχόθεν. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς μὴν ἡμπορῶντας πλέον νὰ ὑποφέρη τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς παλαιτώρης ταύτης κόρης, ἐνέταξε τὸν Ἑρμῆν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐγέννησεν ἀπὸ μίαν τῶν Πλειάδων, ἢ τὸν ἐπαρὸς ἅξε νὰ φονεύση τὸν Ἄργον. Ὁ δὲ Ἑρμῆς προθύμως πέρνει τὸ σύνηθες τῆς κεφαλῆς τε κάλυμμα, βάνει τὰς πτέρυγας εἰς τὰ ποδάρια τε, λαμβάνει εἰς τὸ χέρι τε μίαν βέργαν, ἡ ὁποία ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ ἀποκοιμίζη, καὶ ἔτσι καταβαίνει ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν εἰς τὴν γῆν, ὁπόταν χωρὶς νὰ φανερωθῆ υἱὸς τε Διὸς, ἐνέβαλε τὰ πτερὰ, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τε πολίσματα, μὴ κρατῶντας ἄλλο, παρὰ τὴν βεργίτζαν, ἢ ὡσὰν νὰ ἦτον βοσκὸς, ἐφύλαττεν ἕνα νομάδι γίδια, ἢ βόσκοντάς τα, ἔπαιξε τὴν φλογέραν. Μόλις ἥκουσεν ὁ Ἄργος αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν μελωδίαν, διεφράχθη παρευθύς, ἢ „ὁποῖος καὶ ἂν ἔ- „σαι, τὸν φωνάζει, ἐλὰ νὰ καθίσης μαζή μέ ἐπάνω „εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πέτραν" δὲν εὑρίσκεται καλλιότερος „τόπος εἰς ὅλα τὰ μέρη" αὐτὸ ὁ ἴσκιος μάλιστα σέ „προσκαλεῖ, καὶ ἡ βοσκὴ αὕτη εἶναι ἐξαίρετος,". Ἐκάθισε λοιπὸν ὁ Ἑρμῆς κοντὰ τω, ἢ λέγει τω πολλάκατα διηγήματα
μὲ τὸ λάλημα τῆς φλογέρας, ἐπάχιξε νὰ τὸν ἀποποιήσιον, ἢ νὰ ἀλέσον ἐκεῖνα τὰ ὁμμάτια, ὁποῦ ἀργυπνήσαν πάντοτε εἰς φύλαξιν ἐκείνης, ὁποῦ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἤθελε νὰ ἐλευθερώση. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ἄργος ἐναντιέται εἰς τὸν ὕπνον, παχίζοντας νὰ τὸν νικήση, κ' ἂν ἐκοιμᾶτο ἀπὸ τὸ ἓν μέρος, ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ἀγρυπνοῦσε· κ' ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἐφόρησις τῆς φλογέρας ἦτον ἀκόμη νέα, ἔλαβε περιέργειαν νὰ μάθη πῶς ηὑρέθη, κ' ἠρώτησε περὶ τῆς τοῦ Ἑρμίου. Τότε ὁ Θεὸς ἔτσι, μεκρυμμένος, ὡς φανέρεται, εἰς μορφὴν βοσκοῦ, ἔτσι ἀπεκρίθη· ἦτον ποτὲ, λέγει, μία Νύμφη εἰς τὰ πέρειξ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας βουνὰ, τὴν ὁποῖαν ἀνόμαξον Σύριγγα, κ' ἡ ἀρετὴ τῆς τὴν ἔκαίνον ἐνδοξότερον ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας Νύμφας. Πολλάκις αὐτὴ ἐπειγέλα τὰς ἀποληθέντας αὐτῆς Σατύρας, κ' αὐθόρμως ἐναντιέστο εἰς τὰ πάθη ὅλων τῶν Θεῶν, ὅσοι κατοικοῦσιν εἰς τὰ δάση, κ' εἰς τὰς παιδιάδας. Αὐτὴ ἠκολούθη τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, κ' τὴν ἐμιμεῖτο εἰς κάθε πρᾶγμα, τόσον εἰς τὴν σωφροσύνην, ὅσον καὶ εἰς κάθε ἄλλην ἄσκησίν της. Ἐφόρει φορέματα ὅμοια μὲ ἐκεῖνα τῆς Θεᾶς, κ' πολλὰς ἀπάτησε νὰ τὴν θαρρῶσιν Ἄρτεμιν, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι τὸ τοξόδειμα τὸ νεράτιον διέφερε ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνο τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ὁποῦ ἦτον χρυσῆν, καὶ ὅμως ἀκόμη ἠμποροῦσε τινὰ νὰ γελαθῇ. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Πὰν τὴν ἐσυναπάντησεν, ἐπανερχόμενον ἀπὸ τὸ Λυκαῖον βουνὸν, κ' ἐξεφανωμένος ἀπὸ πίτυος κλάδος, καὶ τὴν συνηθείαι τε, τῆς εἶπε αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια· ὦ ὡραῖα Νύμφη, μὴν ἀντισέησαι εἰς τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, κ' εἰς τὸ πάθος ἑνὸς Θεοῦ ὁποῦ θέλει νὰ συζευχθῇ μαζή σε
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 57
χέσητα, ἰ ἄρχισεν αὐθὺς νὰ φεύγῃ πρὸς τὴν ἄκρον τὸ ποταμὸ Λάδανον· ἀλλὰ βλέποντα ὅτι τὸ νερὸν τὸ ποταμὸ τῆς ἐμποδίζε νὰ περάσῃ, παρεκάλεσε τὰς Νύμφας ἀδελφάς της νὰ τὴν μεταμορφώσουν· ὥστε θέλοντας ὁ Πὰν νὰ τὴν πιάσῃ, δὲν ἠγκάλιασεν ἄλλο τι παρὰ κάλαμα, ἀντὶ τὸ κορμῆς της. Αὐτὸς λοιπὸν ὁ ἐραστὴς ἀπαιτητὸς, ἀναστενάζει, θλίβεται, ἰ ἀπελπίζεται, ἰ ὁ ἄνεμος ἰ ἀναπνοὴ του ἀναπαύοντες με τὰ κάλαμα, ὅπου ἐκράτησαν, τὰ ἔκαμε νὰ ἐκδώσουν ἕνα λεπτὸν ἦχον, παρόμοιον με τὴν φωνὴν ὅπου ὕψε παραπονεῖται· ἰ ἐπειδὴ ὁνομάλθη ὁ Θεὸς τὴν γλυκύτητα ἐκείνου τὸ ἦχου, ὅπου ἐφαίνετο νὰ ἀπολαύνεται εἰς τὴν λύπην, ἐζήτησεν αὐθὺς τὸν τρόπον νὰ κάμῃ νὰ διατηρῆται πάντοτε αὐτὸ τὸ εἶδος τῆς διαλέξεως, ὅπου ἐνόμιζε νὰ ἔχῃ με τὴν Νύμφην του. ἰ διὰ νὰ φέρῃ εἰς ἐνέργειαν τὸ σκοπόν του, λαβὼν διάφορα κάλαμα μικρὰ ἰ μεγάλα, τὰ ἐσύναψεν ὁμοῦ, ἰ οὕτω κατεσκεύασεν αὐτὸ τὸ ὄργανον, ὅπου ὀνομάζεται Σύριγξ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς κόρης. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἤθελε νὰ ἀκολουθῇ τὴν ὁμιλίαν του, ἀλλὰ βλέποντας τὸν Ἄργον ἀγρυπνον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου, ἰ με τὰ ὁμμάτια του κλεισμένα, ἐσιώπησε, ἰ με τὴν ἐνέργειαν τῆς βέργας του, τὸν ἐβύθισεν εἰς βαθύτατον ὕπνον. Μετὰ τοῦτο τὸν ἔκοψε τὴν κεφαλὴν με ἁσπίδι κατεσκευασμένου ὡς δρεπάνι, ἰ τὴν ἔρριψε κάτω ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου οἱ δύο τους ἦσαν καθισμένοι. Οὕτως ἔχασες τὴν ζωήν, παλαίπορε Ἄργε, ἰ ἔσβησε τὸ φῶς, ὅπου εἶχες εἰς ὅπα τόσον μέγαν ἀριθμὸν ὁμμάτων ἀνοικτῶν, ἐσβέθη αὐθημερὸν αἰωνίως· ἰ τὰ ἑκατὸν σου ὁμμάτια ἡῦραν μίαν νύκ
δελτοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐκόλπησεν εἰς τὴν ἔραν οὖθ πελῆς, ὅπε τῆς εἶναι ποθενότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα (δηλαδὴ τὰ παγωνία) σολίζσσα τὴν ἔραν ις, ὥσαν με μικρηαέπιελια, ἢ ἄστα.
So the god explained �On Arcadia�s cold mountain slopes among the wood nymphs, the hamadryads, of Mount Nonacris, one was the most celebrated: the nymphs called her Syrinx. She had often escaped from the satyrs chasing her, and from others of the demi-gods that live in shadowy woods and fertile fields. But she followed the worship of the Ortygian goddess in staying virgin. Her dress caught up like Diana she deceives the eye, and could be mistaken for Leto�s daughter, except that her bow is of horn, and the other�s is of gold. Even so she is deceptive. Pan, whose head is crowned with a wreath of sharp pine shoots, saw her, coming from Mount Lycaeus, and spoke to her.� Now Mercury still had to relate what Pan said, and how the nymph, despising his entreaties, ran through the wilds till she came to the calm waters of sandy Ladon; and how when the river stopped her flight she begged her sisters of the stream to change her; and how Pan, when he thought he now had Syrinx, found that instead of the nymph�s body he only held reeds from the marsh; and, while he sighed there, the wind in the reeds, moving, gave out a clear, plaintive sound. Charmed by this new art and its sweet tones the god said �This way of communing with you is still left to me� So unequal lengths of reed, joined together with wax, preserved the girl�s name.
About to tell all this, Cyllenian Mercury saw that every eye had succumbed and their light was lost in sleep. Quickly he stops speaking and deepens their rest, caressing those drowsy eyes with touches of his magic wand. Then straightaway he strikes the nodding head, where it joins the neck, with his curved sword, and sends it bloody down the rocks, staining the steep cliff. Argus, you are overthrown, the light of your many eyes is extinguished, and one dark sleeps under so many eyelids.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΔ'.
Περὶ τῆς Ἴδης, ἢ ὁποία ἐπεστράφησεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν μορφὴν τῆς.
Ἡ Ἴδα μαειώδης, καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς φαρμάκων ἐκπεπληγμένη, ξίησσα ὅλον τὸν ὕπνον, ποταγέι θέλει παντάπασι Δίος, ὅτε ἡ Ἤρα κατεκάησε ἀπὸ τὰς δύσσας τῶν ὑπερεύχης ἂν σχήματι μορφὴ ἑνὸς τοῦ περιπτόν, ἤγης Θέα τὸ δεινύατο ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἴτιδος.
Θαῦατος τὰ Ἄργια παρώργησε καθ' ὑπερβολὴν τὴν Ἤραν, τὸ ὁ θυμὸς τῆς δὲ ὑποφέρει νὰ ἀργοσπορησῇ ἡ ἐκδίκησις τῆς. ἄθεν ἔβαλε πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τῆς παλαιτώρου Ἰοῦ, ὅ, τι ἐομερώτερον ἔῃ φεικωδέστερον καὶ ἂν ἔχον αἱ τὰ Ἄδης Ἐρινύες, κἂ ἐτάραξε τὸν ψυχὴν κὶ παροῦσαν τῆς με ἀπόκρυπτον μανία, πρόσον, ὥστε δὴ τῆς ἄρπον δόαμὸς ἀνεσιν. Φάγει ἢ δυσυχία, χωρεὶς νὰ ἰξέδῃ πῇ φάγει. Ἔχει καθ' ὅλην τὴν γλῶ, κἂ δὴ ὑφείσται πόνον νὰ τὴν ἀναπαύσῃ· εἰς καθ' μέρος, ὅπου γνεῖες, ἡ Ἤρα τῆς παρασαίνει φαντάσματα.
κόσματα ξέρμα καὶ φόβε. Δὲν εἶχε μείγη πλέον εἰς τὸν Κόσμον παρὰ ὁ Νέλδος, ὅπου δὲν εἶχε γίνῃ ἀκόμη μάρτυρ ἀπὸ τὸν, καὶ ἡ θλίψεών της καὶ ἀφοῦ ὅπου ἐφθασεν εἰς τὰ παραποταμὰ της, ὡς ἦτον παρασμένον, ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰ γόνατα, καὶ σηκώνησα τὴν κεφαλὴν, ὅπως ἠμπορᾶσε ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, μὲ τὰ φωνὰς της, ἢ νὰ εἰπῶ κάλλιον μὲ τὰ θλιβερὰ μυκήσματά της, ἐπαραπονεῖτο εἰς τὸν Δία, ζητῶσα τὸ τέλος τῆς δυστυχημάτων της. Τότε αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς συσπαθήθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰ δάκρυα τῆς ἀλλαμπούρας κόρης, ἀγκάλασε τὴν Ἥραν, παρακαλώντας τὴν νὰ κατακύσῃ τὰ κακὰ, ὅπου μία ἀθῶος ἔπαχεν ἀπὸ τόσον καιρὸ. Μὴ φοβῇ, της λέγει, νὰ σὲ λυπήσῃ πλέον αὐτὴ ἡ κόρη. καὶ φορκίζωντας τῆς τὸ λόγον του, ἔκραξε τὰ νερὰ τῆς Στυγὸς πρὸς μαρτυρίαν τῆς ὑποσχέσεως του. Μόλις ἡ Ἥρα κατεπράννεν τὸν θυμόν της, καὶ ἡ Ἰὼ ἀνέλαβεν ἀφοῦ ἤθελε πρώτην μορφώσης, ὁμοιούμενη ἐκείνῳ ἀπὸ ἦτον προτέρα. Ἡ ἀγελαδινὴ εἰκὼν ἠφανίσθη, τὰ κέρατα πλέον δὲν ἐφαίνοντο, τὰ ὄμματα ἐμίκρυναν, τὸ στόμα ἐστένωσεν, οἱ βραχίονες, καὶ τὰ χέρια της ἦλθον πάλιν, καὶ ἡ ὁπλὴ τῶν ποδῶν της, ἔδωκε τόπον εἰς τὰς ὄνυχας· ἅπαλος πάντων δὲν εἶχε πάντελῶς κανένα σημεῖον δαμάλης καθὼς πρότερα, εἰ μὴ τὴν λευκότητα. Τὸ πρώτης, ὅπου ἀνέλαβε μορφὴν Νύμφης, ἐστηρίχθη ἐπάνω εἰς δύο ποδάρια. Ἐφοβεῖτο ὅμως ἀκόμη νὰ λαλήσῃ, συστελλομένη μὴ μυγκαλιζῇ, ἄθελα μὲ φόβον μέγαν ἄρχισε νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον. Τώρα σήμερον εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον τὴν προσκυνῶσιν ὡς Θεάν, ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἰσίδος· ἔχει δὲ πλῆθος ἀναρίθμητον Ἱερέων, οἱ ὁποῖοι εἶναι ἐνδεδυμένοι λινὰ φορέματα, καὶ ἡ δόξα της εἶναι κατὰ πολὺ μεγαλυτέρα
Saturnia took his eyes and set them into the feathers of her own bird, and filled the tail with star-like jewels. Immediately she blazed with anger, and did not hold back from its consequences. She set a terrifying Fury in front of the eyes and mind of that �slut� from the Argolis, buried a tormenting restlessness in her breast, and drove her as a fugitive through the world. You, Nile, put an end to her immeasurable suffering. When she reached you, she fell forward onto her knees on the riverbank and turning back her long neck with her face upwards, in the only way she could, looked to the sky, and with groans and tears and sad lowing seemed to reproach Jupiter and beg him to end her troubles. Jupiter threw his arms round his wife�s neck and pleaded for an end to vengeance, saying �Do not fear, in future she will never be a source of pain� and he called the Stygian waters to witness his words.
As the goddess grows calmer, Io regains her previous appearance, and becomes what she once was. The rough hair leaves her body, the horns disappear, the great eyes grow smaller, the gaping mouth shrinks, the shoulders and hands return, and the hooves vanish, each hoof changing back into five nails. Nothing of the heifer is left except her whiteness. Able to stand on two feet she raises herself erect and fearing to speak in case she lows like a heifer, timidly attempts long neglected words.
τῷ συζύγῳ τοῦ Διός, ἢ τῆς Ἴρις, καὶ δι' αὐτῶν τῶν αἰτίαν νὰ τῷ ἔπεισε νὰ ἔλθῃ πλησίον εἰς ἐκείνας τῷ Μηθὸς του. Εἶναι δὲ βέβαιον ὅτι ὁ Ἔπαφος εἶχε εἰς τον καιρὸν τῷ Φαέθοντος, υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἤτοι τοῦ Ἡλίου, τῷ ὁποῖος Φαέθοντος ἦταν καὶ φίλος, ὅμοιοι ὄντες κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, καὶ ἀντολμίαν· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὁ Φαέθων δὲν ἤθελε νὰ εἶναι κατώτερος του εἰς τὰς τιμάς, ὑπεραιρόμενος κατὰ πολλὰ μὲ τὸ νὰ ἦτον υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ὁ Ἔπαφος μὴ ὑποφέροντας τὴν οἴησιν καὶ ὑπερηφάνειάν του, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὰς συνομιλίας, τῷ λέγει· „Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι δίδεις μεγάλην πίστιν εἰς τὰ „λόγια τῆς Μητρός σου εἰς κάθε πρᾶγμα, ὦ διασκέπτεσαι εἰς ἀμάρτωλον ὑψηλοφροσύνην διὰ τὴν ὑπόληψιν „τοῦ πατρός σου, ὁ ὁποῖος ποτὲ δὲν εἶδε τὴν Μητέρα „σου, παρὰ μόνον ὡς βλέπεις ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον". Εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια ἐρυθριῶντας ὁ Φαέθων, ἐχαλίνωσε τὸν θυμόν του διὰ τὴν ἐντροπήν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶχε σημεῖα, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορέσουν νὰ τὸν ἐγνωρίσουν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅτι ἦταν υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου· ὅθεν κρύπτοντας τὰς στενοχωρίας του, ἐπῆγεν εἰς τὴν Μητέρα του τὴν Κλυμένην νὰ τῆς εἰπῇ τὴν ἀτιμίαν, καὶ ὕβριν, ὅπερ ἔλαβε. „Ναὶ, „λέγει, ὦ μητέρ μου, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὰ παραπονέσματα, ἐγῶ ὅπερ τιμῶμαι πανταχῆ ὡς δυνατὸς, καὶ „εὔτολμος, ἔμεινα ἀναπολόγητος, καὶ ἦξ ἀπτήνα νὰ „ἀκούσω μίαν τοιαύτην φαρμακερὰν κατηγορίαν, χωρὶς „νὰ ἠμπορέσω νὰ ἀποκριθῶ. Ἐὰν λοιπὸν εἶναι ἀληθὲς ὅτι κατάγωμαι ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῶν Θεῶν, σὲ παρακαλῶ νὰ μὲ δώσῃς κάρενα σημεῖον, καὶ νὰ μὲ „δείξῃς ὅτι δύναμαι νὰ γίνω ἄξιος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ". Πρὸς τούτοις ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν παρακαλῇ, τὰ
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Α'. 61
χιλώση περισσότερον, καὶ τῶν ὁρμήζεται εἰς ἐκεῖνο ὅπως τῆς ὑπό ποῦθενότερον εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἤγουν διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην τὰ ἀνδρός μης, ἢ τῆς θυγατέρων μης, νὰ τὸν κάμψῃ νὰ γνωρίσῃ τὸν πατέρα τε. Εἶναι ἀδήλον ἄν ἐπαρακινήθη περισσότερον ἡ Κλυμένη ἀπὸ τὰς δεήσεις τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα, καὶ τὴν εὐθορυβὴν τῆς ὑποψίας, ὅπως ἠτίμαζε τὸ υἱόν της, καὶ αὐτὴν. Ὡς τόσον ὕψωσαν τὰ χέρια της πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἢ βλέψασα τὸν Ἥλιον, ὀμνύω σε, υἱέ μου, τὰ λέγει, εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ λαμπρότατον φῶς, τὸ βλέπον, ἢ ἀκούον ἡμᾶς, ὅτι εἶσαι γεγεννημένος ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἥλιον, ὅπως βλέπεις, καὶ ὅπου κυβερνᾷ ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον· Ἂν σοῦ λέγω πάντα ψεῦδος, ἂς σκοτίσῃ τὸ φῶς τε ἀπὸ ἐμὲ νὰ μὴ τὸ βλέπω πλέον, ἢ ὡς εἶναι αὕτη ἡ τελευταία ἡμέρα, ὅπως τὸν βλέπω τὰ ὀμμάτια μου. Τέλος πάντων, τὰ λέγει, δὲν σὲ εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ πηγαίνῃς εἰς τὸ Παλάτιον τε νὰ τὸν ἴδῃς. Ὁ τόπος ὅπως ἐκεῖνος ἀνατέλλει δὲν εἶναι μακράν ἀπὸ τοῦτα τὰ μέρη. Ἂν ἔχῃς ἀρκετὰ μεγαλοψυχίαν, ὕπαγε μόνος σε νὰ τὸν εὕρῃς, καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν θέλεις μάθῃ τῶν ἀρχῶν τῆς γῆς σε. Εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ὁμιλίαν εὐφράνθη πολλὰ ὁ Φαέθων, καὶ δὲν ἐσκόπιζετο ἄλλο τι, παρὰ τὸ νὰ ἀναβῇ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν· καὶ ἀφοῦ ἀπερνώντας τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, ἢ τὰς Θερμοπύλας, ὅπου παῦσι τὴν Ἰνδίαν, ἦλθεν ταχέως εἰς τὸν Παλάτιον τοῦ πατρὸς του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Now she is worshipped as a greatly honoured goddess by crowds of linen clad acolytes. In due time she bore a son, Epaphus, who shared the cities� temples with his mother, and was believed to have been conceived from mighty Jupiter�s seed. He had a friend, Phaethon, child of the Sun, equal to him in spirit and years, who once boasted proudly that Phoebus was his father, and refused to concede the claim, which Inachus�s grandson could not accept. �You are mad to believe all your mother says, and you have an inflated image of your father.� Phaethon reddened but, from shame, repressed his anger, and went to his mother Clymene with Inachus�s reproof. �To sadden you more, mother, I the free, proud, spirit was silent! I am ashamed that such a reproach can be spoken and not answered. But if I am born at all of divine stock, give me some proof of my high birth, and let me claim my divinity!� So saying he flung his arms round his mother�s neck, entreating her, by his own and her husband Merops�s life, and by his sisters� marriages, to reveal to him some true sign of his parentage.
Clymene, moved perhaps by Phaethon�s entreaties or more by anger at the words spoken, stretched both arms out to the sky and looking up at the sun�s glow said �By that brightness marked out by glittering rays, that sees us and hears us, I swear to you, my son, that you are the child of the Sun; of that being you see; you are the child of he who governs the world; if I lie, may he himself decline to look on me again, and may this be the last light to reach our eyes!� It is no great effort for you yourself to find your father�s house. The place he rises from is near our land. If you have it in mind to do so, go and ask the sun himself!� Immediately Phaethon, delighted at his mother�s words, imagining the heavens in his mind, darts off and crosses Ethiopia his people�s land, then India, land of those bathed in radiant fire, and with energy reaches the East.�
Φαίνεται μοι ότι ὑπέδειξε ὑβρέων ἡ τιμὴ ἀπὸ Ἰδης, ἐπειδὴ ἐσώδειγμα φον εἰδῶ ὅσα ἀεὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸν μειακὸν ἢ ὡς δὲ Ἰξαῦρα αὖ εἶναι καλλώτερον νὰ ἀύσκευεται τὸ ὄνομα τῆς εἰς τὸν Μῦθον· παρὰ εἰς τὰ Ἱστορείαν. Ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον μαρτυρεῖται ἐρώτησιν τοῦ Διός· ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς Ἱστορείας ὡς νέα πεφαρμηζὸν εἰς τὴν ἀσέληγειαν, ἡ ὁποία ἔσα κοινὴ πόρνη δέν δύγαειοιῶ δη νὰ ἀσχγυαίνῃ μόνον εἰς τὰν πάθδιάης, ἀλλ' ὕπηγε θ, εἰς ἄλας πόλεις θ γώρας, καθώς μὲς ὑποδείχνοιοι τὸ παξίδια, ὅσα ἐκαλύθο ὕπὸ ἐνὰ μερὸς εἰς ἀλὸ εἰς τῦ μακρυσο τῆμε τοὺς. Μὲ ὅλον τῷ τὸ ὁ Ἡρόδοτος λέγει ὅτι ἡ Ἰῷ Συγάμμή τὴν Ἱναγε βασιλέως τοῦ Ἀργείων πράγον ὕπο τῆς Φοίνικας, καὶ ἐφερδῆ εἰς ἡνμ Αἰγύπτου, ὅπα ἐσεῤῥώδον τὸν Δι πῆ, ἡ Ὤσνειις τοῦ ἴσκι βασίλέος, ὸ οποῖος ὕδῆλε νὰ ὀνομάσσῃ Ἶσις Ἄμμων, ὕὀπερ ἴον χρόνου ἐνέιτετο ἤτοι ὁ Ἀργείων παῖς καὶ ὁ Μῆθος ἄλλον δυκτυστημὸ οὗ Θέας τοῦ θύας ὅπε τεσδιμάδων εἰς τῶ Θεσσίνδίῳ, καὶ ἐνρῷκηῦσα ταν Ἰῷ ὑπὸ τὸ σφεμα τῆς Ἵσιδος, ἐμῦνδοόγηδῆ ὅτι αὐτὴ μετεμορφώδῆ εἰς σάρναι, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι Θέα τοῦ Αἰγυπτίαν. Προσέτησιν, ὅτι ἔσας ἀσθιαπος ὁνεμαόμηθος τῦ ἀληδέα Ἑρμης, Θέλοντας νὰ κυμεῦσῃ τὸ Βασιλέαν τοῦ Ἀργείων, ἐδαράμησε τὸν Βασιλέα ὁπορμαόμηθον Ἄργον φρόνιμον καὶ σεβόσμενον γέροντα· ἀλὰ μὴ δύμησης νὰ σελέσσοῦ τὸν σκοπόν τῆ. ἐ Κρεῖσέλε ὑπὸ τὴν Ἐκλάδα, ἐσῶδέφησόε τῖᾳ Ἵσιδα εἰς τὸ Βασίλειον τῆς Αἰγύπτη, καὶ ὅτι ἢ Ἶσις διδάσκαα τοῦ Αἰγυπτίης τῷ γεωργικὰ, καὶ ἀλλα ὠφέλιμα ἀφοῦμ
λόγευς, αλλα δεν ἰξέλιπο αι αρμόζει εδω να ῥηθουν. Ως τοσσον λέγσι τινες ότι οι κατοικοι τε τόπε θέλοντες να περάσουν αυτο το στενόν, κατσκέλασαν μόσικα κατάβια, τα οποία ετρόβουσαν οι θόες, ή εκ τότε ώνομάσθη Βόσφορος. Αλλα πάλιν διαχειλοντοι ότι ώνομάσθη ο τόπος Βόσφορος ύπο του ῥέθ, ότι καί ό Άργος Αίγύπτιος ἐσήλθε εις τον Ἴναχον Ποταμόν, Άργος, δέ αγναι- ρέθησε εις ζώον εις τήν Πελοπόννησον, ύστερον δέ απέρασε το μακρύτερον οι ἄνθρω- ποι ἐπακώ εἰν το κόσμῳ, με το ὁποῖον ἐπέρανα αὐτου το τόπον, ἐπηγοράθησαν να ώνομάσουν τον τόπον Βοσφόρου; με το να είδαν ἐκει ἀφοιου το ζώον αὐτο. Αυτη ώμως δλα είνοι ἔξω τα σκοποῦ μας. Τέλος πάντων ἐπεν τινες ότι αι συχναί ωδολογίασεις, ὁπα η Ἰώ ἔκανεν εις ἐκεῖνην σήν θάλασσαν, διά να γίνη γνωστή η ἀμορφία της εις τής τόπης αυτης, ἔγιναν αἰτία να ώνομασθη το πέλαγος. Ἴώ- νειον' αγκάλα είπαν ἄλλοι, ὁπα λέγσι να ἔλαβε το ὄνομα ἀπο κάπειον Ἴάνειον Ἱερεστίου, ή ὑπο τυς Ἴάνακα, ὁπα ἐκει ἐναυ- ἄγησαν; Αναφέροντο ἔτι δ αλλας αἰτίας, αλλα δεν θέλω επη ποια είνοι η ἀληθέστερα, ἔπειδη καθ ἐγώ ἐποθεσα να το μαθώ ὑπο τι- νος, τό ὕχι να το κείνω κατην τῆν γνώμην μου.
Η δε Ἰώ καταφθάσασα εις Αἴγυπτον, ἄλλαξε ζωὴν εἰς ἀνθρωπίνην, εἶδεν ἐκεῖ τοσον σεμνὸς, ὁ σαφφορος, ὅσον τὸ πάροερον ἀσχημας· ὥστε εἰ ῥητέον, ὅτι ὠδεύσασα εἰς Αἴγυπτον ζῶον, ἔλαβεν ἐκεῖ τὴν ἀρχαίαν τῆς μορφῆς της ὁμορφιάν· διὰ τὶ δὲ, καὶ τι κτησθέντερον νὰ κάμῃ τὰς ἀνθρώπας ζῶον ἄναξε ὑπὸ τῶν κακῶν, καὶ πάλιν νὰ τὰς θερείῳ ἀπολύσας δεν εἶναι ἄλλο ἀξιώτερον νὰ τὸ πάθῃ τὰ τὰς φιλοσόφους δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο ἀξιώτερον. Ὁ Χριστιανισμὸς μας διδάσκει ὅτι παντὴ πε δύα εἶναι ἱκανὰ νὰ μᾶς κάμεν Ἁγίας, ἢ ἄκια τον πολιτισμὸν Θεὸς, καθὼς τὸ βλέπομεν παραδειγματικῶς εἰς τὴν Ἰώ, ἡ ὁποία ἐτιμήθη εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὡς Θεὰ, εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Ἴσιδος. Ἕως ἐδῶ ἐῤῥήθησαν
ρῶς, ὁ πλάττων ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς ᾖς ἐχχλείωε τὴν δάμαλιν, εἶδε τὶ ἂς ἡ Γῆ ἐθερμαίνετο πάντοτε ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν ζέσιν, ὁ ποῦ διὰ τὸ Θιὸς σημαίνεται, ὡς προέῤῥητα, δὲν ἐβλάστανε ποτὲ τι ποτε· ὁμοίως πάλιν, ἂς ἡ τοῦ Πανγαίου πάντοτε ἐπεὶ ἡ συγκερασκιὴν θέρμιστης εἰ βὰς ἀστία τῆς καρποφορίας.
Ἡ Ἥρα παρέδωκεν εἰς φυλακὴν, τὴν δάμαλιν τῷ Ἄργῳ, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶχεν, ὡς λέγουσιν, ἑκατὸν ὀμμάτια της, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα μέρη, ἐπειδὴ Πολ τῶν Θυμάτου ἀπ τῶν ἀέρων, οἱ ποῖοι μαχίταν τὴν δάμαλιν, ὅ τῶν σωφὲς εἰ πολὺ μὲ τὲς ἐπίῤῥοας εἰ τὴν καρποφορείαν τῆς γῆς.
Ἀλλὰ δέει ἐρωτήσαι τίς ἀναμφιβόλως, διὰ τί ὁ Ζεὺς προσάγει τὸν Ἑρμῆν νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν Ἄργον, ἐπειδὴ ὁ λόγος, καὶ ἡ κρίσις, ὁποῦ διὰ τὸν Ἑρμῆν σημαίνονται, ἔχει πολλὴν δύναμιν εἰς τὴν γεωργικήν, καὶ μὲ τὴν σοφίαν, καὶ ἐπιμελούμενοι, δωρίζουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέτρον τῆς θερμότητος, ὁποῦ εἶναι τὸ συμφέρον εἰς τὴν φύσιν ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, καθὼς γύρω τοῦ τρόπου νὰ κάμνει νὰ γίνωνται τοῦ ψύχματος ποτὲ τὸ ὑπερβολικὸν ἢ νὰ διψάσῃ τὰ αὔγά, χωρὶς τὴν βοήθειαν τῆς ὀργῆς.
Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ δάμαλις, ἐλευθερωθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ Ἄργου, ὤδευσεν ὅλην τὴν γῆν, ἢ ὅλας τὰς θαλάσσας, διὰ νὰ ἐτονίσῃ ὅτι μὲ τὸν κόπον, ἢ μὲ τὰς φροντίδας, τοῦ ὑπολόγου πάσχει νὰ γίνῃ δύσκολος καὶ δυστυχὴς τινα Ἐπανέρχεται εἰς τάδε πάθος, ἐπὴ εἰσῆλθεν νὰ τὰς κάμνει δύσκολες. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Κήσιμον ἀπὸ γεωργικῆς, ὁδεύουσα ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνος ὁ τόπος ἠκολούθησεν ὑπὸ ὅλας τὰς ἄλλες
κεῖσθαι κορυφής. Ἄλλ' ὅταν αὐξήσῃ τῆς ἠλικίας, ὁ Ζεύς στέλλει τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ἵνα θανατώσῃ τὸν Ἄργον· ἐπειδὴ τοῦτε ὁ ὀρθὸς λόγος εἶναι ἱκανώτερος ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη, ἢ ἐξαίρει νὰ τὰ κατακλύσματα. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Ἥρα ἐμπνέει εἰς τὴν Ἰὼ μίαν μανίαν, ὅπῃ τῆς παρατεῖ, ἢ βασανίζει ἢ αὐτὴ ἡ μανία ἄλλα δὲν πάντα οἱ ἐλεγχοι τῆς συνειδήσεως, ἢ ἡ λύπη ἐν διώγμασι ἔμερον ἐσχερειδημένη κατακοπῆς τῆς ψυχῆς· ἡ ἡγεμονία τέλος τοῦ ὑποτελέσματα ἀπὸ ἡμεῖς ἀναλαμβανόμεθα τὴν φὴν τὴν μορφὴν μας, δήλαδὴ γίνομεθα φρόνιμοι καὶ σωσετοί, ἀφ' ἃ γνωρίσκωμεν τὴν ματαίαν τῆς μετοδοξίας, καὶ τῆς παθῶν, ὅπε μας κατακιάκασιν.
Ὁ Μῦθος τῆς Σύριγγος, ἢ τῆ Πανδὶ ὑποβλέπει ὅλως τὴν Ἰστορίαν, ἢ ἔχιμε μὲ ἁπλῆς παρονομασίαν· διότι ὁ Πᾶν ἐπεικοματίζεται ὁ ἐφευρετὴς τὰ αὐλῷ, ὁπῦ ἑλληνιστὶ λέγεται καὶ Σύριγξ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς κατεσκέυασε τὸν πρῶτον αὐλὸν τῆ μὲ ὀκτὼ κάλαμι, ὅπῦ ἐλάβον ὑπὸ τὸν Ἀρκάντα ποταμὸν, ἐμυθολόγησαν ὅτι ἡ Σύριγξ ἡ τοῦ Λυγάσμῳ ἐκείνη τὰ ποίημα, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Πᾶν ἠθέλησε νὰ τὴν βιάσῃ· ἐπειδὴ ἡ διὰ κατασκευῆς τοῦ αὐλοῦ, ἔσχοδαι νὰ μετακυμέλῃ κάποια βία.
Τέλος τῆ πρώτη Βιβλίῳ.
Book II
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
PHAETON AND PHOEBUS
The palace of the Sun towered up with raised columns, bright with glittering gold, and gleaming bronze like fire. Shining ivory crowned the roofs, and the twin doors radiated light from polished silver. The work of art was finer than the material: on the doors Mulciber had engraved the waters that surround the earth�s centre, the earthly globe, and the overarching sky. The dark blue sea contains the gods, melodious Triton, shifting Proteus, Aegaeon crushing two huge whales together, his arms across their backs, and Doris with her daughters, some seen swimming, some sitting on rocks drying their sea-green hair, some riding the backs of fish. They are neither all alike, nor all different, just as sisters should be. The land shows men and towns, woods and creatures, rivers and nymphs and other rural gods. Above them was an image of the glowing sky, with six signs of the zodiac on the right hand door and the same number on the left.
As soon as Clymene�s son had climbed the steep path there, and entered the house of this parent of whose relationship to him he was uncertain, he immediately made his way into his father�s presence, but stopped some way off, unable to bear his light too close. Wearing a purple robe, Phoebus sat on a throne shining with bright emeralds. To right and left stood the Day, Month, and Year, the Century and the equally spaced Hours. Young Spring stood there circled with a crown of flowers, naked Summer wore a garland of ears of corn, Autumn was stained by the trodden grapes, and icy Winter had white, bristling hair.
The Sun, seated in the middle of them, looked at the boy, who was fearful of the strangeness of it all, with eyes that see everything, and said �What reason brings you here? What do you look for on these heights, Phaethon, son that no father need deny?� Phaethon replied �Universal light of the great world, Phoebus, father, if you let me use that name, if Clymene is not hiding some fault behind false pretence, give me proof father, so they will believe I am your true offspring, and take away this uncertainty from my mind!� He spoke, and his father removed the crown of glittering rays from his head and ordered him to come nearer. Embracing him, he said �It is not to be denied you are worthy to be mine, and Clymene has told you the truth of your birth. So that you can banish doubt, ask for any favour, so that I can grant it to you. May the Stygian lake, that my eyes have never seen, by which the gods swear, witness my promise.� Hardly had he settled back properly in his seat when the boy asked for his father�s chariot and the right to control his wing-footed horses for a day.
His father regretted his oath. Three times, and then a fourth, shaking his bright head, he said �Your words show mine were rash; if only it were right to retract my promise! I confess my boy I would only refuse you this one thing. It is right to dissuade you. What you want is unsafe. Phaethon you ask too great a favour, and one that is unfitting for your strength and boyish years. Your fate is mortal: it is not mortal what you ask. Unknowingly you aspire to more than the gods can share. Though each deity can please themselves, within what is allowed, no one except myself has the power to occupy the chariot of fire. Even the lord of mighty Olympus, who hurls terrifying lightning-bolts from his right hand, cannot drive this team, and who is greater than Jupiter?�
�The first part of the track is steep, and one that my fresh horses at dawn can hardly climb. In mid-heaven it is highest, where to look down on earth and sea often alarms even me, and makes my heart tremble with awesome fear. The last part of the track is downwards and needs sure control. Then even Tethys herself, who receives me in her submissive waves, is accustomed to fear that I might dive headlong. Moreover the rushing sky is constantly turning, and drags along the remote stars, and whirls them in rapid orbits.� I move the opposite way, and its momentum does not overcome me as it does all other things, and I ride contrary to its swift rotation. Suppose you are given the chariot. What will you do? Will you be able to counter the turning poles so that the swiftness of the skies does not carry you away? Perhaps you conceive in imagination that there are groves there and cities of the gods and temples with rich gifts. The way runs through ambush, and apparitions of wild beasts! Even if you keep your course, and do not steer awry, you must still avoid the horns of Taurus the Bull, Sagittarius the Haemonian Archer, raging Leo and the Lion�s jaw, Scorpio�s cruel pincers sweeping out to encircle you from one side, and Cancer�s crab-claws reaching out from the other. You will not easily rule those proud horses, breathing out through mouth and nostrils the fires burning in their chests. They scarcely tolerate my control when their fierce spirits are hot, and their necks resist the reins. Beware my boy, that I am not the source of a gift fatal to you, while something can still be done to set right your request!�
�No doubt, since you ask for a certain sign to give you confidence in being born of my blood, I give you that sure sign by fearing for you, and show myself a father by fatherly anxiety. Look at me. If only you could look into my heart, and see a father�s concern from within! Finally, look around you, at the riches the world holds, and ask for anything from all of the good things in earth, sea, and sky. I can refuse you nothing. Only this one thing I take exception to, which would truly be a punishment and not an honour. Phaethon, you ask for punishment as your reward! Why do you unknowingly throw your coaxing arms around my neck? Have no doubt! Whatever you ask will be given, I have sworn it by the Stygian streams, but make a wiser choice!�
The warning ended, but Phaethon still rejected his words, and pressed his purpose, blazing with desire to drive the chariot. So, as he had the right, his father led the youth to the high chariot, Vulcan�s work. It had an axle of gold, and a gold chariot pole, wheels with golden rims, and circles of silver spokes. Along the yoke chrysolites and gemstones, set in order, glowed with brilliance reflecting Phoebus�s own light.
Now while brave Phaethon is gazing in wonder at the workmanship, see, Aurora, awake in the glowing east, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star, vanish, and he, last of all, leaves his station in the sky.
When Titan saw his setting, as the earth and skies were reddening, and just as the crescent of the vanishing moon faded, he ordered the swift Hours to yoke his horses. The goddesses quickly obeyed his command, and led the team, sated with ambrosial food and breathing fire, out of the tall stables, and put on their ringing harness. Then the father rubbed his son�s face with a sacred ointment, and made it proof against consuming flames, and placed his rays amongst his hair, and foreseeing tragedy, and fetching up sighs from his troubled heart, said �If you can at least obey your father�s promptings, spare the whip, boy, and rein them in more strongly! They run swiftly of their own accord. It is a hard task to check their eagerness. And do not please yourself, taking a path straight through the five zones of heaven! The track runs obliquely in a wide curve, and bounded by the three central regions, avoids the southern pole and the Arctic north. This is your road, you will clearly see my wheel-marks, and so that heaven and earth receive equal warmth, do not sink down too far or heave the chariot into the upper air! Too high and you will scorch the roof of heaven: too low, the earth. The middle way is safest.
�Nor must you swerve too far right towards writhing Serpens, nor lead your wheels too far left towards sunken Ara. Hold your way between them! I leave the rest to Fortune, I pray she helps you, and takes better care of you than you do yourself. While I have been speaking, dewy night has touched her limit on Hesperus�s far western shore. We have no time for freedom! We are needed: Aurora, the dawn, shines, and the shadows are gone. Seize the reins in your hand, or if your mind can be changed, take my counsel, do not take my horses! While you can, while you still stand on solid ground, before unknowingly you take to the chariot you have unluckily chosen, let me light the world, while you watch in safety!
The boy has already taken possession of the fleet chariot, and stands proudly, and joyfully, takes the light reins in his hands, and thanks his unwilling father.
Meanwhile the sun�s swift horses, Pyro�s, Eo�s, Aethon, and the fourth, Phlegon, fill the air with fiery whinnying, and strike the bars with their hooves. When Tethys, ignorant of her grandson�s fate, pushed back the gate, and gave them access to the wide heavens, rushing out, they tore through the mists in the way with their hooves and, lifted by their wings, overtook the East winds rising from the same region. But the weight was lighter than the horses of the Sun could feel, and the yoke was free of its accustomed load. Just as curved-sided boats rock in the waves without their proper ballast, and being too light are unstable at sea, so the chariot, free of its usual burden, leaps in the air and rushes into the heights as though it were empty.
As soon as they feel this the team of four run wild and leave the beaten track, no longer running in their pre-ordained course. He was terrified, unable to handle the reins entrusted to him, not knowing where the track was, nor, if he had known, how to control the team. Then for the first time the chill stars of the Great and Little Bears, grew hot, and tried in vain to douse themselves in forbidden waters. And the Dragon, Draco, that is nearest to the frozen pole, never formidable before and sluggish with the cold, now glowed with heat, and took to seething with new fury. They say that you Boot�s also fled in confusion, slow as you are and hampered by the Plough.
When the unlucky Phaethon looked down from the heights of the sky at the earth far, far below he grew pale and his knees quaked with sudden fear, and his eyes were robbed of shadow by the excess light. Now he would rather he had never touched his father�s horses, and regrets knowing his true parentage and possessing what he asked for. Now he wants only to be called Merops�s son, as he is driven along like a ship in a northern gale, whose master lets go the ropes, and leaves her to prayer and the gods. What can he do? Much of the sky is now behind his back, but more is before his eyes. Measuring both in his mind, he looks ahead to the west he is not fated to reach and at times back to the east. Dazed he is ignorant how to act, and can neither grasp the reins nor has the power to loose them, nor can he change course by calling the horses by name. Also, alarmed, he sees the marvellous forms of huge creatures everywhere in the glowing sky. There is a place where Scorpio bends his pincers in twin arcs, and, with his tail and his curving arms stretched out to both sides, spreads his body and limbs over two star signs. When the boy saw this monster drenched with black and poisonous venom threatening to wound him with its arched sting, robbed of his wits by chilling horror, he dropped the reins.
When the horses feel the reins lying across their backs, after he has thrown them down, they veer off course and run unchecked through unknown regions of the air. Wherever their momentum takes them there they run, lawlessly, striking against the fixed stars in deep space and hurrying the chariot along remote tracks. Now they climb to the heights of heaven, now rush headlong down its precipitous slope, sweeping a course nearer to the earth. The Moon, amazed, sees her brother�s horses running below her own, and the boiling clouds smoke. The earth bursts into flame, in the highest regions first, opens in deep fissures and all its moisture dries up. The meadows turn white, the trees are consumed with all their leaves, and the scorched corn makes its own destruction. But I am bemoaning the lesser things. Great cities are destroyed with all their walls, and the flames reduce whole nations with all their peoples to ashes. The woodlands burn, with the hills. Mount Athos is on fire, Cilician Taurus, Tmolus, Oete and Ida, dry now once covered with fountains, and Helicon home of the Muses, and Haemus not yet linked with King Oeagrius�s name. Etna blazes with immense redoubled flames, the twin peaks of Parnassus, Eryx, Cynthus, Othrys, Rhodope fated at last to lose its snow, Mimas and Dindyma, Mycale and Cithaeron, ancient in rites. Its chilly climate cannot save Scythia. The Caucasus burn, and Ossa along with Pindus, and Olympos greater than either, and the lofty Alps and cloud-capped Apennines.
Then, truly, Phaethon sees the whole earth on fire. He cannot bear the violent heat, and he breathes the air as if from a deep furnace. He feels his chariot glowing white. He can no longer stand the ash and sparks flung out, and is enveloped in dense, hot smoke. He does not know where he is, or where he is going, swept along by the will of the winged horses.
It was then, so they believe, that the Ethiopians acquired their dark colour, since the blood was drawn to the surface of their bodies. Then Libya became a desert, the heat drying up her moisture. Then the nymphs with dishevelled hair wept bitterly for their lakes and fountains. Boeotia searches for Dirce�s rills, Argos for Amymone�s fountain, Corinth for the Pirenian spring. Nor are the rivers safe because of their wide banks. The Don turns to steam in mid-water, and old Peneus, and Mysian Caicus and swift-flowing Ismenus, Arcadian Erymanthus, Xanthus destined to burn again, golden Lycormas and Maeander playing in its watery curves, Thracian Melas and Laconian Eurotas. Babylonian Euphrates burns. Orontes burns and quick Thermodon, Ganges, Phasis, and Danube. Alpheus boils. Spercheos�s banks are on fire. The gold that the River Tagus carries is molten with the fires, and the swans for whose singing Maeonia�s riverbanks are famous, are scorched in Ca�ster�s� midst. The Nile fled in terror to the ends of the earth, and hid its head that remains hidden. Its seven mouths are empty and dust-filled, seven channels without a stream.
The same fate parches the Thracian rivers, Hebrus and Strymon, and the western rivers, Rhine, Rhone, Po and the Tiber who had been promised universal power. Everywhere the ground breaks apart, light penetrates through the cracks down into Tartarus, and terrifies the king of the underworld and his queen. The sea contracts and what was a moment ago wide sea is a parched expanse of sand. Mountains emerge from the water, and add to the scattered Cyclades. The fish dive deep, and the dolphins no longer dare to rise arcing above the water, as they have done, into the air. The lifeless bodies of seals float face upwards on the deep. They even say that Nereus himself, and Doris and her daughters drifted through warm caves. Three times Neptune tried to lift his fierce face and arms above the waters. Three times he could not endure the burning air.
Nevertheless, kindly Earth, surrounded as she was by sea, between the open waters and the dwindling streams that had buried themselves in their mother�s dark womb, lifted her smothered face. Putting her hand to her brow, and shaking everything with her mighty tremors, she sank back a little lower than she used to be, and spoke in a faint voice �If this pleases you, if I have deserved it, O king of the gods, why delay your lightning bolts? If it is right for me to die through the power of fire, let me die by your fire and let the doer of it lessen the pain of the deed! I can hardly open my lips to say these words� (the heat was choking her). Look at my scorched hair and the ashes in my eyes, the ashes over my face! Is this the honour and reward you give me for my fruitfulness and service, for carrying wounds from the curved plough and the hoe, for being worked throughout the year, providing herbage and tender grazing for the flocks, produce for the human race and incense to minister to you gods?
Even if you find me deserving of ruin, what have the waves done, why does your brother deserve this? Why are the waters that were his share by lot diminished and so much further from the sky? If neither regard for me or for your brother moves you pity at least your own heavens! Look around you on either side: both the poles are steaming! If the fire should melt them, your own palace will fall! Atlas himself is suffering, and can barely hold up the white-hot sky on his shoulders! If the sea and the land and the kingdom of the heavens are destroyed, we are lost in ancient chaos!� Save whatever is left from the flames, and think of our common interest!
So the Earth spoke, and unable to tolerate the heat any longer or speak any further, she withdrew her face into her depths closer to the caverns of the dead. But the all-powerful father of the gods climbs to the highest summit of heaven, from where he spreads his clouds over the wide earth, from where he moves the thunder and hurls his quivering lightning bolts, calling on the gods, especially on him who had handed over the sun chariot, to witness that, unless he himself helps, the whole world will be overtaken by a ruinous fate. Now he has no clouds to cover the earth, or rain to shower from the sky. He thundered, and balancing a lightning bolt in his right hand threw it from eye-level at the charioteer, removing him, at the same moment, from the chariot and from life, extinguishing fire with fierce fire. Thrown into confusion the horses, lurching in different directions, wrench their necks from the yoke and throw off the broken harness. Here the reins lie, there the axle torn from the pole, there the spokes of shattered wheels, and the fragments of the wrecked chariot are flung far and wide.
But Phaethon, flames ravaging his glowing hair, is hurled headlong, leaving a long trail in the air, as sometimes a star does in the clear sky, appearing to fall although it does not fall. Far from his own country, in a distant part of the world, the river god Eridanus takes him from the air, and bathes his smoke-blackened face. There the Italian nymphs consign his body, still smoking from that triple-forked flame, to the earth, and they also carve a verse in the rock:
HERE PHAETHON LIES WHO THE SUN�S JOURNEY MADE DARED ALL THOUGH HE BY WEAKNESS WAS BETRAYED
Now the father, pitiful, ill with grief, hid his face, and, if we can believe it, a whole day went by without the sun. But the fires gave light, so there was something beneficial amongst all that evil. But Clymene, having uttered whatever can be uttered at such misfortune, grieving and frantic and tearing her breast, wandered over the whole earth first looking for her son�s limbs, and then failing that his bones. She found his bones already buried however, beside the riverbank in a foreign country. Falling to the ground she bathed with tears the name she could read on the cold stone and warmed it against her naked breast. The Heliads, her daughters and the Sun�s, cry no less, and offer their empty tribute of tears to the dead, and, beating their breasts with their hands, they call for their brother night and day, and lie down on his tomb, though he cannot hear their pitiful sighs.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ.
Περὶ τῆς Φαέθοντος υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἡλίου, τῆς μεταμορφώσεως ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός.
Ὁ Φαέθων υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἢ τῆς Κλυμένης, ἠνάγκασεν εὑρεῖν τὸν πατέρα του διὰ συμβουλῆς τῆς μητέρας αὐτοῦ, ἥν τε Ἡλίος τὸν ἐγνώρισεν ὅτι ἦτο τούτου ὁ υἱός, ὁ τοῦ ὑψηλοῦ εἴσοδον ὅτι ἐὰν μή τι ἤθελεν εἶναι Θεὸς πατέρας του, τοῦ ἐξήτησε νὰ χάρῃ ἐὰν ἠδύνατο εἰς τὸ ἅρμα του, καὶ νὰ κυβερνήσῃ μίαν μόνην ἡμέραν τὸν ἡλιακὸν φῶς. Ὁ πατήρ του, ὕστερα ἀπὸ πολλὴν ἀμφιβολίαν, καὶ πάσας ἀναγκαίας ἱκεσίας, τοῦ ἔδωκε τὸ ζήτημα του· ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων, μὴ ὢν ἱκανὸς νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τοῦ ἅρματος τὰ ἄλογα, ἤφησεν αὐτὰ νὰ κατακαύσωσιν ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Διὰ τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ζεὺς τὸν ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸν κεραυνόν του.
Τῷ Παλατίῳ τῆς Ἡλίου ἦτον κτισμένον ἐπάνω εἰς μεγαλοφρεπείας στύλης. Ἔλαμπεν ὅλον ἀπὸ τὸ χρυσάφι, ὁποὺ ἐφαίνετο εἰς ὅλα τὰ τὰ μέρη, ἢ τὰ χρύμπτινια, ἢ διαμάντια ἀντινοβολῆσαν ὡς φωτία. Ἦτον ἐλέφαντοσκευασμένον, ἢ αἱ Θύραι τὰ ἦσαν ἀσημένιαι· ἀλλὰ ἂν καὶ τὰ ὕλη του ἦτον πολύτιμος, ὅμως ἡ τέχνη ὑπερέβαινε τὴν ὕλην. Αἱ θάλασσαι, ὁποὺ περιεκύλησαν τὴν γῆν, ἦσαν ἐγκεχαραγμέναι διὰ χέρος τὸ κλυτοσκήνου Ἡφαίστου. Ἐφαίνετο ἡ σφαῖρα τῆς γῆς, ἢ ὁ οὐρανός, ὁποὺ τὴν περιεκύλει. Ἐφαίνοντο ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ νέρα, οἱ Θεοὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, ὁ Τρίτων, ὅστις κρατεῖ εἰς τὰς χείρας του μίαν κερατίνω σάλπιγγα, ὁ ἀμεταβλήτος Πρωτεὺς, ἢ ὁ ἰσχυρὸς Αἰγαίων, ὁποὺ ἀγκαλιάζει εὔκολα τὰ περιπώδεστα νῶτα. Ἐφαίνετο ἡ Δωρῖτις, ἢ αἱ Θυγατέρες της, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας μερικαὶ μὲν ἔπλεον κολυμβῶσαι, ἄλλαι δὲ ἐκάθοντο ἐπάνω εἰς μίαν πέτραν, ὅπου ἐξέπνυαν τὰ μαλλιὰ αὐτῶν, ἢ ἄλλαι ἐμβαλιακάδον ὀψάρια. Τὸ πρόσωπόν των, μὲ ὅλον ὁποὺ ἦτον διάφορον, εἶχεν ὅμως χαρακτῆρας, ὁποὺ τὰς ἔδειχνα ἀδελφάς. Παρεστάθη ἡ γῆ μὲ τὰς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ μὲ τὰς χώρας, ὁποὺ ἔχει, μὲ τὰ ζῶα, ὁποὺ τὴν κατοικοῦσι, καὶ τὰ δάση, ὁποὺ τὴν ξεστολίζουσιν. Ἐφαίνοντο οἱ ποταμοὶ, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ Νύμφαι των, ἢ τέλος ὅλοι οἱ ἐπίλοιποι Θεοὶ ἢ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἢ τῶν λόγγων· ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς αὐτὰ ὅλα ἡ λαμπρά εἶναι τῆς οὐρανῆς, ἢ τὰ δώδεκα ζώδια εἰς τον τόπον της, ἓξ εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ, ἢ ἓξ εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά. Εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ Παλάτιον ἐμβαίνοντας ὁ Φαέθων, ἠθέλησε νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς τὸν θρόνον τὰ πατρὸς του, τὸν ὁποῖον ἀπόμι δὲν ἐγνώρευε
νέα πράγματα, ὁπού ἐγὼ νὰ μὴ τὸ βεβαιώσω· παιδία νὰ μιλῶ ἀμφιβάλλης πλέον, ζήτησον ὅ,τι βούλεσαι, τὲ θέλεις τὸ ἀπολαύσει. Μάρτυρα βάβω τῆς ὑποσχέσεώς μας αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμόν, ὅτι εἶναι ἄγνωστος εἰς τὰ ὀμμάτιά μας, τὸν ὁποῖον οἱ Θεοὶ συνηθίζουν νὰ ὁμνώση. Τότε ὁ Φαέθων ἐζήτησεν ἄδθς τῶν ἄδεσαν νὰ κυβερνήση μίαν ἡμέραν τὸ πατερνὸν ἀμάξι, ὁδηγῶντας μόνος τὰ ἵππους του. Ὁ Ἥλιος ἄδθς ἐμεταμόλησε διὰ τὸν ὅρκον, καὶ σείοντας δύω τρεῖς φοραῖς τὸ κεφάλι του ἄχ παῖδέ μου, τῦ λέγει, τὸ ἀσόχαστον λόγημόν, ὅτι σὲ ἔκαμα, εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ πολυμερές ζητήματός σου. Ἂν ἦμα διατί δὲν ἔχω τὴν ἐξουσίαν νὰ μὴ δώσω ἐκεῖνο, ὁπού ἐπαγγέλα; σοῦ λέγω, φίλτατε παῖδέ μου, ὅτι αὐτὸ εἶναι τὸ μοναχὸν πράγματα, ὁπού ἡ θέλα σου ἀρνιστῇ. Ἀλλ' ἂν ὁ ὅρκος δὲν μὲ ἀφήνη νὰ ἀρνιστῶ τὴν ὑπόσχεσίν μου, δὲν μὲ ἐμποδίζει ὅμως ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ σὲ ἀποσύρω ἀπὸ μίαν ποιαύτην κινδυνώδην ἐπιχείρησιν. Αὐτὸ ὁπού ἐπιθυμεῖες, σὲ θέλεις εἶναι ἐπιζήμιος· μεγάλα πράγματα εἶναι αὐτὸ ὁπού ζητεῖες· αἱ δυνάμεις σου δὲν ἀνταποκρίνονται μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ φορτίον, καὶ τέλος πάντων ὤντας πολλὰ νέος, δὲν ἡμπορεῖς νὰ ἐπιχειρήσης ποιούτου ἔργου. Σύ εἶσαι θνητός, κι' αὐτό, ὁπού θέλεις, δὲν εἶναι ἀνθρώπινον· Σύ ἐπιθυμεῖς νὰ κάμης περισσότερον, παρὰ ὁπού εἶναι εἰς αὐτοὺς προὺς Θεοὺς συγχωρημένον νὰ ἐπιχειρείδην. Πρέπει, παῖδέ μου, νὰ στοχασθῆς τὴν δύναμίν σου, καὶ καθὼς παρέπει νὰ ἐπιθυμῇ ἐκεῖνο, ὁπού εἶναι ἱκανὸς καὶ νὰ ἐνεργήση. Δὲν εἶναι κανένεις, ἐξαιρουμένου μου, ἄξιος νὰ καθίση ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι αὐτό, ὁπού φέρει τὴς ἡμέραν εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Αὐτὸς ὁ Ζεὺς ὁ Κύριος ἀγὼν Θεῶν,
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.
„ποῦ ὁποίου τὸ φοβερὸν χέρι ῥίπτει τὸν κεραυνόν, „δεὶ ἤθελεν ἡμπορέσῃ νὰ τὸ κυβερνήσῃ, μὲ ὅλον „ὅτι δεὶ εὑρίσκεται τινὰς νὰ ἐξευρέσῃ κάμμιαν δύναμιν ἀνωτέραν ἀπὸ ἐκείνης τῆς Διός. Ὁ δρόμος, ὁποῦ „πρέπει νὰ κάμῃς μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀμάξι, κατ' ἀρχάς, εἶναι τραχὺς καὶ ἐπίπονος· καὶ αἱ καθὼς τὰ ἄλογά μου „τὸ πρωῒ εἶναι ξενούρασμένα, μ' ὅλον τοῦτο δυσκολεύονται κατὰ πολλὰ νὰ τὸν κάμουν. Ἀλλ' ὅταν φθάσω εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς ἡμέρας, καὶ εὑρίσκωμαι εἰς τὸ „ὑψηλότερον μέρος τῆς Οὐρανῆς, μ' ὅλον ὅτι εἶμαι συνηθισμένος νὰ κοιτάζω ἀπὸ ἐκεῖ τῶν γῆν καὶ τῶν „Θαλασσῶν, αἰσθάνομαι ὅμως πόσον φόβον εὑρισκόμενος „εἰς τόσον ὕψος, ὥστε τρέμω ὅλος εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι ἐγὼ ὁ ἴδιος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος προσκυνεῖ. Ὡς πόσον, λέγε με, δεὶ εἶναι αὐτὸς ὁ μεγαλήτερος κίνδυνος, ὁποῦ ἔχει ἐπεῖνος ὁ δρόμος. Ἂν „εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ ἀναβῇ τινὰς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν „εἰς τῶν Μεσημβρείαν, ἄλλο πόσον δύσκολον εἶναι νὰ „κατεβῇ ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσημβρείαν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὁποῦ „κατακλίνομαι. Τὰ κατεβάσματος ὁ δρόμος εἶναι τόσον ἴσιος, ὥστε ἡμπορεῖ τινὰς νὰ τὸν ὀνομάσῃ καλλιώτερα κρημνόν· καὶ ἐκεῖ χρειάζεται καὶ ἐπιτηδειότης „καὶ ἐμπειρία, διὰ τὴν καλὴν κυβέρνησιν τῶν ἀλόγων. „Ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Θέτις, ὁποῦ καθ' ἡμέραν με δέχεται „εἰς τὸν Ὠκεανόν, φοβεῖται μήπως κατακρημνισθῶ τυχὸν καὶ κατακομματισθῶ. Ἔξω ἀπὸ αὐτὸ πρέπει νὰ ἐξεύρῃς, ὅτι ὁ Οὐρανὸς τρέχει πάντοτε βιαιότατα, „καὶ μὲ τὴν βίαν του σύρει τὰ ἄστρα, βιάζοντάς τα νὰ „τὸν ἀκολουθήσουν. Ἀλλὰ
Κοίταζαι τὸ πρόσωπόν μας, διὰ να γνωρίσης την λύπην μας· ἤ ἄμποτες να ὑπῆρχε τρόπος να ἔβλεπες μέσα ἐς τὴν ψυχήν μας, διὰ να καταλάβης πόσας φροντίδας εἶναι πικραμένη καρδία. Κοίταζαι αὐτὰ τὰ διάφορα πλήθη, ὅπου εἶναι περιχυμένα ἐς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, καὶ ἀπὸ ὅσα καλὰ, ὅσα βλέπεις ἐς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἢ ἐς τὴν γῆν, ἢ ἐς τὴν Θάλασσαν, ζήτησον ὁποῖον Θέλεις, χωρὶς να διστάσης ὅτι δὲν Θέλεις τὸ ἐπιτύχη. Τέλος πάντων, υἱέ μου, ζήτησον κάθε τι ἄλλο πλὴν τὸ ἁμάξιον· αὐτὸ εἶναι μία τιμωρία διὰ σέ, καὶ ὄχι τιμή· καὶ νομίζοντας ὅτι μὲ ζητεῖς κάθε, ζητεῖς μίαν συμφοράν. Διατὶ μὲ ἀγκαλίζεις, ὦ ἄθλιε, ὅπου ἀπὸ τοῦ γνωρίσης τὴν δυστυχίαν σου; Ὄχι ὄχι, μὴ ἀμφιβάλλης, Θέλεις λάβει τὸ ποθούμενον· ἐγὼ σοὶ ὡμόσα τὰ νέρα τῆς Στυγός· ἀλλὰ συλλογήσου τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν σου, τὸ γίνου διακριτικώτερος. Ὁ Φάέθων ἤκουσε τοὺς λόγους τοῦ πατρός του, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐκατεπείσθη· καὶ ἰσχυριζόμενος ἐς τὸ ζήτημά του, ἐτράβα ἀπὸ τὸν πόθον, ὅπου εἶχε να ἀναβῆ ἐς τὴν ἁμάξαν τοῦ ΗΛΙΟΥ. Ἀφοῦ δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος του ἐναντιώθη δυνατά, ἕως ἤλθεν ἡ ὥρα, ὅπου ἔπρεπε να φέρη τὴν ἡμέραν ἐς τὸν Κόσμον, τέλος ὡδήγησε τὸν υἱόν του ἐς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἦτον τὸ ἁμάξι του, τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ἥφαιστός του εἶχε χαρίσει. Ὁ ἄξων αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἁμαξίου ἦτον χρυσοῦς, καθὼς ἢ τὰ τιμόνι, ἢ ἡ περιφέρεια τῶν τροχῶν, ἢ αἱ ἀκτῖνες ἦσαν ἀργυραῖ. Ἦτον πρὸς τοῦτο πεπλουτισμένον μὲ κάθε λογῆς πέτρας πολυτίμους, αἱ ὁποῖαι χιλίους ἄλλους Ἡλίους παρέσταινον, διὰ τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ Ἡλίου, ὅπου ἀνταυγάζων. Ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ ὅπου ὁ φιλόδοξος Φάέθων ἐθαύμαζε μίαν
αὐτοὶ γέσσα τὰς πύλας τῆς Ἀνατολῆς, ἔθεσξε τὸ παλάτιόν τῆς γεμάτον ἀπὸ ξιανταράιλα. Τὰ ἄστρα δι'ὸς ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγήν, ἦ ὁ Ἑωσφόρος, ὅπε τὰ συνάξες, τὰ ἐφορό- σαξε νὰ ἀπεράσειν ἐμπορεύῳ τῆ, ἦ ὕστερος ἀναχώρησεν ἀπὸ τὰς μεγάλας κάμπυς τῆ Οὐρανῆ. Τέλος πάντων ἀφ' ἓ ὁ Ἥλιος ἐμπάλαβεν ὅτι ἦ γῆ, ἦ ὁ ἔρανος ἄρ- χίξαν νὰ χωματίζωνται, καὶ ἡ σελήνη νὰ κρύβεται, ἐφόρσαξε τὰς Ὥρας νὰ σελώσειν τὰ ἄλογα, ἦ αὐται αἱ ἐλαφραι Θεαι ὑπήκουσαν παραδύμως εἰς τὸν βασιλέα τον, ἦ ὁβγάξυσιν αὐτὸ ἀπὸ τον σανύλον χορτασμόνα ἀπὸ ἀμβροσίαν, ἦ πνέοντε φλόγας ἀπὸ τὰ σώματα τῶν, τὰ ἐξέβαν εἰς τὸ ἀμάξι, ὅπε ἀμέλλεν αὐτὸς ὀλέγες νὰ γενῆ ὁ τάφος τῆ Φαέθοντος. Τότε ὁ Ἥλιος ἀλεψὰς τὸ ψόρσωπον τῆς ἦς τῆ μέ μίαν ἱεράν ἀλειφήν, κάμνοντάς τον ἱκανὸν νὰ ὑποφέρρη τῆν φλόγα, ὅπου προέρχεται ἀπὸ τῆν βίαν τοῦ ξέσμματος. Ἐπειτα τον ἐσεφάωσε με τὰς ἀκτῖνας τῆ, ἦ ἀναξυδάζουντας ἐκ βάθες καρ- δίας, ὡς νὰ ἐπορόβλησπε τῆν ἴλισίν τῆ, ἕτω τὲ εἶπον· ,, ὦ Σέλης πλάχησον νὰ ἀκέσης αὐτῶ τῶν ὕστερον ,, νυχεσίαν τὰ πάθος σας, μὴ βιάξης τὰ ἄλογά σας, ἀλλ' ,, ἐπιμελῶ νὰ πρακῆς τὰ χαλινδεία τῆς ὅσον ἡμπορεῖς ,, σφικτά. Αὐτὸ ἀπὸ λόγε τῆς ξέχειν ὅσον ἀρκεῖ ὀλί- ,, γωρα, ἦ ὅλος ὁ κόπος εἶναι νὰ τὰ βασδέξη τινὰ ὅπαν ,, τελειώσειν τον δρόμον τῆς. Προσέτι μὴ Σελήσης νὰ ὑπά- ,, γης ἴσια διὰ τῆν πάντε νυκλων, ὅπε Σέλεες ἀπαν- ,, τήσες. Σέλεες εὖρὺ ζὲ μεγάλον δρόμον, ὁ ὁποῖος ,, κόπτει λοξὸς εἰς τῆν μέσων τὰ βέει Ζώνας, ἀπὸ ,, τὰς ὁποῖες εἶναι πεερλωεισμένος, καὶ δοὶ ἐντέινεται ,, ἕας εἰς τῆς Πόλης. Ἀπ' ἐκεῖ
Four times the moon had joined her crescent horns to form her bright disc. They by habit, since use creates habit, devoted themselves to mourning.� Then Phaeth�sa, the eldest sister, when she tried to throw herself to the ground, complained that her ankles had stiffened, and when radiant Lampetia tried to come near her she was suddenly rooted to the spot. A third sister attempting to tear at her hair pulled out leaves. One cried out in pain that her legs were sheathed in wood, another that her arms had become long branches. While they wondered at this, bark closed round their thighs and by degrees over their waists, breasts, shoulders, and hands, and all that was left free were their mouths calling for their mother. What can their mother do but go here and there as the impulse takes her, pressing her lips to theirs where she can? It is no good. She tries to pull the bark from their bodies and break off new branches with her hands, but drops of blood are left behind like wounds. �Stop, mother, please� cries out whichever one she hurts, �Please stop: It is my body in the tree you are tearing. Now, farewell.� and the bark closed over her with her last words. Their tears still flow, and hardened by the sun, fall as amber from the virgin branches, to be taken by the bright river and sent onwards to adorn Roman brides. Bk II:367-380 Cycnus Cycnus, the son of Sthenelus witnessed this marvel, who though he was kin to you Phaethon, through his mother, was closer still in love. Now, though he had ruled the people and great cities of Liguria, he left his kingdom, and filled Eridanus�s green banks and streams, and the woods the sisters had become part of, with his grief. As he did so his voice vanished and white feathers hid his hair, his long neck stretched out from his body, his reddened fingers became webbed, wings covered his sides, and a rounded beak his mouth. So Cycnus became a new kind of bird, the swan. But he had no faith in Jupiter and the heavens, remembering the lightning bolt the god in his severity had hurled. He looked for standing water, and open lakes hating fire, choosing to live in floods rather than flames.
Meanwhile Phaethon�s father, mourning and without his accustomed brightness, as if in eclipse, hated the light, himself and the day. He gave his mind over to grief, and to grief added his anger, and refused to provide his service to the earth. �Enough� he says �since the beginning my task has given me no rest and I am weary of work without end and labour without honour! Whoever chooses to can steer the chariot of light! If no one does, and all the gods acknowledge they cannot, let Jupiter himself do it, so that for a while at least, while he tries to take the reins, he must put aside the lightning bolts that leave fathers bereft! Then he will know when he has tried the strength of those horses, with hooves of fire, that the one who failed to rule them well did not deserve to be killed.�
All the gods gather round Sol, as he talks like this, and beg him not to shroud everything with darkness. Jupiter himself tries to excuse the fire he hurled, adding threats to his entreaties as kings do. Then Phoebus rounds up his horses, maddened and still trembling with terror, and in pain lashes out at them with goad and whip (really lashes out) reproaching them and blaming them for his son�s death.
Now the all-powerful father of the gods circuits the vast walls of heaven and examines them to check if anything has been loosened by the violent fires. When he sees they are as solid and robust as ever he inspects the earth and the works of humankind. Arcadia above all is his greatest care. He restores her fountains and streams, that are still hardly daring to flow, gives grass to the bare earth, leaves to the trees, and makes the scorched forests grow green again.
Often, as he came and went, he would stop short at the sight of a girl from Nonacris, feeling the fire take in the very marrow of his bones. She was not one to spin soft wool or play with her hair. A clasp fastened her tunic, and a white ribbon held back her loose tresses. Dressed like this, with a spear or a bow in her hand, she was one of Diana�s companions. No nymph who roamed Maenalus was dearer to Trivia, goddess of the crossways, than she, Callisto, was. But no favour lasts long.
The sun was high, just path the zenith, when she entered a grove that had been untouched through the years. Here she took her quiver from her shoulder, unstrung her curved bow, and lay down on the grass, her head resting on her painted quiver. Jupiter, seeing her there weary and unprotected, said �Here, surely, my wife will not see my cunning, or if she does find out it is, oh it is, worth a quarrel! Quickly he took on the face and dress of Diana, and said �Oh, girl who follows me, where in my domains have you been hunting?�
The virgin girl got up from the turf replying �Greetings, goddess greater than Jupiter: I say it even though he himself hears it.� He did hear, and laughed, happy to be judged greater than himself, and gave her kisses unrestrainedly, and not those that virgins give. When she started to say which woods she had hunted he embraced and prevented her and not without committing a crime. Face to face with him, as far as a woman could, (I wish you had seen her Juno: you would have been kinder to her) she fought him, but how could a girl win, and who is more powerful than Jove? Victorious, Jupiter made for the furthest reaches of the sky: while to Callisto the grove was odious and the wood seemed knowing. As she retraced her steps she almost forgot her quiver and its arrows, and the bow she had left hanging.
Behold how Diana, with her band of huntresses, approaching from the heights of Maenalus, magnificent from the kill, spies her there, and seeing her calls out. At the shout she runs, afraid at first in case it is Jupiter disguised, but when she sees the other nymphs come forward she realises there is no trickery and joins their number. Alas! How hard it is not to show one�s guilt in one�s face! She can scarcely lift her eyes from the ground, not as she used to be, wedded to her goddess�s side or first of the whole company, but is silent and by her blushing shows signs of her shame at being attacked. Even if she were not herself virgin, Diana could sense her guilt in a thousand ways. They say all the nymphs could feel it.
Nine crescent moons had since grown full when the goddess faint from the chase in her brother�s hot sunlight found a cool grove out of which a murmuring stream ran, winding over fine sand. She loved the place and tested the water with her foot. Pleased with this too she said �Any witness is far away, let�s bathe our bodies naked in the flowing water.� The Arcadian girl blushed: all of them took off their clothes: one of them tried to delay: hesitantly the tunic was removed and there her shame was revealed with her naked body. Terrified she tried to conceal her swollen belly. Diana cried �Go, far away from here: do not pollute the sacred fountain!� and the Moon-goddess commanded her to leave her band of followers.
The great Thunderer�s wife had known about all this for a long time and had held back her severe punishment until the proper time. Now there was no reason to wait. The girl had given birth to a boy, Arcas, and that in itself enraged Juno. When she turned her angry eyes and mind to thought of him she cried out �Nothing more was needed, you adulteress, than your fertility, and your marking the insult to me by giving birth, making public my Jupiter�s crime. You�ll not carry this off safely. Now, insolent girl, I will take that shape away from you, that pleased you and my husband so much!� At this she clutched her in front by the hair of her forehead and pulled her face forwards onto the ground. Callisto stretched out her arms for mercy: those arms began to bristle with coarse black hairs: her hands arched over and changed into curved claws to serve as feet: and her face, that Jupiter had once praised, was disfigured by gaping jaws: and so that her prayers and words of entreaty might not attract him her power of speech was taken from her. An angry, threatening growl, harsh and terrifying, came from her throat. Still her former feelings remained intact though she was now a bear.� She showed her misery in continual groaning, raising such hands as she had left to the starry sky, feeling, though she could not speak it, Jupiter�s indifference. Ah, how often she wandered near the house and fields that had once been her home, not daring to sleep in the lonely woods! Ah, how often she was driven among the rocks by the baying hounds, and the huntress fled in fear from the hunters! Often she hid at the sight of wild beasts forgetting what she was, and though a bear she shuddered at the sight of other bears on the mountains and feared the wolves though her father Lycaon ran with them.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 75
διὰ νὰ δώσῃ ἡ ζέστη ἐξ ἴσου εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, πρέπει νὰ μὴν ἀναβῇς πολύ, ἤτε παλὶν νὰ καταβῇς· διὰ τὶ ἀναβαίνοντες παραπάνω ἀπὸ τὸ σύμμετρον, θέλεις καύσει τὸν οὐρανόν, καὶ καταβαίνοντες πολύ, θέλεις καύσει ὅλην τὴν γῆν. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μεσαῖος εἶναι ὁ καλλιώτερος δρόμος, ὁποὺ ἠμπορεῖς νὰ κάμῃς· ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σὲ φέρῃ τὰ ἄλογα πολλὰ δεξιά, κατὰ τὸ μέρος τοῦ Δράκοντος, ἢ πολλὰ ἀριστερά, κατὰ τὸ μέρος τῶν ἑπτὰ ἄστρων, ὁποὺ ὀνομάζονται Τράπεζα, φρόντισαι νὰ περιπατῇς πάντοτε εἰς τὴν μέσην. Τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τὸ ἀφήνω εἰς τὴν τύχην, παρακαλώντας την νὰ σὲ βοηθήσῃ, καὶ νὰ φροντίσῃ διὰ τὸ σωματεῖόν σου περισσότερον, παρὰ ὅπου σοῦ μόνον σὲ φροντίζεις. Ἀλλ' ὤ τί· μεταξύ τῆς ὁμιλίας μου, ἡ νύκτα τελειώνει τὸν δρόμον της, καὶ δὲν ἠμπορῶ πλέον νὰ σὲ ἀργοτερήσω. Ὁ Κόσμος μὲ φωνάζει, γυρεύοντάς με πλέον ἡμέραν, καὶ ἡ Αὔγη, ὁποὺ ἐδίωξε τὸ σκότος, ἤδη περιπατεῖ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Λάβε λοιπὸν τὰ χαλινάρια τῶν ἀλόγων μου, ἢ ἂν εἶσαι ἀκόμη ἰκανὸς νὰ κάμῃς μίαν καλλιώτεραν ἀπόφασιν, μεταχειρίσου τὴν συμβουλήν μου, καὶ ὄχι τὸ ἀμάξιόν μου. Φρόντισαι ἀκόμη διὰ τὸν ἑαυτόν σου ἐν ὅσῳ ἠμπορεῖς, καὶ εἶσαι εἰς τόπον ἀσφαλῆ, καὶ χωρὶς νὰ κινδυνεύσῃς, ἄφησαι νὰ φέρω ἐγὼ τὴν ἡμέραν εἰς τὸν Κόσμον. Ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων, μὴ αἰσθανόμενος κανένα φόβον, πηδᾷ εἰς τὸ φωτεινὸν ἀμάξι, φαίνεται ἐπάνω εἰς αὐτὸ ὡς θριαμβευτής, παίρνει τὰς χαλινὰς εἰς τὸ χέρι μου ἀκραν χαρᾶν, εὐχαριστεῖ τὸν πατέρα του, διὰ τὴν χάριν, ὁποὺ τοῦ ἔκαμε, καὶ ἀναχωρεῖ τέλος πάντων ἐναντίον τῆς θελήσεως τοῦ πατρὸς του.
Ὡς πόσον τὰ τέσσαρα ἄλογά τος διμάρα, ὁ Πύρος, ὁ Ἔοος, ὁ Ἀίθων, ὁ ὁ Φλεγέθων γεμίζονται τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ χρεμετισμός, ὁ ἀτυπάσει τῶν βαλβίδα μέ τὰ ποδεσά των· ὁ ὅταν ἡ Θέτις, ὅπου ἀγνοοῦσε τὴν τύχην τῆς ἐγγόνης της, τὰς ἄνοιξες τοῦ δρόμον, ὁ ἐμβῆναι ἔλαφερα εἰς τὰ δραχώρον διάστημα τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἤρχησαν νὰ ξέχνουν τὸν συνηθῆ των δρόμον. Σχίζουν μέ τὰς πόδας τὰ σύμφερα, ὅπου τὰς ἀντιστέκονται, ὁ ὡς πτερωτὰ ὑπερβαίνουν ἀγλίγωρα τὰς ἀνέμας, ὅπου μάζη των εἶχαν σηκωθῆ, ὁ μιλοῦσι ἀπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ σημεῖον. Ἀλλ' αὐτὰ τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Ἡλίου ἐπατάλαβαν αὔθις ὅτι δὲν ἔσυρναν τὸ συνηθισμένον τους φόρτωμα· ὁ ὡς τὰ καράβια, ὅπου δὲν ἔχουν τὸ σώσατον βάρος των, τινάζονται ἀνασκελᾶς. Φερόμενα δίχως ἀπὸ τῶν ἰδίων των ἐλαφρότητες· Ἔτσι ὁ ἡ ἅμαξα τοῦ Ἡλίου, μὴ ἔχουσα τὴν βαρύτητα της, πότε τὴν παίρνει εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ὥσαν νὰ μὴν εἶχε πλέον κυβερνήτην. Εὐθὺς ὅπου τὰ ἄλογα τὸ ἐπατάλαβαν, ἤρχησαν νὰ ξέχνουν ἀχαλίνωτα, ὁ ἐγύρναν ἀπὸ τὴν συνηθισμένην των στράταν. Τρομάζει ὁ Φαέθων, ὁ μὴ γνωρίζοντας τὸν δρόμον, δὲν ἤξευρε εἰς ποῖον μέρος νὰ γνέψῃ τὸν χαλινόν, ὁ ἂν παλὰ νὰ ἤξευρε, πάλιν δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ κατανταμώσῃ τὰ ἄλογα. Τότε τὰ παγωμένα ἄστρα τῆς Ἄρκτου, ἐθάλφησαν ὁ πρώτην φορὰν τὴν θερμότητα, ὁ ἐπάχισαν εἰς μάτην νὰ κρυφθοῦν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὅπου δὲν τοὺς εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἐμβαίνουν. Ὁ Δράκων, ὅπου πλησίαζε πλεισότερον εἰς τὸν παγωμένον Πόλον, ὤντας ἕως τότε κατάψυχρος, ὁ ἀνεπιτήδειος νὰ φοβήσῃ τινά, ἤρχισε νὰ πυρετᾷ, λαμβάνοντας ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν φωτιὰν νέαν ὀργήν.
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Ἔλεγε νὰ τρύξῃ, ἀφήνοντας τὸ ἅμαξι του. Ἀλλ' ὁπαν ὁ δυστυχὴς Φαέθων ἐκολύμπησε τῶν γλαῶν ὑποκάτω τὰ, ὁρώντας, ἦ ἔξεμεν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του. Τὸ πολὺ φῶς, ὅπου εἶχεν ὁλόγυρά του, τὸν ἀποβαίνει σκότος, παρεχαίεται εἰς τὴν ἀπασῶν λάμψιν. Τότε ἐπεθύμει νὰ μὴν εἶχον ἐγγίξει ποτὲ τὰ πατερνὰ ἅλογα· τὸν ἀποδαίνεται ὅτι ἔμαθε πόθεν ἐκαταγένειο, ἠθ' ὅτι ἀπόλαυσε τὸ ζητηθέν, ἦ ἤθελε προστιμηθῆ νὰ νομίζεται υἱὸς τῆς Μέροπος. Εὑρίσκεται περιαγμένος ὡς ἂν καράβει, ὁποῦ γίνεται παίγνιον τῶν ἀνέμων, πῆ ὁ ναυτίληρός του τὸν παραδίδει εἰς τὸν Θεόν, ἀφήνοντας τὸ τιμόνι ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι, ἦ ἀφορμέχοντας εἰς εὐχάς, ἠθ' ἀπακαλώματα. Τὶ σέλες κάμῃ, Φαέθων περιέλαξε, εἰς ἀνατοιοῦτον ξημένον δρόμον; Εἶχον ἀπερσθῆ ἀρμέτον διάσημα ἔρανια, ἀλλ' ἐκέϊνο, ὅπου παρουσιάζεται εἰς τὸν ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς, εἶναι πλειότερον. Μετὰ μεταξὺ τὴν τὸ ἅνα ἦ τὸ ἄλλο· ποτὲ μὲν θεωρῶ τῶν Δύσιν, ποτὲ δὲ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν, ἦ εἰς ὁποῖον μέρος ἦ ἀγνοεῖ ἠ καταλαμβάνει καλὰ ὅπου εἶναι ἀδύνατον νὰ καταφροδοθῆ ἔτε εἰς τὸ ἅνα, ἔτε εἰς τὸ ἄλλο. Δεν ἰξεύρει τί νὰ ἀποφασίσῃ εἰς μίαν ἔτω φριχπηνὴν περίστασιν· ὁ φόβος τὸν ἀναστέλει, ἦ τὸν ἀφαιρεῖ τὴν κρίσιν. Ὅμως δεν ἀφήνει ἀπωθῶ τὸν χαλινὸν, ἀλλὰ δεν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ τὸν κρατήσῃ πλέον, μὴν ἰξεύροντας ἔτε τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν ἀλόγων. Βλέπει πρὸς ταῦτις εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν παράξενα θέσματα εἰς κάθε μέρος, τὰ ὁποῖα αὐτὸς δεν γνωρίζει, ἠθ' μορφάς τερατώδεις, ὅπου τὸν προξενοῦσι ἔμπληξιν ἠθ' φόβον. Εἶναι ἐκέϊ ἔνα μέρος, ὅπου ὁ σκορπίος ἀπλώνει τὰς βραχίονας του, ὥσὰν δύο τοξάρια, ἠθ' μὲ τῶν κυρτωμοῦ οὐρὰν του,
ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
Δὲν εἶδεν αὐτὸ τὸ φοβερόν. Ἐδημέθη ὅλον ὑγρὸν ἀπὸ τὴν ἱδρώτα ἑνὸς μαύρου φαρμακίας, ὅπου ἐβγαίνεν ἀπὸ τὸ κορμί του, ἔχασε καὶ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ διακεκτικοῦ ὅπου τοῦ ἔμεινε, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του οἱ χαλίνοι, ὅπου ἀπάνω ἐβάστα, τοῦ ἔφυγαν ἀπὸ τὰ χέρια. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν τὰ ἄλογα, αἰσθανόμενα ὅτι τοὺς ἄφησε τὰ χαλινόδελα, καὶ ὅτι δὲν εἶχαν πλέον ὁδηγόν, ἤρχισαν νὰ ξέχουν ἀδιαφόρως ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ. Τρέχουν εἰς τόπους ἀγνωρίστους, χωρὶς νὰ εὑροῦν τίποτε, ὅπου νὰ τὰ ἐμποδίση· πηγαίνουν ὅπου πᾶνε, χωρὶς νὰ τὰ ὁδηγῇ τινας, ὅπου τὰ φέρῃ ἡ ὁρμή των· κτυποῦν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ σφαίρωμα, καὶ σύρουν μαζί των τὸ ἁμάξι των εἰς ὕψος, ὅπου δὲν ἐφαίνετο δρόμος. Τώρα ἔχουν ἐπάνω, καὶ τώρα κάτω, καὶ μὲ ἀχαλίνωτον ὁρμὴν πλησιάζουν εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ἡ Σελήνη ἀπορεῖ βλέπουσα τὸ ἁμάξι τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ της νὰ ξέχῃ παρακάτω ἀπὸ τὸ ἰδικόν της. Καταβρίζεται τὰ σύννεφα, καὶ ἐσκίσταν καὶ ἡ γῆ, καὶ ξηραίνεται, μὴν ἔχουσα πλέον ὑγρασίαν, ὅπου νὰ ἠμπορῇ νὰ δροσίσῃ τὸ φῶς. Ἐμαραίνοντο αἱ βοσκαὶ εἰς κάθε μέρος, καίοντο τὰ δένδρα μὲ τὰ φύλλα των· καὶ τὸ σιτάρι ὄντας ξηρὸν, καὶ ἔτοιμον νὰ θερισθῇ, συμβαίνει εἰς τὴν ἀφανισμόν του, διδοντας ὕλικον τῆς φλογός. Αὐτὰ ὅμως ὅλα οὐχὶ εἶναι τόσον μεγάλα· χώρια καὶ πόλεις μεγάλαι κατακρημνίζοντο ἀφανίζοντο, καὶ μεγάλαι ἐπαρχίαι μὲ τοὺς κατοίκους των γίνοντο στάχτη τὰ βουνία φλογίζοντο, καὶ τὰ δάση ὁμοίως. Ὁ Ἄθως, ὁ Ταῦρος, ὁ Κίλιξ, ὁ Τμῶλος, καὶ ἡ Αἴτνη, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρη κεκαυμένα. Ἡ Ἴδη, τὸ πρωτήνιον ὄρος διὰ τὰ ὕδατα, καὶ
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Δαύνες έπειτα ό Ὀροάδας, δεν ἠμπόρεσαν νὰ σωθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὸν φοβερὸν ἐμπρησμόν. Ἡ Αἴτνη ἐδιπλασίασε τὰς φλόγας της εἰς τόσον ὕψος, ὥστε ὁ Οὐρανὸς μὲ ἤναυσε τὸ πῦρ τῆς γῆς. Αἱ δύο κορυφαὶ τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ, τὰ βουνὰ τῆς Ἑρύμου, τὰ Κύνθα, ἡ τῆς Ὄθρυος, ἡ Ῥοδόπη αὐτὴ (ὅπου εἶδε τέλος πάντων νὰ ἀναλύωνται τὰ χιόνια της) ὁ Μίμας, τὸ Δίνδυμον, ἡ Μυκάλη, ἡ ὁ ἱερὸς Κιθαιρών δεν ὡμολόγησαν νὰ εἶναι πλέον βουνὰ, ἀλλὰ ξόμεραι κάμποι. Ὅλοι οἱ πάγοι τῆς Σκυθίας δεν τῆς ὠφέλησαν τί ποτε. Ὁ Καύκασος ἐνθὴ, ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ Ὄσσα, ὁ Πίνδος, ἡ ὁ Ὄλυμπος, ὅπου εἶναι ὑψηλότερος ἀπὸ τὰ σύννεφα· ἡ ὁ Ἀπεννῖνος, ὅπου τὰ βάσταζε, καὶ αἱ Ἄλπεις, ὅπου ὑψώνονται τόσον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἐφαίνοντο εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἐμπρησμὸν ὡσὰν ἀδαμένα μάρμαρα. Ὡς πόσον ὁ Φαέθων βλέποντας τὸν Κόσμον εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κατάστασιν, δεν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν θερμότητα, ἡ ἀναπνέει φλογισμένον ἀέρα, ὡς ἐκεῖνον, ὅπου δυσαίνει ἀπὸ μίαν κάμινον. Πηδᾷται ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναθήρας, ἤγουν ἀπὸ τῶν σάντων, ὅπου ἐσηκώνοντο ἕως εἰς αὐτόν. Ἕνας μαῦρος ἡ φλογῶδης καπνὸς, τὸν περικυκλώνει πανταχόθεν· ὅλως πετυρλωμένος, δεν ἰξεύρει οὔτε ποῦ εἶναι, οὔτε ποῦ θέλει ὑπάγῃ, καὶ ἀφίνεται εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῶν ἀλόγων. Εἶναι γνώμη ὅτι τότε νὰ ἐμαύρισαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἐβγάθη εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τὸ αἷμά των ἀπὸ τὴν πολλὴν καῦσιν, ἡ Λιβύη νὰ ἀπέκτησε τὴν ἀνυδρίαν ἡ ξηρότητα, ὅπου προξενεῖ φόβον εἰς τοὺς θεατάς. Τότε αἱ Νύμφαι ξεπλεγμέναι, ἔκλαυσαν τὴν στέρησιν τῶν βρύσεων των, ἡ λιμνῶν. Ἡ Βοιωτία ἐζήτει τὰ νερὰ ἀπὸ τὸν Διρκαῖα, ὅπου πάντοτε τὴν ἐπότιζε, τὸ Ἄργος ἀπὸ τὸν Ἀμύμονα, ἡ Κόρινθος ἀπὸ τὴν Πειρήνην
μεγαλύτερα ποτάμια δὲ ἦσαν φυλαγμένα εἰς τὰς ὄχθας των ἀπὸ τῆς βίας εἰς ποίησε ἐμφανισμένα. Ὁ Ταναῒς ὑπερθερμάσθη, ὁ ὅλος ἐνάπνιζον· ὁ Πηνειός, ὁ Καΰ- στρος, ὁ Ἰσμηνός, ὁ Ἐρύμανθος, ὁ Μέλας, ὁ Λυκόρ- μας, ὁ Εὐρώτας ἔδειξαν τὴν ἄμμον, ὁποὺ ἐσκέπαζε τὰ πρεσβύτατα των· Ὁ Ξάνθος ἐκάη, μέλλοντας νὰ πάλη ἀλλήλου μίαν φορὰν εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πολιορκίαν τῆς Τροάδος· ὁ Μαίανδρος, ὁ ὁποῖος παίζει μὲ τὰ στρυ- φογυρίσματα, δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ἀντισάση. Ἡ Βαβυ- λὼν ἔβλεπε τὸν Εὐφράτην νὰ βράζη· ὁμοίως ὁ Ὀρόντης, ὁ Θερμώδων, ὁ Γάγγης, ὁ Φάσις, καὶ ὁ Δούναβις ῥίπτουσιν αὐτῶν ὕδατων φλόγας· Ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ποταμὸς ξερνᾶ πῦρ, αἱ Σπερχειάδες ὄχθαι ἀπὸ τὸ ἔδα καὶ ἀπὸ μέρος καίουνται· Ὁ χρυσός, ὁποὺ ἐκατέβαζεν ὁ Τάγος, ζέχει χρυσὸ μεταξὺ τῶν παραθαλασσίων τῶν ποτα- μῶν του, τὰ ἀπὸ πετεινὰ καίουνται εἰς τὸ μέσον τῶν ὑδά- των τοῦ Καΰστρου· Ὁ Νεῖλος ξορμασμένος φεύγει εἰς τὰς ἄκρας τῆς Γῆς, κρύβοντας τὴν κεφαλὴν του ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον του, ἡ ὁποία μέχρι τῆς σήμερον ἀκόμη δὲν εὑρέ- θη, καὶ τὰ ἑπτὰ στόματα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔμβαινον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἐγέμισαν σκόνην, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο τότε ἑπτὰ λαγκάδια, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνετο νὰ μὴν ἐπέρα- σε ποτὲ ποταμός. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐμφανισμὸς ἔξηρανε τὸν Ἕβρον μὲ τὸν Στρυμόνα, καὶ ὅλας τὰς ποταμὰς τῆς Δύ- σεως. Ἔξηρανε τὸν Ῥῆνον, τὸν Ῥοδανόν, καὶ τὸν Πά- δον, καὶ τὸν αὐλακιῶν ὑπὲ τὸν Τύβεριν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ εἱμαρμένη ὑπόσχετο τὴν κυβερνίαν ὅλης τῆς Γῆς. Ἡ γῆ πανταχόθεν ἐχάσθη, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰ χάσματα της διε- περάσε τὸ φῶς ἕως κάτω εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, καὶ ἐφόβισε τὸν Πλ
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.
ἐφάνησαν κάμποι γεμάτοι ἄμμον ἐκεῖ, ὅπου πρότερον ἐφαίνοντο κάμποι γεμάτοι νερόν. Οἱ σκόπελοι, ἤ τὰ βενὰ, τὰ πρότερον ἀπὸ τὴν Θαλάσσαν κατασμένα, ἀνακαλυπτόμενα, αὔξησαν τὸν ἀριθμόν τῆς Κυκλάδων Νήσων. Τὰ ὄψεα ἔπιασι τὸ βάθος τῆς νερῆς, ἤ οἱ Δελφῖνες, ὅπου ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ σηκώνονται ἐπάνω, δὲν ἐτολμῶν πλέον νὰ φανῶν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον. Τὰ Θαλάσσια πλάσματα εἶναι μισαποθαμωμένα εἰς τὰ βάθη τῆς Θαλάσσης. Λέγεσιν ὅτι ὁ Νηρεῦς, ἤ ἡ Δωρὶς Νύμφη, μὲ τὰς Θυγατέρας της, ἐκρύησαν μέσα εἰς τὰ πέλαγα, χωρὶς νὰ ἀποτολμήσουν πλέον νὰ σηκώσουν τὰ κεφάλια. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν, λυπούμενος ὅτι ἡ θερμότης ἐτόλμησε νὰ διαπεράση ἕως μέσα εἰς τὰ λυσώτερά του ὕδατα, ἐσήκωσε τρεῖς φοραῖς τὸ χέρι του ἔξω ἀπὸ τὸ νερόν, ἤ τρεῖς φοραῖς πάλιν τὸ ὀπίσω ἔβυσε μέσα, μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ ὑποφέρη μίαν τόσω μεγάλην ζέστην.
Ὅμως ἡ γῆ, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον στεφανωμένη ἀπὸ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν, ἢ οἱ ποταμοὶ, ἢ αἱ πηγαὶ εἶχον καταδυθῇ εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς, ὡς εἰς τὰ σπλάγχνα τῆς μητρὸς των, ἢ διὰ νὰ δροσίσουν τὴν καῦσίν τῆς, ἢ διὰ νὰ φυλάξουν τὸν τόπον των ἀπὸ τὸν κοινὸν ἐμπρησμόν, ὅμως ἐσήκωσε τὴν κεφαλήν τῆς, ἢ ἔδειξε τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς αὐχμηρὸν καὶ ξηρὸν διὰ τὴν συμφοράν. Ἐσείσθησαν ὅλα τὰ χωράφια μὲ τὴν κίνησίν τῆς· ἢ ἔπειτα, βάνουσα αὐτὴ τὸ χέρι τῆς ἐμπροσθὲν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς, ὡς διὰ νὰ διαφεντάλῃ κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπερβολικὴν θερμότητα, ἐταπεινώθη παρακάτω ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἦτον συνηθισμένη νὰ φαίνεται, ἢ ἄρχισε νὰ παραπονῆται εἰς τὸν Δία ἔτσι· „Ἂν σε ἀ
And now Arcas, grandson of Lycaon, had reached his fifteenth year ignorant of his parentage. While he was hunting wild animals, while he was finding suitable glades and penning up the Erymanthian groves with woven nets, he came across his mother, who stood still at sight of Arcas and appeared to know him. He shrank back from those unmoving eyes gazing at him so fixedly, uncertain what made him afraid, and when she quickly came nearer he was about to pierce her chest with his lethal spear. All-powerful Jupiter restrained him and in the same moment removed them and the possibility of that wrong, and together, caught up through the void on the winds, he set them in the heavens and made them similar constellations, the Great and Little Bear.
Βασιλεῦ τῶν Θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων, ἂν μέλλω νὰ κινδυνίσσω μὲ φωτίαν, ὡς λάβω τὴν τῶν λυπηρῶν ὠφέλειαν νὰ κινδυνίσσω ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν, ὅπως προέρχεται ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι σου, διὰ οὕτω νὰ παρηγορούμαι διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμόν μου μὲ τὸν αἴτιον τοῦ ἀφανισμοῦ μου. Μόλις δύναμαι νὰ ἀνοίξω τὸ στόμα μου, διὰ νὰ σοῦ παραπονεσθῶ, ἐπειδὴ ἡ καῦσις μὲ πνίγει. Κοίταξε τὰ μαλλία μου πῶς εἶναι πεπαυμένα, τὰ ὄμματα μου, πῶς εἶναι γεμάτα καπνόν, καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπὸ σακτιὰς, καὶ ἀσινθήρας. Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ τιμή, καὶ ἀντιμοιβὴ, ὅπως ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀπολάσσω καὶ διὰ τὴν παρηφορείαν μου, καὶ διὰ τόσα ἄλλα καλὰ ὅσα προξενῶ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον. Δὲν συλλογίζεταί τις τὰς παντοτινὰς πληγὰς, ὅπως λαμβάνω ἀπὸ τὸ ἀλέτρι; ὅτι ἀκαταπαύστως βασανίζομαι, καὶ δὲν εἶναι εἰς ὅλον τὸν χρόνον κάμμια ὥρα, ὅπως νὰ μὲ ἀφίνεται ἡ πλέον παραμικρὰ ἀνάπαυσις; Δὲν θέλει σωχασθῆ τινὸς ὅτι δίδω τὰ χόρτα εἰς τὰ ζῶα, τὰ σιτάρεια εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ διὰ ὑμᾶς, ὦ ἀθάνατοι Θεοί, γυνία τὸ Θυμίαμα; Ἀλλ' ἔστω νὰ εἴμουν ἐγὼ ἔνοχος εἰς ἀφανισμόν μου; τί σὲ ἔπιασαν τὰ νερά; τί σὲ ἔπιασε ὁ ἀδελφός σου; Διατί νὰ ὀλιγώσῃ καὶ ἡ Θάλασσα, ὁπούτε διώλεσσι διὰ μερτυκόν της; Διατί φύγη καὶ αὐτὸ ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν, ὅπως τὴν φοβεῖζαι, ὡς καὶ ἐμὲ; Καὶ ὦ ὁ ἀδελφός σου, ὁποῦ ἐγὼ δὲν εἴμεθα ἄξιοι νὰ σὲ παρακινήσωμεν εἰς διασκέψιν, ἂν δὲν σὲ μέλη ποσῶς οὔτε διὰ ἐμέναν, ὁποῦ ἀπλαχνίσου τὸν τὸν Οὐρανόν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον κατοικεῖς. Κοίταξε ἀπάνωθεν, ἰδὲ ὅτι καὶ ὁ ἕνας καὶ ὁ ἄλλος Πόλος καπνίζει, καὶ ἂν ἀνάψωσιν οἱ Πόλοι
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 83
Ἄτλας ἤδη ἀπέκαμε· μόλις ἠμπορεῖ πλέον νὰ βαστᾷ τὸ φόρτιον του εἰς τὰς ὤμας του· ἐπειδὴ τὸν παίεις· ὄντας ὅλον φωτιά· Ἂν φρέπῃς νὰ ξηρανθῇ ἡ Θάλασσα, ἢ νὰ χαθῇ ὁ Οὐρανός· ἢ ἡ γῆ· ἡμεῖς θέλομεν ἐπιστρέψει εἰς τὸ πρῶτον Χάος· Φύλαξον λοιπὸν τὸν ἐπίλοιπον Κόσμον· ὡς ἔτι σώζεται μέρος τι αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμπορησμόν· Φρόντισον διὰ τῆς σωτηρίαν τῆς Οἰκυμένης, νὰ μὴ ἀφήσῃς νὰ χαθῇ τὸ πλάσμα τῆς χειρῶν σου· Ἀφοῦ ἡ Γῆ παρεπονήθη μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν λόγον· μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τὴν φλόγα· ἢ τὸν καπνόν, ὅπως τὴν ἐμπόδισε νὰ εἴπῃ ἄλλα πεισσότερα, ἡς ἀνεχώρησεν ὀπίσσω· ἢ ἐκρύβη εἰς τὰ βαθύτερα τῆς ἀπήλαια, πὰ πλησιάζοντε εἰς τὸν Ἄϊδου· διὰ νὰ εὕρῃ ὀλίγην ὤσειν ἢ κατάψυξιν· Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ζεὺς, φανερώσας εἰς ὅλας τὰς Θεὰς, καὶ εἰς ἐκεῖνον, ὅπου ἔδωκε τὸ ἅμαξι του εἰς ἄλλο ὁδηγίαν· ὅτι ἔμελλε νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ ὅλος ὁ Κόσμος ἐλεεινῶς· ἂν αὐτὸς δὲν ἤθελεν προφθάσῃ νὰ βοηθήσῃ, ἀνέβη εἰς τὸν ὑψηλότερον τόπον τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον συνηθίζει νὰ ξεσῇ κάτω τὰ σύννεφα, νὰ βροντᾷ· νὰ ρίπτῃ ἀστροπελέκια· ἀλλὰ δὲν ηὗρε σύννεφα διὰ νὰ σκεπάσῃ τὴν γῆν, ἤτε βροχὰς, διὰ νὰ τὴν δροσίσῃ. Λαβὼν λοιπὸν εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸν κεραυνόν του, τὸν ἔρριψε κατὰπάνω τοῦ Φαέθοντος, νὰ μὲ τὸ κτύπημα αὐτοῦ τὸν ὑστερήσοντος ὁμοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁμάξου καὶ τῆς ζωῆς, σβύνοντες μίαν ἤτω μεγάλην φωτιὰν μὲ ἄλλην φωτιάν. Τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Ἡλίου ἔπεσαν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν, ὅπου ἔκαμαν διὰ νὰ σηκωθῶν, ἐκόπησαν τὰς χαλινὰς, ἢ τὰ δέσιμα των, ἢ παράθας ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγήν. Ἐδῶ φαίνονται κατασκορπισμένοι οἱ χαλινοὶ των, ἐκεῖ ὁ ζυγός, καὶ ὁ ἄξων συντερμμένος, καὶ τὰ κομ-
μάτρια τῆς ξόχης, καὶ τὰ τζακισμάτα τῆς τοσούτον φημισμένης ἄμαξης. Ὡς τόσον ὁ Φαέθων παιόμενος πίπτει ἀπὸ τὸν ἵππαμον, καὶ κρεμνιζόμενος ἀφίνει ὀπίσω τὰ μέτα μακρὰν πυρίνης σερατὴν, ὡς ἄστρον, τὸ ὁποῖον φαίνεται ὅτι πίπτει, ὅταν ὁ οὐρανὸς εἶναι καθαρός. Ὁ Πάδος, ποταμὸς κατεπολλὰ ἀπέχων ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον τοῦ Φαέθοντος, τὸν δέχεται εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας του, πλυμώντας τὸ κορμὶ του, ὁποῦ ἦτον κατπισμένον, καὶ ὁλόμαυρον ἀπὸ τὸν καπνόν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Νομίζεται ὅτι οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὑπέθεσαν νὰ δείξῃ μὲ συμβολικὸν τρόπον, τὰ δεινὰ τῆς συμφορᾶς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰς πᾶσαν τὰς ἐμπειρίας ἡ διακυβέρνησις του, καὶ πόσον αὕτη εἶναι δύσκολος, καὶ κινδυνώδης τόσον διὰ ἀρχαέους καὶ γερὸν ἀδράστης, ὅσον καὶ διὰ τοὺς τῆς ἔμπειρους, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐγράζαν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἐπιστασίαν.
Βέβαια ὅλος ὁ Μῦθος τούτος, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ νουθεσία τοῦ Ἡλίου πρὸς τοῦ υἱοῦ του, θέλει ἀπὸ πολιτικὰ ἀξιώματα, ἤγουν πρέπει νὰ τὸν ἀναγνώση τις μὲ ἐπιμέλειαν, διὰ νὰ κατανόβη ὅτι οὔτε οἱ πλέον πολυμαθεῖς Διδάσκαλοι, δὲν ἤθελον ὑποφέρῃ νὰ διδάξωσιν ὠφελιμώτερα.
Ἡ ἅμαξα σημαίνει τὴν Ἐπικράτειαν, καὶ ὁ ἴχνυος ἄξον, τὸ ἀργύρειον τιμήν, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα παρόμοια, δηλοῦσι τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὰ παρασχήματα τῆς Ἀρχῆς. Μὲ τὰ ἄλογα ἐννοεῖται ὁ λαὸς, ἢ οἱ πολῖται δὲν εἶναι ἀπὸ τί, εἰμὴ ἡ διοίκησις, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι βέβαιον ὅτι ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ λαοῦ χρησιμεύει παντοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ λαοῦ, ὅπερ ἐκ τοῦ τε νεοχίαν τοῦ ἢ ὅταν ὁ Ἥλιος δίδει ἀτὰ τὸν ὑϊὸν τοῦ νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τὰ ἄλογά του, διδάσκει ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ πῶς πρέπει νὰ κυβερνᾶται ὁ λαός.
Τέλος πάντων διὰ τῆς Φαέθοντος φανερώνεται ὁ κίνδυνος τῆς κυβερνήσεως τῆς Πολιτείας.
Οἱ διάκονοι τοῦ Πολιτείου σὰν διηγήσῃ νὰ σφάλλῃ εἰς τὴν διέλευσίν των, πρέπει νὰ αἰσθανθῇ τὴν ζημίαν ὅλη ἡ Πολιτεία.
Ὁ Ἥλιος λέγει πρὸς τὸν ὑϊόν του, ὅτι θέλει συναπαντήσει πολλὰ τέρατα εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, θέλοντας μὲ ταῦτα νὰ ἀποδείξῃ ὅτι οἱ ὑπηρέται τῆς Ἐπικρατείας θέλουν ἀπαντᾶν πάντοτε δυσκολίας, πάντοτε τέρατα, ἀναπτύμενα ὡς μὲ εἰς αὐτοὺς ἢ διάκας ἢ σωφρονίσεις ἐπιχειρήσεις των. Ἀλλ' ὁ Φαέθων δὲν φοβεῖται τοὺς κινδύνους, ὅπου τοῦ παρασκήνονται, δεικνύοντας ὅτι ἕνας φιλόδοξος, ὅπου θέλει νὰ ὑψωθῇ, κλείει τὰ ὄμματά του εἰς κάθε σφάλμα, καὶ δὲν αἰσθάνεται ποτὲ τὸν κίνδυνον, εἰ μὴ ὅταν πέσῃ εἰς αὐτόν, ἢ δὲν ἠμπορεῖ πλέον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ.
Juno was angered when she saw his inamorato shining among the stars, and went down into the waters to white-haired Tethys and old Oceanus to whom the gods often make reverence. When they asked her the reason for her visit she began �You ask me why I, the queen of the gods, have left my home in the heavens to be here? Another has taken my place in the sky! I tell a lie, if you do not see, when night falls and the world darkens, newly exalted stars to wound me, set in the sky, where the remotest and shortest orbit circles the uttermost pole. Why should anyone wish to avoid wounding Juno or dread my enmity if I only benefit those I harm? Oh what a great achievement! Oh what marvellous powers I have! I stopped her being human and she becomes a goddess! This is the punishment I inflict on the guilty! This is my wonderful sovereignty! Let him take away her animal form and restore her former beauty as he did before with that Argive girl, Io. Why not divorce Juno, install her in my place, and let Lycaon be his father-in-law? If this contemptible insult to your foster-child moves you, shut out the seven stars of the Bear from your dark blue waters, repulse this constellation set in the heavens as a reward for her defilement, and do not let my rival dip in your pure flood!�
Ἀλλ' ὅσον περισσότερον ἐρευνᾷ τις τὰ ὡραῖα συγγράμματα τῆς Παλαιᾶς Συγγραφῆς, τόσον περισσοτέρας διδασκαλίας εὑρίσκει εἰς αὐτά. Φαίνεται ὅτι διὰ τὰ Μῦθα ταῦτα ἐλέγχεται, ἡ ὑπερηφανία ἢ ὑψηλοφροσύνη μερικῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἰδιοποιοῦνται, κάθε πράγματα, ἢ σκοποῦσι νὰ μίμῶνται τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἐξεύρωσιν ἐκ φύσεως ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, μόνον ὅμα τι εἶναι αὔξαιες ἢ γενεὰς λαμπρᾶς, κατὰ μίμησιν τοῦ Φαέθοντος, τοῦ νομίζοντος ἑαυτὸν ἄξιον νὰ ὁδηγήσῃ τὸ ἅρμα τοῦ Ἡλίου, διὰ τὸ ἦ τοῦ υἱοῦ του.
Πρὸς ταῦτα φαίνεται ὅτι εἶναι σκοπὸς, τὰ Μῦθα ταῦτα μάλιστα νὰ διδάξῃ τὰ παιδία νὰ μὴ καταφρονῶσι ποτὲ τὰς συμβουλίας, ἢ προστάγας τῶν Γονέων των, διότι δὲ, ὅπου νὰ φυλάττωνται ἀπὸ τὰς περιστάσεις, ὅσαι δὲν ἁρμόζουν εἰς ἡλικίας, ὅπως μέλλουσι νὰ τὰς ἀπαλλάξωσιν. Ὁ Κικέρων εἰς τὸ δεύτερον Βιβλίον τῆς Ῥητορικῆς ὁμιλεῖ περὶ ταύτης ὑπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ὅρκον ὑπέσχετο ὁ Ἥλιος εἰς τὸν Φαέθοντα νὰ τοῦ δώσῃ ὅ,τι ἂν ἤθελε ζητήσῃ, ἢ ὁ Φαέθων ἐζήτησε νὰ κυβερνήσῃ τὸ πύρινον ἅρμα του. Τὸ ὡδήγησεν, ἀλλὰ πρὶν νὰ εὕρῃ εἰς τὸ τέλος τοῦ δρόμου του, ἐκαταπάτησε διὰ κεραυνοῦ. Ἔπεσε δὲ εἰς τὸν Πάδον ποταμὸν, ὅπου οἱ Ἕλληνες ὀνομάζουσιν Ἠριδανὸ, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν ἀναγέλλει τὸ ἀέρον, τὸ κατέψυχον Ὄρος πρὸς τοῦ πληθῶν μεγάλων βορέων καὶ θυμιᾶται παρομοίως καὶ καθ' ὃν καιρὸν ἀναχέῃ τὸ ἐπὶ αὐτοῦ κείμενον. Καὶ ἡ μεγάλη ἡ ζέσις συμβαινομένη διὰ τὰ διάφορά του ἐκλαμβάνεται καθ' αὐτῶν τοῦ Ἥλιου, στοιχεῖα ἀπὸ τὰς παχυτάτας βροχάς.
Ἀλλὰ καθῷς ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι πολλάκις αὐτὴ ἡ Ἱστορία μεταχειρισμένη, λέγουσι τινὲς ὅτι ἡ αἰτία, ὁποῦ ἔδωσε τόπον εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μύθον εἶναι, ὅτι ἔγινε ποτὲ μία ὑπερβολικὴ ζέστη, καὶ ξηρασία, ἡ ὁποία ἀφάνισε πολλὰ χώρας, εἰς τόσον ὥστε ἐνόμισαν μερικοὶ ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος ποτὲ νὰ ἐξύγηκε ἀπὸ τὸν συνήθη του δρόμον, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὰ κατὰ τὸ νὰ ἐσμικραίνοντο αἱ ἡμέραι, ὥσπερ σχεδὸν ὁ Ὀκτώβριος, ἡ ζέστη ὅμως δὲν ἔπαυε νὰ εἶναι πάλιν αὐτῶν δυναμικὴ.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Φαέθοντος ἐφθαρεύθη τὴν αἰτίαν εἰς μεγάλην Κομήτην, ὁποῦ ἐσηκώθη μεγάλης ζέστης ἐγένετο εἰς τὴν γῆν. Αἱ Κομῆται γίνονται ἀπὸ ἀτμάσματα, καὶ ἀναθυμιάσεις εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἡ θέσις τῶν ἐπαύθη. καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐσηκώθησαν, κατὰ τὸν Ἀπολλώνιον, καὶ τὸν Σενέκαν, ἔχουσι τοιαύτην φύσιν, ὥστε φέρουσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον μεγάλας ζέστας, ἢ ὑπερβολικὰς ἀνομβρίας.
Ὅπως καὶ ἂν εἶναι, θέλω εἰπῆ ἀκόμη δύο πράγματα διὰ τὸν Φαέθοντα, παραθέτων τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλουτάρχου, καὶ Λουκιανοῦ. Ὁ Πλούταρχος λοιπὸν λέγει, ὅτι μετὰ τὸν Κατακλυσμὸν ὁ Φαέθων ἐνομίσθη ὁ πρῶτος Βασιλεὺς τῆς Θεσσαλίας, καὶ τῆς Μολοσσίας, καὶ ὁ Λουκιανὸς λέγει, ὅτι ἐμυθολογήθη υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡλίου, καὶ ὅτι ὑπῆγε νὰ εὕρῃ τὸν πατέρα του, ἐπειδὴ καὶ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἤρχισε νὰ παρατηρῇ τὸν ἡλιακὸν δρόμον.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Β'. ϛʹ Γʹ.
Περὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς δένδρα.
Αἱ ἀδελφαὶ τοῦ Φαέθοντος, δηλαδὴ ἡ Φαέθουσα, ἡ Λαμπετία, ἡ ἡ Φοιβαία, τόσον ἐλυπήθησαν διὰ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, ὥστε ἐσπλαγχνίσθησαν οἱ Θεοί, καὶ μετεμόρφωσαν εἰς Αἴγειρος. Καὶ τὰ δάκρυα αὐτῶν, ἃ χρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν τὸ Εὐριπίδιο ἢ τὰ Ἡσιόδιο, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἤλεκτρον, εἶδος τὶ μετάλλι, τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ Ἥλιος στάζει ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ δένδρα.
Αἱ Νύμφαι τοῦ Πάδου ποταμοῦ ᾠκοδόμησαν τὸν τάφον τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ἢ ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πέτραν ἐχάραξαν τὴν ἑπομένην Ἐπιγραφήν. Ἐνθάδε κεῖται Φαέθων, ἡνιόχος τοῦ πατρικοῦ ἅρματος, τὸ ὁποῖον αὖ ἢ δὲν ἐδυνήθη νὰ κυβερνήση, ὅμως ἀπώλετο μεγάλα τολμήσας. Ὡς πόσον ὁ πεθλιμμένος πατήρ του ὀδύρθη τὸ πνεῦμα, καὶ αὖ χρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν εἰς τὴν παλαιὰν παράδοσιν, εἶναι φήμη ὅτι ἔμεινε μία ἡμέρα χωρὶς Ἥλιον, καὶ τὴν λάμψιν καὶ τὸ φῶς ἔλαβεν ἡ γῆ ἀπὸ τὰ ἐμπρησμένα τὰς φλόγας, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι ἀπέλαβαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ ὅθεν καλὸν ἀπὸ τὸ κακόν· ἤγουν ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμπρησμὸν ἀπέλαβαν τὸ φῶς καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν δὲν ἀνέτειλεν ὁ Ἥλιος. Ἀλλ᾽ ἀφοῦ ἡ πελάστερος Κλυμένη εἶπεν ὅσα ἡ ὀλίψις τοιούτων συμφορῶν ὑπαγορεύει, ἔτιλλε τὴν κόμην της,
διασπάρασε το στήθος της, ήρχισε να τρέχη εις πάντα μέρος της γῆς ὡσὰν ἀναίσθητος, καὶ μανιώδης. Πρῶτον μὲν ἐξήτησε τὸ σῶμα τοῦ υἱοῦ της, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐνομίζετο δυστυχισμένη ἂν ἠμπορήσε νὰ εὕρη μόνον τὰ κόκκαλά του. Τέλος πάντων τὰ ηὗρε πεδαμευμένα εἰς ξένον παραθαλάσιον. Ἔπεσεν ἄχνυς ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον, ὁποῦ τὰ ἐσκέπαζε, ἔπλυνε μὲ τὰ δάκρυά της τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ της, ὁποῦ εἶδε κεχαραγμένον ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ μάρμαρον, ἢ ἐναγκαλιζομένη αὐτό, ἐπᾶγε νὰ τὸ θερμαίνη. Αἱ θυγατέρες της, ὁποῦ τὴν εἶχαν ἀκολουθήσει ἀπέδειξαν ὁλιγωτέραν λύπην. Ἔχυσαν πλῆθος ματαίων δακρύων διὰ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, καὶ ἔκλαιαν ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα τὸν ἄθλιον Φαέθοντα, ὥστε δὲν ἠδυνάσθησαν νὰ ἀνέλθη τὰ παράπονά των. Ἐκολλήθησαν διὰ νὰ εἴπω ἔτσι ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, καὶ ἀπέκτησαν ὡς μίαν ἕξιν τὰ νὰ παραπονῶνται, ἢ νὰ κλαίουσιν, ὀλοφυρόμεναι τέσσαρας μῆνας ἀναπαύσεως. Τέλος πάντων ἡ Φαέθουσα, ἡ μεγαλητέρα, θέλησσα νὰ καθίση ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἤσθησθη ὅτι δὲν ἠδύνατο πλέον νὰ διπλώση τὰ γόνατά της, καὶ ἤρχισε νὰ παρεπονῆται διὰ αὐτὸ εἰς τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Ἐν τούτῳ καὶ ἡ Λαμπετία, θέλησσα νὰ τρέξη πρὸς βοήθειαν της, ἐμποδίσθη ἀπὸ τὰς ῥίζας, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας τὰ ποδάριά της εἶναι μεταμορφωμένα· ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ τρίτη, θέλησσα νὰ ἀποσώση τὴν ὄψιν της, δὲν εὗγαλε παρὰ φύλλα. Ἡ μία ὁρᾷ ὅτι τὰ μηριά της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κορμὸν δένδρου· ἡ ἄλλη, ὅτι τὰ χέρια της ὑψούμενα, μεταβάλλονται εἰς κλῶνας· καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἀπορῇ διὰ τὸ παράδοξον, ἡ φλοία ἀναβαίνει κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν εἰς τὸ στῆθος, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθος εἰς τὰς ὤμας, σκεπάζουσα τὰς βραχίονας, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας των. Ἀπέμει
The gods of the sea nodded their consent. Then Saturnia, in her light chariot drawn by painted peacocks, drove up through the clear air. These peacocks had only recently been painted, when Argus was killed, at the same time that your wings, Corvus, croaking Raven, were suddenly changed to black, though they were white before. He was once a bird with silver-white plumage, equal to the spotless doves, not inferior to the geese, those saviours of the Capitol with their watchful cries, or the swan, the lover of rivers. His speech condemned him. Because of his ready speech he, who was once snow white, was now white�s opposite.
Coronis of Larissa was the loveliest girl in all Thessaly. Certainly she pleased you, god of Delphi. Well, as long as she was faithful, or not caught out. But that bird of Phoebus discovered her adultery and, merciless informer, flew straight to his master to reveal the secret crime. The garrulous Crow followed with flapping wings, wanting to know everything, but when he heard the reason, he said �This journey will do you no good: don�t ignore my prophecy! See what I was, see what I am, and search out the justice in it. Truth was my downfall.
Once upon a time Pallas hid a child, Erichthonius, born without a human mother, in a box made of Actaean osiers. She gave this to the three virgin daughters of two-natured Cecrops, who was part human part serpent, and ordered them not to pry into its secret. Hidden in the light leaves that grew thickly over an elm-tree I set out to watch what they might do. Two of the girls, Pandrosus and Herse, obeyed without cheating, but the third Aglauros called her sisters cowards and undid the knots with her hand, and inside they found a baby boy with a snake stretched out next to him. That act I betrayed to the goddess. And this is the reward I got for it, no longer consecrated to Minerva�s protection, and ranked below the Owl, that night-bird! My punishment should be a warning to all birds not to take risks by speaking out.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'. 89
να μόνον τὸ σῶμα ἐλεύθερον, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον ἀκόμη ἐφώναζαν τὴν μητέρα των· ἀλλὰ τί νὰ κάμη ἡ αὐτὴ ἡ παλαίστρος; τί ἄλλο δύναται νὰ πράξη, παρὰ νὰ ἀποπλάνη τὸ πάθος, ὅπως τῶν ἀμφοτέρων ποτὲ μὲν πρὸς τὴν μίαν, ποτὲ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἄλλην, καὶ νὰ τὰς ἀσπάζεται, ὅσον ἡμπορούσε; Τοῦτο ὅμως δὲν ἐφθάνει· αὐτὴ ἵσταται νὰ ἀποσύλη τὸ κορμὶ των ἀπὸ τὸν φλοιόν, ὅπως τὰς ἐβασάνισε, ἡ ἀγωνιζομένη εἰς τοῦτο, κόπτει τινὰ κλωναράκια, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα διακύουσιν ἐν πάσῃ, ὡσὰν ἀπὸ πληγὰς, σταλαγμοὶ αἵματος. Σπλαχνίσου με, μῆτερ μου, φωνάζει ἡ φρίξη, ὅπως αὐτὴ ἐκύψε, σπλαχνίσου μας, σὲ παρακαλῶ, μὴ μᾶς πληγώσης περισσότερον· σὺ κόπτεις τὸ κορμί μας, κόπτουσα ταῦτα τὰ δένδρα. Σὲ ἀφίνομεν ὑγείαν αὐτὸς εἶναι ὁ τελευταῖος μας χαιρετισμός· ἡ φλοία ἀναβαίνουσα, μᾶς πλέκει τὸ στόμα. Ταῦτα λέγουσαι ἔχυσαν πλῆθος δακρύων, τὰ ὁποῖα δάκρυα, ξηραινόμενα ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἤλεκτρον, τὸ ὁποῖον ῥέει ἀπὸ τὰ νέα αὐτὰ δένδρα, εἶτα ὁ δεχόμενος αὐτὸ ποταμὸς, φέρει το εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν, διὰ νὰ εἶναι ὁ κόσμος τῶν γυναικῶν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι ὡς ὁ θρίαμβος τῆς ἀδελφικῆς ἀγάπης, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον τὰ θριαμβεύοντα πρόσωπα, ὑστερνοῦνται τῆς ζωῆς· ἀλλὰ δύναταί τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι αὐτὰ δὲν ψέλον θριαμβολόγα, ἂν δὲν ἀπέθανον, διότι ἄλλως δὲν ψέλον ἡμπορέσει τινὲς νὰ κτήση τὸ ὑπερβολικὸν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ. Ἐπειδὴ ὅμως τὰ δάκρυα καὶ τὰ παράπονα δὲν ἐξυπηρετοῦσαν εἰς ἄλλο παρὰ εἰς τὸν φθορὰν
τοῦ, ὅ τί ποτε δὴ ὤφειλοσαν τὸν Φαέθοντα, ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει με τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς κορασίων τούτων, νὰ φυλάττωνται τῶν μετριότητα εἰς τὰς ὅλας τὰς δυστυχίας μας.
Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς δένδρα, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν κυριεύεται δὲ ΝΤῶ Φαέθοντος τῆς νὰ νικᾷ τὸ λογικὸν τῆς, ἡ παρεμβαίνει, ὡς δὲ ὁμοίζει πλέον εἰς μίαν ἡλιοστρεπτῇ, ἡ ἄλλως δὲ ἀποδύσῃ ἁμῶς δὲ ζῇ ποτε ἄλλου ζώου, παρὰ ἐκείνην τῶν δένδρων, ἢ τῆς ὑπώσης· ὅθεν παρὰ Λατίνοις ἡ Λέξις truncus, ἥτις σημαίνει τὸν κορμὸν τοῦ δένδρου, δηλοῖ μεταφορικῶς ἐξ τὸν ἀθώωτον ἢ ἀλίσιον ἄνθρωπον.
Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί ἔγινε τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα αὐτά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα αἱ ἀδελφαί τοῦ Φαέθοντος μεταμορφώθησαν; Τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη, ὡς μοι φαίνεται, διὰ νὰ ὑποδείξῃ ὅτι τὰ δάκρυα, ὁποῦ χύνονται εἰς τὸν θάνατον τῶν συγγενῶν, καὶ φίλων εἶναι πλούσιμα καὶ ἔξοχα ὅταν ἔχουν γεννημένα ἀληθῆ φιλίαν· ἐπειδὴ παλαιόθεν τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἦτο πολυτιμότερας τιμῆς, παρὰ τῶν σήμερον, καὶ αἱ Ρωμαῖαι Ἀρχόνταισαι τὸ μετεχειρίζοντο διὰ κόσμημα, ὡς τὸ μαρτυρεῖ ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὡς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον· λέγων ὡς·
quae lúcidus ámnis Excipit, & núribus mittit géstánda Latinis.
Δηλαδὴ, τὰ ὁποῖα (δάκρυα) ὁ λαμπρὸς ποταμὸς ἐκδέχεται, καὶ πέμπει εἰς τὰς Λατίνας Νύμφας νὰ τὰ φέρουν.
Τοῦτο ὅμως τὸ πλάσμα μετέχει ἢ τῆς Ἱστορίας· ἐπειδὴ λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Φαέθων ἦτο υἱὸς ἑνὸς Βασιλέως, ὁστις ἐβασίλευε πλησίον τῆς Πάδου ποταμοῦ· ὅτι ἐνῷ ἐκυβέρνα τὴν ἅμαξαν εἰς τὰ ὄχθας τοῦ ποταμοῦ αὐτοῦ, τὰ ἄλογα τὰ ἀγρία ἔτρεξαν, ἢ τὸν ἐπῆξαν μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα· ὅτι αἱ ἀδελφαί του ἔλαβον τόσην λύπην, ὥστε ἔγειναν ὡς ἠλίθιοι, ἢ ταῦτα ἔδωσαν ἀφορμὴν διὰ νὰ εἴπῃ
Περὶ τοῦ Κύκνου Βασιλέως τῆς Λιγυείας, ὡς οὗτος μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ ὁμώνυμον πτηνόν.
Κύκνος ὁ τῆς Λιγυείας Βασιλεύς, καὶ ὑπὸ μητρὸς συγγενὴς τῷ Φαέθοντι, διὰ ἐλυπήθη ἐλιγώτερον ὑπὸ τὰς ἀδελφὰς τοῦ· διὰ τοῦτο ἐπεκάλει τὰ ὕδατα, μετεμορφώθη καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ πτηνόν, τὸ φέρον τὸ ὄνομά του.
Κύκνος, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Σθενέλης, ἐχρημάτισε θεατὴς ἐκείνης τῆς συμφορᾶς· ἤτοι κἂν ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος τῆς μητρὸς του ἦτον συγγενὴς τοῦ Φαέθοντος, ὅμως του ἦτον πλέον ἀφωσιωμένος μὲ εἱλικρινῆ φιλίαν. Ἀφήνοντας λοιπὸν τὸ Βασίλειόν του (ἐπειδὴ ἐξεστάνευσε μεγάλας Πόλεις, καὶ τὸν τῆς Λιγυείας λαόν) ἐγέμισον ἀπὸ τὰς φωνὰς του τὰ ὄχθας τοῦ Πάδου ποταμοῦ, ἤτοι τὰ πυκνὰ δάση, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον αὐξηθῆ μὲ τὰ δένδρα τῆς ἀδελφῶν τοῦ φίλου του. Τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς φωνὰς του καὶ παράπονα, ἠδυνάτησε ἡ φωνή του, ἤγουν ἐκλελυμένη, ἤτοι ἐν ταυτῷ τὰ μαλλία του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄσπρα πτερά· ὁ λαιμὸς του λεπτυνόμενος, ἐξεμάκρυνεν ἀπὸ τὰ ὦμους του· τὰ δάκτυλά του ἁνταμωνόμενα, περιελείσθησαν μὲ κόκκινον περιζῶ, καὶ τὸ κορμὶ του ὅλον ἐγέμισε πτερά· τὸ στόμα του μετεβλήθη εἰς ῥάμφος, ἤγουν νέον πτηνόν, φυλάττουσα μόνον τὸ ὄνομά του· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη ἐνθυμεῖται τὸν κεραυνόν, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐθανάτωσεν ἀδίκως τὸν Φαέθοντα, δὲν σηκώνεται ὑψηλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, μὴ θέλουσα νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς τὸν Δία, ὅς τις ἐκεραύνωσε τὸν φίλον του. Ἀναχωρήσαν εἰς τὰς λίμνας, καὶ μισήσασα πλέον φωτιάν, ἐκλεξε τὸ στοιχεῖον, τὸ ἐναντιώτερον εἰς τὸ πῦρ.
And just think, not only had I not asked for her favour, she had sought me out, of her own accord! � Ask Pallas herself: though she is angry, she will not deny it even in anger. The famous Coroneus was my father, in the land of Phocis (it is said to be well known) and I was a royal virgin and wealthy princes courted me (so do not disparage me). But my beauty hurt me. Once when I was walking slowly as I used to do along the crest of the sands by the shore the sea-god saw me and grew hot. When his flattering words and entreaties proved a waste of time, he tried force, and chased after me. I ran, leaving the solid shore behind, tiring myself out uselessly in the soft sand. Then I called out to gods and men. No mortal heard my voice, but the virgin goddess feels pity for a virgin and she helped me. I was stretching out my arms to the sky: those arms began to darken with soft plumage. I tried to lift my cloak from my shoulders but it had turned to feathers with roots deep in my skin. I tried to beat my naked breast with my hands but found I had neither hands nor naked breast.
I ran, and now the sand did not clog my feet as before but I lifted from the ground, and soon sailed high into the air. So I became an innocent servant of Minerva. But what use was that to me if Nyctimene, who was turned into an Owl for her dreadful sins, has usurped my place of honour? Or have you not heard the story all Lesbos knows well, how Nyctimene desecrated her father�s bed? Though she is now a bird she is conscious of guilt at her crime and flees from human sight and the light, and hides her shame in darkness, and is driven from the whole sky by all the birds.�
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ὁ παροῦσα Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει τὰ αὐτὰ, ὅπερ κ ὁ Προμηθεὺς, δηλαδὴ ὅτι ἡ λύπη εἶναι μία ἐπικίνδυνος νόσος εἰς τὰς καρδίας, ὅταν τὴν πάθῃ, κ δὲν θέλει νὰ μεταχειρισθῇ τὸ καθολικὸν φάρμακον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκ Θεοῦ μᾶς ἐδόθη ἐναντίον εἰς ὅλας τὰς δυστυχίας. Εἶναι εὐκολον νὰ καταλάβῃ καθεὶς ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐννοῶ τὸν ὀρθὸν Λόγον, ὅπου μόνος του εἶναι ἀρκετὸς νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὰς διαφόρας Μεταμορφώσεις, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἡ λύπη μᾶς φέρει. Νομίζω λοιπὸν ὅτι ἠθέλησαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ νὰ μᾶς δείξῃ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν Μῦθον, κ μὲ τὸν προρρηθέντα, τὰ διάφορα ὑποτελέσματα τῆς λύπης, ὅσα ὁ Κικέρων περιγράφει πάνυ καλῶς εἰς τὸ Βιβλίον τῶν Τουσκουλῶν· ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκονται ἄνθρωποι, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην ἔχασαν τὴν φωνὴν, γινόμενοι ἀναίσθητοι κ ἀνάλγητοι, ὡς μᾶς ἀποδείχνει κι τὸ παράδειγμα τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος, αἱ ὁποῖαι μεταμορφώθησαν εἰς δένδρα, ἢ δὲν ἔχουν ἄλλο τίποτε, εἰ μὴ μόνον τὰ δάκρυα. Ἀλλ' εἶναι ἄλλοι, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους ἡ λύπη προξενεῖ τὸ ὑποτέλεσμα τοῦτο, ὅπου δὲν παύουσι ποτὲ ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ ὁμιλοῦν ὅλα τὰ ἀποστολικὰ κείμενα τῶν φίλων των, κηρύττοντες τὴν δόξαν των. Διὰ τοῦτο, καθὼς ὅπου τὸν Κύκνον εἰκονίζονται οἱ Μουσικοὶ, οὕτως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ φίλος τοῦ Φαέθοντος μεταμορφώθη εἰς Κύκνον, ὅπου τὴν ὥραν τοῦ Θανάτου του ᾖσε τὰ κατάλληλα ᾄσματα, δὲν ἀπορεῖ τῆς ζωῆς μας ὁ θεῖος ποιητὴς ὁ Ὀβίδιος.
Ἐφεξῆς λέγει ὁ Ποιητὴς ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ Κύκνος εἶχε πάθει Φαέθων (περὶ Κύκνου, ὁμίλει εἰς τὸ Ἀλληγόριαν τὰ παρὰ ταύτης Μύθης) ἄγε εὐσεβῶς, ὁ προσπαθῶν τὴν μακρόθεν ὅταν ἔπεσε εἰς τὸν Πάδον μὲ τὸ ἁμάξιον, ἦλθε ἐπὶ ἀωδῆς νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ· ὅθεν ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐλευθερώσῃ, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἐκεῖνος ἔπεσε διήλθεν εἷς Κύκνος, ὅπερ ἦτον ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐπέτασεν εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· ἰδοὺ ποῦ τὸ ἔδωσεν ἀφορμὴν τὰ Μύθῳ ὅτι μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Κύκνον, ἐπειδὴ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος δὲν ἐφάνη πλέον, πηγαίνων εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν φίλον του, τοῦ ὁποίου ἤθελε νὰ ἐλευθερώσῃ.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'.
Περὶ τῆς Καλλιστοῦς, ἤτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς Ἄρκτον, καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς, τοῦ εἰς Ἀρκτοφύλακα μεταμορφωθέντος.
Ὁ Ζεὺς περιεργαζόμενος τὴν κατάστασιν τοῦ Κόσμου, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ μή καὶ πυρακαΐα, εἶδε τὴν Καλλιστὼ, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶδε διαβαίνουσαν καὶ ἀπὸ Ἀρκαδίας, καὶ διὰ νὰ τὴν ἀγαπήσῃ καὶ αὐτός, εἶπε λαβεῖν τὴν ἰδέαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἥρα, μὴ ὑποφέρουσα τὴν μοιχείαν ἐμετεμόρφωσεν εἰς Ἄρκτον, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ δύναται πλέον μὲ τὴν καλλονήν της νὰ σχηθῇ τὸν Δία. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν ἀνέβασεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱόν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἔλαβεν ἐξ αὐτῆς.
Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ἥλιος φορῶν ἔτι τὰ πένθημα, ἐξερμενικὸς ἀπὸ τῶν λάμψιν τε, καὶ ὠραϊότητα· ὡς φαίνεται ὅταν πλησιάζῃ εἰς τῶν Δύσιν τε, μισεῖ τὸ ἴδιόν τε φῶς, ἀποστρέφεται τῆς ἡμέρας· καὶ τὸν ἑαυτόν τε, ὁ κατεσθύεται ὅλως ἀπὸ τῶν λύπων, προφέροντας ὁ λόγε Θυμώδεις, μὲ ἀπόφασιν νὰ παραιτῆ τὸ ἔργον τε, ὁ νὰ μὴ φωτίσῃ πλέον εἰς τὸ ἑξῆς τοῦ Κόσμου· Ἀρκετὰ ἐδουλόσασα, λέγει, ὁ ὑπέφερα ἀπεράντους κόπους ἀπὸ τῶ ἀρχῶ τῆ Κόσμυ, χωρεῖς τινα ἀνάπαυσίν μου. Δικαίον ἔχω νὰ ἀναπαύσωσο ἀπὸ ὡδα κόπου, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν τελειώνει ποτέ, ὁ εἶναι χωρεῖς τινα ἀνταπόδοσιν. Ἂς ὁδηγήσῃ καὶ ἄλλος τὸ φωτοφόρον ἁμάξι, καὶ ἂν δὲν εὑρεθῆ τινας, καὶ ὁμολογήσουν ὅλοι οἱ Θεοί, ὅτι δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὸ κυβερνήσειν, ἂς λάβῃ ἐπέταος τῶν φρόντιδα τῆς ὁδηγίας τε, ὁ διὰ νὰ ἀναγκασθῆ τουλάχιστον εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ διάστημα τῆς ὁδηγίας τῆ ἁμαξίης· νὰ ἀφήσῃ τῆς κεραυνούς του, μὲ τῆς ὁποίους ἀπολπίζει τῆς γονέας, ὑστερῶντας τῆς τοὺ παιδῶν των. ὁ ὅταν ἔγνωρίσῃ τῶ δύναμιν τῶ ἀλόγων, ὁπῆ σύρουσι τὸ ἁμάξι μου· τότε θέλει μάθῃ ὅτι δὲν ἔπρεπε θάνατος εἰς ἐκεῖνον, ὅστις δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ τὰ κυβερνήσῃ. Ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγε ταῦτα ὁ Ἥλιος, ἔφθασαν ὅλοι οἱ Θεοί, εἰς τὸ Παλάτιόν τε διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐπισκεφθῶσι, παρακαλοῦντες του νὰ λάμψῃ φῶς εἰς τὸν κόσμον. Ὡς ὁ αὐτὸς ὁ Ζεὺς τοῦ ἐξήτησε συμπάθειον διὰ τὸν κεραυνόν, ὁπῆ ἔρριψε, προσθέτων καί τινας φοβερισμούς, ὡς βασιλεύς, εἰς τὰς παρακαλέσεις τε. Οὕτως ὁ Ἥλιος ἡμερώθηκε, ἔζωσε πάλιν πάντων τὰ ἄλογά τε, ὁ ἐπει-
To all this, the Raven replied �I pray any evil be on your own head. I spurn empty prophecies� and, completing the journey he had started, he told his master he had seen Coronis lying beside a Thessalian youth. The laurel fell from the lover�s head on hearing of the charge, his expression and colour and the tone of his lyre changed, and his mind boiled with growing anger. He seized his usual weapons, strung his bow bending it by the tips, and, with his unerring arrow, pierced the breast that had so often been close to his own. She groaned at the wound, and as the arrow was drawn out her white limbs were drenched with scarlet blood and she cried out � Oh Phoebus it was in your power to have punished me, but to have let me give birth first: now two will die in one.� She spoke, and then her life flowed out with her blood. A deathly cold stole over her body, emptied of being.
δὴ δὲν εὑρίσκετο ἀπόμεινε νὰ ἀλησμονήση τῆς δυστυχίας του, ἐξεθύμανεν ὅλον του τὸν θυμὸν εἰς αὐτά, ὀνειδίζοντάς τα διὰ τὸν φόνον τῆς ὑός του, καὶ μεταχειρίζομενός τα σκληρότερα παρὰ ποτέ.
Ὡς τόσον ὁ Ζεὺς περιῆλθεν ὅλον τὸν Οὐρανόν, περιεργαζόμενος ἂν ἦτον παῖδα μέρος, ὅπου νὰ ἐπήνωσον ἀπὸ τῆς φωτιᾶς, καὶ βλέπωντας ὅτι ὅλα ἦσαν ἀσφαλῆ, ἔρριψε τὰ ὀμμάτια του εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἐφρόντισε δὲ μάλιστα διὰ τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, παρὰ δι᾽ ἄλλας Ἐπαρχίας ἀναπάνισον ἐκεῖ τὰς βρύσες, καὶ τὰς ποταμούς, ὅπου δὲν ἀπετόλμουν ἀκόμη νὰ ῥεύσουν, ἐσκέπασε τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ χόρτα, ἐπέστρεψε τὰ φύλλα εἰς τα δένδρα, καὶ ἐπρόσταξε τα πεκαυμένα δάση, νὰ ἀναβλαστήσουν, καὶ νὰ ἀναλάβουν τὸν στολισμόν της. Διαβαίνοντας δὲ ἀπὸ ἕνα καὶ ἄλλο μέρος, καὶ πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους, εἶδε τὴν Κάλλιστώ, καὶ εὐθὺς τὴν ὠρέχθη. Αὕτη ἡ Νύμφη δὲν ἐταπείνετο οὔτε νὰ γλώση, οὔτε νὰ πλειπλέκη τὰ μαλλία της, οὔτε νὰ τὰ σχηματίζη κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους, ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον συνηθισμένη νὰ τα ἔχη ἁπλῶς δεμένα, φέρουσα εἰς τὸ χέρι της ποτὲ μὲν τόξον, ποτὲ δὲ κοντάρι, καὶ ἦτο ὁπαδὸς τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ἡ ὁποῖα τὴν ηγάπα περισσότερον ἀπὸ ὅλας τας ἄλλας Νύμφας· ἀλλ᾽ ἡ ἀγάπη της δὲν τὴν ὠφέλησε τίποτε, διότι δὲν εἶναι εὐτυχία εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ὅπου νὰ βαστᾷ πολὺν καιρόν.
Ἦτον ἤδη ἀπερασμένον τὸ μεσημέρευ ὅταν αὕτη ἡ Νύμφη ἐμβήνει εἰς ἕνα παλαιὸν δάσος, τὸ ὁποῖον ὅλοι οἱ αἰῶνες εἴλαβησαν, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ ἐξετύπωσε τὸ δοξάρι της, ἐπλάγιασε κατὰ γῆς, ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, βάνουσα ὑποκάτω τῆς κεφαλῆς της τὸ σαϊτιθή
νέ εἰς ἀσπλαγχνίας ἡ Ἥρα τῆς ἀφαίρεσέ τῷ τῶ φω- νῷ, ἰ δὲν τῆς ἔμεινον ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ μόνον μία ὀλολυ- γὴ ἄγρια καὶ φοβερά, διά νὰ φοβίζῃ τοὺς ἀκούοντας αὐ- τῆς. Τοιούτης λοιπὸν ἡ Κάλλιστω ἔχασε τὴν πρώτην μορφήν της, ἰ μὲ ὅλον ὁπού ἔγινεν ἄρκτος, ὅμως ἐφύ- λαξε τὸ λογικόν της εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν μορφήν της· ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ λογικὸν δὲν τῆς ἔμενε δι' ἄλλο, παρὰ διὰ νὰ αἰσθάνεται περισσότερον τὴν λύπην της, καὶ δυστυχίαν. Διὰ νὰ δείξῃ λοιπὸν τὴν ἔλλειψίν της, δὲν μετεχειρίσατο εἰμὴ δάκρυα ἀκατάπαυστα, ἰ θέλοντα νὰ ζητήσῃ ἀπὸ τὸν Δία βοήθειαν, σηκώνει πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ὄχι τὰ χέρια της, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνα, ὁπού ἦσαν πρότερον χέρια, καὶ μὴ δυναμένη νὰ τὸν ὀνομάσῃ ἀχάριστον, αἰσθάνεται μὲ αὐτὸ πῶς τὴν ἀχαριστεῖ. Ὦ πόσας φορὰς φοβουμέ- νη νὰ διαβῇ εἰς τὰ δάση, ὑπῆγεν ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὸ σπίτιόν της, ἰ εἰς τὰς χῶρας, ὁπού ᾤκει· καὶ πόσας φορὰς ἐδιώχθη εἰς τὰ δάση, ἰ εἰς τὰς πέτρας ἀπὸ τοὺς σκύλους, ὁπού τὴν ἐκυνηγοῦσαν! πόσας φορὰς αὐτὴ ἡ κόρη, ἁπού ἠγάπα τόσον τὸ κυνήγιον, ἰ ὠξειδώθη εἰς αὐτὸ, ἔτρεχεν ἀπὸ τὴν φόβον τῶν κυνηγῶν! Συχνάκις ἔκρυπτετο ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα, χωρὶς νὰ σοχάζεται τὴν ἑαυτήν της, ἡ ὁποία οὖσα ἄρκτος, ἐφοβεῖτο τὰς ἄρκτους, ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς λύκους, ἀνκαλὰ καὶ ὁ πατήρ της ἦτον συναριθμημένος μὲ αὐτούς. Ὡς τόσον Ἄρκας ὁ υἱός της ηὐξήθη εἰς τὴν ἡλικίαν, χωρὶς νὰ γνω- ρίσῃ τὴν μητέρα του, ἰ ἐδόθη ἰ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον. Τώρα δὲ χρόνον δεκαπέντε, ἰ κυνηγῶντας τὰ θηρία εἰς τὸ δάσος τῆς Ἑρμανίας, ἐσυναπήντησε τὴν μητέ- ρα του, ἡ ὁποία ἐστάθη εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, διότι
δεν εξύλμησεν ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον τὲ νὰ πλησιάση. Τέλος πάντων, ἐν ᾧ αὐτὸς ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ τὴν τόξευση, ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν ἐμποδίσε, μὴ ἀφήνοντας τὸν νὰ γίνη μητρὸς φονόπος, ἢ ἐν πάντῳ ἀνέβασεν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν τὴν μητέρα, καὶ τὸν υἱόν, μεταβάλλοντάς τὴς εἰς δύω ἄστρα, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν εἶναι πολλὰ ξέμαχρα τὸ ἕν ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο.
Ἡ Ἥρα ἔδειξεν ὅλον ἐκεῖνον τὸν Θυμὸν, ὁποῦ μία φθονερὴ ἢ ζηλότυπος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ δείξη, ὅταν εἶδε τὴν ἀντίτυπόν τὴς νὰ λάμπη μεταξὺ τῶν ἀστέρων, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο κατέβη εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν νὰ εὕρη τὴν Θέτιν, ἢ τὸν γηραλαῖον Ὠκεανὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον οἱ Θεοὶ ἔχουσιν ὑπόληψιν ἢ ἀγάπησιν· οἱ ὁποῖοι βλέποντές τὴν, ἠρώτησαν τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐλεύσεώς τὴς· καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως·
"Ἐρωτᾶτε διὰ τί ἡ βασίλισσα τῶν Θεῶν ἄφησε τὸν Οὐρανὸν, ἢ τὸν θρόνον τὴς, ἢ ἦλθεν εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν σας;
Alas! Too late the lover repents of his cruel act, and hates himself for listening to the tale that has so angered him. He hates the bird that has compelled him to know of the fault that brought him pain. He hates the bow, his hand, and the hastily fired arrow as well as that hand. He cradles the fallen girl and attempts to overcome fate with his healing powers. It is too late, and he tries his arts in vain. Later, when all efforts had failed, seeing the funeral pyre prepared to consume her body, then indeed the god groaned from the depths of his heart (since the faces of the heavenly gods cannot be touched by tears), groans no different from those of a young bullock, seeing the hammer poised at the slaughterer�s right ear, crash down on the hollow forehead of a suckling calf.
Even though she cannot know of it, the god pours fragrant incense over her breast, and embraces her body, and unjustly, performs the just rites. He could not let a child of Phoebus be destroyed in the same ruin, and he tore his son, Aesculapius, from its mother�s womb and from the flames, and carried him to the cave of Chiron the Centaur, who was half man and half horse. But he stopped the Raven, who had hoped for a reward for telling the truth, from living among the white birds.
Μάθετε ὅτι ἁλὴ βασιλίς νυερώδες τὸν ἔρανον, καθημένη εἰς τὸν πόπον μου. Διὰ θέλω νὰ με πιστώσετε ποτε, ἢ δεὰ ἰδῆτε διὰς με τὸν ἐρχομὸν τῆς γυναικὸς ξηγύρω εἰς τὸν Πόλον δύω νὰ ἄστρα, ὁπῶς με εἶναι δύω μεγάλα κατὰ, καὶ μου λάρνεσι τὸν Οὐρανὸν ἀξιομίσητον· Ποῖος εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς θέλει φοβηθῆ νὰ καταφρονῆ ἐμὲ τῆν Ἥραν, καὶ ὅταν με βλάψη τινάς, πῶς θέλει φοβηθῆ τῆν δυναμίν μου; ἐπειδή εἶμαι μοναρχη εἰς τὸν κόσμον, ὁπῶς ὠφελῶ, ὅταν βέλομαι νὰ βλάψω. Τί ἔκαμα, θέλουσα νὰ ἐκδικηθῶ; μόνον ἔδειξα ὅτι ἔμαι αἴσχυρος. Ἐμπόδισα τῆς Καλλιστὼ νὰ εἶναι γυνή καὶ ἴδου πῶρα ἔχιγε θέα. Ἔπι ἐγὼ παιδάλω τᾶς πταίστας, ἔπι εἶναι ἡ δυναμῆς με μεγάλη. Ἄς τῆς εὐχάλη ἀπ αὐτῶν τῆς μορφῆς, ἢ ἄς τῆς ἐπιστρέψη τὸ πρῶτον τῆς πρόσωπον, καθὼς με. Διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ κάμνες ηδὴ γυναικὰ τὸ, χωριζωντάς με; διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ βαθει εἰς τὸ κρεββάτί με; ὸ ἐπειδη εἶναι Σπευώδης Θεός, διὰ τί δεὺ πλῶ ζητεῖ τοῦ Λυκάονος; ἡχὶ δεὺ κάμνες μοιχείαν πλέον σὰ λύκον· Ὡς πόσον αἱ σάς μακοφαίνεται διὰ τῶ καταφρόνησιν μίας Θεάς· ἡλὴν ὁποίαν σέις ἀναδρέψετε, ἐμποδίσετε να μὴ καταβαίνεν αὐτὰ τὰ νέα ἄστρα (ὅπε ἔλαβυν τόπον εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν εἰς ἀνταμοιβλῶ μίας πόρνης) να μὴ καταβαίνεν λέγω εἰς τὸ Βασιλείόν σας, ὅπου δέχεσθε καθημερόσιον ὅλα τὰ ἄλια ἄστρα· μὴν ἀφήσετε μίαν ἄτιμον παλλακίδα να βαπτίζεται εἰς τὰ νερά σας, ἡχὶ να τὰ μιαίνη με τὴν ἀναίδρασίαν της.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Γιὰ μίαν δυστυχῆ, ὅπου ἀναθολίται διὰ ἕνα ἔγκλημα, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν συγκατεύθυνε, καὶ ὅσα πρότερον ὠραιοπήτα (καθὼς τὸ ὄνομα Καλλιστὼ φαίνει) μεταμορφώθη εἰς τὸ δυσειδέστατον θηρίον τῆς φύσεως. Θέλουσί τινες νὰ τὸ νὰ δείγνεται ἡ ἀσέλγεια τῆς γυναικῶν, μάλιστα τῆς παρθένων, ὅπου μετὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας γίνονται ὅμοιαι μὲ τὰ ἀγριώτερα ἢ ἀκαθαρτότερα θηρία· ἢ ὅτι ὅσον εἶναι εὔμορφη μία γυνή, τοσοῦτον ἡ εὐσχήμων εἶναι μεγαλητέρα, ὅταν δίδεται εἰς τὴν κακίαν· ἢ κατὰ τὸν Σολομῶντα, ὡραία γυνὴ ἄφρα, ὅμοία κόρμου περιεκλευσμένου εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν γνώμην κλίνω κἀγώ, μὴν ἐναντιούμενος οὔτε τῷ Σολομῶντι, οὔτε ἄλλῳ τινὰ τῶν ὅσων αἱ γνῶμαι εἶναι ἄξιοι ὁρθαί. Ἀλλὰ θὰ θέλα νὰ ἐρωτήσω διατί ἡ Καλλιστὼ μὴ συγκατανεύσασα εἰς τὸ ἔγκλημα, ἢ ἐναντιούμενη ὅσον τὸ δῆλον ἴδιομα, διατί λέγω νὰ τιμωρηθῇ ὥσπερ νὰ ἦτον ἔνοχος διὰ ἰδίας της ὁρμῆς· διότι αἱ μικαὶ ἁμαρτίαι εἶναι ἄξιαι συγγνώμης, εἶναι βέβαια ἐκεῖνα, ὅπου ὁρᾷ ποντες τὰ ἀφροστασίας
δ' λες ὅτι δὲν ἁμάρτησε θεληματικῶς. Αὐτὴ εἶναι ἀθῶος ἢ ἀσυπόδημος κατὰ τὴν θέλησίν της, κατὰ δὲ τὴν τιμωρίαν της κεῖνεται ὑπόδημος· διὰ τί;
Λογίζει ότι αποδείχνεται ὑπάνδυμος μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν ἀφεύχῃ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον, ἢ τὴν μοναξίαν· ἐπειδὴ ἡ παρθενία εἶναι εἰς τὰς παρθένας ὁ μεγαλύτερος θησαυρός, καὶ τὸ μεγαλύτερον καλόν, ὁποῦ ἔχουσι, τὸ ὁποῖον, ἀφοῦ τὸ χάσουσι μίαν φοράν, δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὸ ξαναποκτήσουν ποτέ· ὅθεν ἀφοῦ εἶπε ὄχι, μόνον νὰ εὑρεθῇ εἰς τοὺς δρόμους τῆς τιμῆς τὴν ἀφῆ, ἂν ἡ παρθενία εἶναι καὶ τινὰ σημασίας πότε δὲν ἴσχει νὰ ὑπῆ δη. Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἡ Καλλιστὼ ἀφοῦ δὲν ἐχώρει ὑπὸ τὴν συμφοράν της Ἄρτεμιδος, γυρεύουσα τὸ δάσον καὶ τὴν μοναξίαν διὰ προσφοράς της ἀναπαύσεως, δὲν ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ χάσῃ τὴν παρθενίαν της· ὅθεν αἱ παρθένοι, ἢ λοιπαὶ γυναῖκες νομίζουσαι λύσιν τῆς ἴσου ὑπάνδυμοι, ὅπως δὲν ἀποφυλάττονται ὅσες ὅτι θέλουσιν αὐτοφοράέ της. Τὴ ἀλήθεια ὁ Νόμος αὐτὸς εἶναι ἀνήμερος, ἀλλ᾽ ὅσω ἡ τιμὴ ποσῶν ἐπιθυμιοτέρα, δὲν ἀρέττει νὰ νομίζεται ποτὲ ἀνήμερος, μὲ τὸ νὰ εἶδη διὰ φυλάξεως της.
Ἀφοσιοῦνται τινὲς εἰς τὰ συγγράμματά των ὅτι ἡ Καλλιστὼ ἐφάγθη ὑπὸ μιᾶς Ἀρκούδας εἰς τὸ κυνηγέσιον, ἢ μὲ τὸ νὰ μὴν ἀρέσῃ πλέον, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἀρκοῦδαν. Ἢ ἐπειδὴ αὕτη ἦτον λαμπρὸν γένος αἱ κατὰ τὴν συμβολὴν τῇ Παλλάδι, ὁ υἱὸς ἔβαινον τῆς μεγάλες ἡ ἐμφύσεως εἰς τὴ Οὐρανίαν, ἢ ὁποῦ τὰς παμφασανγερίαν κατάστασιν τῆ φυσιοτέραν τοῦ ψυχοτρον της, ἢ εὖαι νὰ δείξῃν τὴο Ἀβολήειν, ὁποῦν δὲν ἐκεῖνους εἶχες) ἐμυθολογήθη εἶναι, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱὸν της, ἔλαβε τύπον εἰς τὸν Οὐράνιον μεταξὺ τῆ ἀστέρων.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. Η'. καὶ Θ'.
Περὶ τοῦ Κόρακος, τῆς Κορώνης, καὶ Νυκτιμένης.
Ὁ Κόραξ εἶχε τὰ πτερὰ τὰ ἄσπρα ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἐφανέρωσε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τὴν ἀπιστίαν τῆς Κορώνης, ἣ ἠρνοῦντο αὐτόν ὁ Θεὸς τῶν Νυμφῶν, τυφλωθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς ζηλοτυπίας καὶ ἐξ ὀργῆς, τὸν κατεδίκασε νὰ γίνῃ μαῦρος, διὰ νὰ τὸν τιμωρήσῃ ὡς αἴτιον ἐκείνου τοῦ φόνου. Μία ἄλλη πτηνή, ὀνομαζομένη ἡ αὐτὴ Κορώνη, μετεμορφώθη εἰς κορακλίσια, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἐφανέρωσε ἡ αὐτὴ ἕν ὕποπτον παράπτωμα μὲ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ὁ Κόραξ ἐφανέρωσε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. Ἡ Νυκτιμένη, θυγάτηρ τοῦ Νυκτέως, ἠράσθη τοῦ πατρὸς της, ἢ ἐπῆγε τὴν νύκτα εἰς τὸ κρεββάτι του ὅταν ὠργίσθησαν οἱ Θεοὶ κατὰ τοῦ τῆς αἱμομιξίας, τὴν μετεμόρφωσαν εἰς Νύκτα.
Οἱ Θαλάττιοι Θεοὶ ἔπαιξαν εἰς τὴν Ἥραν νὰ κάμῃ τὸ ζήτημά της, ἐξ ὅπου αὕτη ἀνέβη πάλιν εἰς τὸν Οὐρανὸν μὲ τὸ ἁμάξι της, ὅπου τὸ ἐσύρουσαν τὰ παγώνια. Τῆς ὁποίας τὰ πτερὰ ἐπλεμίσθησαν ἀπὸ ὀλίγου διὰ τὸν Δαίδαλον τὸν Ἄργον, καθὼς τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ Κόρακος, ὅπου πρότερον ἦσαν ἄσπρα, ἦ ἔγινον μαῦρα. Ὁ Κόραξ ἦτον πρότερον τόσον ἄσπρος, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο καλυμμένος ἀπὸ χιόνι. Ὑπερέβαινε εἰς τὴν λευκότητα καὶ περισσείαν, ὅπου δὲν ἔχουσι μαυράδα, ἢ τὰς γλαῦκας, ὅπου ἔμαθον νὰ ἐλευθερώσουν τὸ Καπιτώλιον, ἢ τὰς Κύκνας φίλας τῶν ποταμῶν ἢ τῶν λιμνῶν. Ἀλλ' ἡ γλώσσα του ἔγινεν αἰτία τῆς συμφορᾶς του, ἢ διὰ τὴν ἀδολεσχίαν του, αὐτός, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸ πρῶτον ἦτον ἄσπρος, τώρα εἶναι μέλας.
OCYROE AND AECULAPIUS
The semi-human was pleased with this foster-child of divine origin, glad at the honour it brought him, when his daughter suddenly appeared, her shoulders covered with her long red hair, whom the nymph Chariclo called Ocyrho�, having given birth to her on the banks of that swift stream. She was not content merely to have learned her father�s arts, she also chanted the secrets of the Fates.
So when she felt the prophetic frenzy in her mind, and was on fire with the god enclosed in her breast, she looked at the infant boy and cried out �Grow and thrive, child, healer of all the world! Human beings will often be in your debt, and you will have the right to restore the dead. But if ever it is done regardless of the god�s displeasure you will be stopped, by the flame of your grandfather�s lightning bolt, from doing so again. From a god you will turn to a bloodless corpse, and then to a god who was a corpse, and so twice renew your fate.
You also, dear father, now immortal, and created by the law of your birth to live on through all the ages, will long for death, when you are tormented by the terrible venom of the Serpent, Hydra, absorbed through your wounded limbs. But at last the gods will give you the power to die, and the Three Goddesses will sever the thread.� Other prophecies remained to tell: but she sighed deeply, distressed by the tears welling from her eyes, and cried �The Fates prevent me, and forbid me further speech. My throat is constricted. These arts are not worth the cost if they incur the gods� anger against me. Better not to know the future! Now I see my human shape being taken away, now grass contents me for food, now my impulse is to race over the wide fields. I am changing to a mare, the form of my kindred. But why am I completely so? Surely my father is still half human.� Even as she spoke, the last part of her complaint was hard to understand and her words were troubled. Soon they seemed neither words nor a horse�s neighs, but the imitation of a horse. In a little while she gave out clear whinnying noises, and her arms moved in the grass. Then her fingers came together and one thin solid hoof of horn joined her five fingernails. Her head and the length of her neck extended, the greater part of her long gown became a tail, and the loose hair thrown over her neck hung down as a mane on her right shoulder. Now she was altered in both voice and features, and from this marvelous happening she gained a new name.
Δεῖ ἦταν εἰς τήν Θεσσαλίαν κάμμια ἄλλη παρθένος ὁμορφότερη ἀπὸ τῆς Κορώνης, τῆς ὁποίας ὑγάπησεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἕως οὗ ἐφύλαξε τῆς παρθενίας της, ἢ αὐτός δεῖ περιεργάσθη τὰ ἔργα της. Ἀλλ' ὁ κόραξ, ὅπως ἦτον πότε τὸ πτηνὸν τὰ Ἡλίῳ, ἤτοι τὰ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐφανέρωσε τῆς ἀπιστίαν της, θ πηγαίνοντας νὰ τὸ εἴπῃ τὰ κυρίῳ τε, ἐσυναπάντησε τῆς χαρακάξαν, καθ' ἧς ἐφανέρωσε τὸ αἴτιον τὰ δρόμου τε· ἐκείνη δέ, ὡς πόλυ περισσοτέρα, ἀπόπειράσθη νὰ τὸν ἔμποδίση, τὰ εἴπη, ὅτι δεῖ θέλει εὐτυχήσει, καὶ τόν ἐσυμβούλευσε νὰ μὴ πηγαίνῃ παρεμποδιστής, ἢ νὰ μὴ καταφρονήση τῆς φορόσμόσής.
Κοίτα, τὰ λέγει, τί εἶμαι, τὸ τί εἶμαι, καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔπαθα ἀπὸ τῆς πίστιν, ὅπως ἔδειξα πρὸς τῶ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἡ ὁποία μίαν φοράν ἔβαλε εἰς μίαν κίστην, ἤτοι κοφίτζαν τὸν Ἐριχθόνιον, ἔτι ὄντα βρέφος, ὃς τις ἐγεννήθη χωρὶς μητέρα, τὸν ἔδωκεν εἰς φύλαξιν τῆ τρισὶ θυγατέρων τὰ Κέκροπος, χωρὶς νὰ ταῖς εἴπῃ τί ἦτον μέσα εἰς τήν κοφίτζαν, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ ταῖς δώκῃ ἄδειαν νὰ τήν ἀνοίξῃ, ἢ νὰ περιεργασθῆν νὰ μάθουν τὰ μυστικά της. Ἐγὼ δὲ περιέμεινα ὄπισθεν εἰς μίαν βάτον, ἔβλεπα τὶ ἤθελαν κάμει αἱ τρεῖς Παρθένοι. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἡ Πάνδροσος, ἡ Ἕρση ἐφύλαττον πιστῶς τῆς παραγγελίαν· ἀλλ' ἡ Ἄγλαυρος, πλέον περίεργος τῶν ἄλλων, ἐπαρακίνησε τὰς ἀδελφάς της νὰ παραβῶσι τῆς ἐντολῆς τῆς Θεᾶς, κὰ ἀφ' ἔ αὐτή ἀνοῖξε τῆς κοφίτζαν, εἶδαν ᾖ παιδίον μὲ ποδέξεια δράκοντος. Ἐγὼ λοιπὸν δεῖ
δεν ἔλεγχα νὰ ἀναγγείλω διὰ τὸ εἰς τὴν Ἀθηνᾶ ἐκεῖνο ὅπου εἶχα εἰδῆ, ὅ εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῆς ζηλείας της μὲ ἀπέβαλεν ἀπὸ τὴν εὐνοίαν της, προτιμῶσα ἀντὶ ἐμὲ τὸ πουλὶ τῆς νυκτός, δηλαδὴ τὸν μπούφον. Οὕτως ἡ δυστυχία μου δύναται νὰ νουθετήσῃ τὰς ἄλλας, νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσουν διὰ τὴν ἀκολασίαν τῆς γλώσσης των. Ἀλλ' ἴσως θέλεις νὰ μάθῃς πῶς ἤμην ἐγὼ ποντὰ εἰς ἐκείνην· χωρὶς νὰ ζητήσω αὐτὴν τὴν χάριν, ἐκείνη μόνη μὲ ἐπῆρε σημαντῆς, διὰ τὴν ἀνάπλαν, ὅπου εἶχε πρὸς ἐμέ· ἱστὸ δὲ, ὅπου λέγω, ὅ αὐτή ἡ ἰδία μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι θυμωμένη, δὲν θέλει νὰ ὁρμηθῇ. Πρὸς τοῦτο ἐγὼ ἤμην ἀπὸ καλοῦ ἀξιότιμον, ὅ ἀξία διὰ τὴν συντροφίαν της· ἐπειδὴ ὁ Κορωναῖος ὁ μέγας τῆς Φωκίδος Βασιλεύς, ἦτον πατήρ μου (δὲν λέγω ψεῦδος ἀγνῶστον πράγμα). Ἤθελα ὡς θυγάτηρ Βασιλέως, πολλοὶ Βασιλεῖς ἐζήτουν νὰ μὲ νυμφευθῇ ἀλλ' ἡ εὐμορφία μου ἔγινε θησαυρὸς βλαβερός· ἐπειδὴ περιπατοῦσα μίαν τὴν ἡμέραν εἰς τὸ περιγιάλι, κἰ τὴν συνήθειαν μου, ὁ Ποσειδῶν βλέπωντάς με, ἐξῶθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος. Μοῦ λαλεῖ, μοῦ φανερώνει τὸν ἔρωτά του, ἀλλὰ βλέπωντας τὰ παρακαλέσματά του νὰ εἶναι μάταια, ὅ ὅτι ἔχασε τὸν καιρόν του τὰ λόγιά του, ἐστράφηκεν εἰς τὴν βίαν. Φεύγω, ἐπειδὴ μὲ ἐκυνηγοῦσε, ἤθελα ἐκπράσσω φεύγουσα ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν ἄμμον. Φωνάζω πρὸς βοήθειαν θεούς ὶ ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλ' οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὲν ἀκοῦν τὴν φωνήν μου, παρὰ μία παρθένος ἡ (Ἀθηνᾶ) σπλαγχνιζομένη ἄλλην παρθένον, μὲ ἐβοήθησε, ὅ καθὼς ἐσήκωνα τὰ χέρεά μου εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, εἶδον ἔξαφνα νὰ φύξωσιν μαῦρα πτερά, ὶ νὰ τὰ σκεπάζουν· ἔπαγα νὰ ἀφήσω τὰ ῥούχα μου, ἀλλὰ τότε ἔγινον πτερά, τοῦ
το στῆθος με με τὰ χέρια με, ἀλλὰ δὲν εἶχα πλέον χέρια. Ἤξευρα ὀλιγώτερα ἀπὸ τῆς συμπλοκῆς με, ἢ τὰ ποδάρια με δὲν ἐβαστοῦσαν ὡς τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὴν ἄμμον. Ἐσηκώθην αἰφνιδίως ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς γῆς, ἢ δὲ πάντοτε ὑψώθην εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Ὡς τόσον ὡς παρθένος ἤμην ἀξία να διαβιβῶ με τὴν Ἀθηναίαν, ἔχουσα τὰς τιμὰς να τὴν συμφορεύω πάντα. Ἀλλὰ τί διάφορον ἔχω ἀπὸ κείνην δόξαν, ἀφοῦ ἡ Νυκτιμίνη, ὅτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς πτηνὸν διὰ μίαν φρικτὴν ἁμαρτίαν της, με ἐδιαδόχθη εἰς τὴ τιμὴν, ὁποὺ εἶχα λάβει εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῆς παρθενίας με;
Δὲν ἤκουσας να γίνεται ὁμιλία δι᾽ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέγα ἔγκλημα, ὁποὺ εἶναι γνωστὸν εἰς ὅλον τὸ Νῆσον τῆς Λέσβου. Δὲν ἤκουσας ὅτι ὁ ἄσελγος Νυκτιμίνη ἐμίανε τὸ κρεββάτι τῆς πατρὸς της; Εἶναι ἀλήθεια ὅτι αὐτὴ μετεμορφώθη εἰς πτηνὸν, ἀλλὰ ἔχουσα πάντοτε ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν της, φεύγει τὸ φῶς, ἢ τὴν παρουσίαν ὅλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κρύπτουσα τὴν ἐνδοχὴν της εἰς τὸ σκότος. Δὲν εἶναι πτηνὸν, ὁποὺ να μὴν τὴν παραδέχει ὡς ἐχθρὰν, διώχνοντάς την ἀπὸ τὸν ἀέρα ἂν τὸς ὁποὺ τὴς συναπαντήσῃ. Ταῦτα δὲ ἕτερα λογίστηκα ἡ καραγχάκια, δὲν ἐσημάδη ἀπὸ τὸν πόρανον, ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς εἶπε τὸ πάθος, ὁποὺ μὲ προφητεύσεις, διὰ να με ἐμποδίσης ἀπὸ τὸ χρέος με, να πέσω εἰς τὸ παραλίσει ἐγὼ δὲν λήψω τίποτε ἀπὸ μεταλὲς φαρμάκευσις σὲ.
Λειπὸν ἱπολύσθησε τὸν δράμον τις, ἢ πηγαίνωντας ἀδείοιες τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα ἢ λέγει ἤ, ὅτι εἶδε τὴν Κορώνιιν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλες εἰδὸς νέε τῆς θεσαλίας. Λαβῶν ὁ Ἀπόλλων αὐτῶν τῆς λυτηραρ εἰδήσειν διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης τε, ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ τῶν νεφελῶν τε τὸν δάφνινον σέφανον, ἣ τῶν λύραν ἀπὸ τῆς χειρός τε· ἣ διεσπαράχθης ἀπὸ τὸν θυμόν, ἅρπαξε τὸ συνήθητε ὀπάδα, ἐγενε τὸ τόξον τε φώρο ἐνδημησιν, ἣ ἐπλήγωσε μέ τὸ σαίπην τὸ στῆθος τῆς ἐρωμένης τε, ὁπὸ ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν χιόνα λυκότερον, διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν ἤθελει ἀποθάνῃ αὐτὸς ὁ ἴδιος, ἀὶ ἣ θεότης τε τὸ ἐσυγχώρησσον. Ἔπεσεν ἣ Κορώνη μέ τῶν πληγῶ, ἣ πίπτησα ἐφώναξε μεγάλως. Εὔγαλε μόνη της τῶν σαίπην ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον αὐχμαι ῥυάγες αἱματοῦ, ὁπὲ περελέχυσαν ὅλον τῆς τὸ σῶμα, ἱθὶ ὦ Ἀπόλλων, λέγει, ἀὼ ἦμεν εἴσχνος θανάτω, ἱθὶ ἀὶ ἦσορεπε νὰ θανατώθῷ ἀπὸ τὰς χειρᾶς σε, κἂν ἃς ἀικαρτήρησες νὰ γεννήσω, νὰ μῆν ἀποθάνωμεν ὁμὲ δύω εἰς ὧ σώμα. Μόλις ἐπελέησσε τὸν λόγον, ἱθὶ παρέδωκε τῶ ζυχῶ μέ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον αἱμά τῆς.
The demi-god, son of Philyra, wept, and called to you for help in vain, O lord of Delphi. You could not re-call mighty Jupiter�s command, and, if you had been able to, you were not there. You lived in Elis and the Messenian lands. That was the time when you wore a shepherd�s cloak, carried a wooden crook in your left hand, and in the other a pipe of seven disparate reeds. And while your thoughts were of love, while you played sweetly on your pipe, your cattle, unguarded, strayed, it is said, into the Pylian fields. There, Mercury Atlantiades, son of Maia, saw them and by his arts drove them into the woods and hid them there. Nobody saw the theft except one old man, well known in that country, whom they called Battus. He served as guardian of a herd of pedigree mares, for a rich man Neleus, in the rich meadows and woodland pastures. Mercury found him and drawing him away with coaxing hand said �Whoever you are, friend, if anyone asks if you have seen any of these cattle, say no, and so that the favour is not unrewarded, you can take a shining heifer for your prize!� and he handed it over.
The fellow accepted it and replied �Go on, you are safe. That stone would betray you quicker than I� and he even pointed out a stone. Jupiter�s son pretended to go, but soon returned in another form and voice, saying �Countryman, if you have seen any cattle going this way, help me, and don�t be silent, they were stolen! I�ll give you a reward of a bull and its heifer.� The old man, hearing the prize doubled said �They were at the foot of the mountain, and at the foot of the mountain is where they are.� Atlantiades laughed. �Would you betray me to myself, you rascal? Betray me to myself? And he turned that deceitful body to solid flint, that even now is called �touchstone�, the �informer�, and unjustly the old disgrace clings to the stone.�
Ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετενόησεν ἀφοῦ μίαν τοιαύτην σκληραν ἐκδίκησιν, ὅμως πολλὰ ἀργά. Μισεῖ τὸν ἑαυτόν του διὰ τὴν ἀκρασίαν, ὁπού ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς διαβολάς, καὶ ἄφησε νὰ τὸν τυφλώσῃ ὁ Θυμός. Ἀποστρέφεται τὸ πουλὶ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἔμαθε τὸ ἔγκλημα τῆς ἐρωμένης του, καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς λύπης του· μισεῖ τὸ τόξον του, καὶ τὰ χέρια του, καὶ τὰς κατηραμένας σαΐτας, ὁπού ἄφρονως μετεχειρίσθη. Ἀγκαλιάζει τὴν Κορώνιν, πάσχοντας νὰ τὴν ξεψυχῆ· ἀλλ' ἀγωνίζεται πολλὰ ἀργὰ νὰ νικήσῃ τὸν Θάνατον, ἢ τὴν ἐμαρμάρωσε, ἢ εἰς μάτην μετεχειρίσθη ὅλα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς ἱατρικῆς. Τέλος πάντων, βλέποντας ὅλας τὰς δυνάμεις του φθαρμένας νὰ βασιλεύῃ τὰ δάκρυά του, μ' ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι ἔξω πῆς γνώμης Θεοῦ νὰ κλαίῃ, ἢ νὰ παραπονῆται· Ἔπειτα, ἀφοῦ ἔχυσεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ σῶμά της ὅλα τὰ ἀρώματα, καὶ μυρίσματα, ὅσα ἠδύνατο, καὶ ἀφοῦ ἔδωσε τοὺς τελευταίους ἀσπασμούς, δὲν ὑπέφερε νὰ καταφλεχθῇ τὸ παιδίον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὴν μητέρα· ἀλλ' ἁρπάξαντας το ἀπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρός του, τὸ ἔφερεν εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον τοῦ Χείρωνος νὰ ἀνατραφῇ· τὸν δὲ Κόρακα, ὅπως ἐπαρόξυνε τὴν ἀντιμοιβὴν τῆς πίστης του ἀγγελίας, ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐφόρτωσε νὰ μὴν ἀποτολμᾷ νὰ φαίνεται μεταξὺ τῶν πουλιῶν, ὅσα ἔχουν ἄσπρα πτερά, ἐνδύνοντας τον μαῦρα, ὡσὰν διὰ νὰ φορῇ πάντοτε τὸ πένθημα τῆς δυστυχοῦς Κορώνης.
τῶν Μύθων Ζ'. Η'. καὶ Θ'.
Ὁ τρόπος μὲ τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ κόραξ, ἢ ἡ χαρακιὰς τοῦ Μύθου, φαίνεται ὅτι μᾶς νουθετεῖ τί λογῆς ἀρέπει νὰ κυβερνώμεθα μὲ τοὺς μεγάλους.
Ὁ Κόραξ, ὁποῦ ἦτον τὸ πουλλὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐδηλοποίησεν εἰς τὸν ἴδιον τοῦ Θεὸν τὴν ἀφροδισίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης του καὶ κακὸν ἔκαμνε, ἐρω- τῶ, ἂν κατεδιάσθη διὰ αὐτό, γινόμενος μαῦρος ἀπὸ ἄσπρος, ὁποῦ ἦτον πρότερον. Δὲν φαίνεται ὅτι ἔκαμε τὸ κρέος του, φανερώνοντας τὰ Κυείης ποὺ τὴν ἀτιμίας, ὁποῦ τὸν ἐγίνετο; Ἡ παλαίπωρος χαρακάξα ὁμοίως τὸν ἔπλασε, καὶ ἔχασε τὴν συνοικεσίαν Ἀθηνᾶς διότι ἔπλασε μὲ αὐτὴν ὅτι τὴν ἐμαρτύρησεν, ὅτι παρήκουσε τὴν εὐπειθίαν, καὶ τὴν καλοφροσύνην; Ἔδει νὰ ἀγαπᾷ αὐτὴν τὴν Θεὸν, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ τὴν καλοφρόνησίν της καὶ ἔχασε αὐτὴν τὴν προστασίαν της. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο διδάσκεσαι καὶ ὁ Θεὸς, διὰ νὰ μᾶς δείξῃ ὅτι εἶναι τινα φράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα χωρὶς νὰ καταγνώσῃ ἐκεῖνος, ὁποῦ τὰ ἂν ἔχῃ πρέπει νὰ χάσῃ τὴν ἀγνοίαν τοῦ· καὶ ὅτι εἰς παρομοίας πτερελέσεως δὲν πρέπει νὰ τὸν φανερώνεται τὸ ποτες, χρεῖς νὰ ἀποβλέξωσιν ἐκεῖνοι νὰ τὸν γνωρίσουν· καὶ ὅπως τὸ ἁμάρτημα ὑποβλέπῃ, διὰ ἑτερότητας τῶν αἰτιῶν, εἰ ὑπάρχει πρέπει νὰ ὑποκείμενα ἢ νὰ ὑποκείωνται πολλά.
Ἄμα πληροφορηθῇ ὅτι θέλει μὲ ἐρώτησῃ τὶς διὰ τί ἡ Νυκτερίνη ἦτον νὰ γίνῃ Ἐχθροὺς, ἀφοῦ τιμώρησεν ὡς φενεῖς ἁμαρτίας της, τὰς ὁποίας ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς ὑποτρέφεται, καὶ νὰ διαδεχθῇ τοῦ εὐνοίαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ὁποὺ ἔχασον ἡ χαρακάξα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον παράδειγμα παιδείας καὶ σωφροσύνης. Τοῦτο μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι συμβα εἰς τοὺς Ἡγεμόνας καὶ Αὐλάς, πολλάκις οἱ πονηρότεροι ὑποσκελίζουσι καὶ ὑποδεχθώσιν τὴν ἐναρέτους, μὲ ὄνειδος τῆς Ἐπικρατείας αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν Ἡγεμόνων.
Τὸ δὲ συμβαίνοντό τῆ Κόρακος, ὅπως δὴ ὑδείληποσ νὰ ἀκήση τὴ συμβαλῶ τὰς χαραχάξες, μὲ ὑποδίχύση ὅτι δεῦ φρέπτει νὰ ἐμπιστοδώμεθα εἰς τὸν ἑαυτόν μας, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἀκόμαι συμβαλῶ, ὁ νὰ σωφρονίζωμεθα ἀπὸ τὰ δύσχύμαια τῆ ἀδίον. Ὁ Πλῆς φρέπτει νὰ περισσότερον γαρακαίνεται γαρακαίνει εἰς τὰς Ἀδίες, ὁ ἐκ πᾶσης τόσον εἶ δῆλον ἀπὸ τὸ Ὀθῦδος νὰ ἐπῇ ὅτι ἐμμίσητη ἡ χαραχάξα ὑπὸ τῶ Ἀ'Σλυας.
Ὁ δὲ Μῦθος τῆς Κορώνης, φαίγενει μον ὅτι ὑποβλέπει πρειοσότερον τῶν Φυσικῶ, παρὰ τῶν Ἡθικῆς. Ἡμορέμβη ὁ ὁμως νὰ μάθωμε ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆ Ἀπόλλωνος, τὸν ὁποῖον μία διαβολή ἔφερεν εἰς ἀπέκτισμόν, ὅτι δεῦ φρέπτει μὲ τόσιω δύσκολία νὰ πιστεύωμαι διαβολάς, φιθέμενοι μήπως γιγνώσκῃ ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος, κακόμπῃ φράγμα, δἱὰ τὸ ὁποῖον μέτα πάντα νὰ μέτησιοσσωμω ὠφέλως.
Προστέτι ἡ Κορώνη δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τί ποτὲς παρὰ ἡ δύκρασία τὲ αἴρος, ἡ ἔκτηση ἡ φώναμης τὲ μεθίος ὑγρασίδης αἴρος, ὅπὼ Σερ
Ἀλλ' Ἀπόλλων συγάζει τὸν Ἀσκληπίον ὑπὸ τῶν κεῖλίων τῆς ἀποδαμφῆς μνξῖς τι, διὰ τὰ δείξῃ ὅτι μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος ψέταρει τῶ αἰκρασίᾳ τῶ αἔρος, πάλιν φυλάστει ἐκείνω τῶ σωσμείᾳ διώμαμιν (πῆς διὰ τὰ Ἀσκληπία σημαίνεται) ἡ ὁποῖα χόρηγεῖ ἐς τῷ σώμα, ἐς εἰς τῶ ψυχῆ τῶ ρώμιλε καὶ ζωῆ.
Περί τῆς Ὠκυρόης, τῆς εἰς ἵππον μεταμορφώσεως.
Ἡ Ὠκυρόη, θυγάτηρ τοῦ Χείρωνος μήτηρ ἐξυχνεστημένη τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρὸς, ὅπου τὸ ἐδίδασκεν ὁ πατήρ της, ὤφειλε νὰ προφητεύῃ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ φανερώνει πρότερα ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνα ἤθελον οἱ Θεοὶ νὰ φανερωθῆ. Ὅθεν διὰ τὸ νὰ μὴ νὰ σιωπήσῃ, καὶ ὡς διὰ τιμωρίαν της, ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν μεταμορφώσει εἰς ἵππον.
Μεγάλην χαρὰν ἐλάμβανεν ὁ Κένταυρος Χείρων, ἀπολαμβάνων περὶ τὴν ἀναστροφὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς Ἥλιος, νομίζοντας μεγαλύτερον τὴν τιμὴν ἀπὸ τὸν πόνον, ὅπως ὑπέφερεν. Ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆ (τὴν ὁποίαν, ἡ Νύμφη, ὁπως τὴν ἐγέννησεν εἰς ἕνα παραπόταμον, τὴν εἶχον ὀνομάσῃ Ὠκυρόην) δὲν ἐφρόντιζεν ὀλιγώτερον διὰ τὸ ἀναστρέφειν αὐτῇ τὸ παιδίον. Αὕτη ὅμως ἡ Νύμφη δὲν ἠχαρίζετο νὰ εἴσθῃ τὸ ἐπιστήμιον, ἢ τὰ μυστήρια τὰ πατρὸς της, ἀλλὰ προέλεγε ἢ τὰ μέλλοντα, ἢ ἐφανέρουσεν ἐκείνα, ὅσα αἱ τύχαι ἀκόμη δὲν ἤθελαν νὰ εἶναι φανερά. Ὅταν ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν, ἔχουσα τὰ μαλλιά της σκορπισμένα εἰς τὰς ὤμους της
BATTUS AND MERCURY
The god with the caduceus lifted upwards on his paired wings and as he flew looked down on the Munychian fields, the land that Minerva loves, and on the groves of the cultured Lyceum. That day happened to be a festival of Pallas, when, by tradition, innocent girls carried the sacred mysteries to her temple, in flower-wreathed baskets, on their heads. The winged god saw them returning and flew towards them, not directly but in a curving flight, as a swift kite, spying out the sacrifical entrails, wheels above, still fearful of the priests crowding round the victim, but afraid to fly further off, circling eagerly on tilted wings over its hoped-for prey. So agile Mercury slanted in flight over the Athenian hill, spiraling on the same winds. As Lucifer shines more brightly than the other stars, and golden Phoebe outshines Lucifer, so Herse was pre-eminent among the virgin girls, the glory of that procession of her comrades. Jupiter�s son was astonished at her beauty, and, even though he hung in the air, he was inflamed. Just as when a lead shot is flung from a Balearic sling it flies on and becomes red hot, discovering heat in the clouds it did not have before. He altered course, leaving the sky, and heading towards earth, without disguising himself, he was so confident of his own looks. Nevertheless, even though it is so, he takes care to enhance them. He smooths his hair, and arranges his robe to hang neatly so that the golden hem will show, and has his polished wand, that induces or drives away sleep, in his right hand, and his winged sandals gleaming on his trim feet.
ὡς, ποθὴ ἐνθουσιαζομένη κατὰ τῆς συμφέσεως ἦς ἀπὸ φησί, ἔρριψε τὰ ὀμματία της εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ παιδίον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶπεν ὧ πολύτιμον βρέφος, τὸ ὁποῖον Θέλεις γίνη σωτηρία εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅλον, πάχυμον νὰ αὐξηθῇς· τὰ χορμία, ὅσα εἶναι ὑποκείμενα εἰς τὸν Θανατον, Θέλεις σοὶ εἶναι πολλάκις ὑποχρέα διὰ τῆς ζωῆς μας. Σὺ Θέλεις ἀξιωθῆ νὰ ἐπιστρέφης εἰς αὐτὰ τὰς ψυχάς, ὅσας ὁ Θανατος Θέλει ἁρπάξει· ἀλλὰ δὲν Θέλες κάμη αὐτὸ τὰ πράξια, χωρὶς νὰ σὲ φθονήσουν οἱ Θεοί. Ὁ κεραυνὸς τῆς πάππης σὲ Δίος Θέλει σὲ ἐμποδίσει νὰ ξακολουθήσης τὰ Θαύματά σα, ἢ ὤντας πρότερον Θεός, Θέλεις γίνη σῶμα νεκρόν· ὑπλὴ μὲ παῦτα πάλιν Θέλες γίνη Θεός, ἢ αἱ τύχαι σα Θέλέσιν ἀναπαυσθῇ δύο φοραῖς. Καὶ σὺ πάτερ μου, ὅπου ποτὲ τὸ παῖδόν σου εἶσαι ἀθάνατος, ἢ ἐπλάσθης διὰ νὰ εἶσαι αἰώνιος, Θέλεις ἐπιθυμήσει τὸν Θανατον, ὅταν βασανισθῇς ἀπὸ τὸ ἰσχυρὸν αἷμα σαοῦ υἱοῦς, τὸ ὁποῖον Θέλει διαχυθῇ εἰς τὰς φλέβας σας. Τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ ἀθάνατον, οἱ Θεοί Θέλειν σὲ κάμη θνητὸν, ἢ αἱ Μοῖραι Θέλειν λάβη τῆς ἐξουσίας νὰ κόψουν τὸ κλώσμα τῶν ἡμερῶν σου. Εἶχον ἀκόμη νὰ εἴπη ἢ ἄλλα, ἀλλ' οἱ στεναγμοί, ὁπὺ ἐβγαιναν ἀπὸ τὴν καρδίαν της, διέκοψαν τὸν λόγον της, ἢ τὰ δάκρυα, ὁπὺ ἔχυσον ἐν ταὐτῷ, ἦσαν συμφωνιασμένα μὲ τὸ παράπονόν της· αἱ τύχαι μου, ἔλεγε, καὶ οἱ Θεοί δὲν μοι συγχωρῦν νὰ λαλήσω περισσότερα, ἢ ἰδὲ στερέματε τῆς χάσιν τῆς λόγος. Πῶς λοιπόν; ἢ ἐπίτυχη τῆς μεθόντων ἦταν πόσον ἐπωφελής, ὥστε νὰ ἐξάψῃ κατ' ἐμᾶς τὸν Θυμόν τοῦ Δίός; Ἄμποτε νὰ μὴ ἤθελα προηγιάσθη τὰ μέλλοντα! Μοι φαίνεται τώρα ὅτι μεγαλυσέται τὸ
χορταίνει επιθυμητικώτερον προς τροφήν με, ή καίομαι από τον πόθον να τράξω εις τους κάμπους. Εγώ μετεμορφώθην εις ίππον, ίνα αρχίσω να ομοιάζω καλλίτερα τον πατέρα μου. Αλλά διά τί να μεταβάλλωμαι όλη, εις καιρόν όπου ό πατήρ μου είναι ό μισός άλογον, καί ό μισός άνθρωπος. Άν ή αρχή τών παραπονεμάτων της ήτον εύληπτος, τό τέλος όμως ήτον μία άσημος καί ασχηματίστος φωνή, ή οποία δέν ωμοίαζεν ούτε με φωνήν ανθρώπου, ούτε αλόγου, αλλ' ήσαν φωνή μιμητική αλόγου. Μετά ταύτα ήρχισε να χρεμετίζη, ή να πατπατή με χέρεια, καί με ποδάρεια. Τά δάκτυλά της επεσσφίγχθησαν, καί αντί τής ποτέ ονύχου, έλαβεν δή κοστρόν κέρατον, όπου τές περιέπλεκεν. Τό σώμα της ημεγάλωσεν, ό λαιμός της εμάκρυνε, τά οπίσθεν τήν φορεμάτων της μετεβλήθησαν εις ουράν, ή τά μαλλία της, καθώς ήτον εσκορπισμένα εις τό δεξιόν μέρος τού λαιμού της, ήμειναν εις αυτό τό μέρος, μεταμορφωμένα εις χαίτην. Τοιούτου τρόπου αυτή ήλλαξε καί φωνήν καί είδος, καί τό πράξιμον δέν της άφησεν ούτε καί τό όνομα.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ομολογώ ότι δύσκολον είναι να κατακαλύψη τινα τό αλληγορικόν νόημα της Μύθης τούτης εν εκείνω, όπου με παρηγοριάν την την αμάθειάς μου είναι, ότι μεγάλοι άνθρωποι δεν είς αιγυρεύοντα εις την ξέρησιν ίτε περισσότερον απ' ό τι εγώ εχπιά να αγνευση- σω τις άλης. Πώς είναι δύσκολον μία σοφή παρθένος να μεταβληθή εις άλογον ζώον εις πόσον ολίγον χρόνημα κατά; Μήπως ή βία τι- νος πόνου αυν έκαμεν πόσον ηλίθιον, ώστε ενομοίωθη ύστερα ζώον; Μήπως τό ανθρώπινον πνεύμα όσον φωτισμένον ή αν είναι, καμμία φορά πόσεν ξεμακραίνει από τον ορθόν λόγον, ώστε αφήνει ώς άλογον ζώον τό υποκείμενον, ή μήπως σημα από σοφωτάτη ίσα εις την τάξειτο, καί μετανοέει άμαρτη τη μεταμορφώσει ή ίππότιμλης περί ή άχε λέων. ή δή σχών ή δρόμοι εις βοήθειαν κ. τών αλόγων ζώων κ. ισ είπεν εις βοήθειαν κ: τών αλόγων ζώων καθώς εμυσολευέη κ είδέ τού πατέρα της τού Χείρωνος, (ό οποίος εφευρον, εις λέγεσι, την Ιατρικήν, κ Χειρουργίαν) ότι ήτον μισός κάδραπος έ μισός αλόγου, επειδή μετεχειρίζητη εησίμλεν τε ή εις ανθρώπης καί εις άλογα. Αλλά δέ είναι κάλλιον να εσπώμβη ότι όπας ό Θεός έδά να μάς φατίσον, μές φωτίζες περισσότερον από της Αγγέλατες, κ ημπορμεν να αποβλεπόμενον τά μέλλοντα, κ όπας πάλιν μάς αφήνη, κ σηκωνύ από ημάς την έθεία της λάμψης, κατανταμά να έμεσα γειρότερον από τά ζώα, μέν ημπορύντες να συνσεδμθώμεθα παρά με πέ άλογας:
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.
Περί τού Βάττου, τού εις πέτραν μεταμορφωθέντος.
Ἐν ᾧ ἐφύλαττε μίας ἡμέραν ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὰ φίλατα τὰ Βασιλέως Ἀδμήτου, τόσον ἡδύνθη λαλῶντας τῶν συνέργα του, ὥστε τὰ ἄφησε νὰ ξεμακρύνουν ἀπὸ λόγῳ του, καὶ βλέποντας τὰ ὁ Ἑρμῆς, τὰ ἔκρυψεν εἰς τὴ δάσος, χωρὶς νὰ τοῦ εἰδῆ ἄλλος τις, παρὰ εἷς κάποιος Βάττος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐγέλασε μίαν ἀπὸ τὶς ὡμορφοτέρας ἀγέλαδας, διὰ νὰ τοῦ ὑποσχεθῶν τὸ μὴ τοῦ ὁμολογήσῃ. Ὁ Βάττος τοῦ ὡρκίσθη ὅτι ἤθελε σιωπήσῃ, ἀλλ᾽ εἶχε διὰ κακίαν του ὑποκρίνεσθαι, ὁ Ἑρμῆς διὰ νὰ τοῦ παιδεύσῃ, μετεμόρφωσεν αὐτὸν εἰς πέτραν.
There were three rooms deep inside the house, decorated with tortoiseshell and ivory. Pandrosus had the right hand room, Aglauros the left, and Herse the room between. She of the left hand room first saw the god�s approach and dared to ask his name and the reason for his visit. The grandson of Atlas and Pleione replied �I am the one who carries my father�s messages through the air. My father is Jupiter himself. I won�t hide the reason. Only be loyal to your sister and consent to be called my child�s aunt. Herse is the reason I am here. I beg you to help a lover.� Aglauros looked at him with the same rapacious eyes with which she had lately looked into golden Minerva�s hidden secret, and she demanded a heavy weight of gold for her services. Meanwhile she compelled him to leave the house.
Ὁ Χείρων δὲ ἔπαυε νὰ πλαίῃ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῆς Δυγατρὸς, ποὺ ματαίως ἐζήτει βοήθειαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς Δέλφες, ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνος δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ εὑρεθῇ εἰς τὸ Θέλημα τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ οἱ πολὺ ὑψηλοὶ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ εὑρεθῇ, αὐτὸς δὲν ἦτον παρὼν εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον, ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκετο εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ὅπου ἐφύλαττε τὰ ἀγέλματα τοῦ Ἀδμήτου, ὑποκειμένος βοσκὸς, μὲ μίαν σύρριγγα ἀπὸ ἐλάτην εἰς τὸ χέρι, καὶ μίαν σύρριγγα, ἤτοι φλογέραν μὲ ἑπτὰ τρύμματα. Ἀσχολούμενος λοιπὸν ὁ Ἀπόλλων εἰς τὰ τοῦ Ἔρωτος ἔργα, καὶ περιπλανώμενος μὲ τὴν ποιμένην τῶν δυγατρῶν του, αἱ δάμαλεις τὰς ὁποίας δὲν ἐπρόσεχε νὰ φυλάττῃ, ἔφθασαν εἰς τὰς χάμπας τῆς Πύλης, ὅπου ὁ Ἑρμῆς εὑρίσκων αὐτὰς, τὰς ἔκρυψε μέσα εἰς τὰ δάση Καιλήνης δὲν εἶχε καταλάβῃ αὐτὸν τὴν κλοπίαν, παρὰ μόνον εἷς γέρων χωριάτης ὀνόματι Βάττος, ὅς τις ἐφύλαττε τὰ δάση, τὰς βοσκὰς, καὶ τὸ ἀρκαίδιον τοῦ Νηλέως. Τοῦτον ὁ Ἑρμῆς, φοβούμενος μὴ τὸν φανερώσῃ, ἐκράξε κατὰ μόνας, καὶ ὁποῖος καὶ ἂν εἶσαι, λέγει του παρακλητικῶς, ἂν ἴδῃς κανένα νὰ ζητῇ τὰ κοπάδια, ὅπου ἐγὼ ἔκρυψα, μὴν εἰπῇς ἄλλοτι, εἰμὴ ὅτι δὲν τὰ εἶδες· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ θαρρῇς ὅτι ἀμισθὶ σὲ ζητῶ τὴν χάριν αὐτὴν, λάβε εἰς ἀμοιβὴν τὴν καλλίτερον δάμαλιν τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ἔδωκε. Ὁ Βάττος πιστεύοντάς του, μὴ σὲ μέλῃ, λέγει του, καὶ δεικνύοντός του μίαν πέτραν, εὐκολότερα, τοῦ λέγει, θέλει σὲ μαρτυρήσει αὐτὴ ἡ πέτρα, παρὰ ἐγὼ. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμῆς προσποιήθη ὅτι ἔφυγε, καὶ μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς ἕτερον
χήμα, μετ' ολίγου πάλιν επέτρεψε, κ̃ μὲ ἄλλω φωνῆς λέγει "τί, καλὲ γέρον, ἔσου ἑνὸς νὰ περάσουσιν ἀπὸ ἐδῶ δαμάλεια; παρακαλῶ νά μοι τὸ εἴπῆς, χαρίδουμαι εἰς ἐμέ μᾶλλον, παρὰ εἰς σῆμα πλάττειν, τοῦ διὰ μισθὴν ὁποῦ θέλω σέ δώσει σῆμα βόδι, καὶ μίαν δάμαλιν." Ὁ κάλος γέρον, οὗτος ὅπου εἶδε διπλῆν τὸν μισθόν, εἶπε λέγει, "τὰ κοπάδια σου εἶναι γύρω εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ δένδρα" ὅπου πᾶ ἦσαν. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμῆς φανερωμένος, καὶ ἐμπαίζωντας τὸν δυστυχῆ Βάττον "ἔπω, λέγει του, μὲ παραδίδεις, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν παραδίδεις τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ σου;" κ' οὕτως τοῦ μετέβαλλον εἰς μίαν πέτραν σκληρήν, ἥτις ὀνομάζεται Βάσανος, ἢ λύδιος λίθος, ἡ ὁποία φυλάττει μέχρι τῆς σήμερον τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Βάττου ἐπειδὴ ἀκόμη μεταλλον ὅσου ἠμπορεῖ νὰ τῆς ἐγγίξῃ, χωρὶς νὰ φανερώσῃ τὴν φύσιν του. Ἕμεινε λοιπὸν μία κάποια ἀπιστία εἰς αὐτήν τὴν πέτραν, ἡ ὁποία κατέκρινε τὴν κατακρίσιν ἀτίμου, χωρὶς νὰ ἔπταισε τίποτες, ἂν ὅμως μία πέτρα ἦτον δεκτικὴ ἀτιμίας.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Πλάττουσιν ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἦτο ἕνας ἐβοσκὸς, διὰ νὰ φυλάττῃ τὰ κοπάδια τοῦ Ἀδμήτου· ἐπειδὴ ἐβόσκει, ὡς λέγει ὁ Ποντανὸς, ὁ Ἥλιος νέμει ὅ,τι ἦ γεννᾶται ὑπὸ τὸν Οὐρανόν. Pascit quidquid sub cœli nascitur oris.
Ἀναφέρεται δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἱστορίας ὅτι λέγεται ὅτι κἀκεῖνος ὁ Ἀπόλλων ὁ ἐπονομαζόμενος Νόμιος, υἱὸς τοῦ Ἐλάτου τοῦ Ἀρκαδίας Βασιλέως, ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπηκόων, διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του σκληρότητα, κατέφυγεν εἰς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν, ὅπου κατέπεσεν εἰς τοσαύτην δυστυχίαν, ὥστε
Ἔπειτα ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Βάττου, ὅστις ὑφῆλε τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν τοῦ δώρου, ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀφανισμοῦ, δεικνύει τὸν κίνδυνον εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἐπαρακαλεῖ, μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ ἀποστρεφώμεθα καλῶς κάθε φοράν ὁπότε τινὲς ἄνθρωποι μᾶς κάμουν ὑποσχέσεις ἐπεὶ πολλάκις ἅμα μᾶς δοκιμάσωσι, μᾶς προσφέρουν μεγάλα δῶρα καὶ ἀδέσποτα ἐπαγγέλματα ἅμα τινὸς τῶν προτέρων μας πατρίδος μας.
Ὁ Βάττος ὁ παλαιὸς ἔργον, ἐμεταβλήθη εἰς πέτραν δοκιμασθέντα μεταλλῶ, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς κάμνει ἡ πολλή τε ἀμμορία ἡ ἔγγιζεν τὴν πέτραν αὐτὴν, χωρὶς νὰ φανερώσῃ οὐδὲν τὸ εἶναι της καὶ ὁ Βάττος δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ βαστάξῃ μυστικόν.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι αὐτὸς πρῶτος εὗρεν ἐκείνην τὴν πέτραν, εἴτε ἐκ φύσεως εἶχε τὴν ἐνέργειαν παντελῶς, εἴτε ἐπείσακτον· καὶ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ὁ Βάττος εἶχε τοιοῦτον ἰδίωμα, ὅπερ τὴν παρωμοίαζεν, ἔλαβον ἐκ τούτου αἰτίαν νὰ εἴπωσιν ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν πέτραν.
Ἄλλος λέγει ὅτι ὁ Βάττος ἦτον φαῦλος Ποιητής, ὁ ὁποῖος συχνάκις παυσιλογῶν, ἔφερεν αὐτά. καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ νὰ ὠνομάσθη ἡ λέξις Βαττολογία, ὅπερ θέλει νὰ εἰπῇ πλημμύρα λόγων ἀσήμων.
Διὰ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ νομίζω ὅτι μᾶς παρασημειοῦται ἕνας ζητηδεῖος ὑποκριτής, ὁ ὁποῖος δίδει τῷ Βάττῳ ἡ ἀσώματος ἐσημείωσις τινῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι κλίνουσι πάντοτε εἰς τὴν στολὴν ὁπόσων γε τύχῃ ὑστέρως νὰ τοὺς ὁμιλήσῃ.
Περὶ τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, τῆς εἰς πέτραν μεταμορφωθείσης.
Ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἠράσθη τῆς Ἔρσης, θυγατρὸς τοῦ Κέκροπος, εἰς μίαν τῶν ἡμερῶν, ὁπόταν εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, εἰς τιμὴν τῆς Παλλάδος, ᾗ συνόδευεν· διὰ μέσης τῆς Ἀγλαύρης ἀδελφῆς τῆς Ἔρσης, νὰ ὑπολάβῃ τὸ ποθούμενον. Αὕτη ἡ πονηρὰ τοῦ ὑπεσχέθη νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ· ἀφ' ὅσου τῆς ἐδίδετο ἀρκετὴ ποσότης ἀργυρίων. Ἀλλ' ἡ Παλλὰς μὴ δυναμένη νὰ ὑποφέρῃ μίαν τοιαύτην ἀναίσχυντον φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία τὴν Ἀγλαύρου, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ποτὲ ἐσκεύασε τὴν κιβωτίαν, ὅπως τῶν ἐκλεμμένος ὁ Ἔρσης Σόβιος, ἐπρόσταξε τὸν Φθόνον νὰ τὴν κάμῃ ζηλότυπον τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς Ἔρσης, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ ἐκείνη ἔζεσε πολὺν καιρόν, πάλιν πάντων μετέβαλεν αὐτὴν εἰς πέτραν.
Now the warrior goddess turned angry eyes on her, and in her emotion drew breath from deep inside so that both her strong breast and the aegis that covered her breast shook with it. She remembered that this girl had revealed her secret with profane hands, when, breaking her command, she had seen Erichthonius, son of Vulcan, the Lemnian, the child born without a mother. Now the girl would be dear to the god, and to her own sister, and rich with the gold she acquired, demanded by her greed. Straightaway the goddess made for Envy�s house that is filthy with dark decay. Her cave was hidden deep among valleys, sunless and inaccessible to the winds, a melancholy place and filled with a numbing cold. Fire is always absent, and fog always fills it.
When the feared war goddess came there, she stood outside the cave, since she had no right to enter the place, and struck the doors with the butt of her spear. With the blow they flew open. Envy could be seen, eating vipers� meat that fed her venom, and at the sight the goddess averted her eyes. But the other got up slowly from the ground, leaving the half-eaten snake flesh, and came forward with sluggish steps. When she saw the goddess dressed in her armour and her beauty, she moaned and frowned as she sighed. Pallor spreads over her face, and all her body shrivels.
Her sight is skewed, her teeth are livid with decay, her breast is green with bile, and her tongue is suffused with venom. She only smiles at the sight of suffering. She never sleeps, excited by watchful cares. She finds men�s successes disagreeable, and pines away at the sight. She gnaws and being gnawed is also her own punishment. Though she hated her so, nevertheless Tritonia spoke briefly to her. �Poison one of Cecrops�s daughters with your venom. That is the task. Aglauros is the one.� Without more words she fled and with a thrust of her spear sprang from the earth.
Ὦ Ἑρμῆς μὴ πάθητε, χωρὴς νὰ χάση παιδίον, ἀνέβη εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ὅθεν ἐλάμβανεν εὐχαρίστησιν νὰ θεωρῇ τὲς Μεγαλίας ἀρετῆς, τόπον ἐρασμιώτατον τῆς Ἀθηναίας, τῆς τῆς Λυκίης κάμπος. Ἦτον κατὰ τύχην ἡ ἡμέρα, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἐσυνήθιζον αἱ Παρθένοι νὰ φέρουσιν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν των εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Ἀθηναίας τινὰ ἱερὰ δῶρα, μέσα εἰς πανέρια ἐστεφανωμένα μὲ ἄνθη. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἶδεν αὐτὰς τὰς Παρθένους ὅταν ἐπέστρεφον ἀπὸ τὸν Ναόν, καὶ διὰ νὰ τὰς δῇ καλλίτερα, δὲν ἐπήγαινεν ἴσια πρὸς αὐτάς, ἀλλ' ἐπερίειε γύρωθεν τὰ πλῆθος, ὡς τὸ γεράκι, ὅταν βλέπῃ τὰ ἀνάδια τῆς θυσιασμῶν ζώων, καὶ φοβεῖται νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς αὐτὰ βλέποντας τὰς θυσιαστὰς πλησίον τῆς λείας· ἀλλὰ μόνον περιγυρίζει ζηγῶντας μὲ τὴν ἐλπίδα ὅτι
νά, ὅπου περιχύθη μὲ τὸ πέπλωμά του. Τὸν αὐτὸν τρό- πον καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς περιπᾶ πολλάκις ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν στρατῶν, καὶ τέλος καταβαίνει πλησίον τοῦ τείχους τῆς Ἀθηνῶν, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον μέρος διέβαινον αὐταὶ αἱ ὡραῖαι Νύμφαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἤρχιζαν νὰ τὸν πληγ- ώσιν. Ἡ Ἕρση ἤτοι ἡ τιμὴ τῆς ἑορτῆς, ἢ τῆς συμφορίας, ὑπερβαίνουσα τὰς ἄλλας παρθένους, ὡς τὸ ἄστρον τῆς Ἀφροδίτης τὰ ἄλλα ἄστρα, ἢ ἡ Σελήνη ἐκεῖνο τῆς Ἀφροδίτης. Ἐμπλήττεται ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς τὴν θέσιν ταύτην μὲ ὡραιότητος, ἢ μένη κρεμασμένος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τοῦ θαυμασμοῦ, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν ἔκπλη- ξίν του. Τὴν βλέπει, καὶ φλέγεται ὅπου τὸ μόλυβδι ριπτόμενον ἑρμητικῶς ἀπὸ τὴν σφενδόνην. Θερμαίνεται ἀπὸ τοῦ βιαίου κινήσεώς της, ἢ διυείρεται τέλος πάντων εἰς τὰ σύννεφα τῆς φωτιᾶς, ὅπου δὴ εἶχον ἐν ἑαυτῷ. Ὁ Ἑρμῆς λοιπὸν ἀντὶ νὰ ἀνέβῃ εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, καταβαίνει εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ τὰ ἐφαίρετο ἀρκετὴ ἡ φυσικὴ τε διαμορφή, δὲν ὑπεκείτη τις ἦτον· ὅμως βουλόμενος μὲ τὴν τέχνην τὴν φύσιν, ἐπεμελήθη νὰ ὑπερίσῃ καλὰ τὰ μαλλιά της, καὶ προσήρμοσε τὸ φόρεμά του εἰς τοιοῦτον, ὥστε νὰ ἐφαίρετο τὸ χρυσάφι, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἦτον πεπλουτισμένον· πάγει νὰ βαστᾷ μὲ τέχνην τὸ Κη- ρύκειόν του (δηλαδὴ ἐκεῖνο τὸ θαυμάσιον βεργάν, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον διαχεῖ, ἢ ἀνακαλεῖ τὸν ὕπνον.) καὶ νὰ φορῇ τὰ πτερά, ὅπου ἔχει εἰς τὰς πόδας του, μὲ τὸ αὐ- τὸ διάθεσιν· ὡς τὰ λοιπά. Εἰς τὴν ἄκραν τῆς Πα- λατίης ἦσαν τρεῖς καμαρωτοὶ κοιτῶνες, στολισμένοι μὲ ἐλεφαντίνῳ κόσμημα· καὶ ὁ μὲν πρὸς τὰ δεξιά, ἦτον τῆς Πανδρόσης, ὁ δὲ εἰς τὰ δεξέστερα τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, ἡ δὲ Ἕρση εἶχε τὸν μεσαῖον. Εἶδον ἡ Ἄγλαυρος πρώτη τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ὅπου ἐμβῆκε, καὶ ἐτόλμησε νὰ τὸν ἐρωτή-
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σῆ τὸ ὄνομά τε, καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς τε· ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς ἀπεκρίθη ἔτσι· ἐγώ εἶμαι ἐκεῖνος, ὁποῦ φέρω εἰς τὸν Κόσμον τὰς προσταγὰς τῆς Διός, ὅστις εἶναι πατήρ μου· δὲν θέλω σὲ κρύψει τὸ αἴτιον, ὁποῦ μὲ ἔφερεν ἐδῶ· ὁρκίζωσε μόνον νὰ εἶσαι πιστὴ εἰς τὸ ἀδελφή σου, καὶ νὰ συνέξῃς, ὦ περιπόθητή μου Ἄγλαυ- ρος, νὰ εἶμαι φίλος σου, γιὰ νὰ σοῦ κάμω εὐχαρίστια.
Η Ἔρση εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς με· φυλάγχνισε τὸν ἐρωτά με, ἢ βοήθησον, ὡς δυνάσαι, δῖα Θεόν, ὅπου ἐρᾶ. Η Ἄγλαυρος τὸν ἐκοίταξε με τὰ αὐτὰ ὄμματα, ὅπου εἶχε θεωρήσει πρότερον ἢ τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, καὶ ἐπήνωσασα ἀπὸ αὐτὸν, διὰ τὴν δέλτον, ὅπου ἐπεθύμει, μίαν μεγάλην ποσότητα χρημάτων, τοῦ εἶπε νὰ ἀναχωρήση ὡς τόσον ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιον. Η Ἀθηνᾶ ὅμως μὴ δυναμένη νὰ ὑποφέρη μίαν τοιαύτην ἄτιμον πραγματείαν, γνώρισε ἀγανάκτησιν καὶ ὀργὴν τόσον ἐπαράχθη, ὥστε ἐτίναξε τὴν Αἰγίδα, ὅπου τὴν σκεπάζει· καὶ ἐνθυμήθη μάλιστα, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ κατάρατος κόρη εἶχε φανερώσει ἢ τὰ μυστικὰ της, ὅταν παραβαίνουσα τὴν ὑπόσχεσίν της, ἔλαβε τὴν περιέργειαν νὰ ἀνοίξῃ τὴν καλάθην, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἔκειτο ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἡφαίστου, ὅστις ἐγεννήθη χωρὶς μήτερα, διὰ νὰ ὑποφέρῃ ὅπου τὴν ἀχθεσίαν, ὅπου ἡ Ἄγλαυρος ἤθελε δείξῃ πρὸς τὸν Ἑρμῆν, ὅπου τὴν ἀπάτην, ὅπου ἤθελε κάμῃ τῆς ἀδελφῆς της, ὅπου τὴν αἰσχροκέρδειάν της, καὶ φιλαργυρίαν. Ἀπεφάσισε λοιπὸν χωρὶς ἀργοπορίαν τὴν τιμωρίαν της, καὶ πηγαίνει εὐθὺς νὰ εὕρῃ τὸν Φθόνον εἰς τὰ δυσώδη ἀσήλαια ἀπὸ σεσαπημένα αἵματα.
Τὸ φοβερὸν παλάτιον τοῦ Φθόνου εὑρίσκεται εἰς τὸ βάθος εἰς λαγκάδι, ὅπου
Envy, squinting at her as she flees, gives out low mutterings, sorry to think of Minerva�s coming success. She takes her staff bound with strands of briar, and sets out, shrouded in gloomy clouds. Wherever she passes she tramples the flower-filled fields, withers the grass, blasts the highest treetops and poisons homes, cities and peoples with her breath. At last she sees Athens, Tritonia�s city, flourishing with arts and riches and leisured peace. She can hardly hold back her tears because she sees nothing tearful. But after entering the chamber of Cecrops�s daughter, she carried out her command and touched her breast with a hand tinted with darkness and filled her heart with sharp thorns. Then she breathed poisonous, destructive breath into her and spread black venom through her bones and the inside of her lungs. And so that the cause for pain might never be far away she placed Aglauros�s sister before her eyes, in imagination, her sister�s fortunate marriage, and the beauty of the god, magnifying it all.
Cecrops�s daughter, tormented by this, is eaten by secret agony, and troubled by night and troubled by light, she moans and wastes away in slow, wretched decay, like ice eroded by the fitful sun.
ποτε υπερβολικον, και επειδη δια διοικειται επι ποτε σκοτια, ειναι παντοτε ζοφωδης, και συσκεπασμενον απο ζοφεραν ομιχλην. Φθασασα η Αθηνα εις αυτο το παλατιον, εσταθη εξωθεν, μη θελησασα να εμβη, και εκτυπησε την θυραν με το ακρον της πορπης της· η δε θυρα ηνοιχθη παραχρημα, και εφανη αμορφωθεις ο Φθονος τρωγοντας οφεων κρεατα, με τα οποια εξετρεφε και τας κακιας του. Η Αθηνα βλεπουσα αυτον, εστρεψεν εις αλλο μερος τας οφθαλμους της· εκεινος δε εσηκωθη αργα απο των χαμαι, αφινοντας, δια το προς την θεαν σεβας, τας οφεις, οπου ειχε μισοφαγωμενας, και εσυρθη οπισω αυτης, οπου ηλθεν εις επισκεψιν της. Μολις ειδεν ο Φθονος την Αθηναν πορευομενην ευλαμπρον απο τα οπλα της, και απο την ωμορφιαν της, ανεστεναξεν εκ βαθεως, και επειδη λυπειται δι ολα τα πραγματα, οσα χαροποιουσι τους αλλους, δια τουτο ηθελησε να ιδη χωρις πονον την ευμορφιαν και σεμνοτητα της θεας. Αυτος ειναι παντοτε λιπενος, ωχρος, και ξηροτατος· δεν κοιτταζει ποτε ισια, και τα οδοντια του ειναι μαυρα απο την σκουριαν. Το στομαχι του φαινεται βρασμενον απο την χολην, οπου μεσα του φλεγει· η γλωσσα του ειναι ολη φαρμακι· δεν γελα ποτε, ειμη οταν συμβη καμμια δυστυχια εις βλαβην των ανθρωπων· δεν δυναται ποτε να χαρη την αναπαυσιν, και γλυκυτητα του υπνου, αγρυπνωντας παντοτε απο τας φροντιδας, και τας σκεψεις, οπου τον βασανιζουσι. Βλεπει με ευχαριστησιν τας πασας συμφορας, και τα δυστυχηματα, και δεν ειναι κανενα ευτυχες συμβαν, οπου να μη το νομιζη ως ποινην του. Τελος παντων βασανιζοντας ολον τον κοσμον, βασανιζει τον εαυτον του· διοτι αν και δεν δυναται να τον λυπηση, ομως
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πάντοτε αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ εἶναι ἡ μεγαλήτερα λύπη. Ἂν παλὰ ποῦ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν ἐφθέγξατο, ὅμως τὰ ἐλάλησεν ἔστω ἐν βραχυλογίᾳ, ὕπαγε νὰ διαφθείρῃς μὲ τὸ φαρμάκι σε μίαν τῆς θυγατέρων τοῦ Κέκροπος, τὴν Ἀγλαυρόν· μὴν ἀπολύψῃς νὰ μὲ ὑπακούσῃς. Μόλις εἶπε ταῦτα ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἀνεχώρησεν ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνον τὸν θλιβερὸν τόπον, κ ἀναβιβάζουσα εἰς τὸ κοντάρι της, κ τιτρώσασα τὴν γῆν μὲ αὐτό, ἐπέταξεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Ὁ φθόνος κοιτάζοντας την μὲ λοξοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὅταν ἀνεχώρησεν, ἐμουρμούρησε μερικὰ λόγια ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα τοῦ· τὸν ἐθύμωσεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐβιάζετο νὰ ὑπακούσῃ, κ ἐλυπήθη ὅτι ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἔμελλε νὰ μείνῃ δικαιωμένη. Μὲ ὅλον αὐτὸ ἔλαβεν εἰς τὸ χεῖρας την ράβδον της, ἤτω περιπλεγμένη ἀπὸ ἀγκάθια, κ σκεπασθεῖσα μὲ τὸ μαῦρον σύννεφον, κατεπάτησε ποῦ διαφθείρει ὅθεν περνᾷ καὶ συντελᾷ, πατεῖ τὰ χόρτα. Θερίζει καὶ αὐτὰ, ὅσα ποῦ μέλλει νὰ καρποφορήσουν, καὶ μολύνει μὲ τὸ ἀπάντλητόν της ἀσώματον, τὰς πόλεις, ποῦ πατήσει. Τέλος πάντων ἐμβαίνει εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ὅπου τότε ἀώθιζαν ἀπὸ ἐξόχους ἄνδρας, ἀπὸ μεγάλα πλούτη κ ἀπὸ τὰς χαρὰς τῆς εἰρήνης, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔκλαιεν ἐμβαίνοντας εἰς τὴν χώραν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἔβλεπον εἰς αὐτὴν τίποτε ἀξιοδάκρυτον. Ἀφοῦ δὲ ἔφθασεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς Ἀγλαύρης, ἐπλήρωσε τὰς προσταγάς, ὅπου τῆς ἐδόθησαν. Βάλοντας τὸ χέρι εἰς τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῆς τῆς βασιλίδος, τῆν ἐγέμισεν ἀπὸ θανατηφόρα ἀγκάθια, καὶ ἐμφυσώντας της τὸ φαρμάκι, ὅπου ἤρχισεν εὐθὺς νὰ τὴν κατετρώγῃ, τὸ ἔχυσε μὲ ὅλων του τῶν πνεύμα· καὶ διὰ νὰ τῆς δείξῃ μὲ μίαν μόνην ὁμματίαν ὅλα τὰ αἴτια τῆς λύπης της, τῆς ἔβαλε ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμὸν τὴν λαμπράν
ῥήστης μέ τον Ἑρμῆ, τῆς ἐπαράσασα αὐτὸν τὸν Θεὸν μέ ὅλας τὰς χάριτας, καὶ μέ τὰ θαυμάσια φορέματα, διὰ να βλέπῃ τὸ πάντα ὕψος, τὰ πάντα μεγαλοπρεπῆ, τὰ πάντα πλουσιμένα. Οὕτως αὐτὴ ἡ βασιλὶς τηκόμενη ἀπὸ τὸ φάρμακι τῆς ζηλοτυπίας, ἄρχισε να βασανίζεται ἀπὸ κρυφῆς λύπης. Ἀναστενάζει ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα· ἡ φωτία, ὅπου κρύπτεται εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τῆς, τρώγει ἀκροδηλῶς τὸ κορμί τῆς, ὡς ἔβλεπομεν να ἀναλύεται ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον ὁ πάγος ἀπὸ τὸν Ἥλιον· ποτὲ μὲν κρυπτόμενον, ποτὲ δὲ φανερώμενον. Ἐνθυμημένη τῆς Ἕρσης τὴν εὐτυχίαν, παθαίνει ὡς τὰ ξύλα, ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα βάλλεται τίποτε φωτιά· ματαναλίσκονται βραδέως, χωρὶς να δίδουν ὁμοίαν καμμίαν φλόγα. Ἐπιθυμεῖ πολλάκις τὸν θάνατον, διὰ να μὴν ἴδῃ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου φοβεῖται. Ἀποφασίζει τέλος πάντων να φανερώσῃ εἰς τὸν πατέρα τῆν τοῦ Ἑρμῆ ἀγάπην ὡς να ἦτον μία ἐπιβολὴ ἐναντίον τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς. Βλέπουσα δὲ ὅτι ἦρχετο αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς, ἔστεκεν εἰς τὴν θύραν διὰ να τὸν ἀπομακρύνῃ τελείως, ἢ να κάμῃ τὸ κατὰ δύναμιν διὰ να τὸν ἀπελπίσῃ, ἂν δὲν ἠμπορέσῃ να τὸν παρακινήσῃ να ἀφήσῃ τὸν ἔρωτα. Θέλοντας λοιπὸν ὁ Ἑρμῆς να τὴν κολακεύσῃ, καὶ προσθέτοντας δεήσεις καὶ ὑποσχέσεις εἰς τὰς κολακείας, χάνει τὸν καιρόν του, λέγει της, ἐγὼ δὲν θέλω ἀναχωρήσει ἀπὸ ἐδῶ, ἂν δὲν φύγῃς σοῦ πρῶτον. Καλῶς, τῆς ἀποκρίθη ὁ Ἑρμῆς, ὡς μένε λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν ἀπόφασιν ὅπου ἔκαμες· καὶ χωρὶς να τῆς λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, κτυπᾶ τὴν θύραν μέ τὸ κηρύκειον του, καὶ ἡ θύρα ἠνοίχθη αὐτόματος. Ἡ Ἀγλαυρὸς ἤθελε να σηκωθῇ, διὰ να ἐμποδίσῃ τὸν Ἑρμῆν να μὴν ἔμπῃ, ἀλλ' ὅλα τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος, ὅπου διπλώνονται, ἦσαν δέ-
λώμεν νά καθώσωμεν, έγιναν εἰς αὐτῆς ποδὰ βαρέα, καὶ δὲν ἠμπόρεσαν πλέον νά κινηθῶσιν. Ἐπάθιωσε νά ὀρθωθῇ, ἀλλ' αἱ κλειδώσεις τῆς γονάτων τῆς ἐσκληρυμένησαν. Ἕνα κρύος, ὁποὺ δὲν ἦτον συμφυσμένη νά αἰσθάνηται, κυριεύει τῆς ποδὰς τῆς, ἠθὲ καὶ τὰς χείρας τῆς, καὶ αἱ φλέβες τῆς ἀδεῖαι ἀπὸ αἷμα, ἔγιναν ὡς τὸ κρέας τῆς μὲ εἶναι. Τέλος πάντων, καθὼς ἡ γάγγραινα προχωρεῖ ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον, καὶ φθάνει ὀλίγωρα εἰς τὰ ὑψηλὰ μέρη ἐκ τῶν ταπεινῶν, καὶ τὸ κρύος, ὁποὺ πλέον θανατώνει, ἐμβαίνει κατ' ὀλίγον εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς, ἠθὲ τῆς ἀφαιρεῖ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἠθὲ τὴν ἀναπνοήν, ἠθὲ τὴν ζωήν. Αὐτὴ δὲν ἐπάχησε παντελῶς νά λαλήσῃ, ἠθ' ἂν κατὰ ἤθελε παχήσῃ, ὁ δρόμος τῆς φωνῆς ἦτον κλεισμένος. Ὁ λαιμὸς τῆς ἔγινε πέτρα, τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἐπάγωσε σκληρυμένον, ἠθὲ ἡ παλαίπωρος δὲν ἦτον πλέον ἄλλο τίποτες εἰμὴ ἕνα ἄγαλμα ἀκίνητον. Ὅμως ἡ πέτρα δὲν ἦτον ἄσπρη, ἀλλ' ἔλαβε τὸ χρῶμα τῆς ἀπίστου ψυχῆς τῆς, ἠθὲ τῶν φθονερῶν τῆς προσώπου.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ἠμπορῶ νά ἀρχίσω τὴν ἐξήγησιν τῆς Μύθης ταύτης ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἡμιστίχιον τῆς Αἰνειάδος
Tantis ne animis cælestibus iræ!
Ἡ θεὸς ἔστι χολὴ ἐν φρεσὶ θεῶν; (Εὐριπ. Βέλλερ.
Often she longed to die so that she need not look on, often to tell her stern father of it as a crime. Finally she sat down at her sister�s threshold to oppose the god�s entrance when he came. When he threw compliments, prayers and gentlest words at her, she said �Stop now, since I won�t go from here until I have driven you away.� �We�ll hold to that contract� Cyllenius quickly replied, and he opened the door with a touch of his heavenly wand. At this the girl tried to rise, but found her limbs, bent from sitting, unable to move from dull heaviness. When she tried to lift her body, her knees were rigid, cold sank through her to her fingernails, and her arteries grew pale with loss of blood.
As an untreatable cancer slowly spreads more widely bringing disease to still undamaged parts so a lethal chill gradually filled her breast sealing the vital paths and airways. She no longer tried to speak, and if she had tried, her voice had no means of exit. Already stone had gripped her neck, her features hardened, and she sat there, a bloodless statue. Nor was she white stone: her mind had stained it.
Καὶ βέβαια ἡμπορεῖ νὰ εἰπῇ ὅτι ἡ ἔχθρα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐγίνετο αἰτία τῆς τιμωρίας, ἢ μεταβολῆς ὁποῦ ἔπαθε ἡ Νιόβη. Τῆς Νιόβης, τῆς τε νέας παρέδωκαν ἐν κιβωτίῳ τοῦ κόσμου εὐδοξία ὁ Ἐριχθόνιος νέος δράκων, ἢ νέος ἄνθρωπος τὸ φυλάττῃ ὁμοῦ με τὰς ἀδελφάς της, ἢ τῆς παρήγγειλε νὰ μὴ τὸ ἀνοίξῃ, ὥστε νὰ ἰδῇ τι εἶχε μέσα. Ἀλλὰ καθὼς ἡ περιέργεια εἶναι φυσικὴ εἰς τὰ κοράσια, καὶ ἁπλῶς εἰς τὰς γυναῖκας, ἡ Ἀγλαυρὸς παραβαίνουσα τὴν ἐντολήν, ἠθέλησε νὰ ἰδῇ τί ἦταν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κιβωτόν, καὶ τὸ ἔδειξε καὶ εἰς τὰς ἀδελφάς της. Λοιπὸν ἀγανακτήσασα ἡ Θεὰ διὰ τὴν ἀνυπακοὴν της, ἐνέπνευσέ της τὸν φθόνον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφέρωσέ την εἰς πέτρας μεταβολήν της. Ἀλλ᾿ οἱ Παλαιοὶ τί θέλουν νὰ μᾶς διδάξουν ὑποκρύπτουν εἰς τὸ κάλυμμα τοῦ Μύθου τούτου; Ὅτι δὲν πρέπει νὰ περιεργαζώμεθα οὔτε τὰ μυστικὰ τῶν Βασιλέων, οὔτε ἐκεῖνα τῶν Θεῶν, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ὠφείλομεν νὰ θέλωμεν νὰ μάθωμεν περισσότερα ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνα ὁποῦ αὐτοὶ οἱ Θεοί, ἢ Βασιλεῖς θέλουσι νὰ μᾶς φανερώσουν· διότι τόσον εἰς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὅσον καὶ εἰς τὰ πολιτικὰ πολλοὶ ἐκινδύνευσαν, μὲ τὸ νὰ ἠθέλησαν νὰ μάθωσι περισσότερον ὑπὸ ἐκεῖνο, ὁποῦ τὰς ἦταν συγκεχωρημένον. Ἀλλ᾿ ἂς ἰδῶμεν καὶ τὰ τοῦ λοιποῦ τοῦ Μύθου.
Ὁ Ὄβιδς δέ πλάττει ὅτι ἡ κατοικία τῆς Θεᾶς εἶναι εἰς βαθύτατα λαγκάδικα, διά νά δῇ, ὅτι ὑπό αὐτό τό πάθος δέν μένουσι μή τά ἐπίσημα ψυχήματα. Ὑπόθη ὅπως εἶναι βλάβος διά τήν ἰδίας τά ἄργεντα, διά φθονεῖ ἐμέσω τῆς ἄλλον. Προσέτι λέγει ὅτι τό παλάτιον ταύτης τό σέρανος εἶναι πολύ κρύον, διά τί, ἄν ἡ νά πιστεύσωμεν τῆς Φυσιολογίας, ὅσοι εἶναι αἵματος ψυχροῦ, ἔχουσιν τῆς ἐπί τό πλεῖστον κρυμερή πνεῦμα, ἡ ἐπομένως κλίνει περιοτέρον εἰς αὐτό τόν Φθόνος τό πάθος.
Ἐπειδή δέ ἡ ἀργή καί ἡ φθονεῖς δέν χρείζι κραμμέναν χορηγίαν μετά τοῦ φθόνου, διά τοῦτο δέν ἐμβαίνει εἰς τό παλάτιον της, διά τοῦτο δέ μένει ἀπ᾿ ἔξω δηλαδή τόν ξυσγό, ἐπειδή ὅπως ἔρχεται ὡς ἐπί τό πλεῖστον ὑπό τήν ἐν ἔξω μοραφήν τῆς ΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Ἡ δεύτερος μᾶς παραθήνει τοῦ φθονεροῦ ἀν
Περί Εὐρώπης τῆς ἁρπαχθείσης ὑπό τοῦ Διός, τῆ εἰς Ταῦρον μεταμορφωθέντος.
Ὁ Ζεύς μεταμορφωθείς εἰς ταῦρον, ἁρπάζει τήν ἐρωμένην του Εὐρώπην, καί τήν φέρει ἐπί τῆς νώτου του διά θαλάσσης εἰς τήν Νῆσον τῆς Κρήτης, ὅπου καταλαμβάνοντας τήν μορφήν του, ἐπλήρωσε τήν ἐπιθυμίαν του.
Ἀφοῦ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐκδήλωσε τὴν λύπην, καὶ τὴν αἰσχύνην τῆς Ἀγλαύρας, ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὰς Ἀθήνας, καὶ ἀνέβη διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ἀφοῦ ἐκεῖ ἔφθασε, τὸν ἔκραξεν ὁ Ζεὺς κατ' ἰδίαν, καὶ χωρὶς νὰ τοῦ φανερώσῃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, ὦ υἱέ μου, τοῦ λέγει, πιστὲ ὑπηρέτα τῶν θελημάτων μου, καὶ τῶν προσταγμάτων μου, κατάβα ταχέως εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ πήγαινε εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν χώραν, ὅπου διὰ τῶν ἀριστερῶν ποιμαίνει τὴν μητέρα σου, τὴν ὁποίαν οἱ ἐγκάτοικοι καλοῦσι Σιδῶνα, καὶ φέρε πρὸς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ὅλα τὰ κοπάδια, ὅσα θέλεις ἰδῇ νὰ βόσκωσιν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ βουνόν. Μόλις εἶπε, καὶ τὰ κοπάδια ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν, ὅπου ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος τοῦ Βασιλέως ἐσυνήθιζε νὰ περιδιαβάζῃ, συντροφιασμένη μὲ τὰς παρθένους τῆς Τύρου· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἔρως, καὶ ἡ Μεγαλειότης δὲν συμφωνοῦν ποτέ, ὄντας ἀδύνατον νὰ διαμένῃ
Ἰὼν εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν κατέδραν, ὁ κύριος καὶ βασιλεύς τῶν Θεῶν· ὁ μέγας Ζεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος βαστᾷ εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸν κεραυνόν· ὁ ὁποῖος μὲ ἕν νεῦμα τῆς κεφαλῆς του δύναται νὰ συγκλονίζῃ ὅλην τὴν Οἰκουμενίαν, ἀφῆσε τὴν Μεγαλειότητά του, καὶ ἔλαβε ταύρου μορφήν· καὶ οὕτως, συμμειγνύμενος μὲ τὰ βασιλικὰ κοπάδια, μυκᾶται ὡς καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ταῦροι, περιπατεῖ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ἢ βόσκει ὡς ἐκεῖνοι, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ὑπερβαίνει ὅλους εἰς τὴν ὡραιότητα· Ἦτον ἄσπρος ὡς ἡ χιών, ὁποῦ δὲν ἐπατήθη, καὶ δὲν διεφθάρη ἀπὸ τὸν βροχερὸν Νότον· ὁ λαιμός του ἦτον ἴσκιος καὶ ὑψηλός, τὸ ἐπίσχημα (ἤτοι τὸ δέρμα, ὁποῦ κρέμεται ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν τῶν βοδίων) ἐκρέματο χαριέστατα· τὰ κέρατά του ἦσαν μικρά, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον καμωμένα ἀπὸ κάποιον ἐπιτήδειον τεχνίτην, καὶ δὲν ἐδέοντο μάργαρα, ὥστε νὰ φθάσῃ τὴν λαμπρότητά των. Τὸ μέτωπόν του δὲν ἦτον φοβερίσκον, οὔτε ἄγρια τὰ ὄμματά του ἦτον χαριέστατα καὶ ὁ τρόπος του, ἔχοντας τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ ἡμερότητα εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον· Τοιαύτην ὡραιότητα βλέπουσα ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀγήνορος, ἐθαύμασε, καὶ μάλιστα διότι ἦτον τόσον ἥμερος καὶ εὐπρόσιτος· Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο δὲν ἐτόλμησε κατὰ πρώτην προσβολὴν νὰ πλησιάσῃ, ἀλλὰ μετ' ὀλίγον ἐθάρρησε, καὶ πλησιάσασα, τοῦ ἐπρόσφερε μερικὰ ἄνθη· Ὁ ἐραστὴς ταῦρος ἐδείξε μεγάλην χαράν, καὶ ἀναμένοντας τὴν ἐλπιζομένην ἀπόλαυσιν, ἀσπάζει τὰς χείρας, ὁποῦ τοῦ προσφέρουσι τὰ ἄνθη καὶ μόλις δύναται νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ νὰ πλέξῃ καὶ τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ σωματίου της· Ποτὲ μὲν παίζει καὶ πηδᾷ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ποτὲ δὲ πλαγιάζει καὶ αὐλίζεται εἰς τὴν ἄμμον· καὶ ὅσον ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐθαρρεύετο, ἀποβάλλουσα τὸν
When Mercury had inflicted this punishment on the girl for her impious words and thoughts, he left Pallas�s land behind and flew to the heavens on outstretched wings. There his father calls him aside, and without revealing love as the reason, says �Son, faithful worker of my commands, go, quickly in your usual way, fly down to where, in an eastern land, they observe your mother�s star, among the Pleiades, (the inhabitants give it the name of Sidon). There drive the herd of royal cattle, that you will see some distance off, grazing the mountain grass, towards the sea shore!� He spoke, and immediately, as he commanded, the cattle, driven from the mountain, headed for the shore, where the great king�s daughter, Europa, used to play together with the Tyrian virgins. Royalty and love do not sit well together, nor stay long in the same house. So the father and ruler of the gods, who is armed with the three-forked lightning in his right hand, whose nod shakes the world, setting aside his royal sceptre, took on the shape of a bull, lowed among the other cattle, and, beautiful to look at, wandered in the tender grass.
In colour he was white as the snow that rough feet have not trampled and the rain-filled south wind has not melted. The muscles rounded out his neck, the dewlaps hung down in front, the horns were twisted, but one might argue they were made by hand, purer and brighter than pearl. His forehead was not fearful, his eyes were not formidable, and his expression was peaceful. Agenor�s daughter marvelled at how beautiful he was and how unthreatening. But though he seemed so gentle she was afraid at first to touch him. Soon she drew close and held flowers out to his glistening mouth. The lover was joyful and while he waited for his hoped-for pleasure he kissed her hands. He could scarcely separate then from now. At one moment he frolicks and runs riot in the grass, at another he lies down, white as snow on the yellow sands. When her fear has gradually lessened he offers his chest now for virgin hands to pat and now his horns to twine with fresh wreaths of flowers. The royal virgin even dares to sit on the bull�s back, not realising whom she presses on, while the god, first from dry land and then from the shoreline, gradually slips his deceitful hooves into the waves. Then he goes further out and carries his prize over the mid-surface of the sea. She is terrified and looks back at the abandoned shore she has been stolen from and her right hand grips a horn, the other his back, her clothes fluttering, winding, behind her in the breeze.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Β'.
ρος ημέρας πεεπλωτερον · υποφέρει νά τὰ ἀπυστῇ ἐκείνη τῷ κοιλῷ μὲ τὸ λέγες της; Ἄθ δὲ τὸν στεφανώῃ μὲ αἴδῃ. Τέλος, ἡ παρθένος, ἡ ὁποία δύο ἡξεύρον ὅτι ἐχαίδευε τὸν ἐραστήν της, ετόλμησε νά μπάλῃ και εἰς τῶ ράχιν τᾶ Ταύρε, ὅπε ἐπλάγιασεν ἐμπροσθέντης. Τότε ὁ Ζεύς, βλέπωντας ὅτι ἦταν φορτωμένος ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιόν τε, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔδειχνεν ὅτι ἐπαραδίδετο εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν τε, ἐμβαίνεν εἰς τὸ πέλαγον, ἢ ἐμφάνισεν ὀλίγον κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τῆς χλόης, ᾒ ἀπὸ τὸν αἰγιαλόν· ἔπειτα ὑπῆγε βαθύτερα, καὶ τέλος ἔφερεν αὐτὸ τὸ γλυκὸ φόρωμα ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς θαλάττης τῆς θαλάσσης. Ἡ Εὐρώπη κοιτάξει μὲ φόβον τὸ παραθαλάσσιον, ὅπου ἔφυγε, και ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἠρχαίη χώρις θέλησιν νά τὸ ἀπλώσῃ. Πιάσει μὲ τὸ ἕνα χέρα τὰ κέρατα τᾶ Ταύρε; και μὲ τὸ ἄλλο ξερώνεται εἰς τῶ ράχιν τε. Ἤθελεν εἰπῇ τις ὅτι τὰ φορέματα της φυσκανόμενα ἀπὸ τὸν ἄνεμον, ἦσαν τὰ πάντα αὐτὰ τᾶ ἐμβόλια παρόμοια τᾶ μετακομίζοντος τῶ Βασιλοπούλαν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ὁ παρὸν κινείας δὲ εἶναι Μῦθος ἀλλ᾽ Ἱστορία, ὃς ὁποίας ἔδωκαν ὄνομα καὶ μορφὴν Μῦθοι ἡ δὲ πράξις ἦν τὴν Εὐρώπην, μεταμορφώμενος εἰς ταῦρον, καὶ ἥρπασε ποτὲ ὅτε οἱ πλέον ἀπαίδευτοι τοῦ Ἀργείου. Ἡ Εὐρώπη Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος, Βασιλέως τοῦ Φοινίκων, ἡ ὁποία ἦτο καταπολὰ ὡραία, ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ τινας Κρητικούς, διὰ νὰ τὴν προσφέρωσι δῶρον εἰς τὸν βασιλέα των, ὀνομαζόμενον Δία· ἢ ἐπειδὴ τὸ καράβι, ὅπου τὴν ἔφερον, ὀνομάζεται Ταῦρος, ἔχοντας εἰς τὴν πρώραν πελεκυμένον ταῦρον, διὰ τοῦτο ἐρρέθη ὅτι ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐπέρασε τὴν Θάλασσαν εἰς ταῦρον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως εἰς τὰ καράβια πηγε, τὰ ὁποῖα ἦσαν ὀνόματα κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πελεκυμένης, ἢ ζωογραφισμένης ζώου, ὡς οἱ Κένταυροι, ἢ Χίμαιρα παρὰ τῷ Βιργιλίῳ. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ ναύαρχος ἐκείνος τοῦ καραβίου, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἡ Εὐρώπη ἐκομίσθη, ἐλέγετο Ταῦρος, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο ἐρρέθη, ὅτι ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ ἕνα ταῦρον, καὶ ἐφέρθη εἰς τὴν Κρήτην.
Ὡς πόσον, πλὴν τῆς Ἱστορικῆς, ἔμπεσε καὶ ὁ Μῦθος καὶ ἡ Διήγησίς τις ἐπειδὴ ὅπου ἐπλάσαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ότι ὁ Ζεὺς ὁς τις ἐνομίζετο ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Θεῶν, μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄλογον ζῶον, διὰ μίαν μικρὰν κατάπαυσιν, ἤθελαν νὰ διδάξουν μὲ αὐτό, ότι ἕνας τυρὸς ἔρως ἡμπορεῖ νὰ μᾶς παρακινήση νὰ φράσσωμεν πάσας αἰδῶας, ἢ προηγείσθαι τοῦ λόγου. Καὶ βέβαια ὅταν νικηθῆ τις ὑπὸ τούτου πάθους, πολλὰ μισῶν τὸν τοῦ κόσμου λόγον διὰ φροντίζει πλέον οὔτε διὰ τὴν Ἀξίαν του, ἢ τιμήν του, ἢ ὑπόληψιν, οὔτε δύναται νὰ καταφρονήθη ἢ περιορισθῆ ὑπό τινος, ἂν θὲ πληρώση τὴν ἄτακτον καὶ αἰσχρὰν ἐπιθυμίαν. Νόμιμα ἀγαπῶν τὸ ἀξιομίσητον, τιμᾷ τὸ δύσφημον, ὠφέλιμον τὸ κινδυνῶδες, ὅσα ἄτοπα διὰ τοὺς ἄλλους, τοῦ κείνου σώφρονα, ἢ ἐπαινετὰ.
Ὁ Ζεὺς μετεμορφώθη εἰς ταῦρον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι ζῶον ἀσελγὲς καὶ θυμῶδες, διὰ νὰ φανερώθη ἡ αὐθάδεια καὶ ἀναισχυντία τοῦ ἔρωτος, διότι ὅλοι σχεδὸν οἱ πόλεμοι, καὶ οἱ ἀρπασμοὶ, ὅσοι μᾶς ἐπεριέγραψαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ, εἶναι ἔργα καὶ ἀποτελέσματα τοῦ ἔρωτος.
Διὰ τοῦτο ἡμπορεῖς νὰ εἴπῃς τις, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται, ότι δὲν ἐληστεύθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Κόσμου ὁ Ἔρως, οὔτε ὠλιγώτεραι ἐκεῖ περιστρέψει ψυχαὶ, οὔτε ὀλιγώτεροι κινδύνους· ὁ Θεὸς ἢ ὁ Αἰσώπανθές εἴπεν, ότι διὰ νὰ
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ.
Περὶ τῆς Κάδμυ, καὶ τῆς γεννήσεώς τοῦ ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ τῆς ὀδόντας τῆ δράκοντος.
Ὁ Ἀγήνωρ πάτηρ τῆς Εὐρώπης πέμπει τὸν ὑιόν του νὰ ζητήσῃ τὸν ἀδελφόν του, ἀπειλῶντας τὸν νὰ μὴ τὸν ἐπιστρέψῃ, ἂν δὲν τὴν τὴν εὕρῃ. Ὁ Κάδμος, εἰς μάτην τὴν ἀπελπίδασε, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ τὴν εὕρῃ, συμβουλεύεται τὸ μαντεῖον τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον λαμβάνει μίαν ἀπόκρισιν, τὴν ὁποίαν αὐτὸς ἀκολουθήσας μὲ ὅλην τὴν ἀκρίβειαν. Οἱ συνοδοιπόροι του καταδιώκονται ὑπὸ ἕνα δράκοντα, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Κάδμος πολεμεῖ ἕως ὅτου σύρῃ τὴν πατρίδα του, καὶ τῶν ὀδόντων τοῦ δράκοντος, ἐκ συμβουλῆς ἀπὸ αὐτὴν γεννῶνται ἄνδρες πολεμικώτατοι. Ἔμειναν μόνον πέντε, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐδάσθησαν κτίσται τῆς Θήβης Πόλεως· τὰ δὲ ὀνόματα εἶσι ταῦτα Ἐχίων, Οὐδαῖος, Χθόνιος, Πέλωρ, καὶ Ὑπερήνωρ.
Ὅταν ἀφθάσε ὁ Ζεὺς εἰς τὰ Κρήτης, ἄφησε τὰ μορφὰ τῆ Ταύρου, δείχνοντας εἰς τὴν Εὐ- ρώπην ποῖος ἦτον· ὁ δὲ πατὴρ τῆς ἐλυπήθη σφόδρα, μὲν ἡξεύρωντας ποῖος τὰ ἀρπάξεν· ὅθεν ἐπρόσταξε Κάδμον τὸν υἱόν να ὑπάγη παντα πρὸς ζήτησιν τῆς, καὶ να μὴ γυρείση ὀπίσω ποτε χωρὶς να τὰ πλὴ φέ- ρη, καταδικάζοντας τον κι εἰς παντοτινὸν ἐξορείαν, ἂν δεν ἤθελεν εὑρῆ τὰ Εὐρώπην· κι με ταῦτα ὁ ἄθλιος Ἀγή- νωρ ἔφανη ὁμοῦ καλὸς κι κακὸς πατὴρ. Ἀφ᾽ ὅτου λοιπὸν ὁ Κάδμος περιήρχετο εἰς μάτην ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον (διό- τι ποῖος δύναται να ἐσκεπάση τὰ πλέγματα τοῦ Διός, καὶ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου αὐτὸς θέλει να κρύψη;) ἀπεφάσισε να κατοικήση ἔξω ἀπὸ τὴν πατρίδα του, διὰ να ἀποφύγη με τὰς ἐξορείαν τὰ τοῦ ὀργῆς τοῦ πατρὸς του· κι ἔπειτα ὑπήγε να συμβουλευθῆ τὸ μαντεῖον τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐρωτήσας τον εἰς ποῖαν γῆν ἔπρεπε να κατοικήση· ἔλαβε δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν· Θέλεις ἀπαντήσει κατ᾽ ὀλίγον μίαν δάμαλιν εἰς μοναχικὰς λάμπας, ἡ ὁποῖα ἀκόμη δεν ἔφερε ζυγὸν, οὔτε ἐκοπίασεν εἰς ἀρότρον· αὐτὴν ἀκολούθησον, καὶ μὴ ζητῆς ἄλ- λον οὐδένα. Κτίσε μίαν Πόλιν εἰς τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἐκείνη σταματήση, καὶ ὀνόμασον αὐτὴν τὴν πό- λιν Βοιωτίαν. Μόλις ὁ Κάδμος ἀνέβηκε ἀπὸ τὸ ἱερὸν λάκκον, ὅπου εἶχε λάβει αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, καὶ βλέπει μίαν δάμαλιν ἀφύλακτον, ὁποῦ δεν εἶχε κανένα σημεῖον ὅτι ὑπετάγη ποτὲ εἰς τον ζυγὸν, κι τὴν ἀκο- λουθεῖ πολλὰ καιρόν, σεβόμενος εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν Ἀπόλ- λωνα, ὡς ὁδηγόν κι βοηθὸν του. Ἀπέρασε τὸν Κηφισόν
Book III
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
And now the god, dispensing with the deceptive image of the bull, confessed who he was, and made for the fields of Crete. Meanwhile Europa�s father, in ignorance of this, orders his son Cadmus to search for the stolen girl, and adds that exile is his punishment if he fails to find her, showing himself, by the same action, both pious and impious. Roaming the world (for who can discover whatever Jupiter has taken?) Agenor�s son, the fugitive, shuns his native land and his parent�s anger and as a suppliant consults Apollo�s oracle and asks in what land he might settle. Phoebus replies �A heifer will find you in the fields, that has never submitted to the yoke and is unaccustomed to the curved plough. Go where she leads, and where she finds rest on the grass build the walls of Thebes, your city, and call the land Boeotia.�
Cadmus had scarcely left the Castalian cave when he saw an unguarded heifer, moving slowly, and showing no mark of the yoke on her neck. He follows close behind and chooses his steps by the traces of her course, and silently thanks Phoebus, his guide to the way. Now he had passed the fords of Cephisus and the fields of Panope: the heifer stopped, and lifting her beautiful head with its noble horns to the sky stirred the air with her lowings. Then looking back, to see her companion following, she sank her hindquarters on the ground and lowered her body onto the tender grass. Cadmus gave thanks, pressing his lips to the foreign soil and welcoming the unknown hills and fields.
Intending to offer a sacrifice to Jupiter, he ordered his attendants to go in search of water from a running stream for a libation. There was an ancient wood there, free from desecration, and, in the centre of it, a chasm thick with bushes and willow branches, framed in effect by stones making a low arch, and rich with copious springs. There was a snake sacred to Mars concealed in this cave, with a prominent golden crest. Fire flickered in its eyes, its whole body was swollen with venom, its three-forked tongue flickered, and its teeth were set in a triple row.�
After the people of Tyre, setting out, a fatal step, reached the grove, and let their pitchers down into the water, it gave out a reverberation. The dark green snake thrust his head out of the deep cavern, hissing awesomely. The pitchers fell from their hands, the blood left their bodies, and, terrified, a sudden tremor took possession of their limbs. The snake winds his scaly coils in restless writhings, and, shooting upwards, curves into a huge arc. With half its length raised into thin air, it peers down over the whole wood, its body as great, seen in its entirety, as that Dragon that separates the twin constellations of the Bear. Without pause he takes the Phoenicians, whether they prepare to fight, run, or are held by fear itself. Some he slays with his bite, some he kills in his deep embraces, others with the corrupting putrefaction of his venomous breath.
ποταμὸν πεζὸς, καὶ τὴν Πανοπείαν γλῦ κυνηγῶντας τὴν, ἡ πᾶλος πάντων ὅταν ἐξημάτησεν, αὐτῇ ἐσήκωσε τῷ κεφαλῇ της πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν, γεμίζουσα τὸν ἀέ- ρα ἀπὸ μυκήματα, ἡ μετὰ ταῦτα βλέψασα τὰς ἀκολου- θοῦντας τὴν, κατελύθη ἰς τὰ χόρτα. Τότε ὁ Κάδ- μος ἀποδίδει τὰ εὐχαρίστεια ἰς τὰς Θεάς, ἀσπάζεται αὐτῷ τὴν ἐδῶ γλῦν, ὁποῦ ἔμελε νὰ τὸν ὑποδεχθῇ, χαιρετᾷ τὰς ναϊάδας, καὶ τὰ βουνὰ, ὁποῦ ἀκόμη δὲν ἐγνώριζες, ἢ θέλοντας νὰ κάμῃ θυσίαν ἰς τὸν Δία, ἐπρόσταξε τοὺς ὑπηρέτας του νὰ ὑπάγουν νὰ φέρουν νερὸν ἀπὸ τὴν πλησίον πηγὴν, ὁποῦ συνετηρεῖτο.
Ἦτον ἰς ἐκείνον τὸν τόπον οἱ παλαιοῦ δάσος, ἀδιαμάστον ἀπὸ πέλεκυν, ἰς τὴν μέσον τὰ ὁποῖα ἐδείχνετο ἀφηλαίον ὕλον σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ βάτας καὶ ἀγκάθια. Τὸ ἔμβασμάτι ἦτον χαμηλόν, καὶ τόσεσίδες, ἰ ἐβγαίνεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ μία βρύσις καθαρὲ ὕδατος· αὕτη δὲ ὕπον ἢ κατοικία ἑνὸς φοβεροῦ δράκοντος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀπὸ τὰ ὀμμάτιά τῆς ἔχεε πῦρ, καὶ ὅλον τῷ τὸ κορμί ἦτον γεμάτον φαρμάκι. Τρεῖς γλώσσας εἶχεν ἰς τὸ στόμα τῆς, καὶ ξῆς πάξεις ὀδόντων, ὁπῶ τὸν ἐκατιστάινον ξομερώτερον. Ὅταν οἱ ἄνδρωποι τῆς Κάδμος ἔφθασαν ἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πίτον, ὁ ἀτύπος ὁπῶ ἔκαμε τὸ νερὸν δεχόμενον τὰ ἀγγεῖα τῶν, ἐξύπνησε τὸν δράκοντα, ἰ ἐβγαλον ἔξω παρίδους τὸ φοβερὸν τῆς κεφαλῇ μὲ φρικτὰ συρίγματα. Βλέποντες ἐκείνοι τὸ ὄφιον, ψυχοῦντα ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἔπιπτον τὰ ἀγγεῖα ἀπὸ τὰς χειράς τῶν, κυλίσιν, καὶ θέλων νὰ φύγεν, ἱ ὁ φόβος τῶν εἶναι τόσον μεγάλος, ὅσον φοβερὸν τὸ ὑποκείμενον τὰ φόβῃ τῶν. Διπλώνεται, ξεδιπλώνεται ὁ δράκων, στρέφει τὰς λεπιδωτὲς σπείρας τῷ μὲ ἐπιξ
The sun had reached the heights of the sky, and driven away the shadows. And now the son of Agenor, wondering what has delayed his friends, searches for the men. He is covered with the pelt stripped from a lion. His sword is tipped with glittering iron. He has a spear, and better still a spirit superior to all. When he enters the wood and sees the dead bodies, and over them the victorious enemy, with its vast body, licking at their sad wounds with a bloody tongue, he cries out �Faithful hearts, I shall either be the avenger of your deaths, or become your companion�.
So saying he lifted a massive rock with his right hand and with great effort hurled the huge weight. Steep walls with their high turrets, would have been shattered by the force of the blow, but the snake remained unwounded, protected by its scales like a breastplate, and its dark, hard skin repelled the powerful stroke.
But that same hardness cannot keep out the spear that defeats it, that is fixed in a curve of its pliant back, and sinks its whole iron blade into its entrails. The creature maddened with pain twists its head over its back, sees the wound, and bites at the shaft lodged there. Even when the snake had loosened its hold all round by its powerful efforts, it could scarcely rip it from its flesh and the iron stayed fixed in its spine. Then indeed new purpose was added to its usual wrath: its throat swells, the veins fill, and white spume flecks its baleful jaws. The earth resounds to its scaly scraping and a black breath like that from the mouth of the Styx fouls the corrupted air. At one instant it coils in vast spiraling circles, at another rears up straighter than a high tree. Again it rushes on like a rain-filled river and knocks down all the trees obstructing it in front. The son of Agenor gives way a little withstanding its attacks by means of the lion�s skin and keeps back the ravening jaws by thrusting forward the point of his sword. The snake is maddened and bites uselessly at the hard iron and only drives the sharp point between its teeth.
Now the blood begins to drip from its venomous throat and soak the green grass with its spattering. But the wound is slight, because the serpent draws back from the thrust, pulling its wounded neck away, and, conceding its wound, keeps back the sword, and does not let it sink deeper. But the son of Agenor following it all the time presses the embedded iron into its throat, until an oak-tree blocks its backward course and neck and tree are pinned together. The tree bends under the serpent�s weight and the trunk of the oak groans with the lashing of its tail.
πῇ, ποιτάζει ξηγύρω μὲ δάσον, καὶ φαίνεται τοσοῦτον μέγας, οἷος ἤθελε φανῇ ὁ οὐράνιος δράκων. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν πήδα καὶ ἡ τῶν Φοινίκων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἢ ἐτόλμησαν νὰ βάλουν χέρι εἰς τὸ ἀσφάλτον, ἢ ἤθελον νὰ φύγουν, ἢ ὁ φόβος τοὺς ἔκαμε νὰ χάσουν τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἢ ποδῶν ἢ τῶν χερῶν. Ὁ Δράκων ἐπῆξε μερικούς, καὶ ἄλλους ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸ δάγκαμά του, ἢ μὲ τὴν δυσωδίαν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς του, ἢ μὲ τὸ φαρμάκι, ὅπου ἐξέχυσε· καὶ τέλος πάντων ἐχύθησαν ὅλοι εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον ὀλέθριον συμβεβηκός. Ὡς τοσοῦτον, ὄντος ἀπερασμένου τοῦ μεσημβρίου, καὶ βλέποντος ὁ Κάδμος νὰ μὴ ἔρχωνται οἱ ἄνθρωποί του, ἐθάμβασε, καὶ ἐπῆγε νὰ τοὺς ζητήσῃ. Ἔχοντος δὲ αἰτίαν νὰ φοβηθῇ, ἐσκεπάσθη μὲ τὸ λεοντόδερμα, καὶ ἔλαβεν εἰς τὸ χέρι του τὸ κοντάρι, καὶ τὸ βέλος· ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον δυνατώτερος διὰ τὴν γενναιότητά του, παρὰ διὰ τὰ ὅπλα του· Ὅταν δὲν ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὸ δάσος, καὶ εἶδε τοὺς συντρόφους του κατεδαφισμένους, καὶ τοῦ νικητοῦ ἐπάνω των, ὅπου ἐρρόφησε τὸ αἷμά των, καὶ ἔγλειφε τὰς πληγάς των, εἶπεν· ἢ ἐκδικοῦμαι τὸν θάνατόν σας, ἢ κοιμῶμαι καὶ ἐγὼ, ὡς καὶ σεῖς· καὶ εὐθὺς ἁρπάζοντας μίαν μεγαλωτάτην πέτραν, τὴν ἔρριψεν ἐπάνω εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ τέρας μὲ τόσον βίαν, ὥστε ὑπερέβαινε κάθε ἀνθρωπίνην δύναμιν· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος ὁ τεράωδης δράκων δὲν ἐπληγώθη μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ κτύπημα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ τὰ ἰσχυρότερα τείχη ἤθελον τιναχθῇ. Ἡ λεπὶς καὶ ἡ χοράστης τῆς πέζης του τὸν ἐβοήθουν, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον τειχόμαστρον, ἀντίον εἰς τὸ κτύπημα τῆς πέτρας· ὅμως αὐτὴ ἡ σκληρότης δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ἐναντιωθῇ εἰς τὴν σαΐταν, ἡ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἀπέρασε τὸ κόκκαλον τῆς ράχης ἕως εἰς τὸ πλευρόν. Τότε
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 133
υπὸ τῶν πληγῶν τε, ἢ θέλε να βγάλη τὸν σαϊτον με τὰ ὀδόντια τε· ἀλλὰ δὲν ἠμπόρεσε να ἀφαιρέση παρὰ μόνον ἕνα μέρος, τὸ δὲ σίδηρον ἔμεινε μέσα. Οὕτως αὐξάνοντες με τὸν πόνον ὁ θυμός τε, ἐφούσκωσαν αἱ φλέβες τὰ λαιμέ τε, καὶ ἔβγαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τῶ προσέτι ἀνωιγμένον εἷς ἀφρὸς ἄγριος, με θανατηφόρον σάλιον, ἢ με ἀναθυμίασις, ὡστὼ ἀπὸ λάκκον βαθύτατον, ἢ ὁποία ἐμόλυνε τὸν ἀέρα, ἢ ἐξήραινε τὰ χόρτα. Αὐτὸς ποτὲ μὲν περιεσφίγγετο, σχηματίζοντας ἀπέραντον κύκλον, ποτὲ δὲ ἀπλώνετο ὡς δοκός, καὶ τινάζεται με τόσην βίαν, ὡς χείμαρρος παρορμηθεὶς ἀπὸ τὰς βροχάς, ὥστε σχεδὸν ξεριζώνει τὰ δένδρα με τὸ ἁπότημα τῶ κορμέ τε. Ὡστόσον ὁ Κάδμος ἀπαντᾶται εὐπρεπῶς ἀπὸ τὸν θυμόν τε· εἶναι φυλαγμένος ἀπὸ τὰ δαγκώματά τε με τὴν λεοντίαν, ἢ ἐμποδίζει τον με τὸ κοντάρι τε να πλησιάση. Θυμῶνει ὁ δράκων περισσότερον, ἢ δαγκάνει εἰς μάτην τὸ σίδηρον, ἀπὸ τὸν ἐμποδίζει. Ἡ γῆ ἀρχίζε να κοκκινίζη ἀπὸ τὸ φαρμακερὸν αἷμα, ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τε ἔχυνεν· ὅμως αἱ πληγαί τε ἦσαν ἀκόμη ἐλάχισται, ἐπειδὴ ἐπαραχωροῦσαν εἰσῶς, ὁπόθεν ἠδυνάτετο τῆς ἀκμῆς τῆ σίδηρο, καὶ παρακαλώντας, δὲν ἄφινε να βυθίση τὸ σίδηρον. Τέλος πάντων ὁ Κάδμος κρατῶντας τὸ κοντάρι εἰς τὸ στόμα τῦ, ὑπολύει πάντοτε, ἕως ὅτε τὸ θηρίον ἐμποδίστη ἀπὸ ἓν μέγα δένδρον, ἀπὸ παραχώρουντας ἐσωπάντησε, καὶ τότε τὸ ἔχωσε τόσον δυνατὰ τὸ κοντάρι εἰς τὸν λαιμόν, ὥστε ἐξύτησε τὸν δράκοντα ὁμοῦ ἢ τὸ δένδρον. Τὸ βάρος τῆ δράκοντος ἐλύγισε τὸ δένδρον, ἢ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε να τὸ κρημνίση με τὰς ἄγκρας τῆς οὐράς τε.
While the conqueror stares at the vast bulk of his conquered enemy, suddenly a voice is heard. It is not easy to imagine where it comes from, but it is heard. �Why gaze, son of Agenor, at the serpent you have killed? You too shall be a serpent to be gazed on.� For a long time he stands there quaking, and at the same time loses colour in his face, and his hair stands on end in cold terror. Then, behold, Pallas, the hero�s guardian approaches, sinking down through the upper air, and orders him to turn the earth and sow the dragon�s teeth, destined to generate a people. He obeys, and opening the furrows with a slice of his plough, sows the teeth in the ground, as human seed. Then, almost beyond belief, the cultivated earth begins to move, and first spear points appear among the furrows, next helmets nodding their painted crests, then chests and shoulders spring up, and arms weighed down with spears, and the field is thick with the round shields of warriors. Just as at festivals in the theatre, when the curtain is lifted at the end, designs rise in the air, first revealing faces and then gradually the rest, until, raised gently and steadily, they are seen whole, and at last their feet rest on the lower border.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ ὁπὸ ὁ ζέστος τῆ μεγέθους τῆ ἱττηθούντος ἐχόρῃ, ἤκουσον ἐξαφρα μίαν φωνήν, χωρὶς νὰ κατακλάβῃ πόθεν ἤρχετο, ὅπου τοῦ ἔλεγον οὕτω· διὰ τί υἱὲ τοῦ Ἀγήνορος ἔρπεσαι πόσον τσελεργαζόμενος εἰς ὥραν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ ἐπιτηδεότης σου ἔλαβαν τὰ νικητήρια; καὶ σὺ μίαν ἡμέραν, μεταμορφούμενος εἰς ὀφίδιον, θέλεις ἀποκινήσει εἰς ἄλλας ἐμέινον τὸν φόβον, ἀπὸ ἔλαβες πώρα ἀπ' αὐτὸν. Ἀκούωντας ὁ Κάδμος τὰς λόγας ταύτας, ἔγινεν ἔντρομος, χανώντας ἐν τῷ πατὲ τὴν φωνὴν τὲ τὸ χρῶμα, τὲ ὠρθώθησαν τὰ μαλλία τὰ εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν του. Τότε ἡ Ἀθηναία, ἡ ὁποία πάντοτε τον ἐβοήθησεν, ἔφανη ἔμπροσθέν του, καὶ τὸν ἐπρόσταζε νὰ ὀργώσῃ τὴν γῆν, καὶ νὰ σπείρῃ τὰ ὀδόντια τῆ ὀφίδης ἐκείνης, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔμελλε νὰ γεννηθῇ μέγας λαός. Ὁ Κάδμος εὐθὺς ὑπακούει τῆς Θεᾶς, ὀργώνει τὴν γῆν καὶ σπείρει τον νέον σπόρον· καὶ εὐθὺς (ποῖος ἠδύνατο νὰ πιστεύσῃ αὐτὸ τὸ τεράστιον;) ἤρχισαν νὰ κινοῦνται τὰ χώματα, καὶ νὰ φύξωνται πρῶτον, αὐχὲ ἀστραχών, εἴδηρα κονταρόπλιον· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τρελκεφαλαῖαι, σκεπασμέναι μὲ τρὲ διαφόρων χωμάτων· ὕστερα πλάται, στήθη, κὲ χέρια ἐνωπλισμένα μὲ κονταρία κὲ σπαθία· κὲ τέλος ὅλος οὗτος δυνατὸς ἄμητος πολεμικῶν ἀνθρώπων. Οὕτως ὅταν σηκώνονται εἰς τὸ θέατρον τὰ παραπετάσματα, φαίνεται πρῶτον ἡ κεφαλὴ τῶν ὑποκριτῶν, ἔπειτα κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον ξεσκεπάζεται τὸ ἐπίλοιπον τοῦ σώματος, κὲ φαίνεται τέλος ὅλος αὐτῶν νὰ πατῶν μὲ τὰς πόδας τὴν γῆν. Ὁ Κάδμος βλέπωντας αὐτὸν τὸν νέον ἐχθρόν, ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ πιάσῃ τὰ ὅπλα· ἀλλ' εὐθὺς ὕνας ἀπὸ ἐκείνης τῆς γηγενείας ἐσφόλαβε νὰ τοῦ εἴπῃ νὰ μὴ φοβῆται, καὶ νὰ μὴ συγχίζεται. Σπάθης, τὰ ἐφώναζε, μὴν ἀναχω-
τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πόλεμον· ἄφες νὰ τελειώσωμεν ἡμεῖς τῆς φιλονεικίαν μας. Μόλις ὡμολόγησε καὶ μὲ τὸ ἀσφαλὶ τὰ ἐφόνευσαν δύο τῶν ἀδελφῶν του· καὶ αὐτὸς ἔπεσε καὶ αὐ- τὸς τετρυπημένος ἀπὸ τὸ δόρυ εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος, ὅπου τὸν ἐπληγώσε, δὲν ἦτο πολὺν καιρὸν μὲ τὴν ζωήν· ἕνας ἄλλος τὴν ἀφαίρεσε τὴν ζωήν, ὅπου παρὰ ὀλί- γον εἶχον ἀπολαύσει· καὶ ἀπολέσας ὅλοι αὐτοὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ παραφρονημένοι ἀπὸ μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν μανίαν, ἦγιναν ἐν ταὐτῷ καὶ φονεῖς, καὶ ἐκδικηταὶ οἱ δόροι τῶν ἄλλων. Οὕτως αὐτοὶ οἱ μανιώδεις θεοὶ, οἵ τινες εἶχον γεννηθῇ διὰ νὰ ἀποθάνουν εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν στιγμήν, ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθη- σαν, ἔβαψαν μὲ τὸ αἷμά των τὸν κόλπον τῆς μητρὸς των· ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἔλαβε καιρὸν νὰ τοὺς γνωρίσῃ. Ἐσώθησαν δὲ μόνον δὲ αὐτοῦ πέντε, ὁ Ἐχίων, ὁ Ὀνδαῖος, ὁ Χθόνιος, ὁ Πέλωρ, καὶ ὁ Ὑπερένωρ. Πρῶτος ὁ Ἐχίων, ἀφήνοντας τὰ ὅπλα, διὰ προσταγῆς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἐκάμεν ἀγάπην μὲ τοὺς ἀδελφούς του, τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ ἐκεῖνοι ἐδέχθησαν ὁμοίως. Τούτους ὁ Κάδμος, μετεχειρίσθη εἰς τὴν οἰκοδομὴν τῆς Πόλεως, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐπρόσταξε νὰ θεμελιώσῃ.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Δύσκολον εἶναι νὰ εἴπῃ τις τίποτε θετὸν μεταφράζοντας Ἱστορίας, τὸ πάλαι συγγεγραμμένας· ἐκεῖνο δὲ ὅλον ὅπου δύνεται νὰ παρατηθῇ εἶναι ἐνίοτε μία καλλιώτερα πρᾶξις, ἢ τινα νομίσματα, καὶ ἕνα σχῆμα ἁρμόζοντες εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν. Οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῇ πα- ρούσῃ τοῦ Κάδμου, τῆς πολλὴν ἀλήθειαν
Αὕτη ἡ ὁμιλία ἡ τελευταία εἶναι ἀξιοθλάστες ἢ δυσπιστοτέρα τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀδόντων τῶν εὐπαρόντων, ἢ τὴν εἰς ἀνθρώπους μεταβολήν.
Διττῶς διηγεῖται λοιπὸν δεῦ λέγω τοῦ Μύθου, ἀλλὰ φησὶ Ἱστορίαν τοῦ Κάδμου, ἡ ὁποία ἔδωσε ἀφορμὴν τοῦ Μύθου. Τινὲς μὲν λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἐστάλη ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀγήνορα τοῦ πατέρα του, ἢ Βασιλέα τῆς Φοινίκης, εἰς ἀναζήτησιν τῆς ἀδελφῆς του Εὐρώπης, ὅπου τὴν εἶχεν ἁρπάξη. Ἢ ὅτι αὐτὴ ἐξῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἢ εἰς ἄλλους τόπους, ὅπου ἰδρυμένην εὗρε μεγάλην κοιλάδα Ἀφρόδιτα τοῦ Ἄρεως ἔχω πεῖθεν μεσεῦθεν ἐν ταῦ συνθέσειν. καὶ ἄλλως ἀμέσως εἰς ὅλην τὴν χώραν· ἢ ἐκ τούτου ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἐφώτισεν εἰς Δράκοντα, καὶ ἔπειδὴ τὰ ὀδόντα του, ἔπεσαν φεύγοντας τοῦ Ἀρχηγοῦ, διεσκορπίσθησαν οἱ ἄλλοι κλέπται οἱ σπαδοῦ ἢ σώφρονι.
Alarmed by this new enemy Cadmus was about to take up his weapons: �Keep away� one of the army, that the earth had produced, cried at him �and take no part in our internal wars!� So saying he raised his sharp sword against one of his earth-born brothers nearby, then, himself, fell to a spear thrown from far off. But the one who killed him lived no longer than he did and breathed out the air he had just breathed in. This example stirred them all equally, as if at a storm-wind, and, in their warring, these brothers of a moment were felled by mutual wounds. And now these youths, who were allowed such brief lives, were drumming on their mother�s breast hot with their blood. Five were still standing, one of whom was Echion. He, at a warning from Pallas, threw his weapons on the ground and sought assurances of peace from his brothers, and gave them in return. The Sidonian wanderer had these men as companions in his task when he founded the city commanded by Apollo�s oracle.
Now Thebes stands, and now you might be seen as happy, in your exile, Cadmus. You have Mars and Venus as your bride�s parents, and added to this the children of so noble a wife, so many sons and daughters, and dearly loved descendants, your grandchildren, who now are young men. But in truth we should always wait for a man�s last day, for that time when he has paid his last debt, and we should call no man�s life happy until he is dead.
Ἀλλοι δὲ λέγουσιν ὅτι Κάδμος, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Ἀγήνορος, ἀποκτείνας τὸν Δράκοντα Βασιλέα τῆς Βοιωτίας, ἐκληρονόμησεν αὐτὸ τὸ Βασίλειον, οἱ δὲ φίλοι ἢ υἱοὶ τοῦ Δράκοντος συνώμοσαν νὰ πολεμήσουν τὸν Κάδμον, ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος τοὺς ἔβαλεν ὑπέρτατα εἰς ἀγχομαχίαν, ἢ μᾶλλον αὐτοὶ τοὺς ἐφόνευσαν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντα τοῦ Δράκοντος ἐλάχησαν στρατιῶται, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐφονεύθησαν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἔσπειρε τὰ ὀδόντα διὰ παρέγκλησιν τῆς Ἀθήνας, ἥτις ἐπάρεσεν αὐτὸν νὰ ἐκλέξῃ τοὺς μὲν ἐπιτηδείους ἀπὸ τὴν φρόνησιν· ἐπειδὴ βλέπων αὐτὸς τοὺς νέους στρατιώτας νὰ ἐγείρονται εὐθέως μὲ τὴν περικεφαλαίαν κεκομμένην, ἔρριψεν ἀθωράτως μίαν πέτραν κρυφίως, ἡ ὁποία ἐγείρουσα ζῆλον διὰ τούτους ἦναι αἰτία ἀπὸ
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'.
τῆξε καὶ συμμαχίαι, ὅσαι γίνονται εἰς τοιαύτας πειρασίας, οὐδὲν εἶναι ποτε στερεαὶ, ἐπειδὴ κάθε ἀκολουθοῦσι μερικὰ περιστατικὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα τὰς διαλύουσιν, ἢ μεταβάλλουσιν εἰς μίσος ἢ ἔχθραν ἀθάνατον.
Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι μὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας, ὅπου ἐξυπνήθηκαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντα τοῦ Δράκοντος, καὶ ποῦσαν ἀδελφοί, ὡς γεννηθέντες ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πατέρα, μᾶς ὑποδεικνύουσιν, ὅτι δὲν εἶναι μεγαλύτερα μάχη ἀπὸ ἐκείνην, ὅπου γίνεται μεταξὺ τῶν συγγενῶν, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἀδελφῶν· ἢ καθὼς εἰς τὰ φυσικὰ, οὕτως ἠμπορεῖ νὰ εἴπῃ τινα καὶ εἰς τὰ ἠθικὰ, ὅτι ἡ φθορὰ τῶν καλλίτερων πραγμάτων, εἶναι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἡ μεγαλυτέρα.
Ὁ δὲ Ναζιανζὸς Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ἐφαρμόζει αὐτοῦ τὸν Μῦθον εἰς ἐκείνους, ὅσοι ὑψώνονται εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ ἀξιώματα τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ἀνάξιοι ὄντες, ἐπειδὴ οἱ τοιοῦτοι διὰ τὴν ἀχαριστίαν εἶναι, ὡς ἔμεινεν ἀχαριστότατος αὐτὸς ἐκεῖνος ὅπου ὑπὸ τὴν ὁδὸν ἔνθα παρεμένει. Ἀμμιανὸς δὲ ὁ Μαρκελλῖνος λέγει, ὅτι μὲ τοιοῦτον ἀνέμου ἡ πληγεῖσα ἔξωθεν τοῦ πληθυσμοῦ νὰ διαβαίνει ὑπὸ τὴν ἔνδυσιν τῆς Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ἐράσμιος θέλει νὰ δώσῃ εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν Μῦθον, ἀναφέρων ἀστείως εἰς τὰς πεπαιδευμένας καὶ σοφὰς ἄνδρας τὸ πλάσμα τῆς ὀδόντων τοῦ δράκοντος, ὅπου μεταμορφώθησαν εἰς πολεμιστάς. Λέγει λοιπὸν ὅτι τὰ ὀδόντια, ὅπου ἐσπάρθησαν εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, σημαίνουσι τὰ γράμματα, τὰ ὁποῖα ὁ Κάδμος πρῶτος ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ τὴν Φοινίκην, καὶ ὅτι οἱ ὡπλισμένοι ἄνδρες, ὅπου ἐξεπήδησαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὀδόντια τοῦ Δράκοντος, σημαίνουσι τοὺς σοφοὺς καὶ ὅλους τοὺς γραμματισμένους· ἡ δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, λέγει, τούτων ἐπίθεσις σημαίνει πῶς ζηλοτυποῦν ἀδιαλείπτως μεταξὺ των.
ACTAEON
Actaeon, one of your grandsons, was your first reason for grief, in all your happiness, Cadmus. Strange horns appeared on his forehead, and his hunting dogs sated themselves on the blood of their master. But if you look carefully, you will find that it was the fault of chance and not wickedness: what wickedness is there in error? It happened on a mountain, stained with the blood of many creatures, and midday had contracted every shadow and the sun was equidistant from either end of his journey. Then Actaeon, the young Boeotian, with a quiet expression, spoke to his companions in the hunt as they wandered through the solitary wilds �Friends, our spears and nets are drenched with the blood of our victims, and the day has been fortunate enough. When Aurora in her golden chariot brings another day we will resume our purpose. Now Phoebus is also between the limits of his task, and is splitting open the earth with his heat. Finish your present task and carry home the netted meshes� The men obeyed his order and left off their labour.
There was a valley there called Gargaphie, dense with pine trees and sharp cypresses, sacred to Diana of the high-girded tunic, where, in the depths, there is a wooded cave, not fashioned by art. But ingenious nature had imitated art. She had made a natural arch out of native pumice and porous tufa. On the right, a spring of bright clear water murmured into a widening pool, enclosed by grassy banks. Here the woodland goddess, weary from the chase, would bathe her virgin limbs in the crystal liquid.
Περὶ τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, τοῦ ἐξ ἐλάφου μεταμορφωθέντος.
Ὁ Ἀκταίων, ἔγγονος τοῦ Κάδμου, μεταβάλλεται εἰς ἔλαφον, καὶ κατασχίζεται ὑπὸ τῆς σκύλης αὐτοῦ, διὰ τί εἶδε γυμνὴν τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, ἡ ὁποῖα ἔλουτο μὲ τὰς Νύμφας της.
Ὡς αὐξήσθησαν αἱ Θῆβαι, καὶ ὁ Κάδμος ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὀνομασθῇ εὐτυχέστατος διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν του ἐξουσίαν. Ἔπεμε περὶ θηρίων του τὸν Ἄρην, καὶ περὶ γάμον τὴν Ἀφροδίτην τῆς ἐξοῦ ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ, ἔλαβεν ἀπὸ τὴν γαμηλίαν του τὴν Ἁρμονίαν πλῆθος υἱῶν καὶ θυγατέρων, ὥστε ἔβλεπεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον του μίαν εὔδοξον σειρὰν ἀπογόνων. Ἀλλὰ πρέπει πάντοτε νὰ προσμένωμεν τὴν ὑστερίαν ἡμέραν τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, διὰ νὰ κρίνωμεν περὶ τῆς εὐτυχίας του, καὶ κανεὶς δὲν πρέπει νὰ ὀνομασθῇ εὐτυχὴς πρὸ τοῦ θανάτου. Ἡ πρώτη δυστυχία, ἡ ὁποία ἐτάραξε τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τὸν ἐκάμε νὰ χύσῃ δάκρυα, ἦτον ἡ συμφορὰ τοῦ ἐγγόνου του Ἀκταίωνος, ὅστις μετεβλήθη εἰς ἔλαφον, καὶ ἐξεσχίσθη ἀπὸ τὴν σκύλην του, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐχορτάσθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ κυρίου των. Ἂν ἐρωτήσητε τὸ αἴτιον μιᾶς τόσον σκληρᾶς τιμωρίας, σᾶς λέγω ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐπάθε μόνον διὰ ἕνα τυχηρὸν σφάλμα· ἐπειδὴ ποῖος θέλει ὀνομάσει ἔγκλημα τὸ συμβεβηκὸς;
Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν κυνηγῶντάς με ἀτυχίαν, καθ᾽ ἣν ὥραν ὁ Ἥλιος ἀπέχει ἐπίσης ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀνατολῶν καὶ Δύσιν, ἐσυνάξει ὁ Ἀκταίων τοὺς συμφόρους του, οἱ ὁποῖοι οἱ ἀκόμη ἔτρεχον τῇ δὲ πανεύσῃ, καθ᾽ ἁρκετόν εἶναι, τοὺς λέγει, τὸ κυνηγίόν μας, καὶ πλησίον· αὔριον ξημερώνοντες, θέλομεν ἐξασκηθῆ πάλιν, τώρα δὲ ὁπὸ εἶναι ζέστη, ἃς ἀναπαυθῶμεν. Δόσατε ἄνεσιν εἰς τὰ δοξέδια, καὶ δίχτυα, τώρα ὅπου εἶναι καιρὸς νὰ δροσισθῶμεν, ἀνταμείβοντες τὸν κόπον μας μὲ τὴν ἀνάπαυσιν. Ἐκεῖνοι ὑπήκουσαν εἰς τὸ πρόσταγμά του, ἀφήνοντες πρόσθες τὸ κυνηγίον.
Ἐκεῖ πλησίον ἦτον σπήλαιον ὀνομαζόμενον τῆς Γαργαφίας, γεμάτον πίτυας ἔ σκιεράς, ἀφιερωμέ- νον δὲ τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι· ὅπου ἦτον σπήλαιον ἀγλαϊσμένον, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν ἦτον ποίημα τέχνης, ἀλλὰ τῆς φύσεως, μιμουμένης τὴν τέχνην· ἐπειδὴ εἶχε μίαν καμάραν ἀπὸ ζωντανῆς πέτρας, ἡ ὁποῖα ὀνομάζεται ψευδὴς, με- μιγμένην μὲ ἐλαφρὰς πώρους, ἥτις ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ φύλ- λα ἔκαμνε τὸν τόπον χαρμόσυνον, καὶ ψυχρόν. Ἐφαί- νετο νὰ ἐξέχει δεξιόθεν, ἀναμεταξὺ εἰς δύο πηγαῖα ὁλοπράσινα, νερὸν καθαρώτερον ἀπὸ τὸ κρύσταλλον· ὅπου ἡ Θεὰ τῆς δρυμῶν εἰσώθιζε νὰ λούεται, ὅταν ἦτον ἀποκαμωμένη ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον. Ὅταν λοιπὸν ἐφθά- νει ἐκεῖ ἡ Θεὰ, ἔδωκεν εἰς μίαν νύμφην τὸ τόξον καὶ τὴν φαρέτραν, καὶ τὸ κοντάριν τῆς. Ἄλλη δὲ τὴν ἔνδυσε, ἄλλη τὴν ἐξυπόδησε, καὶ ἡ Κροκάλη θυγά- τηρ τοῦ Ἰσμηνοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἡ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδειοτέρα, τῆς ἐξέπλεξε τὰ μαλλία, καὶ ἐκρέμασεν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τῆς· αἱ δὲ λοιπαί, δηλαδὴ ἡ Νεφέλη, ἡ Ὕαλη, ἡ Ῥανίς, ἡ Ψεκάς, καὶ ἡ Φιάλη
Having reached the place, she gives her spear, quiver and unstrung bow to one of the nymphs, her weapon-bearer. Another takes her robe over her arm, while two unfasten the sandals on her feet. Then, more skilful than the rest, Theban Crocale gathers the hair strewn around her neck into a knot, while her own is still loose. Nephele, Hyale, Rhanis, Psecas and Phiale draw water, and pour it over their mistress out of the deep jars.
While Titania is bathing there, in her accustomed place, Cadmus�s grandson, free of his share of the labour, strays with aimless steps through the strange wood, and enters the sacred grove. So the fates would have it. As soon as he reaches the cave mouth dampened by the fountain, the naked nymphs, seeing a man�s face, beat at their breasts and filling the whole wood with their sudden outcry, crowd round Diana to hide her with their bodies. But the goddess stood head and shoulders above all the others. Diana�s face, seen there, while she herself was naked, was the colour of clouds stained by the opposing shafts of sun, or Aurora�s brightness.
However, though her band of nymphs gathered in confusion around her, she stood turning to one side, and looking back, and wishing she had her arrows to hand. She caught up a handful of the water that she did have, and threw it in the man�s face. And as she sprinkled his hair with the vengeful drops she added these words, harbingers of his coming ruin, �Now you may tell, if you can tell that is, of having seen me naked!� Without more threats, she gave the horns of a mature stag to the head she had sprinkled, lengthening his neck, making his ear-tips pointed, changing feet for hands, long legs for arms, and covering his body with a dappled hide. And then she added fear. Autono��s brave son flies off, marvelling at such swift speed, within himself. But when he sees his head and horns reflected for certain in the water, he tries to say �Oh, look at me! but no voice follows. He groans: that is his voice, and tears run down his altered face. Only his mind remains unchanged. What can he do? Shall he return to his home and the royal palace, or lie hidden in the woods? Shame prevents the one, and fear the other.
λάσῃ ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἢ πλανώμενος μέσα εἰς τὸ δάσος, ἔφθασεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον, ὅπως ἡ κακὴ τὰ τύχη τον ἔφερεν. Αἱ Νύμφαι ὁλόγυμνοι μόλις τὸν εἴδασιν, ἢ ἐφώναξαν μεγάλως, ὥστε ἀντήχησον ὅλον τὸ δάσος, καὶ περικυκλώσασαι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, τὴν ἐσκύλαν με τὰ κορμία των. Ὅμως ἡ Θεὰ ἐφαίνετο ὑπεράνω αὐτῶν, ἐπειδὴ τας ὑπερέβαινεν ὅλας μίαν σπιθαμήν. Στοχασθῆτε τῶν νεφῶν τὸ χρῶμα, ὅταν ὁ Ἥλιος τας φωτίζεται ἀπαντίκρυς, ἢ τὸ τῆς ῥοδοδακτύλου Αὔρας ὅπου σημαίνεται, ἢ ἔτσι θέλετε κατελάβῃ ἢ τὸ χρῶμα τὰ προσώπου τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ὅταν ἐφάνη γυμνὴ ἔμπροσθεν εἰς ἄνδρα· καὶ ἀν καλὰ ἦτον περικυκλωμένη ἀπὸ τὰς Νύμφας της, ἔστρεψε τὸ πρόσωπόν της ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος· καὶ ἂν εἶχε τὸ τοξίδι της εἰς τὸ χέρι, ἤθελε τιμωρήσῃ εὐθὺς αὐτὸν τὸν ἀθῶον νεανίαν. Θέλουσα δὲ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, ἐπῆρε νερόν με τὰ χέρια της, καὶ τὸ ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον, καὶ εἰς τὰν μαλλία τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, προφέρουσα αὐτῷ τὰ λόγια· ἢ μπορεῖς πῶρα νὰ καύχησαι ὅτι εἶδες τὴν Ἄρτεμιν γυμνήν· ἂν ἠμπορέσῃς, ἐγώ σὲ τὸ συγχωρῶ· καὶ διθύς, χωρὶς νὰ τὸν φοβερίσῃ περισσότερον, ἔκαμε νὰ φυτρώσῃ εἰς τὸ κεφάλι του δυσφυχές αὐτοῦ, τὰ κεράτια ἐλαφίου, νὰ μακρυνῇ ὁ λαιμός του, νὰ ὀρθωθῶσι τὰ αὐτία του, καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ μετέβαλε τὰ χέρια του εἰς ποδάρια, καὶ τὰς βραχίονας του εἰς μηρούς, σκεπάζουσα ὅλον τὸ κορμί του με μία περὶ ξηροτριχώδης, ξανθοῦ, καὶ πλουμισμένον με μικρὲς βελᾶς μαύρας, καὶ ἐμπνέουσα εἰς τὴν καρδίαν του τὸν φυσικὸν εἰς τοὺς ἐλάφους φόβον. Τρομάξει ὁ ἄθλιος, φεύγει, θαυμάζει τὴν ταχύτητα τῶν ποδῶν του, καὶ τὴν ἐλαφρότητάτως, ἀλλ' ὅταν εἰς μίαν βρύσιν εἶδε τὰ κεράτια του, καὶ τὴν
μεταβολὴν τοῦ προσώπου τής, ἠθέλησε νὰ εἰπῇ, „ οἴμοι „ τῷ ἀθλίῳ „„ ἀλλ' ἡ φωνὴ δὲν ἠμπολόδησε τοῦ στο- χασμόν τής· κ' ἄρχισε νὰ ξευδζῃ. Αὐτὴ ἦτον ὅλη τής φωνή, αὐτὴ ἦτον ἡ ὁμιλία τής· καὶ μόθος ἄρχησαν νὰ ξέρχον τὰ δάκρυα εἰς τὸ μεταβεβλημένον πρόσωπόν τής· ὅμως εἰς αὐτὸν τὸ μεταβολὴν, ἐφύλαξε τὸ λογικὸν τής, κ' ἐσκορτάζεται τί νὰ κάμῃ ὁ παλαιτώαρος, νὰ ὑπάγῃ εἰς τὸ βασιλικὸν τής παλάτιον, ἢ νὰ κρυφθῇ εἰς τὰ δάση· ὁ φόβος ποὺ ἀποκόπτει ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα, καὶ ἡ εὐ- τροπὴ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο. Εἰς τὸ ἀνάμεταξυ δὲ ὁπὲ ἐστο- χάζετο τί νὰ κάμῃ, τὸν βλέπουν τὰ σκυλὰ του, καὶ πρῶτος ὁ Μελάμπους, καὶ ὕστερα ὁ Ἰχνοβάτης γαυγί- ζων ἐναντίον του, κ' ὕστερα ἔξυγαν ὅλα ὁμοῦ, ὁ Παμ- φάγος, ὁ Δορκεύς, ὁ Θηρωβάτης, ὅλα Ἀρκάδια σκυλὰ, ὁ δυνατὸς Νεβροφόνος, ὁ μανιώδης Θήρων, ὁ ἐλαφρὸς Πτεράλης, ὁ Ἄγρευς, ὁ καλλιώτερος ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ κυ- νηγετικά, ὁ Ὕλαξ, ὅπρο πάρὸ ὀλίγου ἐπληγώθη ἀ- πὸ ἀγρίχοιρου, ἡ Νάπη, ὅπου εἶχε γεννηθῇ ἀπὸ λύκου, ἡ Πομπεῆς, ὅπου μίαν φορὰν ἐφύλαττε πο- βάδια, ἡ Ἁρπυῖα μὲ δύο μεταβάκια τής· καὶ ὁ Σί- κυούης Λάκων, κ' ὁ Δρόμας, κ' ἡ Κανακή, ἡ Στί- κτη, ἡ Τίγρος, ἡ Ἀλκή, ὁ Λεύκων, ὁ Ἄσβολος ὁ Λάκων, ὁ ταχίκλιώτερος εἰς τὴν ἀναβόλωσιν, ὁ Αἴλ- λων εἰς τὴν εὕρεσιν τῆς κυνηγῆς, ὁ Θόος ὁ ἁρπακτικὸς, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶχεν εἰς τὸ μέτωπον ἄσπρον σημεῖον, ὁ Μελανεύς, ὁ Λάχνης, ὁ Λάβρος, ὁ Ἀγειάδης, ὁ Ὑλακτὴρ, ὅπερ ἐλακτόγετο ἀπὸ ἕνα Κρητικὸν σκύλον, καὶ μίαν σκύλαν ἀπὸ τὴν Λακωνίαν, κ' ἀκολούθως ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤθελεν εἶναι βαρετὸν νὰ ἐπα- ριθμήσωμεν κατ' ὀνόματα, τὸν ἐδίωξαν εἰς τὰ δάση, κ' εἰς τόπους ἀβάτους. Ὁ Ἀκταίων, θέλοντας νὰ φυλαχ- θῇ,
While he hesitates his dogs catch sight of him. First �Black-foot�, Melampus, and keen-scented Ichnobates, �Tracker�, signal him with baying, Ichnobates out of Crete, Melampus, Sparta. Then others rush at him swift as the wind, �Greedy�, Pamphagus, Dorceus, �Gazelle�, Oribasos, �Mountaineer�, all out of Arcady: powerful �Deerslayer�, Nebrophonos, savage Theron, �Whirlwind�, and Laelape, �Hunter�.
Then swift-footed Pterelas, �Wings�, and trail-scenting Agre, �Chaser�, fierce Hylaeus, �Woody�, lately gored by a boar, the wolf-born Nape, �Valley�, Poemenis, the trusty �Shepherd�, and Harpyia, �Snatcher�, with her two pups. There is thin-flanked Sicyonian Ladon, �Catcher�, Dromas, �Runner�, �Grinder�, Canache, Sticte �Spot�, Tigris �Tigress�, Alce, �Strong�, and white-haired Leucon, �Whitey�, and black-haired Asbolus, �Soot�.
Lacon, �Spartan�, follows them, a dog well known for his strength, and strong-running A�llo, �Storm�. Then Thoos, �Swift�, and speedy Lycisce, �Wolf�, with her brother Cyprius �Cyprian�. Next �Grasper�, Harpalos, with a distinguishing mark of white, in the centre of his black forehead, �Black�, Melaneus, and Lachne, �Shaggy�, with hairy pelt, Labros, �Fury�, and Argiodus, �White-tooth�, born of a Cretan sire and Spartan dam, keen-voiced Hylactor, �Barker�, and others there is no need to name. The pack of them, greedy for the prey follow over cliffs and crags, and inaccessible rocks, where the way is hard or there is no way at all. He runs, over the places where he has often chased, flying, alas, from his own hounds. He longs to shout �I am Actaeon! Know your own master!� but words fail him, the air echoes to the baying.
θῇ, τρέχεις ὡς ἔλαφος ἀπὸ ἐκεῖ, ὅπως αὐτὸς μίαν φοράν ἐκυνηγέσε τὰς ἐλάφας. Ἔφησεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἰδίας του δήλας, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς συλλάς του, θέλοντας νὰ τὰς εἴπῃ, ὅτι ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ Ἀκταίων, γνωρίσατε τὸν αὐθέντην σας, ἡ γλῶσσα δὲν ὑπήκουσεν εἰς τὸ νόημά του, ἀλλ' αὐτηχθῇ ὁ ἀὴρ ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγρίας φωνὰς τῆς συλλῶν. Πρῶτος ὁ Μελαγχαίτης τὸν ἐπίασεν, ὁ δὲ Ὀρεσίφοντος τὸν ἔθαγχασεν εἰς τὴν πλάτην. Αὐτοὶ οἱ δύο σκύλοι μὲ ὅλον ἀπὸ ἐξέβαν ὑστερώτερα ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας, ὅμως συντέμνοντες τὸν δρόμον ἀπὸ τὸ βουνόν, ἔφθασαν οἱ πρῶτοι, καὶ ἐπίασαν τὸν αὐθέντην τας. Τότε ἐρρίφθησαν ἐπάνω του καὶ ὅλες οἱ ἐπίλοιποι σκύλοι, καὶ δαγκάσαντες του, δὲν εἴχασι πλέον τόπον νὰ τὸν δαγκάσουν πάλιν. Ἀναβοᾷ εἰ ὁ Ἀκταίων, φωνάζεις αἰσχοκόπως, καὶ ἡ φωνῇ δὲν ὡμολόγησεν οὔτε ἀνθρώπου, οὔτε ἐλάφου γονατίζει πάλιν διὰ νὰ τὰς παρακαλέσῃ νὰ μὴ τὸν κακοποιήσουν πλέον, στρέφει τὸ κεφάλι τας πανταχόθεν, κοιτάζει πότε τὸν ἕναν, πότε τὸν ἄλλον, μὴν ἡμπορώντας νὰ ἀπλώσῃ χέρια. Ὡς τόσον οἱ κυνηγοὶ ἀγερόχουν τὰς σκύλας, ἀναβοῦν τὸν Ἀκταίωνα, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶναι ἔμπροσθέν των, καὶ τὸν φωνάζουν ὡσὰν νὰ ἦτον ξεμακρὰ. Συνώνει ὁ δύστυχος τὴν κεφαλήν του ἀκούοντας τὸ ὀνόματά τας, ἀλλὰ τῇ εἶναι ἀδύνατον νὰ τὰς δώσῃ γνωριμίας μὲ τὴν φωνήν του, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποί του δὲν γνώρισαν τὰ χήματά του. Τὸς κακοπαίνεται ὅτι δὲν ἦτον καὶ αὐτὸς παρὼν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον μὲ αὐτούς· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος ἀληθῶς τὸ ἐπεθύμει νὰ μὴν ἦτον παρών, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ βλέπῃ τὰς σκύλας του ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἔλαφι, καὶ ὄχι ἐπάνω του.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 143
Ακταίων απέθανεν από τὰς αναελεήμους πληγὰς τῶν σκύλων του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ποῖος δὲ θέλει απλαγκνισθῇ τὸν δυστυχῆ Ακταίωνα, ὅπου εἶδε αὐ θεωρήθη εἴτε ἱστορικῶς, εἴτε μυθικῶς; Θέλοντας αὐτὸ νὰ φυλάξει καθαρεύουσα περὶ απλόστητα ζώη, ἢ του θήλους αφερομένης εἰς τὰ κυνήγια· καὶ δίδοντας πόλεμον μὲ τὰ ζῶα· καθὼς νὰ αδικῇ, ἴσα· ἢ βλάπῃ τινα ἢ ανθρώπων· ἢ εἰς κακὸν σπᾷ ἄλλου του ανόμου· ζῶον δυστυχῆ διὰ τὴν ακάμου ἢ απλήστου ζωῇ), αὐτὸ ἐξευρα τιμωρεῖται σκληρότατα, ὥστε νὰ ἦτον εἰς τὴν πλέον διακεκουσμένων κακεργῶν. Τέω μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι "δὲν ὀφείλει κακὸν νὰ νομίζεσθαι δι συχῆς ἀπὸ τὰ θεσπότη, ἢ περὶ νὰ ἦτον μέγας Βασιλεύς.
Αλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι βιᾷ ὅπως νὰ ἐλθοσμῦ εἰς τὸ ηθικόν.
Ας συλλογισθῶμεν ὡραῖον τὸ ἱστορικόν, καὶ ἔπειτα θέλομεν παλαίσει νὰ εὑρηγάλωμεν ἢ ὑπὸ τὴν τον Μύθον τινα ὠφέλιμον ἰνδείαν.
Λέγουσί τινες ὅτι ὁ Ακταίων ηγέρτα κατὰ πολλὰ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἀντας ακόμη νεὸς ὢν αντὸς δὲ εἰς ἡλικίαν, ἢ βλέπωντας τὰς κινδύνους αὐτῆς τῆς ασκήσεως, ἀρχῆθη νὰ φοβῆται τὰ κακά, ὅσα ἄλλοι πολλοὶ εἶχον πάθῃ· ἔμεινε δ' ὅμως περὶ ὑγείαν καθαρὸν από τὴν κυνηγίων, ἴσως δ' αφόρμου τὴν Μυθολογίαν νὰ εἴπῃ ὁ κακοκλήμος. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ἢ αλήθεια ὦ απόθῃ ὑπὸ τὴν σκύλων του, ὥς λύσσαν κινηθέντων νυν κακὸν τὰ Σειριος αστρος.
First �Black-hair�, Melanchaetes, wounds his back, then �Killer�, Theridamas, and Oresitrophos, the �Climber�, clings to his shoulder. They had set out late but outflanked the route by a shortcut over the mountains. While they hold their master the whole pack gathers and they sink their teeth in his body till there is no place left to wound him. He groans and makes a noise, not human, but still not one a deer could make, and fills familiar heights with mournful cries. And on his knees, like a suppliant begging, he turns his wordless head from side to side, as if he were stretching arms out towards them.
Now his friends, unknowingly, urge the ravening crowd of dogs on with their usual cries, looking out for Actaeon, and shouting, in emulation, for absent Actaeon (he turning his head at the sound of his name) complaining he is not there, and through his slowness is missing the spectacle offered by their prey. He might wish to be absent it�s true, but he is here: he might wish to see and not feel the fierce doings of his own hounds. They surround him on every side, sinking their jaws into his flesh, tearing their master to pieces in the deceptive shape of the deer. They say Diana the Quiver-bearer�s anger was not appeased, until his life had ended in innumerable wounds.
Ὡς πόσον ἡ Μεταμόρφωσις τῆ Ἀκταίωνος εἰς ἔλαφον μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι οἱ Ἄνθρωποι, ὅσοι εἶναι ἐμπαθῶς δοσμένοι εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον, γίνονται ἄγριοι, ἢ ἵνα εἴπω κάλλιον ὑποθηριώνονται, ἀπάγονται ἀπὸ τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα, μὲ τὸ ἵνα ἀξεβηδᾶν πάντε εἰς αἰδίοσιν ὕβρεις, ἀπ᾽ εὐχειρότητα. Τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶς δήλωσε καὶ ὁ Θεόκριτος με τὸν εἰκὸν ἐκεῖνον·
. . . . . . . Στρέψαι κύνας, ὦ τὺ φάγωσι.
Πρὸς τούτοις ἡ ἐπειδὴ εἶναι τινὰ πράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα δεῖ νὰ μὴ γνωρίζῃ συγχρόνως φορὰ διάβασίν μας, αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος τῆ Ἀκταίωνος, ὅστις εἶδε τὴν Ἄρτεμιν εἰς τὸ λουτρόν, μᾶς διδάσκει ἐκεῖνο, τὸ ὁ ἕτερος Μῦθος προλαβὼν μᾶς ἐνεδείξατο, δηλαδὴ νὰ μὴν εἴμεθα περίεργοι εἰς πράγματα μὴ ἀνήκοντα εἰς ἡμᾶς, καὶ νὰ μὴν ἐρευνώμεθα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς Βασιλέως, τὸ ἀκολουθῶς ὅλων τῶν ἀξιωματικῶν, ἐπειδὴ φοβούμεθα μὴ τὰς μαρτυρήσῃς· ἢ πραγματικὰ λῆψη νὰ τὰς ἐμαρτύρησες· πολλάκις σε φέρουν εἰς ἀφανότητα.
Ὑπάρχει δ᾽ ἡμῖν τις ἐννοίας ἔργον νὰ παραμοιάσθωσιν αἱ σκύλες τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος ἢ τὰ παράσιτα, τὸ κόλακες· Καὶ βέβαια, καθὼς ὁ Ἀκταίων ἐφάγθη ἀπὸ τὰς σκύλας του, τὰς ὁποίας εἶχε διὰ τὸ ξεφάντασμα τοῦ κυνηγίου, ἔτσι οἱ οἱ παράσιτοι ἢ κόλακες, ὑπὸ πρόφασιν τοῦ ἀρέσκειν τὸ χαρίζεσθαι εἰς πλουσίους τὸ ἄρχοντας, κατατρώγουσιν ἐκείνους, τὸ ὅλην τοῦ φέροντος αὐτούς.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ΄.
Περὶ τῆς κεραυνωθείσης Σεμέλης, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Βάκχου, τοῦ εἰς τὸ μηρίον τοῦ Διὸς κεκλεισμένου.
Η Σεμέλη ζητεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ Διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ ἐν ὀψικελίᾳ ὑπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔσχον, καθ'ὃν ὑπέσχετο τῇ Ἥρᾳ, ὅπου ὑπάγῃ νὰ καμφθῇ μὲ αὐτόν. Φούσαις τὸν Βάκχον, ὕφηγη τὸν καὶ ζοφῇ.
Διαφόρας ἐλαλήθη διὰ τῶν ἐπιδικήσεων τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος· καὶ τινὲς μὲν εἶπον ὅτι ἐφάνη σκληρότερα τοῦ δικαίου· ἄλλοι δὲ ἐγκωμίασαν τὸ ἔργον της, ὡς ἄξιον σεμνῆς παρθένου, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ παρθενία δέν δύναται ποτὲ νὰ εἶναι ἀρκετὰ σοβαρή. Τέλος πάντων τὸ ἕν, ὅσον καὶ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος εὕρισκον ἱκανὸν λόγον παρὰ βεβαίωσιν τῆς ἰδίας γνώμης. Μόνη ἡ Ἥρα ἀδιαφόρησεν εἰς τοῦτο, ἐπειδὴ δέν ἐσκοχάζετο τόσον ἂν ἡ ἐνδίκησις τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἦτον ἐπίμεμπτος, ἢ ἐξύπαινος, ὅσον ἔχαιρε διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν, ὅπου ἔπεσεν εἰς τὸ ἀσήμιον τοῦ Ἀγήνορος· διότι τὸ φῶς τῶν Εὐρώπης μίσος, τὴν ἔκανε νὰ ἀποστρέφηται ὅλον τὸ γυναῖον της. Πρὸς αὐτὰς, ἐπειδὴ ἡ Σεμέλη, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς γενεᾶς. Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τῆς Ἑρμιόνης, ἐγκύρωσεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Διὰ, νέον
αἴτιον μῖσος προστέθη εἰς τὸ πρῶτον, καὶ νέα φλόγα εἰς τὸν Θυμὸν τῆς Ἥρας. ,,Τί ἀπέλαυσα, ἔλεγε, μὲ τὰς φωνὰς, καὶ μὲ τοὺς ὀνειδισμούς μου; ἀφέπες μόνη μου νὰ πολεμήσω αὐτὸν τὸν γονέαν· ἀφέπες μάλιστα νὰ τὸν ἀφανίσω, ἂν καλῆμαι δικαίως ἡ παντοδύναμος Ἥρα, ἂν ἠξεύρω νὰ βαστάσω τὸ σκήπτρον, ἂν εἶμαι ἡ βασιλὶς τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, γυνή καὶ ἀδελφὴ τοῦ Διός· ἀγναλὲ τώρα ἄλλο δὲν μοῦ ἔμεινε παρὰ τὸ νὰ εἶμαι ἀδελφή του. Τάχα αὐτὴ ἡ ἀντίτυπος μας εἰκανετήθη μὲ ἕνα μόνον ξηρὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ ἡ ὕβρις, ὅπου μου ἐπλόμε, τάχα δὲν ἐπροχώρησε παραπέρα; ὄχι ὄχι, ἡ κοιλία τῆς μᾶς δειχνει τὸ ἔγκλημά της· αὐτὸ ἔλειπον εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν μας· ναῦ ἐκεῖνο ἀπὸ αὐτὴ θέλει, ἤγουν νὰ γίνῃ Μήτηρ διὰ τοῦ Διός, μόλις ἐγὼ τὸ ἐπέτυχα μίαν μόνον φοράν· τόσον ἡ εὐμορφία τῆς τὴν κάμνει ὑπερήφανον, καὶ τολμηράν. Ἀλλ' ἔχω ἠξεύρω νὰ κάμω τρόπον νὰ γελασθῇ ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά της, καὶ θέλω παύσει νὰ εἶμαι Ἥρα, ἂν αὐτὸς ὁ ἔμβρυός τῆς Ζῆς δὲν τὴν κρημνίσῃ εἰς τὸν Ἅδην.
The debate is undecided: to some the punishment is more violent than just, merely for seeing the face of a goddess, others approve it and call it fitting because of her strict vow of virginity, and both can make a case. Only Jupiter�s wife was saying nothing, neither of praise or blame. She was glad of the disaster that had come down on the house of Agenor, and had transferred her hatred from Europa, to those who were allied to the Tyrian girl by birth. Then there was a fresh wrong added to the first. She was grieved by the fact that Semele was pregnant, with the seed of mighty Jove. Swallowing words of reproach, she said �What, in truth, have I gained from frequent reproaches? I must attack her. If I am rightly to be called most powerful Juno, if it is right for me to hold the jewelled sceptre in my hand, if I am queen, and sister and wife of Jove, sister at least, then it is her I must destroy. Yet I think she is content with her secret, and the injury to my marriage will be brief. But she has conceived � and that damages me � and makes her crime visible in her swollen belly, and wants, what I have barely achieved, to be confirmed as the mother of Jupiter�s child, so great is her faith in her beauty. I will render that faith hollow. I am not Saturnia if she does not plunge into the Stygian waters, overwhelmed by Jove himself.�
Ταῦτα λέγουσα, ἐσηκώθη ἀπὸ τὸν θρόνον τῆς, καὶ σκεπασμένη μὲ ἕνα συννεφὸν, ὑπῆγε νὰ εὕρῃ τὴν Σεμέλην· ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἐβγῇ ἀπὸ τὸ συννεφὸν, μεταμορφώθη εἰς γραῖαν, ἐλεύκανε τὰ μαλλία τῆς, καὶ ὑπέφερε νὰ ζαρώθῃ τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς. Ἐφαίνετο δὲ τρέμουσα, καὶ ἐλάλει ὡς γερόντισσα, ὥστε ὅλοι ἤθελον πεῖ νὰ σοχάση νὰ ἦτον ἡ Βερόη, ἡ τροφὸς τῆς Σεμέλης. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν ἐλάλησε περὶ διαφόρων πραγμάτων μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν, ἐπεχείρησε νὰ πέσῃ ὁ λόγος καὶ περὶ τοῦ Διός, καὶ τότε στενάζουσα, ἐπιθυμῶ, τῆς λέγει, νὰ μὴ σὲ ἀπατᾷ, ὅς νὰ ἦτον ἐραστής σου· ἀλλὰ δὲν τὸ πιστεύω, καὶ πόσα ἄλλα παραδείγματα μὲ φοβίζουν· ἐπειδὴ πόσοι κακοῦργοι ὑπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῶν Θεῶν δὲν ἠπάτησαν τὰς παρθένους· Πρὸς τοῦτο, δὲν ἀρκεῖ νὰ εἶναι ἐραστής σου ὁ Ζεύς, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται νὰ σὲ δώσῃ καὶ κανένα σημεῖον ἀγάπης, ἐὰν ἡ ἀγάπη του εἶναι ἀληθής. Πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν παρακαλέσῃς νὰ ἔλθῃ εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν σου μὲ τὴν αὐτὴν μεγαλοπρέπειαν, ὁποῦ τὸν περικλώνει ὅταν πηγαίνῃ νὰ κοιμηθῇ μὲ τὴν Ἥραν. Πρέπει, διὰ νὰ βεβαιωθῇς, ἢ νὰ ἡσυχάσῃς, νὰ φανῇ ἐμπροσθή σου μὲ τὰ σημεῖα, δι' ὧν τὸν γνωρίζουσιν οἱ Θεοί·
Τοιούτης λογῆς ἡ Ἥρα ἐσυμβούλευσε τὴν Σεμέλην, ἡ ὁποία ἠγνόει πόθεν ἐφοιτήρχετο αὕτη ἡ ὀλέθριος συμβουλὴ· καὶ οὕτως ἀπατηθεῖσα, ἐπαρακάλεσε τὸν Δία νὰ τῆς ὁρκισθῇ, ὅτι ἤθελε τῆς κάμῃ μίαν χά- ριν ἀφθίτως, χωρὶς νὰ τῆς εἴπῃ τί ἐζήτει. Ζή- τησόν με καθὲ ἀφόβαν ὅ, τι θέλῃς, τῆς λέγει ὁ Ζεὺς, ἢ διὰ νὰ πισθεύσῃς περισσότερον εἰς τοὺς λόγους μου, προσκαλέσω μέ μάρτυρα τὴν Στύγα λίμνην, τὴν ὁποίαν φοβοῦνται οἱ Θεοί· ἢ κατὰ τινα εἶσον εἶναι Θεὸς τῆς Θεῶν Ἡ Σεμέλη ἐχαίρετο διὰ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ἔμελλε νὰ τὴν θανατώσῃ, καὶ ἀγνοοῦσα ὅτι ἡ ὑπα- κοὴ τοῦ Διὸς ἦτον ὁ ἀφορισμὸς της, ἠκολούθησε τὴν συμβουλὴν τῆς Ἥρας, καὶ λέγει πρὸς τὸν Δία· θέ- λω νὰ ἔλθῃς πρὸς ἐμὲ καθὼς ὅταν ἡ Ἥρα συνη- θίζει νὰ σὲ δέχεται, ὅπως διατηρῇς τὴν ρύσιν μὲ αὐτῆς Ἐπάχισεν ὁ Ζεὺς νὰ κλείσῃ τὸ στό- μα της, ἀλλ' ὁ λόγος εἶχεν ἐξέλθῃ. Ἐλυπήθη εἰς τὸ ζήτημά της, τὸ ὁποίας ἐκεῖνος εὐκόλως ἔβλεπε τὸ τέλος· ἀλλ' ἦταν ἀδύνατον νὰ μὴν ἐπεθύμησεν ἡ Σεμέλη τὴν ὀλέ- θριον
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 149
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ἐνδέχεται ἐξηγηνεῦσαι εἰς τὸν πάροντα ΜΥΘΟΝ ὅτι ἱστορικόν τι, οὐδὲ ἡ Δικαίως, ἢ λεγόμεθα μόνον ὅτι ἡ Σεμέλη μὰς παρουσιάζει ἐκείνους, οἱ ὁποῖοι ζητοῦντες νὰ ἴδουν τοῦ Θεοῦ πολλὰ σήματα, θέλουν νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὰς θείας δυνάμεις τῷ λόγῳ εἰς ἐκεῖνας, ὅσας ἀπο-βλέπουσι τὰς Θείας, ἐκπλήττονται, ἢ χάνονται πέλος πάσων αἰσ-θήσεων τὲ τρόπον, ἰς τὴν θανάτου.
At this she rose from her seat and cloaked in a dark cloud she came to Semele�s threshold. But before she removed the cloud she disguised herself as an old woman, ageing her hair, ploughing her skin with wrinkles, and walking with bowed legs and tottering steps. She made her voice sound old and was herself Bero�, Semele�s Epidaurian nurse. So, when they came to Jupiter�s name,� in the midst of their lengthy gossiping, she sighed, and said �I hope, for your sake, that it really is Jupiter, �but I am suspicious of all that sort of thing. Many men have entered the bedrooms of chaste women in the name of the gods. It�s not good enough for him merely to be Jove: he must give a proof of his love if it truly is him. Beg him to assume all his powers before he embraces you, and be just as glorious as when Juno welcomes him on high.
With such words Juno gulled the unsuspecting daughter of Cadmus. Semele asked Jupiter for an unspecified gift. �Choose!� said the god, �Nothing will be refused, and, so that you may believe it more firmly, I swear it by the Stygian torrent, that is the divine conscience, the fear, and god, of all the gods.� Pleased by her misfortune, too successful, and doomed to be undone by her lover�s indulgence, Semele said �As Saturnia is used to your embrace, when you enter into the pact of Venus, give yourself to me!� The god would have stopped her lips as she spoke: but her voice had already rushed into the air.
He groans, since she cannot un-wish it or he un-swear it. So, most sorrowfully, he climbs the heights of heaven, and, with a look, gathered the trailing clouds, then added their vapours to lightning mixed with storm-winds, and thunder and fateful lightning bolts. Still, he tries to reduce his power in whatever way he can, and does not arm himself with that lightning with which he deposed hundred-handed Typhoeus: it is too savage in his grasp. There is a lighter dart to which the Cyclops�s hands gave a less violent fire, a lesser anger. The gods call these his secondary weapons. Taking these he enters Agenor�s house. But still Semele�s mortal body could not endure the storm, and she was consumed, by the fire of her nuptial gift.
The infant Bacchus, still unfinished, is torn from the mother�s womb, and (if it can be believed) is sewn into his father�s thigh to complete his full term. Ino, his mother�s sister reared him secretly, in infancy, and then he was given to the nymphs of Mount Nysa who hid him in their cave and fed him on milk.
Ἰδοῦ δὴ εἶναι χρείας νὰ ἀσχώμεθα εἰς τῆς Οὐρανοῦ, ἐπειδὴ ἡ πατρίὰ ἔχεις ἀποβλέψει τὰ χθόνια. Βλέπομεθα ἐδῶ περαιτέρας ἀστράκων, ἡ Βρόχελος τὰ Διὰ συνδεδεμένη μὲ ἄλλω τῶ ἅ παραπᾶς, μ᾽ ἐκεῖνα εἰς τὲ ἱερέπλιας δυσλοκεῖσται ὅπως Σέλα τὰ φατὲ κατὸς συμβοῦν ἐν συνδιρεῇν μὲ τῷ Ἥρα. Τ᾽ Σέλες γεννήσει αὐτὴ ψ μεσαράη καπσοκελῆν Πρέπει βέβαια ν᾽ ἄνεται ὅμὲ κακῆα ἀξιολόγον ἀπάγμα, τὸ ὲ ὀποφελὲς εἰς τὰς αἰδράπεις. Ἂν Σέλμης ν᾽ ἁ μέθης, λέγωσι ὅτι γίνεται δέα τῆν ψήλιοιν τὰ οἴης.
Ἂν εἰς τῆς ἄλλης Μύθης ἀδειοκεῖται τίποτε φυσικὸν, ἡδικὸν, ἢ ἱσοεικὸν, τῶτος ὅμως ὑποβλέπει ὅλες τῷ Φύσιν. Κανένας ἀεδὸ ἔχει, ὅπως νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι μὲ πόλιν πέρδρα ἐτι μὲ τὸν Δίδυμον, ἢ Βάκχον ἐγγενεῖται ὁ οἶνος ἐπειδὴ ὑπὸ ὅλες τῆς παλαιᾶς Θεῦες, δεῦ εἶναι κανέας ἄλλος γνωρίμωστέρος, ἢ ὅπως νὰ ἐχ λάξει καλλήτερα πὴ εἰδσίας τῆ, ὲ ὕποληπτιν.
Ἡ Σεμέλη λοιπὸν δήλαι τῆν γῆν; ἡ ὁποία βλέψαῖδα τὰ κλήματε, ὲ τὰ ζωογονεῖ μὲ τὴν παχυτητα τῆς ὑδρότητος. Ὅταν δὲ λέγωσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεῦς ἐφυλάξε τὸν Βάκχον εἰς τὸ μήνειον, δυζάζωντος του ἀπὸ τῆν κοιλίαν τῆς μητρὸς τῷ Σέλει νὰ ἂ δέξαι μὲ τῆσῦ, ὅτι ἀφ᾽ ἂ ἀμπέλι βλάστησον του κάρπον, ἢ τὸ ἀγεντες, ἀλλὰ μὲ ἄλλες μεθιωτερε. Ἔτι ἠμπορεῖ γυνὰ ε δω νὰ περιεργασθῆ ὅτι ὁ Βάκχος ἐγεννήθη δύο φοράις, ἐπειδὴ μὲ τὸ διαλυειλοῦνται τινες νὰ ὑποδείξουν ὅτι τὸ κλῆμα ἦτον γνωστὸν ἢθ φρο τὰ Κατακλευσμα, ἢθ μετὰ τὸν υἱόν.
Ἅμα μετὰ τὸ γεννηθῆ τὸν ἐπαράθη νὰ βαρῆ ὑπὸ τῶν Νυμφῶν. Τὶ ἀρχνῆ δηλοῖ τι τοῦτο; Λέγουσί τινες ὅτι αἱ Νύμφαι φανερώνουσι σὰν μεβίαν δροσίαν ἠθ' ὑγρασίαν· ἐπειδὴ ὅσαν τὸ κλῆμα, τὸ ὑγροτέρον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ δένθρα, ἔχη μεβίαν σὰν ὑγρασίαν, ὁ καρπὸς ται γίνεται καλλίωτερος, καθ' αὔξησει ἐν παντί. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι αἱ Νύμφαι, ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκρύψαν ἐς τὰ σπήλαια των, σημαίνουσι τὰ ἀγγεῖα, ὅπου βάθειεῖ τὸ κρασὶ διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῆ, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι, διὰ νὰ σηθῶ ἔσω, τὰ σπήλαια, ἠθ' τὰ παλάτια τῆ Βάκχης.
Περὶ τε γυναικωθέντος Τειρεσίου, καὶ ἔπειτα πάλιν ἀναλαβόντος τὴν προτέραν μορφήν του.
Δ'ἐρίζει ὁ Ζεὺς ἐς μία τὶς ἡμερῶν μὲ τὴν Ἥραν, πλέον εὐθυμὸς ἀπὸ τὸ συμπόσιόν του, ἔπειτα ὁπὸ πᾶσα αἰτία, ὁπὲ τὶς ἔναμβη, ἠθέλαν ἀμφότεροι πείρηνα νὰ μάθουν ποῖος ἠθ δυὸ ὁ ἀνήρ, ἢ μᾶλλον ἡ γυνὴ ἠσθάνειτο πειρασσότεραν ἡδονὴν εἰς τὸ ἔργον τῆς γυνὴς. Ὁ μὲν Ζεὺς διεκήρυξε ὅτι ἡ γυνή, ἡ δὲ Ἥρα ἐδιάσωσε πὲ ὁς εἶχε δίκημα ἀπὸ τὴ γυνή.
While these things were brought about on earth because of that fatal oath, and while twice-born Bacchus�s cradle remained safe, they say that Jupiter, expansive with wine, set aside his onerous duties, and relaxing, exchanging pleasantries, with Juno, said � You gain more than we do from the pleasures of love.� She denied it. They agreed to ask learned Tiresias for his opinion. He had known Venus in both ways.
Once, with a blow of his stick, he had disturbed two large snakes mating in the green forest, and, marvellous to tell, he was changed from a man to a woman, and lived as such for seven years. In the eighth year he saw the same snakes again and said �Since there is such power in plaguing you that it changes the giver of a blow to the opposite sex, I will strike you again, now.� He struck the snakes and regained his former shape, and returned to the sex he was born with.
As the arbiter of the light-hearted dispute he confirmed Jupiter�s words. Saturnia, it is said, was more deeply upset than was justified and than the dispute warranted, and damned the one who had made the judgement to eternal night. But, since no god has the right to void what another god has done, the all-powerful father of the gods gave Tiresias knowledge of the future, in exchange for his lost sight, and lightened the punishment with honour.
Ὅταν εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐγίνοντο πάντα, καὶ τὴν ἄφυκτον Θέλησιν τῆς εἱμαρμένης, ὁ δὶς γεννημένος Βάκχος ἀνεξέφερτο εἰς ἀσφάλειαν, λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς εὔθυμος ἦν, ὁ ἀφρόντιστος, διαχυθεὶς τῷ νέκταρι, διέξηβε παίζων μετὰ τὴν Ἥραν, καὶ συνωμίλουν περὶ διαφόρων χαροποιῶν πραγμάτων. Ναὶ, τῆς λέγει ὁ Ζεὺς, αἱ γυναῖκες λαμβάνουσι περισσοτέραν ἡδονὴν συνευριαζόμεναι μὲ τοὺς ἄνδρας, παρὰ οὗτοι μὲ αὐτάς. Εἰς τοῦτο ἡ Ἥρα δὲν ἐπείθετο, ὅθεν ἀπεφάσισαν νὰ πειθῶσιν εἰς τὸν Τερεσίαν, ὅς τις εἶχε γνῶσιν τῆν ἡδονὴν τῆς ῥώπτος ὡς ἄρρην, καὶ ὡς γυνή· ἐπειδὴ μίαν φορὰν κτυπῶντας εἰς ὂν σκοτεινὸν δάσος δύω ὄφιδια ἀντεμωμένα, ἄρρην ὢν πρότερον, ἔγινε γυνὴ ἐπὶ ἑπτὰ χρόνους. Εἰς δὲ τὸν ὄγδοον χρόνον συναπαντᾷ τὰ αὐτὰ ὀφίδια, ὡς δοκιμάσω, εἶπε, ὁποίαν δύναμιν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐὰν τινὰς κτυπῶντας σᾶς ἠμπορῇ νὰ ἀλλάξῃ φύσιν. καὶ οὕτω κτυπῶντας τὰς ἔλαβε τὴν πρώτην μορφὴν του, γινόμενος πάλιν ἀνήρ. Τοῦτον λοιπὸν ἔβαλαν αἱρετὸν κριτὴν τῆς ἀσείας ταύτης φιλονεικίας μεταξὺ Διὸς, καὶ Ἥρας· αὐτὸς δὲ ἐβεβαίωσε τὴν γνώμην τοῦ Διὸς. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἥρα τὸν ὠργίσθη διὰ αὐτὴν τὴν κρίσιν, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, ἐστύφλωσε τὸν κριτὴν της, καταδικάσασα αὐτὸν νὰ διάγῃ εἰς αἰώνιον σκότος. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἀναιρέσῃ ἄλλος Θεὸς, ἐκεῖνο, ὅπερ ἔκαμεν ἄλλος ὁ Ζευς, εἰς ἀνταμοιβὴν τῶν σωματικῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, ὁποὺ ἡ Ἥρα τοῦ εἶχεν ἀφαιρέσει, τὸν ἐχάρισε τῶν ἐσωτερικῶν τὸ προόγνωσιν τῶν μελλόντων, πρὸς παρηγορείαν τῆς λύπης του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ἀσφαλῶς μόνον ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου κατὰ φῶς τῶν προσβολῶν μᾶς παρίσταται εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, βλέπομεν περιπλῶτε· τί, πῶς ἤτο νὰ μεταμορφώθη αὐτὸς εἰς γυναῖκα, ἢ πάλιν εἰς ἄνδρα ἀπὸ δυνατικῶς. Ὁ Τίτος Λίβιος γράφει ὅτι αὐτὸς τις ἔγινε γυνὴ εἰς τὸ Σπολίτιον, πόλιν τῆς Ἰταλίας, ἀλλὰ ἤδοντος τῶν πολλῶν ὀλίγα παραδείγματα ἀσφαλίζονται. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁπόσοις φαίνεται ἠδονῶσαν ταῦτα παράδοξα εἰς τὰς Παλαιάς, τὸ ἐλάμβανον ὡς ἄμβωσι τῆς Ἐποχῆς. Ὁ Ἡρόδοτος, καὶ ἐπίκαιρον πάντως ὕστερον γὰ τὸ ἐξαλείψῃ. Καὶ εἰ ἄρα ἡ Ἰδέα ποτε δὲν ἔτυχε μὲν παρόμοια πράγματα, ἀλλὰ ἵνα τὸ παρακινήσεται ταῦτα εἰς τὸ πλειότερον, ἰδὲ ὅθεν ἐνίοτε φορᾶν γυναῖκες ἁρμόδεσι, καὶ τὸ συνέβη ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις πολλάκις ἐνίοτε τινές, ἡ φύσις πάντο οὕτως ὁποῖος νὰ διάφορα, ἰδὲ οἱ ἄνδρα τῶν γυναικῶν λέγονται ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ εἶναι ὁ πράγματα, ἢ Φοβερὰ εἶναι λοιπὸν τὸ συμβάν τῷ Τειρεσίᾳ, ἀλλ᾿ ἁπλῶς ἀσφαλῶς μᾶς τὸ φαῦλον μόνον· ἐὰν δὲ βαθύτερον, γνωρίζομεν εὐθὺς ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος οὗτος παρακινεῖ τινὰ πράγματα δύσμορφα ἰδὲ ἄσχημα, τὰ ὁποῖα οὐδέποτε κρύπτουσι πρέπουσαν ψυχήν· καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω μὲ βραχυλογίαν, ὁ Μῦθος παρακινεῖ τῆς παλαιᾶς καιροῦ τὸ γένος, καὶ ἐκεῖνο ὡς εἴπομεν εἶναι ἴδιον ἰδὲ μεγίστην τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς γένος.
Ὁ Τειρεσίας ἐκλαμβάνεται ἐδῶ ἀντὶ τοῦ λόγου, ὥσάν γὰ ἐπιμελεῖτο πάρα τοῦ Θεοῦ. Ὁ λόγος εἶναι ἄρρενον εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δίδει, ὅτε νὰ εἴπω οὕτω, τῆς ἀρχῆς εἰς τὴν γνῶσιν, ἀφοῦ ἀπ᾿ αὐτὸν γεννᾶ τὰ πάντα.
Famous throughout all the Aonian cities, Tiresias gave faultless answers to people who consulted him. Dusky Liriope, the Naiad, was the first to test the truth and the accuracy of his words, whom once the river-god Cephisus clasped in his winding streams, and took by force under the waves. This loveliest of nymphs gave birth at full term to a child whom, even then, one could fall in love with, called Narcissus. Being consulted as to whether the child would live a long life, to a ripe old age, the seer with prophetic vision replied �If he does not discover himself�.
For a long time the augur�s pronouncement appeared empty words. But in the end it proved true: the outcome, and the cause of his death, and the strangeness of his passion. One year the son of Cephisus had reached sixteen and might seem both boy and youth. Many youths, and many young girls desired him. But there was such intense pride in that delicate form that none of the youths or young girls affected him. One day the nymph Echo saw him, driving frightened deer into his nets, she of the echoing voice, who cannot be silent when others have spoken, nor learn how to speak first herself.
Χρόνῳ ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τὸ Φθινόπωρον, πολλεῖοφύλλον παρὰ φλέβας ἥδη δένδρων, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἀνέβησεν ἡ θρεπτικὴ ὕλη, τὰ ἐξύμνανα ἀπὸ τὰ φύλλα στον, κατακλίνοντα ἢ ὡς φαλακρὰ, διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται, ὅτι ὁ καιρὸς ἀναλαμβάνει τοῦτο ἀπὸ πρώτην τοῦ μορφὴ διὰ τί ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον φαλακροὶ γίνονται μόνον οἱ ἄνδρες. Τέλος πάντων μυθεύουσιν ὅτι ὁ Τερεσίας ἔγινε Κριτὴς δύω Θεῶν, ὅπου ἠθέλησαν νὰ μάθουν ποῖος ὀπολαμβάνει περισσοτέραν ἡδονὴν ὁ ἀνὴρ ἢ ἡ γυνὴ εἰς τὴν μίξιν. Σημαίνεται δὲ διὰ τὸν Δία τὸ πῦρ, καὶ διὰ τὴν Ἥραν ὁ ἀήρ, ὁ δὲ Τερεσίας κάμνει δίκαιαν κρίσιν, λέγοντας ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ λαμβάνει περισσοτέραν ἡδονήν. Τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι ὁ καιρὸς, μὲ πολλὰς δοκιμὰς, ἢ πείρας, ὅπου ἔκαμεν, ἀπέδειξεν ὅτι διὰ νὰ βλαστήσουν τὰ δένδρα ἢ τὰ φυτὰ, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἤδη τὰ ἔχουσι πλὴν τὰς αὔρας, ἢ διὰ νὰ γαρξ ἔχουν, ἐπὶ διὰ ταῦτα ἀπεφάσισαν τὴν Μῦσον ὅτι ἡ Ἥρα ἐτύφλωσε τὸν Τερεσίαν, καὶ τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι ὁ ἀήρ, ὅπου παριστάνεται διὰ τὴν Ἥραν, ἀρχῆς τοῦ χειμῶνος σκεπασμένος μὲ συννεφᾶ, καὶ κατηχνίας, κάμνει τὸν καιρὸν σκοτεινὸν, καὶ ζοφερὸν, καὶ κατὰ τινα τρόπον τυφλόν.
Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ζεὺς τῶ ἔδωσεν, ἀντὶ τῶν σωματικῶν, νοητοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς του· τὸ πάλιν μὲν ἐπρέπωκεν ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν χειμῶνα πλησιάζει εἰς ἡμᾶς, διασκορπίζων τὰ σύννεφα, δίδει δύναμιν εἰς τὸν καιρὸν διὰ νὰ λυπήσῃ τὴν δυσκρασίαν τῆς γῆς, διὰ νὰ βλαστήσῃ· ἢ μᾶλλον ἐπήνει ὁ Ἥλιος κρατεῖται εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους διὰ τὴν πρόγνωσιν τῆς μελλούσης καρποφορίας τῶν ἀγρῶν· διότε ὅσοι πεξούρων διὰ τὴν γεωργικήν, κατακόμβησαν τὸν χειμῶνα ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα πόσους κάρπους ἠμποροῦν νὰ ἐλπίσουν.
Τὸ τοιοῦτον ὅθεν μὲ τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον ἠμπορῶ νὰ εἰπῇ τις ὅτι ἀφέβλεπε τὰ μέλλοντα, ἀληθέστερον πουλάχιστον ὅτι ἐκοπίασε νὰ τὰ μέλλοντα ἀφηγοῦνται κατὰ συνδιγμάτα.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. καὶ Γ'.
Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Ἤχοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς φωνήν, ἢ ἤχου, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ναρκίσσου τῆς μεταβληθέντος εἰς ἄνθος.
Ὁ Νάρκισσος, ἐρασθεῖς τῆς ἰδίας του μορφῆς, τὴν ὁποίαν ἔβλεπεν εἰς μίαν βρύσιν, μεταβάλλεται μετὰ τὸν θάνατόν του εἰς ἄνθος, φέρον τὸ ὄνομά του. Αὐτὸς ἠγαπήθη ἀπὸ πολλὰς Νύμφας, ἐξαιρέτως δὲ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἠχώ, τῆς ὁποίας περιέχει ὁ Μῦθος.
Τοιοῦτον ὥστε ὁ Τειρεσίας ἔγινε περίφημος εἰς ὅλας τὰς Ἀοίου χώρας, διὰ τὸ ἀσφαλὲς τῆς ἀποκρίσεων, ὅπου ἐδίδου εἰς τὰ πλήθη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤρχοντο νὰ τὸν συμβουλευθῶσιν· ἀλλ' ἡ Λειριόπη πρώτη ἐγνώρισε τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν λόγων του. Αὐτὴ ἡ Νύμφη, βιασθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὸν Θεὸν τοῦ Κηφισοῦ ποταμοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος τὴν περιέπλεξε μὲ τὰ νερά του, συνέλαβεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸ παιδίον, ᾗ τὸ ὠνόμασε Νάρκισσον· τὸ ὁποῖον μόλις ἐγεννήθη, ἔγινεν ἀξιέραστον, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐκείνη κατ' ὑπερ
Echo still had a body then and was not merely a voice. But though she was garrulous, she had no other trick of speech than she has now: she can repeat the last words out of many. Juno made her like that, because often when she might have caught the nymphs lying beneath her Jupiter, on the mountain slopes, Echo knowingly held her in long conversations, while the nymphs fled. When Saturnia realised this she said �I shall give you less power over that tongue by which I have been deluded, and the briefest ability to speak� and what she threatened she did. Echo only repeats the last of what is spoken and returns the words she hears.
Now when she saw Narcissus wandering through the remote fields, she was inflamed, following him secretly, and the more she followed the closer she burned with fire, no differently than inflammable sulphur, pasted round the tops of torches, catches fire, when a flame is brought near it. O how often she wants to get close to him with seductive words, and call him with soft entreaties! Her nature denies it, and will not let her begin, but she is ready for what it will allow her to do, to wait for sounds, to which she can return words.
By chance, the boy, separated from his faithful band of followers, had called out �Is anyone here?� and �Here� Echo replied. He is astonished, and glances everywhere, and shouts in a loud voice �Come to me!� She calls as he calls. He looks back, and no one appearing behind, asks �Why do you run from me?� and receives the same words as he speaks. He stands still, and deceived by the likeness to an answering voice, says �Here, let us meet together�. And, never answering to another sound more gladly, Echo replies �Together�, and to assist her words comes out of the woods to put her arms around his neck, in longing. He runs from her, and running cries �Away with these encircling hands! May I die before what�s mine is yours. She answers, only �What�s mine is yours!�
Scorned, she wanders in the woods and hides her face in shame among the leaves, and from that time on lives in lonely caves. But still her love endures, increased by the sadness of rejection. Her sleepless thoughts waste her sad form, and her body�s strength vanishes into the air. Only her bones and the sound of her voice are left. Her voice remains, her bones, they say, were changed to shapes of stone. She hides in the woods, no longer to be seen on the hills, but to be heard by everyone. It is sound that lives in her.
ὑπερβολὴ τὸ ἠγάπα, καὶ ἡ φύσις δὲν εἶχε κάμει ποτὲ παρόμοιον ὡραῖον βρέφος, ἐσυμβουλεύθη τὸν Τε- ρεσίαν, διὰ νὰ μάθῃ ἂν αὐτὸ ἤθελε ζήσει πολὺν και- ρόν, καὶ φθάσει ἕως εἰς τὸ γῆρας. Ὁ Τερεσίας τῆς ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι ἤθελε γηράσει, ἂν δὲν ἤθελε γνωρί- σει τὸν ἑαυτόν του. Αὕτη ἡ ἀπόκρισις ἐφάνη πολὺν καιρὸν ἀξιογέλαστος ἢ ματαία· ἀλλ' ὕστερον ἐβεβαίωσε μὲ τὸν παράξενον θάνατον, καὶ μὲ τὸ αἰνίγματον πά- θος τοῦ νέου. Ὅταν ὁ Νάρκισσος ἐπλήρωσε τὸν δέ- κατον ἕκτον χρόνον τῆς ἡλικίας του, καθὼς εἶχε τὴν ὡραιό- τητα εἰδὸς παιδίου, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰς χάριτας τῆς νεότητος, ἠγαπήθη δὲ ὕσω ἀπὸ πολλὲς νέες, ἢ ἀπὸ πολλὰ κο- ράσια· ἀλλ' ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά του, δὲν ἦτον ὀλιγωτέρα ἀπὸ τὴν διμορφίαν του, ἢ ποτὲ παιδίον, ἢ κοράσιον δὲν ἠξίωσε νὰ τὰ ἀρέσῃ. Ἐν μιᾷ δὲ τῶν ἡμερῶν, ἐν ᾧ ἐκυνήγει τὰ ἐλάφια, τὸν εἶδεν ἡ Νύμφη Ἠχώ, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ σιωπήσῃ, ὅταν ἄλλος νὰ λαλώσῃ, ἢ δὲν λαλεῖ χωρὶς νὰ λαλήσουν ἄλλοι. Εἶχε τότε τὸ κορμί της, καὶ δὲν ἦτον ἁπλῶς γυμνὴ φωνή· ὅμως δὲν ἐλάλει καλλιώ- τερα ἀπὸ τώρα, καὶ ἀπὸ ὅσους λόγους της ἤθελαν εἰ- πεῖ, δὲν ἠμπόρεσσε νὰ ἀποκριθῇ ἄλλο παρὰ τὸν ὑστερι- νόν. Αὕτη ἦτον μία ποινή, ὅπου ἡ Ἥρα τῆς εἶχε δώσει, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς ἐκείνη ἡ Θεὰ συχνάκις ἔπαγε νὰ πιάσῃ ἔξαφνα τὰς Νύμφας μὲ τὸν Δία, ἡ Ἠχὼ πλέον ἐμποδίζε πάντοτε μὲ τινὰς χαροποιὰς ὁμιλίας, ὅπου τῆς ἔλεγε, διὰ νὰ τῆς δώσῃ καιρὸν νὰ εὐθαρσήσωσι, ἢ νὰ μὴ πιασθῇ. Ἀλλὰ μὲ τὸν καιρὸν ἡ Ἥρα ἐκατάλαβε τὸ παίγνισμα, ἢ τῆς εἶπε· ἐγὼ θέλω
τωράξειν, ἐπειδὴ κατεδίκασαν αὐτὴν αἱ Νύμφαι νὰ μὴ λαλῇ ποτέ, παρὰ ὅσον ἄλλοι τῆς λαλήσαι, ἢ νὰ λέγῃ μόνον τὸν ὑστερώτερον λόγον.
Λοιπὸν μίαν ἡμέραν βλέψασα τὸν Νάρκισσον νὰ κυνηγῇ, ἐστράφη κατακόλλα, καὶ αὐθὶς τὸν ὑπολείπησε, χωρὶς ἐκεῖνος νὰ τὴν καταλάβῃ, καὶ βιαζομένη νὰ πλησιάσῃ, ἐφλογίστη περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ θυμίαμα, τὸ ὁποῖον πλησιάζον εἰς τὴν φωτίαν, αὐγάζει ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ φλόγας.
As Narcissus had scorned her, so he had scorned the other nymphs of the rivers and mountains, so he had scorned the companies of young men. Then one of those who had been mocked, lifting hands to the skies, said �So may he himself love, and so may he fail to command what he loves!� Rhamnusia, who is the goddess Nemesis, heard this just request.
There was an unclouded fountain, with silver-bright water, which neither shepherds nor goats grazing the hills, nor other flocks, touched, that no animal or bird disturbed not even a branch falling from a tree. Grass was around it, fed by the moisture nearby, and a grove of trees that prevented the sun from warming the place. Here, the boy, tired by the heat and his enthusiasm for the chase, lies down, drawn to it by its look and by the fountain. While he desires to quench his thirst, a different thirst is created. While he drinks he is seized by the vision of his reflected form. He loves a bodiless dream. He thinks that a body, that is only a shadow. He is astonished by himself, and hangs there motionless, with a fixed expression, like a statue carved from Parian marble.
Flat on the ground, he contemplates two stars, his eyes, and his hair, fit for Bacchus, fit for Apollo, his youthful cheeks and ivory neck, the beauty of his face, the rose-flush mingled in the whiteness of snow, admiring everything for which he is himself admired. Unknowingly he desires himself, and the one who praises is himself praised, and, while he courts, is courted, so that, equally, he inflames and burns. How often he gave his lips in vain to the deceptive pool, how often, trying to embrace the neck he could see, he plunged his arms into the water, but could not catch himself within them! What he has seen he does not understand, but what he sees he is on fire for, and the same error both seduces and deceives his eyes.
Fool, why try to catch a fleeting image, in vain? What you search for is nowhere: turning away, what you love is lost! What you perceive is the shadow of reflected form: nothing of you is in it. It comes and stays with you, and leaves with you, if you can leave!
Ὦ πόσαις φοραῖς ἤθέλησε νὰ πλησιάση εἰς αὐτὸν με πολλακείας καὶ παρακαλέσματα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις ἦτον αὐτῆς τοιαύτη, ὁποῦ ὡμάντιετο εἰς τὸν πόδον τῆς, ἡ δὲν τῆς ἄφινε νὰ ἀρχίσει αὐτὴ φωνῆς τὴν ὁμιλίαν, ἐπρόσμενεν ἀφορμήαν, ὥστε πάντοτε ἕτοιμος νὰ ἀποδείξῃ, ἐκεῖνα ὁποῦ ἐκεῖνος ἤθέλε λαλήσαι. Μίας φοραῖς λοιπὸν ἔχει τύχην ἐξευμάνιον ἀπὸ τῆς ὁπάδης τῆς, ἡ τὴν ἐφώναξε λέγων· ἐδῶ ποιὸς εἶναι· ἡ ἡ Ἠχὼ εὐθὺς ποῦ ἀπεκρίθη, εἶναι,· Ἄμεσον αὐτῶν τὸν φωνὼν ὁ Νάρκισσος, ἡ μὴ βλέπων τινὰ τριγύρω του, ἀπορῆσε. Κυττάζει εἰς κάθε μέρος, ἡ μὴ βλέπων τινὰ, φωνάζει μεγαλοφώνως,· Ἔλα· ἡ δὲ Νύμφη πάλιν του εἶπε τοῦ αὐτὸν λόγον. Κυττάζει ἄλλην μίαν φοράν, ἡ πάλιν μὴ βλέπων τινὰ νὰ ἔλθῃ, διὰ τί λοιπὸν, λέγει, διὰ τί μὲ φεύγεις; ἡ ἄμεσα ὅτι τοῦ ἀποκρίνεται τὸ ἐκείνην με τὰ αὐτὰ λόγια, με φεύγεις· Στέκει εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὁποῦ εὑρίσκετο, ἡ γελασμένος ἀπὸ τὴν εἰκόνα, ἡ φαντάσταν ἄλλης φωνῆς, λέγει· ἄς ἀνταμώθεμεν. Ἀποκρίνεται ἡ Νύμφη (ἡ ὁποῖα δὲν ἐδύνατο νὰ ἀποκρίσῃ ἀρεσκότερόν της λόγον,) χωρὶς νὰ χάσῃ καιρὸν, ἄς ἀνταμώθεμεν· ἡ ἐπήγε ἔξω ἀπὸ τὸ δάσος, διὰ νὰ ἀγκαλιάσῃ τὸν Νάρκισσον· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος φεύγει αὐθὺς, ἡ ἔλε
χείρας μης. Αποθήσαι, λέγει ὁ Νάρκισσος, καλλίτερα παρὰ νὰ μέ ἀγκαλιάσῃς· εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπεκρίθη· νὰ μέ ἀγκαλιάσῃς. Μετὰ ταῦτα, ἀπὸ τὴν εὐτροπήν της, ὅτι κατεφρονήθη, ἐκρύβη μέσα εἰς τὰ δένδρη, ἢ σκεπαζόμενη μὲ φύλλα, δὲν ἔχει ἄλλην παρηγορίαν εἰμὴ τῆς δρυμής, ἢ τὰ ἀσήλαια. Ὅμως δὲν ἄφησε τὸν ἔρωτα, χαῦσα ἀπ' ἐμπροσθίας τοῦ Νάρκισσου· ἀλλὰ τερατῶον ἡ καταφρόνησίς της μεγαλυτέραν τοῦ ἔρωτα της· καὶ τέλος πάντων ἀπὸ τὰς λύπας, αὐτοτιμωρίαν, καὶ ἐρωτικῶν φροντίδων, ἐξήρανθη ὅλον της τὸ σῶμα, μειωθιόμενον ἀπὸ φοβερὰν ληπότητα, ὥστε τὰ κόκκαλά της ἐπολήθησαν μὲ τὸ πέτει, καὶ ἡ φυσική ὑγρότης διεχύθη εἰς καπνόν, καὶ δὲν τῆς ἔμεινεν εἰμὴ ἡ φωνή, καὶ τὰ κόκκαλα, τὰ ὁποῖα λέγουσι νὰ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας· καὶ ἔτσι κρυμμένη εἰς τὰ δένδρη, δὲν φαίνεται ποτὲ εἰς τὰ ὄρη. Ὅλος ὁ κόσμος τὴν ἀκούει, καὶ δὲν τὴν βλέπει τινας, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι πλέον ἄλλο τι παρὰ φωνή, ἡ ὁποῖα ζῆ εἰς αὐτήν, καθὼς αὐτὴ δὲν ζῆ παρὰ εἰς μίαν φωνίαν.
Ὁ Νάρκισσος τούτον κατεφρόνησεν αὐτὴν μὴ Νυμφῶν, ἢ ἄλλας ποιὸς τῶν πηγῶν, ἢ τῶν ὀρέων· ἀλλὰ τέλος πάντων μία ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, παροξυσμένη ἀπὸ τὴν καταφρόνησίν της, ἔσηκεν εὐχήν, ἢ σηκώνουσα τὰς χείρας της εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, ἄμποτες, εἶπε, νὰ πέσῃς ἢ σὺ εἰς ἔρωτα, ἢ νὰ μὴν ἀξιώσῃς ποτὲ νὰ τὸν χαρῇς.
Ἡ Ῥαμνυσία, Θεὰ τῶν καταφρονήσεων, ἢ τὰ πείσματα, ἥκουσεν αὐτοῦ τὴν προσευχὴν, ἢ ἐπίμαινεν πρὸς ἀπόκρισιν. Ἐπεὶ πλησίον εὑρίσκετο βρύσις μὲ νερὸν πολὺν καθαρὸν ἢ ἥσυχον, ὥστε ὡμοίαζε τὸ κρύσταλλον, τῶν ὁποίαν οὔτε βοσκοὶ, οὔτε πρόβατα, ἔ
NARCISSUS
No care for Ceres�s gift of bread, or for rest, can draw him away. Stretched on the shadowed grass he gazes at that false image with unsated eyes, and loses himself in his own vision. Raising himself a little way and holding his arms out to the woods, he asks, �Has anyone ever loved more cruelly than I? You must know, since you have been a chance hiding place for many people. Do you remember in your life that lasts so many centuries, in all the long ages past, anyone who pined away like this? I am enchanted and I see, but I cannot reach what I see and what enchants me� � so deep in error is this lover � �and it increases my pain the more, that no wide sea separates us, no road, no mountains, no walls with locked doors.
�We are only kept apart by a little water! Whenever I extend my lips to the clear liquid, he tries to raise his lips to me. He desires to be held. You would think he could be touched: it is such a small thing that prevents our love. Whoever you are come out to me! Why do you disappoint me, you extraordinary boy? Where do you vanish when I reach for you? Surely my form and years are not what you flee from, and I am one that the nymphs have loved! You offer me some unknown hope with your friendly look, and when I stretch my arms out to you, you stretch out yours. When I smile, you smile back. And I have often seen your tears when I weep tears. You return the gesture of my head with a nod, and, from the movements of your lovely mouth, I guess that you reply with words that do not reach my ears!
�I am he. I sense it and I am not deceived by my own image. I am burning with love for myself. I move and bear the flames. What shall I do? Surely not court and be courted? Why court then? What I want I have. My riches make me poor. O I wish I could leave my own body! Strange prayer for a lover, I desire what I love to be distant from me. Now sadness takes away my strength, not much time is left for me to live, and I am cut off in the prime of youth. Nor is dying painful to me, laying down my sadness in death. I wish that him I love might live on, but now we shall die united, two in one spirit.�
ἔχε τολμήσῃ νὰ τὴν πλησιάσῃ. Εὑρέθη τέλος τὸ χορτάρι ὥσαν πράσινον τέλιον, φυλαττόμενον ἀπὸ τὸ νερόν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ἴσκιον τοῦ δάσους, ὅπου ἐμπόδιζε τὴν καῦσιν τοῦ Ἡλίου νὰ βλάψῃ τὴν δροσίαν του. Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον ὁ Νάρκισσος, κουρασμένος ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἦλθε νὰ ἀναπαυθῇ, καὶ βλέπων τὸ νερὸν νὰ τρέχῃ ἀναμεταξὺ εἰς τὰ χόρτα, ἐπεθύμησε νὰ ὑπάγῃ καὶ ἔως εἰς τὴν βρύσιν· αὐτὸς δὲ πίνων ἐξάφθη ἀπὸ τὴν ὡραιότητα τῆς ἰδίας του προσώπου, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶδε μέσα εἰς τὸ νερόν. Ἐρᾷ τὸ φαινόμενον, δηλαδὴ τὴν σκιάν του, καὶ νομίζει νὰ εἶναι σῶμα ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου δὲν ἦτον παρὰ σκιά. Ἐμβαίνει εἰς ἀπορίας, στοχάζεται μὲ προσοχὴν μεγάλην τὸ πρόσωπόν του, καὶ μένει ἀκίνητος ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν βρύσιν ὡς ἄγαλμα. Θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀμμάτια του, παρομοιάζοντα δύω ὡραῖα ἄστρα, τὰ χείλη του, ὅπου ἦσαν ἄξια διὰ τὸν Βάκχον, καὶ τὰ μαλλία του, τὰ ἄξια διὰ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα. Βλέπει τὸν λαιμόν του, ὅπου ὁμοιάζει μὲ τὴν λευκότητα τοῦ πολυτίμου ἐλέφαντος· θαυμάζει τὸ μικροπρεπὲς πρόσωπόν του, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα κάλλη του, διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔχει τὴν δυστυχίαν. Ἐπιθυμεῖ τὸν ἑαυτόν του· ἐρᾷ, καὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι τὸ ἐρώμενον· ζητεῖ, καὶ εἶναι αὐτὸς τὸ ζητούμενον· αὐτὸς εἶναι ἡ καιομένη ὕλη, καὶ ἡ καίουσα φωτιά. Ὦ πόσαις φοραῖς ἐφίλησε τὴν ἀπατηλὴν βρύσιν! καὶ θέλοντας νὰ φιληθῇ, ἔβαλε εἰς τὸ νερὸν ἕως τὰς ἀγκῶνας, καὶ δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ εὕρῃ τὸ φαινόμενον. Δὲν ἤξευρε τί εἶναι τὸ ὁρώμενον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκαίετο δι᾽ ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ἔβλεπε, καὶ μία καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ εἶναι, ἡ ὁποία τὸν ἀπατᾷ, ἀνήμμει καὶ ὀχλοσυστεῖ τοὺς
ζεσθαι νά ἀγκαλιάσης σύ φάντασμα· ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου ζητεῖς, δὲν διαπίσκεται εἰς πάντα μέρος· ἀπόστρεψον ὀλίγον τὰς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἂν θέλῃς κάμει παρόντα τὸ ποθήμενον. Ἡ εἰκών ὁποῦ βλέπεις, εἶναι ἡ σκιὰ τοῦ σώματός σου, ἡ ὁποία ἀπὸ τὸ μέρον ἀντακλᾶται· ἡ παθήδυσά σε, ὡραιότης, δὲν ὑπάρχει ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ της, ἀλλὰ προέρχεται ἀπὸ σέ, ἂν μένῃς ἐκεῖ ὅπου μένεις, θὰ ἀνακαθῇ αὐτὸς ὁποῦ ἂν σὺ ξεμακρύνῃς.
He spoke, and returned madly to the same reflection, and his tears stirred the water, and the image became obscured in the rippling pool. As he saw it vanishing, he cried out � Where do you fly to?� Stay, cruel one, do not abandon one who loves you! I am allowed to gaze at what I cannot touch, and so provide food for my miserable passion!� While he weeps, he tears at the top of his clothes: then strikes his naked chest with hands of marble. His chest flushes red when they strike it, as apples are often pale in part, part red, or as grapes in their different bunches are stained with purple when they are not yet ripe.
As he sees all this reflected in the dissolving waves, he can bear it no longer, but as yellow wax melts in a light flame, as morning frost thaws in the sun, so he is weakened and melted by love, and worn away little by little by the hidden fire. He no longer retains his colour, the white mingled with red, no longer has life and strength, and that form so pleasing to look at, nor has he that body which Echo loved. Still, when she saw this, though angered and remembering, she pitied him, and as often as the poor boy said �Alas!� she repeated with her echoing voice �Alas!� and when his hands strike at his shoulders, she returns the same sounds of pain. His last words as he looked into the familiar pool were �Alas, in vain, beloved boy!� and the place echoed every word, and when he said �Goodbye!� Echo also said �Goodbye!�
He laid down his weary head in the green grass, death closing those eyes that had marvelled at their lord�s beauty.
And even when he had been received into the house of shadows, he gazed into the Stygian waters. His sisters the Naiads lamented, and let down their hair for their brother, and the Dryads lamented. Echo returned their laments. And now they were preparing the funeral pyre, the quivering torches and the bier, but there was no body. They came upon a flower, instead of his body, with white petals surrounding a yellow heart.
Ὡς τόσον οὔτε φαγητοῦ, οὔτε ἀναπαύσεως φροντίς, δυσβατὸν νὰ τὸν ἀπομακρύνῃ ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον· ἀλλ' ἐντὸς πλαγιασμένος εἰς τὰ χόρτα, κοιτάζει ἀχρήτεα, οὐδὲ δύναται νὰ χορτάσῃ ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τὴν ἀπαράλληλον ὡραιότητα. Κάιεται, ἢ ἀποθνήσκει ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά της· ἀναστημονόμενος δὲ ὀλίγον, εἰς ὑψώνοντας τὰς χεῖράς του πρὸς τὰ δένδρα, ὁποῦ τὸν περιεκύκλωναν, ἔλεγεν οὕτως· "Ὦ δάση ποῖος ποτὲ ἐξ ὑμῶν τόσον ἐπηλεηρὰ; (διότι σεῖς τὸ ἠξεύρετε σκότεινα δάση, ὁποῦ ἐδώκατε πολλάκις μετοχὴν προσφορῆς εἰς τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ἐραστάς.) Ὅμως! εἰς τόσους αἰῶνας, ὁποῦ ἐπεράσατε, εἴδατε ποτὲ παρομοίαν λύπην, ἢ ἄλλον τινὰ, νὰ τρέχῃ τοιουτοτρόπως εἰς τὸ ἰδικόν του ἀξηνὸν τὸν ἀπελπισμόν; Βλέπω τὸ καλόν, ὁποῦ θέλω, εἰς δὲν ἠμπορῶ νὰ εὕρω ἐκεῖνο, ὁποῦ βλέπω, οὐδὲ ἐπιθυμῶ· ἐκεῖνο δὲ, ὁποῦ μὲ λυπεῖ περισσότερον εἶναι, ὅτι δὲν εἴμεθα χωρισμένοι οὔτε ἀπὸ μεγάλα πελάγη, οὔτε ἀπὸ ὑψηλὰ βουνὰ, οὔτε ἀπὸ ἰσχυρὰ τείχη, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀπὸ ὀλίγον νερόν. Αὐτὴ ἡ ὡραιότης, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπιζητῶ, ἔχει τὸν αὐτὸν ἔρωτα δι' ἐμέ, ἐπειδὴ ὁσάκις σκύπτω νὰ τὴν ἀσπασθῶ, τοσάκις σημώνεται οὐδὲ αὐτὴ νὰ κάμῃ τὸ ἴδιον, οὐδὲ πλέον ὀλίγον εἶναι τὸ διαχωρίζον ἡμᾶς, ὥστε φαίνεται ὅτι εἴμεθα σχεδὸν ἡψωμένοι.
μίαν μόνον ζωὴν. Μόλις ἔπαυσε νὰ παραπονῆται, καὶ ἡ πλάγη, ὅπου ποὺ ἐπύθλωνε, τοῦ ἔκαμε νὰ σφραγῇ πρὸς τὴν σκιὰν της, καὶ πότε ἔχυσε πόσα δάκρυα, ὥστε ἐδόλωσε τὸ νερὸν τῆς βρύσεως· ἡ ἐπειδὴ πότε ἡ εἰκών δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον καθαρά, διὰ τὴν δόλωσιν τοῦ νερῦ, ἄρχισε νὰ φωνάζῃ, βλέπων ὅτι ἐκείνην ἀλέφετο, πῆ φύγεις συθηρέ; στάσε, ἢ μὴ μὲ ἀφήσῃς πόσον ὀλίγαρα. Ἂν δὲν ἤμπορῶ νὰ σοῦ ἐγγίσω, ἂς μὲ εἶναι πᾶν συγχωρημένον νὰ σὲ βλέπω, ἢ τὰ βλέμματα τὰ σῆς νὰ εἶναι ἡ τροφὴ τῆς μωρέας μὲ. Ὅταν ἐπαραπονῆτο ἀνέχισε τὸ φόρεμα τς, καὶ χτυπώντας τὸ θῆθος μὲ τὰς χεῖρας τς, τὸ ἔκαμε νὰ ἐρυθειάσῃ ὥσᾶν τὰ ρόδα, τὰ ὄντα ἄσπρα ἢ κόμμενα μεμψιμοίρως, ἢ ὥς τὰ σταφύλια πρὸ τοῦ νὰ ὡθερμάσουν. Ἀλλὰ βλέπων πάλιν εἰς τὸ νερὸν τὸ ἴδιον, ὅπου ἔκαμνεν εἰς μίαν ἔτσι ξυφερὰν σάρνα, ἔπαυσε νὰ τὸν κτυπᾷ, ἢ ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτὴ ἔχασε τὰς δυνάμεις τς, καὶ ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἀναλύετο ἀπὸ τῆς φωτιᾶς, ὅπου εἶχεν ἡ καρδία τς, ὥσᾶν ὁ κηρὸς σὶμα εἰς τὴν φωτιᾶς, ἢ ὥς ἡ πάχνη ἀπὸ τὰς πρῶϊας τοῦ Ἡλίου ἀκτῖνες. Δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον του ἡ λαμπροσύθειοτης ἐκείνη, ἔτε ἡ δρωστιὰ, ἢ αὐταποκειμομένη μὲ τὴν ἁπαλότητα τς, ἔτε οἱ ἄλλοι χαρακτῆρες, ὅσοι τὸν ἐκίνησαν εἰς ἔρωτα. Δὲν εἶχε πλέον ἐκείνο τὸ κορμί, τὸ ὁποῖον ἡ παλαίτερος Ἠχώ εἶχεν ἀγαπήσει μὲ τόσον πολλὴ θερμότητα· ὅθεν βλέπουσα αὐτὸν εἰς μίαν ποιαύτην ἐλεεινὴν κατάστασιν, ἀγνὰ ἢ θυμωμένη κατ᾿ αὐτὸ, διὰ τὰς καταφρονήσεις, ὅπου ἔλαβεν, ἐλυπήθη κατὰ πολλὰ· ἢ ὅταν ἐκείνος ἐφώναζεν, οἴμοι, τοῦ ἀπεκρίνατο ὁμοίως τὸ οἴμοι, καὶ αὐτή· ἐὰν δὲ ἔκαμνε κτύπον τινὰ, κτυπώντας τὸ στῆθος τς,
πρὸς τὴν εἰκόνα του, ἦσαν αὐτοί· „Ὦ ὡραιότης μάταιος ἀγαπημένη!" τὰς αὐτὰς λόγας ἀφ' ἡ Ἡχὼ ἀνταπεκρίθη· ἀφ' πάλιν ἔλεγε λέγοντας, ἀφίνοντάς σε νὰ σιγήσης, ἀνταπεκρίθη κ' αὐτὴ ὁμοίως. Ὡς πόσον ἡ κεφαλή της ἔκλινεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν χλόην, ὁ δὲ Θάνατος τὰ ἔκλεισε τὰ ὄμματια, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀκόμη ἐκοίταζον εἰς τὴν βρύσιν τὰ ψευδῆ ὄμορφα κάλλη τα. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἄξιζεν εἰς αὐτὸν ἄξιος τὸ νὰ ποιήση πρὸς ἑαυτόν τα, ὅταν κατέβαινεν εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, ἔβλεπε πάντοτε τὴν εἰκόνα τα εἰς τὸ νερόν τῆς Στυγός. Αἱ ἀδελφαί τας Νυμφάδες, λυπήθησαν τὸν Θάνατόν τα, μὲ τὸν θρῆνον, ἔκοψαν τὰ μαλλία των, καὶ τὰ ἔρριψαν ἐπάνω τὸν εἰς ἀδελφόν τῆς. Αἱ Δρυάδες, ἀφ' ἡ Νύμφη Ἡχὼ (ἡ ὁποία ἀφ' ἀπεκρίνετο εἰς τὰς φωνὰς τῆ ἄλλων) δὲν ἐλυπήθησαν ὀλιγώτερον. Μετὰ πάντα ἐτοίμασαν τὰς Λαμπάδας, καὶ τὴν πυρὰν διὰ τὴν ἀποθάνασιν ἀδελφόν των· ὅμως δὲν εὗρασι τὸ σῶμά τα, ἀλλ' ἀντ' αὐτὸ ἑκάθισεν ἄνθος κρίνον, μὲ ὀλίγα τινὰ ἄσπρα φύλλα εἰς τὸ μέσον.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
When all this became known it spread the prophet�s fame throughout the cities of Achaia, and his reputation was high. Still, Pentheus, the son of Echion, in scorn of the gods, alone amongst all of them, rejected the seer, laughed at the old man�s words of augury, and taunted him with the darkness, and the ruin of his lost sight. He, shaking his white head in warning, said �How happy you would be if these dispossessed orbs were yours, so as not to see the sacred rites of Bacchus! Now the day approaches, and I see it is not far off, when the new god, Liber, son of Semele will come, and unless you think him worthy to be done honour in your sanctuaries, you will be scattered, torn, in a thousand pieces, and stain your mother, and her sisters and the woods themselves with your blood. It will be! You will not think the god worthy of being honoured, and you will lament of me, that in my darkness I have seen too far.� Even as he speaks, Echion�s son thrusts him away. The truth of his words followed, the oracles of the prophet were performed.
Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος μας διδάσκει να μὴν ἐμβαθαίνομεν εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις τῶν μεγάλων Ἀρχόντων. Ἡ Ἡχὼ κρύπτει τεχνικῶς τὰς ἔρωτας τοῦ Διός, καὶ παιδεύεται χωρὶς νὰ φροντίση ἐκεῖνος τῆς ἢ βοηθείας, ἢ νὰ τὴν παρηγορήση εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν της. Δὲν ἀληθεύει λοιπὸν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος, ὡς ἀρχέτυπον, μᾶς διδάσκει μὲ τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς Ἡχοῦς, ὅτι οἱ μεγάλοι μᾶς ἀφίνουσι νὰ παιδευώμεθα, χωρὶς νὰ φροντίζουσι διὰ λόγου μας, ὅταν πράξαντες τὶ τῆς ἀρεσκείας των, καὶ εὑρίσκων φανῶμεν πλέον, τῆς νὰ μὴν νομίζωσιν ἐκεῖνο ἐκ τῆς βοηθείας μας; Πρὸς τί τοῖς μᾶς ὠφελεῖ ὅτι ὕστερα ὅλοι εἶναι τὸ τῆς φροντίδος, καὶ κινδύνους ὅσους μᾶς ἀκολουθοῦσιν εἰς τὴν θέλησιν των, δὲν μᾶς ἀποψύξει ποτὲ εἰς ἄλλο τι παρὰ ὀλίγην φωνὴν διὰ νὰ παραπονεσθῶμεν, καθὼς εἶναι ἡ τῆς ἀθλίας Ἡχοῦς. Προσέτι νομίζω, νὰ μᾶς διδάσκη, νὰ μὴ πεπιστεύωμεθα τὰ κακὰ ἔργα, διότι ὅσοι τὰ πεπιστεύονται παιδεύονται ὡς ἡ Ἡχώ, ἡ ὁποία ἐτιμωρήθη ἐπειδὴ ἔκρυψε τὰς μοιχείας τοῦ Διός. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι αὕτη κατοικεῖ εἰς τὰ δύο καὶ ἀπήλαια, ἐπειδὴ ἡ τοῦτο πλέον εἰς τούτους τόπους γίνεται ψόφος, καὶ ἀποδείκνυται εἰς τὰ μέρη, ὅπου εἶναι ἀπήλαια, καὶ κοιλώματα.
Διὰ δὲ τοῦ Ναρκίσσου, τὸ γενόμενον ἐρᾶται ἢ ἔπειτα ἢ ποῦ δὲν κατακαμβάνει ὅτι εἰσορᾶται οἱ ψηφάφοντες ἢ καὶ λέγεται ἢ ἐκεί- νοις, ὅσοι δὲν τιμῶν παρὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ τους, καὶ ὃ αὐτοὶ σέβονται παρὰ τῶν τῶν ψυχῶν τους. Σφόρουντες νὰ τοὺς ὠφελῇ περισσότερον ὑπὸ ἐκείνου, ὁ ποῖος τοὺς διδάσκει· Μᾶς παραστημαίνεται νέος ὁ Νάρκισσος· ἐπειδὴ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ νέοι ὑποκείνται εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἀδυναμίαν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐκεῖνος ἀπέθανε· ἤγουν εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἑαυτόν τους, ἢ ὅσα εἰ σὶν ἐδικά των· Ὁ Νάρκισσος ἐνομίσθη ὅτι ἦτον ἀδύνατον νὰ εὕρη κανένα κάλλιον, ἢ ἀγαπητότερον ἔξω ὑπὸ τὸν ἑαυτόν του· δὲν ἤθελε νὰ ἀ κροασθῇ τῶν ὀρθῶν τῆς λόγων, ὁ ὁποῖος ἤθελε νὰ ἐλέγξῃ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ ἀ πάτην του, ἢ ἔτσι ἀφήρεθη διὰ ἐκδικήσεως τὴν Θεάν· Ὁμοίως ἢ οἱ νέοι, ὅσσοι πολεμάρχως εἰς τὰς ἐπιστήμας, εἰς τὰς ἄλλας οὐδὲν ὀφέλος· τότε δὲν ἀγα πῶσι κατὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα· Αὐτὸ φαίνονται νὰ ἔχουν ὡς ἔμφυτον ὅλοι ποῦ ἀδυναμότατοι πᾶσαν γνῶσιν, ἢ ἐπιστήμην, ἢ ἔχουν μὲ τὴν δίω ξίν του καρπόν, καὶ τὴν ἐπασχόλησίν του νοός· αὐτὸ ἔξω ὅπου ὅλοι, ὅσοι εἶναι φιλ
Liber has come, and the festive fields echo with cries. The crowd all run, fathers, mothers, young girls, princes and people, mixed together, swept towards the unknown rites. Pentheus shouts �What madness has stupefied your minds, children of the serpent, people of Mars? Can the clash of brazen cymbals, pipes of curved horn, and magical tricks be so powerful that men, who were not terrified by drawn swords or blaring trumpets or ranks of sharp spears, are overcome by the shrieks of women, men mad with wine, crowds of obscenities, and empty drumming? Should I admire you, elders, who, sailing the deep seas, sited your Tyre here, your exiled Penates, and now let them be taken without a fight? Or you younger men, of fresher age, nearer my own, for whom it was fitting to carry weapons and not the thyrsus, your heads covered with helmets not crowns of leaves? Remember, I beg you, from what roots you were created, and show the spirit of the serpent, who, though one alone, killed many. He died for his spring and pool, but you should conquer for your own glory! He put brave men to death, but you should make craven men run, and maintain the honour of your country! If it is Thebe�s fate to stand for only a short time, I wish her walls might be destroyed by men and siege engines, that fire and iron might sound against her! Then we would be miserable but not sinful, we would lament our fate not try to hide it, our tears would be free from shame. But now Thebes will be taken by an unarmed boy, who takes no pleasure in fighting, or weapons, or the use of horses, but in myrrh-drenched hair, soft wreathes of leaves, and embroidered robes woven with gold. But, if you stand aside, I will quickly force him to confess that his pretended parentage and religion are inventions. Should Pentheus and the rest of Thebes be terrified of his arrival, when Acrisius had courage enough to defy a false god, and shut the gates of Argos at his coming? �Go quickly�, he ordered his attendants �bind him and drag him here, this conqueror! Don�t be slow in carrying out your orders!�
His grandfather, Cadmus, his uncle, Athamas, and the rest of his advisors reprove his words, and try in vain to restrain him. He is only made more eager by their warning, and his rage is maddened and grows with restraint, and he is provoked by their objections. So I have seen a river, where nothing obstructs its passage, flow calmly and with little noise, but rage and foam wherever trees and obstacles of stone held it back, fiercer for the obstruction.
Τιμωρία τοῦ Πενθέως, διότι κατεφρόνησε τὰς μαθεσίας τοῦ Τειρεσίου.
Ὁ Πενθεὺς, υἱὸς τοῦ Ἐχίονος, καὶ ἀπὸ Ἀγαύης, περιεπαίζε τὰς μαντείας τοῦ Τειρεσίου, ἐμποδίζων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῦ νὰ τιμήσουν τὸν Βάκχον, μάλιστα τοὺς φορτάζει τοῦ τοῦ πλήθους, ὡς διδόμενον τοῦ τοῦ φιέρου ἐμφασίν Σύλτα· ἀλλὰ ὁ Βάκχος, διὰ νὰ παιδεύση τὸν ἀσεβῆ του, λαμβάνει τὴν μορφὴν ἑνὸς ἠμισυνθέσοντος, καὶ δέχεται νὰ τὸν παρουσίασαν εἰς τὸν Πενθέα, καὶ νὰ τὸν φυλακώσουν.
Τὰ συμβάντα τοῦ Ναρκίσσου ἐπρόσθεσαν τοῦ Τειρεσίου μεγάλως ὑπόληψιν, καὶ τὸ ὄνομά του ἦτον περίφημον εἰς ὅλας τὰς πόλεις τῆς Ἀχαΐας. Μόνος ὁ Πενθεὺς, ἐχθρὸς τῶν Θεῶν ὡς ἐμπαίκτης τῶν ἱερῶν πραγμάτων, περιεπαίζε τὰς προφητείας ἐκείνας τοῦ σεβασμίου γέροντος, ὀνειδίζοντας τον διὰ τὴν τυφλότητα του, ὡς νὰ ἦτον τοιαύτη ἄτιμον πράγμα. Ὁ δὲ Τειρεσίας, ἀδικούμενος ἀπὸ τὸν τοιοῦτον ὀνειδισμὸν, τοῦ εἶπεν· ὦ πόσον ἤθελες εἶσαι εὐτυχὴς ἂν ἐτυφλώθης καὶ σύ, νὰ μὴν ἴδῃς τὰς τοῦ Βάκχου θυσίας! ἐπειδὴ ἔρχεται ἡμέρα, καὶ πιστεύω νὰ ἐπλησίασεν, καθ᾽ἣν ὁ Βάκχος ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Σεμέλης, μέλλει νὰ ἔλθῃ ἐδῶ, ὡς ἂν δὲν τὸν προσφέρῃς ἀρκετὰς θυσίας, ἢ ἂς δὲν τὸν τιμήσῃς μὲ βωμούς, θέλεις κατακοπῆ, ὡς θέλει σκορπισθῆ
ἡ τὰ μέλη σας· Τὰ δῶσιν Σέλης κομψνίσει με τὸ αἷμά σας, τὸ ὁποῖον Σέλες χύσῃ ἀπὸ πλω ἰδίας σας μητέρα, καὶ ἀπὸ τας ἀδελφάς τας, διὰ νὰ ἐνδικηΣῇ εἰ Θεοί. Ἔγω βέβαιος ὅτι Σέλες σοῦ συνέβη αὐτὴ ἡ συμφορά· ἐπειδὴ Σέλες καπαρεηήσει ἐπείνον τὸν Θεόν· ἐξ Σέλες εἰπῇ ποτέ, ὅτι βλέπω καλὰ με ὅλης με τῶν τυφλότης. Διέποσι ὁ Πουσδᾶς τὸν λόγον τῇ Τερεσίας, ὡς ἀνοήτῃ τινὸς ἐ μωρέ· ἀλλ' αὖθις τὰ λόγια τῇ μαῦτεως ἐβεβαιώΣησαν με τὸ ἔργον, καὶ ἐφάνη ἡ ἀλήΣεια τῇ φορρήσειώ τα.
See now, they return, stained with blood, and when their lord queries where Bacchus is, they deny having seen Bacchus, but reply, �We have captured this companion of his, a priest of his sacred rites� and they hand over a man of Tyrrhenian stock, with his hands bound behind his back, a follower of the worship of the god. Pentheus looks at him, with eyes made terrible by anger, and although he can scarcely wait for the moment of punishment, he says �O you who are about to die, and, by your death, teach the others a lesson, tell me your name, your parents� name and your country, and why you follow the customs of this new religion!�
Without fear, he answers �My name is Acoetes, and Maeonia is my country, my parents humble ordinary people. My father did not leave me fields for sturdy oxen to work, no flocks of sheep, nor any cattle. I am poor as he himself was, and he used to catch fish in the streams with a rod and line and a hook to snare them. His skill was his wealth, and when he bequeathed it to me, he said �Take what I have. Apply yourself to the work as my successor and heir.� Dying, he left me nothing but water. The only thing I can call my inheritance.
Soon, so that I was not stuck for ever to the same rocks, I learned how to guide boats, steering oar in hand, and to observe Capella and the rainy stars of the Olenian Goat, Ta�gete among the Pleiades, the Hyades, and the Arctic Bears, the houses of the winds, and the havens for ships.
Ὁ Βάκχος δὲν ἦτον μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς Θήβας· ἤχυσαν οἱ πόμποι ἀπὸ τὰ Βαγώδια, τὰ φορομνύουντε τὸν ἔρχομόν σαρηδὸν εἰς προϋπάντησιν τῆς ἀπὸ τὴν πόλιν ἄνδρες, γυναῖκες, νέοι, γέροντες, συμφέχοντες ὅλοι εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἑορτὴν, τῆς ὁποίας ἀκόμη δὲν ἔγνωσαν τὰς τελετάς. Ὦ τῆς μωρίας! λέγει ποτὲ ὁ Πενθεὺς, τί εἶναι τοῦτο ὅπου σᾶς κυριεύει, ἢ συγχύζει τὸν νοῦν σας, ὦ ἀνδρεία γένη τοῦ Ἄρεως; Λοιπὸν ἐνᾶς πρῶτος ὄργυιος, καὶ ἢ λάλημα αὐλῶν, καὶ μαγικαὶ ἀπάται. Θέλει ἠμπορέσει νὰ σᾶς συνάξουν τὸν νοῦν, καὶ νὰ σᾶς μαθύσειν ὁποιοτρόπως, ὥστε ἐκείνη μεγαλοψυχίαν σας, ἐκείνη ὁποίας δὲν ἐδαυφθήσαν οἱ ἰσχυρότεροι ἐχθροὶ νὰ νικήσουν, νὰ ἀφήσετε νὰ νικηθῆ σήμερον ἀπὸ ἀγνώσκης γυναικείας φωνᾶς, καὶ κωδώνων ὁ οἶνος ἤχους, καὶ μὲ ἐκείνην μανίαν, ὅπου προξενεῖ; Ἀλλὰ διὰ ποίους νὰ θαυμάσω περισσότερον; διὰ σᾶς μικρόλογοι γέροντες, ὅπου ὑποφέρετε νὰ δηλώθητε, νικώμενοι χωρὶς ἅρματα, ἀφ' ὧν ἀπεράσατε πόσας θαλάσσας, ἢ ἐθριαμβεύσατε εἰς τόσας κινδύνους, πρὸ τοῦ νὰ θεμελιώσητε ἐκείνην πόλιν ταύτην, διὰ νὰ εὕρητε εἰς αὐτὴν
σας ἰχυρὰ νέος, εἰς τῶν ὁποίων ἤθελον εἶναι διαπερέξερον νὰ φορῇ τὰ ὅπλα, παρὰ πλάδης κλημάτων, καὶ πεικεραλαίας σιδηρᾶς, παρὰ στέφανης ἀπὸ φύλλα· Ἐνθυμηθεῖτε, σας παρακαλῶ, ἀπὸ ποίον γένος κατάγεσθε· λάβετε τὴν μεγαλοψυχίαν ἐκείνης τῆς δράκοντος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ ὀνομαστῇ πάππος σας, καὶ μόνος του ἀφανίσε τόσης ἐχθρές, καὶ ἀπέθανε πολεμῶντας διὰ μίαν βρύσιν. Ἀγωνίζησθε διὰ τὴν τιμήν σας νὰ νικήσετε, ἢ ἂν ἐκείνος ὁ δράκων κατέβαλεν ἀνδρείος στρατιώτας, σεῖς νικήσατε κἂν τὰς ἀμφιβολίας σας, καὶ φυλάξετε τὴν δόξαν, ὁπου οἱ πάτερες ἡμῶν σας ἐχάρισαν. Ἂν ἡ Μοῖρα δὲν συγχωρῇ νὰ ὑπάρχωσιν πλέον αἱ Θῆβαι, ἢ νὰ αὐξάσιν, ἃς κινδυνεύσωμεν κἂν ἀπὸ τὴν κατάδρομίαν τῆς ἐχθρῶν, ἢ ἂς ἀνοιχθῇ εἰς τὸ πέσιμόν της ὁ ὁμερὸς θόρυβος τῆς σιδήρου ἢ τῆς φατίας τῶν πολεμούντων ἢ πολεμικῶν· ἢ ἂν δυστυχήσαμεν, κἂν δυστυχῶμεν χωρὶς ἔγκλημα, καὶ θέλουσι κατηγορῇ τὴν τύχην μας, χωρὶς νὰ τὴν προσδωμεν, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μας θέλουν τρέχειν χωρὶς νὰ τὰ σπείρωμεν. Ἀμὴ πόσα αἱ Θῆβαι θέλουν διαλαθῇ ἀπὸ ἕνα ἀπόστολον παιδάριον, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν ἤξευρει τὴν τέχνην τοῦ πολέμου, μήτε γνωρίζει ἀσπίδα, οὔτε ἄλογον, καὶ ὅλα τα του ὅπλα εἶναι τὰ ναρκισσένα μαλλία του, ὁ κυβερνὸς στέφανος ἢ τὰ πορφυρὰ ἱμάτια του, στολισμένα μὲ χρυσάφι. Ἂν τον ἀφήσετε, ἐγὼ σας ὑπόσχομαι νὰ τον βιάσω νὰ ὁμολογήσῃ τὴν πλάνην του, καὶ ὅτι τὰ μυθευμένα του εἶναι μύθοι. Ἀράγε ὁ Ἀκρίσιος δὲν τον ἐκαταφρόνησε ὡς αὐτὸς ὡς ψευδὸν θεόν· δὲν του ἔκλεισε τὰς θύρας τῆς Ἄργους; ἢ ὕστερα ἀπὸ αὐτὰ ὅλα, ὡς ἀδαμάντος ξένος νὰ συγχίσῃ ἐμὲ
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ, ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 167
Θηβῶν τῆς πόλεως· Ὄχι, ὄχι, πόθεν τὸν δίχως φέρετε δεδεμένον ἐμπροσθέν με αὐτὸν τὸν ὑπερήφανον στρατηγόν, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐλπίζει νὰ νικήση χωρὶς πόλεμον. Εὐθὺς ὁ πάππος του Κάδμος, καὶ ὁ Ἀκτάμας, καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ φίλοι τε, καὶ συγγενεῖς, ἐβιάσθησαν νὰ τὸν ἐμποδίσωσιν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς μάτην. Αὐτὸς ἰσχυρογνώμων περισσότερον διὰ τὰς συμβουλάς των, αὐξάνει περισσότερον ὁ θυμός του, ὅσον πάσχει νὰ τὸν μεταπείσωσι, καὶ ὅσον ἔπασχον ἐκεῖνοι νὰ τὸν ἡμερώσωσι· τόσον περισσότερον ἀγρίευεν αὐτὸς, καθὼς οἱ χείμαρροι, οἱ τίνες μόλις δέχονται πάντα ἐμπόδιον, ξέχουσιν ποτὲ χειρότερον· ὅταν δὲ εὕρωσι πέτρας ἢ ξύλα εἰς τὸν δρόμον τως, καὶ ἐμποδίζωνται, ἀφρίζουν δόρυς, καὶ βροντοῦν, καὶ γίνονται ὁρμητικώτεροι· διὰ τοῦτο ἀνθίστωσιν. Ὡς τόσον οἱ ἄνθρωποι τοῦ Πενθέως γνείζουσιν ὀπίσω χρωσμένοι αἵματι, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτὸ ἐρωτώμενος ποῦ εἶναι ὁ Βάκχος, τὸν ἀπεκρίθησαν, ὅτι δὲν τὸν εἴδασιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι ἐπίασαν ἕνα ἀπὸ τῆς ὁπαδῆς του, καὶ ὑπηρέτας, ἐκ τοῦ Τυρρηνικῆς ἔθνους. Τοῦτον, μὲ τὰ χέρια δεδεμένα ὀπίσθεν, παρέδωκαν εἰς τὸν Πενθέα.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Heading for Delos, and being driven by chance onto the coast of the island of Chios, making shore by skilful use of the oars, giving a gentle leap, and landing on the wet sand, there we passed the night. As soon as the dawn began to redden, I ordered the getting in of fresh water, and showed the path that lead to a spring. I myself commanded the view from a high hill to find what wind promised, called my comrades and went back to the boat. �See, we are here� said Opheltes, the foremost of my friends, and led a boy, with the beauty of a virgin girl, along the shore, a prize, or so he thought, that he had found in a deserted field. The boy seemed to stumble, heavy with wine and sleep, and could scarcely follow. I examined his clothing, appearance and rank, and I saw nothing that made me think him mortal. And I felt this and said it to my companions �I do not know what god is in that body, but there is a god within! Whoever you are, O favour and assist our efforts, and forgive these men!� �Don�t pray for us� said Dictys, who was the quickest at climbing to the highest yard and sliding down grasping the rigging. So said Libys, and yellow-haired Melanthus, the forward look-out, and Alcimedon agreed, and Epopeus, who with his voice gave the measure and the pauses for the oarsmen to urge on their purpose. All the others said the same, so blind was their greed for gain.
�I still will not allow this ship to be cursed by a sacred victim to whom violence has been done� I said. �Here I have the greatest authority�. And I prevented them boarding. Then Lycabas the most audacious of them all began to rage at me, he who had been thrown out of Tuscany, and was suffering the punishment of exile from his city for a terrible murder. While I held him off, he punched me in the throat with his strong young fists, and would have thrown me semi-conscious into the sea, if I had not clung on, almost stunned, held back by the rigging. The impious crew cheered on the doer of it. Then, at last, Bacchus (for it was indeed Bacchus) was freed from sleep, as if by the clamour, and the sense returned to his drunken mind. �What are you doing? Why this shouting? he said. �Tell me, you seamen, how I came here? Where do you intend to take me?� �Have no fear�, said Proreus, �and, whatever port you wish to touch at, you will be set down in the country you demand!� �Naxos� said Liber, �set your course for there! That is my home: it will be a friendly land to you!
ΔΥΤΗΣ ὁδὸ ἡμμάρτησε λογισθη ὁ Πενθέας, ὑπῆν ἐ καλὸν βασιλέα, καὶ τύραννες. Διηγύται τινες ὅτι αὐτὸ ἠ μέθη βασιλείας, ᾧ λόγος νὰ ὑποδείξῃ τὸν μέθιον ὑπὸ τὸ βασιλείας τε, ἐκατύρε ὑπὸ τῆς ὑποηγμέλητης τε, καὶ κατὰ παντὰ τρόπον ἀπέχθη ὑπὸ τῆς ὀνειδιαμὸς τῶν, ᾗ ὑβρισθεὶς δὸς τὰ πέλλοι μεταξύ τῆ ἐπικατῦ ἐκαμοσήθησαν, δείλαστε νὰ ἐκδικῶσιν τοίνια ἀσσιδαιακὸν ἀς. Ἄλλοι δὲ λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ δυν τύραννος, καὶ ἀσεβὲ, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐμεί
χρειάζεται καθὼς σκληρότητα κατὰ τῆς Ἱερέως ἀπὸ παξιμυκτὴ Θρησκείας, ὅσοι οἱ ἐνύστερι συγχεῖες ἰς δεῖ νὰ δέχει γ' χρῦν καμμίας συναπολαβροφίω, ἄτε φιλίω μὲ ἀνθρώπων, ὅς τις δεῖ νὰ ἔχουαιν σέβας ἀπὸς τὲς Θεὲς ἰς ἱερετιμώτες αὐτῶν τῷ Θρησκείαν τὸ τῶν προγονιαείαν, ἐκοπιάζω νὰ ἐχαι θεραπσκὴ τὸν τόπον τῶν ἀπὸ ποῦ ἐξεῖ ἐχθὴ ἡ σύν εἰ μισοθεὲς εἰ μισαὶ θρώπης ἴδε τι ἐνὲς βασιλὶς ἰς δεῖ φι βεῖται τὸν Θεόν, ἀδκελὸν εἶναι νὰ ἀγαπᾷ πὲς ἀξοκνεύσκες Ἐκ τούτων λοιπὸν ἔλαβον αἰτίας νὰ σανθάσωσι τὸν μῦθον τοῦτον, ὁποῖος εἶναι ὡς εἶναι τοῦ ἀσεβοῦς τυράννου. Ὁ Πενθεὺς δεῖ νὰ καταπείθη ἄτε μὲ θαύματα, ἄτε μὲ ὑποδείξεις ἄλλας, ἀλλ' ἀνεπαίες παντὰ παντὰ, ἢ ἰσθεία νὰ μὴν εἶναι παντάπασι Θεοὶ, καθὼς κι' ὁ σταθὴς ἀγαπᾷ νὰ μὴν εἶναι Κεῖται. Τέλος πιαυτῶν θεσίδη ἀπὸ τὸ ἰσι δεῖ μαιτέρα τις, ὑποδειχνόντας, ὅτι οἱ ἀσεβεῖς δεῖ ἤματορσι νὰ εὑρεῖ χεῖρας, ἄτε καταβρύλω τινὰ, μαίτε ἐς τὰς οἱ ὁμοιοτέρας συγχεῖες τωΐ ἀ Πρὸς τούτους ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς φανερώνει δύω ἄλλα πράγματα, ἀφ' ὧν ὅτι δεῖ εἶναι ἄλλο τίνοσε ἁπλούστερον μᾶς ἐλευσικώτερον, μάλιστα ἐς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὅσαι αἱ γεαῖ διδασκαλίαι. Δεῖ εἶναι ἀσεὰ νὰ ὑπάγημη ζημώσες παραδείγματα ἐς μακρινούς τόπες, εἰ μᾶλλον ἐς τὸν μῦθον, ἢ ἐς τῇ Ἱστορίᾳ. Ἡμᾶς ἔχομεν μαρτυρίας ἐς τὰς τόπας μᾶς ἀρχαίας, ἐς ἐς τὰς τόπας τῶν γενιτόρων μᾶς. Ὅλος ὁ κόσμος παρατηρεῖ ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφὸς ἁρμαώθη κατὰ τὲς ἀδελφᾶς, διὰ τὲς νεωτεριστάς ἐς τὰ τῆς Θρησκείας, ὁ πατὴρ κατὰ τῇ υἱῷ, εἰ ὁ υἱῷ κατὰ τῷ πατρὸς, καθὼς εἰ ἐς τὸν παρόντα μῦθον, ἡ μαιτέρα κατὰ τῷ υἱῷ. Τὸ δεύτερον πράγμα, ὁποῖον σημαίνεται μὲ τὸν δυστυχίας τὲς Πενθέως εἶναι, ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ἔχει τὸ νὰ ἐπιχειρήσῃ νὰ ἐκβάλῃ μὲ τῇ βίαν τὲς διδασκείας μιλὸν πλήθων, ἀφ' ὁποίας εἰς λαὸς διεδόχθη ὡς μὲ κοινὸν γνώμην; εἰ καθὼς φύσις ὅσα κι' ἄνανυι, τὰ κι' ἄνανυι μὲ τὶ καιρόν, ἅτω πρέπει κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον νὰ διορθώσσται κι τὰ τοιαῦτης κακὰς, τὰ ὁποῖα δεῖ δύωνται νὰ θεραπευθῇ ἐς μίας στιγμῇ.
The treacherous men swore, by the sea and all the gods, it would be so, and told me to get the painted vessel under sail. Naxos was to starboard, but as I trimmed the sails on a starboard tack, they, each one, asked me �What are you doing, O madman? Acoetes, what craziness has got into you? Take the port tack!� most of them letting me know what they intended with a nod of the head, the others in a whisper. I was horrified. �Someone else can steer� I said, and distanced myself from the wickedness and deception. There were cries against me from all sides, the whole crew murmured against me. And one of them, Aethalion, cried �You seem to think that all our lives depend on you alone! Then he took my place himself, discharged my office, and abandoning Naxos took the opposite course.
Then the god, playfully, as though he had just realised their deceit, looked at the sea over the curve of the stern, and as though he were weeping said �Sailors, these are not the shores you promised me, and this is not the land I chose for myself? What have I done to merit punishment? Where�s the glory in men cheating a boy, or many cheating just one?� I was already weeping, but the impious crew laughed at my tears, and drove the ship quickly through the water.
Now I swear by the god himself (since there is no god more certainly present than he is) that what I say to you is the truth, though that truth beggars belief. The ship stands still in the waves, just as if it were held in dry dock. Amazed, the crew keep flogging away at the oars, and unfurling the sails, try to run on with double power. But ivy impedes the oars, creeping upwards, with binding tendrils, and drapes the sails with heavy clusters. The god himself waves a rod twined with vine leaves, his forehead wreathed with bunches of grapes. Around him lie insubstantial phantom lynxes, tigers, and the savage bodies of spotted panthers. The men leap overboard, driven to it either by madness or by fear. And Medon is the first to darken all over his body, and his spine to be bent into an arched curve.
Lycabas cries out to him �What monster are you turning into?� And in speaking his jaws widen, his nose becomes hooked, and his skin becomes hard and scaly. But Libys hampered when he wishes to turn the oars sees his hands shrink suddenly in size, and now they are not hands, but can only be called fins. Another, eager to grasp at the tangled ropes, no longer has arms, and goes arching backwards limbless into the sea. His newest feature is a scythe-shaped tail, like the curved horns of a fragmentary moon. The dolphins leap everywhere drenched with spray. They emerge once more, only to return again to the depths, playing together as if they were in a troupe, throwing their bodies around wantonly, and blowing out the seawater drawn in through their broad nostrils.
Of a group of twenty (that was how many the ship carried) I alone was left. The god roused me with difficulty, my body shaking with cold and terror, and barely myself, saying �Free your heart from fear, and hold off for Naxos! And consigned to that island, I have adopted its religion, and celebrate the Bacchic rites.
Ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος ἠμπορεῖ νὰ προσαρμοσθῇ εἰς
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 169
τὸ νὰ, μὲ τὸ νὰ τὴν γῆν σοφιστὴς ὡς μήτερα πάντων τῶν ζώων, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν εἶναι σεβάσμιος· καὶ πάλιν νὰ σοφιστὴς τὶς ὁποῖες ἔχει δύναμιν νὰ αὐξάνῃ τὰς τροφὰς τὰ πάντα, εἶναι ἀληθὰ θαυμαστώτερον ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ·
ΜΥΘΟΣ Η. Θ'. ἢ Γ'.
Οἱ Ναῦται μεταμορφωμένοι εἰς Δελφίνας, καὶ ὁ Πενθεὺς διασπασθεὶς ἀπὸ τὴν μητέρα του, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς θείας του.
Ὁ Βάκχος, ἀφήνοντας νὰ τὸν πιάσῃ, ὑπὸ τὴν τοῦ Ἀκοίτου μορφὴν, φέρεται ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Πενθέως, ὁ ὁποῖος διηγεῖται τὰ θαυμάσια ἔργα τοῦ Βάκχου του. Τέλος πάντων φυλακώνεται, ἀλλ' ἀλύει ὑπὸ τὴν φυλακίαν, θέλοντας νὰ τὸν κατακληθῇ. Διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν Πενθέα, συγκίνεῖ τόσον τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς μητρὸς του, ἢ τῶν θειῶν του, ὥστε αὐταὶ διασπαρατῶσιν αὐτὸν τὸν ἀσεβῆ, ἢ ἐλεεινῶς τὸν θανατώσωσι.
Κοιτάξει ὁ Πενθεὺς τὸν δέσμιον μὲ ἄγριον ὄμμα, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἀπεφάσισε νὰ μὴν ἀναβάλῃ τὸν θάνατόν του, λέγει πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔτσι· "Ὦ ἄθλιε, ὁποῦ πρέπει νὰ ἀποθάνῃς πρὸς παράδειγμα τῶν ἄλλων, εἰπέ μοι ὀλίγωρα τὸ ὄνομά σου, τὴν πατρίδα, καὶ τοὺς γονεῖς σου, καὶ διὰ τί ἠκολούθησες αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν θρησκείαν· Τότε ὁ Βάκχος, χωρὶς νὰ φοβηθῇ, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη, ὅτι ὠνομάζετο Ἀκοίτης, ἢ ἦτον Λύδιος, ἢ ἐκ πτωχῶν γονέων. Ὁ πατήρ μου, ἔλεγε,
ἔλεγε, δὲν μοῦ ἄφησες οὔτε γῆν, οὔτε πρόβατα· ἢ πτωχεία τε τὸν ἔβιασε νὰ γίνη ψαρᾶς, ἢ ἡ ἐπιτηδειό- της τε εἰς αὐτὸν τῶν τεχνῶν, ἦτον τὰ ὑπάρχοντά του ἢ πλέση· ὅθεν ἀποθησαύσαντας, ἄλλο δὲν μὲ ἄφησε παρὰ τὰς λίμνας, καὶ τὰ νερὰ, καὶ αὐτὴ εἶναι ὅλη ἡ πατρικὴ μὲ κληρονομία· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ πάθω μαι πάντοτε ὥσαν καρφωμένος εἰς τὰς σκοπέλες, ἔμαθα νὰ κυβερνῶ ἕνα καράβι, ἢ ἐσπούδασα ἐκείνων τὴν ἐπιστή- μην, ἡ ὁποία μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ προβλέπωμεν τὸν καλὸν ἢ τὸν ἐναντίον καιρόν· ἔμαθα νὰ γνωρίζω τὴν Ἄρκτον, τὸ ἄστρον τῆς βροχῆς τοῦ Αἰγόκερω, τὰς Ὑάδας (αἱ ὁποῖαι ἀνατέλλοντες ἢ δύναι προξενοῦσι βροχὰς) ἢ τὰς τοπὰς, ὅπου κατοικοῦσιν οἱ ἄνεμοι, ἢ ἡ πεῖρα με μὲ ἔκαμε νὰ μάθω ἢ τὰς ἐπιτηδειότερες λιμένας διὰ τὰ καράβια. Μίαν ἡμέραν πηγαίνοντες εἰς τὴν Δῆλον, ἐπλοίασα εἰς τὸν Χίον, ὅπου ἀράξαντες, ἐπεράσαμεν τὴν νύκτα· ὅταν δὲ ἐξημέρωσε, σηκωνόμενος ἐφώναξα τὰς ἄλλας συντρόφους μου νὰ ὑπάγουν νὰ φέρουν νερὸν διὰ τὸ καράβι, δείχνωντάς τους καὶ τὸν δρόμον τοῦ νερόν. Ὡς πρὸς ἐγὼ ἀναβὰς εἰς λόφον, διὰ νὰ ἰδῶ τί μᾶς ἔταξεν ὁ ἄνεμος, ἐσύναξα τὰς συντρόφους μὲ, καὶ ἐμβήκαμεν εἰς τὸ καράβι· καὶ ἰδὲ, μοῦ λέγει φωνῆς ὁ Ὀφέλτης, ἕμεθα ἕτοιμοι νὰ πλοήσωμεν, δείχνοντάς μὲ ὀθόνη καὶ παιδίον ὡραιότατον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβόσταζεν ἀπὸ τὸ χθὲς, καὶ τὸ εἶχον εὕρει κατὰ τύχην περιπατῶντας εἰς τὴν ἔρημον. Ὁποῖος ἤθελεν ἰδῆ αὐτὸ τὸ παιδίον, ὅπου δὲν ἠμπόρες νὰ σταθῆ καλὰ εἰς τὰ ποδάρια τε, μήτε νὰ περιπατήση, ἤθελεν εἰπῆ βέβαια ὅτι ἦτον πλήρες οἴνου, καὶ
ἡ γὰρ τὸ ρούχά του, τὸ προσωπόν του, ἤθη τῶν κατά- στασίν του, ἔμειναν ἀπὸ τὰ φαινόμενα νὰ εἶναι ἄλ- λο τι, ἤθη ὄχι ἐκεῖνο, ὁπὲ ἐξοχάζομεναι, ἤθη νὰ μιλῶ ἔχῃ τίποτες θνητὸν ἐπάνω του ὅθεν ἐφάνερωσα τὸν στοχασμόν μου ἤθη εἰς τοὺς συμβούλους μου, δὲν ἡξεύρω, λέγοντάς της, ποῖος ἀπὸ τῆς Θεᾶς εἶναι πλειότερος εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κορμί, ἀλλ' ὁποῖος ἢ ἂ εἶναι, τὸν παρακαλῶ νὰ μᾶς βοηθήσῃ, διλογῶντας τῆς κό- πτης μας, ἤθη συγχωρῶντας ἐκείνας, ὁπὲ τὸν ἐσκλά- βωσαν. Τότε ὁ Δίκτυς, ὁ ἐπιδεξιώτερος πάντων εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀναβῇ ἢ νὰ καταβῇ τὰ κοινὰ ὅπως παράβια, μοὶ λέγει ὑπερηφανέστατε, μιλῶ ἀναπαύεσαι νὰ πα- ρακαλῇς δι' ἡμᾶς, ὅτι ἀνάγκη δὲν εἶναι, καὶ δὲν νομίζομεν ἡμεῖς νὰ ἐφοβήθαμεν καμμίαν ἁμαρτίαν.
�We have only listened to this winding tale�, said Pentheus, �so that our anger might spend its strength in delay. �You, attendants, remove this man, quickly, and let his body be tortured in greatest anguish, and send him down to Stygian night!� Acoetes, the Tyrrhenian, was dragged out, straightaway, and shut in a deep dungeon. But while the instruments of cruelty, the irons and the fire, were being prepared to kill him as had been ordered, the doors flew open by themselves, the chains loosening without any effort, so tradition holds.
The son of Echion persisted in his purpose, not ordering others to go, but now going himself, to where Mount Cithaeron, chosen for performing the rites, was sounding with the chants and shrill cries of the Bacchantes. As a brave horse snorts and shows his love for the fight, when the trumpeter�s brass gives the signal for attack, so the heavens pulsating from the long drawn-out cries stirred Pentheus, and, hearing the clamour, his anger flared again.
Near the middle of the mountainside, was a clearing surrounded with remote woods, free of trees, and visible from all sides. Here as he watched the mysteries, with profane eyes, his mother was the first to see Pentheus, the first roused to run at him madly, the first to wound him, hurling her thyrsus. She shouted �O you two, sisters, come! That huge boar, who is straying in our fields, that boar is my sacrifice.� They all rush on him in one maddened crowd: they converge together pursuing the frightened man, frightened now, speaking words free of violence now, cursing himself now, realising his own offence. Stricken, he still shouts �Help me, aunt Autono�! Let Actaeon�s shade move your spirit!
She, not remembering Actaeon, tears away the suppliant�s right arm. Ino, in frenzy, rips off the other. Now the unhappy man has no limbs to hold out to his mother, but, showing his wounded trunk shorn of its members, he cries �Mother, see!�. Agave howls, and twists her neck about, and thrashes her hair in the air, and tearing off his head, holding it in her bloody hands, shouts �Behold, sisters, this act marks our victory!�
The wind does not strip the leaves clinging there, from the high tree touched by an autumn frost, more quickly than this man�s limbs are torn by those terrible hands. Warned by such an example, the Theban women throng to the new religion, burn incense, and worship at the sacred altars.
Ὁ Λίβυς ἦτον ὁ Μέλανθος, οἱ ὄντες εἰς τὸν ὡραῖον, μοι εἶπασι τὰ αὐτά, ἦτον ἐπειδὴ ὁ πόθος τοῦ κέρδες εἶναι πάντοτε τυφλός, ὁ Ἀλκιμέδων ἢ ὁ Ἔποπος οἱ κυβερνῆται, ἢ οἱ λοιποί, ὅσοι εἶχον δικαίωμα εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν λείαν, ἔγιναν σύμφωνοι. Ὅσον ἔχω δὲν ὑπόφερω, τῆς λέγω, ποτὲ νὰ βάλετε εἰς τὸ πλοῖόν μας μίαν ἱεροσυλίαν· ἐπειδὴ ἐγὼ ὀξύρχω περισσότερον ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλον μέσα εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πλοῖόν με· ἢ ἐν πάντι ἐμπόδισα νὰ βάλωσι μέσα τὸ παιδίον. Ὁ δὲ Λυκάβας, ὁ ἐξωρισμένος ἀπὸ τὴν Τοσκάναν διὰ φόνον, ἔδειξε περισσότερον πάθος ἢ ἀνδρειότητα παρὰ οἱ ἄλλοι, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἐγὼ ἀντισταίνομαι, μὲ ἔδωκε μίαν τοιαύτην πληγὴν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν, ὥστε ἂν δὲν ἤμην κρατηθῆ ἀπὸ δύο χεῖρες, ἔπιπτον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ ὅλοι οἱ ἀσεβεῖς σύντροφοι του ἐπαίνεσαν τὸ ἔργον του. Τέλος πάντων ὁ Βάκχος
ἑρμάον) ἄρχησε νὰ φωνάζη ὡσαὺ νὰ εἶχε ξενυπνήση ποτὲ ἀπὸ τὴς συγχύσιν ὁποῦ ἐκεῖνοι ἐκάμναν· τί ποιεῖτε, λέγοντας, διὰ τί συγχύζεσθε; εἰπέτε μοι, ὦ ναῦται, πῶς ἦλθα ἕως ἐδῶ, καὶ ποῦ ἔχετε σκοπὸν νὰ με πηγαίνετε; Μὴ φοβεῖσαι, τὰ ἀποκρίνεται ὁ Πρωρεὺς, εἰπὲ μᾶς μόνον ποῦ θέλεις νὰ σὲ ὑπάγωμεν, κ᾽ θέλουσι σὲ διβάλῃ ὅπου κ᾽ ἂν ποθῇς. Εἰς τὴς Νάξον θέλω, λέγει, νὰ με πηγαίνετε, ἁρμενίσατε πρὸς ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος, ἢ θέλω σᾶς περιποιηθῆ εἰς τὸ παλάτιον μὲ μεγάλω δόξαν, ἢ ἐκεῖ θέλετε εὑρῇ μίαν γλύν, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι ἱκανὴ νὰ διβαιώσῃ πᾶς ἐπιθυμίας σᾶς. Οὕτως ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἄπιστοι, ὀμνύοντες ποτὰ νὰ τὸν διβαιώσωσι, μὲ ἐφόρτωξαν νὰ ἀναπειάσω τὰ πάντα εἰς τοῦ ἀέρα. Ἡ Νάξος ἦτον εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ, ὅθεν ἐγὼ ἅπλωσα τὰ πάντα κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ὀπέλης δὲν τὸ ὑποφέρε, λέγοντας μου, τί θέλεις ἄστογαστε νὰ κάμῃς; νὰ μᾶς χάσῃς θέλεις, ἢ τότε καθ᾽ ἕνας ἄρχησε νὰ φοβῆται, ἢ ἄλλοι μοὶ ἔλεγον νὰ ξέρω εἰς τὰ ἀριστερά, ἄλλοι μοὶ ἔλεγον τὴς γνώμην των εἰς τὸ αὐτί, καὶ ποσῶθεν μὲ ἐσύγχισαν, ὥστε ἐβιάσθην νὰ τᾶς εἰπῶ νὰ πιάσῃ ἄλλος τὸ τιμόνι, ὅτι ἐγὼ δὲν ἤθελα νὰ συμφωνήσω εἰς τὸ κρίμα τής, ἔστε νὰ γίνω ἄπιστος, καὶ ἕτσι ἄφησα τὴς κυβέρνησιν τοῦ πλοίου. Ὅλοι ἄρχησαν νὰ μὲ βλασφημοῦν, καὶ νὰ γογγύζαν ἐναντίον μὲ· εἷς δὲ, Αἰθαλίων ὀνόματι, πῶς, λέγει, Ἆρραγες ἡ σωτηρία μᾶς εἰς ἐσὲ νὰ κρέμαται; καὶ εὐθὺς διαδεχόμενός μὲ, ἐπῆρε τὸ τιμόνι εἰς τὸ χέρι, διὰ νὰ κάμῃ οὗσα δρόμον ἐναντίον ὅλως τοῦ φέροντος εἰς τὴς Νάξον. Τότε ὁ Βάκχος, ὁ ὁποῖος μέχρι τότε ἐπροσεποίηθη νὰ μὴ βλέπῃ πᾶς παρανομίας
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ'. 173
πλάς των, κοιτάζει εις την Θάλασσαν από της φρύμνης όπως ενδεδημένος, ή όσαν να αρχίζει τότε μόνον να γνωρίση την πονηρίαν των, προσποιούμενος ότι κλαίει, λέγει τας· δεν είναι αυτό εκείνο, οπού μου ετάζετε, δεν είναι αυτός ό τόπος, εις τον οποίον σας επαρακάλεσα να με πηγαίνετε. Τί κακόν σας έκαμα ή με παίζετε; τί διάφορον Θαρρείτε από το αδικον, οπού εις εμέ κάματε; εγώ είμαι μοναχός, ή σεις πολλοί· ποίαν δόξαν ελπίζετε, άν συμφωνήσετε όλοι ομού διά να απατήσητε εν παιδίον; Όσον το κατ' εμέ, κύριες, εξ αρχής το εδακρύλαφα, ή έκλαιον διά την δυστυχίαν του· αλλά το ασεβές εκείνο πλήθος εγέλα διά τα δάκρυά μου, απολύθοντες τον δρόμον τας. Ως τόσον συνέβη ένα παράδοξον, ή θαύμα, εις τον Θεόν, οπού το εκαθώρισαν (επειδή δεν είναι μοχθάς άλλος Θεός πλέον οφθαλμοφανής ή παρών από αυτόν) ότι θέλω σας επί της αληθείας, πράγμα όμως, το οποίον υπερβαίνει την πίστιν. Το πλοίον εστάθη αιφνιδίως εις την μέσον της Θαλάσσης, όσαν να ήτον επάνω εις την άμμον. Εξέμαξαν οι συνόδοι μέ, ή έκαμεν πάσες ζόπορ διά να πηγαίνουν παρεμπρός, κατακεύνοντες εις τα άρμενα, διπλασιάζοντες ή τα πώπια· αλλ' εθαύμασαν βλέποντες τα πώπια φορωμένα αμπελόφυλλα, ή κλάδες της πισσώ, εμποδίζοντες να μη απαράξωσι. Τότε εφάνη ο Βάχος εμφανοδεί μας εστεφανωμένος από στάφλας, κρατώντες εις το χέρι όσαν ένα κοντάρ, περιπετασμένον από φύλλα κληματών, ή εφάνησαν τριγύρως τίγρες, ή παραδάλες, ή πάνθηρες. Οι σύντροφοί μέ, ή από την παραφροσύνην τας, ή από τον φόβον τας, επήδησαν
Book IV
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
But Alcitho�, daughter of Minyas, will not celebrate the Bacchic rites, in acceptance of the god. She is rash enough to deny that Bacchus is the son of Jupiter, and her sisters share in her impiety.
The priest had ordered the observation of the festival, asking for all female servants to be released from work, they and their mistresses to drape animal skins across their breasts, free their headbands, wreathe their hair, and carry an ivy-twined thyrsus in their hand. And he prophesied that the god�s rage would be fierce if he was angered. The young women and mothers obey, leaving their baskets and looms, and their unfinished tasks, and burn incense, calling on Bacchus, on Bromius, �the noisy one�, Lyaeus, �deliverer from care�, on the child of the lightning, the twice-born, the son of two mothers, and adding to these calls Nyseus, �he of Heliconian Nysa�, Thyoneus, �the unshorn� who is Semele�s son, Lenaeus, the planter of joy-giving vines, Nyctelius, �the nightcomer�, father Eleleus, of the howls, Iacchus, of the shouts, and Euhan, of the cries, and all of the other names you have, Liber, among the peoples of Greece.
Unfading youth is yours, you boy eternal, you, the most beautiful sight in the depths of the morning and evening sky, your face like a virgin�s when you stand before us without your horns. The Orient calls you its conqueror, as far as darkest India, dipped in the remote Ganges. You, the revered one, punished Pentheus, and Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who carried the double-headed axe, and you sent the Tyrrhenians into the waves. You yoke together two lynxes with bright reins decorating their necks, Bacchantes and Satyrs follow you, and that drunken old man, Silenus, who supports his stumbling body with his staff, and clings precariously to his bent-backed mule. Wherever you go the shouts of youths ring out, and the chorus of female voices, hands beating on tambourines, the clash of cymbals, and the shrill piping of the flute.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'. Β'. ΚΑΙ Γ'.
Περὶ τῶν Δερμετῆς εἰς ὀφάειον, Σεμιραμίδος εἰς πελεγέραμ, καὶ Νηιάδος εἰς ὀφάριον μεταβληθέσεων.
Ἡ Ἀλκιόνη δὲ ἱστόρεται ὑπὸ τῶν τιμοείαν τοῦ Πενθέως διὰ περιπαίες κ. αὐτῇ τοῦ Βάχχου, κ. αὐτὶ νὰ τιμήση τὰς ἑορτάς του, κατατάγεται ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰς ἀδελφὰς τῆς εἰς τὰ συμβῆ ἐργώτερα, κ. ὅπου περιδιάβασιν τῶν διηγεῦται καὶ τινὰς μύθος. Ἅμα πέρας πάιταν τιμαράγται, μεταμορφώζοντας κ. αὐτὰς εἰς Νυκτερίδες, τὰ δὲ ὑφάσματά τῶν εἰς ἀμπελόψυλλα, καὶ εἰς κισσόν.
ἐν πείσθαι μέ ὅλα πάντα ἡ Ἀληθόη, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τῆ Μινύῃ, νά λάβον ὑποδοχὴ εἰς τὰ τῆ Θήβας τὰ Ὄργια τῆ Βάχχυ, ἀλλὰ διήγυριέται πάντοτε, ὅτι ὁ Βάχχος δεὸ εἶναι υἱὸς τῆ Διός. Ὁμοίως ἢ αἱ ἀδελφαί τῆς τῶν ἡκολούθησαν εἰς τὴν πλάγιον ἢ ἀπίστιαν τῆς. Ὡς πώσον ὁ Μέγας Ἱερεὺς ἐφορόαξε νὰ ζίγῃ ἡ Ἐρῆτη, ἵ νὰ λάμνυν ἀρχὴν αἱ θελάξαι, αἷς χόι αἱ οἰκογένειαι, καὶ ἐνδυόμεναι δέρματα, καὶ λύσσῃ αἱ μαινάδων, νὰ στεφανώσωσι μέ αὐτῇ, ἵ νὰ λάβῃ εἰς χείρας τὸν Θήρσον, δηλαδὴ εἷ ξύλον ὡς κοντάς, περιλιγμένον μέ ἀμπελόφυλλα. Φοβηζόντες πρὸς τοῦτοις ὅτι ἂν παραινώσωσιν, ἤθελαν παροξυνῇ τὴν ὀργὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἤθελαν ἰδῇ αἱματοχυσίας, καὶ ἄλλα μεγάλα κακά. Ὑπήκουσαν λοιπὸν αἱ γυναῖκες, αἷς ἂν παραγῇ ἅπασι· ἄφησαν τὰ ἐργόχειρά τῶν, ἔφεραν θυμάματα εἰς τὰς θανέζας τῆ Βάχχε, ὀνομάζοσαι αὐτὸν Βρόμιον, Λυαῖον, Πυριγενῆ, γεννημένον δύω φοραῖς, ἵ μόνον υἱὸν δύω μητέρων, Νυσέα, Θυωνέα, Λιναῖον, φυτουργὸν τῆς ἀμπέλης, Νυκτέλιον, Ἐλελέα, καὶ Ἴακχον, καὶ μέ ἄλλα ὀνόματα, ὅσα ἡ Ἑλλὰς προσήρμοσεν αὐτῷ. Ἡ νεότης σου, τοῦ ἔλεγον, θέλει εἶναι ἀειθαλής, καὶ ὁ καιρὸς δεὸ θέλει δυνηθῇ νά τὴν μεταλλάξῃ ποτέ. Σὺ θέλες ἔχῃ πάντοτε τὰς χάρειας καὶ τὴν ἀμορφίαν ὡς παιδίου· εἶσαι ὁ ὡραίτερος τῶν ἐπερανίων Θεῶν, καὶ ὅταν παρῇσαι χωρὶς κέρατα, ἔχες παρθένης μορφήν. Σὺ ἐνίκησας ὅλην τὴν Ἀνατολήν, ἀπὸ τὰ μακράτα ταῦτα μέρη ἕως ἐκεῖ ὅπου
The Ismenides pray to Bacchus �Be satisfied with us, be gentle� and they celebrate the rites ordained. Only the daughters of Minyas remain inside, disturbing the festival, with the untimely arts of Minerva, drawing out strands of wool, twisting the threads with their fingers, or staying at their looms, and plying their servants with work. Then one of them, Arsippe, speaks, spinning the thread lightly with her thumb. �While the others are leaving their work, and thronging to this false religion, let us, restrained by Pallas, a truer goddess, lighten the useful work of our hands, and take turns in recalling a story to our idle minds, so that the time will not seem so long! Her sisters are pleased with this, and beg her to begin first. She wondered which of many she should tell (since she knew very many), and hesitated whether to tell about you, Babylonian Dercetis, who, as the Syrians of Palestine believe, with altered shape, your lower limbs covered with scales, swam in the waters, or how your daughter, assuming wings, lived her earliest years out among the white dovecotes. Or how a Naiad, with incantations, and all too powerful herbs, changed the bodies of youths into dumb fishes, until the same thing happened to her. Or how the mulberry tree that bore white berries now bears dark red ones, from the stain of blood. This one pleases her. She begins to spin this tale, which is not yet well known, as she spins her woollen thread.
„ ὁ Γάγγης ποταμὸς διαπερᾷ τὴν Ἰνδίαν. Σὺ ἐτιμώ- „ ρησας τὸν ἱερόσυλον Πενθέα, κ' Λυκοῦργον τὸν βα- „ σιλέα τῆς Θράκης, τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου. Σὺ ἔρριψας „ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν τοὺς ναύτας, ὡς ὑβριστὰς τῆς θεό- „ τητός σου. Σὺ φέρεσαι εἰς ἅμαξαν, συρομένην ἀπὸ „ Λύγκας, τὰς ὁποίας ἡμέρωσας, κάμνοντάς τας νὰ συν- „ ηθίσουν τὸν ζυγόν. Σὺ ἀκολουθεῖσαι ἀπὸ τὰς Βακ- „ χίδας, ἀπὸ τοὺς Σατύρους, κ' ἀπὸ τὸν γέροντα Σει- „ ληνὸν ὁ ὁποῖος πάντοτε μεθυσμένος, ἀφίνει τὰ μέλη „ του νὰ παραφέρωνται, κ' δὲν ἠμπορεῖ νὰ σταθῇ ἂν „ δὲν ἀκουμβήσῃ εἰς τὴν ράχην του ὀναρίου του. Ὅπου „ κ' ἂν ὑπάγῃς ἡ χαρὰ κ' εὐφροσύνη σὲ συνοδο- „ φύσει, κ' δὲν ἀκούεται ἄλλο τι παρὰ τραγούδια, „ κ' μία χαρμόσυνος σύγχυσις φωνῶν ἀνδρῶν τε κ' „ γυναικῶν, ἀνακατωμένων μὲ τὴν ἁρμονίαν σαλπίγ- „ γων, κ' ἤχων διαφόρων".
Οὕτως αἱ Ἰσμηνοΐδες ἐτέλουν τὴν ἑορτὴν τοῦ Διονύσου, παρακαλέσαι αὐτὸν νὰ ταῖς εἶναι βοηθός. Μόναι αἱ θυγατέρες τοῦ Μινύε καθύβρεισαν τὰ ἱερὰ του μὲ παράκαιρον ἐργασίαν, ποτὲ μὲν γνέθουσαι, ποτὲ δὲ ὑφαίνουσαι, κ' βιάζουσαι κ' τὰς δούλας των νὰ δουλεύουν περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ συνωνηθισμένον. Μία δὲ ἀπὸ ἐκείνας, ὁποῦ ἔγνεθεν, λύουσα τὴν σιωπὴν „ ἐν ᾧ, „ λέγει, αἱ ἄλλαι σχολάζουσαι δοξάζουσι μυθώδη „ θεότητα, ἡμεῖς, αἱ ὁποῖαι, διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, κα„ ταγινόμεθα εἰς ἐνδοξοτέραν ἄσκησιν, ἠμπορούμεν „ εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν νὰ ἀνακουφίσωμεν τὸ ἐπωφελὲς „ ἐργόχειρόν μας μὲ διαφόρας ὁμιλίας, κ' ἂς εἰπῇ ἑκά„ στη ἡμῶν Ἱστορίαν τινὰ, διὰ νὰ μᾶς φαίνεται ὁ και„ ρὸς συντομώτερος." Εἰς ὅλας ὁ λόγος ἐφάνη ἀρεστὸς, ὅθεν τὴν παρεκάλεσαν ν
ἡ ὁποία ὡς πολυμαθὴς, στοχάζεται μὲ ποίαν ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς ἱστορίας, ὅπως ἤξευρες, νὰ λάβῃ ἀρχήν. Ἀμφιβάλλει ἂν πρέπει νὰ διηγηθῇ τὰ συμβάντα τῆς Δερκέτιδος, ἥτις μετεβλήθη εἰς ὀψάρια, πεσοῦσα, ὡς λέγουσιν, εἰς τὰς λίμνας τῆς Παλαιστίνης· ἢ τὴν ἱστορίαν τῆς Θυγατρὸς τῆς Σεμιράμιδος, τῆς μεταμορφωθείσης εἰς περιστεράν, διὰ νὰ περάσῃ τὰ γηράματά της ἐπάνω εἰς τὰς ὑψηλοτέρας πύργους τῆς Βαβυλῶνος. Ἠθέλησεν ἀκόμη τοιουτοτρόπως νὰ διηγηθῇ τίνι τρόπῳ ἡ Νηῒς μετεμόρφωσε τὰς νέας εἰς ὀψαρίδας μὲ τὴν μαγείαν τῆς Βακχώλης, ἢ μὲ τὴν δύναμιν τινὸς χόρτου, ἕως οὗ μετεβλήθη καὶ αὐτὴ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ζῷον. Τέλος πάντων εὐδοκιμεῖται τὴν συκαμινέαν, τῆς ὁποίας ὁ καρπὸς πρότερον ἄσπρος, εἶχε λάβῃ κόκκινος ἐξ αἵματος δυστυχῶν αἷμα, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ μῦθος τῆς ἐφάνη ἀρεστότερος, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἦτον ἁπλῶς κοινός.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Φαίνεται αἱμοί ὅτι ἡ παπορεῖ τινὰς νά μ' ἔρασθῶσιν ἐδῶ, σαφαζόμενος αὐτὸν τὸν Μῦθον, εἰδὰ τί οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἰσορροπῶσι τὸν Βάκχον μὲ στάλες ἀφίσαντο, ἢ μὲ κεράστα. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, ἂν δὲν κρύπτεται κάποια μυστηριώδης εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ κεράτα, καὶ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτό, ἢ θέλει εἶναι βέβαια ὄνειρον, ὥσαν ἐκεῖνα τῆς ἀρρώστων, καὶ ἔξω ἐρευνῶν ὅπως. Διότι, ἀγκάλα λέγει τινὰ ὅτι οἱ Ποιηταὶ τῇ ζω- γραφίας τοῦ εἶχαν ἕνεσιν, ἐγὼ ὅμως σχηματίζομαι ὅτι δὲν ἔφεραν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἢ διανοηθῶσιν ἁπλῶν ἀδύνατα, καὶ ἢ καὶ ποιήσωσιν ὕψη ὡς ἄμφαρον ἅμα καὶ ἔως εἰς τὴν Φύσιν εἶχαι παράδοξα τέρατα. Ἀλλ' ἐδῶ ἡ ὑπόθεσις πρέπει νά ἐνοηθῶσιν διαφορε- τικῶς, καὶ ὄχι κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον· διὰ τί ἐκεῖνο, ὅπου κρύπτεται εἶναι τόσον εὔλογον, ὅσον εἶναι τερατῶδες τὸ φαινόμενον.
Ὅλα εἰ τῇ λοιπόν, κ
�Pyramus and Thisbe, he the loveliest youth, and she the most sought after girl, the East held, lived in neighbouring houses, in the towering city of Babylon, that Semiramis is said to have enclosed with walls of brick. Their nearness and their first childhood steps made them acquainted and in time love appeared. They would have agreed to swear the marriage oath as well, but their parents prevented it. They were both on fire, with hearts equally captivated, something no parent can prevent. They had no one to confide all this to: nods and signs were their speech, and the more they kept the fire hidden, the more it burned.
There was a fissure, a thin split, in the shared wall between their houses, which traced back to when it was built. No one had discovered the flaw in all those years � but what can love not detect? � You lovers saw it first, and made it a path for your voices. Your endearments passed that way, in safety, in the gentlest of murmurs. Often, when they were in place, Thisbe here, and Pyramus there, and they had each caught the sound of the other�s breath, they said �Unfriendly wall, why do you hinder lovers? How hard would it be for you to let our whole bodies meet, or if that is too much perhaps, to open to the kisses we give each other? Not that we are not grateful. We confess that we owe it to you that words are allowed to pass to loving ears� So they talked, hopelessly, sitting opposite, saying, as night fell, �Farewell�, each touching the wall with kisses that could not reach the other side.
One morning when Aurora had quenched the fires of night, and the sun�s rays had thawed the frosty grass, they came to their usual places. Then they decided, first with a little murmur of their great sorrows, to try, in the silence of night, to deceive the guards, and vanish outside. Once out of the house they would leave the city as well, and they agreed, in case they went astray crossing the open country, to meet by the grave of Ninus, and hide in the shelter of a tree. There was a tall mulberry tree there, dense with white berries, bordering a cool fountain. They were satisfied with their plan, and the light, slow to lose its strength, was drowned in the waters, and out of the same waters the night emerged.�
εἰσὶν λογισμοί μέσαι ἢ φρόνη εἶναι, ὅταν πίνοντες τινὰ ὀλίγον τι πλειότερον ὑπὸ τὸ συμβεσηκὸν τῶν, γίνεται πλέον εὔθυμος ἀπ᾽ ὅ,τι ἦ τῶν πρότερον ἢ ὕστερα εἶναι, καθὼς ἁμμικοί ὅσῃ πίνουσι, ποιοῦσι μεγαλαυχήσιν, ὑψηλὰ βαδίζοντες ἢ δὲ εἰ εἶναι τῶν, ὅσοι, ὡσὰ νὰ ἴδῃς ἐκείνης σοφρωσύνης τὸ κράτη, ἐπαυσθάζοντες, ἢ λαῦδσιν ἀρέβωσιν, ὅ,τι ἦ αὐτῆς ἔρχεται εἰς τὸν νοῦν. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἱστοροῦσι τὸν Βάκχον μὲ κέρατα, καὶ μὲ κεφαλὴν παρθένου, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς διπλῆς καταστάσεως, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ὁ οἶνος φέρει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Καὶ οὕτως τὸ κρασί, πινόμενον μετρημένως, ποιεῖ τοὺς ἄνδρας ὡς τὰ κορίτσια, δηλαδὴ εὔθυμος, ἥμερος, καὶ χαριτομένος μὲ ὑπερβολὴν δὲ πινόμενον, ποιεῖ αὐτοὺς ζῶα ἄλογα, μὴ ἔχοντες παντελῶς ἐπιστημὴν, ἢ ὡδὲ εἶναι ὡσὰν μὲ κέρατα, δηλαδὴ θυμώμενοι, καὶ γίνοντας ἀγρίοι.
Tunc pauper cornua sumit. Τότε πένης κέρατα λαμβάνει.
Ὁ αὐτὸς ὁ Μίδας ἐπιθυμεῖ καὶ τὸν Λυκούργον τὸν τῆς Θράκης Βασιλέα, μετανοήσας ἀφ᾽ ἅπερ ἔκαμε τῷ Διονύσῳ διότι θέλων νὰ ἀπαλλάξῃ τοὺς ὑποκειμένους του ἀπὸ τὴν ἐξιν τῆς μέθης, τοὺς ἐμπόδισε νὰ πίνουν κρασί, καὶ ἐπρόσταξε νὰ ἐκκοψῶσιν ὅλα τὰ ἀμπέλια τῆ Βασιλείας του.
Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἡ ἀσέλγεια καὶ ἀκολασία συνοδεύουσι τὴν μέθην, πλάττεται ὁ Διόνυσος συνοδευόμενος μὲ Σατύρους, καὶ Βακχίδας, τίγρας, τὶ Μαινάδας, καὶ παθήσεις σημαίνοντες διὰ τῶν Σατύρων τὴν ἀκολασίαν, καὶ διὰ τῶν Βακχίδων, αἵ ὁποῖαι ἔσαν γυναῖκες μαινόμεναι, τὴν μετὰ ζῆς παρακράτησιν.
Ἐσὶ δὲ ὡς Δρυετῆς, γράφει Διόδωρος ὁ Σικελιώτης, ὅτι πλησίον τῆς Ἀσκάλωνος, πόλεως τῆς Συρίας, εἶναι λίμνη γέματη ὀψαρίων, εἰς ἁποίαν τὸν ἀφοδὸν κύται Ναὸς τῆς Δερκετοῦς, τὴν ὁποίαν Γράφει ὀνομάζει Δαγών· διὰ τὶ ὁ Ἅγιος Ἱερώνυμος μὰς βεβαιώνει ὅτι τὸ Δαγὼν σημαίνει λύπην ὀλίσασι. Τὴν ὀνομάζουσι δὲ οἱ Σύριοι κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁμοδιάλεκτον Ἀτεργάτιν, ἤγουν χωρὶς ὀψάριον, ὅπερ πρέπει νὰ πιστεύσωμεν τὰ Ἀθήναια, ἐπειδὴ ὀνομάζετο παρ' αὐτοῖς Σειάτις ἡ ἁπεχὴ τὸ νὰ ἐγκρατεύωνται ὑπὸ τὰ ὀψάρια ἐκ τῆς ἑορταζῆς τῆς Θεᾶς ταύτης.
Ἡ δὲ Σεμίραμις ἡ Βασιλὶς τῆς Ἀσσυρίων, λέγουσιν ὅτι ἀνετράφη ὑπὸ μίαν περιστερὰν, ὅθεν διὰ τὶ τὴν ὠνόμασαν Σεμιραμίδα, ἐπειδὴ οἱ Σύριοι τὴν περιστερὰν σεμιράμιδα ὀνομάζουσιν. Ὁ Διόδωρος λέγει, ὅτι ἐρρίφθη ὑπὸ τῆς μητέρας της εἰς μίαν ἔρημον, ὅπου τὰ περιστέρια ἔσκεπαζον αὐτὴν μὲ τὰς πτέρυγάς των, φέροντες δὲ φοβιῶν τῆς ἐφρόντιζον γιὰ τῆς σχεδὸν πεπηγὸς γάλα, ἤτοι τυρὶ, μὲ τὴν μήτλην των, ὑπὸ μίας καλύβας τῶν βοσκῶν, ὅθεν τὸ ἴδιον ἔδωσαν αἰτίαν εἰς τὸν μῦθον ὅτι μετεβλήθη ἡ Σεμίραμις εἰς περιστερὰν. Ἴσως δὲ διὰ τὸ ὅτι οἱ Ἀσσύριοι ἐπροσκύνουν τὴν περιστερὰν. Ἀληθεῖ δ' ὅμως ὅτι καθὼς οἱ Φοίνικες εἶχον εἰς τὰ σήματα ἐχίδναν, οὕτω δ' οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι ἐφόρουν περιστερὰν εἰς τὰ Ἀθήναια, οὕτω συνέβαινεν, ὅσον ὅτι Παράσιος Ἰερεμίας πρὸ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς Ἰερουσαλὴμ ὑπὸ τῶν Βαβυλωνίων, ἔλεγε φοβερὰ κατὰ τῆς μαχαίρας τῆς περιστερᾶς.
Γηλος πάντων ἡ Νηΐας, κατὰ τὸ Ὀρτηγίλλον καὶ Σπάτιον, ἤτον Νύμφη εἰς τὴς ὀνόσειν, διότι δὴ εἶναι πιθανὸν νὰ ὑπονοῆται δι' αὐτῆς ἐκείνη ἡ περίεργος πόρνη ὀνομαζόμενη καὶ αὐτὴ Νηΐας· ἐπειδὴ δ' Ὀβίδιος διὰ βραχυλογίαν λέγει ταῦτα λαλᾶ, ἀφίνω καὶ ἐγὼ εἰς ἄλλον ἀφυέστερον μου τὰ περισσότερα, καὶ ὡς με διδάξῃ τι ἐφέπτει νὰ εἴπω, χωρὶς δὲ πλάσω ἄλλον τινα παίδων γεῶν μύθον.
Περὶ ἔρωτος, ἰς Δαμάστε τῆ Πυράμῳ, καὶ τῆς Θισόβης.
Ὁ Πύραμος, ἐραστής τῆς Θισόβης, ὑπ᾿ ἐπαρχηλίσε τὰ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρικοῦ τῆς οἴκου, καὶ τὰ ὑπάγῃ τῆς τοῦ πατρικοῦ θέλ μίαν μοναστείου. Ἡ Θισόβη ἔτως ἀπόδω τῶν ἀπορράξασα ἔκει μίαν Λέανδρα, ἄρχησε νὰ ῥῆξῃ με πολλὴν τάχτητα ἀπὸ τῆς εἰς σε τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς. Ὁ δὲ Πύραμος ἐκατεσκεύασου. Ἐνδόμα ἐκεῖ μετὰ πολλὰ τὸ Πύραμον καὶ ἴδον ὑπάλυμμα τῆς ἐρωμένης τοῦ ὅλου ᾠκοδομηθέν, καὶ νομίζωντας νὰ τῶ ἔψαχεν ἡ Λέανδα, εὐθέως ἀπὸ τὸ μυθευθείσταν ὑπὸν τὸ Πύραμον βλέψεσα ἡμιδακί, με τὰ συλλιαν ἑσσαϊδαη ἰς αὐτῆ.
Ἔξανοληθέσσα λοιπὸν ἡ Ἀλκιθόη τὸ ἐργόχειρόν τῆς, ἄρχησε νὰ λέγῃ οὕτως· ὁ Πύραμος ἐκριμάτισσε νέος ἄμορφότατος, καὶ ἡ Θισβεν ὁμολῶς ἡ ὡραιοτάτη τῶν τῆς Ἀνατολῆς κοραϊσῶν. Κατφήιοω δὲ τῶν Βαβυλώνας, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ Σεμίραμις πεδεσφάλισσε με ὑψηλότατα τείχη, καὶ τὰ ὀσσήδια πῶν ἦσαν πληϊσίον. Ἡ οὖν γειτωνία ἐφορόξησινε τὴν γναιεκίαν καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα ὁ ὁποῖος ηὔξησε με τὸν καιρόν· ἦ γὰρ ἑτοίμως ἤθελον συζευχθῆ με τὸν δεσμὸν τοῦ γάμου, ἀλλ᾿ οἱ γονεῖς τῶν, ἔχοντες ἔχθραν, ἀμαμετάζυσι τῆς ἀπηγόρευον νὰ βλέπειν ἀλλήλες, ἴσως δὲ καὶ τὸ νὰ ἀγαπώντζι, τὸ ὁποῖον πρῦτο δὲν ἐδυνάντο βέβαια νὰ τοῦς τὸ ἐμποδίσουν.
�Carefully opening the door, Thisbe, slipped out, deceiving her people, and came to the tomb, her face veiled, and seated herself under the tree they had agreed on. Love made her brave. But a lioness fresh from the kill, her jaws foaming, smeared with the blood of cattle, came to slake her thirst at the nearby spring. In the moonlight, Babylonian Thisbe sees her some way off, and flees in fear to a dark cave, and as she flees, she leaves behind her fallen veil. When the fierce lioness has drunk deeply, returning towards the trees, she chances to find the flimsy fabric, without its owner, and rips it in her bloodstained jaws. Leaving the city a little later, Pyramus sees the creature�s tracks in the thick dust, and his face is drained of colour. When he also discovers the veil stained with blood, he cries, �Two lovers will be lost in one night. She was the more deserving of a long life. I am the guilty spirit. I have killed you, poor girl, who told you to come by night to this place filled with danger, and did not reach it first. O, all you lions, that live amongst these rocks, tear my body to pieces, and devour my sinful flesh in your fierce jaws! Though it is cowardly to ask for death�
He picks up Thisbe�s veil, and carries it with him to the shadow of the tree they had chosen. Kissing the token, and wetting it with tears, he cries, �Now, be soaked in my blood too.� Having spoken he drove the sword he had been wearing into his side, and, dying, pulled it, warm, from the wound. As he lay back again on the ground, the blood spurted out, like a pipe fracturing at a weak spot in the lead, and sending long bursts of water hissing through the split, cutting through the air, beat by beat. Sprinkled with blood, the tree�s fruit turned a deep blackish-red, and the roots, soaked through, also imbued the same overhanging mulberries with the dark purplish colour.�
αλλ' ἐπεῖνοι ἐξ ἴσου φέρον ἀλλήλης ἴσον ἢ περισσότερον ἔρωτα. Αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοῖς ἦσαν οἱ μυστικοὶ φίλοι τε καὶ παθῶν, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενοι νὰ λαλήσουν διὰ στόματος, ἐλάλουν διὰ τῆς σημείων· ὅσον δὲ ἔκρυπτον τὴν φλόγα τῶν, τοσοῦτον αὐτὴ ἐνδυναμώνετο. Ἦτον μία σχισμάδα εἰς τὸν τεί- χον, ὁποὺ ἐχώριζε τὰ σπήτια τῶν, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡμέ- ρας εἰς τόσας χρόνας δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ κατανοήσῃ ἀλλὰ τί δὲν ἐφόβειστο ὁ Ἔρως, ἀφοῦ ἀληθῶς τὸν ἰσοῤῥόπισε τυ- φλὸν; Αὐτοὶ οἱ ἐρασταὶ τὴν περιεργάσθησαν πρῶτοι, καὶ ἀπ' ἐπεῖ συνεχῶς ἐλαλήσαν· ἐπεῖνο ἦτον τὸ κρυφὸν πέρασμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ὁ ἔρως ἄτρομος τοὺς ἀνήγ- γειλε τὴν σκέψιν τῶν, καὶ αἱ ἐρωτικοὶ λόγοι τῶν διέβαινον ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα εἰς τὸ ἄλλο τὸ αὐτίον. Πολ- λάκις ἀφιστάμενοι εἰς αὐτῶν τῶν τοποθεσίαν, ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα μέρος ἡ Θίσβη, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ Πύρα- μος, ἀφοῦ ἡ ἀντὶ τῶν ἀσπασμῶν, ἔπεμπον ἔκαστος ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος τῆς φωνῆς πρὸς τὴν ἄλλου τὴν σκέψιν, „ὦ „φθονερὸν τεῖχος, ἔλεγον, διὰ τί ἐναντιέσαι εἰς τὴν „ἐπιθυμίαν μας, διὰ τί δὲν μᾶς δίδεις ἄδειαν νὰ „ἀγκαλιάσωμεν; ἢ ἂν αὐτὴ ἡ χάρις εἶναι μεγάλη, „ἄνοιξε ὀλίγον, ὥστε κᾆν τὸ στόμα νὰ ἐγγίσῃ τὸ στόμα. „Ἡμεῖς ὅμως δὲν εἴμεθα ἀχάριστοι, καὶ γνωρίζομεν „ὅτι ὀφείλει νὰ σοῦ χρεώσωμεν χάριν διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν „δίαβασιν μᾶς δίδεις, δι' ἧς ἔχομεν τὴν παρηγο- „ρίαν, ἀφοῦ οἱ γλυκεῖς ἡμῶν νὰ ἀπολαμβάνωσιν „ἀπὸ τὴν συναναστροφήν". Οὕτω ματαίως συνομι- λοῦντες ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἀποχαιρετῶντο ὅταν ἡ νύκτα ἐπλησίαζε, δίδοντες, καθεὶς ἀπὸ τὸ μέρος του, διά- φορες ἀσπασμοὺς εἰς τὸν τεῖχον, ὥστε νὰ φθάσῃ
186 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
ἐμέμφοντο τὴν τύχην των. Τέλος πάντων, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐ- παραπονέθησαν ἀνωφελῶς πολὺ καιρόν, ἐσκοχάσθησαν νὰ εὕρειν τὴν νύμφην ἀπὸ τὰ δασήτια των, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν χώραν, καὶ νὰ ὑπάγειν εἰς τὸν πέλαγον τοῦ Νίνου, ὑ- ποκάτω εἰς συκαμινέαν, νεμονίου πλησίον μιᾶς βρύ- σεως. Ἀναμένει λοιπὸν τὴν νύκτα μὲ ἐπιθυμίαν με- γάλην, καὶ ὡς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος δὲν ἔδυσεν εἰς τὴν συμπτωματικὴν ὥραν, ἀλλὰ νὰ ἄργησε περισσότερον.
Ὡς πόσον ἔφθασεν ἀπὸ ἐνδυθῆσεν δῆθεν ἡ Θίσβη ἐπι- πηδεύουσα ἀπὸ τὸ πατρῷον τῆς οἰκητήριον, χωρεῖς νὰ τὴν καταλάβει κανείς, καὶ ἔστω με τὴν ἐκ τε ἔρωτος τό- λμαν ἢ φορβίαν, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν συκαμινέαν, πλη- σίον τοῦ τάφου τοῦ Νίνου, ἔχουσα κάλυμμα εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν της. Εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν μία λέαινα, αἱματω- μένη ἀπὸ τῆς προσφάτου σφαγῆς ἄλλων ζώων, ἤρχετο νὰ ποτισθῇ εἰς τὴν βρύσιν: τὴν ὁποίαν βλέψασα ἡ Θίσβη με τὸ φῶς τῆς σελήνης, ἔφυγεν δὴ, ἢ ἐκρύφθη μέσα εἰς ἕνα σπήλαιον: ἀλλὰ ἐν τῷ φεύγειν, διὰ κακὸν τύχης, τῆς ἔπεσε τὸ κάλυμμα κεφαλῆς της. τὸ ὁποῖον ἀνακαλύψασα ἡ Λέαινα, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἔπιε νερὸν, τὸ ἐξέσχισε μετὰ ὀδόντας: καὶ καθὼς τὰ ὀδόντια τῆς ἦσαν αἱματωμένα, τὸ ἐγέμισεν αἷμα. Ὡς πόσον ὁ Πύραμος, ὅ τις διε- λύγνυεν ὕστερος, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὸν ὡρισμένον τόπον, ὅπου βλέποντας τὰ ἴχνη τοῦ θηρίου, ἔγινεν ὠχρός, φοβού- μενος μήπως καμμία φθορέα τύχη ἥρπαξε τὴν ἐρω- μένην τε. ἀλλὰ ὅταν εὗρε τὸ κάλυμμα αἱματωμένον, ἤρ- χισε νὰ λέγῃ ἔτσι, μία μόνη ὀλέθριος νύκτα θέλει ἀπολέσει δύο ἐραστάς: ἀλλὰ ὁ ἕνας ἦτον ἄξιος νὰ ζή- σῃ ὅσον ζῶσιν οἱ Θεοί, ὁ δὲ ἄλλος ἔνοχος εἶναι θα- νάτου. Ἐγῶ, ἀθλία Θίσβη, ἐγῶ εἶμαι ἐκεῖνος,
�Now Thisbe returns, not yet free of fear, lest she disappoint her lover, and she calls for him with her eyes and in her mind, eager to tell him about the great danger she has escaped. Though she recognises the place and the shape of the familiar tree, the colour of the berries puzzles her. She waits there: perhaps this is it. Hesitating, she sees quivering limbs writhing on the bloodstained earth, and starts back, terrified, like the sea, that trembles when the slightest breeze touches its surface, her face showing whiter than boxwood. But when, staying a moment longer, she recognises her lover, she cries out loud with grief, striking at her innocent arms, and tearing at her hair. Cradling the beloved body, she bathes his wounds with tears, mingling their drops with blood. Planting kisses on his cold face, she cries out �Pyramus, what misfortune has robbed me of you? Pyramus, answer me! Your dearest Thisbe calls to you: obey me, lift your fallen head!� At Thisbe�s name, Pyramus raised his eyes, darkening with death, and having looked at her, buried them again in darkness.�
�When she recognised her veil and saw the ivory scabbard without its sword, she said, �Unhappy boy, your own hand, and your love, have destroyed you! I too have a firm enough hand for once, and I, too, love. It will give me strength in my misfortune. I will follow you to destruction, and they will say I was a most pitiful friend and companion to you. He, who could only be removed from me by death, death cannot remove. Nevertheless I ask this for both of us, in uttering these words, O our poor parents, mine and his, do not deny us the right to be laid in one tomb, we whom certain love, and the strangest hour have joined. And you, the tree, that now covers the one poor body with your branches, and soon will cover two, retain the emblems of our death, and always carry your fruit darkened in mourning, a remembrance of the blood of us both.�
Saying this, and placing the point under her heart, she fell forward onto the blade, still warm with his blood. Then her prayer moved the gods, and stirred her parents� feelings, for the colour of the berry is blackish-red, when fully ripened, and what was left from the funeral pyres rests in a single urn.�
εἰς ἓν τόσον κινδυνώδη τόπον, ἰδοὺ ἦλθα ἀρώτος ἐγώ. Ὦ λέοντες, οἱ κατοικοῦντες αὐτὰ τὰ φοβερὰ ἄσηλαια, ἐλπίζω νὰ ξεσχίσετε τοῦτο μὲ τὸ στόμα, ἐλπίζω νὰ σπαράξετε τὰ ἐντόσθιά μου· ἀλλὰ εἶναι ἴδιον τῶν δειλῶν νὰ ζητήσουν ἀπὸ ἄλλους τὸν Θάνατον, ἔχοντες τον εἰς χεῖρας των. Καὶ αὖθις ἁρπάζοντας τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς Θίσβης, ὑπῆγεν ὑποκάτω εἰς τὸ δένδρον, ὅπου εἶχον διορίσει, καὶ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸ ἐγέμισε δάκρυα, καὶ ἀπὸ μυρίας ἀσπασμούς, δέξου, λέγει, καὶ τὸ αἷμά μου· καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἐσφάγη μὲ τὸ σπαθί του, τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ μόλις τις ἐξέβαλεν ἀπὸ τὸ στῆθός του, πίπτοντας ἀπόσκελας, ὥστε ἔπνι ποιήσῃ τὸ αἷμα ἀπὸ τῶν πληγῶν του, καθὼς πηδᾷ τὸ νερὸν ἀπὸ τινα σχισμένον σωλήνα. Τότε καὶ ὁ καρπὸς τῆς δένδρου ἐμελανοποιήθη, ὤντας πρότερον ἄσπρος· ἐπειδὴ ποτισθεῖσα ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ δένδρου ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα, ἔδωσε τὸν βώλον της· καὶ εἰς τὰ σμυρνάκινα, τῆς ὁποίας καὶ εἰς τὸ ἑξῆς ἐφυλάχθη ἕως τῆς σήμερον. Ὡς τόσον ἡ Θίσβη, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν εἶχεν ἀποβάλει ἀκόμη τὸν φόβον, φοβουμένη μήπως ὁ Πύραμος τὴν προσμένει, τὸν ζητεῖ μὲ τοὺς νοεροὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ὥσαν καὶ μὲ τοὺς σωματικούς, καὶ φλογίζεται ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν νὰ τοῦ διηγηθῇ τὸν κίνδυνον, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἤδη ἐγλύτωσεν. Ἐγνώρισε καὶ τὸ δένδρον, καὶ τὸν τόπον, ἀλλὰ τὸ χρῶμα τοῦ καρποῦ τὴν ἔκανε νὰ ἀπορῇ. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐσκοπίζετο περὶ τούτου, εἶδε τὰ μέλη αἱματοπότιστα, καὶ τὸ κορμί, ὅπου ἔκινησε τὰ ποίδια, ἡ ἐταράττετο ἀκόμη. Ἐξαπέστη ὀπίσω βλέψασα αὐτὸ τὸ θέαμα, καὶ ὠχρίασεν ὡς νεκρὰ, ἤρχισε νὰ τρέμῃ ἀπὸν φόβον, ὥσαν ἡ Θάλασσα, ὅταν ταράττεται ἀπὸ ὀλίγου ἀέρος φύσημα· ἀναγνωρίσασα
απὸ τὴν λύπην ἢ ἀπόγνωσιν. Ρίπτεται ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ κορμί του, τὸν ἀγκαλιάζεται συνάλωσα, ἢ γεμίζει ἀπὸ δάκρυα πλῆν πληγῶν του, ἀνακατώνουσα αὐτὰ μέ τὸ αἷμα, ἢ δίδει εἰς τὸν ἐρωμένον της τὰ ἔξυσερα ἢ τὰ ψώνατα φιλήματα, λέγουσα ἔπως "Ὦ Πύραμε ποῖα τύχη μᾶς χαλάζει σήμερον; ἀποκρίσου με Πύραμε, ἢ Θίσβη εἶναι ἢ προσλαλῶσά σοι. Παμφίλατε μου Πύραμε, ἀνάσον με, σήκωσαι ὁλίγον τὴν κεφαλήν, κἂν διὰ νὰ ἴδης ὅτι ἢ Θίσβη σὲς ἀπάτησον". Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν λόγον ὁ Πύραμος ἀνοίξει ὁλίγον τὰ ὀμμάτια του, καὶ τὰ ἐσφάλισεν. Ἀλλ' ὅταν ἡ Θίσβη ἀναγνωρίσῃ τὸ κάλυμμα τῆς κεφαλῆς της, καὶ τὴν θήκην κενὴν ἀπὸ τὸ ξίφος, Αἰτία, ὦ δυστυχέστατε, λέγει, τὸ χέρι σου λοιπὸν καὶ ὁ ἔρως σου σέ ἐφόνευσαν". Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ σοι δώσω τὸ αἷμα μου, καθῶς ἢ σύ μοι ἔδωκες τὸ ἐδικόν σου, ἔχω, ἀγαπητέ μου Πύραμε, ἔχω καὶ ἐγὼ χέρι, ὅπου θέλει μέ ἐνδυναμώσει νὰ σέ ἀκολουθήσω. Ναί, θέλω σοι ἀκολουθήσει Πύραμε, ἢ ἂν εἴπωσι ποτὲ ὅτι ἐγὼ εἶμαι αἰτία τοῦ θανάτου σου, θέλει εἰπῆ ὅτι σὲ ἐδόλωσα· καὶ ἂν ἐγὼ σὲ ἔβαλα εἰς τὸν κίνδυνον, ἠξεύρω ἢ νὰ σὲ συνοδεύσω· καὶ καθῶς μόνος ὁ θάνατος ἠμπόρεσε νὰ μὲ χωρίσῃ ἀπὸ σοῦ, αὐτὸς πάλιν θέλει μᾶς ἑνώσει. Σᾶς ὁρκίζω ὅμως, ἄθλιοι γονεῖς τοῦ Πυράμου ἢ τῆς Θίσβης, νὰ μὴ φανῆτε τόσον σκληροὶ εἰς τὴν τύχην μας, ἀλλὰ νὰ μᾶς βάλλετε εἰς ἕνα ἢ τὸν αὐτὸν τάφον, ἐπειδὴ ἢ ὁ ἔρως ἢ ὁ θάνατος μᾶς ἐνώσαμεν! "Καὶ σὺ ὦ δένδρον ἀσπλαγχνικόν, ὅπου τώρα σκεπάζεις ἕνα μόνον κορμί, ἢ μετ' ὀλίγον θέλεις σκεπάσει δύο, φύλαξον τὰ σημεῖα τῆς δυστυχίας μας,
„ 189 Βλάστησον εἰς τὸ ἔξης ἀκατεπαύστως κάρπους, „ μαυροφρεμούς, διὰ τὸν θάνατον δύω ἐράστων ". Μόλις ἐπλείσισε τὸν θρῆνον, καὶ βύθισσα τὸ ξίφος ἐναντίον τοῦ στήθους της, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦτον ἔτι ζεστόν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Πυράμου, ἔπεσεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πληγήν της, καὶ ἀπέθανεν. Ὡς πόσον δὲ αἱ ὑστεριναὶ εὐχαί της ἐπαρακλήθησαν εἰς συμπάθειαν καὶ τῆς Θεᾶς, καὶ τῶν γονέων της, ἐπειδὴ τὰ μὲν σύκαμνα δὲν ὡρίμαζουσι ποτὲ χωρὶς νὰ μαυρίσουν, τὸ δὲ ἐναπολειφθὲν ἀπὸ τὰ κορμία των, ἀφ' οὗ ἐκαύθησαν, ἔπεσεν εἰς ὅλον καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τάφον.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Φαίνεται ὅτι ἐκακοπάθησαν ὁ Πύραμος καὶ ἡ Θίσβη, ἐπειδὴ ἠγάπησαν χωρὶς τὸ θέλημα τῶν γονέων των, καὶ ὅτι οἱ γονεῖς των ἐλυπήθησαν, διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔδειξαν, μεγάλην σκληρότητα. Μάθετε λοιπόν, ὦ ἀπειθῆ παιδία, ἀπὸ τὰ συμβάντα τοῦ Πυράμου καὶ ἀπὸ Θίσβης, νὰ μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας σας εἰς τὰς καλὰς συμβουλὰς τῶν γονέων σας, ἀλλὰ νὰ τοὺς ὑπακούετε πάντοτε · καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὸ ἴδιον παράδειγμα, μάθετε καὶ σεῖς ὦ αὐστηροὶ γονεῖς, νὰ μὴν ἐκδιώκετε ἀκαταγώνιστον τὸν ἄκαιρον ἔρωτα τῶν ψυχῶν σας.
Οὗτος ὁ Μῦθος μᾶς διδάσκει μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀξιοπαράδειγμα, ὅτι οἱ νέοι δὲν ὤφειλαν νὰ κυβερνῶνται ὑπὸ τὰ πάθητων μὲ τόσην τυφλότητα καὶ ἰσχυρογνωμίαν, ὥστε νὰ καταφρονῶν τὰς συμβουλὰς, καὶ γνώμας τῶν γονέων των. Νουθετεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰς παρθένους νὰ μὴ ἀφήνουν τίποτε, ὅπου νὰ βλάπτῃ καὶ ὀλίγον εἰς τὴν τιμὴν των· διότι μ' ὅλον ὅτι ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Πυράμου καὶ τῆς Θίσβης ἦτον καθαρός, ὅμως οἱ ἄνθρωποι συνηθίζουσι νὰ κρίνουν διαφορετικά, ὅταν ἴδουν μίαν παρθένον ἢ ἀφήσῃ τὴν πατρικήν της οἰκίαν, διὰ νὰ ἀκολουθήσῃ τὸν ἐρασταί, εἶναι ὡς τόσαι πληγαὶ κατὰ τῆς τιμῆς· ἡ δὲ παραμικροτέρα πληγὴ τῆς τιμῆς εἶναι θανατηφόρος, ἢ ἀθεράπευτος.
Πρὸς τούτοις διδάσκονται οἱ Γονεῖς νὰ ὑποφέρωνται τὰς μακροχρονίους μάχας, αἱ ὁποῖαι κρατοῦν εἰς διχόνοιαν τὰς φαμιλίας· διότι ὅταν δύο ἐχθρῶν παιδία, ποιοῦν ἐρωτικὴν φιλίαν μὲ τιμήν, δηλαδὴ μὲ σκοπὸν συγκαταλλαγῆς, διὰ νὰ διανεκῶνται νὰ φιλῶνται καὶ οἱ γονεῖς των, τοῦτο εἶναι θεία συνέργεια, διὰ νὰ γίνῃ εἰρήνη μεταξὺ ἐκείνων, ὅπου πρώτερον ἐχθρεύοντο. Πρέπει λοιπὸν οἱ γονεῖς μᾶς νὰ μάθουν νὰ εἶναι συγκαταβατικώτεροι εἰς τὰ μικρὰ μας σφάλματα, ἀφήνοντες τὴν πολλὴν σκληρότητα, τῆς ὁποίας ἡ βλάβη πίπτει ἐπάνω, καὶ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ παιδία των.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ε'. Βιβλίον δ'.
Περὶ τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς μεταμορφώσεως εἰς λιβανικὴ ῥάβδον, καὶ τῆς Κλυτίας εἰς τὸ κάλεμμον Ἡλιοτρόπιον.
Arsippe ceased. There was a short pause and then Leucono� began to speak, while her sisters were quiet.
�Love even takes Sol prisoner, who rules all the stars with his light. I will tell you about his amours. He was the first god they say to see the adulteries of Venus and Mars: he sees all things first. He was sorry to witness the act, and he told her husband Vulcan, son of Juno, of this bedroom intrigue, and where the intrigue took place.� Vulcan�s heart dropped, and he dropped in turn the craftsman�s work he held in his hand. Immediately he began to file thin links of bronze, for a net, a snare that would deceive the eye. The finest spun threads, those the spider spins from the rafters, would not better his work. He made it so it would cling to the smallest movement, the lightest touch, and then artfully placed it over the bed. When the wife and the adulterer had come together on the one couch, they were entangled together, surprised in the midst of their embraces, by the husband�s craft, and the new method of imprisonment he had prepared for them.
The Lemnian, Vulcan, immediately flung open the ivory doors, and let in the gods. There the two lay shamefully bound together, and one of the gods, undismayed, prayed that he might be shamed like that. And the gods laughed. And for a long time it was the best-known story in all the heavens.�
Ὁ ἥλιος ἀνακαλύπτει τὴν μετὰ τὸ Ἄρεως μοιχείαν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης· ἡ δὲ θεὰ ἐκδικεῖται, παρακινήσασα τὸν Ἥλιον ἵνα γίνῃ ἐραστὴς τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς θυγατρὸς τοῦ Ὀρχάμου. Ἡ Κλυτία, ἡ ἀγαπῶσα τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, μεταμορφοῦται εἰς τὸ αὐτὸς κι φυτὸν, κεκαμμένον πάντοτε πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου εἶναι ὁ Ἥλιος.
Ὅταν ἡ Ἀλκιθόη ἐτελείωσε τὴν ὁμιλίαν της, αἱ ἀδελφαί της ἔκαμαν κάποιαν ἐπανάληψιν τῶν Μύθων, καὶ ἔπειτα ἡ Λεύκοθόη ἄρχισε νὰ λαλῇ οὕτως· „Αὖ ὁ Πύραμος, καὶ ἡ Θίσβη ἐδοκίμασαν τὴν ὀργὴν „τοῦ ἔρωτος, δὲν ἔλειψε κὶ ὁ Ἥλιος, αὐτὸς ὁ ἐρασμιώ- „τατος Θεὸς, ὁ φωτίζων τὸν Κόσμον, νὰ τὴν δοκιμά- „σῃ ὁμοίως. Ἀκούσατε λοιπὸν τὰς ἐρωτάς του, καὶ τὴν „αἰτίαν αὐτῶν. Βλέπων αὐτὸς πρῶτος ὅλα τὰ γινό- „μενα εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ εἰς τὴν γῆν, εἶδε καὶ τὴν „μοιχείαν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης μὲ τὸν Ἄρην· μὴν ὑποφέ- „ροντας δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν καταφρόνησιν, ἀνήγγειλε τῷ ἀν- „δρί της Ἡφαίστῳ τὸν μὴ τοῦ Ἄρεως ἔρωτά της, δείχνον- „τάς του καὶ τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ὑπήγαιναν πρὸς αὐταμοι- „βήν. Εἰς τὸν Ἥφαιστον ἐπροξένησεν αὐτὴ ἡ εἴδησις „ὄχι ὀλίγην λύπην, ὥστε ἔπεσαν τὰ σφυρία ἀπὸ τὰς „χεῖράς του, καὶ τὸ τεκτονικὸν ἔργον, ἐν ᾧ τότε ἐνασχο- „λεῖτο. Ἐσκοπήθη λοιπὸν νὰ τοὺς πιάσῃ, καὶ κατα- „σκευάζει ἁλύσεις καὶ δίκτυα τοσοῦτον λεπτὰ, ὥστε „σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἀόρατα, ἐπειδὴ ὀμμάτια δὲν ἐδύναντο „νὰ τὰ ἴδῃν, κὶ τὸ νῆμα τῆς ἀράχνης εἶναι καταπολ- „λὰ χονδρὸν πρὸς σύγκρισιν ἐκείνων· πλὴν κατασκευ- „άζοντάς τα τόσον λεπτὰ, τὰς ἔδωκεν ἀρκετὴν δύναμιν, „κὶ μὲ αὐτὰ ἐπερικύκλωσεν ἐπιτηδειότατα τὴν κλίνην, „ὅπου ἤθελε νὰ θεατρίσῃ τὴν ἐντροπήν του, ἅμα δὲ κὶ „τὴν κακίαν τῆς γυναικός του. Καὶ οὕτως, ὅταν ἔπεσαν „ὁ Ἄρης καὶ ἡ Ἀφροδίτη εἰς τὸ κρεββάτι, εὑρέθη- „σαν πιασμένοι εἰς τὰ δίκτυα, τῶν ὁποίων ἐγνώ- „ρισαν τὴν ἐνέργειαν, πρὶν νὰ τὰ ἴδῃν μὲ τὰς ὀφθαλ-
μές των. Ὁ δὲ Ἥφαιστος ἐν πευκῇ λωδίκῃ τῆς δώρον τοῦ ποιητῶρος, ὅπου ἦχυντο δεδεμένοι, ἐμβάλλοντας ὅλους τοὺς Θεοὺς, διὰ νὰ ἰδῶσι τὰ ἀγναλίσματά των. Ἐντράπῃ λοιπὸν ὁ Ἄρης παρ' ὑπερβολῆς· ὅμως ἄλλος τις τῶν Θεῶν, ὅστις δὲν ἦτον ἀπὸ τοὺς πλέον αὐστηροὺς, ἐφθόνησεν αὐτῷ τῆς ἐντροπῆς, καὶ ἤθελε πῆν ἀγοράσῃ ἀσμένως μὲ τοιαύτην τιμῆν. Ὅλοι οἱ Θεοὶ ἐγέλασαν καταπολλὰ, διηγούμενοι διὰ πολὺν καιρὸν τῆς ὑπόθεσιν αὐτὴν πρὸς χαρεντισμὸν εἰς τὰ Οὐράνια. Ἡ Ἀφροδίτη ὅμως δὲν ἀλησμόνησε τὴν ὕβρησιν, ὅπου τῆς ἐκάμεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ἀλλ' ἀνέμενε καιρὸν νὰ τὸν ἐκδικήσῃ μὲ παρόμοιον ἐρῶτα. Τί σοι ὠφελεῖ τώρα, θεϊάσμιε Θεῖε Ἥλιε, νὰ εἶσαι ὁ ὡραιότερος τῶν Θεῶν; τὶ διάφορον ἔχεις ἀπὸ τὴν ἀσύγκριτον ἀραιότητά σου, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰς αἰωνίους ἀκτῖνας, ὅσαι σοῦ στεφανοῦν τὸν κεφαλὴν; Σύ, ὁ μὲ τὰς φλόγας σου δυνάμενος νὰ καύσῃς τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον, καίεσαι τώρα ἀπὸ νέαν φωτίαν. Σὺ δὲ, ὁ βλέπων κατὰ ἐξαίρεσιν ὅλα τὰ πράγματα, κοιτάζεις τώρα μόνον τὴν Λευκοθόην, καρφώνοντες πρὸς αὐτὴν τῆς Κόρης ἐκείνης τὴν ὄψιν· καὶ τὰ βλέμματα ἐκεῖνα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐξαποστέλλεις εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Πολλάκις ἀπουδάζεις περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὸ συνηθισμένον σου νὰ ἀνατέλλῃς, ἢ πολλάκις ἀργοπορεῖς νὰ δύσῃς, ἔχοντες μεγάλην ἐπιθυμίαν νὰ βλέπῃς τὸ ποθούμενόν σου, καὶ ὥστε ποιεῖς τὰς τοῦ χειμῶνος ἡμέρας μεγαλητέρας καὶ φορτινατέρας. Κάμμιον φορὰν ὁ ἔρως σου προξενεῖ ὀλιγοθυμίαν εἰς τὸν δρόμον σου, ἢ ἡ σύγχυσις ἡ πάσχα τὴν ψυχήν σου, μεταβαίνει συγκάμις εἰς τὸ φῶς σου, τὰ ὁποίου ὁ ξάφνου σκοτασμὸς φοβίζει ὅλον τὸν Κόσ-
�But Cytherea, remembering the informer, exacted punishment, and took revenge on him. He who harmed her secret affair, was equally harmed by love. Son of Hyperion, what use to you now, are beauty, lustre, and radiant light? Surely, you who make all countries burn with your fires, burn with a new fire. You, who should discern everything, contemplate Leucotho�, and your eyes, that ought to be fixed on the whole earth, are fixed on one virgin girl. Sometimes you rise too early in the dawn sky. Sometimes you sink too late into the waves. Thinking of her, you lengthen the winter hours. Sometimes you vanish, your mind�s defect affecting your light, and, obscured, terrify men�s hearts. It is not because the moon�s shadow, closer to the earth, eclipses you, that you fade. It is that love of yours that determines your aspect. You only love her.
�You forget Clymene, Phaethon�s mother, and the nymph Rhode, and Perse, the most beautiful mother of Aeaean Circe, and Clytie, although despised, seeks union with you, and, even now, suffers its deep wounds. Leucotho� makes you forget them all, she whom loveliest Eurynome gave birth to, among the people who produce sweet-smelling incense. But when the daughter grew to womanhood, she outshone her mother, as her mother surpassed all others. Her father Orchamus ruled the Achaemenian Cities of Persia, seventh in line from ancient Belus, the founder.�
ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 193
„ μου. Τὸ αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ὠχρότητος σου δεῖ εἶναι ἡ σε- „ λήνη, ἥτις πλησιάζουσα περισσότερον εἰς τὴν γῆν, „ νὰ ἐμποδίζῃ τὴν λάμψιν σου· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἔρως εἶναι ἐκεῖνος, „ ὅπου σὲ μεταβάλλει, καὶ σὲ παροξύνει αὐτὴν τὴν ὠ- „ χρότητα. Σὺ ἀγαπᾶς ἀλλοτε εἰμὴ μόνον τῶν παρόντων „ αὐτῶν, ἃ σὺ ἐνδυμεῖσαι πλέον ἔστε τὴν Κλυμένην, „ ἔστε τὴν Ῥόδον, ἔστε τὴν μητέρα τῆς Κίρκης. Σὺ „ ἔβλεψες πλέον τὴν Κλυτίαν, ἡ ὁποία σὲ παύει νὰ „ σὲ ἀγαπᾷ, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι τὴν κακοφορεῖς. Μόνη ἡ „ Λευκοθόη δύναται νὰ σὲ χαροποιῇ, ἐξαλείψασα „ ἀπὸ τὴν καρδίαν σου πᾶσαν ἄλλην ὡραιότητα·
Ἡ Λευκοθόη αὕτη, ὦ ἀδελφαί μου, ἦτον Θυγάτηρ τῆς ὡραιότητος Εὐρυνόμης, τὴν ὁποίαν καὶ ὑπερέ- βαινε τῇ τῆς ὁμορφίᾳ, καθὼς ἡ μήτηρ της ἔνικε ὅλας τὰς παρθένους· τῆς καιρὸς τῆς Ὀρχαμος, ὁ ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ζ'. Βασιλεὺς τῆς Περσίδος, ἦτου πα- τὴρ της· Λέγουν ὅταν τὰ ἅλογά του Ἡλίου ἐξενου- ράζοντο ἀπὸ τὸν δρόμον τῆς ἡμέρας, ἃ αὐτὰ χόρτον ἐτρέφοντο ἀμβροσίαν, εἰς τὰ δυτικὰ παραθαλάσσια, ἔλαβεν αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς τὴν μορφὴν Εὐρυνόμης, τῆς μη- τρὸς τῆς Λευκοθόης, ἃ ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα της, ὅπου τὴν εὗρεν, ἔχουσαν παρὰ αὐτὴν δώδεκα θερα- παντίδας, ἐναγχολεμένας εἰς τὸ γνέξειν, ἃ φιλώντας την ὡς μήτηρ της, εἶπε, λέγει, εἶ μυστικόν νὰ εἴπω τῆς κυρίας σης, ὅθεν ἀναχωρήσατε δὴ ὀλίγην ὥραν. Μόλις ἐκεῖναι ἔξω, ἃ ἰδὼν ὁ Ἥλιος, μείνα- ντας μοναχὸς μὲ αὐτήν, τῆς ἐφανέρωσε τὸ εἶναί του, ἃ τὸν ἔρωτά του, λέγοντάς της· ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ Θεός, ὅς τις μετρῶ τοὺς χρόνους· εἰμαι παντεπόπτης, καὶ δι'
αὐτῆς τῆς μεταμορφώσεώς της ἐρριζομένον εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ τὰ μέλη της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς φύλλα, τὸ δὲ πρόσωπόν της εἰς ἓν ἄνθος λεγόμενον Ἡλιοτρόπιον· Ὅμως, αὖ καὶ κρατῆται ἀπὸ τὴν ρίζαν εἰς τὴν γῆν, γυρεύει πάντο- τε πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου φαίνεται ὁ Ἥλιος, φυλάττουσα, καὶ μὲ τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν της, τὴν πρώτην ἀγάπην της πρὸς αὐτόν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Πρὶν ὁμιλήσω περὶ τῆς μεταμορφώσεως τῆς Αἰόλου τῆς, φαίνεται μοι εὔλογον νὰ εἴπω ὀλίγα τινὰ περὶ τῆς μοιχείας τοῦ Ἄρεος, καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἥλιος ἐσκέπασεν ἐμπρόσθεν παν- τός. Καὶ πρῶτον ἀναφέρομεν εἰς τὴν Ἀστρολογίαν τῶν μοι- χῶν ταύτην, καὶ τὴν Ἀποτελεσματικὴν τῶν μοι- χῶν, σημαίνει, ὅτι ὅσοι ἡνιοδῶσι τῇ τῆς συζυγίας τῇ πλάνῃ, δι- δόντα φύσει πόρνον, καὶ μοιχόν· εἰ δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος δὲν εἶναι μάκρυς, ἢ αὐτὸς ἐκκαλεῖ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν καιρόν· οἱ φρονέστεροι δὲ θέλουσι μέμβειν νὰ κρύπτωνται, καὶ θέλουσι δυστυχῶς πάντοτε διακεν- δυνεύονται. Ἔτι ἀνάγεται αὐτὸς ὁ Μῦθος καὶ εἰς τὴν Ἠθικήν, ἐπειδὴ οἱ πολεμάρχοι, καὶ εὐπόλεμοι ἄνδρες ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον κλίνουσιν εἰς ναι ἐρωτικοί, καὶ οἱ περισσότεροι εἶναι μοιχοί·
Ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Ἄρεος, καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἔχει καὶ φυσικὰ αἴτια· ὁ μὲν Ἄρης, ὡς πλάνης τοῦ πυρός, σημαίνει τὴν θερμότη- τα, ἡ δὲ Ἀφροδίτη, μίαν συγκερασμένην ὑγρότητα· καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν συσσωρευγνὴν τῶν δύο τούτων ποιοτήτων, αἱ ὁποῖαι παρακινοῦσι τοὺς ἀν- θρώπους εἰς ἔρωτα, γίνεται ἡ γέννησις.
Πλήν, αἱ καὶ οἱ Μῦθοι τῶν Θεῶν προσαρμόζονται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς φυσικὰ αἴτια· ὑποκείμως δὲ εἰς τὰ Ἠθικά, φαίνεται ὅμως ὅτι ὁ Ὅμηρος μὲ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον παρακινεῖ τοὺς ἀν- θρώπους εἰς τὴν ἀκηδίαν καὶ περιφρόνησιν τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς εὐκόλως ἔχει τοῦ εἶναι νὰ παιδεύει τοὺς κακούς,
„ Οὐκ ἀρετῇ νικᾷ ἔργῳ· κιχάνει τοι βραδὺς ὠκύν, „ Ὡς ὁ χωλὸς Ἥφαιστος ἑῷ βραδὺς εἷλεν Ἄρηα, „ Ὠκύτατόν περ ἐόντα Θεῶν οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσι, „ Χωλὸς ἐών, τέχνῃσι τό μιν μοιχεύοντ' ὀφέλλει.
Δημώδ. ἐν τῇ τοῦ Ὁμήρου Ὀδυσ. θ'. 329.
Ἐπὶ τῆς κακῆς, καταφρονητῆς τῶν Νόμων, ὅσον δυνατόν, ὅσον δυνατώτερον, ἐχθρὸς καὶ τῶν εἶναι, ἡ ἀργὴ τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἥτις δύναται να ἀφθάνῃ πρόσθεν· ἡ τιμωρητικὴ ἀργά, θέλει σὲ φθάσει, ὡς καὶ ὁ Ἥφαιστος, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι χωλὸς καὶ βραδύτερος ἐπὶ τῶν θεῶν, ἔπιασε μὲ τὰ δίκτυα τὸν τοῦ Ἄρεος, τὸν πάντων βιαιότερον καὶ δυσκατέργαστον.
Ἀλλ' ἄφες μοι συγχώρησαι να λαλήσω, ἢ νὰ ἐπῶ μᾶλλον τὸν Ὅμηρον ἢ ἐγὼ τὸν νοῦ μου μᾶς, λέγω ὅτι ὁ Μήδειος ἱστορεῖται τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς ψῆς νὰ μέλει αἰκάσσειν ἐκείνης, αἵτινες δύνανται νὰ ἐκδειχθῶσιν ὅτι εἶναι ἐπικίνδυνον νὰ χρῶνται τῆς τοῦ αἰμιδίου τῆς ἄλλου, παρὰ τὰ τῆς θείας· καὶ φόρα φυσερῶν τὸ πάθων, ἰδιῶσι νὰ θαυμάσῃ, ἢ φανερώνοντας τὸ θέλει διορθώσῃ ὁ ποιητῆς· ἡ παλλακίσσου θέλει ὁρισθῆ καίμεταί τινὲς ὠφέλεια. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ἂν καὶ θέλε κάμῃ χρέος τοῦ αὐτὴν τῆς θαυμασμῆς, ἀεὶ καὶ θέλει βιάσῃ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην νὰ ἐκδιδόσῃ τῇ καταφρονήσου, ὅπου τὸν ἔκαμεν, ἐμπνέουσα εἰς αὐτὸν ἕνα ἔρωτα, ὑπὸ τοῦ ὁποίου ἔλαβε πρωτύτερον θλίψιν παρὰ ὑπόλαυσιν.
Πλὴν δὲ τῆς Ἀσκληπίας, ἢ τῆς ὁποίας ἐγνωρίζετο τὸ δένδρον, ὅπου κατέκοπτον τοῦ, ἢ διὰ ἐπιγνώσθη ὅτι ἢ αὐτὴ ἐφθάρθη ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος ἀπὸ τὰ αὐτὰ αἰτία, ὅσα πρόσθεν εἴρηνται τῆς φύλλης, ἐπειδὴ ἡ αὐτὸ τὸ δένδρον περισσώμει
LEUCOTHEA AND CLYTIE
�Under western skies are the fields of the horses of the Sun: they have ambrosia to crop not grass. It nourishes their weary legs after the day�s work, and refreshes them for their labours. While his horses browse on celestial food and while night carries out her role, the god enters his loved one�s room, taking on the shape of her mother, Eurynome. There he finds Leucotho� in the lamplight, amongst her twelve maids, drawing out fine threads, winding them on her spindle. So he gives her a kiss, just as a mother her dear daughter, and says �This is secret: servants, depart, and don�t rob a mother of the power to speak in private.� They obey, and when there are no witnesses left in the room, the god speaks.
�Who measures the long year, I am he. I see all things, earth sees all things by me, I, the world�s eye. Trust me, you please me.� She is afraid, and, in her fear, distaff and spindle fall from her lifeless fingers. Her fear enhances her, and he, waiting no longer, resumes his true form, and his accustomed brightness. And, though the girl is alarmed by this sudden vision, overwhelmed by his brightness, suppressing all complaint, she submits to the assault of the god.
�Clytie was jealous (there were no bounds to her love for Sol), and goaded by anger at her rival, she broadcast the adultery, and maligning the girl, betrayed her to her father. He in his pride and savagery, buried her deep in the earth, she praying, stretching her hands out towards Sol�s light, crying �He forced me, against my will�, and he piled a heavy mound of sand over her.
�Poor nymph, Hyperion�s son dispersed this with shafts of light, and gave you a way to show your buried face, but you could not lift your head, crushed by the weight of earth, and lay there, a pale corpse. They say the god of the winged horses had seen nothing more bitter than this, since Phaethon�s fiery death. He tried to see if he could recall life to those frozen limbs, with his powerful rays. But since fate opposed such efforts, he sprinkled the earth, and the body itself, with fragrant nectar, and, after much lamenting, said �You will still touch the air�. Immediately the body, soaked through with heavenly nectar, dissolved, steeping the earth in its perfume. Tentatively, putting out roots, the shoot of a tree, resinous with incense, grew through the soil, and pierced the summit of the mound.
198
Καὶ ὅπως, χιζόντες τὸ αἷδος αὐτό, ἀνείσκωψα μιᾶς ὕψης, ὥστε κόμμι, ἡ ὁποία ἐκχέεσθαι, παρομοιάζεσθαι τῷ τὸ Συμπλήμματα.
Ἐμάθα πρὸς τὰ τοῦτο ὑπ᾽ ἐμὲ φίλον με, ἄνθρωπον πεπαιδευμένον, ὅστις περιελθὼν ὅλως τῷ Ἀνατολῇ, ὡς περιόχοντας οἱ Φιλόσοφοι εἶναι νὰ μάθεν Ὑπείμακε, ἢ νὰ γνωρίσουν τῆ Φύσης, ὅτι τὸ Ἡλιοφάνειον, φυσιώμενον πλησίον εἰς τὰ λιβανόφορα δένδρα, τὰ ξηραίνει, ὡς ἐὰν ἔπεφτε ξηρασία εἰς ἐκεῖνο εὐθύς. Στοχάσθησε λοιπὸν πόσον εἶναι πιθανὸν ὅτι ἡ φύσις ἢ διὰ τῶν φυτῶν νὰ ἔδωσεν ἀφθορίαν τῇ Μύρρᾳ.
Παραδέχεται εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μῦθον ἡ φύσις τοῦ Ἡλιοτροπίου φυ- τοῦ, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι καὶ τις πολύτιμος λίθος, φέρων τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα, ἔχων τινὰ αἱματώδεις φλέβας, ὁ ὁποῖος, ἐὰν βληθῇ εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ, βάλλει ἐρυθρὰς ὡς τὸ αἷμα τὰς ἀκτῖνας τοῦ Ἡλίου· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκτὸς ὑπὸ τὸ ὕ- δωρ, παρίστησι τὸν Ἥλιον, ὡς κάθρεφτις, ὡς δείχνῃ εὐσαφῶς ἐπὶ ἐκλείψεως του. Αὐτὸ λοιπὸν τὸ φυτόν, λέγει ὁ Μῦθος, ἔχει τοσούτην ἀγάπην εἰς τὸν Ἥλιον, ὥστε πάντοτε γυρεύει πρὸς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου ἐκεῖνος εἶναι, ὡς ὅταν δὲν λάμπῃ, εὑρίσκῃ ὁμόλογον ὑπὸ τὰ σύννεφα τῷ τὲ μύρῳ πλέκεται, ἢ κρύπτει τὸ ἄνθος της, λυπού- μενον πάντα διὰ τὴν ἀπουσίαν τῆς ἐρωμένης της· Τὰ Ἡλιοτρόπια εἶναι πολλῶν εἰδῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐδῶ φαίνεται ὅτι ὁμιλεῖται εἰς εἶδος μεγάλων ἡλιοτροπίων. Ἄν ἐνθυμᾶται εἶναι ὅτι ὁ Ἥλιος κατέλειπε τὴν Κλυτίην, διὰ νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ τὴν Λευκοθέαν, ἤ τις λέγει ἡ ἱστορία αὐτὴ τοῦ Ἀπολ- λωνίου, καὶ ὑποκείμενοι, κατὰ τὸ γράψιμον ὡς ἄλλων τινῶν ἐξηγητῶν, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἀφίστερον τὸ φυτὸ, ὅταν εἰς μεγάλην ἀγάπην ἔπε- σε λοιπὸν Λευκοθέα· Τὸ νὰ ἀποδεχθῇ ὅτι ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἶναι πολ- λάκις ἀφορμὴ μεγάλων κακῶν, καὶ ὅτι ὁ ἔρως εἶναι ἔτι χει- ρότερος· ἄρχομα δὲ εἰς τὸ παρακάτω ὁ ἔρως τοῦ φυτοῦ, τὸ ὁποῖον καὶ εἰς ἀνέκπτον του, ἢ γὰρ ἄλλο ἀποδίδει ἐν ὕδος τῆς ταπεινώσεως, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐρευνήσομεν νὰ ἀγαπᾷ.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. Η'. Θ'. Ι'. καὶ ΙΑ'.
Περὶ τοῦ Δαφνίδος· τῆς Σκύλλης· τοῦ Κήρυκος· καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος· καὶ τῆς Σαλμακίδος.
Ἡ Ἀλκιθόη διηγεῖτο τὸ αὐτῷ εἰς ἄλληλα πράγματα περασμένα Μύθους πρὸς τὰς ἀδελφὰς της· διὰ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦ Δαφνίδος τοῦ εἰς πέτραν μεταβληθέντος ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐφύλαξε τὰ πρόσταγμα τοῦ Κηρύκου· καὶ τῆς Σκύλλης· ἐξ ἧς ἤμουν ποτὲ μὲν ἄνθρωπος· ἐκ δὲ γυναικὸς καὶ Κήρυκος ἤτον ποτὲ μὲν ἄνθρωπος· ἐξ ἧς μετεβλήθη εἰς ὄφιν ἡ Σμίλαξ· καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων πτηνῶν μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς ἀδιάντην· καὶ περὶ τοῦ διηγήματος ὑπόδειγμα τοῦ Μύθου τῆς Σαλμακίδος· καὶ τοῦ Ἑρμαφροδίτου.
Ἀφοῦ ἡ Λευκονόη ἐπεράτωσε τὴν ὁμιλίαν της· καὶ ἤκουσαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τὸ θαυμάσιον ἐκεῖνα συμβάντα· αἱ μὲν ἔλεγον ὅτι ἦσαν ἀδύνατα· αἱ δὲ ὅτι οἱ Θεοὶ ἐδύναντο νὰ κάμουν πᾶν πράγμα· ὡς παντοδύναμοι· ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐσυμφώνουν νὰ ἦτον ὁ Βάκχος εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν Θεῶν. Ὡς πόσον αἱ ἀδελφαὶ τῆς Ἀλ-
μίδος, ἡ ὁποία δὲ εἶχε διηγηθῆ πρότερον, τὸν ὑπολείψωσαν νὰ εἴπῃ τὸ αὐτὸ ἀσέβιόν τινα Μῦθον. Ἐγὼ δὲ θέλω σᾶς διηγηθῆ, ἀπεκρίθη ἐκείνη, τὸ συμβὲν τῇ Ῥόδῳ Δαφνίδος, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ ὀργὴ μίας Νύμφης, παρ' αὐτοῦ καταφρονεμένης διὰ νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ ἄλλην, μετέβαλε εἰς πέτραν· πόσην δύναμιν ἔχουσιν ἡ λύπη καὶ ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἰς τὰς καταφρονεμένας ἐραστάς· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς ὁμιλήσει διὰ τὸν Σίφωνα, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον μήτε αὐτὴ ἡ φύσις δὲν ἤξευρε νὰ εἴπῃ τὶ ἦτον, ἐπειδὴ διὰ μέσου μετεβάλλετο, ὥστε συνέβαινεν εἰς αὐτὸν κατὰ καιρόν, ποτὲ μὲν ἦτον ἀνήρ, ποτὲ δὲ γυνή· ἔτι πάλιν διὰ τὸν Κήλιον, τὸν ποτὲ μὲν πρόσφιλον καὶ φίλον τοῦ Διός, τώρα δὲ ἀδάμαντα· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς προβάλῃ τὰ συμβάντα τῆς Κερκώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς βροχῆς· ἔτι θέλω σᾶς παραθέσει τὸν Κρόκον, καὶ Σμίλακα, οἱ ὁποῖοι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς λουλούδια αὐτῆς· ἀλλὰ θέλω ἐπιμεληθῆ νὰ σᾶς χαροποιήσω μὲ ἓν νέον καὶ ἀρεστὸν διήγημα, ἄξιον τῆς προσοχῆς σας. Γνωστόν σας εἶναι βέβαια, ὅτι ἡ κρήνη τῆς Σαλμακίδος εἶναι ἄτιμος, καὶ γυναικώνει τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲ τὰ νερά της· ἀλλ' ἴσως δὲν ἤξευρετε τὸ πῶς αἴτιον, ἂν καὶ δὲ ἡ δύναμίς της εἶναι γνωστὴ εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον. Αἱ Ναϊάδες μίαν φορὰν ἀνέθρεψαν εἰς τὰ σπήλαια τῆς Ἴδης τὸ βρέφος, γεννηθὲν ἀπὸ τὸν Ἑρμῆν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, τὸ ὁποῖον ὡς κατάπολλὰ εὔμορφον, ἐδείκνυε εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν του τὴν ὡραιότητα, καὶ τὰς χάριτας τῶν Γονέων του· ὅθεν τοῦ ἔδωσαν τὸ σύνθετον ὄνομα, διὰ τοὺς χαρακτῆρας, ὅπου εἶχε καὶ τῶν δύο, δηλαδὴ τὸν ὠνόμασαν Ἑρμαφρόδιτον. Μόλις ἔφθασεν εἰς ἡλικίαν δε
�The god of light no longer visited Clytie, nor found anything to love in her, even though love might have been an excuse for her pain, and her pain for her betrayal. She wasted away, deranged by her experience of love. Impatient of the nymphs, night and day, under the open sky, she sat dishevelled, bareheaded, on the bare earth. Without food or water, fasting, for nine days, she lived only on dew and tears, and did not stir from the ground. She only gazed at the god�s aspect as he passed, and turned her face towards him. They say that her limbs clung to the soil, and that her ghastly pallor changed part of her appearance to that of a bloodless plant: but part was reddened, and a flower like a violet hid her face. She turns, always, towards the sun, though her roots hold her fast, and, altered, loves unaltered.�
She finished speaking: the wonderful tale had charmed their ears. Part of them denies it could have happened, part says that the true gods can do anything. Though Bacchus is not one of those.
ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 201
„ γῶν, ἀφῆτε τὰ βουνὰ, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ηὐξήθη, ἠθέ- „ λησε νὰ λοῦη ξένους τόπους, καὶ ἀγνωρίστους ποτα- „ μὲς· ὅθεν ἐξῆχε πανταχῆ, ἡ ἡ ἔφεσις, ὅπως εἶχον „ εἰς τὸ νὰ περιφέρεται, τὸ ἐσμίκρυνε τὸν κόπον. Εἶδε „ λοιπὸν ἤδη πλὴ πλησίον πόλεις τῆς Λυκίας, ἢ Κα- „ ρίας, ὅτι εὑρῆκε νάμα εὐγλυκὸ ἐσωματισμένον εἰς μίαν βρύ- „ σιν, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ ὕδατα ἦσαν τόσον καθαρὰ, ὥστε „ ἐφαίνετο ἐν διυλίᾳ ἡ λάμνος. Δεν εἶχε ζύγυρω της „ κανένα φράγμα, οὔτε νὰ πλὴ θολάσση, ἢ παλά- „ μια, ἔτε ἄλλα χόρτα, ἀλλὰ μόνον μίαν φρασινά- „ δα, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἥλιος ποτὲ δὲν ἐξέμραινεν. Εἰς „ αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσην ἐσύνηθες μία Νύμφη νὰ ἔρχε- „ ται, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἐγυμνάζη ποτὲ εἰς κυνήγιον, ἔτε „ εἰς τόξιμον, ἢ πόξαν, κι μεταξὺ τῶν Νηϊάδων, αὐ- „ τὴ μόνη ἦτον πάντα ἀγνωρίστος εἰς τὴν Ἄρτεμιν· „ ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Σαλμακίς. Ταύτης, λέγεσι, νὰ ἐπε- „ θύμησαν πολλάκις αἱ ἀδελφαὶ της νὰ μεταχειρίζεται „ ἢ κοντάρι, ἢ τόξον, καὶ διὰ νὰ ζήση πλέον εὔφρό- „ νισον ζωὴν, νὰ ἤθελε διαμορφώσην τὸν καιρὸν της εἰς „ τρόπον, ὥστε ποτὲ μὲν νὰ ἀναπαύεται ἐν ἠσυχίᾳ, πο- „ τὲ δὲ νὰ κοπιάζη, κι νὰ γυμνάζεται μὲ τὸ κυνήγιον. „ Ὅμως αὐτὴ διέμενεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν σκηνείαν, κι „ ποτὲ μὲν ἐλούζετο εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσην, ἄλλοτε δὲ „ ἐντευξίζετο, κι πολλάκις ἐμεταχειρίζετο τὰ νερὰ αὐ- „ τῆ καθρέπτη, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ ὁποῖον σχῆμα ἦτον τὸ ἁρ- „ μοδιώτερον, διὰ νὰ φαίνεται ὡραιοτέρα. Ἐνδύετο ἐ- „ νίοτε ἐλαφρὸν καὶ διαφανὲς φόρεμα, καὶ ἐπλάγιαζον „ ἔσπανω εἰς φύλλα, ἢ χόρτα, ἡ δὲ συνηθισμένη της „ γύμναστις, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν ὁ μεγαλήτερος πόθος της, „ ἦτον τὸ νὰ εὐδολογῆ. Ὅταν τὸ πρῶτον εἶδε τὸν Ἑρ- „ μαφρόδιτον κατεγίνετο εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ἄσκησιν, καὶ „ ὅρε-
ὀργανισμένῃ αὐτοῦ, ἐπεθύμησε νὰ τὸν ἀπολαύσῃ. Ὦ ποσον μέ ὅλον ὅτι ἐσπούδη δι' αὐτὸν, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ πλησιάσῃ χωρεὶς νὰ ἐπλυσθῇ, νὰ παρατηρήσῃ ἂν τὸ φόρεμά της ἦτον εὐάρμοστον, ἢ νὰ φτιάσῃ τὸ πρόσω- πόν της, διὰ νὰ φανῇ ὡραιότερα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῦ ἐλάλησεν οὕτως· Ὦ παιδίον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, ἄξιον νὰ σέ νομίζῃ πᾶς τις Θεόν, ἐὰν εἴσαι Θεός, μὲ φαί- νεσαι ὁ Ἔρως· ἐὰν δὲ πάλιν εἴσαι Θνητός, μακά- ριοι οἱ γεννήτορές σου, οἱ γεννήσαντές σου τοσοῦτον ὡ- ραῖον· μακαρία δέ μου ἡ ἀδελφή σου, ἡ ἔχουσα τοῦ- τον χαριτωμένον ἀδελφόν, μυριάκις δὲ μακαριωτέρα ἐκείνη, ἡ ὁποῖα τὴν σήμερον εὑρὲ μνηστή σε, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι εἴσαι δεδεμένος εἰς σύνδεσμον γάμου. Ἂν ἡ τύ- χη σὲ ἐχθείρισεν εἰς κάμμιαν Νύμφην, σὲ παρακα- λῶ νὰ θελήσῃς νὰ τῆς κλέψῃ διὰ ὀλίγην ὥραν τὸν ἔρωτά σου, ἢ διὰ τὸν ὑδονᾶς του· εἰδὲ καὶ εἴσαι ἔτι ἀσύζυγος, στέρξον νὰ γίνω ἐγὼ γυναίκά σου, καὶ ἀ- πὸ τὴν σήμερον νὰ ἔχωμεν μίαν ζυγήλαν καὶ μίαν κλίνην. Δὲν εἶπεν ἡ Νύμφη περισσότερα· ὁ δὲ νέος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ ἔρως ἦτον ἄγνωστος, ἐρυθρία- σε διὰ τὸ ἐλεύθερον τῆς ὁμιλίας της· ἀλλ' ἡ εὐτροπή, ὁποῦ τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ ἐρυθριάσῃ, ἐπρόσθησε νέαν ὡραιό- τητα εἰς τὰς φυσικάς του· ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἔλα- βε τὴν βαφὴν ἑνὸς κοκκίνου μήλου, ἢ τοῦ κοκκινο- βαμμένου ἐλέφαντος, ἢ τῆς σελήνης ὅταν ἀρχίνα νὰ ἐκλείπῃ. Ἡ Νύμφη ὅμως τὸν βιάζει περισσότε- ρον, καὶ τοῦ ζητεῖ φιλήματα, τουλάχιστον ὡς ἐκεῖνα, ὁποῦ ἤθελε δώσῃ μίας ἀδελφῆς του· ἀπλώνουσα δὲ τὰς χεῖρας διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀγκαλιάσῃ, ἄφησέ με, λέγει της ἐ- κεῖνος, ἢ θέλεις μὲ ἀναγκάσῃς νὰ σὲ ἀφήσω ἐγὼ,
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'.
„φοβερωτέρη μὴ τὸν χάσῃ, ἐφ᾽ ὧ ἤλπιζε νὰ τὸν ἀπολαύ- „σῃ, ὅθι ἔχει, τοῦ λέγει, σοῦ ἀφίνω αὐτοὺς τοὺς τό- „πους, καὶ χαίρου νὰς μὲ πᾶσαν ἐλευθερίαν· καὶ ὕστε „ἀπροσποιήθη ὅτι ἀληθινὰ ἀνεχώρησεν· ἀλλὰ μόνον „ἐκρύβη ὀπίσω εἰς τινὰς βάτους, μὲ τρόπον ὥστε νὰ „τὸν βλέπῃ μὲ ἀνοκλίας, ἢ αὐτὴ νὰ μὴ φαίνεται. Τότε „ὁ νέος, νομίζων νὰ εἶναι ἐλεύθερος, ἢ νὰ μὴ τὸν βλέ- „πῃ τινὰς, περιέρχεται τῇδε κἀκεῖσε, περιεργάζεται „τὴν βρύσιν, βάνει τὸ ποδάρι τοῦ εἰς τὸ νερόν, τὸ „ὁποῖον ἐφαίνετο ὅτι πλησιάζει, ὡς διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀσπα- „σθῇ· καὶ διὰ τὴν καθαρότητα τῆς βρύσεως, ἐπιθυμῶντας „νὰ λουσθῇ, ἐξεγυμνώθη ὅλος, καὶ ἡ Σαλμακὶς βλέπουσα „αὐτὸν τόσον ὡραῖον, ἐφλογίσθη ἀπὸ νέον πόθον νὰ τὸν „ἀπολαύσῃ, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο τὰ ὀμμάτια της ὡς φλόγα, ἢ „ὡς καθρέπτης ἐξεικονίζων τὸν Ἥλιον. Μετὰ βίας δύ- „ναται νὰ ἀργοπορήσῃ περισσότερον, καὶ νὰ ἀναβάλλῃ „πλέον, τὴν ἀπολαύσιν· φλογίζεται νὰ τὸν ἀγκαλιά- „σῃ, καὶ δὲν δύναται πλέον νὰ βαστάσῃ τὸ πάθος „της· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ νέος μόλις ἤκουσεν ὅτι ἐκείνη τὸν ἐγ- „γίζει, ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ ἐφαίνετο μέσα „εἰς τὴν βρύσιν ὡς εἴδωλόν τι ἐλεφάντινον, ἢ ὡς ἄν- „θος κρίνου μέσα εἰς διαυγὲς γυαλί. Ὅτι ἡ νίκη πλέ- „ον εἶναι, ἐκείνη τοῦ λέγει, ἐγώ σε ἐνίκησα, καὶ δὲν „ἡμπορεῖς πλέον νὰ ἐναντιωθῇς νὰ μὴ σὲ ἀπολαύσω· καὶ „εὐθὺς, καθὼς ἦτον γυμνὴ ῥίπτεται εἰς τὸ νερὸν, καὶ „ἀγκαλίζεται τὸν Ἑρμαφρόδιτον, ὁ ὁποῖος τῆς ἐναν- „τιώνεται μὲ ὅλην τὴν του δύναμιν· ἀλλὰ μὲ ὅλον „ὅτι ὁ νέος οὕτως ἀγωνίζεται, αὐτὴ τὸν ἀσπάζεται „ἢ χωρὶς ἐκεῖνος νὰ θέλῃ, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ ἀντασπάζεται· „τὸν λούει
When the sisters are silent, Alcitho� is called on next. Standing there, running her shuttle through the threads on her loom, she said �I will say nothing of that well-known story, the love of Daphnis, the Idaean shepherd-boy, whom a nymph, angered by a rival, turned to stone: so great is the pain that inflames lovers. Neither will I tell you how, the laws of nature conspiring to alter, Sithon became of indeterminate sex, now man, now woman: how Celmis, you too, now changed to steel, were a most loyal friend to the infant Jupiter: how the Curetes were born from vast showers of rain: how Crocus and Smilax were turned into tiny flowers. I will reject all those, and charm your imaginations with a sweet, new story.
�Now you will hear where the pool of Salmacis got its bad reputation from, how its enervating waters weaken, and soften the limbs they touch. The cause is hidden, but the fountain�s effect is widely known. The Naiads nursed a child born of Hermes, and a goddess, Cytherean Aphrodite, in Mount Ida�s caves. His features were such that, in them, both mother and father could be seen: and from them he took his name, Hermaphroditus.
�When he was fifteen years old, he left his native mountains and Ida, his nursery, delighted to wander in unknown lands, and gaze at unknown rivers, his enthusiasm making light of travel. He even reached the Lycian cities, and the Carians by Lycia. Here he saw a pool of water, clear to its very depths. There were no marsh reeds round it, no sterile sedge, no spikes of rushes: it is crystal liquid. The edges of the pool are bordered by fresh turf, and the grass is always green. A nymph lives there, but she is not skilled for the chase, or used to flexing the bow, or the effort of running, the only Naiad not known by swift-footed Diana.
�Often, it�s said, her sisters would tell her �Salmacis, take up the hunting-spear or the painted quiver and vary your idleness with some hard work, hunting!�� But she takes up neither the hunting spear nor the painted quiver, and will not vary her idleness with the hardship of hunting. She only bathes her shapely limbs in the pool, often combs out her hair, with a comb that is made of boxwood from Cytorus, and looks in the water to see what suits it best. Then draped in a translucent robe, she lies down on the soft leaves, or in the soft grass. Often she gathers flowers. And she was also busy gathering them, then, when she saw the boy, and what she saw she longed to have.�
„ ὅταν ἤλπιζε νὰ ἐλουσθῇ, τὸν περιεπλέξεν ὡς „ περιπλάσσεται ὁ ὄφις εἰς τὸν ἀέτον, ὅταν τὸν κρα- „ τῇ ὑψηλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἢ ὡς ὁ κισσὸς εἰς τὰ δέν- „ δρα. Ὡς τόσον ἐκεῖνος δὲν παύει νὰ τῆς ἐναντιῶται, „ ἀποφεύγοντας τὴν ὁποίαν ἀπόλαυσιν ἐκείνη ἐπι- „ θυμεῖ· ἀλλ' ὅσην κατακρότησιν ἡ αὐτὴ κάμνῃ, δὲν „ τὸν ἀποστρέφετο, μάλιστα ἐπιχειρεῖτο νὰ περισσὴν αὐ- „ τὴν τὸν ὑπερόπτην. Πεισματώνουσι λοιπὸν οἱ δύω, „ αὐτὴ μὲν νὰ δείχνῃ περισσοτέραν θερμότητα, αὐτὸς δὲ „ ἄλλην τόσην ψυχρότητα· τὸν παρακαλεῖ αὐτή, ἐκεῖνος „ τὴν ἀπορρίπτει· αὐτὴ τὸν ἐρεθίζει, μὴ θέλουσα νὰ „ τὸν ἀφήσῃ, ἢ ἐν ᾧ ἐκράτυνεν αὐτὸν ἐναγκαλισμένον, „ πίπτει κατ' αὐτῆς, ὦ ἀναιδέστατε, λέγουσα, ἐναντίου ὅσον „ θέλεις, δὲν δύνασαι νὰ μὲ φύγῃς ποτέ. Εἴθε, Μέγιστοι „ Θεοί, χαρίσετέ μοι τοῦτο, νὰ μὴ λάβῃ δύναμιν ὁ και- „ ρὸς νὰ τὸν χωρίσῃ ἀπὸ ἐμέ, οὔτε ἐμὲ ἀπὸ αὐτόν· „ ἡ παράκλησις, διὰ τὸ νὰ εἰσήκουσαν οἱ Θεοὶ τὴν δέησιν „ τῆς ἠνώθησαν τὰ κορμία των, ἢ ἀψὲ δύω κλάδοι φυ- „ όμενοι μετὰ τέχνης, κατ' ὀλίγον ὀλίγον αὐξάνουσιν ὁμοῦ, „ οὕτως ἠνώθησαν ἡ αὐτοί, ὥστε τὰ δύω πρόσωπα ἔγιναν „ ἕν· καὶ ἂν καλῶς δὲν ἦσαν πλέον παρὰ οὐδὲ μόνον „ σῶμα, εἶχον διπλῆν μορφήν, καὶ δὲν ἐδύνατο τις „ νὰ εἰπῇ ὅτι αὐτὸ νὰ ἦτον τὸ σῶμα εἰς ἀνδρός, „ ἤτε μιᾶς γυναικός, ἐπειδὴ ἐφαίνετο ὅτι δὲν ἦσαν „ οὔτε τὸ ἕν, οὔτε τὸ ἄλλο, καὶ ὅμως ἐφαίνοντο ἀμφό- „ τερα. Τότε ὁ Ἑρμαφρόδιτος, βλέψαντας ὅτι τὰ νε- „ ρά, εἰς τὰ ὁποῖα ἤλπισε νὰ λουσθῇ, τὸν ἔβγαλαν „ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀνδρισμὸν τῆς ἀνδρός, χαρεὶς νὰ εἶναι
„ αυτω την παραμυθιαν, οτι οσοι ανδρες θελει ελ- „ θει εις την βρυσιν ταυτην να λουσθεν, να μην αυχαινειν „ ποτε, χωρις να γινωνται μισοι ανδρες, ι μισοι γυ- „ ναικες. Ο Ερμης, και η Αφροδιτη εχαρισαν το „ ποθουμενον εις τον υιον των, μεταδιδοντες εις την βρυ- „ σιν την θαυμασιαν δυναμιν, την οποιαν και αχρι „ της σημερον διαφυλαττει.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Δεν θελω πολυλογησει περι της τοσουτον θεσπεσιων Μυθων, αλ- λα θελω τας απερασει και εγω εν βραχυλογια, ως εκαμε και η Νυμφη εις την διηγησιν αυτην. Φαινεται λοιπον οτι ο Δαφνις μεταμορφωθη εις πετραν, επειδη μαθουσα η γυνη του οτι ηγαπησε αλλην, του εδωσεν ενα ποτον, το οποιον του εφερεν εις τοσαυτην α- ναισθησιαν, ωστε ωμοιασε τας πετρας.
Δια τον Σκυθωνα ενεπλασθη, οτι κατ αρεσκειαν του εγινετο ποτε μεν ανηρ, ποτε δε γυναι, εποιη τον ερμαφροδιτον, δηλαδη ποτε αρσην και ποτε θηλυν. δια δε αμαθειαν των Μυθων εις την Ισοριαν, και αχρι και σημερον, εσχηματισθη παρα των Σκυθων οτι εν τω Θρακη υπο το ονομα μιας θαυμασιας μαγας, τονομα Θρακιης, οποια ελατρευθη υπο της εντοπιων ως Θεα· οθεν ονο- μαζοντες τινες μεν Σκυθωνα, οι αγνοουντες ετι το νεον της ονοματος, τινες δε Θρακιαν, επως επλασθη ο μυθος, οτι ο Σκυθων ποτε μεν εγινετο ανηρ, ποτε δε γυναι, ως ηθελεν.
Οσον δε ειναι του Κηλμον, του μεταμορφωσαντα εις αδαματος, λεγουσιν οτι ητον φοβος του Διος, και οτι ο Ζευς αυτος ετι νεος, τον αγαπησε κατακολλα, αλλ αφ ης εδωσε του Κρονου, ενθυμηθηκες οτι ο Κηλμος ειχεν ειπη, οτι αυτος ο Ζευς ητον Δημος, τον μετεβαλε εις αδαματος. Ουτως υποδειγματι τινες οτι η μεταβολη του εγινε απο τιμωριαν του, η εκ φοβου δυεργασιαν η αυταμοιβλω, ως αλλοι λεγουσιν, επειδη αυτος, δια το να καθυβηση τον κυριοτη, εβαλθη εις σκοτεινην φυλακην, η εσκληρυνθη ως ο αδαμας ινα δε η να εξελθη απο η φυλακη αδαμας. Αλλ οι λεγοντες οτι η μεταμορφωσις εγινετο απο αυταμοιβλη, πλαττουσιν οτι βλεπων ο Ζευς τον πιστιν του Κηλμου, καμαρωθη.
Ες τις τον ηυδρενες, του εδωκε χαρισματα τοσον πλυσια, και τοσον ασφαλη η σφερα· ωσε ελαβον εκ τουτο αφορμη οι Ποηται να ειπωσιν οτι μετεβληθη εις αδαματα· επειδη και η πετρα αυτη ειναι η τιμιωτερα και στερεωτερα ολων εξ ολων. Ουτως και ημεις εαν ειναι το πραγμα τουτου, ημεις ως τοσον διδασκομεθα, οτι οφειλομεν πληρε να δουλευωμεθα, και να δουλευωμεν πιστως τους Βασιλεις, οι τινες δυναται, ως ο Ζευς, με το εν χερι να βλαψη τον κακουργον, και με το αλλο να ευεργετησωσιν.
Λεγουσι τινες τωρα οτι ο Κηλμος ητον ανθρωπος κατακολλα μεγαλοφρων, και οτι δεν εδυνασθη ποτε, και μετεμορφωθη εις αδαματα, επειδη ο αδαμας δεν δεχεται ευκολως παθος, η εγχαραξιν, η αδειασκεται, ως λεγουσιν, εν ειδος αδαμαντου εχον δυναμιν να κατωπαυη την θυμον, και παντα παθος ορμη.
Μένει νὰ λαλήσωμεν περὶ τὰ Κρόκου, καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος, καὶ περὶ ρασμόνων εἰς τὴν κρήνην τῆς Σαλμακίδος, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι βέβαια κακὸν πέρασμα. Περὶ τῆς Κουρήτων, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀναφέρ- ονται εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι ἐγνωρίσθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν βροχῶν, καθότι αὐτὸ τὸ ἔθνος γέμει παχυλόγων ἀνθρώπων, πα- ρασίτων, καὶ μωρῶν λέγεται δὲ μεταφορικῶς ὅτι βρέχει μωρία εἰς ἐκείνους τοὺς τόπους, ὅπου εἶναι πλῆθος μωρῶν. Ὁ Στράβων λέγει ὅτι ἀνομάσθησαν Κέρητες ὑπὸ τῆς κόρης, ἐπειδὴ ὅσον κεφαλῆθεν, ὡς μωροί. Ἀλλὰ δὲ ἐξηγῶμεν περὶ τοῦ Κρόκου, καὶ τῆς Σμίλακος.
Ὁ Κρόκος ἦτον ἕνας νέος, ἡ δὲ Σμίλαξ μία νέα Νύμφη, οἱ ὁ- ποῖοι ἠγαπῶντο κατασπαθαλλα, καὶ ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄνθη, ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἔρως των ἦτο καθαρός, καὶ ἀπέθανεν μὲ τὸ αὐτὸς σχῆμα, τὸ ὁποῖον εἰς κάθε καιρὸν ἐτιμήθη, ἤτοι μὲ τὸ τῆς παρθενίας.
Ἂς ἴδωμεν λοιπὸν τὶ μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος τοῦ Ἑρμαφροδίτου, ὅτι ὁ Ἑρμῆς καὶ
συν ἀχώρητοι αὐτοὶ οἱ δύο Πλάτωνι· ἐπειδὴ ὁ Πλίνιος γράφει (Βιβλ. ζ'. Κεφ. β'.) ὅτι ἔνει ἀναισχύντως Ἑρμαφρόδιτοι, οἱ ὁποῖοι συλλαμβάνουν ὁ ἕνας ἀπὸ τὸν ἄλλον, συμφυόμενοι ἀμοιβαίως, ὡς οἱ ἄνδρες μὲ τὰς γυναῖκας. Ὁ δὲ Ἀριστοτέλης φρονεῖ εἰς τὰ Φυσικὰ λύσιν ὁ Καλλιφάνης, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Πλίνιος ἐδιδάχθη τὰ παρ᾿ αὐτῷ ἱστορούμενα, ὅτι ἔχουσι τὸν μέσον δεξιὸν μαστὸν ἀνδρὸς, τὸν δὲ λαιὸν γυναικεῖον.
HERMAPHRODITUS
�She did not go near him yet, though she was quick to go to him, waiting until she had calmed herself, checked her appearance, composed her expression, and merited being seen as beautiful. Then she began to say� �Youth, O most worthy to be thought a god, if you are a god, you must be Cupid, or, if you are mortal, whoever engendered you is blessed, and any brother of yours is happy, any sister fortunate, if you have sisters, and even the nurse who suckled you at her breast. But far beyond them, and far more blessed is she, if there is a she, promised to you, whom you think worthy of marriage.� If there is someone, let mine be a stolen pleasure, if not, I will be the one, and let us enter into marriage together.�
�After this the naiad was silent. A red flush branded the boy�s face. He did not know what love was: though the blush was very becoming. Apples are tinged with this colour, hanging in a sunlit tree, or ivory painted with red, or the moon, eclipsed, blushing in her brightness, while the bronze shields clash, in vain, to rescue her. The nymph begged endlessly, at least a sister�s kiss, and, about to throw her arms round his ivory-white neck, he said �Stop this, or shall I go, and leave this place, and you?� Salmacis, afraid, turning away, pretended to go, saying, �I freely surrender this place to you, be my guest.� But she still looked back, and hid herself among bushes in the secluded woods, on her bended knees. But he, obviously at leisure, as if unobserved, walks here and there on the grass and playfully, at the end of his walk, dips his feet and ankles in the pool. Then, quickly captured by the coolness of the enticing water, he stripped the soft clothes from his slender body.
Ἀλλὰ Σταφύλαρχω τώρα ἢ τὴν βρύσιν τῆς Σαλμακίδος, ἀλλ'ἐπειδὴ αὐτὴ ἔχει δύναμιν τοῦ παραδείσης, ἤτις μὴ πειςθῇ εἰς τὸ ἴσον σου τοῦ Σιληνοῦ ἢ ὑπὸ τοῦ Κλεοπάτου, ἔτι τε πολλὰ παρὰ τὸ τρόπον. Καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ αὐτῆς εὑρίσκονται βρύσει, τῶν ὁποίων τὸ ὕδωρ ἔχει τὴ δύναμιν ἔνθερῃ τὰ εὐτυχῆ, ἢ νὰ πε μεταβολὴν εἰς πέσσαν, νὰ μεθᾷ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, νὰ τοὺς ποίῃ ἀναιδεῖς, νὰ τοὺς ἀφαίρῃ τοῦ λόγου, καὶ τὴν μνήμην, νὰ ποίῃ σίδηρες, ἢ εὐσέχνης τὰ ὁμελίακας, νὰ μεταβάλῃ τὸ σύγης, ἢ τὸ μαῦλι τῆ ζώης, ὅσα πίπτει. Ἀπὸ τὸ γεροῦπαν, ἀλλὰ τί νὰ μὴ πιστώση ὅτι ἰδέα τῆς Σαλμακίδος ἡ βρύσις ἔχει τὴν δύναμιν νὰ γυναικοῦῃ τοὺς ἄνδρας. Βέβαιον εἶναι ὅτι τὸ Κλῖμα, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ζοῦμεν, ἔχει μεγάλην δύναμιν εἰς τὰ σώματα, καὶ ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶναι κατὰ τὸ πολὺ λευκοὶ ἢ μέλανες, κατὰ τὴν ποιότητα τοῦ ἀέρος, ὅπου ἀναπνέουσιν. Οὕτω καὶ οἱ κάτοικοι τῆς Καρίας, ὅπου ἀνεύρισκετο ἐκείνη ἡ βρύσις, ἦσαν τόσον χαυνοί, καὶ δύσκολοι εἰς ὅλας τὰς ἀνδροτέρας ἡδονάς, ὥστε ἀπεφαίνοντο ἀντίφροδιτοι. Ἂν ἀγνοεῖται λοιπὸν τὸ πόθεν τὸ Ὁρυγεῖον τοῦ εἴδρα, καὶ ἀπὸ ποίας τινὰς ποταμοῦ ἐρχομένας ἐπηγάς, ἆρα γε δὲν ἠπίστευον αὐτὰ ποῦ εὔλογον ἦτον ὅτι καθὼς ἡ κακία τοῦ ἀέρος διαφθείρει εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ εἰς τὰ νερὰ, ὥσας ἡμπορεῖ νὰ περάσῃ ἢ εἰς τ
δοες ἰσχύσας τὰ μὲς παρασήμων τὴν ἡδονήν, καὶ ἀσφάλειαν. Σποκαδῦπε τὴν πρειγάφην, ἴστε ποῖα εἶναι τὰ ὀργανῆς, καὶ ὁποῖοι ἰσῦον ὕης διοέτζες, καὶ δεθ δέλεσε ἰδῇ, ὡς νομίζω, χαναΐ τοργάγμας ἐπὴ ὑα μὴ σας φανῇ ἠδονικήν· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ποιητης δεῦ ἡδέλε μας ἀφάυσιον τί πόσε, αἵ δύ μας ἐδώξηε με τὸ παράδειγμα τὰ Ἑρμαφροδίτης· πόσον εἶναι κινδυνώδες τὸ νὰ πλησιάσῃ τις εἰς αὐτὸν τῶν ἀρύσων. Μία παρασήρ του Ἑρμαφροδίτου ὡς ἴεον εὑρίσκης, ὕ ποιτ ἡ κόπον, τῆ νὰ καλλιέργῃ τὸ πνεῦμα τῆ. Ὅμως δέ ἀφοήρα κατλώπισον εἰς το ἀριμήνειον τῆς ἡδονῆς· τὸ βλέπει, τὸ σοχάζεται, καὶ μέ ὅλοι ότι δέῦ ἀγαθὰ τῶ Σαλμακίδι, τῆ κάμνει τὸ κατὰ διάμερ δία τὰ δ᾽ ἀγαπᾶ τῆν Σαλμακίδα, ἔμως δέῦ ἠμπόρεσε νὰ ὑσορφύῃ τὸν πήνδυμον.
Μία δαάσκει λοιπόν, ὁ Μῦθος, ότι ὡς ἰσῦ ὕ πλέον φιλόπονει ἀνθρώπει, καὶ ὁι μεγαληέτεροι ἐνθηροι τῆς ἡδονῆς, μάλιςς δυίσνται νὰ φυλαχθῶσι ὑπὸ αὐτῆν· ότι ποῦει νὰ ὑποδυθολῇ τὰς ἀρορμας, κἂι δέ δέλησμεν νὰ ἱμνἰσταλθη, ἐπεδὴ ἀγκαῦα νὰ μὴν ὕ γαμὲν κλίσιον προσ τὴν ἡδονήν, αὐτῆ ὅμος ἐνέῦ ῥοφῆς ἑλυσήμας δέ ἀγ μας ἀπατῶ ἰς μας δηλώνει χαμῆος μας.
ΜΓΘΟΣ ΙΒ'.
Περὶ Μηνυίδων τῶν εἰς Νυκτερίδας μεταμορφώθεσσῶν.
Ἡ Ἀλκιόνη, καὶ αἱ ἀδελφαῖσιν μεταβάλλονται εἰς νυκτερίδας· ἐπειδὴ κατεφρόνησαν τὸν Βάκχον, καὶ τὰς Θυσίας τῇ τῆ δὲ ἱερὰ χειράτων μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς κιοσὸν, τῷ ἀμπελόφυλλα.
Ἀφ' ὧν αἱ Θυγατέρες τᾶ Μινύῃ ἐπελείωσαν ἐκάθε τὴν διήγησίν της, ὑπολύθη τὸ ἐργόχειρόν των, κι παντότε κατεφρόνησαν τὸν Βάκχον, ἔδειχναν ὅτι εὐδήλως σκεπτίδες, διὰ νὰ ατιμάσουν τήν ἑορτήν τα. Ἀλλὰ μόλις ἐτελείωσαν τὸν λόγον της, ἤρχησαν νὰ ἀκούουν ὀλόγυρά των αὖθα θάμβων συμπαύον, σαλπίγων κι αὐλῶν, κι μὴ βλέποντες τίποτε, ἐθάμβωσαν. Μία εὐωδία μύρε κι κρόκε πειχύεται εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα, ὅπου ἐδούλευαν· ὅπερ δὲ ὑπερβαίνει πᾶσαν πίστιν, τὰ ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὑφαινόμενα πάντα, κι τὰ φορέματα ποὺ εἶχαν φράσιμα, κι τὰ μὲν μετεβλήθησαν εἰς φύλλα κισσῆ, τὰ δὲ εἰς ἀμπελόφυλλα, τὸ δὲ νῆμα τῶν εἰς βλαστὸς, φέροντες τὸν κάρπόν κι τὰ φύλλα. Ἡ ἡμέρα ἤρχιζε νὰ κλίνῃ, καὶ νὰ δείχνῃ ἡ νὺξ τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ τότε μία φερινὴ σύγχυσις διέσεισεν ὅλον τὸ σπιτείον. Ἐφαίνοντο λαμπάδες ἀναμμέναι, κι τὰ δωμάτια ἔφερνον παντραχόθεν ἀπὸ τὴν φωτίαν. Θέαματα φοβερὰ, κι εἰκόνες θηρίων ὤφθησαν
σων εμφανισθεν εις τας οφθαλμους των, και ολη η οικια αντηχες απο τας φοβερας των φωνας. Θελουσιν αι δυστυ- χεις με παθει ζοφου να κρυφθουσι, ζητουσι τον δε πα- χυτερον, δια να αποφυγουσι την διωκουσαν αυτας πυρκαιαν· οφου δε εζητουν το σκοτος, ου μικρον δερμα συνετα- ζει τα συμπνεονια μελη των, και πτερυγες αλλοκοτα ειδες, ελαβον τον τοπον των χειρων των· το δε σκο- τος δεν τας αφησεν ουτε να ιδουσι τινι τροπω εχουν την φορεραν μορφην των. Δεν εφεροντο εις τον αερα με πτερα, αλλ εβασταζοντο με πτερυγας διαφανεις· και θελουσαι να λαλησουσι, εβγαζον μικραν φωνην, ανα- λογον με το μικρον σωματιον των, και επαραπονουντο με λεπτην κλαυθμον, το οποιον δεν ημπορουσε να ονομα- σθη φωνη. Ουτω λοιπον μετεβληθησαν εις νυκτεριδας, αι δεν κρυπτονται εις τα δαση, αλλα εις τας οικιας, και μισουσαι το φως, πετουσι μονον την νυκτα.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
�Then she was truly pleased. And Salmacis was inflamed with desire for his naked form. The nymph�s eyes blazed with passion, as when Phoebus�s likeness is reflected from a mirror, that opposes his brightest unclouded orb. She can scarcely wait, scarcely contain her delight, now longing to hold him, now unable to keep her love to herself. He, clapping his open palms to his side, dives into the pool, and leading with one arm and then the other, he gleams through the pure water, as if one sheathed an ivory statue, or bright lilies behind clear glass. �I have won, he is mine�, the naiad cries, and flinging aside all her garments, she throws herself into the midst of the water.
�She held him to her, struggling, snatching kisses from the fight, putting her hands beneath him, touching his unwilling breast, overwhelming the youth from this side and that. At last, she entwines herself face to face with his beauty, like a snake, lifted by the king of birds and caught up into the air, as Hermaphroditus tries to slip away. Hanging there she twines round his head and feet and entangles his spreading wings in her coils. Or as ivy often interlaces tall tree trunks. Or as the cuttlefish holds the prey, it has surprised, underwater, wrapping its tentacles everywhere.
�The descendant of Atlas holds out, denying the nymph�s wished-for pleasure: she hugs him, and clings, as though she is joined to his whole body. �It is right to struggle, perverse one,� she says, �but you will still not escape. Grant this, you gods, that no day comes to part me from him, or him from me.� Her prayer reached the gods. Now the entwined bodies of the two were joined together, and one form covered both. Just as when someone grafts a twig into the bark, they see both grow joined together, and develop as one, so when they were mated together in a close embrace, they were not two, but a two-fold form, so that they could not be called male or female, and seemed neither or either.
�When he saw now that the clear waters which he had penetrated as a man, had made him a creature of both sexes, and his limbs had been softened there, Hermaphroditus, stretching out his hands, said, but not in a man�s voice, �Father and mother, grant this gift to your son, who bears both your names: whoever comes to these fountains as a man, let him leave them half a man, and weaken suddenly at the touch of these waters!� Both his parents moved by this, granted the prayer of their twin-formed son, and contaminated the pool with a damaging drug.�
Εν εστασιν ποτε ενος εθνος βαρβαρου, ωστε να μη εδειχθη κακεινα ειδος Θεσπιτος, και να μη εδιωκεσαν Εορτας εις τι- μην ηδ παρ αυτα λατρευομενων Θεων· αλλα δεν ηταν πολις καλλι- μιας Θρησκειας, ητις να μη ελαβεν ανθρωπος ασεβεις, η κατα- φρονητας ηδ Θειον, οι οποιοι επαχθησαν να αφανισουν τας Θειας λα- τρειας, η να θεμελιωσουν επανω εις τον αφανισμον μιας αλλην ασεβειαν. Τοιουτοι δε απεδειχθησαν αι Μινιαδες, αι θυ- γατερες του Μινιου, αι οποιαι ενεπαιξον την Εορτην Βακχικην εις αυταν απαγορευομενον αυλειον ηδ εργοχειρωντων. Αλλ επειδη θεος παντοτε παρασκευαζει το εγκλημα, ομως την τιμωριαν αλλω η εκεινα μετεμορφωθησαν εις νυκτεριδας.
Ευλογως δε παρομοιαζονται οι απο Θρησκειας καταφρονηται, με ταυτας απο τας νυκτας τα πτηνα, επειδη καθως αυτα πετουν εις το σκοτος,
μη ισοφεροντα τον Ηλιον, ουτω προς οι ασεβεις δεν ηχουν την αληθειαν, περιπτατουντες παντοτε εις την πλανην και σκοτος· και καθως αι νυκτεριδες ειναι φυσις αμφιβολα, ωστε δεν ημπορουν να ονομασθωσιν ουτε πτηνα, ουτε ποντικοι· ομοιως και οι ασεβεις δεν ομολογουσιν ουτε ανθρωπους, ουτε δαιμονας.
Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί μυθώδεσιν ὅτι τὰ παρὰ τῶν Μινύδων ὑφανόμενα πάντα ; ἐν ᾧ αἱ λοιπαὶ κατεγίνοντο εἰς τὰς τελετὰς τῆς Ἑορτῆς ; μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἀμπελόφυλλα , ἢ κίσσου , τὰ ὁποῖα ἐγίνωσκον εἶναι οἰκεῖα εἰς τὴν Ἑορτὴν τοῦ Βάκχου. Ἐκ τούτου διδασκόμεθα ὅτι, διὰ ἕν ἀποτέλεσμα τῆς Θείας Προνοίας, ἥτις παιδεύει τοὺς πονηροὺς πρὸς παράδειγμα ἢ οἰκοδομὴν τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνο αὐτό, τὸ ὁποῖον οἱ ἀσθενεῖς ἐστοχάζοντο νὰ κάμωσιν ἀφορμὴ ἀκαταφρονήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἢ τῆς Θρησκείας, ἐλειτούργησε μάλιστα διὰ νὰ ᾖ τὸ πλησίον ἀφορμὴ τιμῆς, ἢ δόξης τῶν καλῶν Σχολίων τύπῳ τῷ τοῦ Μύθου ὅπου τὰ ἴδια ἔργα μὴ ἀφαιρῶσι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰς ἡμέρας , τὰς ὁποίας ἡ Θέλησε νὰ φυλάξῃ διὰ λόγον τῆς, καὶ νὰ τὰς ἀφιερώνωμεν καὶ ὀλίγας στιγμὰς ἀπὸ τὸν χρόνον ὁποῖον μᾶς χαρίζει καθημερινῶς. Ἀλλ' ἡ Θέλησις εἶναι μεγάλη δυσκολία νὰ μανθάνωμεν ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον ὅπου αὕτη ἡ ἀλήθεια καθ'ἑαυτὴν μᾶς διδάσκει ἀφοῦ Βορδίδες μᾶς.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΓ'.
Περὶ τῆς Ἰνοῦς, καὶ τοῦ Μελικέρτου τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεότητας.
Ἡ Ἥρα ἐξεπολυμένη τῶν ἐν διατέμνειν αἱ κατὰ τὰ εἰκὸς θ' ἀ- νίχθη τῆς Ἰνοῦς, καὶ ἱμᾶται τοὺς ἀγγέλους τῆς Φέπορτον τύφλωσιν, ὥς αὐτὸς ὀρωθῇ ἐπὰ νὰ φονεύσῃ εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον, νομίζοντας τοῦ ὀμοίου. Ἡ Ἰνὼ κρημνίζεται ἀπὸ ἑνὰ σκόπελον μὲ τὸν υἱὸν της Μελικέρτιον· ἀλλ' ὁ Ποσειδῶν σπλαγχνισθεὶς, τοὺς μεταβάλλει εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεούς.
Ὕπως ἓν ὁ Βάκχος, πάμνοντας νὰ τὸν φοβῶνται, καὶ ἀλαβάνται εἰς ὅλην τὴν πόλιν τῆς Θήβης, ἐδόξασε καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἰνὼ τῆς θείας του πάντα, ὁθεν ὡς μέγας Θεὸς, ὥστε αὐτὴ μόνη δὲν ἐκινδύνευσεν ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς Θυγατέρας τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ ἄλλο τι δὲν ἔπαθε, παρὰ μόνον τὴν λύπην τῆς συμφορᾶς τῆς ἀδελφῆς της. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἥρα, ῥίψασα καὶ κατ' αὐτῆς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς της, νὰ βλέπουσα πῶς ἐκαυχᾶτο ὅτι ἦτον γυνὴ τοῦ Ἀθάμαντος, καὶ εἶχεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν παιδία, καὶ ὅτι ἀνέθρεψε τὸν νέον Βάκχον, δὲν ὑπέφερε τὴν δόξαν αὐτῆς, ἤτε τὴν ἄνακον ἀπόλαυσιν, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ Ἰνὼ ἐδύνατο νὰ λάβῃ ἀπὸ μίαν τοιαύτην τύχην. "Πῶς λοιπόν, λέγει καθ' ἑαυτήν, ὁ υἱὸς μίας παλλακίδος ἔλαβε τόσην δύναμιν νὰ μεταβάλλῃ εἰς ἄλλην μορφὴν τὰς
The story was finished, and the daughters of Minyas still pressed on with their work, spurning the god and profaning his festival, when suddenly harsh sounds sprang up from unseen drums, pipes with curved horns sounded, and cymbals clashed. Saffron and myrrh perfumed the air, and unbelievably their looms began to grow like greenwood, the cloth they were weaving put out leaves of hanging ivy, part altered to vines, and what were once threads changed into tendrils: vine shoots came out of the warp, and clusters of dark-coloured grapes took on the splendour of the purple fabric.
Now the day was past, and the time had come when you could not say that it was light or darkness, but a borderland of light and uncertain night. Suddenly the ceiling shook, the oil lamps seemed to brighten, and the house to shine with glowing fires, and fill with the howling of fierce creatures� deceptive phantoms. Quickly the sisters hide in the smoke-filled house, and, in various places, shun the flames and light. While they seek the shadows, a thin membrane stretches over their slender limbs, and delicate wings enfold their arms. The darkness prevents them knowing how they have lost their former shape. They do not rise on soft plumage, but lift themselves on semi-transparent wings, and trying to speak emit the tiniest squeak, as befits their bodies, and tell their grief in faint shrieks. They frequent rafters, rather than woods, and, hating the light, they fly at night, and derive their name, �vespertiliones�, from �vesper�, the evening.
„ τις Τυρίας Ναύτας ρίπτοντας με εις την Θάλασσαν, „ και νά παροξύνῃ μίαν μητέρα νά ἁπαράξῃ τα ἐν- „ τόσθια τα γνησία υἱὸν της, ἢ νά μεταμορφώσῃ τας Μι- „ νυείας Θυγατέρας εις πηγήν νέας μορφῆς· ἢ ἐγώ ἡ „ Ἥρα δέν δύναμαι νά κάμω ἄλλο τι παρά νά γενῶ „ δάκρυα, ὑποφέρουσα πάσας ἀδικίας; χωρίς νά ἡμ- „ πορέσω ποτέ νά ἐνδικηθῶ; Καί Θέλω αἰσχύνεσθαι „ μόνον νά ζεματαιώνω τὴν ὀργήν μου μέ μάταις λό- „ γοις· περιορίζουσα τὴν ἰσχύν μου εἰς ἀνωφελεῖς φοβε- „ ρισμούς· Ὄχι ὄχι, αὐτός ὁ Βάκχος μέ διδάσκει τί „ ὠφελεῖ νά κάμω, ἢ εἶναι συγχωρημένον νά διδάσκε- „ ται τις ἀπό τό παράδειγμα τοῦ ἐχθροῦ του. Αὐτός ἔδει- „ ξεν ἀρκετά μέ τήν σφαγήν τοῦ Πενθέως, πόσον δύ- „ ναμιν ἔχει ἡ μανία. Τάχα ἡ Ἴνω θέλει ἡμπορέσει „ νά ἀντιστᾶθῇ εἰς τήν μανίαν ἐκείνην, ἡ ὁποία παράπτει „ τό πνεῦμα τῶν ἀδελφῶν της; Ἄς τῆς δοκιμάσω λοι- „ πόν ὠφελεῖ νά συναισθανθῇ καί αὐτή ὡς ἐκεῖναι „ μεταξύ τῶν φρικωδεστέρων παραδειγμάτων τῆς ὀργῆς „ μου".
Είναι ούας όρμος επιληπτής τον οποίον ό αλέθειος ισμιος τα ομίλακος κατασημει σκοτεινόν, ή φοβερόν από όλα τα μέρη. Απ' αυτόν τον δρόμον κατάβαίνουν αί ψυχαί εις τον Άδην, αφ' ού διέβησαν από τόπας, ί ών οποίων ή σιωπή αυξάνει την φρικτήν θεωρίαν. Επει τα νεκρα ύδατα της Στυγος πάντοτε εξατμίζονται, ή επει πάντοτε κατάβαίνουν αί ψυχαί, χωριζόμεναι α- πό τα κορμία των. 'Ο φόβος, το ψύχος, ή οί σεισμοί κυριεύουσι πάντοτε αυτόν τον φρικτόν δρόμον· και το σκότος είναι τόσον πυκνόν· ώστε αί επει κατάβαινου- σαι ψυχαί, δυσκόλως διερίσκουσι την οδόν, την φέρουν εις εκείνην την μεγάλην πόλιν, όπου κείται το παλάτιον τού Πλούτωνος, ή όποία έχει μυρίας δρόμους, ἐ θύρας πάντοτε ανοικτάς· αφ' καθώς ή θάλασσα δέ- χεται τάς ποταμάς από όλα τα μέρη της γής, άστω ἐ ό τόπος αυτός δέχεται όλας τάς ψυχάς. Δέν είναι πο- τέ στενόχωρος, όσον πολύ καί άν είναι το πλήθος τού όχλου, όσον εις αυτόν καταβαίνουσι καθ' εκάστην ημέ- ραν· αλλ' είναι τόσον ύπερμεγέθης, ώστε τά πλήθη τά σωρηδόν εμβαίνοντα εις αυτόν, δέν στενοχωρεύονται ποτέ. Οί κάτοικοι της Επαρχίας εκείνης είναι σκιαί, πάντα- χόθεν πλανώμεναι, χωρίς σώματα, ἐ ασώματοι. Τι- νές μέν των συχνάζουσιν εις το δικαστήριον, άλλοι δέ εις τα δώματα τού καταχθονίου τυράννου· άλλοι μετέρχον- ται την οποίαν τέχνην επαγγέλλοντο ἐ εις τον Κόσμον, καί άλλοι τιμώνται καί τα εγκλήματα των.
Ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν ὁ Θυμὸς καὶ τὸ μῖσος ἔχον κυριεύ- σιν πάντελῶς τὴν Ψυχὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἀπεφάσισε νὰ ἀφίσῃ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, καὶ νὰ καταβῇ εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, διαβαίνουσα ἀπ᾿ αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον. Μόλις ἐπάτησε τὸ κατοχθόνιον τῆς Στύγος, ἔτα ἐκεῖσε πάντα ἀπὸ τὸ σέβας ἐταράχθησαν· καὶ ὁ Κέρβερος, ἀνοίγνων τὰ τρία τὰ σώ- ματα, εὕλακε τρεῖς εἰς μεγάλας φωνάς. Τότε ἡ Ἥρα ἔ- πραξε πρὸς τρεῖς Ἐρινύας, τὰς ἀμειλίκτας Θυγατέρας τῆς Νύκτος, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐκάθηντο ἐμπροσθίον εἰς τὰς ἀδαμάν- τοπεπλεγμένας Θύρας τῆς φυλακῆς, καὶ ἐπλέκουν τὰς ὀφιώδεις τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς των. Μόλις ἐγνώρισαν τὴν Ἥραν μεταξὺ τῶν σκιῶν καὶ τοῦ καταχθονίου σκότους, ἐσηκώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν τόπον ὅπου ἐκάθην- το, ὁ ὁποῖος καλεῖται κατοικία τῆς πανούργων καὶ μοχθηρῶν. Ἐκεῖ ἐφαίνετο ὁ Τίτυος, προσφέρων πάντοτε τὰ σπλάγχνα του εἰς τὸν γύπα, διὰ νὰ
Σκαπλωμένον ἐσκέπαζεν δυνέα πλέθρα. Ἐνεῖ ὁ ἄθλιος Ταύταλος παίστατε παντοτε ἀπό τῆς δι λαρ μεταξύ τῆς ὑδάτων, ὀνομιζόμενος εἰς μάτην ν' ἀπολάυση τόν εἰς σίω κεφαλή τι ἐπιρρεμάμενον καρπόν, θεῖ φθάσοντα παρ'αὐτῆς, μόλις ἁπλώση τό χέρ διά ν' τόν ἐγγίση. Ἐνεῖ ὁ Σίσυφος κυλίει ἀϊδίως μία πέτρα, ἡ ὁποία παντοτε ἐανατίπτει εἰς τόν αὐτόν τόπον. Ἐνεῖ ὁ δυστυ- χής Ἰξίον σφέρεται ἀκατάπαυστως ἀπάνω εἰς ἕνα τρο- χόν, διώκων καί φθάσων τόν ἑαυτόν του ἀκατάπαυστως. Ἐνεῖ αἱ Δαναΐδες, αἱ φονεῖς τῆς συζύγων των, ἀντλοῦ- σιν ἀείτοτε νερόν, τό ὁποῖον χάνεται εἰς τῆς αὐτῶν σιγμίλο. Ἀφ' ἡ ἡ Ἥρα ἐκοίταζεν ὅλες αὐτές τῆς φή- μισμένες ποινάς με ἄγριον βλέμμα, καί μάλιστα τόν Ἰξίωνα, ἔπειτα δε' ὠ τόν Σίσυφον, διά τί εἶπε φορᾶς „ πῶς Ἑρμόνας, διά τί αὐτός μόνος τῆς ἀδελφῶν του „ τιμωρεῖται αἰώνίως, ἢ ὁ ὑψηλόθρονον Ἀθάμας εἶναι „ περισκεπασμένος ἀπό βασιλικά πλούτη, ξοδεύοντα „ εἰς τό Παλάτιόν του με παντός λογῆς ἡδονάς, καί ὠσάν „ ν' ἤμην ἐγώ παμμέγα ἀνίσχυρος, καί ν' μην εἶχον „ λόγον ν' εἰδικηστῶ, αὐτός καί ἡ γυνή του με κατα- „ φρονήσει, ὡ καθυβρίζουσι πάντοτε ὡ τό ὄνομά με, ὡ „ καί τῆς βωμές με "; Μετά ταῦτα ταῖς ἐφανέρωσε τό αἴτιον τῆς ὀργῆς της, ι τῆς ἔνδρας της· ταῖς λέγει τί ζητεῖ, ι τί θέλει· τό δε' ποθούμενόν της ἦτον ἡ τελέα σκολόδρυσις τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ Κάδμου. Ταῖς παρακαλεῖ να ἐμπνύσωσιν εἰς τόν Ἀθάμαντα τοιαύτην μανίαν, ἡ ὁποία ν' τόν κυριεύση τόσον, ὥστε ν' γίνη τεκνοφό- νος· καί ἥτω, συγχέσσα ὁμοῦ παρακλήσεις, δήσεις, καί ὑποσχέσεις, κατέπεισαν εὐκόλως ἐκείνας τάς κατακθονίας Θεότητας, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ μεγαλητέρα διχαρέσησις εἶναι τό ν' κακοποιήσι. Τότε ἡ Τισιφόνη, ἡ οὖσα παν-
Then indeed Bacchus�s divinity was spoken of throughout Thebes, and Ino, his mother�s sister, told about the new god�s great powers, everywhere. Of all her sisters she was the only one free from trouble, except that which her sisters made. Juno considered this woman, and the lofty pride she had in her sons, her marriage to King Athamas, and her foster-child Bacchus, and could not bear it. She said, to herself, �That son of my rival could change the Maeonian sailors, and immerse them in the sea, and give the flesh of a child to be torn in pieces, by his own mother, and enfold the three daughters of Minyas in strange wings. Can Juno do nothing except lament her troubles, unavenged? Is that enough for me? Is that my only power? He teaches me what to do (it is possible to learn from the enemy): he has shown enough, and more than enough, of the power madness has, by the killing of Pentheus. Why should Ino not be tormented, and follow her relatives� example in her madness?�
There is a downward path, gloomy with fatal yew trees: it leads through dumb silence to the infernal regions. The sluggish Styx exhales vapour, and, by that way, the shadows of the newly dead descend, entombed with full rites, and the ghosts of those, at last, given proper burial. The wide, thorny waste is cold and pallid, and the newly arrived shades are ignorant of the road that leads to the Stygian city, where black Dis has his cruel palace. The roomy city has a thousand entrances, and open gates on every side, and as the ocean accepts the rivers of all the world, so this place accepts all the souls, and is never too small for any populace, nor notices the crowds that come. There the bloodless shadows wander without flesh or bone. Some crowd the forum, some the house of the ruler of the depths, others follow their trades, imitating their previous lives, and still others incur punishment.
Leaving her place in heaven, Saturnian Juno endured the journey there, giving in to such a degree to anger and hatred. As soon as she entered and the threshold sighed at the touch of her sacred body, Cerberus lifted his triple head and let out his threefold baying. She called out for the dread, implacable Furies, the Sisters, the children of Night. They sat in front of the prison gates, closed with steel, combing out their hair, of black snakes. The goddesses rose together, recognising her shadow in the darkness. The place is called Accursed. Here Tityos offers up his innards to be torn, stretched out over nine fields. You, Tantalus, cannot catch the drops of water, and the tree you grasp at, eludes you. You, Sisyphus, attack or pursue the stone that always returns. Ixion turns, and follows after himself and flees, and the forty-nine Belides, who dared to plot the destruction of their cousins, their husbands, fetch again, with incessant labour, the water they have lost.
216 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
ποτε πεδορυβημενη, εχωδεσε με το χερε της πα μισουπεσμενα μαλια της, ρι ψασα εις πας ωμας της πα εμποροσθεν εις το προσωπον της ηρεμαμενα οφιδια, ηξη ειπε προς την "Ηραν", δει εναι κρεια περιττολογιας πα προσαγματα σε, ωγιναν εργον· ηξελθε απο την μισητην παυτην βασιλειαν, ει ηπαγε να χαρης, εις τον Ουρανον αερα γλυκυτερον· ει τερψινοτερον· ου οπως η "Ηρα δυχαειση̃μενη, επεσρεψον εις τον Ουρανον, οπε η Θαυμαντιας "Ιρις την εραντισε με δροσον, δια να την καθαριση απο τον ατμον πα "Αδη.
Ὡς ποσὸν ἡ σκληρὰ Τισιφόνη ἐβλάβεν εἰς τὸ χέρι τὴν ὀλεθρίαν λαμπάδα, ἢ ἐνδυομένη φόρεμα ὅλον αἱματωμένον, ἐξῆλθεν ὀφίδιον αὐτὰ ζώνης, ἢ ἀφίησα τὰς καπνογεννικὰς τοπικάς, συμφοριασμένη μὲ τὴν λύπην, μὲ τὸν φόβον, μὲ τὸν ὁρμὸν, καὶ μὲ αὐτήν την περίκωδη μανίαν, τὴν παραιτοῦσαν τὸ λογικὸν εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἦλθεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Ἀθάμαντος, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ θύραι λέγονται νὰ ἤχησαν ἢ νὰ ἤλλαξαν τὸ χρῶμα· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἥλιος ἀπεμακρύνθη, σηκωνόντας ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὰς ἀκτῖνας του. Τότε ἡ Ἰνὼ καὶ ὁ Ἀθάμας ἐκπεπληγμένοι, ἤθελον νὰ φύγουν ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιον, ἀλλ' εὗρισκαν τὰς θύρας ἐμφραγμένας ἀπὸ τὴν Τισιφόνην, ἡ ὁποία ἐξαπλώνουσα τὰς χεῖράς της, αἱ περιπετυλιμέναι ἀπὸ ὄχοντρας, ἐτίναξε τὰ μαλλιά της, καὶ οὕτως ἐξύπνησε τὰ ὀφίδια, καὶ ἄλλα μὲν ἔπεσαν εἰς τὰ νῶτά της, ἄλλα δὲ εἰς τὸ στῆθος, μὲ φέρνοντα συριγμάτα, καὶ ἐξέρασαν ὅλα ἰοβόλον σίελον, δεικνύοντα τὰς πυρίνους γλώσσας των, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ῥίπτουσι βέλη. Ἡ Τισιφόνη λοιπὸν ἐκβάλλουσα ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιά της δύο ἀπὸ τὰ ὀφίδια, μὲ τὸ λοιμικὸν χέρι της τὰ ἔρριψεν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 217
ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν Ἰνὼ, καὶ εἰς τὸν Ἀθάμαντα. Αὐτὰ δὲ ἐμβῆκαν αὐθὺς εἰς τὸν κόλπον τῆς πλαιταρῶν ἐπειρ- γῶν, καὶ τὰς ἐπέρνησαν δυσφόρες γνώμας καὶ λυσσώδεις φαντασίας· πλὴν ἔξωθεν τὰ σώματά των δὲν ἐφαίνοντο πληγαί, ἐπειδὴ μόνη ἡ ψυχή των κατετήμετο σφοδρῶς.
Ἡ Τισιφόνη εἶχε φέρει μεθ' ἑαυτῆς κάποια ἰοβόλα ποτὰ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀφρὸν τῆς Κερβέρου, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ φαρμάκι τῆς Ἐχίδνης, ἀπὸ ἀκατάπαυστον πλάνην καὶ τυφλὴν τυ- φλὴν, ἀπὸ ἔγκλημα καὶ λύσσαν καὶ φόνων ἔφεσιν, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀνακατώνησε μὲ αἷμα ζέον, καὶ ἔβρασαν ὅλα ὁμοῦ, βάνουσα καὶ ἰὸν ἀπλόχειρον χλωρόν· καὶ ἐνῶ ὁ Ἀθάμας καὶ ἡ Ἰνὼ ἔμειναν ὡς ἀναίσθητοι ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἔχυσεν εἰς τὰ στήθη των αὐτὸ τὸ φαρμάκι, τὸ ὁποῖον διεπέρασεν εἰς ὅλων καρδίαν των, φέρον εἰς αὐτὴν φοβερὰς ἀναταραχάς. Τέλος πάντων, διὰ νὰ μὴν ἀλησμονήση τίποτε, στρέφουσα πολλάκις ἑλικηδὸν ἐπάνω των τὴν ὁποίαν ἐκράτει φλογερὴν λαμπάδα, ὡς νικήτρια, ἐ- πειδὴ ἐπελέωσε τὴν προσταγὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἐγύρισεν εἰς τὸν ᾅδην, καὶ ἀπεδύθη τὰς ὄφεις, τὰς ὁποίας εἶχεν ἐνδυθῆ.
Εὐθὺς ὁ Ἀθάμας, νομίζων νὰ εἶναι εἰς τὸ κυνή- γιον, ἄρχισε νὰ δείχνη τὴν μανίαν του εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ παλατίου του. Φωνάζει, ὥσαν νὰ ἐφώναζε τοὺς κυνηγούς εἰς τὰ δάση, νὰ ἁπλώσουν τὰ δίκτυα, διὰ νὰ πιάσουν τὰ ὁποῖα ἔβλεπε ζῶα. Ἰδοὺ, λέγει, μία λέαινα μὲ δύο σκύμνους της. Καὶ εὐθὺς, κρατούμενος ἀπὸ τὴν λύσσαν τῆς κυνηγετικῆς δυστυχῆς του συζύγου, ἁρπάζει ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας της τὸν μικρὸν Λέαρχον, ὁ ὁποῖος του ἅπλωνε τὰ χέρια, γελῶντας ὡς βρέφος πρὸς τὸν πατέρα του· καὶ τινάζωντάς τον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἐσωτέρεψεν εἰς τὰς πέ- τρας τὸ κρανίον.
λύσῃ νινεμένην, ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν ὁποίων λύσσαν ἐνέπυρσεν εἰς αὐτὴν τὸ ἰοβόλον ποτόν, ἤρχισε νὰ ὀλολύζῃ, κᾆ νὰ φεύγῃ μὲ μαλλιὰ ξεπλεγμένα, ὁμῶς μὲ τὸν μικρὸν Μελι- κέρτην, τοῦ ὁποίου ἐβαστάζετο εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της, ἐπι- καλουμένη πρὸς βοήθειαν τὸν Βάκχον. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Θέλψις κᾆ ἡ δυστυχία της ἦσταν ἡ χαρὰ τῆς Ἥρας, ἡ ὁποία ἐμπαίζουσα τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Βάκχου ἔλεγεν, ἄς νάμην, ἔλεγεν, ἄς νάμην σήμερον τῶν ἀμοιβῶν τῆς φροντίδος σοῦ ἐκείνος, τοῦ ὁποίου ἀνέτρεφες αὐτὸς ἄς σὲ βοηθήσῃ. Εἰς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἦτον μέγας σκόπελος, κατεσπαρμένος ἀπὸ τὰ κύματα, τὰ ὁποῖα καθ᾿ ἑκάστην τὸ ἐκτυποῦσαν εἰς τὸν πάτον, κᾆ ἡ κορυφή του ἦτον ὀξεῖα, κᾆ τοιαύτης λογῆς ἀπλώνετο ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὥστε τὴν ἐδιαφύλαττον εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος ἀπὸ τῶν βροχῶν. Ἡ Ἰνώ, ἐνδυναμωμένη ἀπὸ τὴν μανίαν της, ἀνέβη χω- ρὶς δυσκολίαν, κᾆ χωρὶς φόβον ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν σκό- πελον, κᾆ ἐπήδησεν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν μὲ τὸ βρέφος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβάσταζεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Ἀφροδίτη (ὡς μήτηρ τῆς Ἁρμονίας, μητρὸς τῆς Ἰνοῦς) τὴν ἐ- σπλαγχνίσθη ὡς ἐγγονόν της, κᾆ ἀπεφάσισε νὰ τὴν βοη- θήσῃ· ὅθεν κολακεύουσα τὸν θεῖόν της τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, τοῦ ἔλεγεν· „ὦ κραταιὰ θεότης τῶν ὑδάτων, ὦ Ποσει- δῶν, ἥτις ἔλαβες διὰ μερίδιόν σου τὸ δεύτερον βασί- λειον τοῦ Κόσμου, σὲ ζητῶ μέγα πρᾶγμα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ ζητούμενον εἶναι πρὸς τιμήν σου κᾆ δόξαν· ἐσπλαγχνίσθη τὰς ἐδικάς μου, τὰς ὁποίας βλέπεις παλευ- ομένας ἀπὸ τὰ κύματα, κᾆ παίγνια τῶν ἀνέμων εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης. Πρόσθες αὐτὰς εἰς τὸν ἀριθμόν ἐκεῖνον τῶν θεῶν, ὅσοι σὲ γνωρίζουσι διὰ βασιλέα των.
After Saturnia had looked grimly, glancing fiercely, at all these, and at Ixion above all, looking back from him to Sisyphus, she asks the Furies �Why does this son of Aeolus, suffer perpetual torment, while his brother Athamas, who, with his wife, scorns me, lives, in his pride, in a rich palace?� And she expounds the causes of her hatred, her journey, and what it is she wishes. What she wished was that the House of Cadmus should no longer stand, and that the Sisters should drive Athamas mad.� She urged the goddesses help, mingling promises, commands and prayers together. When Juno had finished speaking, Tisiphone, grey-haired as she was, shook her locks, flinging back the snakes that concealed her face, and said �It does not need all these words: consider it done, whatever you have ordered. Leave this unlovely kingdom, and go back to heaven with its sweeter air.� Juno returned happily, and Iris, her messenger, the daughter of Thaumus, purified her, as she was about to enter heaven, with drops of dew.
Without delay, Tisiphone, the troubler, grasped a torch soaked with blood, put on a dripping red robe, coiled a writhing serpent round her waist, and left the spot. Grief went as her companion, and Panic, and Terror, and Madness with agitated face. She took up her position on the threshold, and they say the pillars of the doorway of Aeolus�s palace shook, the doors of maple-wood were tainted with whiteness, and the sun fled the place. Athamas and his wife, Ino, were terrified at these portents of doom, and they tried to escape the palace. The baleful Erinys obstructed them, and blocked the way. Stretching out her arms, wreathed with knots of vipers, she flailed her hair, and the snakes hissed at her movements. Some coiled over her shoulders, some slid over her breast, giving out whistling noises, vomiting blood, and flickering their tongues.
Then she pulls two serpents from the midst of her hair, and hurls what she has snatched with a deadly aim. They slither over Ino and Athamas, and blow their oppressive breath into them. Their limbs are not wounded: it is the mind that feels the dreadful stroke. She had brought foul poisonous liquids too, spume from the jaws of Cerberus, Echidna�s venom, those that cause vague delusions, dark oblivions of the mind, wickedness and weeping, rage and love of murder, all seethed together. She had boiled them, mixed with fresh blood, in hollow bronze, stirred with a stalk of green hemlock.
While they stood trembling, she poured this venom of the Furies over the breasts of the two of them, and sent it into the depths of their minds. Then, brandishing her torch, encircled them with fire, by fire�s swift movement, whirling it round in repeated orbit. So having conquered them, and carried out her orders, she returned to the wide kingdom of mighty Dis, and unloosed the serpent she had wrapped around her.
ὀνομάζομαι Ἀφροδίτη ἀπὸ τὸν ἄφρον τῶ Ὠκεανῦ· εἰς αὐτὰς πᾶς χάριτας πρόσθες, σὲ παρακαλῶ, τὶ παντὶν, διὰ νὰ μὲ ὑποχρεώσῃς περισσότερον. Ὑπήκουσον ὁ Ποσειδῶν τῶ δέησιν αὐτὴν τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, ἰ ἀφαιρῶν πᾶν μέρος θνητὸν ἀνήκομενον εἰς ἐκείνας, τὲς ἔσπευσε σεβάσμιον μεγαλειότητα, καὶ δίδωντάς τε ἄλλα πρόσωπα, καὶ ἄλλα ὀνόματα, τὼ μὲν Μητέρα ἐκάλεσε Λευκοθέαν, τὸν δὲ υἱὸν ὀνόμασε Παλαίμονα.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.
Περὶ τῶν συντρόφων τῆς Ἴνυς, αἳ ὁποῖαι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς πέτρας, καὶ ὅρνεα.
Φοβουμένη ἡ Ἥρα μήπως αἱ σύντροφοι τῆς Ἴνυς λάβωσι τὸ αὐτὸ χάριν παρὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, τὰς μεταβάλλει εἰς σκοπέλας ἢ ὄρνεα.
Αἱ Θηβαῖδες γυναῖκες, αἳ ὁποῖαι ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ συντροφεύωσιν τὴν Ἴνυν, τὴν ὑπολήθησαν μὲ τὰς ὀφθαλμὲς ὅσον καιρὸν ἐδυνήθησαν· ἀλλ' ὅταν ἔφθασαν πλησίον τῆς σκοπέλης, ἢ δὲ τὴν εὑρῆκαν, δὲν ἀμφέβαλλον πλέον διὰ τὸν θάνατον τῆς. Τότε ἤρχησαν νὰ κλαίωσι πλησίον τῆς δυστυχίας τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τίλλουσαι τὰς τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς των, καὶ σχίζουσαι τὰ φορέματα των, ἐμέμφοντο τὴν Ἥραν, διὰ τὴν αἰδίαν ἢ σκληρότητα τῆς· ἡ ὁποία, παροξυνομένη ἀπὸ τὰς ὕβρεις των, ἢ μὴ δυναμένη νὰ τὰς ὑποφέρῃ, „καλὰ, λέγει, θέλω σᾶς νὰ με γείνητε ἢ σέας ὑπομνήματα „ἢ μαρτυρίαι τῆς σκληρότητός μου." Ἡ δὲ ὁ λόγος τῆς ἔγινεν ἔργον, ἐπειδὴ μία ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἡ ὁποία ἐφέρετο περίσσοτέραν ἀγάπην πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, θέλουσα νὰ ῥιφθῇ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, δὲν ἠμπόρεσε νὰ σαλεύσῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου, ὅπου ἐπάτει, ἢ αὐτῆς μέρος ἔμεινεν ἐπὶ φοβεροῦ βράχου, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἤθελε νὰ κρημνισθῇ.
Ἄλλη δέ, Θέλσσα νά πτυήθῃ τὸ σῆθος τῆς, με ἀπὸ κέ- νεια, μθώσθη ὅτι τὰ σκέλια τῆς ἐσφηρυμόντο, ἢ δὲδ τῆς ἦτον δυνατὸν να τὰ διπλώσῃ πλέον. Ἄλλη πάλιν Θέ- λες να φορέγηῃ τας χέρας διὰ να παρακαλέσῃ τας Θα- λασσίες Θεότητες, ἀλλ' ὅσα τοῖς μεταμορφωμένη εις πέ- ρας, ἥπλωσε λιθίνας χείρας· ἢ ἄλλη, Θέλσσα να ἐπι- δεῖ ζῶσῃ πὰ μαλλία τῆς, ἀπορέε, αἰδανομίσαν ὅτι αὐτα ἢ ὄμὰ τὰ δάκτυλα τῆς ἦσαν πέτερνα. Τέλος ἔμειναν ὅλαι εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου τὰς ἔφθασαν ἢ μεταβολήτων.
Μέρος δέ τῶν δυσχχῶν μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα πετόμενα εἰς τὴν Θαλασσαν, τὴν ἐγχίλσαι με πὰς ἄκρας τῦ πτερύγων τῶν, καὶ ὥσαν να ἐνθυμῦνται τῆς παλαίαν μυείαν του, γυρεύον αὐτοῦ συνεσχὰς μέρη τῆς σήμερον.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙA τῆς ΙΓ'. & ΙΔ'. Μῦθ.
Δ' ἡ Θέλεια εἶναι ἀρκετὸν τὸ κατάλλοντας οἱ μακαὶ εἰς τὸν Ἄ- δην μόνον, ἀλλὰ ἐπιμένουσιν ἀπολλάκις ἡ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον φόρος παραδείγματα. Εἰ ἄλλως γάρις ὑπερορῶ καὶ μῖσος σης κακίας. Οὕτω τιμώρειται, εἰά τι κατα φρονεῖ τῶν Ἡρῶ· ἢ εἰα ἱὰ κατενδ λωσιλέ πόσον εἶναι κινδυνώδες γὰ συναναρεφάμενα τας α- σεβείας, καὶ ότι εἴ ιαι εὕ καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ γὰ συναναρεφασταί τις κα- κύργης, ὡς γὰ ἢ ποη ἦ αὐτὸς ποιήσος, μυθάλσειον ότι ὅσμ ἠγάπην τὴν Γῦο, ἦ τῷ ἐσωτέρῳ φόλον, ἐπαιδά Δηῖσα ὡς ἦ αὑτή.
Then Athamas, raving through the centre of his palace, cries out � Friends, spread the nets through these woods! I have just seen a lioness here, with her two cubs� and in his madness he followed his wife�s steps as if she were a wild beast. Then he snatched his son Learchus, who was laughing and waving his little arms, from his mother�s protection, and whirled him round, two or three times, in the air, in the manner of a sling, and dashed the infant�s head fiercely against the solid rock. Then the mother, roused at last by the pain this caused, or by reason of the poison sprinkled on her, howled like an animal, and fled, insanely, tearing at her hair. In her naked arms she carried you, Melicertes, and cried out �Euhoe, Bacchus�. Juno laughed aloud at Bacchus�s name, saying �Such help as this may your foster-son give you!�
A cliff overhung the water, carved out at its base by the breakers, and it sheltered the waves it hid, from the rain. Its summit reared up and stretched out, in front, over the water, into empty space. Ino climbed up there (madness had lent her strength) and unrestrained by fear threw herself and her burden into the sea: the wave foamed white where she fell. Venus, pitying her granddaughter�s undeserved sufferings, coaxed her uncle, saying � O Neptune, god of the waters, whose power only ceases near heaven, it�s true that what I ask is great, but take pity on those who are mine, whom you see, fallen into the vast Ionian waters, and add them to your sea-gods. Some kindness is due me from the sea, if once I was made from the spume in the midst of the deep, and from that my Greek name, �foam-born� Aphrodite, remains.� Neptune accepted her prayer, and taking from them what was mortal, gave them greatness, giving them at the same time new names and forms, calling the god Palaemon, and his mother, Leucotho�, the white goddess.
Πρὸς τάδης τὰ τέκνα αἱ δυστυχῆς αὐτῆς βασιλίδος παιδάγονται ἦ αὐτὰ παρομοίως, μέ ὅλον ὅτι εἶναι ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, καὶ μετέχουσι τῆς τιμωρίας της, ἀγκαλὰ δέν μετέχουσι τὸ ἐγκλήματος της. Δῶ διδασκό- μεθα λοιπὸν ἐκ τῆδε ὅτι ἡ τιμωρία ἡ παρέργον φθάνει ἕως εἰς τὰ παιδία, καὶ ὅτι οἱ κεραυνισμένοι ἀπὸ Θεὸν Σήμα δὲν σβύονται πολλάκις παρὰ εἰς τὸ αἷμα τῆς φύσης αὐτῶν· Τέλος πάντων ἂν ἐγλαφύ ὅτι ὅλ' ἴχνον φῶς, τὸ ὁποῖον νὰ μᾶς μένει εἰς ἡ καρδία μας· εἰ δέν δέν μανθάνομεν ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦτο νὰ φοβῆσθε τοῦ Θεοῦ, σωφρο- νιζόμενοι μέ αὐτὸν τὸν σωτήριον φόβον;
Ἀλλ' ἐπειδή ὁ Θεὸς δὲν ἀποδέχεται τὰ ἁμαρτωλὰ, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ἧς κατακαρδίου τὸν ἴδιον κόσμον, καὶ πῶς ἆθλες τιμωρίας, πότε ἐνέργει ἡ παγρατιασία; Δῆλον ὅτι μᾶς εἶναι ἡ Ἰνὼ καὶ ὁ Μελικέρ- της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς Θαλάττιος Θεότητας, εἰα τὴν σπλαγχνίαν τῶν Θεῶν, δηλαδὴ ἐσώθησαν, ὅταν ἐνομίζοντο ἀφανισμένοι.
Πρέπει τώρα νὰ εἴπωμεν βραχέα τινὰ ἦ εἰα τὸν Ἅιδην, τὸν πε- ριγραφόμενον εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μῦθον, εἰα τὶ ὁποῖοι οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἤθέλησαν νὰ παρακινήσουν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους νὰ εἶναι καλοὺς, ἦ πῶς οἱ Θρᾶκες, ὡς λέγει ὁ Κικέρων, ἔκλαιον εἰς τὴν γέννησιν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἢ ἔχαιρον ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου του, ἢ πῶς Παλαιὸς εἶπεν ὅτι ἡ μεγαλητέρα εὐτυχία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἶναι τὸ νὰ μὴ γεννηθῇ ἢ μετὰ τὴν γέννησίν του νὰ μὴ ζήσῃ πολὺν καιρόν.
Μετὰ τὸν Κέρβερον συναπαντῶνται δύω αἱ Ἐρινύες· τοῦ δηλοῦσιν ὅτι μόλις γίνεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, εὐθὺς βασανίζεται καὶ διώκεται ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη τῆς ψυχῆς. Βέβαια αἱ Ἐρινύες μᾶς ἐξεικονίζουσι πάσας ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τὰ πάθη, ὅσα μᾶς φέρουσιν εἰς ἔχθρας, ὑποψίας, αἰσχύνας καὶ ἄλλας κακίας, ὅσαι μεταβάλλουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον εἰς δαίμονα. Μαρτυροῦσι δὲ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν Ἐρινύων· διότι ἡ Μέγαιρα σημαίνει μῖσος, ἡ δὲ Τισιφόνη, τὴν ἐκδίκησιν, ἢ φονέα· ἡ δὲ Ἀληκτὼ μᾶς παρίστησιν ἐκείνην τὴν ἀπαύστον σύγχυσιν καὶ ταραχήν, ἡ ὁποία συμβαδίζει πάντοτε τὰ πάθη μας.
Αἱ λοιπαὶ τιμωρίαι, αἱ περιγραφόμεναι εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, δύνανται παρομοίως νὰ ὑποδείξωσιν εἰς τὰ πάθη τὰ κινήματα τῆς ψυχῆς. Ὁ Τίτυος, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ ἔνδοσθεν, κατετρώχθη ὑπὸ τὸν γῦπα, αὐξανόμενα πάντοτε κατὰ φοράν, ἐκείνην τὰ πάθη, σημαίνει τὰς ἀτελευτήτους ἔχθρας καὶ μάχας, τὰς ὁποίας φέρουσί τινες καὶ μετὰ θάνατον κάτω εἰς τὸν Ἅδην, ὅπου θὰ τοὺς βασανίζωσιν ὡς καὶ εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν κατακεκριμένην διὰ κολάσεως, ἢ τῆς δικαίας τιμωρίας. Ἡ πεῖνα τοῦ Ταντάλου σημαίνει τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία οὐδὲ δύναται νὰ χρησιμεύῃ εἰς τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν ὅλων τῶν ἀγαθῶν. Ὁ τροχὸς τοῦ Ἰξίονος σημαίνει τὴν ἀχαριστίαν ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπιθαλπόμενοι μόνον φρασκάζονται, ὅ τι τὸ παρὸν εἶναι· Σίσυφος δὲ ὁ ἀεί, μάτην ἐλπίζων ποτὲ ἀνάπαυσιν, δὲν ἀφίνει ὥστε τοὺς ἄλλους νὰ ἦσαν ἥσυχοι, πειρώμενος ἀπαύστως νὰ προξενήσῃ στάσεις καὶ καταστροφὰς εἰς τὴν ἐπικράτειαν, ἢ πολιτείαν, ὅπου
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 223
βασανίζεια τῆς ψυχῆς. Καὶ ὄντως, αὖ κατὰ οἱ κακέργοι δέν τιμω- ροῦνται κατεμφορόθεν τῆ ἀδρόπποι, δέν συρῶνται εἰς τὰ δικαιοθέια, κι κανεὰς δέν ἱξέληι τὰ ἐγκλήματα τῶ θίμος ἢ συμέθοἲς τοῦ εἶναι παντοτε ἐμαρόδευ των, καὶ τᾶς ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ τῆς κατηγορῖᾶ, καἰ κατάδικα ζει. Βέβαια δέν, εἶναι κανεὰς κακέργος, ἥμι ἐξαίρετοί λόγος, τὸ ὕποπτευει, κι κνώμι γι ὕποτειά εἶναι ἀρκετά, ὅτι δέν δύναται νὰ ἴσχυα γιὰ κατάδίκι τὰ ποαίδευματά τιχ, αᾶ κι νὰ ἴκειπεν αὐτός ὁ ἴδιος που ἴξυπυγε, κι ὅλοι οἱ Κειται τὰ Κόσμα νὰ ἤδέλαο τον μαρτυρήσαι ἀ- δῶον.
Οὕτως οἱ Παλαιοί, ἀν κ δέν ἦσαν πεφασίσμένι μέ ἐκεῖνο τὸ φῶς τὸ ὑδήγεν ἡμάς τους Χριστιανούς, ἤδέλησαν νὰ διδάξουν ὅτι ἢ Κόλασις ἄρχηνα ὕπὸ τῶν παροόαν ζωιῶ· καὶ ὅτι μετὰ θανάτοιν δύ- εἰσκοῦνται σκληρότερα καὶ πικρότερα τιμωρειᾶι, ὡς μὴ ἔχουσα ποτὲ τέλος.
Περὶ τῆς Ὥρας εἶναι ψεῖπτοῦ νὰ ὁμιλήσω. μέ τὸ νὰ εἴ πα ἀρκέ- τα εἰς τὸν τῆς Μῦθου· ὄθεν τὸ λόγον ἀποδέχετο, ὅτι δέν εἶναι παραδόξον αὖ αὐτῇ, ἢ νομιζομένη Θέα τῆ πλήστης, παρεῖχεν ἡμᾶς Ἑρινύας, δηλαδὴ τὰ πάθη ᾷ βέβαια τ᾽ δέν ὑποπλώσιν. οἱ ἄν- θρωποι, καὶ τί δέν κατάθει εἰσο διὰ τὴς ὑπάκησιν τῆ πλήστης
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΕ'.
Περὶ τὸ Κάδμος, κἰ τῆς γυναικὸς τὸ Ἀρμονίας, τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἴς Δράκοντας.
Ὁ Κάδμος, ὺὰς τὸ Ἀγήνορος, κ ἢ γυνή τὸ Ἀρμονίας, Θυγάτηρ τὸ Ἄρεως καὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης, μεταβάλλονται εἰς Δράκοντας, κατὰ τὴν φορὰ τῆς Θέου αἰτιοῦν των.
ρώπους ἀρδῶς τὴν γυναικά του, μετὰ δακρύων τῆς ἔλεγε· „ πλησίασον, γλυκυτάτη μου συμβία, πλησίασον, σὲ „ παρακαλῶ, ἔτι ὑπῆρχε μέρος τι ἐμοῦ· λάβε τὸ „ χέρι μου, τὸ ὁποῖον σοι δίδω, ἐν ὅσῳ εἶναι ἀκόμη χέρι, „ καὶ πρὶν ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸν τόπον μου ὁ δράκων ὁλοτελῶς „. Ἤθελε νὰ εἴπῃ περισσότερα, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ γλῶσ- σά του διεμοιράσθη εἰς δύο, ψιθύρων, μὴ δυνάμενος πλέον νὰ προφέρῃ λόγον, μόνον ἐσύριξεν, ἐπειδὴ ἡ φύσις του ἀ- φῆκεν εἰς χρῆσιν αὐτοῦ μόνον τὴν φωνὴν ταύτην. Τότε ἡ γυ- νή του ἤρχισε νὰ φωνάζῃ, καὶ νὰ κτυπᾷ τὸ στῆθος της, „ μεῖνον Κάδμε μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ, καὶ ἐκδύθητι τὸ φρικτῶδες εἶ- „ δος, καὶ φανῇς τόσον εὔμορφος εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς „ μου, ὅσον εἶσαι ποθεινὸς εἰς τὴν ψυχήν μου. Τί „ βλέπω ἡ δυστυχής, ὦ Κάδμε; τί ἔγιναν αἱ χεῖρές „ σου; ποῦ εἶναι οἱ πόδες σου; καὶ ὦ πρὸς σὲ λαλῶ, τί „ ἔγινεν ὅλον σου τὸ σῶμα; ὦ Θεοί! ἐπειδὴ εἶμαι συμ- „ μέτοχος τῶν δυστυχιῶν του, διὰ τί δὲν μετέχω καὶ τῆς „ τύχης του; Σεῖς, ὦ Θεοί, ἐμεταμορφώσατε τὸ ἥμισυ „ μόνον τοῦ Κάδμου, λοιπὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν μεταμορφώσητε ὅ- „ λον, μεταβάλλετε καὶ τὴν γυναῖκά του „. Καὶ ἡ μὲν ἔλεγε ταῦτα, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἔγλειχε τὴν συμβίαν του, καὶ ἐσύ- ριζεν εἰς τὸν λαιμόν της, καὶ ἀναγκαλίζων αὐτήν, ὡς ἔδειχνον ὅτι δὲν ἔχασε τὸ λογικόν. Ὅσοι ἦσαν παρόντες εἰς τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἔγιναν οἱ αἰδήμονες, καὶ ἐκστατικοί· ἡ δὲ τα- λαίπωρος Ἁρμονία, ὡς γυναικοῦσα πάντοτε τὸν σύζυ- γόν της, τὸν ἐχάϊδευε, μ᾽ ὅλον ὅτι εἶχεν ὀφιώδη μορ- φήν, καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ αὐτῇ τῇ στιγμῇ ἐφάνησαν δύο ὄφεις. Οὕτ- ως αὕτη ἔγινε πάλιν σύμβιος τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ οὗτοι ἤρχισαν νὰ σύρωνται καὶ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, καὶ ἐκρύβησαν εἰς ἕν σκιερὸν δάσος. Δὲν δάκνουσι ποτὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώ- πους, οὔτε βλάπτουσι τινά, ἀλλ᾽ εἶναι ὄφεις ἀθῷοι πα-
Ino�s Sidonian attendants followed the marks of her feet as best they could, only to see her last leap from the pinnacle of rock. Not doubting that she was dead, they mourned for the House of Cadmus, beating their breasts, tearing at their clothes and hair, saying that the goddess had shown too little justice, and too much cruelty, to the rival who had made her jealous. Juno could not bear their protests, and said �I will make you the best monument to my cruelty�. What she said was done. Now the one who had been most faithful cried �I will follow the queen into the sea�, and starting her leap could not move at all, and stuck fast, fixed to the cliff. Another felt her raised arms grow rigid, when she tried to beat her breasts, as she had been doing. Another chanced to stretch her hands out to the waves of the sea, but now hands made of stone were extended over the same waves. One, as she tore at the crown of her head to pull out her hair, you might see, suddenly with stiffened fingers amongst her hair. Whatever gesture they were caught in, there they remained. Others, Theban women, changed to birds, also, now, skim the surface of those depths with their wings.
τοῦ, καὶ ἡμέροι, διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐνθυμῶνται πλέον προτέραν φύσιν των.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ἡ μὲν εἰς τοὺς δυστυχοῦς Ἀργείους, ἤ τὴν μὴ σφόδρα εὐτυχῆ μὲν ὕστερον φύσιν εἰς τὸ προτύτερον ζῴον. Λέγουσί μας ἐδιώχθη ἀπὸ τὴν Βασιλείαν ὕστερα ἀπὸ μεγάλα δυστυχήματα καὶ ὑπῆγε μέ τὴν γυναῖκά του τὴν Ἁρμονίαν εἰς τὰ μέρη τῆς Ἰλλυρίας, ἢ ἐπειδὴ κατῳκοῦν ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωποι ὠμοὶ ὡσπερ ὄφις, ὑποκατελήφθη τῆς γνώμης καὶ εἰς τὰ ἤθη ἰδιαιτέρως βαρβάρων, μέ τῆς ὁποίας ἀνάμιξης, ἡ μεταβολὴ τῆς ζωῆς ταύτη. Ἤ ἡ φυσική ἀγριότης τῶν Ἰλλυρίων, ἡ ὤθησε αἰτίαν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς Δράκοντες. Ἐπειδὴ λέγεται ὅτι οἱ παλαιοί Ἰλλύριοι εἶχον δύο κόρας εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ἢ ἔβλεπον πολὺ ἐξωμε, ὥστε ἔκταταζον μέ τὸ βλέμμα των, δῆλα ὄφεων τινῶν, ὅσους ποτέ τυχὸν κοιτάζουν ὀλίγον ἀρχήν.
Ἡ δεύτερα δὲ παρατήρησις, ἢ τὰ δυστυχήματα εἶναι οἱ καλλιώτεροι ἄρχοντες τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἤ τὴς συμφορᾶς, ἀλλ' τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ σοφίαν, τῶν σφοδρῶν ἀρετῶν εἰ ὅτε αἱ μεθ, τῶν συμβολῶν, ἀλλὰ τάχα, λέγουσιν ἄλλοι, μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ὁ Κάδμος ἢ ἡ γυνὴ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς ὄφις ὕστερα μετὰ τὰς δυστυχίας, ὅσας ὑπέφερον τὸ περισσότερον ἀνθρώπινον ἀπὸ τῆς ζωῆς ταύτη, ἐκθησαν εἰς τὰ γηροκομεῖα τῶν φρονιμωτέρων, καὶ συνετωτέρων παρά τιν, ὅσοι ἐφέρθησαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον διέξηται βασιλικῶν.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΘ'. Κ, ΙΖ'.
Περί τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδύσης γεννηθέντων Δρακόντων· ἐκ τῆς μεταβο- λῆς τῆς Ἄτλαντος εἰς βουνόν.
Πρῶτος ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Διὸς καὶ τῆς Δανάης κόπτει τῆς Μεδύσης τὴν κεφαλήν, ἡ ὁποῖα εἶχε τὸν διάμαντα τὰ μαλλία της ἀντί δράκοντες, καὶ τὰ μεταμβάλλει εἰς ἠλέκτρα· ἀπὸ δὲ τὸ αἷμα τῆς κεφαλῆς της γεννῶνται ὄφεις. Γέννησις τοῦ Πηγάσου. Ὁ Ἄτλας μὴ θέλησας νὰ δώσῃ φιλοξενίαν τὸν Περσέα, μεταμορφώνεται εἰς βουνόν.
Ἡ μόνη παρηγορία της ἔμενεν εἰς τὰς δυστυχίας της, καὶ ἦτον αὐτὴ, ὅτι ἔβλεπεν πῶς ὁ Βάκχος ὁ ἐγγονός της εἶχε νίκησιν τῆς Ἰνδοῦς, καὶ ἐπροσκυνεῖτο ἐκεῖ ὡς Θεός, καὶ ὅλη ἡ Ἑλλὰς εἶχεν ἀφιερώσει εἰς τιμήν του πολλὰς Ναούς. Δὲν ἔμεινε παρὰ μόνος ὁ Ἀκρίσιος, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ἤθελε νὰ τὸν ὁμολογήσῃ Θεόν, μάλιστα ἐκήρυττε πόλεμον καὶ τῆς νέας ταύτης Θεότητος. Δὲν ἤθελε νὰ κατακειθῇ ὥστε νὰ ἐκατήγετο ὁ Βάκχος ἀπὸ τὸν Δία, ὥστε ἡ Δαναὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ του νὰ συλλάβῃ τὸν Περσέα ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Δία, μεταμορφωμένου εἰς χρυσίαν βροχήν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι πρᾶγμα ἰσχυρότερον ἀπὸ τὴν παρουσίαν τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁ Ἀκρίσιος μετενόησεν ὀλίγον ὅτι δὲν
ἐφοσκευάσησε τὸν Βάχχον, καὶ δὴ ἐπίσδυσε νὰ εἶναι υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς ὁ ἔργονος τοῦ Περσέως. Ὁ μὲν εἶχε λάβει τόπον εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν, συμφειδμηθείς με τὶς ἀθανάτης Θεάς, ὁ δὲ ἄλλος, κομίζων τὰ εὔδοξα λάφυρα ἑνὸς τέρατος, ἐπέτα εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς Οἰκουμένης ἴσαν νὰ ἐφέρετο ἐπὶ τῶν πτερύγων τῆς νίκης. Ἐν ᾧ διέβαινε λοιπὸν ἐν μιᾷ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπὶ τῆς ἄμμου τῆς Ἀφρικῆς, τὰ ἐπῆσαν μεσίκαι σταλαγματίαι αἵματος, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐβάστα εἰς χείρας τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης, καὶ ἡ γῆ δεχομένη αὑτάς, ἐβλάστησεν ἀῦθις ἐκείνα τὰ διάφορα εἴδη ὄφεων, τὰ διευρισκόμενα εἰς τὴν Ἐπαρχίαν ἐκείνην, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς ὁποίας εἶναι μισητὴ εἰς τὰς ἰδίας αὐτῆς ἐγκατοίκους.
The son of Agenor, Cadmus, did not know that his daughter and little grandson were now sea-gods. Conquered by the pain of this run of disasters, and daunted by all he had seen, the founder departed his city, as if the misfortunes of the place and not himself were oppressing him. Driven to wandering, at length his journey carried him and his wife to the borders of Illyria. Now, weighed down by age and sadness, they thought of the original destiny of their house, and in talk reviewed their sufferings. Cadmus said �Surely that snake, my spear pierced, must have been sacred, when, fresh from Sidon, I scattered the serpent�s teeth, a strange seed, over the earth? If that is what the gods have been avenging with such sure anger, may I myself stretch out as a long-bellied snake.� And, so speaking, he did extend into a long-bellied snake, and felt his skin hardening as scales grew there, while dark green patches checkered his black body. He lay prone on his breast, and gradually his legs fused together thinning out towards a smooth point. Still his arms were left to him, and what was left of his arms he stretched out, and, with tears running down his still human cheeks, he said �Come here, wife, come here, most unfortunate one, and while there is still something left of me, touch me, and take my hand, while it is still a hand, while the snake does not yet have all of me.�
He wanted to say so much more, but suddenly his tongue was split in two, and though he wished for words none came, and whenever he started on some plaintive sound, he hissed: this was the voice that Nature bequeathed him. Then, striking her naked breast with her hands, his wife cried out �Cadmus, wait, unhappy one, tear away this monstrous thing! Cadmus, what is it? Where are your feet? Where are your hands, shoulders, face, colour, everything � while I speak? Why do you not change me as well, you gods, into this same snake�s form? She spoke. His tongue flickered over his wife�s face, he slid between her beloved breasts as if known there, and clasped her, and searched about for the neck he knew so well. Everyone who was there (their comrades were present) was horrified, but she stroked the gleaming neck of the crested serpent, and suddenly there were two snakes there, with intertwining coils, until they sought the shelter of the neighbouring woods. Even now they do not avoid human beings or wound them, quiet serpents, remembering what they once were.
Οὕτως ὁ Θεῖος Περσεὺς, ὑπὸ ἐναντίων ἀνέμων τῇ δὲ κἀκεῖσε φερόμενος ὡς νεφέλη εἰς τὸ ἀμέτρητον διάστημα τῆς Οὐρανῆς, βλέπει τὴν γῆν ὑποκάτω του, καὶ μετὰ ὑπεράν- ωθεν τὸν Κόσμον ὅλον. Διέβη εἰς πλησίον τῆς Βορείου Πόλεως, καὶ τέλος ἦλθεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας τῆς ἀρκτίνου. Πολλάκις ἐφέρθη παρὰ τὸ δυτικόν μέρος, καὶ πολλά- κις πάλιν παρὰ τὸ ἀνατολικόν. Βλέπων δὲ ὅτι ἡ ἡμέ- ρα ἔληγε, καὶ μὴ θέλων νὰ μείνῃ πλέον νύκτα εἰς τὸν δρόμον, ἐστάθη εἰς τὸ τῆς Ἄτλαντος Βασίλειον, καὶ ἀ- πεφάσισε νὰ καταλύσῃ, διὰ νὰ ἡσυχάσῃ, ἕως ὅτου ὁ Ἑως- φόρος ἤθελεν ἀναλάβει τὸ φῶς τῆς Αὐγῆς, ἢ δὲ τὸν ἡμερινὸν δρόμον. Ὁ Ἄτλας ἦτον πᾶσον ὑψηλὸς, ὥστε ἕνας γίγας, ἤθελε φανῆ μικρόστατος παραβαλλόμενος μετ᾿ αὐτόν. Ὑπερέβαινε δὲ κάθε ἄνθρωπον διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν του, καὶ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ σώματός του, ἦτον Μονάρχης τῆς ἐσχάτου Ἐπαρχίας τοῦ Κόσμου, καὶ τῆς με- γάλης ἐκείνης Θαλάσσης, ὅπου ὁ Ἥλιος ὑπάγει νὰ
μυας, ηδ χιλιας ενδες αλλε ειδος ζωων. Οι ηππoι τε ησαν γεματοι δενδρα, τῶ οποιων οι κλαδοι ηδ τα φυλλα ησαν ολοχρυσα, ἡ εγκαρποφορεν μηλα χρυσα. Υ- πῆς λοιπον ο Περσαδς εις επισκεψιν τας, τα αμιλη- σοσ ὡπως · „ αδ ἡ ευκλεια τῆ γυνης ειναι δορειῃ να σε „ παρακινησῃ, μαθε οτι εγω ειμαι υος τε Διος· ἐαν „ δε φροτιμῆς πα εννοξα κατερδωματα, ισως λαβης „ αιτιαν να θαυμασῃ κ τα εδινια με. Παρακαλωσε να „ με φιλοξενησης μιαν νυκτα μονον, κ αδ δυναται τι „ ἡ φιλια με, σοι τῳ προσφερω μεθ χαρας ·· Ὸ Α'τλας, ενθυμημενος ονα παλαιον δησμον, του οποιον ειχε λαβη απο τῆς Θεμιδα, οτι εμελλε ποτε να ελ- θῃ εκει εις ιδος του Διος να λοῃ τους χρυσους κατπες τῆ δενδρων τῆ, φοβουμενος τὴν πληρωσιν τε χρησμε, επειεταιχιοσε τῆς ηπῳς του ωσαν με λογυ- ηδ, ηδ τῆς παρεδαπεν εις φυλαξιν ονος φοβερὸ Δρα- κοντος, δια να μιαν κανενας ξενος ηδ λεπλατη- σῃ τῆς πολυτιμης κατπης του. Ουπο λοιπον δεδ εδεχ- θῇ εἰ του Περσαος αλλα τον αποβαλε λεγων ·· „ μη „ ξοχασθῆς να με απαηθησης με την παυσησιν τῶ λο- „ δων κατερδωματων σε, κ φυλαξε απο τον Συμον με, „ τον δυναμενον να σε διοδξῃ να μη κιρυτης αδικας „ πατερα σε ονα Θεον ··, κη φορος τοις φοβεισμασιν, εσρφθεσε κ τῳ βιαν, δια τι βλεπων οτι ο Περσαος δεν επινειτο, μιγνυων εις τῆ αιθιστασιν ηδ λογους δυμενης, ηθελησε να τον αμτωξῃ με πα χερεα. Αλλ ο Περσαος, αιδανομενος τον εαυτον τε ανιχυρο- τερον, ( διοτι ποιος δυναται να συγκειη τὴν δυναμιν του με εκεινον τῆ Ατλαντος ; )) επειδῆ, τῆ λεγει, „ δεδ κατακδυνσαι να με φιλοξενησης, λαβε παρ εμε „ το παρον δωρον ··, κῃ ουτως τῆ εβαλε απο οφθαλ-
μων την φοβεραν κεφαλην της Μεδουσης. Μολις ειδε αυτως ο μεγας Ατλας, εσπασεν απο το να ειναι ανθρωπος, και μετεμορφωθη αυτος εις ορος. Τα γενεια ι μαλλια του εγινεν δασος, οι δε ωμοι του, κι αι χειρες του εγιναν λοφοι· η κεφαλη του εσχηματισε την υψηλοτερην κορυφην του βουνου, τα δε πλευρα του μετεβληθησαν εις πετρας, κι υψωθη εις τοσον υψος, ωστε οι Θεοι κατηδρυσαν εις τας ωμας του τον Ουρανον με ολα τα αστρα, τα αναπαυοντα επανω του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Λέγεται πως ότι διά από Μεδούσης, η οποία ήτον η ωραιοτέρα τής τριάδος, σημαίνεται η ηδονή. Και βέβαια θέλει πει να συμπεραίνοντα ότι είναι μεγάλη χάριτα η ηδονή, διότι διά την απόλαυσιν μέσα μόνιμο σιγηλώ, αρχαίζουσι τινες να δυσηυχή αιώνα ως. Αλλά τι μάς διδάσκουσι τα οφίδια τα γεννηθέντα εκ του αίματος της Μεδούσης; Εθανάτων να αποδείξω ότι δεν είναι παράδοξον να χυθώσιν οφίδια υπό σεσηπότα αίματα, επειδή τώτο είναι φυσικόν υποκείμενον· αλλ' ημείς ζητούμεν εδώ άλλο τι, τώχι τα της φύσεως υποκείμενα· ζητούμεν διδασκαλίαν, τώι πρός μάθησιν μετά σοφίας, αλλά μάλλον πρός απαρτισμόν κι διόρθωσιν της ηδονής μάς. Συνεζώμαι λοιπόν ότι διά της όφεως, της από αίματος της Μεδούσης, σημαίνονται οι άς σημειώσεις εγώ οι τω ενα βέβαια εγκληματικάς ηδονάς γενόμενα. Και και όλα εκ της όψεως των αποφαίνεται πηδούν δυσφυσιών, ώς μετά πολλώ άσης την καταβάλλει κι της ψυχής. Αυτή μάς κάμνει να καταφρονώμεν την τιμήν, κι να αγαπώμεν την ατιμίαν, κι όλαι αι οδοί αι φέρουσαι εις απόπλασίαν της, μάς φαίνονται ευμορφοι κι χαρμόσυνοι, ξέχοντες πρόθυμως όπου αυτή μάς κράζει, αν κι να είναι δύσβατος κι ανδιόδευτος ο δρόμος· αλλ' αφού ευτή την απολαύσαμεν, κι την δυσλόγιστον πολύν καιρόν, μάς αφίνει εις απομείναντα οφίδια, τα οποία μάς θανατώσι, δηλαδή την μετάνοιαν, ώ λύπη ότι εφθείραμεν κακώς την ζωήν μας, εν ώ εδυνάμεθα να την περάσωμεν καλώς και ωφελίμως.
Nevertheless even in their altered form, their grandson Bacchus gave them great consolation, whom conquered India worshipped, to whose newly created temples the Achaians thronged. Only Acrisius, son of Abas, born from the same roots (through Belus brother of Agenor), was an exception, who closed Argos within its walls, took up arms against the god, and did not consider him a child of Jupiter. Nor did he consider, as a child of Jupiter, his grandson Perseus, whom Dana� conceived of a shower of gold. Though later (such is truth�s power) Acrisius repented of outraging the god, and of not acknowledging his grandson. One had taken his place in the heavens, but the other was travelling through the gentle air, on beating wings, bringing back an amazing, monstrous prize, and as the victor hung above the Lybian sands, bloody drops fell from the Gorgon�s head. The earth caught them and gave them life, as species of snakes, and so that country is infested with deadly serpents.
He was driven from there by conflicting winds, carried this way and that, through vast spaces, like a raincloud. He flew over the whole world, looking down, through the air, from a great height, at remote countries. Three times he saw the frozen constellations of the Bears, three times the Crab�s pincers. Often he was forced below the west, often into the east, and now as the light died, afraid to trust to night, he put down in the western regions of Hesperus, in the kingdom of Atlas. He looked to rest there a while, till Lucifer summoned up Aurora�s fires, and Aurora the chariot of dawn. Here was Atlas, son of Iapetus, exceeding all men by the size of his body.
The most remote land was under Atlas�s rule, and the ocean, into which Sol�s panting horses plunged, and where his straining axle was welcomed. He had a thousand flocks, and as many herds of cattle straying through the grass, and no neighbouring soil was richer than his. The leaves of the trees, bright with radiant gold, covered branches of gold, and fruit of gold. Perseus said to him �Friend, if high birth impresses you, Jupiter is responsible for my birth. Or if you admire great deeds, you will admire mine. I ask for hospitality and rest.
Atlas remembered an ancient prophecy. Themis on Parnassus had given that prophecy. �Atlas, the time will come when your tree will be stripped of its gold, and he who steals it will be called the son of Jupiter.� Fearful of this, Atlas had enclosed his orchard with solid walls, and set a huge dragon to guard it, and kept all strangers away from his borders. To Perseus, he said �Go far away, lest the glory of the deeds, that you lie about, and Jupiter himself, fail you!� He added weight to his threats, and tried to push him away with his great hands, Perseus delaying resolutely, and combining that with calm words. Inferior in strength (who could equal Atlas in strength?), he said, �Well now, since you show me so little kindness, accept a gift� and ��� turning away himself, he held out Medusa�s foul head, on his left hand side. Atlas became a mountain, as huge as he himself had been. Now his hair and beard were changed into trees, his shoulders and hands into ridges. What had been his head before was the crest on the mountain summit. His bones became stones. Then he grew to an immense height in every part (so you gods determined) and the whole sky, with its many stars, rested on him.
Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἐλαφήθη εἰς τὸν Μῦθον περὶ τῆς γεννήσεως τοῦ Περσέως ὑπὸ τῆς Δανάης, καὶ ὑπὸ τὸν Δία, τὸν μεταμορφωθέντα εἰς βροχὴν χρυσίου, ἀφῆκε νὰ διηγήσωμαι καὶ τοῦτο ἐν βραχυλογίᾳ, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὀλίγα περὶ τούτου παραμαρβαίνει. Ἡ χρυσῆ βροχὴ, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ζεὺς μεταμορφώθη, ἐπάστευσε τὴν Δανάην, καὶ κατὰ μεταμορφωθῇ εἰς πύργον ἀχύρου, ἵνα ἐξ ἐκείνου δεν ἔχει κακίαν ἄφθαρμα πόσον χρυσὸν ὥστε νὰ μὴ δαμάζεται εὐκόλως διὰ τὸ χρυσόν.
Μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὅσοι ἐθυώντο ὑπὸ τινας Θεᾶς, ἦσαν υἱοὶ ἐκείνων τῶν Θεῶν, τὰς ὁποίας ἐπαρέσμον αὐτοὶ εἰς Πλάτωνα, ὡς ὁ Αἰνείας ἐπὸ Ἀφροδίτης, ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος τοῦ Ἄρεως, ὁ Μίνως τοῦ Διός, ὁ Αὐτόλυκος τοῦ Ἑρμῆ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ οἱ υἱοὶ οὗτοι κληρονομοῦσι καὶ τι ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως των, ἴσως ὁ Μίνως ἔγινε Βασιλεὺς, ἔνομος ὁ Αἰακὸς, ἀνδρεῖος ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος, καὶ κλέπτης ὁ Αὐτόλυκος. Οὕτως καὶ ὁ Περσεὺς λέγεται υἱὸς τοῦ Διός, κατὰ γέννησιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλακρινίου αὐτοῦ, ἢ διὰ τὸ εὐτυχῆσαι εἰς ὅλας τὰς τοῦ ἐπιχειρήσεις. Ἐπακόλουθε μὲ τὰς Γοργόνας, ἤτοι πλούσια καὶ δυστυχῆ, τῶν ὁποίων ἐβασίλευσεν ἡ Μέδουσα. Ἔπειτα ἔφερε τὰ ὅπλα τῆς κατὰ τῆς Μαυριτανίας, καὶ ὕστερον κατὰ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, ὅπου ἔλαβεν εἰς γυναῖκα τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, θυγατέρα τοῦ Κηφέως, τοῦ βασιλεύοντος τότε ὑπὸ τῆς πορομῆς τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸ τότε Βασίλειον τῶν Ἀργείων, σκοτώσας Πρίτον τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Νήσου Σερρῆς, ὑπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ὑπὸ
παρὰ ἦν πολυτιμωτέρων. Καὶ ὄντως, χωρὶς γὰρ κἀμωμαι τῶ ἐδῶ πολλὰς σχέσματε, ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ ἠθέλησε νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ τὴν ἀλήθειαν παντῦ, ἐπειδὴ αἱ φλέβες τοῦ χρυσοῦ, αἱ εὑρισκόμεναι εἰς τῆς γῆς, εἶναι μεμιγμέναι μὲ φαρμάκια, καὶ μὲ ἄλλας θανατοφόρους ὕλας.
Δυνάμεθα ἔτι νὰ προσθέσωμεν ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Δράκοντος (τὸ ὁποῖον ἔπρεπε νὰ φονεύσῃ τις πρῶτον, καὶ ἔπειτα νὰ κλέψῃ τοὺς χρυσοῦς καρποὺς) δείκνυται πόσον εἶναι δύσκολος καὶ κινδυνώδης ἡ ἀπόκτησις τῆς κακῆς τοῦ ὄψης, ἣ ὅμως διὰ τοῦ Δράκοντος δὲν ἐννοεῖται ἡ φιλαργυρία, ἥτις εἶναι φρόνιμος, τὸ πλέον ἀκοίμητος ὑπὸ χιλίους Δράκοντας. Αὕτη φυλάττει ὡς ὀφείλει τὸ φόβῳ τινὰς νὰ μὴ ἀποσπάσῃ τίποτε, ἐμποδίζει νὰ τὰ μεταχειρισθῶσιν ἄλλοι, οὐδὲ ἡ ἰδία, δὲν ἀναπαύεται ποτὲ ὡς οἱ δράκοντες· διότι λέγεται ὅτι αὐτὰ τὰ θηρία δὲν κοιμῶνται ποτὲ, ἢ πολλὰ ὀλίγον, καὶ ὅθεν διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι ἔθεσαν εἰς τῆς σημαίας τῶν δράκοντα, θέλοντες νὰ δείξωσιν ὅτι ὁ στρατιώτης ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀγρυπνῇ πάντοτε. Τέλος ἡ φιλαργυρία δὲν χορταίνει ποτὲ, ὡς ὁ Δράκων, ἣ πάντοτε βασανίζεται, ὄχι μόνον ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος τοῦ φυλάττειν τὰ κεκτημένα, ἀλλὰ ἢ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον νὰ μὴ τὰ χάσῃ. Τοιοῦτο τοῦτο βλέπομεν καὶ εἰς τὸν Αὐλαῦρον, ὁ ὁποῖος φοβεῖται μήποτε ὁ Ἰάσων τοῦ κλέψῃ τὰς χρυσᾶς καρποὺς, ἢ τάχα τὸν θησαυρόν του, καθὸ συμβαίνει συνέχως καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους φιλαργύρους, μὲ ὅσους προσπαθοῦν ἢ ἂν ἔχουν ἐξουσίαν τῆς φυλάξεως.
Ὡς εἶπον ὅτι ὁ Ἄτλας ἦτον μέγας Μαθηματικός, καὶ ἐμυθολόγησε τὴν ἀστείαν τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως εἰς τὸ ὄνομά του, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἐπρῶτος εἶπε
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΗ'.
Περὶ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, τῆς ὁποίαν ὁ Περσεὺς ἠλευθέρωσεν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς Θαλασσίου τέρατος, ὡς περὶ τῶν κλάδων τῶν μεταβληθέντων εἰς κοράλλια.
Διαβάλων ὁ Περσεὺς ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰθιοπίων, ἐγίνεν ἐραστὴς τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε παραδοθῆ εἰς τὸ θαλάσσιον Θηρίον, ἣν ἠλευθέρωσεν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ ἐκείνου τοῦ κήτους· ἐν ᾧ δ' ἐκεῖνος ἀνέπαυετο ὑπὸ τὸν κόπον, οἱ μικροὶ κλάδοι, ἐπάνω εἰς τὰς ὁποίας ἔπεσαν τινὲς σταλαγματῖαι τοῦ αἵματος τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κοράλλια.
Ἄρκει ἐτέρεττει φυλακόμενος ὅλας τὰς ἀνέμους εἰς τὸ αἰώνιον ἐκεῖνο φυλακεῖον, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ὡς ἐμβαίνει ποτὲ, ἐκτὸς διὰ προσταγῆς του· ἦ ὁ Ἥλιος ὁ ἀπαγγέλλων εἰς ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον νὰ ἀναλάβωσι τὰς ἐργασίας των, ἔσβεσε τὰς φλόγας τῶν ἄστρων, διαχέων ἀπανταχοῦ τὸ φῶς του, ὅταν ὁ Περσεὺς ἐσάλευε τὰς πτέρυγας του, ἢ τὸ σανδάλιε, ἢ ῥιπτόμενος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα μὲ ἀσυγκράτητον δύναμιν, ἤρχισε πάλιν τὸ σύνηθες πέρασμά του. Ἀφίνων δὲ ὄπισθέν του μέγα πλῆθος πόλεων, ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, καὶ ἐλάβεν ὄνομα, εἴτε ἠθέλησαν νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὸ βασίλειον τοῦ Κηφέως. Ἐπειδὴ διὰ τὴν ἄδικον σκληρότητα τῆς Θεοῦ τῆς Ἀμμώνος, ἡ δυστυχὴς
PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA
Aeolus, son of Hippotas, had confined the winds in their prison under Mount Etna, and Lucifer, who exhorts us to work, shone brightest of all in the depths of the eastern sky. Perseus strapped the winged sandals, he had put to one side, to his feet, armed himself with his curved sword, and cut through the clear air on beating pinions. Leaving innumerable nations behind, below and around him, he came in sight of the Ethiopian peoples, and the fields of Cepheus. There Jupiter Ammon had unjustly ordered the innocent Andromeda to pay the penalty for her mother Cassiopeia�s words.
As soon as Perseus, great-grandson of Abas, saw her fastened by her arms to the hard rock, he would have thought she was a marble statue, except that a light breeze stirred her hair, and warm tears ran from her eyes. He took fire without knowing it and was stunned, and seized by the vision of the form he saw, he almost forgot to flicker his wings in the air. As soon as he had touched down, he said �O, you do not deserve these chains, but those that link ardent lovers together. Tell me your name, I wish to know it, and the name of your country, and why you are wearing these fetters. At first she was silent: a virgin, she did not dare to address a man, and she would have hidden her face modestly with her hands, if they had not been fastened behind her. She used her eyes instead, and they filled with welling tears. At his repeated insistence, so as not to seem to be acknowledging a fault of her own, she told him her name and the name of her country, and what faith her mother had had in her own beauty.
Before she had finished speaking, all the waves resounded, and a monster menaced them, rising from the deep sea, and covered the wide waters with its breadth. The girl cried out: her grieving father and mother were together nearby, both wretched, but the mother more justifiably so. They bring no help with them, only weeping and lamentations to suit the moment, and cling to her fettered body. Then the stranger speaks �There will be plenty of time left for tears, but only a brief hour is given us to work. If I asked for this girl as Perseus, son of Jupiter and that Dana�, imprisoned in the brazen tower, whom Jupiter filled with his rich golden shower; Perseus conqueror of the Gorgon with snakes for hair, he who dared to fly, driven through the air, on soaring wings, then surely I should be preferred to all other suitors as a son-in-law. If the gods favour me, I will try to add further merit to these great gifts. I will make a bargain. Rescued by my courage, she must be mine.� Her parents accept the contract (who would hesitate?) and, entreating him, promise a kingdom, as well, for a dowry.
Ἀνδρομέδη ὑπήγαγε νὰ λάβῃ τὴν τιμωρίαν τῆς μητρικῆς αἰδοῦς, ἡ ὁποία μήτηρ τῆς ἐτόλμησε νὰ παροτιμήσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν τῆς ὡραιότητα ἀπὸ ἐκείνων τῶν Νηρηΐδων. Αὐτὴν τὴν νέαν βλέπων ὁ Περσεὺς δεδεμένην εἰς σκόπελον, ἐνόμισε νὰ ἦτον κάποια μαρμάρινον ἀγάλματα, ἕως ὅτε εἶδε τὰ μαλλία τῆς νὰ πυματᾷν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ τὰ ὄμματια τῆς νὰ χύνουν δάκρυα. Ἡράσθη δὲ τῆς κόρης, χωρὶς νὰ τὸ σκεφθῇ, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ τὴν γνωρίσῃ, καὶ ἔμεινε τόσον πεπληγμένος ἀπὸ τῆς ὡμορφίας της, ὥστε ὠμέλησε νὰ κινῇ ὡς δέον τὰ πτέρυγάς του, ὀλίγου ἔλειπε νὰ πέσῃ εἰς τὰς πόδας τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ὥσαν διὰ νὰ τῆς προσφέρῃ τὰς πρώτας λατρείας. Κάπως λοιπόν, δὲν εἶναι ἁρμόδιον ἐκεῖναι αἱ ἁλύσεις, λέγει, νὰ κρατῶν δεδεμένον αὐτὸ τὸ ὡραῖον σῶμα, ἀλλὰ οἱ δεσμοὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἑνώνοντες τὰς ἐρωτώσας ψυχάς, αὐτοί εἶναι αἱ εὐτυχεῖς ἁλύσεις, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἁρμόδιον εἶναι νὰ σὲ κρατῶσιν δεδεμένην. Ἀλλ' εἰπέ μοι, σὲ παρακαλῶ, τὸ ὄνομά σου, ἢ τὴν πατρίδα σου, ἢ τὸ αἴτιον, διὰ τί εἶσαι δεδεμένη μὲ τόσα σίδηρα. Δὲν ἀποκρίνεται ἐκείνη τίποτε, ἐντρέπεται νὰ βλέπῃ ἐμπροσθέν τῆς ἕνα νέον, κι ἂν ὅμως εἶχε δεδεμένας τὰς χέρας, ἤθελε συγκαλύψῃ τὸ πρόσωπόν τῆς. Δὲν δύναται νὰ κάμῃ ἄλλο τι παρὰ νὰ δακρύζῃ, καὶ νὰ τὸν παρακινῇ εἰς συμπλάγχνίαν, ἀφ' οὗ τὴν ἐνεπιάσεν ἔρως. Ὁ Περσεὺς τὴν παρακαλεῖ, καὶ ἐκείνη, διὰ νὰ μὴν ὑποστάνῃ ὅτι ὑπὸ ὑπαιτίως ἐγκλήματός τινος, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ κρύψῃ τὸ σφάλμα τῆς, τὸ φανερώνει τὸ ὄνομά τῆς, ἢ τὴν πατρίδα τῆς, διηγεμένη καὶ τῆς ὑψηλοφροσύνης τῆς μητρὸς τῆς. Μόλις ἤρχισε νὰ τελειώσῃ τὸν λόγον τῆς, καὶ ἤγερθη εἰς τὰ ὕδατα μεγάλη ζοφ, καὶ
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μα Σαλδασης. Βλέψασα τὸ Θηρίον αὐτὸ ἡ παλαιπωρὸς Ἀνδρομέδη, ἔβαλε μεγαλωπάτην φωνήν. Ὁ πατήρ, ἡ δὲ μήτηρ της ἦσαν παρόντες εἰς τὸ θέαμα, ἀμφότεροι δυστυχεῖς ἢ ἀπελπισμένοι· ἀλλ' ἡ μήτηρ μὲ πρεπωδέστε ρον δίκαιον ἀπὸ τὸν πατέρα, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὴ ἦτον αἰτία τοῦ δυστυχήμματος τῆς θυγατρός της. Ὅμως οἱ γονεῖς της δὲν δύνανται νὰ τὴν βοηθήσουν, ἢ δὲν ἔχουσιν ἄλλο τι νὰ τῆς δώσουν εἰ μὴ μάταια δάκρυα, καὶ ἄλλο τι δὲν δύνανται νὰ κάμνουν, εἰ μὴ νὰ σκεπάσουν τὸ σῶμα της μὲ τὰ ἐδικά τῶν, διὰ νὰ μὴ βλέπῃ τὸ θηρίον, ἢ νὰ φύγῃ φθάνοντας αὐτοὺς πρὸς αὐτήν. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς, σπλαγχνισθεὶς τὴν συμφοράν των, ἔχετε καιρόν, τοὺς λέγει, διὰ νὰ κλαύσητε τὴν δυστυχίαν σας, διὰ νὰ τὴν βοηθήσετε δὲ, πολλὰ ὀλίγον. Ἂν σᾶς τὴν ἐζήτουν εἰς γάμον ἐγώ, ὅστις εἶμαι υἱὸς τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ τῆς Νύμφης ἐκείνης, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐβίασεν αὐ τὸς ὁ Ζεὺς χυνόμενος ῥύσῃ χρυσῇ· ἐγώ, ὅστις ἐνίκησα τὴν Γοργῶν, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ μαλλία ἦσαν τόσα ὄφιδια, καὶ δὲν ἐδελίασα νὰ περάσω πε τώντας τόσον διάστημα τοῦ ἀέρος, δὲν ἀμφιβάλ λω ὅτι ἠθέλετε μὲ προετιμήσει ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλον, εἰ κ' ἐνδοξότατον ἄνθρωπον· ἀλλ' ἂν οἱ Θεοὶ μὲ βοη θήσουν, θέλω προσθέσει εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ προτερήματα ἢ μίαν μεγάλην εὐεργεσίαν. Θέλω ἀγωνισθῆ διὰ νὰ ἐλευθερώσω τὴν θυγατέρα σας, ἂν ὅμως μὲ ὑποσχε θῆτε νὰ μέ τὴν δώσητε διὰ γυναῖκα, ἀφ' οὗ τὴν ἐλευθερώσω ἀπὸ τὸν παρόντα κίνδυνον. Ἐκεῖνοι παράθὺς τὸ ἔταξαν τὸ ζητήμενον· καὶ ποῖοι γονεῖς δὲν ἤθελον δεχθῆ ὑπόσχεσιν τόσον ὠφέλιμον; Τὸ ἔταξαν μὲν, πλὴν τῆς θυγατέρος τῶν, καὶ τὴν ἐπικράτειάν τῶν ἢ τὸν βασιλικὸν στέφανον. Ἐν τοσούτῳ τὸ πέλωρ, πα
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ρομοιάζον εἶνα καρφέι, τὸ ὁποῖον σχίζει τὰ νερὰ μὲ ὑπερείχουσαν παχύτητα, ἐπλησίαζεν εἰς τὴν πέτραν, ὅπου ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη ἦτον δεδεμένη, καὶ εἶχεν ὠκύτητα τόσην, ὅσην μία σφενδόνη ἠμπορεῖ νὰ δώση. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς κτυπήσας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὰς πόδας του, ἐσηκώθη ἕως εἰς τὰ σύννεφα, ὁ δὲ κνώδαλον αὐτοῦ βλέπον, ἀπαντώντας τὸν ἰσκιόν του, μέσα εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἐκινήθη κατ᾽ αὐτὸ ὡς εἰς ἐχθρόν του· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Περσεύς, ὥσπερ ἀετὸς ὅταν βλέπῃ ὄφιν εἰς ἀέρα ἐξαπλωμένον εἰς τὸν Ἥλιον, καὶ ῥίπτεται ὀπίσθεν, διὰ νὰ τὸν πιάσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς μὲ τὰ ἀγκιστρώδη του νύχια, φοβούμενος μὴ γνεύσῃ νὰ τὸν δαγκάσῃ, πήγαινον ὄπισθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος εἰς τὴν ράχιν τοῦ Θηρίου, καὶ ἔχωσεν ὅλον τὸ ξίφος εἰς τὸν δεξιὸν ὦμον. Τὸ Θηρίον ἐπήδησεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὸν πόνον τῆς πληγῆς, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ἐκρύπτετο εἰς τὸ νερόν, ποτὲ δὲ ἀνέβαινεν ὅλον ἐπάνω, ὥσπερ ἀγριόχοιρος διωκόμενος ἀπὸ τὰς σκύλας, τὰς περὶ αὐτὸν ὑλακτώσας. Ἤθελε νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν Περσέα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος τὸ ἀποφεύγει μὲ ἐλαφρὸν πέταμα, χωρὶς νὰ πληγώσῃ, ἢ νὰ δαγκάσῃ, μὴ παύων νὰ τὸ κτυπᾷ παύστοτε ποτὲ μὲν εἰς τὰς λεπίδας, τὰς ὁποίας ἀπὸ τὸν θυμὸν ἀνοιγοκλείει, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς τὰ πλάτα, ἢ εἰς τὴν οὐράν, τὴν παρομοιάζουσαν ἕνα ὀψαρίου. Τέλος κατεπληγωμένον τὸ Θηρίον παντακόθεν, ἤρχισε νὰ ξερνᾷ αἷμα μὲ νερόν, τὸ ὁποῖον αἷμα ἐπήδησεν ἕως εἰς τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ Περσέως ὥστε ὁ Ἥρως δὲν ἠμπορῶν ἐμπιστευόμενος πλέον εἰς τὰ πτερά, ὑπῆγε νὰ ἐπανεμβαίνῃ εἰς μίαν πέτραν, ἥτις ἦτον ὑψηλοτέρα τῆς θαλάσσης, ὅταν τὰ νερὰ της ἡσυχάζουν, ὅταν δὲ πάλιν ἐφούσ-
See how the creature comes parting the waves, with surging breast, like a fast ship, with pointed prow, ploughing the water, driven by the sweat-covered muscles of her crew. It was as far from the rock as a Balearic sling can send a lead shot through the air, when suddenly the young hero, pushing his feet hard against the earth, shot high among the clouds. When the shadow of a man appeared on the water� surface, the creature raged against the shadow it had seen. As Jupiter�s eagle, when it sees a snake, in an open field, showing its livid body to the sun, takes it from behind, and fixes its eager talons in the scaly neck, lest it twists back its cruel fangs, so the descendant of Inachus hurling himself headlong, in swift flight, through empty space, attacked the creature�s back, and, as it roared, buried his sword, to the end of the curved blade, in the right side of its neck. Hurt by the deep wound, now it reared high in the air, now it dived underwater, or turned now, like a fierce wild boar, when the dogs scare him, and the pack is baying around him. Perseus evades the eager jaws on swift wings, and strikes with his curved sword wherever the monster is exposed, now at the back encrusted with barnacles, now at the sides of the body, now where the tail is slenderest, ending fishlike. The beast vomits seawater mixed with purplish blood. The pinions grow heavy, soaked with spray. Not daring to trust his drenched wings any further, he sees a rock whose highest point stands above quiet water, hidden by rough seas. Resting there, and holding on to the topmost pinnacle with his left hand, he drives his sword in three or four times, repeatedly.
The shores, and the high places of the gods, fill with the clamor of applause. Cassiope and Cepheus rejoice, and greet their son-in-law, acknowledging him as the pillar of their house, and their deliverer. Released from her chains, the girl comes forward, the prize and the cause of his efforts. He washes his hands, after the victory, in seawater drawn for him, and, so that Medusa�s head, covered with its snakes, is not bruised by the harsh sand, he makes the ground soft with leaves, and spreads out plants from below the waves, and places the head of that daughter of Phorcys on them. The fresh plants, still living inside, and absorbent, respond to the influence of the Gorgon�s head, and harden at its touch, acquiring a new rigidity in branches and fronds. And the ocean nymphs try out this wonder on more plants, and are delighted that the same thing happens at its touch, and repeat it by scattering the seeds from the plants through the waves. Even now corals have the same nature, hardening at a touch of air, and what was alive, under the water, above water is turned to stone.
δοὺ ἔπαυε νὰ πολεμῇ μὲ τὸν ἐχθρόν του, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐδύπησεν ὅτι δὶς καὶ τρὶς μὲ τὸ ξιφάθι της. Ὅλον τὸ παραθαλάσσιον αὐτίχνησεν ἀπὸ τὰς πρώτας τῆς χειρᾶν, καὶ ἡ βοὴ ὥς εἰς τὸν Οὐρανόν. Ἡ Κασσιόπη, καὶ ὁ Κηφεύς, οἱ γονεῖς τῆς Παρθένου, ἐχάρον διὰ τὴν ἀνέλπιστον νίκην. Τρέχει νὰ ἀσπασθῶσι τὸν γαμβρόν των, ὁμολογεῖ τὸν Περσέα ὑπέρμαχον θεῶν των, καὶ λυτρωτὴς τῆς οἰκογενείας των. Λύουσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν ἀπὸ τὰς ἁλύσεις, καὶ ἀφίνεται ἐλεύθερα ἡ θαυμασία ὡραῖα, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ τοιούτου λαμπροῦ κατορθώματος. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Περσέας νίπτει τὰς χεῖράς του, αἱματωμένας ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ φονευμένου Κήτους· διὰ νὰ μὴ βλαφθῇ ἡ κεφαλὴ τῆς Μεδούσης (τῆς ὁποίας τὰ μαλλία ἦσαν ὄφίδια) ἔπαυσεν εἰς τὴν ἄμμον, ποὺ ἔστρωσεν ὑποκάτω μερικὰ φύλλα καὶ δενδράκια, αὐξανόμενα εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν· τὰ ὁποῖα ὄντε ἔτι τρυφερὰ, καὶ ὁ μυελός των ὅτι διατηρῇ λείψανά τινα ζωῆς, ηὐχένθησαν οὕτως τὴν δύναμιν τῆς κεφαλῆς. διότι μὲ μόνον τῆς ψαύσης τῆς ἐλιθάσθησαν, καὶ τὰ φύλλα καὶ οἱ κλάδοι ἔγινον τόσον σκληροί, ὥστε ἐθαύμασαν ὅλαι αἱ Νύμφαι τῆς Θαλάσης, ἠθέλησαν νὰ κάμουν τὴν δοκιμὴν κ' εἰς ἄλλα δένδρα· βλέπουσι δὲ τὴν ἀπόβασιν νὰ ἀνταποκρίνεται εἰς τὴν προσδοκίαν των· ἔρριψαν εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν πλῆθος ἀπὸ αὐτά, τῶν ὁποίων εἶχον θαυμάσει τὴ παράδοξον μεταβολήν. Αὐτοὶ οἱ κλάδοι ἔγινεν ἔπειτα ὁ ἄφορος τὰ κοραλλία, τὸ ὁποῖον διατηρεῖ καὶ τὴν σήμερον τὸ ἰδίωμα του, δηλαδὴ νὰ σκληρύνεται μόλις τὸ ἐγγύσῃ ὁ ἀήρ, κ' ὢν τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν ἁπαλὸς κ' τρυφερὸς κλάδος, μεταβάλλεται εἰς πέτραν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ὕδατος.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Σὺ, ὁ πεισπάτω πάντοτε εἰς τῆς ἀκίας τοῦ δρόμον, χωρὶς νὰ φθάσῃς τὴν θέσαν σίκιιε· τῆς ὁσίας οἱ ἀνάδαποι βραχίονες ἄποτον ὑπερελύσίης, ἡ δὲ ψυχή σου θὲ λάβῃσα τὴν θέσαν σίκιιε, ὖθξ ἡ ἀειϊσης παράδειγμα νὰ τὴν φθάσῃ πάν ὖθξ τῇ παιδία σε·
Καὶ βέβαια τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης διδάσκει ὅλης τῆς ἀνθρώπης ὅτι εἶναι δυστυχία μεγάλη τὸ νὰ ἄψησῃ τις ὑπὸ ψύητπε- μας κατάρροηπας τῇ θεῖαν, ἐπειδὴ αὕτη ἡ νέα ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ χάσῃ τὴν ζωήν της, χωρὶς νὰ ἀφάξῃ κακὰ ἐγκλήματα ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ τὰ αὐθάδιες τῆς μητρός της, ἡ ὁποία ἀπεσίλεπσε νὰ καυχησῃ ὅτι ἦ τοῦ ὡραιοτέρα ὑπὸ τὰς Θεάς.
Ἂν λοιπὸν ἀνεξετάσωμεν καλῶς τὸν Μῦθον, θέλουσι εὑρῆ ὅτι εἶναι νουθεσία μία ἀποστροφῆς τῆς Παλαιῶν, εἴτε νὰ μᾶς ψέγῃ εἰς ἀλαζονείαν, ἢ ματαιοφροσύνην. Διότι ἡ Κασσιόπη ἡ μήτηρ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, ὑπερηφανευομένη διὰ τῶν ὡραιότητος της, ἀντὶ νὰ γνωρίσῃ μὲ ὑπόκρισιν ἢ εὐγνωμοσύνην ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ δῶρον ὀφείλει νὰ ἐγκωμιάσῃ, ἀπολαμβάνη νὰ συγκριθῇ μὲ τὰς Νηρηΐδας εἴτε τὰς ὁποίας κατόπιν ἀπέλασεν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀγανάκτησιν. Διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔγεινε εἰς μίαν τιμωρίαν, ἡ ὁποία μετέβη ἕως εἰς τὸν θυγατέρα της, καὶ ἐχρησίμευσε δὲ ὁ πατὴρ ἔκεινος Κηφεὺς Αἰθιόπων βασιλεὺς, καὶ ἄλλοι παρὰ τῆς Κασσιόπης κατακερασθεὶς, ἐπαρακάλεσε τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μὲ τὰς ἐκδικήσεις, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔστειλε θηρίον εἰς τὸν τόπον, ἢ ἔκαμε φοβερὸν ἀφανισμὸν ὅλες ἐπικρατολογῶν, τὸ Μαντεῖον τίνι τρόπῳ νὰ ἡμερωθῆ οἱ θεοὶ ἀπεκάλυψεν, ὅτι ἡ μονογενὴς κόρη τὲ βασιλέως ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη, ἔπρεπε νὰ παραδοθῇ εἰς βοράν ἑνὸς θαλάσσης τέρατος.
Τοιουτοτρόπως ὁ Θεὸς, ἐνώπιον τὲ ὁποίου ὅλα τὰ ἄτοπα, καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ὡραιότερα ἢ τίμια εἰς τὰς ματαιότητας τῶν Ἀνθρώπων ἐξανίστανται, ὅταν καιρὸν ἐπαραχώρησε νὰ κατακλυσθῇ· ἤτις ὡς ὑπέρμαχος τῆς ἐξ ουρανοῦ δικαίον, καθὼς δὲν ἀφῆνε ἀναπόδοτον τὴν δυστυχίαν καὶ εὐσέβειαν αὐτῶν εἰς τὰς δυστυχίας, αὐτὸν στέλλει διάφορα μέσα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἀπροσδοκήτως τὰς ἐλαφρώνει ὑπὸ τὸν κίνδυνον, καὶ πάλιν τὰς δοξάζει. Ταῦτα οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἤθελον νὰ μᾶς δείξουσι λέγοντες ὅτι ἦλθεν ἔξαφνα ὁ Περσεὺς νὰ ἐλευθερώσῃ τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν ἀπὸ τὸ ἐκεῖνο κίνδυνον.
Εἶναι πίστιν αὐτὴ ἡ μέγα βασιλέα, καὶ ὡς τὸν Περσέως· Διὰ μέσα κήνδυνον, ἢ ὁ Περσεύς νὰ ἐφάνδασαν ἐδῶ θαλάττιον τέρας ἐπείδη Ποσειδώνιος ὁ Μέλας ὁμιλεῖ περὶ τούτα τῷ φειχτᾶ Σηνείς εἰς τὴν περιγραφὴν τῆς Συρίας.
Διὰ τὸ κοράλλιον, ἤτοι μερτυάβι, ἐπείδη, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Πλη- νίου μαρτυρίαν, εὑρίσκεται εἰς πλῆθος σήμα εἰς τὰς Ὀρκάδας Νή- σους, εἰς τὰς ὁποίας κατῴκησαν τὰ ἑξῆς, τὰ ὀνομαζόμενα Γοργόνες (περὶ ὧν ὡμιλήσαμεν) διὰ τῇ ἐμφυσιολογίᾳ ὅτι τὸ κοράλλιον ἐγίνε ὑπὸ τινὰς κλαδίσκας δένδρων, αἱ ὁποίαι ἐτέθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, διότι φιλεῖ νινέτῃ ἐκ τῆ Βασιλείᾳ, δη- λαδὴ ἡ Μέδυσα, δέδῃ ἡ γεν εὐκόλως ἡ εὐμενὲς ἡ κοράλλιον.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ι'.
Περὶ τῆς τῆς Μεδούσης κεφαλῆς, αἱ τρίχες εἰς ὄφεις μεταμορφώθησαν.
Ὁ Περσεὺς διηγεῖται τῷ Φινείᾳ τῆς Μεδούσης, πῶς ὕπνευσα λίαν αὐτὴν, ἢ πῶς μετεβλήθησαν αἱ τρίχες της εἰς ὀφίδια.
To the three gods, he builds the same number of altars out of turf, to you Mercury on the left, to you Minerva, warlike virgin, on the right, and an altar of Jupiter in the centre. He sacrifices a cow to Minerva, a calf to the wing-footed god, and a bull to you, greatest of the gods. Then he claims Andromeda, without a dowry, valuing her as the worthiest prize. Hymen and Amor wave the marriage torch, the fires are saturated with strong perfumes, garlands hang from the rafters, and everywhere flutes and pipes, and singing, sound out, the happy evidence of joyful hearts. The doors fold back to show the whole of the golden hall, and the noble Ethiopian princes enter to a richly prepared banquet already set out for them.
When they have attacked the feast, and their spirits are cheered by wine, the generous gift of Bacchus, Perseus asks about the country and its culture, its customs and the character of its people. At the same time as he instructed him about these, one of the guests said �Perseus, I beg you to tell us by what prowess and by what arts you carried off that head with snakes for hair.� The descendant of Agenor told how there was a cave lying below the frozen slopes of Atlas, safely hidden in its solid mass. At the entrance to this place the sisters lived, the Graeae, daughters of Phorcys, similar in appearance, sharing only one eye between them. He removed it, cleverly, and stealthily, cunningly substituting his own hand while they were passing it from one to another. Far from there, by hidden tracks, and through rocks bristling with shaggy trees, he reached the place where the Gorgons lived. In the fields and along the paths, here and there, he saw the shapes of men and animals changed from their natures to hard stone by Medusa�s gaze. Nevertheless he had himself looked at the dread form of Medusa reflected in a circular shield of polished bronze that he carried on his left arm. And while a deep sleep held the snakes and herself, he struck her head from her neck. And the swift winged horse Pegasus and his brother the warrior Chrysaor, were born from their mother�s blood.
He told of his long journeys, of dangers that were not imaginary ones, what seas and lands he had seen below from his high flight, and what stars he had brushed against with beating wings. He still finished speaking before they wished. Next one of the many princes asked why Medusa, alone among her sisters, had snakes twining in her hair. The guest replied �Since what you ask is worth the telling, hear the answer to your question. She was once most beautiful, and the jealous aspiration of many suitors. Of all her beauties none was more admired than her hair: I came across a man who recalled having seen her. They say that Neptune, lord of the seas, violated her in the temple of Minerva. Jupiter�s daughter turned away, and hid her chaste eyes behind her aegis. So that it might not go unpunished, she changed the Gorgon�s hair to foul snakes. And now, to terrify her enemies, numbing them with fear, the goddess wears the snakes, that she created, as a breastplate.
Μετὰ τὴν νίκην, ὅτε ὁ Περσεὺς ἤθελε νὰ ἀποδώσῃ εἰς τοὺς Θεοὺς τὰ δικαιώματα, ἔκαμε τρεῖς βωμοὺς ἀπὸ χλωρὸν χόρτον, κι ἀνάψας τρεῖς ἑστίας, ἐθυσίασεν εἰς τὸν Ἑρμῆν εἰς μὲν τὸν εὐώνυμον, εἰς δὲ τὸν δεξιόν, τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ μίαν δάμαλιν, εἰς δὲ τὸν μεσαῖον, ταῦρον τῷ Διΐ. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὑπῆγε νὰ συγχαρῇ με τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἡ αὐτομοιβὴ τῆς νίκης του· ᾗ αὐτῇ ἤρχισαν νὰ ἑτοιμάζωσι τὸν μεγαλοπρεπῆ καὶ ἐνδόξου. Ὁ Ὑμέναιος καὶ ὁ Ἔρως ἀνάπτουσι τὰς νυμφικὰς λαμπάδας· παντοῦ ἦσαν εὐωδίαι καὶ θυμιάμματα, καὶ ἐφαίνοντο στέφανοι ἀπὸ ὥραῖα εὔοδη, κρεμασμένοι εἰς ὅλον τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Κηφέως, καὶ ἠκούοντο μουσικὰ ὄργανα, καὶ τραγούδια χαρμόσυνα. Ἤνοιξαν ὅλα τὰ ἀνάκτορα τοῦ παλατίου, μεγαλοπρεπῶς ἐστολισμένα, καὶ ἑτοιμάσθη διὰ τῆς Μεγαλειότητος τῆς Βασιλείας οἱ συμπόσιον τόσον πολυτελὲς, ὥστε ἡ πλέον περίεργος γεῦσις, καὶ ὁ πλέον πολύπειρος ὀφθαλμὸς ἤθελον μείνῃ εὐχαριστημένοι.
μέσα. Αφ' ἐπελείωσε τὸ συμπόσιον ἀφ' οὗ ἐφρατήθησαν ὅλοι ἱκανῶς, ἤρχισεν ὁ Περσεὺς νὰ ἐρωτᾷ διὰ τὰ ἤθη, κ' διὰ τὴν ἀρχαιότητα τῆ τόπῳ, κ' ἀφ' ἐ ὁ Κηφεὺς τῆ ἐδιημύθη ὅλα ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα ἐπόθει νὰ μάθῃ, τώρα εἶναι ὡφέλον, τᾷ λέγει, ὦ γενναῖε Περσεῦ, νὰ δυχαρεισήσῃς ἢ σὺ τὴν περιεργείαν ἡμᾶς, κ' νὰ μᾶς διηγηθῇς μὲ ποίαν δύναμιν κ' ἐπιτηδειότητα ἐκόπτες ἐκείνην τὴν φοβερὰν κεφαλήν, ἡ ὁποία αὐτὴ ἔχον ἀπέφερεις. Εὐθὺς ὑπήκουσεν ὁ Περσεὺς εἰς τὸν πενθερὸν τῷ, κ' λέγει τῷ, ὅτι εἰς τὸ Βασίλειον τῆς Ἄτλαντος ἦτον τόπος τῆ περικεκλεισμένος ἀπὸ ὑψηλὰ τείχη· ὅτι εἰς τὸν εἴσοδον τᾶ τόπῳ ἐκείνῳ διέτριβον δύω ἀδελφαί, Θυγατέρες τῆ Φόρκυος, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἔχουσαι ἀμφότεραι ἕνα μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, τὸν μετεχειρίζοντο ἀμοιβαίως ἡ μία μετὰ τὴν ἄλλην· ὅτι αὐτὸς μὲ ἐπιδεξιότητα τᾶς ὑπάπτευσεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν ᾧ ἡ μία ἔδιδε τὸν ὀφθαλμόν της εἰς τὴν ἄλλην, ἤπλωσε τὴν χεῖρα τῷ εἰς τόπον ἐκείνης, κ' μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν τέχνην τᾶς ἐστέρησε τὸ φῶς τῆ ὀφθαλμῖ· ὅτι μετὰ ταῦτα ἐνέβηκεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τῆς Μεδούσης ἀπὸ δρόμους κρυφοὺς καὶ δυσβάτους, διὰ τᾶς πέτρας, καὶ τὰ δάση· ὅτι διαβαίνων ἐκεῖθεν εἶχεν ἰδῆ πλῆθος ἀνθρωπίνων μορφῶν κ' ζώων μεταμορφωμένων εἰς λίθους μὲ μόνην τὴν θεωρείαν τῆς Μεδούσης· κ' ὅτι δὲν εἶδεν αὐτήν, εἰμὴ ὡς εἰς κάτοπτρον, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα τῷ· κ' ὅτι τὴν ἀπεκεφάλισεν ἐν ᾧ ἐκοιμῶντο κ' αὐτὴ κ' τὰ ὄφίδια της, κ' ὅτι ὁ Πήγασος τὸ πτερωτὸν ἄλογον, κ' ὁ ἀδελφὸς της Χρύσαορ, ἐγεννήθησαν ἀπὸ τὸ ποταμηδὸν διαχυθὲν αἷμα της. Ἐδιηγήθη ὁποίους ὑπερέβη κινδύνους εἰς τοιαύτην μακρὰν ὁδοιπορίαν, ὁποίας πόλεις κ' θαλάσσας ἐπέρασεν ἀπεώπιτας, κ' εἰς ποῖα
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Δ'. 243
τῆς τῆς ὁμιλίας τε ἐν τῷ περιφέρειν πᾶς τύχας τε, ὥστε οἱ ἀκροαζόμενοι αὐτὸν ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ ἀκούσουν τὸ τέλος· ὅ- θεν εἰς τὴν Μεγάλαιον, θέλων νὰ τὰ δώσῃ ἀφορμὴν νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, τὸν ἠρώτησε διὰ τί ἡ μία τῶν τρειῶν ἐκείνου ἀδελφῶν εἶχον ὀφίδια κολημένα εἰς τὰ ξύλα τῆς κεφαλῆς της „ Ἐγώ θέλω σᾶς εἰπῆ τὸ πᾶν αἴτιον" „ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Περσεύς, „ εἶναι καὶ πολλὰ περίεργον. „ Ἡ Μέδουσα, ὡς ὡραιοτέρα τῶν ἄλλων παρθένων τῆ „ καιρῦ τῆς, ἐπαρασίνησε πολλὲς εἰς ἔρωτα, ἡ πολλοὶ „ τῶν εἴτησαν εἰς γυναῖκα. Ἦτον κατὰ πᾶντα ὡ- „ ραία, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ μόνη τῆς κεφαλῆς της ἦτον ὡραιοτέρα, ἡ „ ὅσοι εἶχον περιεργασθῆ τὸ κόμον τῆς, ἐθαύμαζον τὴν „ διμορφίαν τῆς ὡς θαῦμα. Λέγεται ὅτι τὴν ἡράσθη ὁ „ Ποσειδῶν, ἡ ἔφθειρεν αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν ναὸν τῆς Ἀθη- „ νᾶς, ἡ ὁποία ἐσκέπασε μὲ τὴν ἀσπίδα τὸ πρόσω- „ πόν τῆς, ἐρυθριώσα ἀπὸ τὴν ἐντροπήν· καὶ διὰ νὰ „ μὴν ἀφήσῃ ἀτιμώρητον τὸ ἀμάρτημα, μετέβαλε τὰς „ ὡραίας πλόκας τῆς Μεδούσης εἰς ὀφίδια· καὶ τὸ σή- „ μερον ἡ Θεὰ, διὰ νὰ φοβῇ τὰς ἐχθρὸς τῆς, φέρει „ εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα τῆς τὰ ὄφεις, τοὺς ὁποίους ἔκαμε νὰ „ γεννηθοῦν αὐτὰ τῶν τριχῶν εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς ἀ- „ θλίας Μεδούσης „.
ΑΛ-
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ἡ μὲν ἔμαθομεν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Ἀταλάντης, τὰ ἐκ βουνοῦ παρόντα. Ὅμως δὲν θέλομεν λείψῃ νὰ προσθέσωμεν ἄλλα τῆς τελῶν μοιρηδόλμων χορασίων. Λέγεται λοιπὸν ὅτι ὁ Φόρκυς ἦτον βασιλεύς, ὅς τις ἀφῆκε τρεῖς Θυγατέρας μὲ πλάσματα μεγάλα, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἡ μεγαλυτέρα, καλουμένη Μέδουσα, ἐπλάτυνε περισσότερον τὸ Βασίλειον της μὲ τὴν γεωργικήν, ὅθεν καὶ ὠνομάσθη Γοργὼ, ἤγουν Γεώργιος ὑπὸ τῆς γεωργίας. Ἀλλὰ εἴδετε τί ἄραγε μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι αἱ τρεῖς εἶχαν ἕνα μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, τὸν ὁποῖον μετεχειρίζοντο ἀλληλοδιαδόχως, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς τὰς ἤπατησε, καὶ ἔκλεψεν αὐτὸν ὅταν ἡ μία τὸν ἔδιδε τῇ ἄλλῃ Τοῦτο δηλοῖ ὅτι αἱ τρεῖς ἐκεῖναι ἀληθῶς εἶχον ἕνα μόνον ὑπηρέτην, τὸν ὁποῖον μετεχειρίζοντο εἰς τὴν κυβέρνησιν τῶν ὑποθέσεων των· διότι πρέπει νὰ εἰσῆν ὅτι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις Ὑπηρέτης, ἢ Σύμβουλος, εἶναι ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς τῆς Βασιλείσσης καὶ ἡ ἰσχύς της, ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς διεφθείρας αὐτὸν τὸν Ὑπηρέτην ἐν τῇ γνώμῃ τοῦ ἔχειν ἀνάδοχον τῶν Περσῶν ἤγουν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Μηδαίων ὅτι εἶχον ἡ Μέδουσα ὀφίδια, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Περσεὺς ἐπῆγεν κατ' αὐτὴν μὲ καράβια.
Ἀλλ' ἂς ἴδωμεν προσέτι τί θέλησε νὰ μᾶς παραστήσῃ ἡ φιλόμυθος Ἑλλὰς μὲ τὴν εἰκόνα τῶν τριῶν ἀδελφῶν, τὴν ὁποίαν ὡς ἐν ἐῤῥίφθη αἴνιγμα ἡμᾶς προβάλλει. Μηδαίσιοι ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες ἦσαν τρεῖς κακίαι ἅς ἡ φύσις φέρει. Ὁ πρῶτος, ἀδυνατίζουσα τὴν ψυχήν· ὁ δεύτερος, φθονῶσα βαθεῖαν ἔκπτωσιν· ὁ τρίτος, ταράττουσα τὸν λόγον, τὸν ὄντα ὡς ὀφθαλμὸν τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ σκοτίζουσα καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς σωματικοὺς ὀφθαλμούς.
Κατὰ ἀναλογίαν δὲ τῆς φύσεως τῶν ἐνεργειῶν, ἔδωκαν ἢ τὰ ὀνόματα τῆς φύσεως Γοργόνων, καὶ τὴν μὲν πρώτην ὠνόμασαν Σθενώ, ὅπερ δηλοῖ ἀσθένειαν, ἀδυναμίαν· τὴν δὲ δευτέραν
Ὁ Στράβων λέγει ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες ἦσαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὡραῖαι παρθέναι, καὶ ὅτι ἡ μόνη ὅλης τῆς δημοσίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ νοός, ὥστε ἔγινοντο ἀναίσθητοι ὥσπερ λίθοι, ἢ ἐκ τῆς εὐσεβείας· ὅθεν ὅτι οἱ βλέποντες τὴν Γοργώ ἐλιθώνοντο. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ θεῖαι ἦσαν τοῦ αὐτοῦ αἵματος, ὥστε ἡ μία δὲν διεχωρίζετο ὑπὸ τὴν ἄλλην, εἶπον οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι εἶχον αἱ τρεῖς μίαν μόνον ὀφθαλμόν, δηλαδὴ εἶχαν τὴν αὐτὴν ὄρεξιν, τὸν αὐτὸν χαρακτῆρα, καὶ τέλος αὐτὴ διάθεσιν νὰ πληγώνουν τὰς καρδίας.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν, ὧν, ὡς νομίζω, καὶ ὁ Ἐράσμιος, ὅτι αἱ Γοργόνες σημαίνουσι τὰς φύσεις καὶ ἡδονάς, ὑπὸ τὰς ὁποίας λιθώνονται ὅσοι δὲν ἀκροάζονται τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον, δηλαδὴ γίνονται ἀναίσθητοι εἰς τέλος ἀτιμίας, καὶ εὐσπολίας, καὶ εἰς κάθε ἄλλο παρόμοιον πάθος. Ὅσοι δὲ εἶναι ἐνωπλισμένοι μὲ τὴν ἀσπίδα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, ἢ τὴν ῥάβδον τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ, δηλαδὴ μὲ τὴν σοφίαν καὶ φρόνησιν νικοῦσιν εὐκόλως τὰ πάθη, τὰ ὁποῖα γίνονται ὀλέθρια εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους, τὰ δὲ τῆς Μεδούσης, αἱ εἰς ὄφεις μεταβληθέντες, σημαίνουσι τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ σοφίαν, τὰς ἀφωξεμμένας εἰς τὰς παρθένους, καὶ ὑπάνδρους γυναῖκας ὥστε χάσουν τὴν παρθενίαν καὶ τιμήν των.
Τέλος τῆς τετάρτης ΒΙΒΛΟΥ.
Book V
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
While the hero, the son of Danae, is recalling this succession of events, amongst the Ethiopians, the royal halls suddenly fill with a riot of complaints. It is not the sound of a wedding feast that rings out, but that which presages the use of arms. The festivities, turned to sudden confusion, could be likened to a calm sea that the fierce raging of the wind churns into rising waves. Phineus, the king�s brother, is first mover in this, a rash stirrer-up of strife, shaking his ashen spear tipped with bronze. �See,� he shouted �See, I come here as an avenger for the carrying off of my bride. Your wings won�t help you escape me, nor even Jupiter, changed to a shower of fool�s gold!��
As he prepared to throw the spear, Cepheus cried �What are you doing? Brother, what mad feelings drive you to crime? Are these the thanks you return for such service? Is this the gift with which you pay compensation for a life restored? If you want the truth it was not Perseus who took her from you, but Neptune, the stern god of the Nereids, and horned Jupiter Ammon, and that monster that came from the sea to glut itself on my own flesh and blood. It was then she was taken from you, when she was about to die: but perhaps, hard-hearted one, that is what you want, for her to die, and you to take comfort from my grief. Of course, it is not enough that you saw her fastened there, and brought her no help, you her uncle and her intended. Are you grieved that she was saved by someone else, and would you take away his prize? If it seemed so great a prize to you, you should have sought her among the rocks where she was chained. Now let the man who did seek it, take what he has earned and what was promised, since, thanks to him, I shall not have a childless old age. Realise that it is not Perseus, but the prospect of certain death that has displaced you.�
ΒΙΒΛΟΣ Α'. ιθ΄ Β'.
Περὶ τῆς μάχης τοῦ Περσέως κατ' ἐκείνων, οἵτινες ἤθελον νὰ τοῦ ἁρπάξωσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, δι' ὃ καὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας διὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Προίτου τοῦ ὁμοίως μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς λίθον.
Ὁ Φινεὺς, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Ἀνδρομέδα εἶχε δοθῆ διὰ γυναῖκα, ὅταν παραδοθῇ εἰς τὸ θαλάσσιον τέρας, ἔρχεται νὰ συγχύσῃ τὸν χαρὰν τῆς Γαμβρῆς Βασιλίδος μετὰ τοῦ Περσέως.
Ἐν ᾧ ὁ Περσεὺς ἐθαυμάζε τὰ θαυμαστὰ ἔργα τῆς εἰς τὸν πανδαρόν της, ἢ εἰς τῆς μεγαλομάτας τῆς Αὐλῆς της, μέγας θόρυβος ἠκούσθη εἰς τὸ παλάτιον, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ὡμοίαζε μὲ τὰς χαρμοσύνους ἐκείνας ᾠδὰς, τὰς γινομένας εἰς τὰ μεγαλοπρεπῆ συνοικήσια· ἀλλ᾽ ἦταν θόρυβος σπαθιῶν καὶ ἀπειλητικὸς πολέμου. Οὕτως ἡ συμποσία τῆς εὐωχίας μετεβλήθη εἰς αἰφνίδιον λύπην· καὶ ἐδύνατο νὰ παραβληθῇ μὲ τὴν θάλασσαν, ὅτε εἰς μίαν στιγμὴν μεταβάλλει τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ πράττουσιν ἀθροωστιπῶς οἱ ἄνεμοι τὴν γαλήνην της. Ὁ Φινεὺς, ὡς ἀρχηγὸς τῆς μάχης, ἐνέβη πρῶτος εἰς τὸ ἀνώγειον μὲ ἕν κοντάρι εἰς τὴν χεῖρά του, καὶ στρεφόμενος πρὸς τὸν Περσέα σὺ βλέπεις ἐμπροσθέν σου, τοῦ λέγει, τὸν ἐκδικητὴν μιᾶς γυναικὸς, τὴν ὁποίαν μοῦ ἥρπασες. Οὔτε αἱ πτερόεντες πτέρυγές σε, οὔτε αὐτὸς ὁ μυθώδης Ζεὺς, ὁ μεταβληθεὶς εἰς χρυσὸν διὰ νὰ σὲ γεννήσῃ, θέλει σὲ ἐλευθερώσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς χεῖράς μου. Καὶ καθὼς ἦταν ἤδη ἕτοιμος νὰ τὸν κτυπήσῃ, ἐμεσολάβησεν ὁ Κηφεὺς, καὶ τί θέλεις νὰ κάμῃς, ἀδελφὲ, τοῦ λέγει; ποῖος θυμὸς σὲ κινεῖ εἰς τὸ ποιῆσαι φόνιον πολέμημα; Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν εἶναι ἡ εὐχαρίστια διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν μοῦ ἔκαμεν εὐεργεσίαν; μὲ
„πταύτῳ ἀντεμοιβῇ θέλεις νὰ τὸν δικαιώσῃς διὰ „τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς ἐχάρισε ζωήν; Ναὶ σοῦ ἥρπασεν ὁ „Περσεὺς τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν· ἀλλ' ἡ ὀργὴ τῶν Νηρη- „ΐδων, ἡ θέλησις τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Ἄμμωνος, καὶ τὸ θαλάσ- „σιον ἐκεῖνο πέρας, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἕτοιμον νὰ καταφά- „γῃ τὰ ἐντόσθια μου, καὶ νὰ ῥοφήσῃ τὸ αἷμά μου. Θέλεις „λοιπὸν νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ ὁ Περσεὺς διὰ τὰ κακά, τῶν ὁ- „ποίων αὐτὸς δὲν εἶναι αἴτιος; καὶ διὰ λόγου θέλεις νὰ χα- „ρῇς εἰς τὰς θλίψεις μας, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μας; Δὲν ἀρ- „κεῖ τὸ νὰ ὑποπέσῃ ἡ παλαίπωρος Ἀνδρομέδη εἰς „τοιοῦτον φοβερὸν κίνδυνον· πηγαίνει λυποῦσαι διὰ τί ἠ- „λευθερώθη· καὶ ἐπειδὴ σὺ δὲν ἐπεδήμησας νὰ τὴν βοη- „θήσῃς, ἂν καὶ εἶσαι θεῖος της καὶ ἀρραβωνιασμένος της, „ὀργίζεσαι διὰ τί ᾕρεθη ἄλλος καὶ τὴν ἠλευθέρωσε; „Θέλεις νὰ τὸν στερήσῃς ἀπὸ μίαν ἀντεμοιβήν, διὰ τὴν „ὁποίαν ἔβαλε τὴν ζωήν του εἰς κίνδυνον; Ἂν ἠγάπας „τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, ἔφερες, βλέπων αὐτὴν δεδεμένην „εἰς τὴν πέτραν, νὰ τὴν ἐλευθερώσῃς. Ἄφες λοιπόν, „ὁ ἀποκτήσας αὐτήν, καὶ δι' οὗ δὲν ἤμεινεν ὀρφανὸν τὸ „γῆράς μου, ἀλλ' εἶμαι ἔτι πατήρ, ἄφες λέγω αὐτὸς νὰ „χαίρῃ τὸν ὠρεποντα μισθόν, καὶ τὴν ὁποίαν ὤφειαν ἐκέρ- „δησε διὰ τῆς ἀνδρίας του, καὶ διεργεσίας. Ὄχι ὄχι, „ἐγὼ αὐτὸν δὲν τὸν ἐπροτείμησα ἀπὸ σέ, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τὸν θά- „νατον, τὸν ὁποῖον ἔβλεπα ἔμπροσθέν μου." Εἰς αὐτὰ ὁ Φινεὺς μηδόλως ἀποκρινόμενος, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν βλέπων τὸν ἀδελφόν του, ποτὲ δὲ τὸν Περσέα, δὲν ἤξευρε ποῖος τῶν δύω ἦταν ὁ μεγαλήτερος ἐχθρός του, καὶ ποῖον τῶν δύω νὰ κτυπήσῃ πρῶτον. Τέλος, ἀφ' οὗ ἐδίσταξε κάμ- πόσον, ὑποχωρῶν ὀλίγον, ἔῤῥιψε τὸ δόρυ κατὰ τοῦ Περ- σέως, μὲ ὅσην δύναμιν τοῦ ἐδίδεν ὁ θυμός· ἀλλ' εἰς μάτην, ἐπειδὴ τὸ δόρυ ἐκτύπησε τὸ σκαμνίον, ὅπου ἐ-
Phineus said nothing, but turned his face alternately from Perseus to his brother, not knowing whether to aim at the one or the other. Hesitating for a while he hurled his spear, throwing it with the energy of anger, but uselessly, at Perseus. Only when it had stuck fast in the bench, did Perseus leap up from where he was lying. Returning the weapon, fiercely, he would have pierced his enemy�s chest, if Phineus had not dodged behind the altars: and (shamefully) the wretch found safety in that refuge. Nevertheless the javelin was not without effect, and struck Rhoetus full face, who immediately fell, and, when the weapon had been pulled out of the bone, he kicked out and sprayed the laden tables with his blood. Then the crowd of men was truly ablaze with anger, and they hurled their spears, and there were those who said Cepheus deserved to die with his son-in-law.� But Cepheus had already crossed the threshold, calling on justice, good faith, and on the gods of friendship, to witness that what was being done was forbidden. Warlike Pallas came and protected her brother, Perseus, with her shield, the aegis, and gave him courage.
There was a youth from India, Athis, whom Limnaee, a nymph of the River Ganges is said to have given birth to, under its glassy waters. He was of outstanding beauty, his sixteen years unimpaired, enhanced by his rich robes, wearing his military cloak of Tyrian purple, fringed with gold. A gold collar ornamented his neck, and a curved coronet his myrrh-drenched hair. He was skilled at piercing anything with the javelins he launched, however distant, but was even more skilled at shooting with the bow. While he was bending the pliant tips in his hands, Perseus struck him, with a log that had been smouldering in the middle of the altar, and shattered his face to splintered bone.
When Lycabas, the Assyrian, closest to him, as a friend, and, most probably, a lover, saw his much praised features masked with blood, he wept bitterly for Athis, breathing out his life through that sad wound. He caught up the bow Athis had strung and said �Now match yourself with me! You will not have long to rejoice over the death of a child, an act which holds more shame than praise.� He had not finished speaking when the sharp arrow shot from the bowstring, but Perseus avoided it, and it was left hanging from a fold of his clothes. The grandson of Acrisius turned against him that scimitar, tried and proven in his killing of Medusa, driving it into his chest. But even in death, his eyes failing, he looked round for Athis, in that gloomy night, and fell next to him, taking for his solace, to the shadows, the fact of being joined with him in death.
κάθητο ὁ Περσεύς, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐσηκώθη αὐτὸς ἁρπαζομέ- νος, ἢ ἁρπάζων τὸ βέλος τοῦ Ἀκτοῦ τοῦ, τὸ ἔρριψε κα- τὰ τοῦ Φινέας, ὡς τὶς ἔμελλε νὰ θανατωθῇ μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἴδιον τοῦ ὅπλον, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ἤθελε κρυφθῆ ὀπίσω τοῦ Συ- μποσιακείου, τὸ ὁποῖον εἰς ἐλευθῶν πρὶν προεσίας ἔγινε καταφύγιον ἑνὸς κακοβούλου. Ὅπως τὸ βέλος δὲν ἔτυχε νὰ ἀτυπήσῃ τὸν Ῥοῖτον εἰς τὸ μέτωπον, ἢ τὸν κα- τεπάτησον. Ὅταν τοῦ τὸ ἔβγαλεν ἀπὸ τὴν κεφαλήν, τό- σον διεπαίχθη, ὥστε ἀποθνήσκων, κατέβρεξε μὲ τὸ αἷμά του ὅλας τὰς παρακειμένας τραπέζας. Τότε οἱ ἄν- θρωποι τοῦ Φινέας ἤρχισαν νὰ δείχνουν περισσοτέραν σκληρότητα ἢ ὀργὴν παρὰ φρόνησιν, ἢ νὰ ῥίπτωσιν βέ- λη, ἢ νὰ φωνάζωσιν, ὅτι πρέπει νὰ θανατωθῇ ὁ Κη- φεὺς ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν γαμβρόν του· ἀλλ' ὁ Κηφεὺς εἶχε φύ- γει ἀπὸ τὴν οἰκίαν, ἀφ' οὗ ἔκραξε μάρτυρας τῆς ξε- νίας τοὺς φόρους θεούς, ὅτι αὐτὸς δὲν ἦτον αἴτιος τῶν τοιού- των δυστυχιῶν, ἢ ὅτι ἀκόντων αὐτῶν ἐκινήθησαν. Ἡ πολε- μικὴ Ἀθηνᾶ δὲν ἤρχισε νὰ παρασταθῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πόλεμον, ἢ φοβουμένη διὰ τὸν ἀδελφόν της Περσέα, τὸν ἐσκέπαζε μὲ τὴν Αἰγίδα, καὶ ἐνδυνάμουνε τὴν τόλ- μαν του. Ὁ Φωδὶ εἶχε μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ Ἰνδόν τινα ὀνόμα- τι Ἄτιν, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Νύμφη ἡ Λιμνιακὴ, ἡ θυγά- τηρ τοῦ Γάγγης ποταμοῦ, εἶχε γεννηθῆ εἰς τὰ νερὰ της. Οὗτος ἦτον δεκαὲξ χρόνων, ὡραῖος, καὶ ὑψηλοῦ ἀναστή- ματος, ἢ ἡ μεγαλοπρέπεια τῶν φορεμάτων του ηὔξανε τὴν φυσικήν του ὡμορφίαν. Ἔφορε πορφυρᾶν χλαμύδα, πε- ριπεποικιλμένην μὲ χρυσᾶ πλόκια· ἐκρέμαντο εἰς τὸν λαιμόν του χρυσαῖ ἁλυσεῖς, ἢ ἀδάμαντες, ἢ ἡ καταπυκνισ- μένη κόμη του ἦτον στολισμένη μὲ καμπύλον κάλυμμα. Πρὸς τούτοις ε
250 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
λέγοντα τὸ τόξον τε, ἐπλήγωσεν ὁ Περσεύς, ἁρπάξων ἐκ κομμάτιον ξύλο, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἔτι ἀναρμοσμένον ἐπὶ τῆς βωμοῦ, καὶ τοῦ ἔσπασε μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ πρόσωπον, ἐμβάλοντας τὸ εἰς τὰ κάγκαλα τῆς κεφαλῆς του. Ὁ Ἀσ- σύριος Λυκάβας, ὅς τις ἠγάπα θερμῶς τὸν νέον, βλέ- πων αὐτὸν κατεσπαρισμένον, ἢ πνέοντα τὰ λοίσθια διὰ τὸ ἀπὸ τὴν πληγήντι ἐγχυόμενον αἷμα, ἔκλαυσε πι- κρῶς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς φίλε του, ἢ ἁρπάξας τὸ τόξον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκεῖνος πρὸ ὀλίγου ἔντεινε, μετ' ἐμῆ, λέγει, φατρὸς τὸν Περσέα, μετ' ἐμοῦ ἔχεις τώρα νὰ πολεμή- σῃς δὲν θέλεις χαρῆ ὄχι πολλὰ καιρὸν τὸν νέον τούτου παιδὸς, ἢ τίνος ὁ θάνατος σὲ ἐφορέσθησε μάλ- λον μῖσος, ἢ ἔπαινον. Δὲν ἐπελείωσε τὸν λόγον, ἢ τὸ ὀξὺ βέλος ἐπήδησεν ἐκ τῆς τόξης του, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐκ- τύπησε τὸν Περσέα, ὅς τις τὸ ἀπέφυγε, ἢ ἔμενε κρε- μασμένον εἰς τὰς κόλπας τῶ φορεμάτων του. Ὁ Περσεὺς δὲν τὸν ἀφῆσε νὰ ἀδιατερώσῃ, ἀλλὰ ἕλκων ἔπαιω του μὲ τὸ ξιφαδὶ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ὀνομαστὸ διὰ τὸν φόνον τῆς Μεδού- σης, τὸν ἐσπλήγωσεν εἰς τὴν μέσην τῆς κορμῆς του· ὁ δὲ Λυκάβας θανατηφόρως πληγωμένος, ἔγχυσε τὰ ὑπὸ νύκτε νέοντα ὄμματα του πρὸς τὸν φίλον του Ἄτυν, καὶ πίπτων σιμὰ του, ἔλαβε κὰν τήνδε παρηγορείαν, τῆς Ἅδου ἐφόδιον, ὅτι ἀπέθανε μὲ αὐτὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐνδυμά- σῃ. Ὁρμώντες ἔπειτα ὁ Φόρβας, ἢ ὁ Ἀμφιμέδων ὁ- μοῦ, θυμωμένοι διὰ τὸν φόνον τῶ φίλων των, ἔπεσαν εἰς τὸ ἔδαφος, τὸ ὁποῖον διὰ τὸ ἐγχυθὲν αἷμα τόσον ἦτον ὀλισθηρὸν, ὥστε νὰ σαθῆ ἄνθρωπος εἰς τὰς πόδας δὲν ἐδυνάσθη. Θέλοντες δὲ νὰ σηκωθῆν, ἔπεσαν πάλιν καὶ οἱ δύο ἀπὸ μίαν πληγὴν ἁθρᾷ ξιφαδὶς, ἥτις τῆς ἑνὸς
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ρασαδείς εἰς τὸν Περσέα μέ πέλεκιον, ἀντὶ πύρου, ἐδέχθη ἐπὶ μάχαιρα, ἀλλὰ μία μεγάλην λεκάνην, ἡ ὁποία τὰ ἔσωσσε τὴν κεφαλήν. Ἐπεσσε ἐπύπησσε Πολυδαίμονα, τὸν ἀπόγονον τῆς Σεμιράμιδος, τὸν Ἀβαΐν, τὸν Λύκητον, τὸν Ἕλικον, τὸν Φλεγύαν, καὶ τὸν Κλῶον, καὶ ἔκαμε τόσσην σφαγήν, ὥστε δὲν ἐδυάατο πλέον τις νὰ περάση, εἰμὴ ἐπάνω εἰς σωρὸν νεκρῶν. Ἐν τοσούτῳ ὁ Φινέος, μὴ τολμῶν νὰ πλησιάση εἰς τὸν Περσέα, ἔρριψεν ἀκόντιον κατ᾽ αὐτὸν, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ τύχη τὸ ἔστρεψε κατὰ τὸν Ἴδα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἕως πότε εἶχε φανῆ ἀδιάφορος. Τότε κοιτάζοντας ἀγρίως τὸν σκληρὸν Φινέα, ἐπειδὴ, λέγει, βιάζομαι νὰ λάβω μέρος εἰς τὴν μάχην, φυλάξου ἀπὸ τὸν ἐχθρόν, τὸν ὁποῖον μόνος σου ἐπαρόξυνες, ἢ πληρώσαι τὸ αἷμα μου μὲ τὸ ἐδικόν σου. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἤθελε νὰ ῥίψῃ τὸ βέλος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐσύχαλει ἀπὸ τὸ κορμί του, τὰ ἔλειψαν αἱ δυνάμεις, ἔπεσε νεκρὸς σῖμα εἰς τὰς ἄλλας. Ὁ Ὀδίτης, ὁ μέγιστος ἀξιωματικὸς τῆς βασιλείας, ἐφονήθη ἀπὸ τὸν Κλυμένον· ὁ Προτένων ἀπὸ τὸν Ψίδα, καὶ ὁ Ψύδις ἀπὸ τὸν Λυγκίδα. Ὁ γέρων Ἐμαθίων, ἀνὴρ δίκαιος, καὶ θεοσεβής, εὗρετο εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς θορύβης, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἡλικία του δὲν τὸν ἐσυγχώρει νὰ πολεμῇ μὲ τὴν χεῖρα, ἠγωνίζετο μὲ τὸν λόγον. Ἐξέτρεχεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἕν καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος, χωρὶς νὰ φοβηθῇ τὸν κίνδυνον, μεμφόμενος τὰ ὅπλα ἢ τὴν ἀπανθρωπίαν τοῦ Φινέως. Ὅλοι ὅμως οἱ κόποι του ἐματαιώθησαν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν ᾧ ἵστατο πλησίον τῆς βωμῆς, ἔχων ἀνεβασμένα τὰ χέιρα του, τρέμοντα, ὄχι ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ τὸ γήρατειον,
ρός. Ὁ Βροτέας, καὶ ὁ Ἄμμων, οἱ δίδυμοι, ἀδελφοί αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν πυγμαῖον ( αἳ ὅμως ἡ πυγμή ἐδύνατο νὰ νικήση τὰ ἀσάθλα ) ἐθανατώθησαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Φινέα. Ἄμφιος, ὁ τῆς Δημήτρος ἱερὸς, δὲν ἔλαβε καλλιτέρας τύχης, ὥστε τὸν ἀλαβέθησαν περισσότερον, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἦτον ἐνδεδυμένος τὰ ἱερὰ ἱμάτια. Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἱαπετέα, ὁ μὴ γονημένος διὰ τὸν πόλεμον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὰ ἔργα τῆς εἱρήνης, ἦτον παρὼν καὶ αὐτὸς διὰ νὰ ξορπάση τὸν πανήγυριν μὲ τὴν φωνὴν καὶ μὲ τὴν κιθάραν του, ἥτις ἦτον τόσον χαρμόσυμος, ὥστε ἡ γλυκύτης τῆς ἁρμονίας της, ἐώρετε νὰ νικήση τὰ σφηροπαίγνια τῶν πολεμιστῶν. Τούτον ἰδών ὁ Πέπταλος μὲ τὴν κιθάραν εἰς τὰς χεῖρας, καὶ πλησιάζων εἰς αὐτὸν μὲ τὸ μάχαιραν, ὑπάγε, τοῦ λέγει, εἰς τὸν ᾅδην νὰ τελεσφόρηση τὸ τραγώδιόν σου· καὶ αὐθὺς τοῦ ἔχωσε τὸ μάχαιραν εἰς τὸν ἀριστερὸν μήλιγγα. Ἔπεσεν ὁ δυστυχὴς μὲ τὴν κιθάραν του, καὶ ἔτι ἠδολέσκει νὰ ἐργάζη αὐτὸν μὲ τὰ ἀποθαμένα δάκτυλα του. Ἴσως δὲ νὰ ἔψαλλε τότε καὶ λυπηράν τινα ᾠδὴν προσήμουσαν εἰς τὴν συμφοράν του. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἀφήσεν ἀτιμώρητον ὁ Λύκορμας τὸν θάνατόν του, καὶ πέρνοντας μοχλὸν ἀπὸ τὴν θύραν, ἐπτύησε τοῦ Πεπτύλου εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ πέση αὐθὺς διχαλον ἐσφαγμένον πάντρε. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ Πελάτης ἤθελε νὰ ἐκβάλη καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ἄλλον μοχλὸν, τὸν ἔτρησε ὁ Κόρυθος διὰ βέλους, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον τοῦ ἐκάρφωσε τὸ χέρι εἰς τὴν θύραν. Ἐν τούτῳ τὸν πληγώνει ὁ Ἄβας μετὰ μαχαίρας εἰς τὸ πλευρόν, καὶ νεκρωθείς, δὲν ὕπεσεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔμεινε κρεμασμένος εἰς τὴν θύραν ἀπὸ τὸ χέρι του, τὸ καρφωμένον εἰς αὐτήν. Ἐφονεύθη εἰς τὴν σύγχυ
Phorbas of Syene, the son of Metion, and Libyan Amphimedon, eager to commit to the fight, fell, having slipped on the ground, warm and drenched with blood on every side. Rising, they were stopped by the sword, piercing Phorbas�s throat, and Amphimedon�s ribs. But Perseus did not challenge Eurytus, son of Actor, who had a battle-axe, with his scimitar, instead, lifting a mixing bowl, embossed with decorations and very heavy in weight, high in the air, with both hands, he dashed it down on the man, who vomited bright red blood, and, lying on his back, beat the earth with his head. Then Perseus overthrew Polydegmon, born of the blood of Queen Semiramis, Abaris from Caucasia, Lycetus from the River Spercheos region, Helices with flowing hair, Clytus and Phlegyas, and trod on a mounting pile of the dying.
Phineus did not dare to fight hand to hand with his enemy, but threw his spear, which felled Idas, by mistake, who, though unavailingly, had no part in the fight, and was a follower of neither side. He, looking fiercely at Phineus, and said �Since I have been forced to take part, then, Phineus, acknowledge the enemy you have made, and repay me wound for wound!� He was about to hurl back the javelin he had pulled from his body when he collapsed dying, his limbs drained of blood.
Then Hodites, the greatest of the Ethiopians next to the king, was killed by Clymenus�s sword. Hypseus struck Protho�nor, and Lyncides struck Hypseus. One very old man, Emathion, was there who upheld justice, and feared the gods. He stepped forward, and since his age prevented him fighting, he warred in words, cursing their sinful weapons. Chromis decapitated him with his sword, as he clung to the altar with trembling hands, and the head fell straight on to the hearth, and there the half living tongue still uttered imprecations, and its life expired in the midst of the flames.
μολας καὶ Δωελλας, ὁ εἰς ἡπήματα, καὶ παρπὲς πλησίστατος ὑπὲρ τοὺς Ναςαμῶνας ὅλες, ἐκ τῆς Λυβίας, δεχόμενος βέλος εἰς τὸν βεβῶνα. Ὁ πληγώςας αὐτὸν Ἀλκυονεὺς, βλέπωντας αὐτὸν ποῦ ἤδη λειποψυχοῦντα, αὐχαειςκε, τὰ λέγει, νὰ ἀπολαύςῃς τώρα ἀπὸ τὸ ψῦχος τῆς γῆς, ὁποῦ ἐνκυείες, ὅςον δύναται νὰ ςηεπδόῃ τὸ κορμί ςου. Ἐν ᾧ ὅμως ἐκαυχάτο εἰς τὴν νίκην του, ἐκβαλὼν ὁ Περςεὺς τὸ βέλος ἀπὸ τὴν θέρμην πληγὴν τοῦ Δωελλα, ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν κατ' εὐθείαν εἰς τὸ πρόςωπον τοῦ Ἀλκυονέως, καὶ τὸ ἐξύπηςεν. Οὕτως βοήθηςε ἡ τύχη τὴν χείρα του, ἐξαντώςας δύο ἀδελφοὺς γεννηίους ἀπὸ μίαν μητέρα, μὲ δύο διάφορα τραύματα, τὸν Κλυτίαν, καὶ Κλαντίδα, ποῦ τὸν μὲν ἐξύπηςε ἀπὸ δύο ἀκόντια μὲ ἀκόντιον, τὸν δὲ ἐκτρώςας τὸ ςῶμα. Ἐφόνευςε καὶ Κελαδῶνα τὸν Μενδήςιον, καὶ τὸν Ἀςτρέα, τοῦ ὁποίου ὁ πατὴρ ἦτον ἀγνώριςος, ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἀπὸ τὴν Παλαιςτίνην, καὶ τὸν Ἐθίοπα, ὅςτις ἐφαρλεγςε τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ δὲν ἐδυνήθη τότε μὲ προφητείαν νὰ ἴδῃ ἅπερ ἔμελλε νὰ ςυμβῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἴδιον· ἐφόνευςε καὶ τὸν Θοάντα, τὸν ὁπλοφόρον τοῦ Βαςιλέως, καὶ τὸν ἀτίμον διὰ τὴν παβαςτείαν Ἀγώρτην. Ἡ ςφαγὴ ἦτον μεγάλη καὶ φοβερά· ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ λάβῃ τέλος ἡ μάχη, ἔπρεπεν ἔτι νὰ χυθῇ πολὺ περιςςότερον αἷμα· ἐπειδὴ ὅλοι ἐπόθουν νὰ φονεύςωςι τὸν Περςέα, καὶ ἕνας μόνος ἦτον ὁ ςκοπὸς ὅλων τῶν ἀκοντίων, καὶ πλῆθος ςυμμάχων ςτρατὸς εἶχον ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέρη νὰ πολεμήςωςιν αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ὁπαδούς του. Εἰς μάτην ὁ πενθερὸς, καὶ ἡ πενθέρα τοῦ Περςέως, καὶ ἡ ςύζυγός του ποῦ βοηθοῦςι μὲ τὰς αὐχὰς των, εἰς μάτην γεμίζουςι τὴν οἰκίαν ἀπὸ φωνὰς καὶ ἀναςτεναγμούς, ἐπειδὴ ὁ ψόφος τῶν ὅπλων, ὁ ὀλολυγμὸς
σαν ἄλλω φωνῇ. Ἡ Ἐνυώ, ἡ Θεὰ τοῦ πολέμου, γε- μίζει πανταχῇ ἀπὸ αἷμα τοῦ τόπον, ἢ ἀναχινεῖ νέας ἐλπίδας. Ὁ Φινεύς, μετὰ χιλίων ὀπαδῶντε περικυκλώ- νει τὸν Περσέα ἀπὸ κάθε μέρος, ἢ τὰ βέλη, τὰ ρι- πτόμενα ὁλόγυρά τε, ἀπὸ τῆς ὀφθαλμῶν τε, καὶ εἰς τὰ ὦτία τε, ἔκαμναν περισσοτέραν βολὴν ἀπὸ τὴν χειμέριον χάλαζα. Τότε ὁ Περσεύς, διὰ νὰ φυλάξῃ τὰ νῶτα τε, ἀπερείδεται εἰς ἕνα στῦλον, κ᾽ δείχνων τὸ πρόσωπον εἰς τὰς ἐχθρούς τε, δέχεται πλέον ὁρμὴν τῶν μὲ δυσκολίαν ἐ- πάξιον τῆς γενέας τε. Τὸν κτυποῦν δεξιόθεν ὁ Ἐθέμων καὶ ὁ Μολπέας ἀπὸ τὰ δεξιέρα, κ᾽ ὥσπερ πεινασμένη τίγρις, ὅταν ἀκούσῃ εἰς φάραγγα τὸ μύγημα δύο ποι- μνίων, καὶ θέλει ἐν αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπάγῃ καὶ εἰς τὰ δύω μέρη, δισταλεῖσα ποῖον νὰ κτυπήσῃ πρότερον· τοῦ αὐτοῦ τρόπου κ᾽ ὁ Περσεὺς ἀμφιβάλει ἂν πρέπει νὰ κτυπή- σῃ εἰς τὰ δεξιά, ἢ εἰς τὰ δεξιερά. Τέλος ἐλευθερώ- νεται ἀπὸ τὸν Μολπέα πληγώσας αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν μη- ρόν, καὶ ἠναγκάσθη ὅτι τὸν ἔβλεψε νὰ φύγῃ, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἐθέμων, ὁ ὁποῖος τὸν ἐπολέμει σιμότερα, δὲν τοῦ ἔδιδε καιρὸν νὰ καταδιώξῃ τὸν ἄλλον ἐχθρόν. Οὕτως ἠγρίωσεν ὁ Ἐθέμων ἀπὸ πλέον λύσσαν, ὥστε ἔγινε φο- βερώτερος· ἀλλὰ θέλων νὰ κτυπήσῃ τὸν Περσέα εἰς εἰς πλέον κεφαλήν, ἐκτύπησε τὸν στῦλον μὲ τόσην δύ- ναμιν, ὥστε ἐσυντρίφθη ἡ μάχαιρα, κ᾽ ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν τὸ τμῆμα αὐτῆς ἐπήδησε, κ᾽ ἐκαρώθη εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τε αὐχένος της, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν ἤθελεν ἀποθάνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πλη- γήν, ἂν ὡς ὁ Περσεὺς δὲν ἔβυσσον εἰς πλέον μέσην τὰ κορμῆς τε μὲ τὸ ξίφος.
Τέλος βλέπων ὁ Περσέας ὅτι ἡ ἀνδρία ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ νικηθῇ ὑπὸ τὰ πλῆθος, ἐπειδὴ σᾶς μὲ βιάζετε, λέγει, Θέλω ζητήσαι βοήθειαν ἀπὸ τὸν ἐχθρόν μου.
Ἀποστρέψατε τὰ ὄμματά σας ὅσοι πολεμεῖτε πρὸς διαφεύξασίν με. καὶ ἔψωσεν ἐν ταὐτῷ τῆς Μεδού- σης εἰς φοβερὰ κεφαλήν. Ὁ Θέσαλος ἐμπαίζων αὐτόν, ἠκολούθει παρ' ἀνδραγαθίας του· Ἄλλες ζήτη- σον, τοῦ λέγει, νὰ φοβηθῆ παρὰ Γοργείας σου· ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἤθελε νὰ τὸν προσδῇ, ἔχων ἐψωσομένην τὴν χεῖρα, ἔμεινεν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ σχῆμα, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς μαρμάρινον ἄγαλμα· ὁμοίως καὶ ὁ Ἄμφυς, πλησιέ- στερος ὤν, καὶ θέλων διόλου νὰ ῥίψῃ, ἔμεινεν ἀκίνητος εἰς αὐτό. Ἐν ταύτῳ ὁ Νηλεὺς, ὡς τις ἐκαυχᾶτο ψευδῶς νὰ ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τὸν ἑπτάπλην Νεῖλον, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐ- πιβεβαιώσῃ τὸ ψεῦδος του, καὶ τὴν ματαιοδοξίαν του, εἶχεν ἐγχαράξει εἰς τὴν ἀσπίδα του μετὰ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου τὰ ἑπτὰ στόματα τοῦ ποταμοῦ· Σκέψασαι, λέγει πρὸς τὸν Περσέα, τὴν ἀρχαιογονίαν, καὶ τὸ γένος μου, καὶ θέ- λεις ὑπάγῃ, εἰς τὸν ᾅδην μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν παρα- μυθίαν, ὅτι ἀπέθανες ἀπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ γενναιοτέ- ρου ἀνθρώπου. Μόλις ἠδυνήθη νὰ τελειώσῃ τὸν ὕστε- ρον λόγον τῆς ὑπερηφάνου ὁμιλίας του, καὶ ἐξέγραψεν μὲ τὸ σῶμα ἀνοικτόν, ὥσπερ θέλων νὰ εἴπῃ καὶ ἕτερα· ὅ- μως δὲν τοῦ ἐμφαίνε πλέον φωνή, καθὼς δὲν εἶχε πλέον οὔτε ζωήν. Ὁ Ἔρυξ βλέπων αὐτὸν μακρόθεν· εἰς σχῆμα πολεμίου, χωρὶς νὰ κινεῖται παντελῶς, ἤρχι- σε νὰ λέῃ βλασφημίαν, ὀνειδίζων τὴν ῥαθυμίαν των. Ὄχι ὄχι, τοὺς φωνάζει, δὲν εἶναι ἡ δύναμις τῆς Γορ- γόνος κεφαλῆς, ἥτις σᾶς κάμνει ἀκινήτους, ὡς βλέ- πω, ἀλλ' ὁ φόβος σας, καὶ ἡ μικροψυχία σας. Ἀκο- λουθήσατέ ἐμὲ μόνον μὲ τὴν συνήθησαν γενναιότη- τα, καὶ χωρὶς δυσκολίαν θέλομεν θανατώσει κατὰ γῆς ὑψηλόφρονα τοῦτον, ὡς τὶς μᾶς ἀντιπολεμεῖ μὲ μα- γευμένα ὅπλα. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἤθελε νὰ κινηθῇ, ἔμεινε
Then two brothers fell at the hands of Phineus. They were Broteas, and Ammon the famous boxers, who would have been able to overcome anything, if boxing gloves were able to overcome swords, and Ampycus, priest of Ceres, his forehead wreathed with white fillets. And you Lampetides, summoned, but not for this purpose, who played the lute and sang, the work of peace, ordered to help celebrate the feast, and recite the bridal songs. Pedasus, mockingly shouted to him, as he stood to one side holding his unwarlike plectrum, �Go and sing the rest to the Stygian shades!� and pierced his left temple with his blade. He fell, and tried to pluck the lyric strings again, with dying fingers, and, falling, struck a plaintive note.
Lycormas, angered, did not allow him to die without taking revenge. Grasping a heavy bar from the door on his right, he struck Pedasus, in the middle of his neck-bones, and he fell dead to the ground, like a bullock at the sacrifice. Pelates, from the banks of Cinyps, tried to take the bar from the left door, and, while attempting to do so, his right hand was transfixed by the spear of Corythus, from Marmarica, and pinned to the wood. Abas pierced him in the side as he was fastened there, and he did not fall, but hung there, dying, from the post to which his hand was nailed. Melaneus, a follower of Perseus�s cause, was also killed, and Dorylas, the wealthiest man in the fields of Nasamonia, Dorylas whose wealth was in fields, than whom no man held a greater tract, nor could pile up as many heaps of spices. A missile thrown from the side stuck in his groin, that fatal place. When Halcyoneus of Bactria, the perpetrator of the wound, saw him gasping for life, his eyes rolling, he said �Of all your lands you shall have only this earth you lie on!� and left his bloodless corpse. But Perseus, the avenger, the descendant of Abas, turned against him the spear, pulled hot from the wound. Catching the nose, it went through the middle of the neck, jutting out front and back.
While Fortune aided his hand, Perseus killed Clytius and Clanis, born of one mother, with different wounds. An ashen spear, from his strong arm, went through both Clytius�s thighs, while Clanis�s jaw bit on a javelin. Mendesian Celadon was killed, Astreus, of unknown father and Syrian mother, Aethion, once skilled in telling the future, now deceived by lack of foresight, Thoactes, the armour-bearer of the king, and Agyrtes, notorious for murdering his own father.
256 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
ώσαν να τον επίσχε η γη από τα πόδας, και έμεινεν ακίνητος, μη ων άλλο τι, ειμή άψυχον είδωλον. Τοιούτου οπως έλαβον την αρμόζουσαν τιμωρίαν όλοι οι κακόζηλοι εκείνοι· αλλ' ο Ακόντιος, ο οποίος εμάχετο προς βοήθειαν του Περσέως, εμβλέψας εξ απροσεξίας εις την κεφαλήν της Μεδούσης, έλαβε μοίραν της τιμωρίας και, απολιθωθείς και αυτός ώσπερ εκείνοι. Τούτον ο Ασυάγης νομίζων ότι ζώντα, εκτύπησε με το ξίφος του, αλλ' ήχησεν ώς σίδηρον εις τον πέτραν· και ούτος εκπληττόμενος ελιθώθη και αυτός, διατηρήσας τον χαρακτήρα, και το πρόσωπον ανθρώπου εμπεπλημένου θαυμάζοντος. Ενομίζετο πολύς καιρός διά να επαριθμήσω κατ' όνομα όλων των άλλων. Έμειναν ότι διακόσιοι από τον πόλεμον, και διακόσιοι προς την θέαν της Μεδούσης μετεμορφώθησαν εις πέτρας. Τότε ο Φινεύς ήρχισε να μετανοή διά τον οποίον έκαμεν άδικον και σκληρόν πόλεμον· αλλά τι να καμωθή, και πού να καταφύγη προς βοήθειαν; Άλλο τι δεν βλέπει ειμή αγάλματα διαφόρων σχημάτων, γνωρίζει όλας τας μορφάς των, τας προσκαλεί κατ' όνομα, τας ζητεί βοήθειαν, και μη πιστεύων εις τα όμματά του, θέλει να πληροφορηθή διά της αφής. Εγγίζει λοιπόν τους πλησιεστέρους του, αλλά δεν είναι άλλο τι ειμή μάρμαρα· όθεν ούτος ρίψας τα όπλα, προστρέχει εις τα δεήσεις, και αποφεύγων την θέαν της φρικτής κεφαλής, η οποία του εφανέρωσε την αυτήν τιμωρίαν, απλώνει τας χείρας του προς τον Περσέα, και του ζητεί την ζωήν. '' Επίκησας, γυναικόπατε Περσεύ, λέγει του, '' επίκησας· κρύψον το τέρας σε παρακαλώ, κρύψον την κεφαλήν, η οποία μας κάμνει να βλέπωμεν τόσα θαυμάσια. Ούτε μίσος, ούτε επιθυμία βασιλείας '' με επαρώτρυνησαν να λάβω τα όπλα· μόνον ηθέλησα ''
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 257
,,πάλιν ἢ σὺ τὸ αὐτόν· μιᾶς ἐρωμένης με ὁ πόθος με ,,ἤγειρέ με, ἢ με παρώξυνεν εἰς αὐτὸν τὴν μάχην· ,,σὺ ἔχεις δίκαιον διὰ τὴν ὁποῖαν της ἐνάρετον ἀνέργε- ,,σίαν· ἐγὼ δὲ διὰ τὸ νὰ ἤμην ἀπὸ πόσον καιρὸν ἀρ- ,,ραβωνιασμένος. Ὡς πόσον πάρα με ἐδικαίωσίν μου ,,σὲ ἀφίνω νὰ νικητεύῃς, ἢ σὲ ζητῶ τὴν ζωήν μόνον, ,,τὰ δὲ ἐπίλοιπα ἅς εἶναι ὅλα ἐδικά σου''. Αὐτὸ εἶ- πεν ὁ Φινεύς, χωρὶς νὰ πολυμήσῃ νὰ στρέψῃ τὰ ὄμ- ματά του ἀπρὸς ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ὁποῖον παρεκάλει. Ὁ δὲ Περσεύς ,,δειλέ, του λέγει, ἐγὼ θέλω νάθω, σοῦ δώ- ,,σω τὸ ζητούμενόν σου, ἐπειδὴ οἱ μικρόλογοι ἢ δειλοί ,,νομίζουσι μέγα αὐτὸ τὸ χάρισμα. Μὴ φοβῆ ἕτοι- ,,μος εἶμαι νὰ σε εὐχαριστήσω· δὲν θέλεις εὑρεῖ ,,ποτὲ σωματικὸν ὅπλον νὰ σε βλάψῃ· μάλιστα θέλω σε ,,δώσω ἢ ὑπόμνημα εἰς ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἢ θέλεις σε ,,βλέπη πάντοτε εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς νυμφῆς μας· ἢ ἄν ,,ἡ Ἀνδρομέδη εἶχε ἔρωτα τινὰ διὰ λόγου σου, θέλει ,,παρηγορεῖσθαι τηλαυγῶς βλέπουσα τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἐρώ- ,,μενοῦ της''. Μόλις της ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν τὴν ἀπόκρι- σίν, ἢ γυρίζωντας τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰ ὄμματα τοῦ Φινέως, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐκεῖνος ἐδυ- νάσθη καμμίαν νὰ μὴ τὴν ποιπάξῃ, εὐθὺς τὸν ἀ- πεξήρανε, ἢ θέλων αὐτὸς νὰ χύσει τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἀπὸ τὰ αἷμα μέρος, δὲν ἐδυνήθη, ἐπειδὴ ὁ λαιμός του ἢ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἦσαν ἀπολιθωμένοι, ἢ τὰ ὄμματά του ὁμοίως ἐλιθώθησαν πρὶν λάβῃ καιρὸν νὰ τὰ κλεί- σῃ. Ἔμεινε λοιπὸν ὡχματισμένος καθὼς ἔστων ἐπα- ρασταθῇ εἰς τὸν Περσέα, ἔχων εἰς τὸ λίσιον χεῖρά του τὴν τῆς δειλίας, ἢ τὸ αἷμα στὸ ἕτερα, ὁποῦ ἐφαί- νεταν παρεκάλει τὸν Περσέα νὰ τοῦ χύσει.
δέ τις ὁμοῦ μέ τῶν Ἀνδρομέδην τῶν συμβίων του, καὶ μόλις ἐφθασον ἐπεὶ, ἐξοχάσθη πὸ ἐνδυνήση τὸν πάππου τῶ Ἀκρισίου, ἅ ἢ δεὶ τῆ ἔφερεπε μία ποιαύτη χάρις. Ὸ Προῖτος ἀδελφὸς τῶ Ἀκρισίας τῶ ἔχει αὔταξη τὸ Βασίλειον· ὅσον ὸ Περσέας εἶδος πῆ ἐπολέμησε, καὶ ἐκεῖνος δεὶ ἐδυνώθη νὰ διαφευτεύῃ ὖτε μέ τὰ ὅπλα τῆ, ὖτε μέ τῶν ὁποίων ἀκρόπολιν ἀδίνως εἶχε κυριεύση, ἀπὸ τὰς ἴσχυρας δυνάμεις τῆς φοβερᾶς ἢ ὀφιοπλοκάμης κεφαλῆς.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑΣ.
Δι᾿ εἶναι εὔκολον νὰ καταλάβωμεν τῆν εἰκόνα τῆ Μύθο τῆτε ἀπὸ τὰ ἐξ αὐτὰ ὡραιοπλάσματα συμβόλια. Βλέπομεν τον Φινέας, ὅς τις δεὶ ἀγαπᾶ τῶν ἡσυχίαν ἢ ἐρημίαν τὸ βασιλεῦ· ἀφονιοῦ μᾶλλον πόλεμον πόλεμον, ἢ τῆν κεντικὴ σύμφυραν δεὶ θέλει συνευπάτῃ δοξάζεσθαι. Ἅ δὲ ἐπεὶ ἐχύρησι τοῦ πάθος, διαμαρτία πάντα εἶδα νὰ αὐξελέσιαν τὸ πάθος του. Ἀλλ᾿ ὕστερα ἀπὸ τότε ἀδικίας, ἢ αἱματοχυσίας μεγάλων ἀνδρῶν, ἢ ἱερῶν ἀλσῶν ἢ εἰρηνικῶν, νικᾶται ἢ αὐτος ὸ χασιώδης ἢ κακόβουλος, ἢ μέ τον θάνατόν τῆ λαμβάνει τέλος, ἢ μάχη. Τάχα δεὶ εἶναι αὐτὴ ἢ εἰκών τῆ ἐμφυλίῳ πολέμῳ, τὸ ὁποῖο ἢ σκληρότης ἐφαρμόζεται κοινὸς εἰς ὅλους, καὶ δεὶ διαλάβει ὖτε τὰ θεῖα, ὖτε τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, καὶ αἱ ὑψη ἀρχαὶ τῆ εἶναι πάντοτε ἀδικι, τὸ δὲ τέλος πάντοτε ὀλέθριον εἰς τῆς αἰτίας τῆς.
Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Ὀβίδιος, ὡς κατὰ πάντα δεξιός, ὑποδεικνύει μέ τὸ σύμ- βολον τῆς Ἴδης, ὁ ὁποῖος καίτοι ἀδιάφορος εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν μάχην, ὅ- μως ἐφοίτησεν εἰς αὐτήν, ὅτι δεῖ εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ ἀδιαφορῇ εἰς τοὺς ποιητὰς πολέμους. Καὶ βέβαια ἡ ἀδιαφορεία δεῖ νὰ σώζεται εἰς τοὺς φίλους, εἰς τοὺς συγγενεῖς, καὶ εἰς τὰς φιλίας. Διότι ὅσοι προσποιοῦνται νὰ εἶναι ἀδιάφοροι, καὶ πρῶτα ὑποσχόμενοι νὰ ἰδοῦν τὸ ὑποβησόμενον, καὶ τότε νὰ φανερωθῶσι, κατὰ τίνα μέθοδον γίνονται δῆλοι ὅτι θέλουσιν ὑποσχέ- σθαι τὰ αὐτὰ εἰς ἐκείνους οἱ ὑποσχέται. Ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ὁ φρόνιμος, ὡς ἔχων πάντοτε τέτοιαν βοήθειαν, βλέπων ὅτι ὁ ἀδιά- φορος παροξύνει τὸν καιρὸν διὰ νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ, ὅταν δὲν θέλῃ ἔ- χῃ πλέον τέτοιαν ἀνάγκην ἀπὸ βοήθειαν, διαλέγει βέλτιον νὰ ἰδῇ τὸν ἀδιάφορον νὰ χαθῇ, παρὰ νὰ δεσμεύεται πάντοτε εἰς ἐπι- σφαλῆ καὶ δειλὴν ἢ φανερὰν βοήθειάν του, ἢ βοήθειαν ἐχθροῦ του.
Άλλ' οἱ περὶ σαμὸ ὁμολογηταὶ ἰδοδάλλω διὰ τί ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ σκε- πάζει τὸν Περσέα μὲ τῆς ἀσπίδος τῆς Νεμέζω ὅτι δικαιότητα με τετο ὅτι ἡ κρίσις καὶ φρόνησις, αἱ διὰ πὶ ἀλληγορέμεναι, δὲν ἐγκαταλείπουσι ποτὲ τῆς μεγάλης ἐρανης ἀπὸ μετεχον τῆς δι- δῶν, καὶ διὰ νὰ εἴπω ἄτος, μήτε εἰς αὐτὰς τῆς ἀγάπασης καλά- τη. Καὶ βέβαια δὲν ἀρκεῖ εἰς τὸν Ἀρχιστράτηγον νὰ εἶναι μόνον εἰ- δήμων τῆς πολεμικῆς τέχνης, ἀλλ' εἶναι ἀνάγκη νὰ ἔχῃ ἀντίστοιχον καρδίαν, καὶ νὰ ἡξεύρῃ νὰ διὰ φυλαττῇ εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς μάχης, καὶ εἰς πλῶι πταν αὐτῶν, ἐκεῖνο τὴν ἀδσυμίαν καὶ δύναστης, δι' ἧς ἀφορδεντα συσχῶς τὰ πράγματα, ὅταν φαίνεται ὅτι εἶναι ἀπελπισ- μένα. Τέλος νομίζω ὅτι ὁ μῦθος μᾶς ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς κατ' ἐξαίρετον τρόπον φροντίζει διὰ τῆς μεγάλης ἀρετᾶς, τῆς ὑπερβαί- νούσης τὸ κοινόν, τῆς ὁποίας ἡμεῖς ὀνομάτιζομεν Ἥρωες, καὶ ὅτι ἂν εἶναι δίκαιος ὁ πόλεμος, τὸν ὁποῖον πολεμεῖ, τῆς χάρις ὁ Θεὸς τιμᾷ αὐτὸν, ὕστον μεγάλαι καὶ ἂν εἶναι αἱ δυσκολίαι, καὶ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ποιεῖν ταῦτα.
Ὧδε πάντες νὰ ἐφοβήσαωλ τὸν Περσέα, διὰ τί ἀρχεῖ φαίνεται ὅτι ἀπίσει καὶ διδέει εἰς τῆς δυνάμητα καὶ ἀνδεία, καὶ προσ- τρέψει εἰς δεσποτικὸν βοήθειαν, ἤγουν εἰς τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης, διὰ νὰ καταβάλῃ τῆς ἐχθρᾶς της.
There is yet more to be done, despite what he has endured: the purpose of all is to overwhelm this one man. The bands of conspirators oppose him on all sides, in a cause opposed to justice, and good faith. His father, with helpless loyalty, and his new bride and her mother, support him to the best of their abilities, filling the palace with their cries. But the clash of weapons and the groans of the fallen, drown them out, and at the same time Bellona, goddess of war, pollutes and drenches the penates, the household gods, with blood, and stirs renewed conflict.
Phineus and a thousand followers of Phineus, surround the one man. Spears to the right of him, spears to the left of him, fly thicker than winter hail, past his eyes and ears. He sets his back and shoulders against a massive stone column, and protected behind, turns towards the opposing crowd of men, and withstands their threat. The Chaonian, Molpeus, presses him on the left, and on the right Ethemon, a Nabatean. Like a tiger, goaded by hunger, that hears the bellowing of two herds of cattle in separate valleys, and does not know which it would rather rush at, fired up to rush at either, so Perseus hesitates whether to strike right or left. He drives Molpeus off, piercing him with a wound to the leg, and is content to let him go: but Ethemon allows him no time, and raging and eager to give him a wound high on the neck, flails at him, incautiously and violently, and fractures his sword, striking it on the extreme edge of the column. The blade is detached, and fixes itself in its owner�s throat. The wound it gives him is not serious enough to cause his death, but as he stands there, quivering, and uselessly stretching out his defenceless arms, Perseus stabs him with Cyllenian Mercury�s curved sword.
When Perseus saw indeed that, his efforts would succumb to the weight of numbers, he said �Since you plan it like this, I will ask help of the enemy. If there are any friends here, turn your face away!� and he held up the Gorgon�s head. �Find others, who might be worried by your marvel� said Thesculus, but as he prepared to throw his deadly javelin, he was frozen, like a marble statue, in the act. Ampyx, next to him, thrust his sword straight at the heart of the courageous descendant of Lynceus, and, in thrusting, his right hand stiffened, without movement this way or that. But Nileus who falsely claimed that he was born of the Nile with its seven mouths, his shield engraved with its seven streams, part gold, part silver, cried �Perseus, see, the sources of my people: it will be a great consolation to you to take with you, in death, to the silent shadows, the knowledge of having fallen to so noble a man�. The last echo of his voice was cut off in mid-flight, and you might believe his mouth still wished to speak, though it was no longer pervious to words.
Eryx rebuked them, saying, �Lack of courage, not the power of the Gorgon, freezes you. Rush in with me and knock this youth and his magic weapon to the ground!� He had started his rush, but the floor held his feet fast, and there he stayed, unmoving stone, a fully-armed statue.
Συμπεραίνω ὅτι θέλει νὰ ὑποδείξη ὅτι διὰ τῆς κεραίας, τὴν ὁποίαν βαστᾷ καὶ δείχνει εἰς τὰς ἐχθράς της, εἰκονίζονται αἱ μεταξὺ τῶν βασιλέων συχνῶς γενόμεναι συμμαχίαι, καὶ ἡ ἐκ αὐτῶν βοήθεια εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους. Ὅτι δὲν εἶναι Βασίλειον πράγμα σταθερὸν καὶ βέβαιον, τὸ ὁποῖον νὰ μὴ ὑπόκειται εἰς δεινὰς περιπέτειας καὶ κινδύνους.
εἰκὰς βοηθείας κυνηγέσσους τινὰ Πολυίδειαν, εἰ τῇ λείποντα αἱ ἄλλαι βοήθειαι· διότι δὴ ἡς Μεδούσης, ἥτις δεῖ ψηφὰ γὰ μιᾷ τῇ Νέῳ, Σκεινίσ ετα εἱ Κράτος ἀσεθὲς ἢ ἀθρήσκον, μὲ τὸ ὸ παῖδα ὁ ἀθρώπομαχλαξ: ἰς κάμης συμμαχίας. Ἰδὲ ὁποῖ ἂν ὑπέκειαν ῥῖδες μία δῶν ἱ Παρειὲ ἢ βέβαια αὕτη δὲ εὐρίσκεται εἰς τὰ ὅσα μᾶς διδάσκει καὶ ἱ Ἄγιου χωρὶν δοδῆ αἱ πλάνες ἡς Διαθήκης, ἀνθρωποί τῆς, ἥτις ἄρχηθ καρῆα ἢ τὸν κατὰ Θεὸν, δεῖ ἐφοβήθησαν γὰ κάμουν παρμοίας συμμαχίας. Ὁ Ἀβραὰμ ἔκαμε συμμαχίαν ἰς φιλίαν μὲ τὸν Ἔφρων, ἰς Μαμβρῆ, ἰς μὲ αὐτὴς ἡς Σοδομίτης, ἥτις ὁποίων ἦτον πασίδηλος ἡ ἀσέβεια· ὁ Ἰσαὰκ μὲ τὸν Ἀβιμελὲχ ἰς Φιχὸλ, ἰς ὁ Ἰακὼβ μὲ τὸν εἰδωλολάτρην Λάβαν. Ἀλλ᾿ ὁ θεῖος Νόμος δεῖ ἠκύρωσε τὸ δικαίωμα τῦ τὸ φύσεως· ὅθεν οἱ Ἑβραῖοι εὐκάσι συμμαχίαν μὲ τὴς Αἰγυπτίους· ὁ Δαυὶδ μὲ τὸν Ἀγχοὺσ· ὁ Σολομὼν μὲ τὸν Χιράμ, τὸν βασιλέα ἥτις Τυρίων· ὁ Ἰωσαφὰτ μὲ τὸν Ἀχαὰβ, ἰς οἱ Μακκαβαῖοι μὲ τὴς Ρωμαίους. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν κήρυξιν ἡς Εὐαγγελίας, ὁ Ἅγιος Παῦλος ἄρκᾷ δεῦ μᾶς διδάξει τῆδ αὐτοῦ, ὅταν κατέφυγε εἰς τὸ δεσμοφύλαξ, δὴ ἕνα φυλαχθῇ ὑπὸ τὰς ἐνέδρας ἡς κακίας, δὴ ἵνα ἀντίσταθῇ εἰς τὴς ἀθρησκείας ἢ Πέει δὲ ἥτις λιθοδέντιαν ἀνθρώπων, ἄλλοτι δεῖ λέγεσθα εἶμαι μόνον ὅτι ἡ μετάβολή των φανεροῦν ὅτι ὁ Περσεῦς αἴτησε τὴς ἐνδρέσης ἰς μὲ τὴν διακημίᾳ ἢ αὐθαδίαν ἡς ὕφερον εἰς τοιαύτην κατάστασιν, ὥστε δεῖ ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ κάμουν κακέα ἀπὸ κακὸν, ὥστερ νὰ πέση εἰσαῦθις ἰς ἀγάλματα.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ'. ἰς Δ'.
Περὶ μεταμορφώσεως τῆς Πολυδέκτης εἰς λίθον, καὶ τῆς Μούσῃ εἰς ὄρνεα· καὶ τὸ κατα-
Πολυδέκτης ὁ Βασιλεύς τῆς Νήσου Σερίφου (εἰς πλα) ὁποίαν ὁ Περσεύς, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ του Δαναή, κλεισμένοι εἰς μίαν κιβωτόν, εἶχον ρίψθη ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης) θέλει νὰ μακρύνη τον υἱόν, διὰ νὰ χαίρῃ ἀθολώτερα τὴν μητέρα, καὶ πέμπει τον νὰ ἀποκεφαλίση τὴν Μέδουσαν, τῆς ὁποίας ἐκεῖνος τὴν ἔφερε τὴν κεφαλήν, βεβαιώσας πῶς τὴν ἔσφαξε. Ἀλλὰ μὴ θέλων ὁ Βασιλεύς νὰ πιστεύση τὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ ἀλήθειαν ἢ πόσον ἀληθὴς εἶναι ἡ κεφαλή τῆς Μεδούσης, βλέπει τον ἀφανισμόν του, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς πέτραν.
Ὡς πόσον αἱ Μοῦσαι, διὰ νὰ ἀπολαύσουν μίαν πηγήν, κατέφυγον εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς Πυρενίδος, ἀλλ' ἐκείνη ἀπὸ τὰ κάλλη των, ἔγινεν ἔρασμια των καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ βιασθῆ ἀπ' αὐτόν, ἔβαλαν πετασθῆ· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖναι διὰ νὰ μὴν ἀφανισθῆ, μεταμορφώθη ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς πηγῆς, ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον ἐκεῖναι εἶχον φύγῃ, ἧ ὥσπερ ἐξανέστη.
Μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Πολυδέκτης, ὑψηλοφρονῶν περισσότερον διὰ τὸ Βασιλικὸν ἀξίωμα, παρὰ διὰ τὴν μεγαλειότητα τῆς βασιλείας του ( διότι ἀπὸ δὲν ἐξουσίαζε παρὰ τὴν μικρὰν Νῆσον τῆς Σερίφου ) ἤθελε νὰ διαφημῆται παντοῦ τὸ εὔδοξον ὄνομα τοῦ Περσέως, δὲν κατακρινόμενος ὅμως οὔτε ἀπὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν τοῦ νέου, οὔτε διὰ τὰς μεγάλας μοχθοπαθείας, ὅσας ἐκεῖνος ὑπέφερεν. Ἐφύλαττε λοιπὸν πάντοτε μῖσος κατὰ τοῦ Περσέως, καὶ τὸ πάθος τὴν ἡμέραν τὴν ἡμέραν ὅτι μᾶλλον αὐξανόμενον, ἔπειγε πάντοτε αὐτὸν νὰ αἰσχρώσῃ τὰς δόξας του, λέγων ὅτι ὁ Θάνατος τῆς Μεδούσης ἦτον ψεῦδος. Ὁ δὲ Περσεὺς δικαίως παροξυσμένος ἀπὸ τὰς ὕβρεις τοῦ Πολυδέκτου ,,ἐγὼ, λέγει του, ἡμεῖς θέλομεν ,,σὲ δώσει ἱκανὴν μαρτυρίαν τῆς ἀληθείας''. καὶ εὐθὺς παραγγείλας εἰς ὅλους τοὺς παρεστῶτας νὰ κλείσουν τὰ ὀμμάτια των, ἔδειξεν εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον τὴν κεφαλὴν, διὰ τῆς ὁποίας μετέβαλε παραχρῆμα εἰς λίθινον, τὸν ὄντα πρότερον ἔμψυχον βασιλέα.
They all deserved the punishment they suffered, except one of Perseus�s warriors. While he was fighting on his side, Aconteus, saw the Gorgon�s head, and took the shape of hardened stone. Astyages struck him with his long sword thinking he was still alive, and the blade gave a high-pitched ringing noise. While Astyages stood there amazed, the same power transformed him, and he remained there with a wondering look on his marble face. It would take a long time to tell the names of the middle ranks of men: two hundred bodies survived the fight, two hundred bodies were turned to stone, at sight of the Gorgon�s head.
Now, at last, Phineus regrets the unjust fight, but what can he do? He sees the figures in diverse attitudes, and recognises the men, and calling on each by name, asks his help. Disbelieving, he touches the bodies nearest to him. They are marble. He averts his gaze from Perseus, and in supplication, he stretches out his hands in acknowledgement, his arms still held out towards him. �Perseus�, he cries, �you have won! Take away that monstrous thing of yours: remove your head of the Medusa, whoever she may be, that turns men to stone. Take it away, I beg you! It was not hate, or desire for power, that drove me to war. I took up arms to win a bride! Your claim was greater by merit, but mine by precedence. I do not regret ending it. Give me nothing, except my life, most resolute of men, the rest is yours!� So speaking, not daring to look towards him to whom he directed his request, Perseus replied �Have no fear, most cowardly Phineus, I will grant both what I can grant, and what is a great gift to the fearful! You will not suffer the sword. Rather I will cause you to be an enduring monument through the ages, and you will always be seen in my father-in-law�s palace, so that my wife may find solace in the statue of her intended.� He spoke, and carried the head of Phorcys�s daughter to where Phineus had turned his frightened face. As Phineus tried to avert his gaze, his neck hardened, and the tears on his cheeks were turned to stone. Now the frightened face, the suppliant expression, the submissive hands, and the slavish appearance, remained, in marble.
The victorious descendant of Abas, with his bride, enters Argos, his ancestral city, and as the champion and vindicator of his grandfather Acrisius, who little deserves it, he attacks Proetus, who has made his brother a fugitive by force of arms, and seized his stronghold. But neither by force of arms, nor by possession of the stronghold he had taken in his wickedness, could he overcome the fierce gaze of the snake-wreathed monster.
Still, you, O Polydectes, king of tiny Seriphos, softened neither by the young man�s virtue, visible in all his efforts, nor by his suffering, nursed a harsh and unrelenting hatred, and there was no limit to your baseless anger. You disparaged the praise given him, and accused his account of the killing of Medusa of being a lie. �I will give you evidence of its truth. Friends, protect your eyes!� cried Perseus, and with the face of Medusa he turned the face of the king to bloodless stone.
Ἕως εὔθω ἐβόησεν πάντοτε ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν ἀδελφόν της, ἀλλὰ τέλος προπκυλώμενη ἀπὸ μίαν νεφέλην, ἀφῆκε τὰ Νῆσον τῆς Σερίφης, καὶ εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ παρὰ Νήσους τῆς Κύθνου ἢ Γύρου, ἢ ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὰς Θήβας, ἀπὸ τὴν συντομωτέραν ὁδόν, ὑψωθεῖσα ὑπὲρ τὴν Θάλασσαν. Ἐπειδὴ μετέβη εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος, ἀποπηδήσασα, ὅπως ἤρχισε νὰ ὁμιλῇ πρὸς τὰς ἐννέα ἐλλογίμους ἀδελφάς, ἢ δοξοτέρας τῆς δόξης, ἢ τοῦ ἐπαίνου. ,,Ἤκουσα νὰ γίγνεται ὁμιλία διὰ μίαν βρύσιν, ,, ἡ ὁποία ὡς ἀφορότης ἀνέβη ἀπὸ τὸ χλόη μὲ τὸ ,, κτύπημα τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ ὑπὸ ἐκείνου τοῦ γεννηθέντος ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῆς Μεδούσης. Ἡ φήμη αὐτῆς τῆς παραδόξως βρυσάσης πηγῆς, μὲ ἐπαρακίνησε νὰ ἔλθω νὰ ἴδω τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀφοῦ εἶδον τὴν θαυμασίαν ,, γέννησιν τοῦ ἵππου ἐκείνου. Τότε ἡ Οὐρανία, ἐκ μέρους ὅλων τῶν ἄλλων Μουσῶν, ἀπεκρίθη οὕτως: ,,Ὁποῖον ἢ ἂν εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς εὐγενοῦς ἐλεύσεώς σου, ,, μεγάλη καὶ γενναία Θεά, τοῦτο εἰς ἡμᾶς εἶναι κατὰ ,, πολλὰ ἀρεστόν, ἐπειδὴ ἔχομεν τὴν τύχην ἢ τιμὴν ,, νὰ χαίρωμεν τὴν παρουσίαν σου. ,,Ὅσα λέγονται διὰ ,, αὐτὴν τὴν βρύσιν, εἶναι ὅλα ἀληθινά, ἢ τὸ κτύπημα ,, τοῦ ποδὸς τοῦ Πηγάσου, ἔκαμε τὸ χλόη ὥσαν νὰ ἐνθυμηθῇ νὰ μᾶς δώσῃ τὰ ἱερὰ ταῦτα ὕδατα. ,,Ἡ ὁποῖα ὡδήγησε τὴν Ἀθηνᾶ διὰ νὰ τὰ ἴδῃ. Πολλὴν ὥραν ἔμεινεν ἡ Θεὰ ὡς σχεσηκυῖα πρὸς τὸ ποιητικὸν πρᾶγμα, ἢ αὐτὴ ἐθαύμασε τὰ
μικρότερα οἰκήματα ἀπὸ τὸ ἐδικόν μας, καθ᾿ ὃν ἀπηξίωσαν καλύβας. Εἰς αὐτὰς τὰς δεήσεις ἀποβλέψασαι, καὶ τὴν πανωλείαν φοβούμεναι, κατελύσαμεν εἰς τὸν οἶκόν τε. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἔπαυσεν ἡ βροχή, ἢ ἀπώξειεν ὁ πατήρ, ἠθέλαμεν νὰ ἀποπερατώσωμεν τὴν ὁδοιπορείαν μας· ἀλλ᾿ ὁ Πειρῶδός μας ἐμπόδισε, καὶ κλείσας τὴν θύραν τῆς οἰκίας τε, ἐπεχείρησε νὰ μᾶς βιάσῃ, ἃν δὲν ἐφύγαμεν ἐν τάχει διὰ τῶν πτερύγων, τὰς ὁποίας τότε ἐνεδύθημεν. Μετὰ τὴν φυγήν μας, δὲν ἡσύχασαν οἱ φρένες τε σκληραί, ἀλλ᾿ ἀνέβη ἔπανω εἰς πύργον, μὲ σκοπὸν νὰ μᾶς ἀποπλανήσῃ· καὶ βλέπων ἡμᾶς φερομένας εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, θέλω σᾶς τι πολυσθῆναι, εἶπον, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ δρόμου, καθ᾿ ὃν μὲ φεύγετε· καὶ ἔπειτα ἐκρημνίσθη, ὁ ἄφρων ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ πύργου, ὅθι ἀπέθανε, μολύνας τὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ μιαρόν τε αἷμα· ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐκδικηθῆμεν ἀπὸ τὴν ἀναίδειάν τε, καὶ ἀναισχυντίαν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Α Μῶσαι, ἤ μάλλον εἴπω αἱ ἐπιστῆμαι, αἱ θυγατέρες τῦ Οὐ- ρανῦ, εἰς κάθε κακόν ἄλαβον ἐχθροί, ἀλλὰ πάντοσε τᾶ ἐ- ντίμως. Ὅταν ἡ τυραννία ἔπαψε νὰ ξερριζώνῃ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἐ- τενώσθη νὰ πᾶς ἀποδιώξῃ, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι κανένα φράγμα πλέον πολέμιον εἰς αὐτήν, ὅσον ἡ ἀγάπη τῆς γραμμάτων, καὶ ἡ φιλοσο- φία, ἥτις διδάσκει ὅπα πάντων ἂν μεγαφρονώμεθα. Βέβαια οἱ τύ- ραννοι δὲν ἐχθρολογοῦνται ἀπὸ τι τοσοῦτον, ὅσον τῶν ὕμνων τῆς Μουσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι τῆς παραστέλλουσι τὴν κακίαν των, καὶ τὸς δι- δάσκουσι καὶ ὑβρίζουσιν, ἐλέγχουσαι τὴν ἀτιμίαν αὐτῶν. Δεὶ ἀφέ- τως νὰ θαυμάζωμεν ὅτι αἱ ἐπιστῆμαι, αἱ διδάσκουσαι τὴν λατρείαν τῆ Θεῦ, ἰ τὴν Δικαιοσύνην, καταδέχονται ὑπὸ μοχθηρὸς ἀνθρώπῦ
ὁμολογῆσαι πηγήν πάντων τῶν ἀγαθῶν, δι' ἃς ἐγκαταλείπει ποτὲ μάλιστα τὰς ὑπεραγαπᾶ, ἐ αὐτοὶ πάντοτε ἐρῶς καταχέουσιν ἦν ἔχθραν των.
Ταῦτα μὲς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπουμε τὰς Μούσας νὰ πηγαίνουν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἐνὸς τυράννῦ, ὥσπερ θέλε νὰ τοῦ δώσουν καλὰς συμβουλίας· ἀλλ' αὐτὸς τὰς κακολογεῖ, θέλε νὰ τὰς ἀτιμάσῃ, ὅτι οἱ κακοὶ ἀ συνηθίζουν νὰ κολακεύουν ἐκείνας, τὰς ὁποῖες θέλουν νὰ ὑποβλέψουν. Αἱ Μοῦσαι ὅμως ἐξάφνα ἐπερωτήσαντα, ἦ ἔφυγον τὴν βίαν τῦ τυράννῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος σκοπὸν εἶχεν νὰ τὰς ἀτιμάσῃ, ἀπώλυσε μόνον τὸ ἔλεος ἰδίᾳ.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος, ὡς καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοί, μετέχει καὶ τῆς Ἱστορίας· διότι ὁ Κορινθίας τυραννὸς Πυραιλος, ὡς ἐχθρὸς ἦν Μουσῶν, ἐρεύνατησε βασιλικῶς τὰς Φρυγίας, ἢ ἔμαθε τὸ κακὸ τοῦ ἐναντιοῦντο εἰς αὐτόν, τὰς ἐδίαξασεν ὑπὸ τὸ βασιλείαν τας, κατεδάφισεν ὅλα τὰ κολέας, ὅσα ἐπαραδίδοντο αἱ Δημόσιαι καὶ τέλος ἀπέθανεν ἀδίκως, δίχα τὸ νὰ ἐκπληρώσῃ τας παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ἢ πεπαιδευμένῃ ἀνδρῶν συμβουλὰς ἢ παραγγελίας.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος ἀποδύνει ὅτι αἱ Μοῦσαι φεύγουσι τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ δὲν κατοικοῦσιν εἰς, ὅπου συγχύσιας ἢ ὅπλα, ἀλλὰ ζητοῦσι πάντοτε τὴν ἡσυχίαν καὶ εἰρήνην. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἐναντιοῦμαι εἰς τὴν γνώμην αὐτήν, τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς παρέδωκεν ἡ Ἀρχαιότης, καὶ οἱ παλαιότεροι δέχονται καὶ τὴν σήμερον. Ἀλλὰ δίχα τι ἄρχαι μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἡ πολεμικὴ, ἅμα δὲ τὸ ἦν δυνατόν, ὑπῆγε νὰ ὑπερασπίζῃ τὰς Μούσας, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἰσὶν ὑποδέχονται ὡς ἡ θεοὶ ὑποδέχτης αὐτοῦ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνα, χωρὶς νὰ ξορμάξῃ δίχα τοῦ ἔργου, ἢ νὰ φοβηθῇ, τὸ δύρντος, τῶν ἀλανεφαλαίαν, ἢ τῶν δολίαν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ, ἢ οὖ λόγῳ
Καὶ ἔντος, αἱ εἰ Μοῦσαι δέν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ ἡ συλλογιστικὴ καὶ δημιουργικὴ δύναμις τοῦ νοῦ, ἕπεται ὅτι ἡ αὐτὴ Θεία δύναμις εἶναι ἐξαιρέτως ἀναγκαία εἰς τὰς μεγάλας ἰδέας ἀρετῆς, καὶ ἡ ἔχει εἶναι ὁ ὕλης τιμῆς, αἱ δὲ ἐλησιμολες εἰμὶ εἰς κανὸν ποὺ χρησιμολες.
Πάντοθεν παρασθέντες τὰς Μούσας, ἐπειδὴ ὅσοι ἀγαπῶσι τὰς ὑπηρεσίας, καὶ θέλουν νὰ τὰς ὑποκινήσωσι, ὀφείλει νὰ μένει, καὶ παρασὶ, ἡ σώφρων, δηλαδὴ ἐλεύθερον ὑπὸ ὅλα τὰ πάθη· διότι καθὼς τὸ ἀῤῥωστημένον σῶμα δὲν δύναται νὰ ἐξασκῆται εἰς σωματικὰς ἀγωνίας· οὕτω καὶ ὁ νοῦς διακόπτεμενος ὑπὸ τὰ πάθη, δὲν δύναται νὰ κατευθύνεται εἰς τὴν μελέτην, οὔτε εἰς καμμίαν ἄλλην πνευματικὴν ἄσκησιν.
Περὶ τῆς Πιερίδων τῆς εἰς κισσίτας μεταμορφώσεως.
Αἱ ἐννέα Πιερίδες, ἤτοι αἱ ἐννέα Θυγατέρες Πιέρου τοῦ Βασιλέως τῆς Θεσσαλίας μεταβάλλονται εἰς κισσίτας, ἐπειδὴ ἐπολμήθησαν νὰ ἁμιλλῶσι τὰς θείας Μούσας, καὶ ἡδὲ ἡ Μοῦσα, γέμασι ἀξάφνιον μεταμορφώσεων.
Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Μοῦσα οὕτως ὡμίλει, ἠκούσθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ψόφος πτερύγων, καὶ ὁμοῦ φωναὶ, ἡ ὁποία ἐφαίνετο ὅτι προήρχετο ἀπὸ τὰ δένδρα, καὶ ἐχαιρέτα τὴν Θεάν. Ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ κατεπλάγη, καὶ ἐσήκωσεν ἀνω τὰ ὄμματά της, καὶ ἠρώτησε πόθεν προήρχετο ὁ ἦχος, ὁ παρομοιάζων ἀνθρωπίνας φωνάς. Αὐτὸς ἄλλο τι δὲν ἦτον
Up to this point Tritonian Minerva had given her time, freely, in friendship, to this brother of hers, conceived in a shower of gold, but now, surrounded by vaulted cloud, she vanished from the island of Seriphos, and leaving Cythnus and Gyarus behind on her right, she headed for Thebes, and Mount Helicon, home of the virgin Muses, crossing the sea by whichever way seemed quickest. Reaching it, she alighted there, and spoke to the sisters, learned in song, saying �Talk of a new fountain has reached my ears, that gushed out from under the hard hoof of winged Pegasus, born of Medusa. That is the reason for my journey. I wanted to see this wonderful creation. He himself I saw born from his mother�s blood.�
Urania replied �Whatever reason brings you here, to see our home, goddess, you are dear to our hearts. But the tale is true: Pegasus is the source of our fountain�, and she led her to the sacred waters. Pallas, having looked in wonder, for a long time, at this stream, made by the blow of the horses hoof, gazed around her at the groves of ancient trees, the caves, and the grass, embroidered with innumerable flowers, and said that the daughters of Mnemosyne were equally happy in their home and their pursuits. At which one of the sisters answered, �O, Tritonia, who would have been one of our choir, if your virtues had not formed you for greater things, what you say is true, and you rightly approve our arts and our haunts. Our life is happy, if only it were safe. But (nothing is sacred to the wicked), all things frighten virgin minds. Dread Pyreneus�s destruction is in front of my eyes, and my mind has not yet recovered fully.
That fierce man had captured Daulis and the Phocian fields, with his Thracian warriors, and wrongly held the kingdom. We were heading for the shrine on Parnassus. He saw us going by, and his face showing apparent reverence for our divinity, he said (knowing us), �Mnemonides, wait, don�t be afraid, I beg you, to shelter from the rain and the lowering skies� (it was raining): �The gods have often entered humbler homes�. Responding to his words, and the weather, we gave the man our assent, and went into the entrance hall of the palace. The rain stopped, the north wind overcame the south, and the dark clouds fled from the clearing sky. We wished to go. Pyreneus closed the doors, and prepared for violence, and we escaped that only by taking to our wings. He stood on the highest summit, as if he would follow us, saying �Whatever is your way, is also mine�, and foolishly threw himself from the roof of the main tower. He fell headlong, breaking his skull, hammering the ground in dying, and staining the earth with his evil blood.��
εἰμὴ συνάθροισις ἐνέα μουσῶν, τῆς μιμημένων ἅπαν- τα με τὸν φαῦλον, ἢ ἐθρήνουεν τὴν δυστυχίαν των. Πα- ραπλήσασα ἡ Μοῦσα τὴν Θεὰν ἐκπληττομένην νὰ πῶς οἰκτὴ, τῇ ἐδιηγήθη τὴν τύχην των. „Δὲν εἶναι, λέ- „γει, πολὺς καιρὸς ἢ αὖται ἤβησαν τὸν ἀείσμον της „ἐρμέων. Πιέρος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Μακεδονίας ἔλαβον „ἐνέα Θυγατέρας ἀπὸ τὴν Εὐΐππην τὴν γυναῖκά „του, ἡ ὁποία ἐκυοφόρησεν εἰς ἅπαντας ὁσάκις ἐγεήη- „σεν. Αἱ αὐθάδεις αὗται ἀδελφαὶ εἰς ἡλικίαν γινόμε- „ναι, ὑπερηφανεύοντο καὶ διὰ τὸν ἀείσμόν των, καὶ διὰ „τὸ πνεῦμα των εἰς λόγον, ὥστε αὐθάδιασαν νὰ διά- „βουν τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ Θεσσαλίαν, καὶ νὰ ἔλθουν ἐδῶ „ἐδῶ νὰ φιλονεικήσουν μὲ ἡμᾶς εἰς τὰ τῆς μουσικῆς. „Παύσατε, μᾶς ἔλεγον, νὰ ἀπατᾶτε τὸν ἁμαθῆ λαὸν „μὲ τὴν ματαίαν γλυκύτητα τῆς ᾠδῶν σας. Πρέ- „πει νὰ φιλονεικήσητε μὲ ἡμᾶς διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν δόξαν „ἀδίκως ἰδιοποιήθητε, καὶ δὲν ἀμφιβάλλομεν ὅτι δὲν „θέλετε μᾶς ὑπερέχει εἰς τὴν μελῳδίαν ἢ ἐπιστήμην. „Δὲν δύνασθε νὰ προφασίσθητε εἰς τὸν ἀείσμόν σας, „ἐπειδὴ ἔστε ἐνέα, καθὼς ἢ ἡμεῖς. Πρέπει νὰ μᾶς „ἀφήσετε τὴν Ἱπποκρήνην, καὶ Ἀγανίππην τὰς πή- „γας, ἢ νὰ σᾶς ἀφήσωμεν ἡμεῖς τὰς ὡραίας πεδιάδας „τῆς Μακεδονίας, καὶ νὰ ἀναχωρήσωμεν μὲ ἐντροπὴν „εἰς τὰ ὄρη τῆς Θράκης. Ἂς ἐκλέξωμεν Νύμφας „τινὰς διὰ νὰ κρίνουν τὴν φιλονεικίαν μας, καὶ νὰ δώ- „κουν τὴν ψῆφον κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν. Ἦτον τῇ ἀλη- „θείᾳ ἐντροπή μας νὰ παραβληθῶμεν καὶ νὰ ἁμιλ- „λώμεθα μὲ τὰ παρθένας αὐτάς, ἀλλὰ ἐνομίσαμεν „πάλιν μεγαλητέραν ἐντροπὴν νὰ ἀποφύγωμεν τὴν „πρόσκλησιν, καὶ νὰ δείξωμεν ὅτι ταῖς ἀφίναμεν τὴν „νίκην. Ἐκλέχθησαν λοιπὸν Νύμφαι τινές, αἱ ὁποῖαι
„ωρμίδησαν εἰς τὰς ἔδρας τῶν κριτῶν των, ὅτι ἤθελαν νὰ μὴ δικάσωσι τὴν κρίσιν, & ἐκάθησαν δύω δύω διὰ νὰ ἀκροασθῶσι καὶ τὰ δύω μέρη. Τότε χωρὶς νὰ προσμείνῃ τὴν ψῆφον τῆς τύχης, τίνες ἡμῶν ἔπρεπε νὰ ἀρχίσουν πρῶται, μία ἐξ ἐκείνων ἐξηγάγθησεν αὐτὸ τὴν μάχην τῶν γιγάντων, δοξάζουσα καὶ μεγαλύνουσα τὰς ψευδῶς, καὶ συντρίβουσα τὴν τιμὴν ἢ δόξαν τῶν Θεῶν διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔκαμαν ἔργα εἰς τὸν φημισμένον ἐκεῖνον πόλεμον. Εἶπεν ὅτι ὁ Γίγας ὁ Τυφωεὺς ἐφόβησε τοὺς Θεοὺς μὲ τὴν παρουσίαν του, ὥστε ἐξάπησαν εἰς φυγὴν, μὴ τολμήσαντες νὰ πολεμήσουν, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ἠθέλησαν ἡσυχάσει εἰς κανένα μέρος, ᾧ ὁ τόπος τῆς φυγῆς δὲν ἤθελε τοὺς ἀναγκάσῃ νὰ βαθῶσιν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, ὅπου κατέφυγον εἰς τὰς ἐπὶ ἑπταστόμου τοῦ Νείλου. Ἐπρόσθεσεν ὅτι ὁ Τυφωεὺς τοὺς ἠκολούθησεν ἕως ἐκεῖ, ἢ διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὴν θεομαχίαν, οἱ Θεοὶ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς διαφόρας μορφάς, ὁ μὲν Ζεὺς εἰς κριὸν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς τὴν Λιβύαν φαίνεται ὁ Ζεὺς Ἄμμων μὲ κέρατα· ὁ δὲ Ἀπόλλων εἰς κόρακα, ὁ Διόνυσος εἰς τράγον, ἡ Ἄρτεμις εἰς γαλῆν, ἡ Ἥρα εἰς δάμαλιν, ἡ Ἀφροδίτη εἰς ἰχθύδιον, καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς τὸ ὄρνεον, τὸ ὀνομαζόμενον Ἶβις. Μόλις ἐπέλεσε τὸ ᾠδῶν ταύτην, μᾶς ἐπροσκάλεσαν διὰ νὰ ᾠδήσωμεν & ἡμεῖς. Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, ὦ μεγίστη Θεὰ, δὲν δικαίως νὰ μείνῃς ἐδῶ περισσότερον καιρὸν, οὔτε νὰ ἀκούσῃς τὰ ᾄσματα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα ἡμεῖς ἐνικήσαμεν. Ὄχι ὄχι, τῇ ἀπεκρίθη ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, μὴν ὀκνήσῃς νὰ μὲ τὰ εἴπῃς ὅλα·" καὶ εὐθὺς ἐκάθισεν εἰς τὴν σκιὰν μικροῦ τινὸς δάσους. „Ἡμεῖς
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 269
πάλιν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον τὰ ἄγια. Αὐτὴ λοιπὸν ἐσηκώθη ἄδεια, ἔχουσα δεδεμένον τὸν νόον μὲ φύλλα κισσοῦ, κ᾽ μετὰ τινα προπαρόματα, ἐξαγώρησε πρὸς τὰ χῶρα τῶν ἁρπαγῶν τῆς Περσεφόνης.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ὁ Πλούταρχος ἐς τὸν περὶ Μουσικῆς λόγον ταῦτα λέγει ὅτι ὁ Πιέριος ἔχει συνθέσει ποιήματα τινα ἀπὸ τῶν Μουσῶν ὅθεν εἶναι πιθανὸς ἡ τῆς παραβολῆς αἰτία ὁποίαι εὐθὺς ἤμελλον νὰ παραβληθῶσι μὲ τὰς Μούσας νὰ εἴσιν περὶ τὰ ποιήματα ταῦτα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἦσαν, ὡς λέγουσιν, ὡραϊότατα, ἀλλ' ἀσεβῆ. Θεὸν ἄσημον τις λέγει καὶ ὁ Ὀβίδιος λέγει ὅτι αἱ Πιέριδες ἐξηγόρευσαν τὴν νίκην ἀπὸ Γιγάντων κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, οἱ ὁποῖοι Θεοὶ ἀναγκασθέντες, ὡς εἴπομεν, εἶπον, τὰ πρῶτα ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, μεταμορφωθέντες ἐς διάφορους μορφὰς ζώων, διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ὑπὸ τῶν διωκόντων αὐτοὺς ἐχθρῶν τῶν. Ἐγὼ δὲ φημὶ Δήμητρα ὡς δὲν παρέδωκεν ὅτι ἐμυθολογήθη νὰ μεταμορφωθῶσιν ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον οἱ Θεοὶ ἐς διάφορα εἴδη ζώων, ἐπειδὴ οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι δὲν ἀπεδοῦσαν ἀλάβαστον θεότητα εἰς κἄθε εἶδος ζώων, λαβόντες ἤτοι τὰ μᾶλλον ἢ ἧττον ζῶα ἐξησοιουμένα ἐς τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους αὕτη ἡ δεισιδαιμονία ἐφαίνετο γελοιώδης, ἔπλασαν ὅτι οἱ Θεοὶ ὄντως ὅτι ὀλίγοι τὸν ἀριθμὸν (ἐπειδὴ οἱ Θεοὶ τῶν Ἀρχαίων ἐπληθύναντο ἐς τὸν Οὐρανόν, καθὼς οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐς τὴν γῆν) ἐφοβήθησαν τὴν σκληρότητα τῆς ἀσεβείας τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ κατέφυγον ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, μεταμορφούμενοι ἐς διάφορα εἴδη ζώων, καὶ δὲν ἐσθένησαν ὁ Πιέριος τοῦτον τὸν μῦθον, ἐς ὃν παρέδωκεν ἐς τὰς Ἑλλάδας τῶν Κισσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐκάμνουν μεγάλην παραφωνίαν, ἢ κακοφωνίαν, εἰκονίζουσαι οἱ φαῦλοι Ποιηταί, καὶ δυστυχῶς, οἱ νομίζοντες ἑαυτοὺς σοφωτέρους ἐκείνων ὧν
THE NINE MUSES AND THE NINE MAGPIES
The Muse was speaking: wings sounded in the air, and voices in greeting came out of the high branches. The daughter of Jupiter looked up, and questioned where the sound came from, that was so much like mouths speaking, and thought it human, though it was birdsong. Nine of them, magpies, that imitate everything, had settled in the branches, bemoaning their fate. While she wondered, the other began speaking, goddess to goddess, �Defeated in a contest, they have been added only recently to the flocks of birds. Pierus of Pella, rich in fields, was their father, and Paeonian Euippe was their mother. Nine times, while giving birth, she called, nine times, to powerful Lucina. Swollen with pride in their numbers, this crowd of foolish sisters came here, to us, through the many cities of Achaia and Haemonia, and challenged us to a singing competition, saying �Stop cheating the untutored masses with your empty sweetness. If you have faith in yourselves, contend with us, you goddesses of Thespiae. We cannot be outdone in voice or art, and we are your equals in numbers. If you want, if you are defeated, you can grant us the Heliconian fountains, Hippocrene, of Medusa�s offspring, and Boeotian Aganippe. Or we will grant you the Emathian plains as far as snow-covered Paeonia! Let the nymphs decide the outcome.�
It was shameful to compete with them, but it seemed more shameful to concede. The nymphs were elected, and swore on their streams to judge fairly, and sat on platforms of natural rock. Then, without drawing lots, the one who had first declared the contest sang, of the war with the gods, granting false honours to the giants, and diminishing the actions of the mighty deities. How Typhoeus, issued forth from his abode in the depths of the earth, filling the heavenly gods with fear, and how they all turned their backs in flight, until Egypt received them, and the Nile with its seven mouths. She told how earth-born Typhoeus���� came there as well, and the gods concealed themselves in disguised forms. �Jupiter� she said, �turned himself into a ram, the head of the flock, and even now Libyan Ammon is shown with curving horns. Delian Apollo hid as a crow, Bacchus, Semele�s child, as a goat, Diana, the sister of Phoebus, a cat, Saturnian Juno a white cow, Venus a fish, and Cyllenian Mercury the winged ibis.�����������
δημιουργίας, θέλει δὲ εἰς τὴν Ποιητικὴν, νὰ μεταχειρίζωνται τὴν θείαν αὐτῆς πραγματείαν εἰς ἔργα τίμια, ἃ προσφέρουσι τῆς Θρη- σκείας, κατὰ μίμησιν ἐκεῖνο τὸ κατάλληλον τῆς ἀληθινῆς Ποιή- σεως, διὰ μέσου τῶν Μουσῶν, αἱ ὁποῖαι δὲν ἐξυμνοῦσιν μό- νον ἐπαίνους τῆς θείας τῶν ἡρώων καὶ ἐπειδὴ αἱ τῶν Ποιη- τῶν νόες ὀνομάζονται θεῖαι, ὀφείλει νὰ στέφωνται μόνον εἰς ἐκείνα, ὅσα εἶναι ἀρεστὰ, καὶ εὐαρεσδέκτα εἰς τὸν Θεὸν εἰ δὲ ὁ ἐν- θουσιασμὸς τῶν δὲν εἶναι πλέον ἱερὸς καὶ θεῖος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἀσέ- βεια μανία. Διὰ τοῦτο αἱ Μοῦσαι μυθολογοῦνται ὡς θεαί, αἱ θυγα- τέρες τοῦ Διὸς, καὶ ἄδουσι τοὺς ὕμνους τῶν θεῶν, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ὑποθή- ματα, ὡς θεία ἔμπνευσις, ὀφείλει νὰ ἐξαίρει ἐκεῖνο νὰ κοσμιδῶ- σι ὅλως διῶλου τὸν θρησκείας. Καὶ βέβαια ὅσον τις εἶναι σοφώ- τερος, τόσον λαλεῖ τὰ μεγαλοπρεπέστερα τῆς θεᾶς, καὶ οἱ συλλογισ- μοὶ εἶναι γενναιότεροι καὶ ὑψηλότεροι.
Περὶ τῆς παρὰ τῆ Πλάτωνος ἁρπαχθέ- σης Περσεφόνης, ἐξ Κυάνης Νύμφης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης.
Ὁ Πλάτων ἁρπάζει τὴν Περσεφόνην, καὶ μεταμορφώνει εἰς πηγὴν τὴν Κυάνην Νύμφην, ὡς τολμήσασαν νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὴν ἁρπαγήν.
Ὑπερτάτη ἡ Δημήτηρ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν χλόην τὸ ἄροτρον, ἡ ἔδωκε τὸν σῖτον πρῶτα χορηγίᾳ τῆς ἀνθρώπων πρώτη τὰ διώρισε νόμους, τὰ εὐῆθα τῆς δικαιοσύ- νης, ἡ τὴν τὰ βίε κοινωνίαν, καὶ ὅσα ἔχομεν καλά, εἶ- ναι ὅλα χαρίσματα ἀπὸ τὰ χεῖρας της λαμβανόμενα.
Δίναιον εἶναι λοιπὸν νὰ λάβωμεν τὰς ἐπαίνους τῆς· κ' ἐπείδη αὐτὴ ἡ Θεὰ εἶναι τῇ ὄντι ἀξία τῶν ὕμνων μας, εἴθε νὰ ἐδυνάμην κ' ἐγὼ νὰ λάλω ὕμνες, κ' ᾠδὰς προσήκοντας εἰς τὴν ἀξίαν τῆς! Ἡ Σικελία, ἡ περιβόητος ἐκείνη Νῆσος, εἶναι ὁ μέγας κ' ἀχανὴς τάφος τῶν Γιγάντων, κ' ὁ Τυφαῶς, ὁ τολμήσας νὰ διεγείρῃ πόλεμον κατὰ τῶν ἐπουρανίων Θεῶν, εἶναι ἐκεῖ πεθαμένος ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ βουνὰ· κ' ἐνᾦ ὁ δεξιός του βραχίων ἔχει ἐπιφορτισμένον τὸ Πέλωρον ὄρος, κ' ὁ ἀριστερὸς καταπιέζεται ἀπὸ τὸ ἀκρωτήριον τῆς Παχύνου, κ' τὰ σκέλη του ὑπὸ τὰς Λιλυβαίας, κ' ἡ Αἴτνη καλύπτει τὴν κεφαλήν του· ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐντότε ξερνὰ φλόγας μὲ ἄμμον κ' θειάφι ἀναμεμένας, μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο πάσχει συνεχῶς νὰ σηκώνῃ, κ' νὰ ἐλαφρώσῃ τὸ σώμα του ἀπὸ τὸ ἀνυπόφορον βάρος· διὸ γίνονται ἐνίοτε τοσοῦτον μεγάλοι σεισμοὶ, ὥστε φοβεῖται ὁ Πλούτων μήπως γίνωσι χαράδραι εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας οἱ ζῶντες νὰ βλέπουν τὰ μυστικά του, κ' ἀπὸ τὰς χαράδρας αὐτὰς διαβαίνον τὸ φῶς εἰς τὸ βαθὺ σκότος τοῦ ᾅδου, ξομάξῃ τὰς σκιὰς τῶν νεκρῶν. Ταῦτα ὁ Πλούτων φοβούμενος, ἐξέβηκεν ἀπὸ τὸ σκοτεινὸν τοῦ βασιλείου, κ' καθήμενος εἰς ἁμάξιον μὲ μαῦρα ἄλογα, περιῆλθε τῆς Σικελίας, διὰ νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὰ θεμέλια τῆς. Ἀφ' οὗ ἐπληροφορήθη ὅτι ἦσαν ἀσφαλῆ, ἀπέβαλε τὸν φόβον, κ' περιεπάτει ἐλεύθερος ὁλόγυρα εἰς ἐκεῖνα τὰ βουνὰ, τὰ σκεπάζοντα τῶν Γιγάντων τὰ σώματα. Ἡ Ἀφροδίτη διέτριβε τότε εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρυξ, κ' βλέψασα τὸν Πλούτωνα τῇδε κακεῖσε περιπατῶντα, ἐγκαλεσαμένη αὐτὸν τὸν πτερωτόν υἱόν της, τοῦ ὡμίλησεν οὕτως·,, ὦ υἱέ μου, ὃς τις εἶσαι ἡ χείρ μου, κ' ὅλη μου ἡ δύναμις, λάβε
„πάντας, τὰ πληγώσαν τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ ἔχοντος εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν του τῆς καταχθονίας πόλεως. "Ὅλοι οἱ ἐράσμιοι Θεοὶ σὲ φοβοῦνται" καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς αὐτὸς „σὲ γνωρίζει πυρεσσόν τα, καὶ ὁ κεραυνός σου νικᾶται ἀπὸ τὴν ἰσχὺν τῶν βολιδμάτων σου. "Ὅλα ὁμὲ τὰ ὕδατα δὲν δύνανται νὰ σβύσουν τὰς φλόγας σου" αἱ θαλάσσιοι Θεότητες ἐνικώθησαν ἀπὸ τὸν βραχίονά σου, „καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ποσειδῶν εἶναι δοῦλος σου. Διὰ τί λοιπὸν „μόνον τὰ καταχθόνια νὰ ἐναντιῶνται εἰς τοὺς νόμους „σου; Διὰ τί δὲν αὐξάνεις τὰ τιμώρια τῆς κράτους σου, „καὶ τῆς κράτους τῆς μητρὸς σου; Ἰδὲ δύνασαι τώρα νὰ ἀποκτήσῃς τὸ τρίτον μέρος τοῦ κόσμου· ἐπιμελήσου νὰ „αὐξήσῃς τὴν δόξαν σου, ἡ ὁποία ἀρχίζει νὰ σποπτίζεται, καὶ συλογάσου πόσα ὑπερφρονοῦμεν εἰς τὰς ἐραστὰς. Ἡ μακροθυμία μας εἶναι ἡ αἰτία, δι᾽ ἧς καταφρονεῖται τὸ κράτος μας, καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις μας ἀρχίζουσι νὰ ἐλαττοῦνται πάντοτε;. Δὲν βλέπεις τὴν Ἀθήναιαν πῶς ἐξέλιπε παντελῶς ἀπὸ τὴν ὑποταγήν μας; „Δὲν βλέπεις τὴν Ἄρτεμιν ἐμπαίζουσαν τὰ βέλη σου, „καὶ τὰς φλόγας σου; Ἂν δὲν φροντίσωμεν διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν μας, ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆς Δήμητρος θέλει παρθενεύσει, ὡς μιμουμένη τὰ αὐτὰ ἔργα τῆς „Ἀρτέμιδος, καὶ ἔχουσα τὰς αὐτὰς ἐλπίδας. Ἂν μέλει „σοι λοιπὸν διὰ τὴν τιμὴν ἀμφοτέρων ἡμῶν, κάμε „τρόπον νὰ γίνῃ ἐραστὴς τῆς παρθένου ὁ Πλούτων, καὶ „νὰ λάβῃ αὐτὴν εἰς γυναῖκα του". Μόλις ἡ Ἀφροδίτη ἐτελείωσε τὸν λόγον της, καὶ ὁ Ἔρως ἤνοιξεν εὐθὺς τὴν φαρέτραν του, καὶ κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τῆς μητρὸς του, ἐκλέξας τὸ ὀξύτερον, καὶ ἀσφαλέστερον βέλος, ἔτεινεν εὐθὺς τὸ τόξον του, καὶ ἐπλήγωσε βαθύτατα τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ Πλούτωνος.
�This much she played on her lute, with singing voice. Then called on us, - but perhaps you are not at leisure, or free to listen to a repetition of our music?� �Do not stop� said Pallas, �but sing your song again as you arranged it!� and she sat amongst the light shadows of the grove. The Muse renewed her tale �We gave our best singer to the contest. Calliope, who rose, with her loose hair bound with ivy, tried out the plaintive strings with her fingers, then accompanied the wandering notes with this song.
��Ceres first turned the soil with curving plough, first ripened the crops and produce of the earth, first gave us laws: all things are Ceres�s gift. My song is of her. If only I could create a song in any way worthy of the goddess! This goddess is truly a worthy subject for my song.
��Trinacris, the vast isle of Sicily, had been heaped over the giant�s limbs, and with its great mass oppressed buried Typhoeus, he who had dared to aspire to a place in heaven. He struggles it�s true and often tries to rise, but his right hand is held by the promontory of Ausonian Pelorus, and his left hand by you, Pachynus. Lilybaeum presses on his legs, Etna weighs down his head, supine beneath it, Typhoeus throws ash from his mouth, and spits out flame. Often, a wrestler, he throws back the weight of earth, and tries to roll the high mountains and the cities from his body, and then the ground trembles, and even the lord of the silent kingdom is afraid lest he be exposed, and the soil split open in wide fissures, and the light admitted to scare the anxious dead.
��Fearing this disaster, the king of the dark had left his shadowy realm, and, drawn in his chariot by black horses, carefully circled the foundations of the Sicilian land. When he had checked and was satisfied that nothing was collapsing, he relinquished his fears. Then Venus, at Eryx, saw him moving, as she sat on the hillside, and embraced her winged son, Cupid, and said �My child, my hands and weapons, my power, seize those arrows, that overcome all, and devise a path for your swift arrows, to the heart of that god to whom the final share of the triple kingdom fell. You conquer the gods and Jupiter himself, the lords of the sea, and their very king, who controls the lords of the sea. Why is Tartarus excepted? Why not extend your mother�s kingdom and your own? We are talking of a third part of the world. And yet, as is evident to me, I am scorned in heaven, and Love�s power diminishes with mine.
���Don�t you see how Pallas, and the huntress Diana, forsake me? And Ceres�s daughter too, Proserpine, will be a virgin if we allow it, since she hopes to be like them. But you, if you delight in our shared kingdom, can mate the goddess to her uncle.� So Venus spoke: he undid his quiver, and at his mother�s bidding took an arrow, one from a thousand, and none was sharper, more certain, or better obeyed the bow. Then he bent the pliant tips against his knee, and with his barbed arrow struck Dis in the heart.�
Πλησίον τοῦ βουνοῦ τῆς Αἴτνης εἶναι μεγάλη λίμνη, Περγοῦσα ὀνομαζομένη, ὅπου δὲ φαίνονται ὀλιγώτεροι κύκνοι ἀπὸ ὅσους ἔχει ὁ Κάϋστρος ποταμός. Εἶναι περικυκλωμένη ἀπὸ δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα φαίνεται ὅτι στεφανώνουν τὰ ὕδατα αὐτῆς, ἢ μὲ τὰς κλάδας των, ἢ μὲ τὰ φύλλα των σχηματίζουσιν ὥσπερ κάλυμμα, ἀποκρύπτον τὸν καύσωνα τῆς Ἡλίου. Τοιουτοτρόπως ἡ τῶν δένδρων ἐκείνων σκιὰ φέρει, ἢ διατηρεῖ εἰς τὸν τόπον ἀέραν τινα δροσίαν, ἢ ἡ γῆ εἶναι πάντοτε γεμάτη ἀπὸ ἄνθη, ἢ τὸ ἔαρ ποτέ δὲν λείπει. Ἐκεῖ διέβη ἡ Περσεφόνη, ἢ συλλέγουσα κρίνα ἢ ἴα, συνεβάλλετο μὲ τὰς ἑταίρας αὐτῆς ποία εὐκαίρουσα νὰ συνάξῃ τὰ ὡραιώτερα ἄνθη· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἔρως τοῦ Πλούτωνος ἔγινε ἐκ πρώτης ἀρχῆς τῆς ὥρας ἢ ἀφόρητος, μόλις τὴν εἶδε, τὴν ἠγάπησε, ἢ τὴν ἥρπαξεν εἰς θάρρος ἢ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν. Ἐνῶ ἡ Περσεφόνη διὰ μίαν τοιαύτην αἰφνίδιον ἁρπαγὴν, ἐφώναξε πολλάκις πρὸς βοήθειαν τῆς μητρὸς ἢ τὰς συνεταίρας τῆς, ἢ τὴν μητέρα τῆς, ἀλλ' ἐκτενέστερον τὴν μητέρα. Διεσχίσθησαν τὰ ἱμάτια τῆς ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν τοῦ Πλούτωνος διὰ νὰ τὴν ἁρπάξῃ, ἢ τῆς ἔπεσαν ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας τὰ πρὸ ὀλίγου συναθροισθέντα ἄνθη· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον πολλὰ νέα, ἢ ἡ παιδικὴ ἢ ἁπλότης τὴν ἐσυμβούλευσαν, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἔβλεπε τὸν κίνδυνον, δὲν ἔλειπε νὰ λυπηθῇ τὰ ἄνθη τῆς. Ἐν τούτῳ ὁ ἁρπάξας ἐπισπεύδει τοὺς ἵππους του, ἢ διὰ νὰ τοὺς παροξύνῃ περισσότερον, τοὺς κράζει κατ' ὄνομα, ἀφίνοντας ἢ τὰς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὸν λαιμόν τους. Οὕτω διέβη μεγάλας λίμνας, ἢ τὰς τῶν Παλικῶν, τῶν ὁποίων τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πηγάζοντα ἢ πάντοτε θερμὰ ὕδατα ἐξουσιάζουσι θειάφεις, ἢ
λιμνῶν, ἀπὸ τῆς δύω ὕδατα τὰ Βανχέτα, τὰ ἀπὸ τὴν Κόρινθον κατερχομένης.
Μεταξὺ τῆς Κυανῆς, κ' Ἀρετούσης εἶναι τόπος τις, ὅπου ἡ θάλασσα φαίνεται πανταχόθεν περικεκλεισμένη ἀπὸ τοὺς σκοπέλους. Ἡ Κυανή, ἡ πλέον περίφημος ὅλων τῶν Νυμφῶν τῆς Σικελίας, ἥτις ἔδωκε τὸ ὄνομά της εἰς τὴν λίμνην, τὸ ὁποῖον φέρει κ' μέχρι τῆς σή- μερον, διέμενε τότε εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον. Προβαίνουσα λοιπὸν αὕτη ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ ἕως εἰς τὴν ζώνην, κ' βλέ- πουσα τὴν Περσεφόνην, ἡ ὁποία ἐφέρετο ἁρπακτικῶς ὑπὸ τοῦ Πλούτωνος, εἶπε πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν Θεόν „δὲν „θέλεις ὑπάγῃ μακρυτέρα, κ' δὲν δύνασαι νὰ ᾖς „γῆς γαμβρὸς τῆς Δήμητρος, χωρὶς τῆς θελήσεώς της „ἡ θυγάτηρ της ἔπρεπε νὰ ζητηθῇ μὲ δεήσεις, κ' ὄχι „μὲ τὴν βίαν ἔπρεπε νὰ τὴν παρακαλέσῃς, ὄχι νὰ „τὴν ἁρπάσῃς· κ' ἂν μοί εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ πα- „ρομοιάσω τὰ μικρὰ μὲ τὰ μεγάλα, λέγω σοι ὅτι ὁ „Ἀνάπης ἠγάπησε μίαν φορὰν κ' ἐμέ, ὅμως μὲ ἐκα- „τάπεισε μὲ τοὺς λόγους του, κ' εἰς τὸν γάμον μας δὲν „εὑρέθη παρὸν οὔτε φόβος, οὔτε δυναστεία". Μόλις ἔφθασε νὰ πληρώσῃ τοὺς λόγους τούτους, ἥπλωσε τὰς χεῖράς της διὰ νὰ τὸν ἐμποδίσῃ νὰ μὴ περάσῃ· ἀλλ' ὁ Πλούτων θυμωθεὶς δι' αὐτὸ τὸ ἐμπόδιον, ἔβιασε πε- ρισσότερον τὰ ἄλογά του, κ' ἐτύπησε τὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ σκήπτρόν του, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐβύθισε εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, τὰ ἡ- νοιξε μέγα δρόμον, κ' τοῦ ἐδέχθη ὥσαν εἰς μίαν ἄ- βυσσον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸ ἁμάξιόν του, κ' μὲ τὴν λείαν του. Ἡ Κυανὴ λυπημένη διὰ τὸ συμβεβηκός, κ' ὅτι ἐμιάνθη- σαν τὰ νερὰ της μὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ἁρπαγήν, δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ εὕρῃ παρηγορίαν, κ' ἐλλείψει ἀναπαύσεως, ἀνελύθη εἰς δάκρυα
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 275
πηγὴν, τῆς ὁποίας ἦτον Θεὰ. Ὅλα τὰ μέρη τὰ σω- μάτος της ἄρχησαν ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον νὰ ἁπαλύνωνται, πάντα καλὰ τῆς ἐγίναν δυσκολονάμπτα, καὶ τὰ ὄνυχιά της ἔχασαν τὴν σκληρότητα των· ὅσα δὲ ἦσαν ἁπαλὰ καὶ ἀδύνατα, οἷον τὰ μέλεα, οἱ πόδες της, τὰ δάκτυλα, τὰ μαλλιὰ της, ἔλαβον φρίκη τὴν φύσιν καὶ ποιότητα τὰ ὕδατος· ἐπειδὴ ὅσον τὰ σώματα εἶναι ἁπαλώτερα, τόσον δυσκολώτερον μεταβάλλουνται εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ στοιχεῖον ἔπειτα ὁ ὦμος, ἡ ῥάχη, τὰ πλευρὰ, καὶ τὸ στῆθος της μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ῥεύματα, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἔλαβε τὸν τό- πον τοῦ πρότερον εἰς πᾶς φλέβας της ῥέοντος αἵματος· ὥστε δὲν ἔμειναν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα της τίποτε στερεόν, ἢ μὴ φεύγον τὴν ἁφήν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Πειν ομιλησαμεν περι της Περσεφονης, ημιζ ω να μη ειναγε εξω τα προκειμενα να ειπωμεν ολιγα τινα περι τα Τυφωνος του Διαβολου εκεινα Γιγαντος, ο οποιος σνεβασε ποσον φοβον εις τας Θεας κα Θεους περι το Δημησειον σαφηνειας μεν, πληδ πανηρο ος τις συμφορας πληθος σκεπειση κι αποιες αι τησεις πα διαμαν δια να βασιλησυν εις τλω Κροτιον, τα βασιλειον του Διος, η κατ αλλες εις την Αιγυπτον. Επι λεγυσιν οτι ο Τυφωνος ηπυν Σαυμασιας μεγεθης, κα πολυκεφαλος, επειδη σχεματισε μεγας σφραγμος, κι εκνιεσε πολυν κοσμον. Λεγυσι προς τνπις οτι ευχαζε φωτιας απο το σομα, κι ειχε τα χρειατα τα Διος, επειδη μεν τλω αιγλωττιαιν ενδυσιαιζεν ολα πα πισιματα εις το να πελεμησυν κατ αυτο τα Βασιλεας. Λεγυσι παλος οτι απεδωκεν ο Ερμης της χειρας τα Διι, επειδη δια της φρονησεως αικακεδησαν παλιν εις τλω υψωχηλω τα βασιλεως εσει τον ειχον αρισηι. Αλλοι λεγυσιν οτι ο Μυθος επλασθη δια να μας απορριψη απο τλω κενοδοξιαν κα υψηλοφροσυνιω, κι δια να μαθωμεν
δ'εις
ότι αυτή ειναι η πλέον ολίσθητος, και πλέον βλαβερά από όλας τας κακίας· πλάττεται δυσχερή τε όψη, και ότι σκέρνα φλόγες από το σώμα της. Και βέβαια ότι άμα η μανία της ενδιαμονής από τινα ψυχήν, τότε δή ούλαβείται πλέον ούτε άνθρωπία, ούτε δικαιοσύνη, ούτε θρησκεία. Διά ταύτα μυθολογούσιν ότι ο Τυφώξίς ήτον Γίγας, πολέμιος του Διός, τουτέστιν αυτά του Θεού, όστις εστίν η πηγή πάσης θρησκείας, πάσης δικαιοσύνης, και φιλανθρωπίας. Ζωγραφίζεται ο Τυφώξ με πολλάς κεφαλάς, και αύται δηλώσι τα διάφορα μέσα, τα οποία μεταχειρίζεται ο φιλόδοξος, και τήν ανησυχίαν και τάς φρεντίδας, ή τα κακά, όσα αφθονά εις τους άλλους ή εις τον εαυτόν του. Τέλος μετά πολλάς πολεμίας, ο Ζευς εφόνευσε τον Τυφώξ με τον κεραυνόν του· επειδή ακόμα ή ο φιλόδοξος, ή αποστάτης (διότι οι αποστάται ως επί το πλείστον είναι οι φιλόδοξοι) αντιστέκη μέχρι καιρόν εις τας θείας βουλήσεις, όμως εις το ύστερον κεραυνόνεται, και λαμβάνει τήν χρεωστουμένην τιμωρίαν.
��Not far from the walls of Enna, there is a deep pool. Pergus is its name. Ca�ster does not hear more songs than rise from the swans on its gliding waves. A wood encircles the waters, surrounds them on every side, and its leaves act as a veil, dispelling Phoebus�s shafts. The branches give it coolness, and the moist soil, Tyrian purple flowers: there, it is everlasting Spring. While Proserpine was playing in this glade, and gathering violets or radiant lilies, while with girlish fondness she filled the folds of her gown, and her basket, trying to outdo her companions in her picking, Dis, almost in a moment, saw her, prized her, took her: so swift as this, is love. The frightened goddess cries out to her mother, to her friends, most of all to her mother, with piteous mouth. Since she had torn her dress at the opening, the flowers she had collected fell from her loosened tunic, and even their scattering caused her virgin tears. The ravisher whipped up his chariot, and urged on the horses, calling them by name, shaking out the shadowy, dark-dyed, reins, over their necks and manes, through deep pools, they say, and the sulphurous reeking swamps of the Palici, vented from a crevice of the earth, to Syracuse where the Bacchiadae, a people born of Corinth between two seas, laid out their city between unequal harbours.
��Between Cyane and Pisaean Arethusa, there is a bay enclosed by narrow arms. Here lived Cyane, best known of the Sicilian nymphs, from whom the name of the spring was also taken. She showed herself from the pool as far as her waist, and recognising the goddess, cried out to Dis, �No�, and �Go no further!� �You cannot be Ceres�s son against her will: the girl should have been asked, and not abused. If it is right for me to compare small things with great, Anapis prized me and I wedded him, but I was persuaded by talk and not by terror.� Speaking, she stretched her arms out at her sides, obstructing him. The son of Saturn could scarcely contain his wrath, and urging on the dread horses, he turned his royal sceptre with powerful arm, and plunged it through the bottom of the pool. The earth, pierced, made a road to Tartarus, and swallowed the headlong chariot, into the midst of the abyss.
Άλλοι δυςάλχουσιν ότι διά τοῦ Τυφώος δηλοῦται οὗ δεσμοί, οὐ ὁμίως οὐ ἐςερχόμενοι ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἀλλ' οὐ ἡνέντες ἀνώθεν. Ὁ Γίγας, λέγουσιν, ἐπήγει με τὴν μάιν κατὰ τὸν Διατόλω, ἢ με τὴν ἄλλω τὴν Δυσὶν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ βασίλεια τὴν δύσμιον εἶναι κατατολλα δυντάμαρον, ἢ διαχείεται παταχύτης· ἀποδίδονται αὐτοὶ πολλὰ κεραλάς, ἐπειδὴ πλεῖςοι εἶναι ἡς οὐ ἀέμεοι, ἡς διάφοροι αἱ διαμέσες τῶν· τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἦτον σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ ὕστερα, καὶ τοῦ δεικνείο τὴν παχύτμητα ἡς ἀιρέμιον· τὰ μνεῖας τὰς ἐςέταγμένας ἀπὸ ὁ χεύςας, ἐπειδὴ δὲ πόσεται ἡσάι ἡς οὐ ἀέμεοι γίνονται ἀπὸ τὰς ξμρὰς ἡς Δερμὰς ἀτμίδας. Διὰ τῆς ψύςης τοῦ Διὸς, τοῦ διώκοντας αὐτὸν, καπερςίχη εἰς τὸ Κάυκασον ὄρας, ἐπειδὴ εὐ ἀέμεοι ἐπικρατοῦσι μάλιστα εἰς τὰ ὄρη. Τέλος ἐπειδὴ διεσκονται ἀέμεοι καὶ φωτίαι ὑπόγειοι, διὰ τῆς τοῦ ἐντασιν εἰπούτα ὅτι ὁ Ζὰς ἐδιακίωςε τὸν Τυφῶσα με κεραυνοὶ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ ὅτι ἐπάφη ὑποκάτω εἰς τὰ βουνὰ αὐτῆς τῆς Νήσας. Λέγουσιν ἔτι ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ Γίγας ἀνασθέη ἀήν Νῆσον, ἀγωνιζόμενος νὰ ἐκτινάξη τὸ μέγα ἐκεῖνο φρατίον, καθότι αὐτὴ ἡ Νῆσος ὑπὲρ παςαλλὰς γέμει κοιλαμάτων, οὗςα κληθονται ἀέμεοι καὶ φωτίαι, ὠςίξουσι συνεχῶν σεισμῶν.
Διὰ πῆς Περσεφόνης σημαίνεται ἡ δικαρπία τῆς γῆς, καὶ διὰ τὸ νὰ εἶχε μ
εφύσθαι καὶ διφλασις τῆς βάσας εἰς τὸ κάτω πᾶς ῥίζας ἦν ἀπό- ρον, καὶ ἴσου ἄλλο αἴτιον ἡ ἰσχὺς ὁ ἴσχυρὸς ἁρπάξει τῆς Περσεφόνης, καὶ εἰς ἁμάξιον μὲ ἕξ ἀλόγων διὰ τὸ ὁρμήσει οἱ πάντα ἡ ἐξ μῆνας καθ' ὧν αἱ ῥίζαι ἦν σίτον τρέφουσι μέτρα εἰς τὴν γῆν. Λέγουσιν ὅτι μετὰ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς ἀποφασίσθη νὰ διὰ- βῇ ἓξ μῆνας, μὲ τὸν Πλούτωνα, κ εἰξ μὲ τὴν μητέρα Θεόν· διότι ὁ ἀποθεμένος σῖτος τοῦ Χειμῶνα εἶναι ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, κ τὸ Θέ- ρος ἀνώσει αὐτὸς. Κατὰ τὴν σχέσιν τοῦ ἔθους ὁ Βαρρῶν ἔφηγεν τὸν τρόπον Μύσου εἰς τὸ περὶ φύσεως Θεῶν τὰ Κικέρωνος. Φαί- νεται, λέγει, ὅτι ἡ Περσεφόνη εἶναι ὁ σπόρος τῶν καρπῶν, καὶ ἡ γῆ εἶναι ἡ μήτηρ τῆς, ἡ ὁποία παρὰ Λατίνοις ὀνομάζεται Ceres, διὰ τὸ κομίζειν τοὺς καρποῦς, παρὰ τοῦ Gero Λατινικὸ ῥήματος, τὸ κομίζω.
Ἄλλοι παράγουσι τὴν λατινικὴν λέξιν Proserpina παρὰ τῷ pro- serpere, ἤγουν ἑρπύζειν, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ῥίζαι τῶν σπόρων ἐμπορεῖ νὰ ἐκτείνωνται εἰς τὴν γῆν. Τέλος λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Περσεφόνη εἶναι θυ- γάτηρ ἢ τριετηρὶς, ὅτις σημαίνει σωφροσύνη ὁ χάρις, καὶ ὅτι ἡ Δημήτηρ εἶναι ἡ Θεὰ ἤτοι τοῦ σίτου ἐπειδὴ εἶναι αἰτία σίτου κ᾽, καὶ οὕτως αὐτοσχέδιως ἀποδίδονται ὅτι οἱ ἀσφαλῶν εἶναι ἡ μήτηρ τῆς κοινῆς χαρᾶς ὁ ἀγαλλιάσεως.
Ἡ Περσεφόνη ὀνομάζεται καὶ Ἑκάτη παρὰ τὸ ἑκατὸν, καθότι ἡ Δημήτηρ, ἡ μήτηρ τῆς σίτου, ἡ ἐκλαμβανομένη αὐτὴ ἡ γῆς, διὰ νὰ ἀποδώσῃ σαφέστερα, ἀποδίδει ἑκατονταπλάσιον τὸ σπόρον τοῦ καρποῦ· καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι τόπος τόσον εὔφορος σίτῳ, ὅσον ἡ Σι- κελία, ἔνθα ἤρχοντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι πανταχόθεν καὶ ἠγόραζον, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι
ἄλλο, κ' καθ' ὅλον τὴν σέληνον ἔναι ἐπίγες ἐπὶ ὑψηλὸς ἢ ὑπὸ γῆν. Περὶ τῆς Κυάνης δὲν θέλω εἰπῇ πολλά. Σικελίας, συγκεκραμένη μὲ τὰ νερὰ τῆς Ἄνδης, ἐς τὴν γῆν τῆς Συ- ρακούσης. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ἄνδης ἢ ἡ Κυάνη ἦσαν ἐρασταί, ἐπειδή, κατὰ τὰς Μυθολόγους, οἱ ποταμοί, ἢ αἱ πηγαί, αἱ ὁμοῦ, ἢ πλησίον ῥέοντες, εἶναι ὥσπερ εἰς γάμον συνεζευγμένοι. Ἤθελα ὅμως νὰ μάθω διὰ τί μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι ἡ Κυάνη ἀντετάχθη εἰς τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Περσεφόνης, ἢ διὰ τί μετεβλήθη εἰς βρύσιν. Ταῦτα ὡς νο- μίζω ἀποδεικνύει ὅτι οἱ μικροὶ δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ ἐνασχολῶνται εἰς τὰς ἐπιχειρήσεις τῶν μεγάλων, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἀπολαμβάνουσιν ἄλλο τι ἤμαν λύπην ἢ δυστυχίαν. Ἀλλ' ἄφετον τὸ ἠθικόν, λέγω ὅτι ἡ Κυάνη ἐ- ναντιώθη εἰς τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Περσεφόνης, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὸ ἀκάρπι- αν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁσάκις συνέβη ἀκαρπία εἰς τὸ Σικελίαν, τὸ μέ- ρος ἐκεῖνο, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἤτον αὐτὴ ἡ βρύσις κατὰ τινὰ τρόπον πλησίως ἠδυνήθη νὰ καρποφορήσῃ περισσότερον ἀπὸ καθὲ ἄλλο.
Περὶ τῆς ἰς ἀσκάλαβον μεταμορφώσεως παιδὸς.
Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Δημήτηρ λυπημένη περιφέρετο ζητοῦσα τὴν Θυγατέρα μετεμορφώθη ἰς ἀσκάλαβον παῖδα τινὰ, ὅς τις ἐπολέμησε νὰ τὴν καταγελάσει.
Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Δημήτηρ λυπημένη διὰ τὴν ἀρπαγήν τῆς Θυγατρὸς τῆς, τὴν ζητεῖ ἰς μάτην παντακοῦ καὶ διὰ ξήρας καὶ διὰ Θαλάσσης. Ἀνατέλλει ἡ αὐγή, ἔρχεται πάλιν ἡ νῦξ, κ' ἡ αὐγή, κ' ἡ νῦξ τὴν δείσκουσι
��Cyane, mourning the rape of the goddess, and the contempt for the sanctities of her fountain, nursed an inconsolable grief in her silent heart, and pined away wholly with sorrow. She melted into those waters whose great goddess she had previously been. You might see her limbs becoming softened, her bones seeming pliant, her nails losing their hardness. First of all the slenderest parts dissolve: her dusky hair, her fingers and toes, her feet and ankles (since it is no great transformation from fragile limbs to cool waters). Next her breast and back, shoulders and flanks slip away, vanishing into tenuous streams. At last the water runs in her ruined veins, and nothing remains that you could touch.
��Meanwhile the mother, fearing, searches in vain for the maid, through all the earth and sea. Neither the coming of dewy-haired Aurora, nor Hesperus, finds her resting. Lighting pine torches with both hands at Etna�s fires, she wanders, unquiet, through the bitter darkness, and when the kindly light has dimmed the stars, she still seeks her child, from the rising of the sun till the setting of the sun.
��She found herself thirsty and weary from her efforts, and had not moistened her lips at any of the springs, when by chance she saw a hut with a roof of straw, and she knocked on its humble door. At that sound, an old woman emerged, and saw the goddess, and, when she asked for water, gave her something sweet made with malted barley. While she drank what she had been given a rash, foul-mouthed boy stood watching, and taunted her, and called her greedy. The goddess was offended, and threw the liquid she had not yet drunk, mixed with the grains of barley, in his face. His skin, absorbing it, became spotted, and where he had once had arms, he now had legs. A tail was added to his altered limbs, and he shrank to a little shape, so that he has no great power to harm. He is like a lesser lizard, a newt, of tiny size. The old woman wondered and wept, and, trying to touch the creature, it ran from her and searched out a place to hide. It has a name fitting for its offence, stellio, its body starred with various spots.
��It would take too long to tell through what lands and seas the goddess wandered. Searching the whole earth, she failed to find her daughter: she returned to Sicily, and while crossing it from end to end, she came to Cyane, who if she had not been changed would have told all. But though she wished to, she had neither mouth nor tongue, nor anything with which to speak. Still she revealed clear evidence, known to the mother, and showed Persephone�s ribbon, fallen, by chance, into the sacred pool. As soon as she recognised it, the goddess tore her dishevelled hair, and beat her breast again and again with her hands, as if she at last comprehended the rape. She did not know yet where Persephone was, but condemned all the lands, and called them thankless and unworthy of her gift of corn, Sicily, that Trinacria, above all, where she had discovered the traces of her loss.
��So, in that place, with cruel hands, she broke the ploughs that turned up the soil, and, in her anger, dealt destruction to farmers, and the cattle in their fields, alike, and ordered the ever-faithful land to fail, and spoiled the sowing. The fertility of that country, acclaimed throughout the world, was spoken of as a fiction: the crops died as young shoots, destroyed by too much sun, and then by too much rain. Wind and weather harmed them, and hungry birds gathered the scattered seed. Thistles and darnel and stubborn grasses ruined the wheat harvest.
παντοτε εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν κόσμον, ἢ εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν φροντίδα. Ἰὼ μὲν νύκτα ἐβάστα δύο λαμπάδας, ἁψαμένας εἰς τὴν Αἴτνην τὸ ὄρος, ἢ ἔπω περεξέγε διὰ τῆς σκότας, χωρὶς να ἀναπαυσῇ ποτὲ· μόλις δὲ ὁ Ἥλιος ἡμαύρωνε τὰ ἄστρα, ἐξέρχον ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀνατολὴν εἰς τὴν Δύσιν, πάλιν ζήτουσα τὴν Θυγατέρα της Περσεφόνην. Καταπονημένη τέλος ἀπὸ τὸν ὑπερβολικὸν κόπον, ἐδιψησε σφόδρα, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δέν τῇ προσέφερσεν ἡ γῆ καμίαν βρύσιν, ὑπῆγε να προσῇ εἰς οἶκόν τινα μακράδον πέτρινον καὶ σκεπασμένον ἀπὸ ἄχυρα. Εὐρέθησαν ἐκεῖσον μία γραῖα καὶ ἕν, ἣ ὁποία τῇ ἔδωκε τὴν πρόστασιν ὑποχουλίω, με ὅλον ὅτι δὲν τὴν ἐγνώριζε. Ἡ Θεὰ τῇ ἐζήτησον ὀλίγον ὕδωρ, ἣ δὲ καλὴ γραῖα τῇ ἔδωκε καταψυχάζουσαν πότον γλυκύτατον, κριθάριον, ἤτοι πτισάνην, με μέλιτον ἀνέμιξε τὸ νερὸν ἑψημένον, τὸ ὁποῖον εἶχον ἐπίσης προσφέρει. Ἐν ᾧ ἔπινον ἡ Θεὰ, ἰδὲ ἐμπρὸς ἐμφανίζεται τις εἰς παιδίον, καὶ βλέπον αὐτὸν ἐσώγυσαν ὅτι πίνουσα με πόσης ἀπληστίαν, ἤρχησαν να λέγῃ πολλὰς αὐθάδας, ὅτι να τὴν ὑβρίζῃ ὡς λαίμαργον, ἢ ἀδιάκριτον. Ἡ Δημήτηρ ὀργισθεῖσα διὰ τὰ λόγια τοῦ παιδὸς, ἔρριψεν ἐπάνω του τὸ ἐναπολειφθὲν τῆς ποτῆς, καὶ ἀλφίτου, καὶ ἐν παντὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν του ἔγινε ποικίλλον, αἱ χεῖρες του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πόδας, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μεταβολὴν τῶν ἄλλων μελῶν του, μία μακρὰ οὐρὰ, ἐπελείωσε τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν του, καὶ ἔπω συνεσταλῇ εἰς μικροτάτην μορφὴν, διὰ να μὴ ἤμπορῇ εἰς τὸ ἔξης να βλάψῃ τινά· ἢ ἐπὶ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, ἔγινον ἀσάλακος, καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις του ἔγιναν ἀνάλογοι με τὸ μικρόν του σῶμα. Ἐξώμαξε βλέπων τὸν ἑαυτόν του εἰς τοιαύτην κατάστασιν, καὶ ἔφυγε κλαίων ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τ
πρεπωδη μορφην τε, ὑπηγε νέα κρυφθῆ εἰς πᾶς ξύπας. Ἐκποτε, επειδη πα σίγηαπε, με πα οποῖοι εἶναι πε- ποιημένος παρομοιάσεσι τόσους μικρὸς ἀξέρας, ἔφερε παύτοτε ἰ ὄνομα ἀρμόζον εἰς τὸ χῶμα τω (α).
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Μυθύσσειν ὅτι τὸ φθονερόν τωπο, νῦν κατακάλλου παιδίον μιτε- βλήθη παρα τῆς Δημήτρος εἰς Ἀσκάλαβον, επειδη δὲν εἶναι αὐτο ζῶον πλέον, πολέμιον εἰς τὸ καλὸ που πλησίει ἐσον ὁ λοιδορος ἢ φθονερος ἄνθρωπος.
Ὁ Πλίνιος λέγει ὅτι τὸ δέρμα τς εἶναι ἐξαιρέτον ἰατρικὸν κατὰ τῆς ἐπιληψίας· καὶ ὅτι τὸ φθονερὸν αὐτο ζῶον, ὡσὰ νὰ μὴ ἠθελε νὰ μετακινεῖται ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸ ἰατρικὸν, ὅταν ἐκδύεται τὸ δέρμα- του, τρώγει τὸ αὐτὸ. Ἀλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲν ἀπο- βλέπει τον φθονερὸν, ἢ τον κατακάλλου, ἐπειδη μᾶς παριστᾶ παῖ- δας οἱ ὑψηφελει καὶ ἀειρίφθονον, πέτρεγλωπα τῆς Δημήτρα, διατι ἔξοχει ἀκαπος, ὡσοι πίθασμέν ψόμοι εἶσι.
Ἤδη γνωρίζω λοιπὸν ὅτι διὰ νὰ ἀποδειχθῇ πόσον εἶναι μισητοὶ οἱ ἐπιχαίροντες καὶ ὅσοι ἔχουσιν εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν τῶν ἄλλων, καὶ πό- σον μισοῦσιν εἶναι ἄξιοι τῆς πανταμοῦς κοινωνίας, ἀλλάσσεται ὅτι μεταμορφόνεται ὡς καὶ ἓν μικρὸν παιδίον, μεταμορφούμενον εἰς ἀ- σκάλαβον, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ δαγκώματα, ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἡμῶν, ἢ μᾶς ἀφήνουσι πολὺν πόνον, ἢ κατὰ διαφόρων τόπων βλά- πτουσι τὰς πληγὰς. Τοῦτο αὐτὸ ποιοῦσι καὶ οἱ κακαὶ γλῶσσαι ὑπο- κριταί, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἂν δὲν πρόξενουσι θάνατον, γίνονται ὅμως αἴ- τιοι μεγάλης λύπης· ἢ ἐπειδὴ κάθε ἐμπαθὴς εἶναι σχεδὸν κα- τάφαλος, διὰ τὸ ὕψος τῆς μοχθῆς καὶ ἀπειράστου. Προσέτι ὡς ἐκ τούτου, οἱ τινὲς ἀγαπῶσι νὰ ἀκούσωσι τὰ κατὰ τῶν πλησίον ψέγε- λάσματα, μισοῦσι ἢ φοβοῦνται τὰς γλώσσας, ἠξεύρωντες ὅτι τέλος ψεγελασθῇ ἡ αὐτὴ εἰς ἄλλον ἀφορμίαν.
Τέλος προσθέτομεν ὅτι μεταμορφοῦται εἰς ἀσκάλαβον, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς τὸ ζῶον τοῦτο περιπατεῖ σχολίως, καὶ φύσει διστάζον, οὕτω δὲν εἶναι ἀράγματα παχύτερον ἀπὸ τῶν ψιθύρων, ὁ διστακτικώτερον νὰ φθάσῃ ἀπὸ τὸν γέλω. Διὰ τοῦτο λέγεται ὅτι ὁ ψιθυριστὴς ἐπρόκειτο νὰ χάσῃ τὸν φίλον, παρὰ νὰ ἀποσιω- πήσῃ τὸ σκῶμμα.
Περὶ Ἀσκαλάφου τοῦ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς βύαν.
Ἡ Νύμφη Ἀρεθοῦσα φανεροῖ τῆς Δημήτρα ὅτι ὁ Πλούτων ἥρ- παξε τὴν Περσεφόνην. Ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος διὰ τὸ νὰ διαβάλῃ τὴν Περσεφόνην ὅτι ἔφαγεν εἰς τὸν Ἅιδου ἑπτὰ κόκκους ῥοιᾶς, με- ταβάλλεται παρ᾽ αὐτῆς εἰς βύαν, ὄρνεον ἀκαὶς οἶος.
Θέλει σῶς εἶναι βέβαια ὀχληρὸν νὰ διηγήσω ὅ- λες τὰς τόπους, τὰς πολεμούς, ἢ πᾶς Θαλάσσας, ὅπου ἡ λυπημένη Δημήτρα ἐζήτησε τὴν Θυγατέρα της Περσεφόνην. Αὕτη περιεξέτρεξεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, ἢ πό- σον τὴν ἐζήτησεν, ὥστε δὲν εἶχε πλέον ποῦ νὰ ὑπάγῃ. Ἠναγκάσθη λοιπὸν νὰ ἐπιστρέψῃ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὡδοίπορε παντα χῆς, ὑπῆγε καὶ εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅ- που μίαν φορὰν εὑρίσκετο ἡ Κυάνη· καὶ ἂν αὐτὴ ἡ Νύμφη ἤθελον ἔχει ἀκόμη τὴν πρώτην της μορφήν, ἤθελε τῇ φανερώσῃ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς τῆς Περσεφόνης ἀλλὰ ἡ Κυάνη δὲν εἶχε πλέον οὔτε φωνήν, οὔτε στόμα,
λούτε ἄλο τι ρήσιμον φαρὸ λαλιὰ. Ἔδειξέ με ὅπου ἀπὸ σημεῖα τινὰ, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀναμέσων τῆ λύπη τῆς ἐδήμευσε μόλις· ἐπειδὴ τῇ ἔδειξεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ τὴν ἐκεῖ κατὰ τύχην ἐμπεσοῦσαν ζώνην τῆς Περσεφόνης. Μόλις τὴν εἶδες ἡ Δήμητρα, ἔτιλλε τὰς τρίχας τῆς κεφαλῆς της, καὶ ἔτυπτε ἀκαταπαύσ- τως τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ὥσαν νὰ εἶχε μάθη τότε πρῶτον τὸν στερμὸν καὶ ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Θυγατρός της. Ὅμως ἂν καὶ ἔμαθεν ὅτι ἡ Θυγάτηρ της ἐπάγη, δὲν ἠξεύρε ἔτι ποῦ ἐδείσκετο. Μέμφεται ὅλους τοὺς τόπους, ἀπὸ τοὺς ὁποίους ἐπέρασε, τοὺς ὀνομάζει ἀχαρίστους, καὶ ἀναξίους νὰ ἀπολαμβάνωσιν ἔτι πλέον τὰ δῶρα της καὶ τὰς εὐεργεσίας της. Περισσότερον ὅμως ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους τόπους ὀργίζεται τῇ Σικελίᾳ, ὅστις εἶχεν εὑρῆ τὰ σημεῖα τῆς ἁρπαγῆς. Ἔθου διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ κατὰ τινα τρόπον, ἐσύντριψεν ὅλα τὰ ἄροτρα, καὶ ἐξανάτω- σεν ὅλας τὰς γεωργούς, ἢ τὰ ζῶα, ὅσα ὑπηρέτουν εἰς τὸ γεωργεῖν. Ἐπρόσταξε καὶ τὴν γῆν νὰ μὴ ἀποδίδῃ τὰ ὅσα ἐδέχετο ἐν ἑαυτῇ ὡς εἰς παρακαταθήκην, καὶ διέφθειρε ὅλα τὰ σπαρτὰ, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα ἠλπίζετο πλούσιος θερισμός. Ἡ φύσει ἐκείνη πλουσία, ἡ πληθύνουσα τοὺς καρπούς, ἦ πάντοχόθεν διαχεομένη, ἐν ἁκαρεῖ ἐμαράνθη· τὰ γεννήματα διεφθάρησαν εἰς κάθε μέρος, τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ τὰς πολλὰς βροχάς, τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ ἀνυδρίαν, καὶ ἄλλα ἀπὸ τοὺς σφοδροὺς ἀνέμους. Μόλις ἐσπείροντο, ἢ ἐγίνοντο βορὴ τῶν πετεινῶν, καὶ τὸ ἐνα- πολειφθὲν, ἐπήγετο ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ χόρτα, εἰς τὰ ὁ- ποῖα ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι ἐμεταμορφώθη. Τότε ἡ Ἀρε- θοῦσα, ἀναδύουσα ἀπὸ τὰ νερὰ της, καὶ ῥίψασα τὰ βεβρεγμένα μαλλία της εἰς τὴν πλάτην „ὦ Θεὰ, „ εἶπες, ὦ μήτ
��Then Arethusa, once of Elis, whom Alpheus loved, lifted her head from her pool, and brushed the wet hair from her forehead, saying �O great goddess of the crops, mother of that virgin sought through all the earth, end your fruitless efforts, and do not anger yourself so deeply against the faithful land. The land does not deserve it: it opened to the rape against its will. It is not my country, I pray for: I came here as a stranger. Pisa is my country, and Elis is my source. I am a foreigner in Sicily, but its soil is more to me than other lands. Here is my home: here are my household gods. Most gentle one, preserve it. A fitting time will come for me to tell you, how I moved from my country, and came to Ortygia, over such a great expanse of sea, when you are free of care, and of happier countenance. The fissured earth showed me a way, and slipping below the deepest caverns, here, I lifted up my head, and saw the unfamiliar stars.
���So, while I glided underground down there, among Stygian streams, with these very eyes, I saw your Proserpine. She was sad indeed, but, though her face was fearful still, she was nevertheless a queen, the greatest one among the world of shadows, the powerful consort, nevertheless, of the king of hell!� The mother was stunned to hear these words, as if petrified, and was, for a long time, like someone thunderstruck, until the blow of deep amazement became deep indignation. She rose, in her chariot, to the realms of heaven. There, her whole face clouded with hate, she appeared before Jove with dishevelled hair.
���Jupiter I have come to you in entreaty for my child and for your own� she cried. �If the mother finds no favour with you, let the daughter move you, and do not let your concern for her be less, I beg you, because I gave her birth. See, the daughter I have searched for so long, has been found, if you call it finding to lose her more surely, if you call it finding merely to know where she is. I can bear the fact that she has been raped, if he will only return her! A spoiler is not worthy to be the husband of your daughter, even if she is no longer my daughter.� Jupiter replied �Our child is a pledge and a charge, between us, you and I. But if only we are willing to give things their right names, the thing is not an insult in itself: the truth is it is love. He would not be a shameful son-in-law for us, if only you would wish it, goddess. How great a thing it is to be Jupiter�s brother, even if all the rest is lacking! Why, what if there is nothing lacking at all, except what he yielded to me by lot? But if you have such a great desire to separate them, Proserpine shall return to heaven, but on only one condition, that no food has touched her lips, since that is the law, decreed by the Fates.�
„ τὴν ὁποῖαν ἐζήτησας εἰς τὸν κόσμον ὅλον, παύ- „ σαι ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγάλους κόπης σας, ἢ μὴ ὀργισθῆς „ μίαν χώραν, ἡ ὁποῖα πάσχει σοὶ ὑπὲρ τίνος· αὕτη ἡ „ χώρα δὲν εἶναι ὑπόλογος, ἀλλὰ συνεκῶς τὴν λαμπρότητά „ μὲ σὸν ἀνύψωμα τῆς δυναμέως τοῦ ἁρπαγέως τῆς Θυ- „ γατρός σε. Μὴ θαρρήσῃς ὅτι λαλῶ ὡς παρακαλῶ- „ σε πρὸς χάριν τῆς πατρίδος μου· ὄχι, ἐγὼ ἦλθα ἐ- „ δῶ ἀπὸ ἄλλον κόσμον· ἐπειδὴ ὁ τόπος τῆς γεννή- „ σέως μου εἶναι ἡ Πῖσα, τὸ δὲ γένος μου κατάγεται „ ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, ἢ μόνον ὡς ξένη διαβίβῳ εἰς „ τὴν Σικελίαν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ εὖρον τὸν τόπον τόσον „ χαρμόσυνον, ἐδῶ ἀνεχώρησα, ἢ τόσον ἐκλεξα πρὸς „ κατοικίαν μου. Σὲ παρακαλῶ, μεγίστη Θεά, ἵνα διά- „ φυλάξῃς αὐτὴν τὴν χώραν, ἡ ὁποῖα βέβαια δὲν σοὶ „ ἔπταισε. Δὲν εἶναι πῶρα καιρὸ νὰ σοὶ εἰπῶ διά „ τι ἄλλαξα τόπον, ἢ πῶς ἦλθα ἐδῶ διὰ τῶν ὑδάτων „ τῆς Θαλάσσης. Θέλω σοὶ διηγηθῆ τὰ κατ' ἐμὲ ὅταν „ ἡσυχάσῃ τὸ πνεῦμά σας, ἢ δυνηθῆς ἵνα μὲ ἀκροάσῃς „ καλλίτερα. Ἐν τοσούτῳ θέλω σὲ εἰπῆ μόνον ὅτι ἡ „ γῆ μὲ ἀνοίγει δρόμον διὰ τὰ μεγίστου σώματός της, ἢ „ ἀφ' οὗ διέβω τὰ βαθύτερα τῆς γῆς, ἐδῶ ὑψόνω „ τὴν κεφαλὴν, ἢ βλέπω τὰ ἄστρα. Οὕτω διαβαίνου- „ σα πλησίον τῆς Στυγὸς, εἶδα τὴν ποθεινοτάτην σου „ Περσεφόνην, ἡ ὁποῖα ἦταν ἀληθινὰ σκυθρωπή, ἢ „ ἐδείκνυεν ὡς ἐμπεπληγμένη τὸ πρόσωπον· ἀλλ' ἦταν „ μεγίστη Βασιλίσσα τοῦ σκοτεινοῦ Κόσμου, ἢ κρατεῖ „ πυέλα, ἢ κυρία τοῦ καταχθονίου τυράννου„. Αὕτη ἡ διήγησις ἔκαμε τὴν Δήμητραν ἵνα μείνῃ ἄφωνος πολλὴν ὥραν, ἢ ἀπήντητος ὥσπερ σκόπελος· τελευταῖον δὲ, κα- θὼς ἀπὸ μίαν ἀμέτρητον λύπην, συνεχῶς κατασπ
δράξιον τις τὸ ἀχανὲς διάσημα τοῦ ἀέρος, μὲ ἀνεδόχυπτα πανύπτα, καὶ ἐπαράσθη εἰς τὸν Δία, μὲ πολλὰ δάκρυα εἰς τὰ ὄμματα, καὶ τὰ μαλλία ἀμελῶς ἐσκορπισμένα εἰς τὰς ὤμας της, καὶ μὲ ὅλα τὰ σημεῖα, ὅσα ἡ λύπη δύναται νὰ ἐγχαράξῃ εἰς πρόσωπον· καὶ „ ὦ Ζεῦ, τὸ λέγει, μὴ παραβλέψῃς σὲ παρακαλῶ, „ τὸν θρήνον μου, καὶ τὰς δεήσεις μου ὑπὲρ τὸ αἵματός „ μας, καὶ τὰ ἐδικά σου· καὶ ἂν ἡ μήτηρ δὲν δύναται νὰ „ ἐπιτύχῃ τίποτε ἀπὸ λόγου σου, ἂς ἡ δυστυχία τῆς „ Θυγατρὸς, ἂς παρακινήσῃ εἰς ἔλεος τὸν πατέρα, εἰς „ τὸν ὁποῖον δὲν πρέπει νὰ εἶναι ὁλιγώτερον ποθητὸν, „ ἂν δὲν ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τὴν δυστυχῆ μητέρα, τὴν κατακειμένην εἰς τὰ γόνατά σου. Τὴν ἐξήτησα παντοχοῦ, „ καὶ τέλος εὗρον αὐτήν, ἂν ὅμως δύνασαι νὰ ὀνομάσῃς „ εὕρεσιν τοῦτο τὸ νὰ ἐξεβαιώθην μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν ἔνθρωσιν της, ἢ εὕρεσιν, τὸ νὰ ἔμαθον μόνον ποῦ εὑρίσκεται. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο θέλω ὑποφέρῃ τὴν ἀρπαγήν „ της, ἐὰν μοι ἀποδοθῇ πάλιν. Ἡ Θυγάτηρ σου (διότι δὲν ἀξίζω νὰ τῆς εἴπω θυγατὴρ μας) ἔπρεπεν ἄπαντες νὰ ἀξιωθῇ ἄλλης τύχης, καὶ ὄχι νὰ γίνῃ γυνὴ ἑνὸς ἁρπάγος "· Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς ἀποκρινόμενος εἶπεν· „ ἡ Θυγάτηρ σου εἶναι ὁ ἀρραβὼν τῆς ἀγάπης μας, καὶ ἡ λύπη τῆς δυστυχίας της εἶναι κοινὴ καὶ „ εἰς ἐμέ. Πλὴν ἂν θέλωμεν νὰ μεθίσταμεν καθὼς „ πρέπει τὰ πράγματα, αὐτὴ ἡ ἁρπαγὴ δὲν εἶναι ὕβρις, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τεκμήριον ἀγάπης, καὶ δὲν μᾶς „ εἶναι μεγάλη ἐντροπὴ τὸ νὰ ἔχωμεν παρόμοιον γαμβρόν. Ὑπόθεσαι νὰ ὑστερῇ ἀπὸ κάθε ἄλλο προτέρημα· ἀρά γε σοῦ φαίνεται μικρὰ ἀξία νὰ εἶναι ἀδελφὸς τοῦ Διός, Τί ἀρά γε τὸ λέγεις; ποῖα
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Περί τῶν Σειρήνων.
Αἱ Σειρῆνες, αἱ θυγατέρες τοῦ Ἀχελώου, καὶ τῆς Μελποιμένης Μούσης, ἢ τῆς Καλλιόπης, ὡς πισταί ὑπαδοί τῆς Περσεφόνης, κατελήφθησαν εἰς τὴν, κατὰ τὸν χρόνον τῆς Θεοῦ ἁρπαγῆς των, καὶ τότε ἐν θὺ ἐδόθησαν εἰς αὐτάς, διὰ νὰ ζητήσουν ἐκείνην διὰ ξηρᾶς· καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης.
Πικρῶς ἐπαιδεύθη ὁ Ἀσκάλαφος διὰ τὴν ἀδιαίρετον του· ἀλλὰ πόθεν προερχέται ὅτι ἡ σεῖς, ὦ θυγατέρες τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ἔχετε πόδας ὡς πτηνὰ ὀρνέων, πρόσωπον δὲ καὶ φωνὴν κορασίων; Μήπως, ὡραῖαι Σειρῆνες, διότι ἐσυνοδεύετε τὴν Περσεφόνην ὅταν ἐπαίζετε μετ' αὐτῆς εἰς τὰ ὑψώματα τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τὰ ἄνθη; Ἀφοῦ ἐζήτησατε παντοῦ γῆς, ἐποθήσατε πτέρυγας, διὰ νὰ σᾶς χρησιμεύσωσιν ἀντὶ κωπίων, ὡς νὰ πέτετε ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, καὶ νὰ ἔχητε μάρτυρας τῆς ἀθυμίας ὡς θλίψεώς σας ὡς τὴν θάλασσαν. Αὐτῆς λοιπὸν τῆς ἀγάπης σας εἰσήκουσαν οἱ Θεοί, καὶ ἐκαλύφθητε ἀπὸ πτερὰ, διὰ νὰ πέτετε ὀλίγωρα, κατὰ τὸν πόθον σας. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ χαθῆ ἐκείνη ἡ θαυμασία φωνή, ἡ ὁποία σᾶς ἐχαρίσθη διὰ νὰ ἦδε τὸ θέλγητρον ὡς ἡ χαρμοσύνη τῆς ἀκοῆς, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ στερηθῆ τῆς λαλιᾶς ἡ μεγάλη ὡμορφιά σας, τὸ πρόσωπον, καὶ ἡ φωνή σας ἔμειναν ἀπαράλλακτα ὡς μετὰ τὴν μεταμόρφωσίν σας.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Προείπον ἐς σὺ μέρος ἦς Ἐξηγήσεων τῶν ἀπὶ, ὅταν ὁ λόγος ἀποβλέπῃ τὴν Ἰσχείαν, εἶναι δύσκολον νὰ φέρῃ τις εἰς μέσον ἰσοτέραν τι. Λέγω λοιπόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τινες ἄλλοι, ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ποσὰ βασιλίσσαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἀξιοσάδες Νησία εἶναι πλησίον τῆς Ἰσχείας εἰς τὸ ὕψος, ὅπου εἶναι κρισμένη ἡ Νεάπολις μὲ τὸ Ἀκρωτήριον τῆς Ἀθῆς. Ἢ διὰ τὸ οἱ ὕψος αὐτοὶ ὠνομάτισαν σκόπελοι ἦς Σειρήνων. Ἐπειδὴ ἐλέγετο τῆς ἐπιστήματος, ἔκτισον Σχολείον ἐπάνω εἰς ἐκείνο τὸ τόπῳ. τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἄρχοντο συναχύδεν μαθηταὶ νὰ ἀπουδάζωσι. Ποῦ ἔκλιδη, Ἀχιλλὲς, ὅτι τὸ Σχολείον ἦταν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς αὐτόν, ὡς θέσα ἦς Ἐπισήμων. Τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἐκείνο ἔγνε ἴσοον ὀνοματοον, ὡς ἡ ἐν αὐτῇ ἀκμάζουσα αὐλλοττία, καὶ μαθήσις, ἔδωκαν ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μύθον στῆς ἠδυροσίας ἦς Σειρήνων. Μαρτυρεῖ τῷ ὁ Ὅμηρος ἀποδίδοντας εἰς τὰς Σειρήνας τὴν ἀρετὴν ἢ σοφίαν ἦς Μασῶν, κάδως ἢ τῶ γνώσιν τῆς Ἰσχείας, καὶ ἦς φυσικῆν πραγμάτων, καὶ τῆς τέχνης τῆς Μυσικῆς· διὰ ἦς ὁποῖες ἐνγοεῖ τὴν αὐθλοττίαν. Ἀφ' ὃ δὲ ἱκανόν καλοῦ παρεώδδετο εἰς τὸ Σπηδάσειον ἐκεῖο αἱ Ἐπισήμαι, ἄρχοσε νὰ ἀμελοῦνται ἀπὸ τῆς μετακχυέσερος, καὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν, ὁ ὕψος αὐτὸ ὁ συνηθεῖς φροῦ ἦγε σκολεοῦ φθαρὲς, ἀσελγείας, ἦς παρὰ τὰ ἔργα τῶν Ἀνθρώπων, οἱ ἐκειστε χέων ἀυδῆς ἀποσελλόμενοι νέοι, ἔυθερον τῶν κάμων, ἢ τὰ χρήμαια εἰς ἐιοποίαν, καὶ εἰς γυναῖκας, καὶ ἀπὸ νὰ ἐπίσρέψαν εἰς τοῦ παθῆδα τῶν πλούσιοι ἀπὸ ἐπιστήματος, ἐπίσσρεψον πάντοι ἢ ἀπὸ μάθησιν, καὶ ἀπὸ ἀργύετα. Διὰ τὸ ἄρχησε νὰ συσφημέινται τὸ Σχολείον, καὶ ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μῦθ
��He spoke, and Ceres felt sure of regaining her daughter. But the Fates would not allow it, for the girl had broken her fast, and wandering, innocently, in a well-tended garden, she had pulled down a reddish-purple pomegranate fruit, hanging from a tree, and, taking seven seeds from its yellow rind, squeezed them in her mouth. Ascalaphus was the only one to see it, whom, it is said, Orphne bore, to her Acheron, in the dark woods, she not the least known of the nymphs of Avernus. He saw, and by his cruel disclosure, prevented Proserpine�s return. ������������ Then the queen of Erebus grieved, and changed the informant into a bird of ill omen: she sprinkled his head with water from the Phlegethon, and changed him to a beak, plumage, and a pair of huge eyes. Losing his own form he is covered by his tawny wings, and looks like a head, and long, curving claws. He scarcely stirs the feathers growing on his idle wings. He has become an odious bird, a messenger of future disaster, the screech owl, torpid by day, a fearful omen to mortal creatures.
��He indeed can be seen to have deserved his punishment, because of his disclosure and his words. But why have you, Sirens, skilled in song, daughters of Achelo�s, the feathers and claws of birds, while still bearing human faces? Is it because you were numbered among the companions, when Proserpine gathered the flowers of Spring? When you had searched in vain for her on land, you wanted, then, to cross the waves on beating wings, so that the waters would also know of your trouble. The gods were willing, and suddenly you saw your limbs covered with golden plumage. But, so that your song, born, sweetly, in our ears, and your rich vocal gift, might not be lost with your tongues, each virgin face and human voice remained.
��Now Jupiter, intervening, between his brother and grieving sister, divides the turning year, equally. And now the goddess, Persephone, shared divinity of the two kingdoms, spends so many months with her mother, so many months with her husband. The aspect of her face and mind alters in a moment. Now the goddess�s looks are glad that even Dis could see were sad, a moment ago. Just as the sun, hidden, before, by clouds of rain, wins through and leaves the clouds.
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Ὁ Ἀρχίππης ἐς τὸ ι'. Βιβλ. περὶ ἰχθύων γράφει ὅτι εἶναι τόποι τινὲς ἐς τὴν Θάλασσαν περιεκλεισμένοι ὡς οἱ κόλποι μεταξὺ τῆς γῆς, ὅπου τὰ κύματα ὠθούμενα ἀπὸ τῆς ἀέρος σωρεύονται, ἢ ποιοῦσιν ἦχόν τινα εὐαρμόνιον· ὅθεν οἱ πλέοντες παρακινοῦνται νὰ πλησιάσουν διὰ νὰ ἴδωσι τί εἶναι ἐκεῖ, καὶ πνίγονται ἐς ἐκεῖνα τὰ νερὰ, ἐπεὶ πάντοτε θερμαινόμενα, ἢ βράζουν ἀκατάπαυστα. Ἴσως τοῦτο ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν τῇ Μύθῳ.
Ἄλλος δέ τις γράφει ἀξιοπιστότερόν τι, ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ἦσαν ὡραῖαι γυναῖκες ἀσέλγειες, αἱ ὁποῖαι κατώκησαν ἐς τὴν αἰγιαλὴν τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἢ ἔθελγον μὲ τὴν γλυκύτητα τῆς φωνῆς των τοὺς πλέοντας πρὸς ἐκεῖνα τὰ μέρη, ἢ τοὺς ἐκράτησαν ἐκεῖ ἐς κεφαλισμὸν ἢ ἡδονὴν ἕως ὅπου τοὺς ἐγύμνωσαν, ἢ τοὺς ἔφερον εἰς παντελῆ ἔνδειαν. Διὰ τοῦτο μυθεύεται ὅτι ὅσοι ἐνικῶντο ἀπὸ τὰ τραγούδια τῆς Σειρήνων, ἐνταφύλλιον ἢ ἐπήγαινον εἰς ἀνάγκην.
Ἕτεροι λέγουσιν ὅτι αἱ Σειρῆνες ἦσαν πτηνὰ τῆς Ἰνδίας, τὰ ὁποῖα θέλγουσι μὲ τὴν γλυκύτητα τῆς φωνῆς των τοὺς πλέοντας εἰς τὸ παραθαλάσσιον, τῆς θαλάσσης μὲ τὴν μελῳδίαν αὐτῶν, ἢ ἔχουν αὐτὰς ἢ γυναῖκες. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ὁδυσσεὺς πράγματι κατὰ τὸν Περσίου Ποητὴν διὰ τῆς Σειρήνων δὲν ἐννοεῖ τόσον ἀσέμνους γυναῖκας, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὀκνηρίαν. Vitanda est improba Siren Desidia. Φευκτέα ἐστὶν ἡ πονηρὰ Σειρὴν ἡ Ῥᾳθυμία.
Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι διὰ τῆς σειρήνων εἰκονίζονται αἱ ἡδοναί, ἢ μᾶλλον αὐταὶ δελγητρα· καὶ ὡς βεβαίωσιν τῆς γνώμης μου, λέγονται θυγατέρες τῆς Μουσῶν, καὶ τοῦ Ἀχελώου· ἐπειδὴ διὰ τῆς Μουσῶν σημαίνεται ἡ ἡδονὴ ἢ γλυκύτης, ἡ θέλγουσα ἡμᾶς, ἢ διὰ τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ὅστις ἐμεταμορφοῦτο εἰς ταῦρον, ζῶον ἀσελγές, δηλοῦται αὐτὴ ἡ ἀσέλγεια. Λέγεται ὅτι μᾶς φέρουσιν εἰς ἀπώλειαν, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' ὧν ἠδύνοντο νὰ ἐξυπνῶσιν, ἐποίουν νὰ κοιμηθῶσι, καὶ νὰ μεταφέρωνται μὲ βαθύτατον ὕπνον· διότι κατὰ οἱ κοιμώμενοι, οὕτω καὶ οἱ τῆς ἡδονῆς δοῦλοι, εἶναι νεκροί. Λέγεται ἀκόμη ὅτι εἰδώλειον τῆς ἀναδόσεως, ἤγουν διὰ νὰ νοηθῆναι ὅτι κακὸν εἶναι ἡ ἐμπιστία τῶν κολάκων, ἀποκλίνουσα ἀπὸ τῆς γνησίας φιλίας· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ κόλαξ εἶναι ἀρεσκώτερος ἀπὸ τοῦ νουθετοῦντα καὶ διδάσκοντα τὰ καλά, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ κόλακες προτιμῶνται ἀπὸ τῆς γνησίας φιλίας.
Καθὼς αἱ Σειρῆνες ἐξῆλλον ᾠδωδίᾳ, πᾶ ἀρεσώτερα εἰς ἐκείνης, τῆς ὁποίας ἤξευον νὰ πηγὴν· ἕτσι ὡς οἱ κόλακες δὲν λέγουσιν εἰμὴ ὅσα εἶναι κατὰ τὴν ἀρέσκειαν καὶ κατὰ τὸ πάθος τῆς κολακευομένων, διὰ νὰ τῆς ἀπατήσωσι. Λαλοῦσι περὶ ἔρωτος μὲ τὸν φιλοδόξον, περὶ δόξης καὶ μεγαλείου ἀπὸ τὸν φιλοδόξου· ὑπερψυχῶσι τὰ παράμικρα ἔργα τῆς ἀγαπώντων τῆς ἐπαίνης· ὡς οἱ λόγοι λαλοῦσι πάντοτε ἀπὸ γλυκύ· ὡς ὥσπερ αἱ Σειρῆνες, ἕτσι ὡς οἱ κόλακες ἀφανίζουσι πολλάκις τοὺς ἀκροωμένους μὲ λόγοια των· ἐπειδὴ μόλις δὲ μετὰ τῆς των κολακείας, ἀρχίζει νὰ ἀφορρύπτῃ τὴν φιλίαν, τὴν διασκέδασιν, καὶ τὴν εὐθυκρασίαν. Καὶ καθ᾿ ὁποῖον τῶν κ᾿ ἄλλα τῆς σωτηρίαν, ἃ παραδίδῃ ἀφ᾿ χεῖρας εἰς χεῖρας τῦ ἐχθρόντος, δηλαδὴ τῆς κολάκου, ποῖος δὲν ἀπελπίζεται διὰ τὴν δόξαν, ἢ εὐτυχίαν του.
Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἀρκεῖ, ὡς μοὶ φαίνεται, νὰ ὡμιλήσωμεν περὶ τῦ Σειρήνων, ὥστε νὰ ἀναφέρωμεν ὡς αἴτιον, δι᾿ ὃ πλάττουνται ὁμοῦ σοὶ τῆς Περσεφόνης. Εἴπομεν ἀνώτερον ὅτι δι᾿ αὐτῆς τῆς Θεᾶς δηλοῦνται ἡ ἀδυναμία, καὶ διὰ τῦ Σειρήνων ἡ ἡδονή. ὥστως εὐκόλως συμπεραίνεται ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μύθου, ἀποδεικνύνται ὅτι ἡ ἡδυπάθεια ἀκολουθεῖ πάντοτε τὴν ἀδυναμίαν, καὶ ἂν δὲν εὕρῃ αὐτὴν, διατρέχει ἀσμένως ὅλα τὰ πελάγη, διὰ νὰ τὴν ἐπιτύχῃ, ὡς ἕτσι νὰ χρήσῃ, ἢ νὰ συζήσῃ. Καὶ βέβαια πᾶν ἐφάνησαν χωρὶς μεταξύ
ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 291
Περὶ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης, καὶ περὶ τῆ Ἀλφεῦ ποταμοῦ.
Ὁ Ζεὺς φιλώνας τὸν Πλούτωνα μὲ τὴν Δήμητραν, καὶ αὕτη ἡ Θέα, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἠσύχασε, μανθάνει ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν τίνι τρόπῳ μετεβλήθη εἰς πηγήν.
Ὁ Ζεὺς ἔγινε διαλλάκτης τῆς διαφορᾶς μεταξὺ τοῦ Πλούτωνος καὶ τῆς Δημήτρας, καὶ διεμοίρασεν εἰς αὐτοῖς τὸν χρόνον εἰς δύο, ὥστε ἡ Περσεφόνη νὰ διαζῇ ἓξ μήνας μὲ τὴν μητέρα της, καὶ ἄλλους ἓξ μὲ τὸν ἄνδρα της. Εὐθὺς ἡ Θέα, ἡ ὁποία πρὸ ὀλίγου εἶχε φανῆ συνθρανή ὡς καὶ εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ ἄδυτα ὄμματα, ἤλλαξε πρόσωπον καὶ διάθεσιν, τὸ ἔδειξε μεγάλην φαιδρότητα, παρομοιάζουσα τὸν Ἥλιον, ὅταν προβαίνῃ ἀπὸ τὰ σύννεφα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἔκρυπτον τὸ φῶς του καὶ τὴν λαμπρότητά του. Οὕτως ἡ Δήμητρα, εὐχαριστημένη διὰ τὴν τύχην τῆς Θυγατρὸς της, καὶ ἀλησμονήσασα τὴν προτέραν λύπην, ἠθέλησε νὰ μάθῃ παρὰ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης διὰ τί ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὴν πατρίδα της, καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ ἔγινε πηγή. Εὐθὺς ἐχαμίλωσαν τὰ ὕδατα της, καὶ ἡ Θέα ἐσήκωσεν ἔξω ἕως εἰς τὴν μέσην, καὶ ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐστέγνωσε τὰ μαλλία της, ἄρχισε νὰ διηγῆται εἰς τὴν Δήμητραν τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦ Ἀλφείου ποταμοῦ. „Ἐγὼ ἤμην,
��Ceres, kindly now, happy in the return of her daughter, asks what the cause of your flight was, Arethusa, and why you are now a sacred fountain. The waters fall silent while their goddess lifts her head from the deep pool, and wringing the water from her sea-green tresses, she tells of the former love of that river of Elis.
���I was one of the nymphs, that lived in Achaia,� she said �none of them keener to travel the woodland, none of them keener to set out the nets. But, though I never sought fame for my beauty, though I was wiry, my name was, the beautiful. Nor did my looks, praised too often, give me delight. I blushed like a simpleton at the gifts of my body, those things that other girls used to rejoice in. I thought it was sinful to please.
���Tired (I remember), I was returning, from the Stymphalian woods. It was hot, and my efforts had doubled the heat. I came to a river, without a ripple, hurrying on without a murmur, clear to its bed, in whose depths you could count every pebble: you would scarce think it moving. Silvery willows and poplars, fed by the waters, gave a natural shade to the sloping banks. Approaching I dipped my toes in, then as far as my knees, and not content with that I undressed, and draped my light clothes on a hanging willow, and plunged, naked, into the stream. While I gathered the water to me and splashed, gliding around in a thousand ways, and stretching out my arms to shake the water from them, I thought I heard a murmur under the surface, and, in fear, I leapt for the nearest bank of the flood.
����What are you rushing for, Arethusa?� Alpheus called from the waves. �Why are you rushing?� He called again to me, in a strident voice. Just as I was, I fled, without my clothes (I had left my clothes on the other bank): so much the more fiercely he pursued and burned, and being naked, I seemed readier for him. So I ran, and so he wildly followed, as doves fly from a hawk on flickering wings, as a hawk is used to chasing frightened doves. Even beyond Orchemenus, I still ran, by Psophis, and Cyllene, and the ridges of Maenalus, by chill Erymanthus, Elis, he no quicker than I. But I could not stay the course, being unequal in strength: he was fitted for unremitting effort. Still, across the plains, over tree-covered mountains, through rocks and crags, and where there was no path, I ran. The sun was at my back. I saw a long shadow stretching out before my feet, unless it was my fear that saw it, but certainly I feared the sound of feet, and the deep breaths from his mouth stirred the ribbons in my hair. Weary with the effort to escape him, I cried out �Help me: I will be taken. Diana, help the one who bore your weapons for you, whom you often gave your bow to carry, and your quiver with all its arrows!� The goddess was moved, and raising an impenetrable cloud, threw it over me.
���The river-god circled the concealing fog, and in ignorance searched about the hollow mist. Twice, without understanding, he rounded the place, where the goddess had concealed me, and twice called out �Arethusa, O Arethusa!� What wretched feelings were mine, then? Perhaps those the lamb has when it hears the wolves, howling round the high fold, or the hare, that, hidden in the briars, sees the dogs hostile muzzles, and does not dare to make a movement of its body? He did not go far: he could see no signs of my tracks further on: he observed the cloud and the place. Cold sweat poured down my imprisoned limbs, and dark drops trickled from my whole body. Wherever I moved my foot, a pool gathered, and moisture dripped from my hair, and faster than I can now tell the tale I turned to liquid. And indeed the river-god saw his love in the water, and putting off the shape of a man he had assumed, he changed back to his own watery form, and mingled with mine. The Delian goddess split the earth, and plunging down into secret caverns, I was brought here to Ortygia, dear to me, because it has the same name as my goddess, the ancient name, for Delos, where she was born, and this was the first place to receive me, into the clear air.�
μοῦν, εἴτε, ποτὲ μία ἐκ τοῦ πλήθμου τῶν Νυμφῶν τῆς Ἐλίδος· ἠγάπησε δὲ τὸ παιδίον ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν ἄλλην Νύμφην, καὶ ἔπλεκον τὰ δίκτυα μὲ περισσοτέραν ἐπιτηδειότητα. Ἂν καὶ δὲν ἤθελα παντελῶς νὰ τιμῶμαι διὰ τὴν ὁμορφίαν μου, καὶ δὲν ἐποθοῦν ἄλλην δόξαν εἰμὴ τὸ, νὰ μὲ νομίζουν εὔψυχον καὶ γενναῖαν κόρην, ὅμως μὲ ὠνόμαζον ὡραῖαν. Ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ ἔπαινος, ὁ πᾶσιν διάφορος εἰς τὰς ἄλλας, δὲν μὲ ἔπρεπε παντελῶς, καὶ οὖσα ἀγροῖκος καὶ ἁπλῆ, ἠρυθρίων εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ὄνομα, καὶ ἐνόμιζα ὡς πταῖσμα τὸ νὰ εἶμαι ἀρεστή. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐπανεκάμπτησα ἀπὸ τὸν Στύμφηλον δρόμον, ποθῶσα ποτίσασθαι ( καὶ ἐνθυμοῦμαι ὅτι ἦτον μεγάλη ζέστη, τῆς ὁποίας καὶ ὁ κόπος τῆς κυνηγίας μὲ εἶχον αὐξήσει ) εὑρῆκα ποταμὸν ἔχοντα τὸ πλέον ἐξαίρετον νερὸν, τόσον διὰ τὴν καθαρότητά του, ( διότι σχεδὸν ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀριθμηθῇ ἡ ἄμμος του ) ὅσον καὶ διὰ τὸ ἥσυχόν του ῥεῦμα, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφαίνετο σχεδὸν ἀκίνητον. Αἱ παλαῖαι Ἰτέαι, καὶ ὑψηλαὶ Λεῦκαι, αἱ τρεφόμεναι μὲ τὸ ὕδωρ ἐκεῖνο, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι τᾶς ἐπλήρωσαν τὴν χρείαν των· ἐπειδὴ τοῦ ἔδιδαν ἀρεστὸν ἴσκιον, διὰ τοῦ ὁποίου διεσκέπτετο ἡ δροσιά του, καὶ ἡ πρασινάδα τῆς ὄχθης του. Ἐπλησίασα λοιπὸν εἰς τὴν βρύσιν αὐτήν, καὶ πρῶτον ἔβαλα μέσα μόνον τὸ ποδάκι μου, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐνέβηκα ἕως εἰς τὰ γόνατα· πέλον ἐγυμνώθην παντελῶς, καὶ ἐλούθην ὁλόγυμνη. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ λουομένη ἔπαιζα μὲ τὸ νερὸν, ἤκουσα πρῶτον εἰς τὸ βάθος τῆς βρύσεως, καὶ φοβηθεῖσα, ἐρρίφθην εὐθὺς εἰς τὴν πλησίον ὄχθην· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἀλφεὺς ἐκβαίνων ἀπὸ
παρουσίας της ἔπηξε τὸν φόβον με, ὅθεν ἔφυγα ὁλό- γυμνη, ἐπειδὴ εἶχα ἀφήσει τὰ φορέματά μου ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ὑποκάτω εἰς ἕν δένδρον. Ὅσον δὲ ἐγὼ ἔφυγα, τόσον ἐκεῖνος με ἐκυνήγει, κατάφλεγμένος ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ βλέποντάς με γυμνήν, ἐσκοχάζετο νὰ με νικήσῃ ὁμαλώτερα. Ἔφυγα λοιπὸν κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν μοι, καὶ ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀπηνὴς με ἐδίωκεν ὁμοίως· ἐγὼ τὸν ἔφυγα καθὼς φεύγει ἡ περιστερὰ τοῦ ἱέρα- κα, καὶ ἐκεῖνος με ὑπεδίωκε καθὼς ὁ ἱέραξ τὴν πε- ριστεράν. Ἔτρεξα χωρὶς νὰ δυνηθῇ νὰ με φθάσῃ ἕως εἰς τῶν Ὀρχομενῶν τὴν Ὀρχομενήν, ἕως εἰς τὴν Ψώ- φίδα πόλιν, καὶ τὰ βουνὰ τῆς Κυλλήνης, τῆς Μαινά- λης, καὶ τῆς Ἐρυμάνθου, καὶ τῆς Ἤλιδος τῶν γῆν. Ἐ- κεῖνος δὲν ἔτρεχεν ὀλιγώτερα, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἰσχυρότερός με ὑπέφερεν ὁμαλώτερα τὸν πόνον τῆς μακρᾶς δρόμου.
Διέβλιν μεγάλης πεδιάδας, καὶ βουνὰ σκεπασμένα »ἀπὸ δένδρα, σκοπέλης ξαχὲς καὶ φοβερνὲς, καὶ τό- »πους, εἰς τὰς ὁποίες μετὰ βίας ἐδύνατό τις νὰ εὕρη »δρόμον. Τέλος ἐκείνος με ὑπόλυξει πόσον σιμὰ, ὥ- »στε ἔχοντα ὀπίσω μου τὸν Ἥλιον, ἔβλεπα τὴν σκιὰν »της ἐμπροσθὲν μου· ἴσως νὰ με τὸν ἐπαράσυνεν ὁ φό- »βος μου, ἀλλ᾽ ἠσθανόμην βέβαια ἀπὸ τὸν κρότον της βα- »δίσματός της ὅτι ἤμην ἀγχεδὸν εἰς χεῖρας της· ἠσθανόμην »καὶ τὸ ἄσθμα τῆς σώματός της, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐφύσα εἰς τὰ »μαλλία μου. Μὴ δυναμένη λοιπὸν νὰ ἀντιστάσω πλέον, »ἢ βλέπουσα ὅτι ἡ κάρασίς μου τὸν ἐβοήθει, ἤρχισα »νὰ ἐπικαλοῦμαι τὴν Ἄρτεμιν· βοήθει μοι, τῆς ἔλε- »γον, ὅτι ἔπεσα εἰς πονὰς χεῖρας της· δὸς βοήθειαν εἰς »μίαν δυστυχῆ, τὴν ὁποίαν πολλάκις ἠξίωσας νὰ βα- »στάση τὸ τόξον σου, ἢ τὰ βέλη σου
„ ἀφαίρεσεν ἀπὸ τῆς ὀφθαλμὲς τοῦ Ἀλφειοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος „ διὰ νὰ μὲ πιάσῃ ἄλλοτι δὲν εἶχε πλέον νὰ κάμῃ, „ εἰμὴ νὰ ἁπλώσῃ τὼ χεῖρά του. Ἐκεῖνος κατεπλάγη „ διὰ τὸ ἐξαίφνον ἀπαλλαγή μου, καὶ μὲ ἐζήτει ὁλό- „ γυρα εἰς τὸ νεφέλην· ἐπέρασε δύο φορὰς πλησίον „ εἰς τὸ μέρος, ὅπου ἡ Θεὰ μὲ εἶχε κεκλεισμένην, „ καὶ ἔπραξε συνεχῶς τὸ Ἀρεθοῦσαν, ἀγνῶν ὅτι αὐ- „ τὴ ἦτον πλησίον του. Ποῖον φόβον νομίζεις τότε νὰ εἶχον; „ ἔτρεμα ὡς τὸ πρόβατον, ὅταν ἀκούῃ τὸν λύκον ὁλόγυ- „ ρα εἰς τὸ ποίμνιον· ὡς ὁ λαγῶος, ὁ περικυκλωμένος „ ὢν εἰς τινα θαμνῶνα, καὶ βλέπων τὰ σκυλιὰ πλησίον „ του, δὲν ἀποτολμᾷ κὰν νὰ παρακινηθῇ. Ὡς πόσον ὁ „ Ἀλφειὸς δὲν παρεβαίνει περαιτέρω, ἐπειδὴ καὶ δὲν ἔ- „ βλεπε παντελῶς σημεῖα, διὰ νὰ πιστεύσῃ ὅτι ἐγὼ „ ἐπέρασα παρεμπόδιστος· ἐφύλαττον ὅμως μὲ προσοχὴν „ πλησίον εἰς τὸ συννεφον, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸ μόνον εἶχε τὰς „ ὀφθαλμές του. Τότε δυνατὸς καταψυχρὸς ἱδρὼς κατεῖχε „ ὅλα μου τὰ μέλη, καὶ ὅπου διὰ νὰ πατήσω, ἀφίνω ὀπί- „ σω μου ὕδωρ· μία δρόσος πίπτει ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιά μου, „ καὶ τέλος μεταμορφώνομαι εἰς ὕδωρ, συντομώτερον ἔτι „ καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον σοὶ ἔκαμα διήγησιν. Ἐγνώρισε „ δὲ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἐμὲ τὴν ἐρασμένην του εἰς τὰ πρὸ τῆς „ ὀφθαλμῶν του ῥέοντα ὕδατα, καὶ ἀφήνοντας τὴν ἀν- „ θρωπίνην μορφήν, ἀνέλαβε τὴν ἰδικήν του, καὶ ἐξά- „ πτη εἰς τὰ ἴδια του ὕδατα διὰ νὰ μιχθῇ μὲ τὰ ἰδικά „ μου. Ἀλλ' ἡ Ἄρτεμις διὰ νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὸν σκοπόν „ του, ἔσχισεν εὐθὺς τὴν γῆν, καὶ μὲ ἔκαμε νὰ πε- „ ράσω διὰ τῆς βαθυτέρας της ἀσυλίας, ἕως οὗ ἔφθα- „ σα ἀπ' αὐτὸν τὸν δρόμον εἰς τὴν Νῆσον τῆς Ὀρ- „ τυγίας, ἡ ὁποία πάλαι εἶδε νὰ ἔχωσιν τὰ ὕδατά „ με, καὶ καταφιλῶ με εἶναι ἀρεστή, καθότι ἡ παρ' ἐ-
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ε'. 295
„ με λατρεύομεν η Θεά, λαμβάνει τῆς ἐπωνυμίας ἀ- „ πὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς Νήσου, ἥτις δι' αὐτῆς γίνεται γνωστὴ „ εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον ".
Εἰς τὴν Ἀλληγορείαν τοῦ ς'. Μύθου τοῦ παρόντος Βιβλίου δηλώ- σαμεν τί σημαίνεται διὰ τῆς Περσεφόνης, ἡ ὁποία ἐξηρπάσθη εἰς τὸν ᾅδην, καὶ ἄλλοτε ὑπὸ μιᾶς τῶν ἀρχαίων Θεῶν. Ἂς ἰ- δῶμεν τώρα τί δηλοῦται διὰ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, ἡ ὁποία ἐφανερώθη εἰς τὴν Δήμητραν ποῦ ἦτον ἡ Σικελίας του. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρεθού- σα δηλοῖ τὴν εἰς τοὺς σπόρους ἐγκεκλεισμένην δύναμιν, δι' ἧς εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ βλαστάνειν καὶ ἐμβαίνουσιν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ ὀνόματος τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, ὅπερ παράγεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς· ἤτοι ἀρετὴ παμμεγίστη. Μυθολόγοι λοιπὸν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρεθοῦσα ἐφανέρωσε ποῦ ἦτον ἡ Δήμητρα τὴν Περσεφόνην, ἐπειδὴ τὰ βλαστάνοντα εἰς τὴν ἀρετὴν, ἢ ὅταν εἰς τῶν ἀγρῶν, δεικνύουσιν ὅτι καὶ ἐνεδόθη τὸ ὑποκείμε- νον εἰς τὴν γῆν.
CALLIOPE SINGS OF TRIPTOLEMUS AND LYNCUS
��That was as far as Arethusa went. The goddess of all that is fertile, fastened twin dragons to her chariot, curbing them with the bit, between their teeth, and was carried through the air, between heaven and earth. Reaching Eleusis, by Athens, city of Tritonian Minerva, she gave her swift chariot to Triptolemus, and ordered him to scatter the seeds she gave, partly in untilled soil, partly in fields reclaimed, after lying for a long time fallow.
��Now the youth was carried high over Europe and Asia. He turned his face towards Scythia where, Lyncus was king. He stood before the king�s household gods. He was asked how he had come there, and the reason for his journey, his name and his country. He said �Athens, the famous city, is my home, Triptolemus, my name. I came not by ship, on the sea, or by foot, over land. The clear air parted for me. I bring you the gifts of Ceres. If you scatter them through the wide fields, they will give you back fruitful harvests, and ripening crops.� The barbarian was jealous. So that he might be the author, of so great a gift, he received him like a guest, but attacked Triptolemus, with a sword, while he was in deep sleep. As he attempted to pierce the youth�s breast, Ceres turned the king into a lynx, then ordered the youth, of Athens, the city of Mopsopus, to drive the sacred team back through the air.�
�So ended the singing, from the greatest of our singers, and the nymphs, with one harmonious voice, said that the goddesses of Helicon had taken the honours. When the losers hurled abuse at us, I said �Seeing that you deserve punishment enough for your challenge, and now add profanities to your offence, and since our patience is not unlimited, we will move on to sentence you, and follow where anger prompts us.� The Emathides laughed and ridiculed these threatening words, but as they tried to speak, and, attack us with insolent hands, making a great clamour, they saw feathers spring from under their nails, and plumage cover their arms. Each one saw the next one�s mouth harden to a solid beak, and a new bird enter the trees. When they wanted to beat their breasts in sorrow, they hung in the air, lifted by the movement of their arms, magpies now, the slanderers of the woods. Even now, as birds, their former eloquence remains, their raucous garrulity, and their monstrous capacity for chatter.�
Περὶ δὲ τῇ Ἀλφεῷ λέγει τινὲς ὅτι ἦτον μέγας κυνηγὸς, κ' ἠγάπησε καθ' ὑπερβολὴν τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἡ ὡραιοτέρα ἦν Νεράιδων τοῦ καιροῦ τῆ· βλέπων δὲ ὅτι ἐκαταφρονεῖ τὸ πάθ' αὐτῆς, ἔπνιγη εἰς ποταμὸν καλούμενον Νύκτιμον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομά τῃ μετεκλήθη Ἀλφεὸς. Ἄλλοι διϊσχυρίζονται ὅτι ὁ Ἀρκεῖος ποταμὸς εἶχε πάντοτε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτὸ, ἐξ ὃ Στράβων γράφει ὅτι ὅσα λέγονται περὶ αὐτοῦ εἶναι ψευδῆ· ὅτι ὁ ποταμὸς ἔχων τὰς ἀρχάς τῃ εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, δὲν διαπερᾷ ἀπὸ ὑποχεῖα διὰ νὰ ἔλθῃ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν νὰ μιχθῇ μὲ τὰ ὕδατα τῆς Ἀρέθουσης, ἀλλὰ ἔχει τὸ στόμα, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον εἰσβάλλει εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ δὲν συναπαντᾷ καμμίαν σπηλιὰν εἰς τὸν δρόμον του, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν νὰ χάνεται, ἐξ νὰ ἐκβαίνῃ ἐξαφνα ἀλλαχῇ, ὡς πολλοὶ ἄλλοι ποταμοί· παράδειγμα ἔχει πρὸς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς γνώμης ταύτης. Καθὼς πολλοὶ ἄλλοι ποταμοὶ εἰς τοὺς κόσμους συμβαίνει των, νὰ διαβαίνωσι δηλαδὴ ἀπὸ θάλασσαν καὶ Σικελίαν κ' πάλιν νὰ διαπερῶσι γλυκὰ ὡς πρότερον τὰ ὕδατα, ὥστε δύναται νὰ συμβαίνῃ τὸ τοιοῦτον κ' εἰς τὸν Ἀλφεὸν, ὡς τὸ μαρτυροῦσι πολλαὶ Συγγραφεῖς. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Ἀρέθουσα, ἡ ὁποία γεννᾶται ὡς ὁ Ἀλφειὸς εἰς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, ὑπάγει διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς διαπερᾷ ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν δρόμον, ἡ μίγνυται εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν μὲ τὰ ὕδατα αὐτῆς τῆς πηγῆς, διὰ τοῦτο ἐπλάσθη ὁ Μῦθος τῷ Ἀλφειοῦ εἰς τῆς Ἀρέθουσας.
Ἀπέδωκαν τινὲς θείας λατρείας εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ποτάμιον διὰ τὰς ἐνεργείας του· ἐπειδὴ λέγουσιν ὅτι ἰδέα δέος τοῦ λέοντος, ἢ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἄλφος, ὅπερ δηλοῖ τὸν λευχὸν, παρωμοίωσε τοῦ λέοντος. Οὕτω διὰ νὰ ἔχωσι τὸν ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν μὲ θέας, καὶ διὰ νὰ τοὺς κρύψωσι εἰς τὸ κλέος τῶν ἢ ἰδέα τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἔπλασαν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὅτι οἱ ποταμοί, τὰ δένδρα, αἱ πηγαί, ἢς αἱ Νεράϊδες εἶχον Θεὰς ἐνκεκρυμμένας, οἱ Δαίμονες τοῦ δάσους εἶχον ὅλα τὰ ἔργα τῆς ἀνθρώπων. Ἄλλοι ἐφέρουσι τὸν Μῦθον εἰς τὴν Ἀυχὴν, καὶ ἀρετὴν, λέγοντες ὅτι κατὰ ὃν τρόπον ὁ ὕλη εὐρίσκει μορφὴν, ὡς ἴδιον αὐτὸ ἀγάπη, διότι τοῦτο εἶναι μορφὴν ἢ ὕλη εἶναι ἀνώφελὴς, καὶ ἄρσης ἢ διὰ τὸ ἀρετὴν ὡς μορφὴν της.
Διὰ τοῦ μυθολέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἀκολουθεῖ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, ἐπειδὴ τὸ λέγος σημαίνει καὶ ῥύπον ἢ πάντα, τὸ δὲ Ἀρέθουσα, ὡς γεννᾶται, δηλοῖ τὴς ἀρετὴν, οὕτω αἱ ψυχαὶ ὅσαι δὲν ἔχει νὰ ἀρετὴν εἶναι ἀσελὴς, ὥσπερ ἡ ἄμορφος ὕλη· καὶ καθὼς ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἐπάγε νὰ ἀνακαθῇ μὲ τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, οὕτω ἡ ψυχὴ ὀφείλει κοπιάσιν διὰ νὰ συζεύχθῃ μὲ τὴν ἀρετὴν· καὶ πάλιν ὥσπερ ὁ Ἀλφειὸς καὶ ἡ Ἀρέθουσα πηγάζουσιν ἀμφότεραι ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, οὕτως ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ἡ ἀρετὴ παρέχονται ἀμφότεραι ὁμοίως· ἀλλ' ἀφ' ἑκατέρας ἐκεῖθεν, χεῖδον δὲν γνωρίζονται πλέον, καὶ μὲ κόπον διαμένουσι νὰ εὑρεθῶσι πάλιν.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.
Περὶ Τριοπολέμου, ἐ Λύγχα τῆς μετα- μορφώσεως εἰς Λύγχα.
Ἡ Δήμιτζα πέμπει τὸν Τριπτόλεμον εἰς κάθε μέρος τῆς Κόσμου διὰ νὰ σπείρῃ σῖτον Γεωργικόν. Λύγκος ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Σκυθίας θέλετα νὰ τὸν θανατώσῃ, ἀλλ' ἡ Θεὰ μεταμορφώνει εἰς Λύγκα αὐτὸν τὸν βασιλέα.
Ἀφοῦ ὡμίλησε πλατύτερον ἡ Ἀρέθουσα, καὶ τότε ἡ Δήμιτζα ἐφρόντισε νὰ ἐπισημάδῃ τὸ ἁμάξιόν της, τὸ συρόμενον ἀπὸ δύω μεγάλας Δράκοντας, τὰς ὁποίας αὐτὴ ἐκυβέρνα μὲ χαλινούς, ὡς ἄλογα, καὶ ἔπειτα ὑψωθεῖσα εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ διατρέχουσα τὸ μέσον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῆς γῆς, ἔστειλε τὸ ἁμάξιόν της εἰς τὸν Τριπτόλεμον, μὲ πρόσταγμα νὰ ῥίψῃ τοὺς σπόρους ὅσον εἰς τὴν ὠργωμένην γῆν, ὅσον καὶ εἰς τὴν ἀγεώργητον. Φερόμενος λοιπὸν αὐτὸς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν μὲ τὸ πτερωτὸν ἁμάξιον, ἔφθασε καὶ εἰς τὴν Σκυθίαν, ὅπου ἐβασίλευε τότε ὁ Λύγκος, καὶ κατέβη εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν του. Ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸν ἠρώτησε διὰ τὴν ὁδοιπορίαν του, διὰ τὸ ὄνομά του, καὶ διὰ τὴν πατρίδα του, καὶ πῶς ἔφθασεν ἐκεῖ. „ Ἐγὼ εἶμαι, τῷ ἀπεκρίθη ἐκεῖνος, ἀπὸ τὴν περιφήμην Ἀθῆναν, καὶ δὲν ἦλθα ἐδῶ διὰ ξηρᾶς, οὔτε διὰ θαλάσσης, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ φέρω μὲ χά-
εἴσματα τῆς Δήμητρας, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς μὲν σκορπιδῆν εἰς τὰς ἀρχὰς, θέλον γεννήσει πλησιοπάροχον κάρπον, ἀπὸ μάλιστα τὴν πλέον πολύτιμον ἐφορίαν, ἀπὸ τὰς ἄλλας δυνάμεθα οἱ ἄνθρωποι νὰ ἀπολαύσωσιν ἀπὸ τὴν μεγαλοδωρίαν τῆς Θεᾶς. Ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ βάρβαρος βασιλεύς, ἀφθονήσας τὰς τιμάς, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἔμελλον νὰ ἀποδοθῶσιν εἰς τὴν Θεὰν πρὸς ἀνταμοιβὴν τοιαύτης εὐεργεσίας, περιεστοίχησε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον, μὲ σκοπὸν νὰ ἰδιοποιηθῇ αὐτὸς τὴν δόξαν τοῦ νὰ δώσῃ αὐτὰ τὰ σπείσματα εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Ἐσκοπήθη λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν θανατώσῃ κοιμώμενον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν ἕτοιμος ἦτον νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν ξένον αὐτοῦ, ἡ Δήμητρα τὸν ἐμεταμόρφωσεν εἰς λύγκα, καὶ ἐπροστάξε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον νὰ ἀκολουθήσῃ διὰ τοῦ ἀέρος τὸν δρόμον του, καὶ νὰ φέρῃ παντοχῆ τῆς γῆς τὸ σπέρμα.
Οὕτως ἡ Καλλιόπη, ἡ μεγίστη μεταξὺ ἡμῶν τῶν Μουσῶν, ἔδωκε τέλος εἰς τὴν ᾠδὴν της, καὶ αἱ Νύμφαι, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶχον ἐκλεγῆ διὰ νὰ κρίνουν τὸν μουσικὸν ἀγῶνα, ὁμοφώνως ἐκήρυξαν νικητρίας τὰς Θεὰς τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ. Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖναι αἱ ἀρχεῖαι, αἱ τολμήσασαι νὰ μᾶς δοκιμάσωσιν, ἀντὶ νὰ ὑποταχθῶσιν ὡς νικημέναι εἰς τὴν δικαίαν ἀπόφασιν, ἤρχισαν νὰ μᾶς ὑβρίσωσιν· ὅθεν ἡμεῖς τότε τὰς εἴπαμεν· δὲν σᾶς ἔφθασε τὸ νὰ ἐτιμωρήθητε δικαίως διὰ τὴν αὐθάδειάν σας, ἀλλὰ προσθέτετε εἰς τὸ πταῖσμά σας καὶ τὰς ὕβρεις, νομίζουσαι νὰ παροξύνητε ἀπαραμύθητον τὴν ὑπομονὴν μας· Ὄχι ὄχι, δὲν μένετε ἀτιμώρητοι, καὶ θέλομεν προχωρήσει καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὅπως μᾶς φέρει ἡ ὀργή μας.
Here is the corrected text:
Αἱ πολέμιαι ἐκεῖναι ὡς παίζουν ἔτι τοὺς φοβερισμοὺς μας· ἀλλὰ βιαζόμενα νὰ λαλήσωσιν, ἢ νὰ συνέβαλ- λωσι τοὺς ἐμπαι-
χτὰς χερῶν των, εἶδον νὰ γεννῶνται πτερὰ ἀπὸ τὰς ὄνυχάς των, ἢ νὰ ἐνδύωνται ὁμοίως ἀπὸ πτερὰ οἱ βραχίονες των, ἢ τὸ σῶμα των νὰ λαμβάνῃ σχῆμα ῥάμφους, ἢ νὰ γίνωνται πτηνὰ διὰ τὰ δάση. Ἤθελον ποτὲ νὰ πα- ρασκευασθῶσι καὶ νὰ κτυπήσουν μὲ τὰς χείρας τὰ στήθη των, ἀλλ' ἐντύπησαν τὰ πτερὰ, ἢ τέλος μετεμορφώ- θησαν εἰς κίσσας, ἢ ἐπέταξαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ δένδρα. Ὅμως γυμνάζοντας ἢ τῷ σήμερον μὲ βραγχώδη φω- νὴν, ἢ ἡ ἀλήθειες, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον νὰ φλυαρῶσιν ἔ- μεναν ἔτι εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ πτηνά.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Φημίζεται ὅτι ὁ σῖτος ἐφύη πρῶτον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὴν Σικιλίαν, χωρὶς νὰ παρθῇ· ἢ ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐξεύρετο ὑπὸ τινος, ἤφθαρε πάλιν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ὕστερα πάλιν ἀνέβλαστε. Κέκροψ, ὁ τῆς Ἀ- θηνῶν βασιλεὺς, μαθὼν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Σικιλίαν ὁ σῖτος ἢ ποιεῖ Θησαυ- ροὺς εἰς ὅλους ἀφθόνους, ἤθελε νὰ πάρῃ ἀρκετὴν ποσότητα διὰ νὰ τὸν φέρῃ εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀφότου ὁ Τριπτόλεμος ἔ- φερε σῖτον, ἢ ἐγεώργησε τὴν γῆν εἰς τὰ πέριξ τῆς Ἐλευσῖνος, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πόλιν ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ πατὴρ τῆς, πολλὰ πλησίον τῆς Ἀ- θηνῶν, ἢ ἀφότου ἤδη ἐκεῖ ἡ ἐξέθρεψε τὸν καρπὸν, συνέγραψε καὶ τινα περὶ γεωργίας βιβλία, τὰ ὁποῖα πανταχῆ διεδήμευσε, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Δημήτρα ἔστειλε τὸν Τριπτόλεμον εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον νὰ διδάξῃ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὸν τρόπον τοῦ σπείρειν τὸν σῖτον, ἢ τὸ γεωργεῖν.
Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ Σκυθία εἶναι ἄκαρπος τῆς, ἦ δὲν ἡμπορεῖ να βλαστήσει σῖτον, ἔλαβον ἀφορμὴν νὰ εἴπω ὁ Λῦγκος, ἦ ἐκεῖ ἐγέννησε ἦ ἐσπουδασμένη του Τριπτολέμη, τον ἐχάρισεν ἡ Ἰταργική διὰ να οἰκονομοποιήσῃ τὴν δόξαν τῆς ἐπαινετῆς πάσης ἐφευρέσεως· ἦ καθὼς αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἦτο
Ταῦτα περὶ Τριπτολέμου, ὅς τις ἔδωκε ἤδη Νόμους τοῖς Ἀ- θηναίοις, ὥστε διὰ να δώσῃ τροφὴν καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ἀφ' ἔδωκε τὴν τοῦ σώματος, διδάξας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὴν γῆσιν τοῦ σίτου. Φαίνεται μὲν τοῦτο διὰ τοὺς καλοὺς Νόμους τρέφεται ἡ ψυχή, καὶ διαφυλάτεται εἰς τὴν ἐπιείκειαν καὶ ἀφ' οἱ καλοὶ Νόμοι δέν εἶναι ἡ φθορά· τὸ δὲ δυνάμενον νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ τὴν φθορὰν, ἆρατε δέν εἶναι κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἦ θρεπτικόν· Γράφει ὁ Φιλόσοφος Ξενοκράτης ὅτι εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Ἐλευσίνης ἦσαν ἐγχαραγμέναι αὕται αἱ τρεῖς Γνῶμαι τοῦ Τριπτολέμου.
"Τίμα τὸν πατέρα σου ἦ τὴν μητέρα σου, "Λατρεύε τοὺς Θεούς. "Ἀπέχη τῆς σαρκός.
Τέλος τῆς πέμπτης Βίβλου.
Book VI
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
ΜΥΘΟΣ Α'. Β'. Γ'. και Δ'.
Ἁμιλλα Ἀσίας και Ἀράχνης.
Ἡ Ἀράχνη θυγάτηρ τῷ Ἰδμονος μεταμορφώνεται παρὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς εις Ἀράχνιον. Ὁ Μῦθος περιλαμβάνει καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς ὁποίους ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ ἡ Ἀράχνη εἰκονίζουσιν εἰς τὰ ὑφάσματα των.
Φ ὕ Ἀσίδω μερώδη τῆς λόγης τῷ Μουσῶν, καὶ ἐπεκύρωσε τῶν νίκων των μέ τὰς ἐπαίνους, καὶ ἀνέπειν τον δίκαιον Θυμόν των, καὶ τῶ ἐνδήκησιν των, εἴτε καθ' ἑαυτῶ ότι ἦτον παραμινόν τὸ γὰ ἔπαυή τις τῆς ἄλης, ὦ δὲ ἐφρόντιζε νὰ ἐπανῆται ἐ αὐτός· ὦ ότι δεδ ἐφαρεπε νὰ ὑπομνῆ πλέον νὰ κατεφρονήσει ἀτιμωρητί ἢ Θεότητας. Οὕτως ἠγανάκτησον ξυθυσμμένη τῶ ὑψηλοροσύλλα τῆς Ἀράχνης, ἢ ὁποία ἐταυγάπο, ὡς τῦ εἴποι τινές, ότι μη ὑπέρβαινεν εἰς πλὰ πέχυλο, τῶ οποίαν ἐπαγγέλλετο ἢ Θεά. Ἡ κόρη ἐκείνη δὲν ἦτον πεείφημος διὰ τὴν λαμυρότητα τὰ γοθῆς, ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ τὴν ἐπισήμνιν τῆς ἧ ἐπιστηδεότητα. Ὁ Ἴδμων ἦτον πατήρ τῆς, ἧ ἔβαρον ἔρευὰ εἰς τὴν Κολοφῶνα· ἢ δὲ μήτηρ τῆς, ἢ οποία δὲν ἦτον ἀπὸ καλλιώτερον γένος, εἶχεν ἀποθάνῃ προ πολλῆ. Ὅμως ἢ κόρη ἔγινε πεείφημος καθ' ὅλας τὰς πόλες τῆς Λυδίας διὰ τὴν εὐτέλειαν τῆ ἐργοχείρων τῆς, καί τόσσον μεγάλη ἦτον ἢ ἐπιτηδεότης τῆς, ώστε ὖ καί ἀγχνές, αἱ Νύμφαι τῆ Τμώλο ὅρον ἄφιναν συνεχῶς πὰς ἀμπέλος των, καί τοὺς περηνὸς των κήπους, διὰ νὰ ἐργώντα νὰ βλέψιν, καί νὰ Θαυμάξιν πὰ ἐργόχειρα τῆς. Μέ τῶ αὐτῶ πεσιέργειαν ἐπήγαιναν εἰς ἐπίσκεψίν τῆς καί αἱ Νύμφαι τῆ Πακωλοῦ ποταμῆ, καί συνέξεχον οἱ ἐργνωμιασαί τῆς ἀπὸ ὅλα πὰ μέρη τῆς γῆς, καί ὄχι μόνον ἠρέσκοντο νὰ βλέψιν τὰ ἐργόχειρα τῆς· ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐδέλαβε μέ τόσην χάριν καί δεξιότητα, ώστε ἐλάμβανον μεγάλην εὐχαρίστησιν νὰ τῶ πεσιέργάζωνται, καί ὅταν στοι-
Pallas Minerva took the shape of an old woman: adding grey hair to her temples, and ageing her limbs, which she supported with a stick. Then she spoke, to the girl, as follows. �Not everything old age has is to be shunned: knowledge comes with advancing years. Do not reject my advice: seek great fame amongst mortals for your skill in weaving, but give way to the goddess, and ask her forgiveness, rash girl, with a humble voice: she will forgive if you will ask.� Arachne looked fiercely at her and left the work she was on: scarcely restraining her hands, and with dark anger in her face. Pallas, disguised it is true, received this answer. �Weak-minded and worn out by tedious old age, you come here, and having lived too long destroys you. Let your daughter-in-law if you have one, let your daughter if you have one, listen to your voice. I have wisdom enough of my own. You think your advice is never heeded: that is my feeling too. Why does she not come herself? Why does she shirk this contest?
The goddess said �She is here!� and, relinquishing the old woman�s form, revealed Pallas Minerva. The nymphs and the Phrygian women worshipped her godhead: the girl alone remained unafraid, yet she did blush, as the sky is accustomed to redden when Aurora first stirs, and, after a while, to whiten at the sun from the east. She is stubborn in her attempt, and rushes on to her fate, eager for a worthless prize. Now, Jupiter�s daughter does not refuse, and does not give warning, or delay the contest a moment. Immediately they both position themselves, in separate places, and stretch out the fine threads, for the warp, over twin frames. The frame is fastened to the cross-beam; the threads of the warp separated with the reed; the thread of the weft is inserted between, in the pointed shuttles that their fingers have readied; and, drawn through the warp, the threads of the weft are beaten into place, struck by the comb�s notched teeth. They each work quickly, and, with their clothes gathered in tight, under their breasts, apply skilful arms, their zeal not making it seem like work. There, shades of purple, dyed in Tyrian bronze vessels, are woven into the cloth, and also lighter colours, shading off gradually. The threads that touch seem the same, but the extremes are distant, as when, often, after a rainstorm, the expanse of the sky, struck by the sunlight, is stained by a rainbow in one vast arch, in which a thousand separate colours shine, but the eye itself still cannot see the transitions. There, are inserted lasting threads of gold, and an ancient tale is spun in the web.
εποίμαζες το ἔργον διὰ νὰ τὸ μεταχειρισῆ αὐτὴ χρωμά- των, ἢ πλοκὸν βελόνην αὐτὴ γραφίδος, διὰ νὰ ὑφάνη παρ- θένου ἰσοστασίαν· ἢ συντόμως εἰπεῖν, ἐκείνη εἰργάζετο ὅλα ταῦτα μὲ τόσον τέχνης, ἢ τελειότητα, ὥστε καθεὶς ἐξ ἀκοῆς ἤθελε συμπεράνῃ ὅτι ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀ- θηνᾶν. Ἡ κόρη ὅμως δὲν ἤθελε νὰ τὸ ὁμολογήσῃ, καθὼς ἂν νὰ τὸ ἔχῃ εἰς ὕβριν ὅτι ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ μίαν τόσον μεγάλην Θεάν, ἄς ἔλθῃ, ἔλεγε, νὰ φιλο- νεικήσῃ μετ᾿ ἐμέ· ὑπόσχομαι νὰ κάμω, ἢ νὰ ὑποφέ- ρω κάθε τίμημα ἂν ἐκείνη με νικήσῃ. Εὐθὺς ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, λαμβάνουσα γραίας μορφήν, ἐσπέσασε τὰς πολιὰς της μὲ ἄσπρας τρίχας, ἐπῆρε βακτηρίαν εἰς τὸ χέρι, ὥσαν διὰ νὰ στηριμασθῇ ἢ νὰ δυναμένε- ται, ἢ πλησιάσασα τὴν Ἀράχνην, τῆς ὡμίλησε ἔτσι· δὲν εἶναι, ὦ θύγατερ, κατὰ πάντα καταφρόνητον τὸ γῆρας· τουλάχιστον φέρει ἐμπειρίαν· τοῦτο πρέπει νὰ σὲ παρακινήσῃ νὰ μὴ καταφρονήσῃς τὰς συμβουλάς μου· ἀρκεσθήσου νὰ προτιμᾶσαι ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ κοράσια, εἰς τὸ νὰ ἐργάζεσαι τὸ μαλλὶ· ἀρκεσθή- σου νὰ εὑρίσκῃς ὅτι ὅλοι σοῦ παραχωροῦσιν αὐτὴν τὴν δόξαν, ἀλλ᾿ ὑποτάχθητι νὰ σὲ προτιμήσῃ μία Θεά· ζήτησαι της συγγνώμην διὰ τινα αὐθάδη λόγια, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐκβῆσαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα σου, καὶ ἂν κάμῃς τοῦτο δὲν ἀμφιβάλλω ὅτι θέλει σοι συγχωρήσει. Ἡ Ἀ- ράχνη τὴν ἐκοίταξεν ἀγρίως, ἢ ἀπὸ τὸν θυμὸν ἄφησε τὴν ἐργασίαν της, καὶ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε νὰ μὴ δείρῃ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, ἡ ὁποία ἔκρυπτε τὴν Θεότητα της ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν τῆς γραίας. Ὦ ἄθλια γραῖα, τῇ λέγει, ἥτις εἰς μάτην ἔζησας τόσον καιρόν, ὕπαγε νὰ δώσῃς τοιαύτας συμβουλὰς εἰς τὰς θυγατέρας σου, ἂν ἔχῃς· ἐγὼ δὲν χρειάζομαι συμβουλάς, ἢ δὲν μὲ λείπεται
γνῶσις διὰ νὰ καθοδηγήσθαι· ἢ διὰ νὰ μὴ νομίσῃς ὅτι δέχομαι τὴν συμβουλίαν σας, μάθε ὅτι μόνον στερεὰ εἰς τὴν ἀπόφασίν μου. Διὰ τί δὲ ἔρχεται αὐτή; διὰ τί ἀποφεύγει τὸν ὁποῖον τῆς προβάλλω ἀγῶνα"; Αὕτη ἤδη ἦλθε, τῇ ἀποκρίνεται ἡ Θεά, καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἡ γραῖα ἔγινεν ἄφαντος, καὶ ἐφάνη ἐμπρός της ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ. Αἱ ἐκεῖ παροῦσαι Νύμφαι, καὶ παρθένοι τὴν ἐγνώρισαν, καὶ προσεκύνησαν· μόνη ἡ Ἀράχνη ἔμεινεν ἀκίνητος, καὶ δὲν ἤδειξε καμμίαν εὐλάβειαν. Ὅμως ἠρυθρίασε, καὶ κάποια ἐρυθρότης ἐφάνη ξαφνικῶς της εἰς τὸ πρόσωπόν της· ἀλλ᾿ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνειά της ἦτον μεγάλη, ἡ ἐρυθρότης δὲ ἐβάσταξε πολλῆς ὥρας, καὶ ἠφανίσθη αὖθις, καθὼς κοκκινίζει ὁ Οὐρανὸς ἀπὸ τὰς φωτεινὰς ἀκτῖνας τῆς Αὐγῆς, καὶ γίνεται πάλιν λευκὸς καθ᾿ ἣν στιγμὴν ἀνατέλλῃ ὁ Ἥλιος. Λοιπὸν ἡ ὑπερήφανος Ἀράχνη ἔμεινεν ἀμετάπειστος εἰς τὸν σκοπόν της, καὶ ἡ γελοιώδης ἔφεσις, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχε νὰ ὑπερβῇ τὴν Θεὸν, προεκάλεσε τὸν ἀφανισμόν της.
Διὸ ἀνέβαλε πλέον ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τὸν πόθον τῆς ἀγώνος, ὥστε ἔδωκε κάμμιαν ἄλλην νουθεσίαν εἰς τὴν ὑπερήφανον κόρην, τὴν ὁποίαν κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς σκοπὸν εἶχε νὰ διαφυλάξῃ. Ἐκάθησαν λοιπὸν ἀμφότεραι χωρὶς, ἤρχισαν νὰ στερεώνωσι τὰς ἐργασίαν των, ἤ τὸ μετάξυ, ἤ νὰ τὸ βάσιν εἰς τὰ ἐργαλεῖα των. Τρέχει ἡ κερκὶς μεταξὺ τῶν ἀνωκαταβαινομένων νημάτων, ἤ ἡ μία καὶ ἡ ἄλλη μεταχειρίζεται τὴν χεῖρα της μὲ θαυμασίαν ἐπιτηδειότητα, ἤ ὁ πόθος τῆς νίκης τὰς κάμνει νὰ μὴ αἰσθάνωνται παντελῶς τὸν κόπον. Ἤθελες, ἰδῆ ἀπὸ τὸ ἕνα ἤ ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος νὰ
χάμη πὰ ὅσα ἐκεῖναι ἐπαράστησαν μὲ τὸ μετάξει. Στοχάσου τὸ μέγα ποσὸν, τὸ εἰς πὰ σύνεφα παρὰ τοῦ Ἡλίου σχεδιαζόμενον· δύνασαι βέβαια νὰ διανείμῃς εἰς αὐτὸ ἄπειρα χώματα, ἀλλὰ νὰ καταλάβῃς ὅσον δύνασαι τίνι τρόπῳ τὸ ἓν χῶμα περαπούται εἰς τὸ ἄλλο, καθότι τὸ ἐγγίζον φαίνεται σὺ πῆ τὸ αὐτὸν, αἳ πῆ αἱ ἄκραι των εἶναι διάφοροι. Οὕτως αἱ ἐπιδέξιοι ὑ φαίνεται ἀναπέτωνον τὸν χρυσὸν μὲ τὸ μετάξει, καὶ ἑκάστη αὐτῇ ἐπαράστησε παλαιάν τινα ἱστορείαν εἰς τὸ ἐργόχειρόν της. Ἡ μὲν Ἀθηνᾶ ἐξωράφισε τὸν ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἄρειον Πάγον, καὶ τὴν παλαιὰν ἐκείνην φιλονεικίαν της μετὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, ποῖος τὴν ἤθελε νὰ δώσῃ τὸ ὄνομα της Πόλεως. Ἐφαίνοντο οἱ δώδεκα μεγάλοι Θεοὶ καθήμενοι ἕκαστος εἰς τὸν ὑψηλὸν τῆς, καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν εἰς μεγαλοπρεπῆ Θρόνον, ὥστε ἔδειχνον ἁρμοδίως ὅτι ὑπὸ ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν ἄλλων Θεῶν. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν ἵστατο ὀρθιὸς ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὸ φοβερὸν δικαστήριον, καὶ μὲ τὴν ἰσχὺν τῆς Τριαίνης τῆς, σχίζων μεγάλην τινὰ πέτραν, ἀπὸ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐνέβηκεν ὡσὰν μία θάλασσα, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἔδειχνεν εἰς τὰς κριτάδας της ὅτι ἡ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὑπακοὴ τῆς πέτρας. Ἦτον ἱκανὸς ἔλεγχος ὅτι ἡ γῆ ἐκείνη ἦτον ἐδική της, καὶ ἔπρεπε νὰ τὴν ὀνομάσῃ αὐτός. Ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο μέρος ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἡ ὁποία εἶχε ζωσθῆ εἰς ἑαυτήν, ἐβάστα τὴν ἀσπίδα εἰς τὸ κουπέλλον, τὴν περικεφαλαίαν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, εἰ τὴν Αἰγίδα εἰς τὸ στῆθος. Ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι ἐνέτυπε τὴν γῆν, ἡ ὁποία διὰ τὰ ἐντυπήματός της ἐβλάστησεν ἐλαίαν μὲ τὰ φύλλα εἰ μὲ τὸν καρπόν της. Οἱ Θεοὶ ἐφαίνοντο ὡς ἔκθαμβοι διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔβλεπον Θαύματα, τὸ
Pallas Athene depicts the hill of Mars, and the court of the Aeropagus, in Cecrops�s Athens, and the old dispute between Neptune and herself, as to who had the right to the city and its name. There the twelve gods sit in great majesty, on their high thrones, with Jupiter in the middle. She weaves the gods with their familiar attributes. The image of Jupiter is a royal one. There she portrays the Ocean god, standing and striking the rough stone, with his long trident, and seawater flowing from the centre of the shattered rock, a token of his claim to the city. She gives herself a shield, a sharp pointed spear, and a helmet for her head, while the aegis protects her breast. She shows an olive-tree with pale trunk, thick with fruit, born from the earth at a blow from her spear, the gods marvelling: and Victory crowns the work.
Then she adds four scenes of contest in the four corners, each with miniature figures, in their own clear colours, so that her rival might learn, from the examples quoted, what prize she might expect, for her outrageous daring. One corner shows Thracian Mount Rhodope and Mount Haemus, now icy peaks, once mortal beings who ascribed the names of the highest gods to themselves. A second corner shows the miserable fate of the queen of the Pygmies: how Juno, having overcome her in a contest, ordered her to become a crane and make war on her own people. Also she pictures Antigone, whom Queen Juno turned into a bird for having dared to compete with Jupiter�s great consort: neither her father Laomedon, nor her city Ilium were of any use to her, but taking wing as a white stork she applauds herself with clattering beak. The only corner left shows Cinyras, bereaved: and he is seen weeping as he clasps the stone steps of the temple that were once his daughters� limbs. Minerva surrounded the outer edges with the olive wreaths of peace (this was the last part) and so ended her work with emblems of her own tree.
ξη δε προς την μεταφορα πολλη ή με παραδειγματα ποια αυταμοιβω ήμελε να λάβη διά την δυσάδη επιχειρησιν της, επαρασησε με λεπτα σημεια εις τας ακρας του υφασματος της, την καταδικη, και τιμωριαν τινων ασεβων. Εφαινετο εις το α' μερος Αιμος ο της Θρακης βασιλευς, και Ροδοπη η συμβια του μεταμορφωμενοι εις ορη, με το να ηθελησαν να οικειοποιηθη τα ονοματα του Διος και της Ηρας. Απο δε το αλλο η δυστυχια της Πυγμαιας βηνος, την οποιων η Ηρα μετεμορφωσεν εις γερανον, δια να ειναι πολεμιος εις το εθνος της. Επαρασησεν εις αλλω γωνιαν την υπερφανον Αντηγονην, η οποια απετολμησε να φιλονεικηθη με την Ηραν δια την ωμορφιαν, και προς τιμωριαν της μετεμορφωθη εις πτηνον παρ αυτης της Θεας, κ' απο το κρατος του πατρος της Λαομεδοντος, απο ολαι αι της Ιλιας δυναμεις δεν εδυναμωθησαν να εμποδισουν να μη μεταβη εις πελαργον. Εφαινετο εις την υστερνην γωνιαν ο ασθλιος Κινυρας ωλοφυρμενος, και εναγκαλιζομενος τας βαθμιδας του Ναου, και κλαιων την συμφοραν της Θυγατερος του, της μετεμορφωθεισης εις αυτας τας βαθμιδας, επειδη εμποδιζαν τον λαον να προσφερη την πρεπουσαν λατρειαν εις τους Θεους. Και το μεν εργοχειρον της Αθηνας επαρασησε παντα ταυτα· το ετελειωσε δε προστιθεμενη και το εις αυτην αφιερωμενον δενδρον, περιπλεκουσα αυτο με συμπεπλεγμενας κλαδας ελαιας.
Ας ίδωμεν παρὰ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τῆς Ἀράχνης. Ἐζωγράφησεν αὐτὴ τὸν παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς εἰς Ταῦρον μεταμορφωθέντα ἀπαιθεύοντα Εὐρώπην. Ἤθελες εἰπῆ ὅτι βλέπεις ἀληθῶς καὶ τὸν Ταῦρον καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν παρθένον, ἡ ὁποία ἐκοίταζε τὴν γῆν, ἀπὸ
ἱρπάγη, ἥν ἐπενάλειτο τῶν βοηθέων ἤ ὀπαδῶν τῆς φοβερᾶς πὰ πέει αὐτὴν κυματίζομενα ὕδατα, ἃ κρύπτασα τὰ δειλὰ πόδας τῆς. Ἐφαίνετο εἰς τὸ ὕρασμα ἃ ἡ Ἀστέλια, παλαίουσα μὲ τὸν ἀετὸν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὑπὸ μεταμορφωμένος ὁ Ζεὺς ἔβλεπες ἃ τὴν Λήδαν, θαλπομένην ὑπὸ τὰ πτερὰ τῆ κύκνης, ἃ τὴν Ἀντιόπην μὲ τὰ δύω δίδυμά της, τὰ ὁποῖα συνέλαβεν ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Θεόν, τὸν εἰς Σάτυρον μεταμορφωθέντα. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐφαίνετο ἃ εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς Ἀλκμήνης ὑπὸ τὸ σχῆμα τῆ Ἀμφιτρύωνος, ἃ καταβαίνων ἐν εἴδει χρυσῆς βροχῆς εἰς τὸν πύργον, ὅπου ἦτον ἡ Δανάη κεκλεισμένη, ἃ ἐν εἴδει πυρὸς ἐπισκέπτομενος τὴν Αἴγιναν, ἃ ὥσπερ ποιμένα τὴν Μνημοσύνην, ἃ ὥσπερ ὄφις ἑρπόμενος πλησίον εἰς τὴν Δηὼ Νυμφίαν. Ἄλλα πλὴν τῆς ἐρώτων τοῦ Διὸς, αὐτὴ ἔδειχνε ἃ τὰς τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος. Ἐφαίνετο οὗτος μεταμορφωμένος εἰς Ταῦρον εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας μίας τῆ θυγατέρων τοῦ Αἰόλου, ἃ εἰς σχῆμα τοῦ Ἐνιπέως ποταμοῦ, διὰ νὰ ἀπατήσῃ τὴν Τυρώδειαν, (ἡ ὁποία συνέλαβεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοὺς Ἀλωΐδας) ἃ τὴν Βισαλτίδα ἐν εἴδει κριοῦ. Ὁ αὐτὸς ἐφαίνετο ὡς ἵππος μὲ τὴν Δήμητραν, τὴν μητέρα τοῦ Ἀρίονος, ἃ πάλιν ἵππος μὲ τὴν τοῦ πτερόεντος ἵππου, δηλαδὴ μὲ τὴν Μέδουσαν, ἃ ὡς δελφὶν μὲ τὴν Μελάνθην. Ἐπαράστησε δὲ ὅλας αὐτὰς τὰς παρθένας εἰς τόπον, ὥστε διεκρίνετο ἃ ἡ πατρὶς των ἀπὸ τὸ φόρεμα, ἃ ἀπὸ τὸ πρόσωπόν των. Ἔβλεπες εἰς τὸ ὕφασμα ἐκεῖνο ἃ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα μὲ διαφόρους μορφάς, ἃ ἄλλοτε μὲν ἱέρακος, ἄλλοτε λέοντος, ἃ ἄλλοτε βοσκοῦ, διὰ νὰ ἀπατήσῃ Ἴσσαν, τὴν ὡραίαν τοῦ Μακαρέως θυγατέρα.
The Maeonian girl depicts Europa deceived by the form of the bull: you would have thought it a real bull and real waves. She is seen looking back to the shore she has left, and calling to her companions, displaying fear at the touch of the surging water, and drawing up her shrinking feet. Also Arachne showed Asterie, held by the eagle, struggling, and Leda lying beneath the swan�s wings. She added Jupiter who, hidden in the form of a satyr, filled Antiope, daughter of Nycteus with twin offspring; who, as Amphitryon, was charmed by you, Alcmena, of Tiryns; by Dana�, as a golden shower; by Aegina, daughter of Asopus, as a flame; by Mnemosyne, as a shepherd; by Proserpine, Ceres�s daughter, as a spotted snake.�
She wove you, Neptune, also, changed to a fierce bull for Canace, Aeolus�s daughter. In Enipeus�s form you begot the Aloidae, and deceived Theophane as a ram. The golden-haired, gentlest, mother of the cornfields, knew you as a horse. The snake-haired mother of the winged horse, knew you as a winged bird. Melantho knew you as a dolphin. She gave all these their own aspects, and the aspects of the place. Here is Phoebus like a countryman, and she shows him now with the wings of a hawk, and now in a lion�s skin, and how as a shepherd he tricked Isse, Macareus�s daughter. She showed how Bacchus ensnared Erigone with delusive grapes, and how Saturn as the double of a horse begot Chiron. The outer edge of the web, surrounded by a narrow border, had flowers interwoven with entangled ivy.
Ὁ Βάχχος ἔβιασε τὴν Ἐργόνην, ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν ἵππου, καθὼς ὡράϊσε εἰς τὴν γῆν ὅταν ἐγέννησε τὸν ὀνομαστὸν Κένταυρον τὸν Χείρωνα. Τὰ πέλα τοῦ ὑφάσματος, εἴχον φύλλα κισσοῦ συμπεπλεγμένα μὲ διάφορα ἄνθη. Τὸ ἐργόχειρον ὅλον ἦτον τόσον ἐντελές, ὥστε οὔτε ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, οὔτε αὐτὸς ὁ Φθόνος ἠδύνατο πλέον νὰ κατηγορήσῃ εἰς αὐτό. Ἐξήλασε λοιπὸν ἡ Θεά, δὲν ἀπὸ τὸ πεῖσμα της τὸ ἔσχισε, ἤ διὰ νὰ ἐπιδείξῃ ὅτι εὗρε μίαν ἀντίπαλον, ἡ ὁποία ἠδύνατο νὰ παραβληθῇ μὲ αὐτὴν, ἐκτύπησε τρὶς εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τὴν Ἀράχνην, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν ἔτι ἐβάστα εἰς χεῖρας σπερκίδα. Ἡ ἀθλία κόρη τόσον ἐλυπήθη, ὥστε ἡ ἀϋπολογιστία της, (ἥτις ἦτον ἀληθινὰ μεγάλη, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὴν δύναμιν μιᾶς Θεᾶς) τὴν ἐπαρώξυνε νὰ γίνῃ αὐτοκτόνος. Ἤθελε λοιπὸν ἡ παλαίπωρος νὰ κρεμασθῇ ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς της, πλὴν τὴν ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, ἤ τὴν ἐμπόδισεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἐσχάτον τοῦ ἔργου· „Ὄχι ὄχι, τῇ εἶπε, Θέλεις ζῆσῃ, ἀλλὰ „θέλεις ἀπομείνῃ κρεμασμένη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ὑποφέρουσα τὴν ὁποίαν τιμωρίαν ἡ ἀπόγνωσίς σου σὲ ἐπαρακίνησε νὰ ἐπιθυμήσῃς· ἤ διὰ νὰ ἐκπαιδευθῇ νῦν εἰς „τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον ἡ καταδίκη σου, ὁ αὐτὸς νόμος ἐπικρατήσει νῦν εἰς τοὺς ἀπογόνους σου". Ταῦτα εἶπεν ἡ Θεά, ἤ ἐν τῷ ἀναχωρεῖν ἐράντισε τὸ σῶμα τῆς Ἀράχνης μὲ τὸν χυμὸν ἀγνωστού τινος χόρτου, καὶ εὐθὺς ἐμαράνθησαν ἤ τὰ μαλλία της καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν της· ἐφάνη δὲ ἀντ' αὐτῆς μία κεφαλὴ τόσον μικρή, ὥστε ἦτον σχεδὸν ἀόρατος. Τὸ σῶμά της ἐσμικρύνθη παρομοίως, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰ πλευρά της ἀντὶ σκελῶν ἐπρόβαιναν δάκτυλοι πολλὰ μακροί, ἤ λεπτοί· τὸ δὲ ἐπίλοιπον
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.
Τοιαύτη όπως ή υπερήφανος Κόρη, μεταμορφωθείσα εις αράχνην, μετέρχεται πάντοτε την τέχνην της, εργαζομένη τα παλαιά της υφάσματα.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ή άράχνη τα ποιεί ίστια, κ' υφάσματα είναι τόσον ώραία κ' θαυμαστά, ώστε αξίως ή ποιητική εφύβρησις απέδωσέ την Αθηνά, ή οποία είναι ή θεά τών τεχνών καί επιστημών. Εάν στοχασθώμεν επιμελώς όλας τάς βάσεις, θέλομεν ίδεί βεβαίως ότι αν κ' οι ευρεταί τών θεών ήσαν Θεοί, ώς προεκήρυττον οι Αρχαίοι, όμως είχον θείον τι πνεύμα. Δυνάμεθα λοιπόν νά συμπεράνωμεν ότι οι άνθρωποι ευδιδάχθησαν την τέχνην του ϊστέργειν, ήτοι του υφαίνειν, παρά από τής αράχνης, καί εκ ταύτης επλάσαν οι Ποιηταί ότι είχαν φιλονεικίαν μεταξύ τής ανθρωπίνης φύσεως καί τής αράχνης το ζώδιον· ότι, ώς κ' ή Αράχνη ήτον θαυμασία υφάντρια, όμως ενικήθη από την Αθηνάν, ίνα αποδειχθή ότι ή φύσις του ανθρώπου είναι τής τών ζώων ανωτέρα, ώς το μαρτυρούσιν άπειρα υφάσματα.
Στοιχειοῦνται δύο παραγγέλματα ἀπὸ τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον, τὰ ὁποῖα δύνανται νὰ περιργύωσιν κατὰ πολλὰ διὰ τὴν εὐτυχίαν καὶ ἀνάπαυσιν τῆς ζωῆς. Τὸ μέν, ὅτι δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ καταφρονῶμεν ποτὲ τὰς συμβουλὰς καὶ νουθεσίας τῶν γερόντων, διότι, καθὼς εἶπέ τις τῶν ἀρχαίων, τὸ γῆρας εἰ καὶ ἔχει ὅτι ὀλίγα κακά, καὶ ὑστερεῖ τὴν ἐμπείαν τῶν πραγμάτων, ὅπερ ἔξει ἀναμφιβόλως μέγα καλόν. Οἱ γέροντες διαλέγονται περὶ πάντων τῶν ὄντων φρονιμώτερα ἀπὸ τοὺς νέους, καὶ ἑνὶ λόγῳ τὸ γῆρας εἶναι ἡ λαμπάς, ἥτις ὀφείλει νὰ ὁδηγῇ τὴν νεότητα. Τὸ δέ, ὅτι οἱ ἔχοντες θαυμαστὰ προτερήματα, καὶ ὑπερβάλλοντες τοὺς ἄλλους κατὰ τὰς ἐπιστήμας, καὶ τέχνας, δὲν ὀφείλει νὰ ὑπερηφανεύωνται διὰ τὰ χαρίσματα αὐτὰ περὶ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀποστελλόμενα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἐπειδὴ δύναται νὰ τὰ ἀφαιρέσῃ ἐν ἀκαρεῖ. Δὲν πρέπει νὰ φιλοσοφῇ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν πειρασμένον Διδάσκαλον, ὑπολαμβάνοντες ὡς ἰδιάσκητης τὰ ὅποῖα καλὰ ἐδιδάχθησαν παρ' αὐτῶν· δηλαδὴ δὲν ἀρέτη, ἀφ' οὗ ἀπέκτησάν τινα ἐπιστήμην, νὰ φαντάζωνται ὡς ἀστείας νὰ νικήσουν τὰ
Θεὸν
Θεοὺ μὲ πᾶ ὁποῖα ὁ πλᾶ ἐκείνης τῆς ἐδώκε, ἐπειδὴ, ὡς λέγει καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος, δύσκολον εἶναι ἄνθρωπος νὰ γινήσει Θεὸν. Ἀντωνῖος ὁ Πίος, ὅπου ὁ ἄρτιος, ἐσημείωσε γὰρ λέγει ὅτι αἱ λεπτολογίαι τῶν Σοφιστῶν ὁμοιάζουν μὲ τὰ ὑφάσματα τῆς ἀράχνης, τὰ ἔχοντα μεγάλας τεχνίας, ἢ διάφορον ὀλιγότατον· καὶ ὅτι οἱ Σοφισταὶ, διαλεκτικοὶ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ φιλόσοφοι, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ ἐπιστήμη ἐφορᾶται εἰς μαθήσεων μεταποίησιν τῆς ἐν σοφιστείαν ἵνα ὡς πρὸς Ἀραχνὴν χορὸς τῆς Ἀθήνης.
Neither Pallas nor Envy itself could fault that work. The golden-haired warrior goddess was grieved by its success, and tore the tapestry, embroidered with the gods� crimes, and as she held her shuttle made of boxwood from Mount Cytorus, she struck Idmonian Arachne, three or four times, on the forehead. The unfortunate girl could not bear it, and courageously slipped a noose around her neck: Pallas, in pity, lifted her, as she hung there, and said these words, �Live on then, and yet hang, condemned one, but, lest you are careless in future, this same condition is declared, in punishment, against your descendants, to the last generation!� Departing after saying this, she sprinkled her with the juice of Hecate�s herb, and immediately at the touch of this dark poison, Arachne�s hair fell out. With it went her nose and ears, her head shrank to the smallest size, and her whole body became tiny. Her slender fingers stuck to her sides as legs, the rest is belly, from which she still spins a thread, and, as a spider, weaves her ancient web.
Ἐκείνο δέ, ὁπερ ἔδωκε ἀφορμήν τῷ Μύθῳ τῆς φιλοσοφίας μεταξὺ Ποσειδῶνος ἢ Ἀθηνᾶς, τῆς ποίου νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τὴν πόλιν τῆς Ἀθηνῶν, εἶναι ἡ μεταμόρφωσις τῆς πόλεως αὐτῆς· διότι ἂν δίδωμεν πίστιν εἰς Σερβανόν, ἡ πόλις τῆς Ἀθηνῶν ἐκαλεῖτο πρότερον Ποσειδωνία παρὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, ἔπειτα δ' Ἀθηναὶ, παρὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς. Ἀλλ' ἐπιμελέστερον μεταπεργασάμενοι τὸν Μῦθον, βλέπομεν ὅτι ταῦτα εἶναι ὥσπερ ἐγκώμιον τῆς εἰρήνης τῆς ἡσυχίας, τοῦ Κόσμου, ἡ ὁποία σημαίνεται μὲ τὴν ἐλαίαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, καθὼς διὰ τῶν ὑδάτων, ἢ τῆς ἐπικρατείας τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, σημαίνεται ἡ σύγχυσις καὶ ἀκαταστασία. Βέβαια δὲν ἔνι πράγμα ἡσυχέτερον ἀπὸ τὸ ἔλαιον, ἤγουν θορυβωδέστερον ἢ ὁρμητικώτερον ἀπὸ τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἀναφέρει δὲ εἰς αὐτοῦ συμπλήρωσιν ὅτι οἱ Ἰστορικοὶ, ἀφ' ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ ἐφιλονείκησαν τότε μὲ αὐτὴν νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τὴν πόλιν ἢ ἐσυμφώνησαν νὰ τὴν ὀνομάσῃ ὁποῖος ἤθελε δώσειν τὸ ὠφελιμώτερον χάρισμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. Ὁ Ποσειδῶν τοὺς ἐχάρισε ἵππον εἰς ἀξίαν πολέμου, διότι ὡς λέγει, αὐτὸς κατεδάμασε τοὺς ἵππους, ἢ εὗρε τὸν τρόπον νὰ τοὺς μεταχειρίζεται. Ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ τοὺς
φαίνεται ότι δεῖ στέλει νὰ μεντάδῃ τῖς τὰ ἐπίλοιπα. Μὲ ὕψος ἰς τὸ ὀδείσκετει εἰς τὴ Βιβλίον περὶ ἰχθύων, τὸ ὁποῖον ἀποδίδοται πῃ Πλιαρχῃ, ὅτι κάποιος Αἶμος, ἔρασττῆς τῆς ἰδίας τῆ ἀδελφῆς, ὀλίγασεν Ρόδον ἡ εἰκοσιοτῶν ἡ ὅπως ἀναχθῇ στὴν ἀδᾱδον τῆ μετανόησον Ἡρας· κ ἰαν ὴ Μῦσος δεῦ ὧν τρεῦ δύο ὑπερμενμῶν μετακμορφώσεἶν ἰς πέξας, ψόλα εἴπη ότι διὰ τῆς Ροδάπης σημαίνεται ἡ ἀσθλης ἐκεῖνη πόρνη, ἡ ὀπέα ἦρασδη τὸ Χαράξε ἀδελφὸς τῆς Σαφῆς· διότι ἁῦ ὁ Ἡρόδοτος ἁπηδῇ, αὐτὴ ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν Ὀράκλιου, καῦ διάλογος ἦσθελε μυσ̇λογηθῆ ότι μετεμορφώθη ἰς πέτρας, ἢ ἰς βανῦ, ἐπειδή, ὧς τὸ μαρτυρῖ ὁ Σ̇έδδων, οἱ ἐρασαῦτης, μετὰ τοῦ Σεδατοῦ της, τῆ ἔσησα μίας Πυραμίδα ἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον.
Περὶ δὲ τῆς Πυγμαίας, τῆς ὁποίας τὰ συμβάντα ποσὺ ζωγραφισμένα ἰς τὸ ὕφασμα τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, εἶναι πιθανόν νὰ ἦτον μέσα πολὺ μικρὸ γένη, ἀλλὰ καθ᾿ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπερήφανες· διότι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οἱ μικροί, καὶ ὁσαμέρας αἱ μικραὶ γυναῖκες, εἶναι ὑπερηφανίστεραι ἤπερ ἄλλων, καὶ ἐπαρμένοι, νομίζουσιν ἴσως νὰ ἀφοσιώσουν τι εἰς τὴν μικρότης τὸ ἀνάθημά των. Λέγουσιν ὅτι ἔλαχον ὀνομασίαν μίας τῶν Πυγμαίων, ἐπειδὴ, ἢ τοῦ πολὺ μικρὸ, ἱερά, ἢ Πυγμαῖοι, οὗτοι νομιζόμενοι πρὸ τῇ, ἢ τοῦ πολὺ μικροὶ, ὑψώτεροι περιπατοῦντον ἀπὸ ἕνα ἢ μισὺ πόδα. Καὶ δὲν ἀρέσκει νὰ ὑπολάβη τις ὡς Μῦθον τὸ νὰ γεννῶνται ἄνθρωποι τόσον μικροί, ἐπειδὴ ἰς τὴν Ἰνδίαν ἔσχαν μίας φορὰς ἄνθρωπός τις, ὁ ὁποῖος, ἂν ᾖ σχεδὸν γέρων, ἦτον τόσον μικρός, ὥστε ἐφέρετο μέσα ἰς ἕνα κλουβὶ ψιττακῶ, ἤτοι παπαγάλλε. Ὁ Κάρδανος
πληγεῖσα εἰς πελαργόν, ἦτον ὑπερήφανος γυνὴ, ἡ ὁποία μετεμορφώθη εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πτηνόν, ἐπειδὴ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἡ φωνὴ του δὲν μετέχει παντελῶς μαστικῆς γλυκύτητος, ὅμως ὁ κρότος, τὸν ὁποῖον κάμνει ὁ πελαργὸς μὲ τὴν μάστικα του, τὸ εἶναι τόσον ἀρεστὸς, ὥστε τὸν βοηθεῖ συγχρόνως καὶ μὲ τὰς πτέρυγας, ὥσαν δια νὰ ἐπαυξέσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν του μαστικήν.
Μένει νὰ ὁμιλήσωμεν διὰ τὰς Θυγατέρας τῆς Πιέρου, αἱ ὁποῖαι διὰ τὴν ψευδοφροσύνην των ἰδ ὑπερηφανείαν, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς κασσίδας τῆς γῆς, ἐπειδὴ ὅσαι τόσαι ζωγραφισμέναι εἰς τὰ πλεῖα του ὑφάσματος τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, εἶναι ὅλα παραδείγματα τῆς τιμωρίας τῆς ψευδοφροσύνης ἰδ ὑπερηφανείας.
All of Lydia murmurs: the tale goes through the towns of Phrygia, and fills the whole world with talk. Niobe had known Arachne. As a girl, before her marriage, she had lived in Maeonia, near Mount Sipylus. Nevertheless she was not warned by her countrywoman�s fate, to give the gods precedence, and use more modest words. Many things swelled her pride, but neither her husband Amphion�s marvellous art in music, nor both of their high lineages, nor the might of their great kingdom of Thebes, pleased her, though they did please her, as much as her children did. And Niobe would have been spoken of as the most fortunate of mothers, if she had not seemed so to herself.
Now Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, prescient of the future, stirred by divine impulse, went through the middle of the streets, declaiming. �Women of Thebes, Ismenides, go, as a crowd, and wreathe your hair with laurel, and bring incense with holy prayer to Latona, and Latona�s children, Diana and Apollo. Latona commands it through my mouth.�
They obey: all the Theban women, as commanded, dress their temples with sweet-bay, and bring incense and words of prayer to the sacred flames.
Look, Niobe comes, followed by a crowded thong, visible, in her Phrygian robes woven with gold, and as beautiful as anger will let her be. Turning her lovely head with the hair falling loose over both her shoulders, she pauses, and looks around with pride in her eyes, from her full height, saying � What madness, to prefer the gods you are told about to the ones you see? Why is Latona worshipped at the altars, while as yet my godhead is without its incense? Tantalus is my father, who is the only man to eat the food of the gods. My mother is one of the seven sisters, the Pleiades. Great Atlas, who carries the axis of the heavens on his shoulders, is one of my grandfathers. Jupiter is the other, and I glory in having him as my father-in-law as well. The peoples of Phrygia fear me. Cadmus�s royal house is under my rule: and the walls, built to my husband�s lyre, and Thebes�s people, will be ruled by his power and mine. Whichever part of the palace I turn my eyes on, I look at immense wealth. Augment it with my beauty, worthy of a goddess, and add to this my seven daughters, as many sons, and soon my sons- and my daughters-in-law! Now, ask what the reason is for my pride, and then dare to prefer Latona to me, that Titaness, daughter of Coeus, whoever he is. Latona, whom the wide earth once refused even a little piece of ground to give birth on.
Land, sea, and sky were no refuge for your goddess. She was exiled from the world, until Delos, pitying the wanderer, gave her a precarious place, saying �Friend, you wander the earth, I the sea.� There she gave birth to twins, only a seventh of my offspring. I am fortunate (indeed, who can deny it?) and I will stay fortunate (and who can doubt that too?). My riches make me safe. I am greater than any whom Fortune can harm, and though she could take much away, she would leave me much more. Surely my comforts banish fear. Imagine that some of this host of children could be taken from me, I would still not, bereaved, be reduced to the two of Latona�s family. In that state, how far is she from childlessness? Go home � enough of holy things � and take those laurel wreaths from your hair!� They relinquish them, and leave the rite unfinished, except what is their right, reverencing the goddess in a secret murmur.
Ὑποθέτομεν λοιπὸν να ἐφοροληθῶσιν ἀπὸ τὴν Ὥραν, τῷ ἰδέαν θεατρίων τῶν ἐπιγείων εἰς μνημόσυνον, σκάλα εἰς τὸν Ναὸν τῆς Θεᾶς καί ἐπειδὴ οἱ συρρέοντες εἰς τὸν Ναὸν, ἐπάτουν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν πάτον τῶν, ἐκ τούτου ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Ὥρα πάντας μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς τὰς κλιμακίδας, δι᾿ ὧν ἀνέβαινον οἱ ἀφροδισταὶ τῆς τοῦ Ναοῦ τῆς.
Φαίνεται μοι ὅτι ἡ ἐννοία τῆς Μύθου τῷ εἶναι ἑξαίρετος, ἐπειδὴ διδάσκει να εἴπῃ τῆς ὅτι οἱ πόδες, εἰς τούς ὁποίους ἀφανίζεται ὅλη ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ὑπερηφανία, ἰδὲ δεικνύεται τί εἶναι οἱ ἀφροδισταὶ, εἶναι τῆς ἀληθείας αἱ βαθμίδες, δι᾿ ὧν ἀναβαίνομεν εἰς τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ, καί τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ μας. Δέν εἶναι φράγμα ἐπισημότερον να κατασχῇ τὴν ἀλαζονείαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἰδὲ να τοὺς κάμνῃ να προσκυνῶσι τὸν νοῦν εἰς τὸ Θεόν, καί εἰς ἑαυτούς, ὅσον ἡ Σοφία τῶν πραγμάτων ἰδὲ χρημάτων.
Περὶ τῶν Ταύρου τοῦ ἁρπάξαντος τὴν Εὐρώπην, καί περὶ τῆς λευκῆς φρυγὲς εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν μετεμόρφωθη ὁ Ζεὺς διὰ να ἁρπάσῃ τὴν Λαοδάμειαν, ὡμιλήσαμεν ἀνώτερω. Ὅλοι οἱ καὶ ἂς ὄφεις, εἰκονίζει ἴσως τὴν δύναμιν τῶν ἀνωτέρων στοιχείων πρὸς τὰ κατώτερα σώματα, διὰ τῆς ὁποίας γεννῶνται τὰ πάντα. Ἀλλ᾿ ἂς διαβῶμεν περαιτέρω, ἢ ἂς μὴ ζητῶμεν φῶς εἰς πράγματα τε τόσον σκοτεινὰ.
Ὡμίλησα πνει ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀράχνης εἰς τὸν πρῶτον Μῦθον τῆς παρού- σης Βιβλίου, ὅμως ἀρνέομαι ἤ τε τό, ὅτι δι' αὐτῆς ἡ κύρα, ἡ ὁποία παρεσκίασε τὴν ἐργόχειρον ἡ ἀράγματος φέρουσα ἀτιμίαν ἤ τῆς Θεᾶς, δύο ἔμαθες τι ἐκ τῆς Σκηνῆς ἐπιδείκνυται ἡ Ἀράχνης, ἡ κατὰ παλαιῶν ἡ κακοδόξων Συγγραφέων, ἡ τινες ἐκ τῶν εἰ- δῶν ποιήματα φαίνεται ὅτι διεγείρουσι πόλεμον κατὰ τῶν Θεῶν, ἡ τῆς Ἱεροπρεπείας. Ἀλλὰ καθὼς ἡ ματαία οἴησις, καὶ ἀλαζόνα τῆς Ἀράχνης, ἄλλο τι δὲν τῇ ἐφόρεσε εἰμὴ εὐτέλειαν, οὕτω ἡ ἐκεί- νοι δὲν ἀπολαμβάνουσιν ἄλλο τι ἀπὸ τοὺς κόπους των εἰμὴ ἀτιμίαν, ἡ τὸ μῖσος ὅλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἡ μετάνοια λοιπὸν τῆς Ἀρά- χνης, τῆς ἑνῶς πρὸς τιμωρίαν ἡ διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐτόλμησε νὰ φιλονει- κήσῃ μὲ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν, μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι ὅσοι μάχονται μὲ τὸν Θεόν, ἀγωνιζόμενοι κατ' αὐτοῦ, παρομοιάζονται τῆς ἀράχνης, τῆς ὁ- ποίας τὰ πλέον λεπτὰ ἔργα, ὅπου καὶ ἂν τύχωσι, νομίζονται ὡς ρύπος ἡ σκύβαλα. Εἴ γε δὲ καὶ τις αὐτὸς ὅτι οἱ ἄθεοι ἀσεβῶ- ντες ἡ ἀσεβεῖς εἶναι ὡς ἀράχναι, κλάδησα ὀλίγα ἐκ τὴν ἁγίαν Γραφήν· πλὴν ἂν ὑφάσματα των δὲν ἔχουσι καμμίαν δύναμιν νὰ ἐμποδίσωσι νὰ τὴν εἴδῃ ὁποῖος Θέλει, διὰ νὰ ἴδῃ εἰς ἀνῆλον τὴν Ἀλήθειαν ἡ ὁποίας τοὺς ἐλέγχει ἡ κατακράζει.
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.
Περὶ Νιόβης τῆς εἰς μάρμαρον μετα- μορφώσεως.
Περιγράφεται ἡ τιμωρία τῆς Νιόβης, ἡ ὁποία ἐτόλμησε νὰ παρ- ομοιωθῇ τοῖς Θεοῖς
Ἐτρόμαξε ἡ Λυδία ὅλη διὰ τὸ συμβὰν τῆς Ἀράχνης, καὶ διεδόθη ἡ φήμη μέσα εἰς τὰς πόλεις τῆς Φρυγίας, ὡς ἐντὸς ὀλίγου εἰς τὰ πέρατα ὅλου τοῦ κόσμου. Ἡ Νιόβη, πρὶν ὑπανδρευθῆ, ὅταν κατῴκη εἰς τὸν Σίπυλον, εἶχε γνῶσιν τοῦ δυστυχοῦς ἐκείνης, ὅμως δὲν ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τὴν τιμωρίαν της νὰ ὁμολογῆ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῶν Θεῶν, νὰ σέβεται τὸ κράτος των, καὶ νὰ παύσῃ τὴν ὑπερηφάνειάν της. Τὰ αἴτια δὲ τῆς ἀλαζονείας της ἦσαν πολλά· ἡ ἀγχάλα ὁ ἀνήρ αὐτῆς ἦτον μέγας καὶ κραταιός, καὶ ἦσαν ἀμφότεροι ἀπὸ εὐγενεστάτου καὶ λαμπροτάτου γένους, καὶ εὔδοξον καὶ πλέον ἦτον τὸ βασίλειόν των, ὅμως δι᾿ ὅλα τὰ καλὰ ταῦτα, αἲ καὶ της ἦσαν ἀγαπητά, δὲν ὑπερηφανεύετο τόσον, ὅσον διὰ τὴν πολυτεκνίαν της· καὶ βέβαια ἡ Νιόβη ἠδύνατο νὰ ὀνομασθῆ ἡ πλέον εὐτυχισμένη ὅλων τῶν μητέρων, αἲ δὲν ἤθελε νομίζειν τὸν ἑαυτόν της τόσον εὐδαίμονα. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Τειρεσίου ἡ Μαντώ, ἡ ὁποία προέλεγε ὡς ὁ πατήρ της τὰ μέλλοντα, κινουμένη ἀπὸ θείαν ἔμπνευσιν, περιῆλθε τὴν πόλιν τῶν Θηβῶν, κηρύττουσα εἰς ὅλας τὰς γυναῖκας νὰ στεφανώσωσι μὲ δάφνην, νὰ κάμνουν προσευχὰς ἢ θυσίας, ἢ νὰ προσφέρωσι θυμιάματα εἰς τὴν Λητώ, ἢ εἰς τὰ δύω της τέκνα, καὶ ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἔλαβε παρὰ τῆς Θεᾶς τοιαύτην προσταγήν. Λοιπὸν ὑπήκουσαν παρ᾿ εὐθὺς ὅλαι αἱ γυναῖκες τῶν Θηβῶν, καὶ δαφνοφοροῦσαι κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν, ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ προσφιλῆ των, προσέφερον θυμιάματα εἰς τὴν Θεάν· ἀλλ᾿ ἡ Νιό-
σέρεως θεμελιωμένη, καὶ αὖ δοὺ ἀφέπει νὰ προστι- μᾶ ὦ ἀπὸ τῆς Λητῶ, τῆς θυγατρὰ τοῦ Κοίου, του γηγενοῦς Γίγαντος, εἰς τὴν ὁποῖαν ὅλη ἡ γῆ, ὅτε αὐτὴν περιῆλθε, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ δώσῃ τὸν μικρότερον ἀνωφελῆ τόπον διὰ νὰ γεννήσῃ μετ' ἡσυ- χίας. Τέλος ἡ Θεὰ αὐτὴ, τῆς ὁποῖαν προσκυνεῖ- τε εἶχε τόσον ὀλίγην δύσμένιν καὶ ὑπόληψιν, ὥστε δὲν ἐδόθη νὰ εὕρῃ κατακρύψιον οὔτε εἰς τὸν οὐρα- νὸν, οὔτε εἰς τὴν γῆν, οὔτε εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἔ- μεινε λοιπὸν ἐξωσμένη ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, ἔως οὗ ἡ Δῆλος Νῆσος, ἡ ὁποῖα ἔπλεε πότε ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης, ὑπεδέχθη τὴν ταλαίπωρον αὐτὴν· τῇ δὲ πάρεσχε πλανωμένῃ, καὶ τῇ ἔδωκε διὰ ἐλεημοσύνην ἄστατον κ' ἀβέβαιον τινὰ κατοικίαν, ὅπου ἐγέννησε δύο μόνα τέκνα, ἤγουν τὸ ἐξόχον μέρος τῆς ἐδικῆς μου. Ὅτι εὐτυχῶ, ποῖος τὸ ἀρνεῖται; καὶ ὅτι θέλω εἶ- μαι πάντοτε εὐτυχὴς, ποῖος ἀμφιβάλλει; Ἡ εὐτυ- χία, ἀσφαλίζει τὴν εὐτυχίαν με· εἶμαι ἰσχυροτέρα ἢ αὐτῆς τῆς τύχης με, ἢ τοσοῦτον ὑψωμένη, ὥστε τὰ πλέον τρακτικὰ προσόμματα της, δὲν δύνανται ποτὲ νὰ με φθάσῃν· ὅ, τι καὶ ἂν ἐπιχειρηθῇ κατ' ἐμοῦ, δὲν δύναται νὰ με ἀφαιρέσῃ τόσα κακὰ, ὥστε νὰ μὴ με μείνωσι τὰ περισσότερα, ἐπειδὴ οἱ εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν με θησαυροί, εἶναι παντὸς φόβου ἀνώτεροι. Ἀλλ' ὑ- ποθέσετε ὅτι ἡ τύχη νὰ μοῦ ὑστερήσῃ μέρος τι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν τέκνων με, μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ἡ δυστυχία μου δὲν θέλει εἶναι ποτὲ τόσον μεγάλη, ὥστε νὰ καταντή- σω με δύω μόνα τέκνα. Παύσατε λοιπὸν ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ θυσιάζητε εἰς μίαν ἀνίσχυρον Θεάν, καὶ ῥίψατε εἰς τὸ πῦ
The goddess was deeply angered, and on the summit of Mount Cynthus she spoke to her twin children. �See, it will be doubted whether I, your mother, proud to have borne you, and giving way to no goddess, except Juno, am a goddess, and worship will be prevented at my altars through all the ages, unless you help me, my children. Nor is this my only grief. This daughter of Tantalus has added insult to injury, and has dared to put her children above you, and has called me childless, may that recoil on her own head, and has shown she has her father�s tongue for wickedness.� Latona would have added her entreaties to what she had related, but Phoebus cried �Enough! Long complaint delays her punishment! Phoebe said the same, and falling swiftly through the air, concealed by clouds, they reached the house of Cadmus.
There was a broad, open plain near the walls, flattened by the constant passage of horses, where many wheels and hard hooves had levelled the turf beneath them. There, a number of Amphion�s seven sons mounted on their strong horses, and sitting firmly on their backs, bright with Tyrian purple, guided them using reins heavy with gold. While Ismenus, one of these, who had been the first of his mother�s burdens, was wheeling his horse�s path around in an unerring circle, and hauling at the foaming bit, he cried out �Oh, I am wounded!� and revealed an arrow fixed in his chest, and loosing the reins from his dying hands, slipped gradually, sideways, over his mount�s right shoulder.
Next Sipylus, hearing the sound of a quiver in the empty air, let out the reins, just as a shipmaster sensing a storm runs for it when he sees the cloud, and claps on all sail, so that not even the slightest breeze is lost. Still giving full rein, he was overtaken, by the arrow none can avoid, and the shaft stuck quivering in his neck, and the naked tip protruded from his throat. Leaning forward, as he was, he rolled down over the mane and the galloping hooves, and stained the ground with warm blood.
Unlucky Phaedimus, and Tantalus, who carried his grandfather�s name, at the end of the usual task imposed on them, had joined the exercise of the young men, and were gleaming with oil in the wrestling match. And now they were fully engaged, in a tight hold, chest to chest, when an arrow, loosed from the taut bow, pierced them both, as they were. They groaned as one, and fell as one, their limbs contorted with pain. As they lay there, they cast a last dying look, as one, and, as one, gave up the ghost. Alphenor saw them die, and striking at his breast in anguish, he ran to them to lift their cold bodies in his embrace. In this filial service he also fell, for Delian Apollo tore at his innermost parts with deadly steel. As the shaft was removed, a section of his lung was drawn with it, caught on the barbs, and with his life�s blood his spirit rushed out into the air.
But it was not a simple wound that longhaired Damasicthon suffered. He was hit where the shin begins, and where the sinews of the knee leave a soft place between. While he was trying to pull out the fatal shaft with his hand, another arrow was driven into his throat as far as the feathers. The rush of blood expelled it, and gushing out, spurted high in the air, in a long jet. The last son, Ilioneus, stretched out his arms in vain entreaty. �O you company of all the gods, spare me!� he cried, unaware that he need not ask them all. The archer god Apollo was moved, though already the dart could not be recalled: yet only a slight wound killed the boy, the arrow not striking deeply in his heart.
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ὑπήκοον εἰς τὸν πρόσταγμα τῆς Βασιλίσσης των, ῥίψασαι τὰς στέφανας των, ἢ ἀφίνουσαι τὰς ἤδη ἀρχλευμένας Θυ- σίας· πλὴν κατὰ μόνας ἔνδοθεν αὐτῷ ἐλάτρευσε τὴν Λητὼ, παροσφέρουσα εἰς αὐτὴν κρυφίως ἐν τῇ παρόδῳ τῆς των ἀφέπσων ἀναλάβειαν, ἢ προσκύνησιν.
Δικαίως λοιπὸν ἡ Θεὰ ὀργιζθεῖσα κατὰ τῆς ὑπερηφά- νου Νιόβης, ἐλάλησε τοιοῦσδε ὥσπερ πρὸς τὰς δύω υἱοὺς τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν κορυφῆς τοῦ Κύνθου ὄρους· „ ἐνδοξα τέκνα „ μου, διὰ τῶν γέννησιν τῶν ὁποίων δοξάζομαι, ἐγὼ, „ ἥτις δὲν εἶμαι κατωτέρα τινὸς ἄλλης τῶν Θεῶν, πλὴν „ τῆς Ἥρας, ἀμφιβάλλω πλέον ἂν εἶμαι Θεὰ, ἂν δὲ „ δὲν μὲ βοηθήσετε, ἀφαιροῦμαι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς Νιόβης, „ τῆς ἀπὸ πάντων αἰώνων εἰς ἐμὲ ἀφιερωμένους ἱεροὺς „ ναοὺς, καὶ δὲν εἶναι αὕτη μόνη ἡ λύπη μου. Ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ „ Ταντάλου προσέθηκε τὴν ὕβριν εἰς τὴν βλάβην, ἢ ἐτόλμησε μὲ προτιμήσῃ τὰ τέκνα τῆς εἰς ἐσᾶς, ἢ μὲ „ ὀνομάζει ἀθλίαν μητέρα, ἢ ἄπαιδα, ἢ ἄστοργον· αὐτὴ „ ἀπέδειξεν ὅτι ἔχει τὴν γλῶσσαν τοῦ πατρὸς τῆς Ταντάλου· ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς φέρετε εἰς τέλος ὥστε ἡ δόξα τῆς „ τῶν ὁποίαν ἐπάγεται νὰ μὲ κάμνῃ, καὶ ἡ εὐτυχία, „ τῶν ὁποίαν μὲ ἀποδίδει, νὰ στραφῇ ἐπάνω τῆς, ἢ νὰ „ νὰ εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία τῆς". Ἤθελε νὰ προσθέσῃ ἄλ- „ λα δεήσεις εἰς τὴν ὁμιλίαν τῆς", ἀλλ' οὐ χρεία, τῇ εἴ- „ πον ὁ Ἀπόλλων· ἀναβάλλεται ἡ ἐκδίκησις μὲ τὴν „ πολυλογίαν". Τὰ αὐτὰ τῇ ἀπεκρίθη ἢ ἡ Ἄρτεμις, „ καὶ εὐθὺς ἀμφότεροι, σκεπασμένοι εἰς νεφέλην, κατέ- „ βησαν ἐν τάχει εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Κάδμου.
Πλησίον τῆς Πόλεως ἔκειτο πεδίον τι ἢ ἄρρυχμαρος πεδιάς πρὸς ἄσκησιν τῶν ἵππων, ἢ ἱδρύη τῶν ἀνθρώ- πων. Μέρος τῶν νέων
γεναίων, διὰ νὰ ἐξασκηθῇ κατὰ τὴν συνήθειαν των. Ἀμ᾽ ἐν ᾧ Ἰσμηνὸς, ὁ πρωτότοκος ἤθελε νὰ στρέψῃ τὸν ἵππον ὁλόγυρα εἰς τὴν πεδιάδα, ἔξαφνα ἐβόησεν „ οἴμοι „τῷ ἀθλίῳ !" καὶ ἐξαίφνης πληγωθεὶς μὲ βέλος εἰς τὸ στῆθος, ὁ ἀφήνων τοὺς χαλινοὺς ἀπὸ τὴν γενναίαν χεί- ρα του, ἔπεσεν ὀλίγον κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὸ δεξιὸν μέ- ρος. Ὁ δεύτερος, ὄνοματι Σίπυλος, ἀκούων εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὸ σύρισμα τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ βαλλομένου βέλους, ἐ- κίνησε τὸν ἵππον του διὰ νὰ τὸ ἀποφύγῃ, μιμούμενος τὸν Ναύαρχον, ὅς τις φεύγει πρὸς τὸν λιμένα διὰ νὰ φυλαχθῇ ἀπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον βλέπει χειμῶνα εἰς τὰ σύννεφα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκοπίασεν εἰς μάτην τὸν ἵππον, διότι τὸ διώκον αὐτὸν βέλος ἦτον ἀδιάδραστον, καὶ τὸν διεπέ- ρασε κατὰ κορυφὴν ἕως εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν, ὅθεν κλίνων ἔπεσεν εἰς τὰς πόδας τοῦ ἵππου, καὶ ἔβρεξε τὸ χῶμα μὲ τὸ αἷμα του. Μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Φαίδιμος, ὃ ὁ Ταντά- λος, ὁ φέρων τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πάππου του, πελειώσαντες τὸν συνηθισμένον ἀγῶνα των, ἤθελον νὰ παλαίσουν ὁ εἷς μετὰ τοῦ ἄλλου, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν ᾧ ἐναγκαλίζοντο ἀλλήλους, ἓν σφόδρον βέλος τοὺς ἐπλήγωσεν ἀμφοτέρους, καὶ ἐπάρ- φωσε τὸν ἕνα ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν ἄλλον. Ἀναστελάξησαν καὶ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, ὁμοῦ ἔπεσαν, ὃ ὁμοῦ ἀμπρόστερον ἐξεψύχη- σαν. Θέλων ποτε ὁ Ἀλφήνωρ νὰ τοὺς βοηθήσῃ, ἀπέ- θανε καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸ ὅσιον ἔργον, ὥσαν νὰ ἤθελε πράξη ἁμαρτίαν τινά· διότι ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἤῤῥιψε κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τοι- οῦτον βέλος, ὥστε δὲν ἠδυνήθη τις νὰ τὸ ἐκβάλῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα του χωρὶς νὰ ἀπάσῃ ὃ μέρος τοῦ πνεύμονος. ὅθεν ὁ δυστυχὴς Ἀλφήνωρ ἔχασε τὴν ζωήν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 319
εἰς τὸν ἐαχηλον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐμβῆκε μέσῃ τῆ πτερνῇ, καὶ ἡ ὁρμητικὴ ἔκρυσις τῆ αἵματος, τὸ ἔρρηξε μακρὰν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα. Δύω ἔμειναν εἰμὶ μόνος ὁ Ἰλιονύδης, ὁ νεώτερος τῶ τέκνων τῆς Νιόβης, ὁ ὁποῖος εἰς μάτην ἁπλώσε τὰς χεῖρας τε πρὸς τὰς οὐρανὲς, ἐπικαλόμενος τῶ βοήθειαν ὅλων τῆ Θεῶν, μὴ εἰδὼς ὅτι ὅλοι δὲν ἤθελον τὸν ἀκροασθῆ, καὶ ὅτι δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ τοὺς παρακαλῆ ὅλους. Ὁ Ἀπόλλων τὸν ἐσπλαγχνίσθη, ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐδυνάθη νὰ ἐμποδίση τὸ τόξον, τὸ ὁποῖον πρότερον εἶχε σύρη κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ· ὅθεν ἀπέθανε καὶ αὐτός, πλῆν μὲ γλυκύτερον θάνατον, ἐπείδὴ τὸ σίδηρον ποὺ ἐπλήγωσεν ἐλαφρὰ τῆν καρδίαν. Ἡ φήμη τῆς ὀλεθρίας σκηνῆς, οἱ συναγμοὶ τῶ λαῦ, καὶ τὰ ὀδύρματα τῶ οἰκείων της, ἔγιναν οἱ λυπηροὶ μήνυται, οἱ ἀναγγείλαντες τῆ Νιόβη τὴν ἀξιοδάκρυτον συμφοράν, κἰ ἀνέλπιστον ζημίαν. Κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἠπόρησεν ἡ δυστυχὴς πόθεν ἀράγε προχλήθη ὁ πλέσης ὅλεθρος, ἔπειτα ἐξημώσθη κατὰ τῆ Θεῶν ὅτι ἐτόλμησαν νὰ τῆν παιδεύσουν, καὶ ὅτι εἶχον τοσαύτην ἐξουσίαν· ἐπείδὴ ὁ Ἀμφίων ὁ ἀνήρ της, μαθὼν τῆν δυστυχίαν, ἐφονεύθη ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τε, ἀπαλλαγεὶς τῆς ὀδύνης ὁμοῦ κἰ τῆ βίου. Ὦ πόσον ἡ παλαίπωρος Νιόβη ἔγινε τότε διαφορετικὴ ἀπὸ ἐκείνην τῆν ὑπερήφανον, ἡ ὁποία πρὸ ὀλίγου εἶχεν ἐμποδίση τὰς θυσίας τῆς Λητοῦς, καὶ ἤθελε νὰ καταπατήση τὰ θυσιαστήρια τῆς Θεᾶς. Ἡ Νιόβη ἡ βασιλίσσα, ἡ πάντοτε φερομένη ὥσπερ ἐπὶ θριαμβευτικῆς ἁμάξης, ἡ ζηλευομένη καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτοὺς τοὺς πλέον εὐδαίμονας, τώρα παρακινεῖ εἰς οἶκτον καὶ τοὺς δυσχερεστάτους, κἰ τῶν ἀσπλαγχνικωτάτους.
τῆς τελευταῖες ἀναπνοές. Ἀλλὰ μετ' ὀλίγον ὀρθοθεῖ- σα, καὶ ἄρασα πρὸς οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας „ὦ σκληρὰ „ Λητοῖ, ἐβόησε, χόρτασον τώρα ἀπὸ τὰ κακὰ μας, „ καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς ὀδύνας μας· χόρτασον ἀπὸ τὸ πένθος με, „ καὶ τὰ δάκρυά μου· ἰδὲ ἐγὼ κατάκειμαι, ὡς θέλεις, „ μεταξὺ τῆς ἑπτὰ πεθαμένων υἱῶν με· εὐφράνθη- „ τι εἰς τὴν συμφορὰν με, θριάμβευσον, ὦ σκληρὰ, „ ὡς νικήτρια. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νικήτρια; μὲ ὅλην με τὴν „ δυστυχίαν, πάλιν ἔχω περισσότερα τέκνα ἀπὸ σὲ „ τὴν εὐτυχῆ, καὶ μετὰ τοσαύτας σφαγὰς, πάλιν „ δύναμαι νὰ εἰπῶ ὅτι ἐνίκησα". Μόλις ἐτελείωσε τοὺς λόγους της καὶ ἠκούσθη ὁ ἦχος τοῦ τόξου, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἐπέμπετο βέλος φοβερὸν εἰς ὅλας, πλὴν τῆς Νιόβης, ἐπειδὴ ἡ δυστυχία της εἶχεν ἀφαιρέσει τὸν φόβον, καὶ τὴν ἔκαμε πολυμέρωτέραν. Αἱ θυγατέρες της ἐθρήνουν στηκὰ εἰς τὰ πτώματα τῶν ἀδελφῶν των· ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ μία ἐκ αὐτῶν δέχεται τὸ βέλος εἰς τὸ στῆ- θος, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἔπαχε νὰ τὸ ἐβγάλῃ, ἔπεσε πρηνὴς ἐ- πάνω εἰς τὸ σῶμα ἑνὸς τῶν ἀδελφῶν της. Ἄλλη δὲ μία ἐν ᾧ παρηγόρει τὴν μητέρα, ἔχασεν ἔξαφνα τὴν λα- λιὰν, καὶ πληγωθεῖσα, χωρὶς νὰ καταλάβῃ τις πόθεν ἤρχετο τὸ βέλος, ἐνέκλεισεν ἔνδον τὸ σῶμα, καὶ δὲν τὸ ἤνοιξε πλέον οὔτε διὰ νὰ ἀναπνεύσῃ. Ἄλλη δὲ πάλιν θέ- λουσα νὰ φυλαχθῇ μὲ τὴν φυγὴν, εὗρε τὸν θάνατον εἰς τὸν δρόμον. Ἄλλη δὲ πίπτει νεκρὰ ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἡμι- θανὲς σῶμα τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· ἄλλη δὲ θέλει νὰ κρυφθῇ, καὶ ἄλλη λυπεῖται διὰ τὰς πληγὰς τῶν συναδέλφων της, καὶ φοβεῖται διὰ τὴν ἑαυτῆς της. Οὕτως, ἀφ' οὗ ἐφονεύ- θησαν ἓξ κατὰ διαφόρους τρόπους, δὲν ἔμεινε πλέον πα- ρὰ ἡ τελευταία, τὴν ὁποίαν ἡ πολυάθλιος
The rumour of trouble, the people�s sorrow, and the tears of her own family, confirming sudden disaster to the mother, left her astounded that the gods could have done it, and angered that they had such power, and dared to use it. Now, she learned that the father, Amphion, driving the iron blade through his heart, had, in dying, ended pain and life together. Alas, how different this Niobe from that Niobe, the one, who a moment ago chased the people from Latona�s altar, and made her way through the city with head held high, enviable to her friends, and now more to be pitied by her enemies.� She threw herself on the cold bodies, and without regard for due ceremony, gave all her sons a last kiss. Turning from them she lifted her bruised arms to the sky, and cried out �Feed your heart, cruel one, Latona, on my pain, feed your heart, and be done! Be done, savage spirit! I am buried seven times. Exult and triumph over your enemy! But where is the victory? Even in my misery I have more than you in your happiness. After so many deaths, I still outdo you!�
She spoke, and the twang of a taut bowstring sounded, terrifying all of them, except Niobe. Pain gave her courage. The sisters, with black garments, and loosened hair, were standing by their brothers� bodies. One, grasping at an arrow piercing her side, falling, fainted in death beside her brother�s face. A second, attempting to comfort her grieving mother, fell silent, and was bent in agony with a hidden wound. She pressed her lips together, but life had already fled. One fell trying in vain to run, and her sister fell across her. One tried to hide, while another trembled in full view. Now six had been dealt death, suffering their various wounds: the last remained. The mother, with all her robes and with her body, protected her, and cried out �Leave me just one, the youngest! I only ask for one, the youngest of all!� While she prayed, she, for whom she prayed, was dead. Childless, she sat among the bodies of her sons, her daughters, and her husband, frozen in grief.
The breeze stirs not a hair, the colour of her cheeks is bloodless, and her eyes are fixed motionless in her sad face: nothing in that likeness is alive. Inwardly her tongue is frozen to the solid roof of her mouth, and her veins cease their power to throb. Her neck cannot bend, nor her arms recall their movement, nor her feet lead her anywhere. Inside, her body is stone. Yet she weeps, and, enclosed in a powerful whirlwind, she is snatched away to her own country: there, set on a mountain top, she wears away, and even now tears flow from the marble.
ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ. ΒΙΒΛ. Γ. 321
Ἐφώναζες· „ἄφες μοι πᾶν αὐτὸν μόνον τὴν θυγατέρα, „ἄφες μοι πᾶν αὐτὸν· ὡς νεωτέρα, εἶναι γ' ἡ πλέον „αὐπταύτονος· δεῦ σέ ζητῶ εἰμὶ αὐτὴν μόνην „ Ἀλλ' ἐνῶ ἐξέρωνε τῶν δέσμω ταύτην, ἐκείνη, διὰ τὸν ὁποῖαν ἐθέετο, ἔπεσε νέκρα ἐμπροσθεν εἰς τὰς ὀφθαλμὲς της, ὥστε ἡ παλαίστωρος Νιόβη ἔμεινε μόνη ζωντενὴ μεταξὺ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἀνδρός της, κ' τῶν υἱῶν της, κ' τῶν θυγατέρων της, τοὺς ὁποίους ἔβλεπεν ὅλες νέκρους εἰς τὰς πόδας της. Τότε, ἐπειδὴ τὰ μεγάλα πάθη ἔχουσι δυναμὶν νὰ σκληρώσωσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, οὕτως ἐσκληρώθη κ' αὐτὴ ἀπὸ τῆς συμφοράης. Ὁ ἄνεμος πνέων τὰ τρίχας της κεφαλῆς της, δεῦ δυνάταται ποσῶς νὰ τὰς κινήση· τὸ πρόσωπόν της ἔλαβε ποιαύτην χροιὰν, εἰς τὴν ὁποῖαν δεῦ ἔφαίνετο αἷμα· τὰ ὄμματα της ἔμεναν κ' αὐτὰ ἀκίνητα ὑπὸ τὸ ἀπολιθωμένον μέτωπον. Ἡ Νιόβη δεῦ εἶναι πλέον ἄλογον ἄγαλμα· ὡς κ' αὐτὰ τὰ ἐσώτερα μέρη τὰ σώματος της ἔλαβον παρομοίαν τύχην, ἐπειδὴ κ' ἡ γλῶσσα της μὲ τὸν οὐρανίσκον ἐλιθώθησαν εἰς τὸ στόμα της, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ φλέβες τοῦ σώματος της δεῦ ἔχουν πλέον καμμίαν κίνησιν. Ὁ τράχηλος δεῦ κάμπτεται πλέον, καὶ οἱ βραχίονες δεῦ δύνανται οὔτε νὰ ἐκτανθοῦν, οὔτε νὰ συσταλῶσιν· οἱ πόδες δεῦ περιπατῶσι πλέον, καὶ τέλος ἔγινεν ὅλη μάρμαρον, μέχρι καὶ αὐτῆ τῆς σπλάχνων. Μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ἀκόμη κλαίει· καὶ περιπλανωμένη ἀπὸ τὸν ῥοῖβον ὁρμητικοῦ τινὸς ἀνέμου, ἐφέρθη εἰς τὰ πατρίδας της εἰς τῶν κορυφῶν μιᾶς βουνῆς, ὅπου τὸ μάρμαρον, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἐπάγη τὸ σῶμά της, ἄχει της σήμερον χύνει πλῆθος δακρύων.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Αρκεῖ μόνον να αἰσθανθῆ τις τὸν Μῦθον, διὰ να καταλάβῃ τοῦ σκοποῦ τῆς φρικτῆς τιμωρείας. Φαίνεται μοι ότι δεν διάβασε παλλάδα, ἀφροδίτης ποτὲ ψυχὴ, ὥστε να μὴ βλέπῃ φανερὰ ότι τὸ διήγημα της μὲν διδάσκει να αἰσχύνεται τῇ ὑπερηφάνειαν καὶ ἀλαζονείαν, καὶ να εἶναι μέτριοι καὶ σώφρονες εἰς τὴν τύχην, ἐνθυμούμενοι πάντοτε τὸ εἶναι μας εἰς ὁποιανδήποτε τύχην καὶ ἂν εὑρισκώμεθα· ότι εἴμεθα σκιαί, καὶ φάσματα, ὕφασμα ἀράχνης ἔλαφρα, καὶ δεν πρέπει ποτὲ να λέγωμεν ὅπερ εἶπε μίαν φοράν εἷς ὑπερήφανος, ὡς τις ἐνόμιζε να ὑψώσῃ ἑαυτὸν, ὥστε ἡ εὐαστία τύχη δὲν ἠδύνατο ποτὲ να τὸν βλάψῃ· "ὤχι, ἐγὼ ὑψώθην τόσον, ὥστε δὲν φοβοῦμαι πλέον να ἔχῃ βέλη ἡ τύχη, ἱκανὰ νὰ μὲ βλάψωσιν."
Λέγεται ἡ Νιόβη θυγατηρ τοῦ Ταντάλου, δι' οὗ σημειοῦται ἡ φιλαργυρία, καὶ τῆς Εὐρυανάσσης, δι' ἧς σημαίνεται ἡ αὐθαδεία, καὶ ὁ πλοῦτος, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνεια τῶν ἀνθρώπων γεννᾶται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἀπὸ τὰ δύο ταῦτα. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ δὲ ὑπῆρχον ποτὲ πλούσιοι πατέρες, καὶ θυγατέρες τινὲς μεγάλαι, οἱ ὁποῖοι δὲν ἤθελον νὰ νομίζουν νὰ εἶναι τοιοῦτοι, καὶ δὲν ἦσαν ματαιόδοξοι καὶ ὑπερήφανοι. Πλήθος γὰρ δημοσίᾳ τοῦ κόσμου τῆ μεγαλείᾳ τῶν ποίων ἐμβλέψαντα τὴν τοῦ Βασιλέως τὸν λόγον τῆς ὑπεροχῆς των. Ἄλλοι τοιοῦτοι ἐξ οὗ ἐφανέρωσαν ὅτι εἶναι θεοί, παύουσιν, ἀπὸ τὸ νὰ εἶναι καὶ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἤθελον εἶναι ἀειθαλεῖς θεοί, εἰς ἐνθυμοῦνται ὅτι εἶναι ἄνθρωποι. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὑπερηφάνεια γεννᾶται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ἀπὸ τὰ μεγαλεῖα, καὶ πλοῦτον, ἡ καταδρομὴ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἡ λύσις τῆς διαγωγῆς της, καὶ ὁ φόβος τοῦ ὁμολογεῖν καὶ κηρύττειν τὴν Παντοδυναμίαν του, εἶναι ἀποτελέσματα τῆς κενοδοξίας.
Ταῦτα διδασκόμεθα ἀπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Νιόβης, ἡ ὁποία διὰ τὸ νὰ ἤθελε πιεῖ αὐτὸν πάντα σε
Now all men and women are indeed afraid of the anger manifested by divine being, and all pay more respect to the great power of the goddess, the mother of the twins. As often happens, because of recent events they tell old stories, and one says �In Lycia�s fertile fields, in ancient times, also, the farmers spurned the goddess, and not without suffering for it. The thing is not well known, it is true, because the men were unknown, nevertheless, it was wonderful. I myself saw the place, and the lake made notable by the strangeness of it, since my father, getting old, and unable to endure the journey, had ordered me to collect some choice cattle from there, and one of the men of that country had offered himself as a guide. While I crossed the pastureland with him, there was an old altar, black with ashes, standing in the middle of a lake, surrounded by trembling reeds. My guide stopped and, shivering with fear, said in a murmur �Have mercy on me!� and I, similarly, said in a murmur �Have mercy!�
Then I asked him whether it was an altar to the Naiads, Faunus, or a local god, and my friend replied �Young man, it is no mountain spirit in this altar. She calls it hers, whom the queen of heaven once banned from the world, and whom vagrant Delos, a lightly floating island, would barely accept, at her prayer. There, between Pallas�s olive tree and a date-palm, Latona bore her twins, against their step-mother Juno�s will. Having endured her labour, even then she fled Juno, carrying the divine twins clasped to her breast.
Then, inside the borders of Lycia, home of the Chimaera, as the fierce sun scorched the fields, the goddess, weary from her long struggle, and parched by the radiant heat, felt her thirst: also her hungry children had drunk all her rich milk. By chance she saw a smallish lake in a deep valley. Countrymen were there, gathering bushy osiers, rushes, and the fine marsh sedges. The Titan�s daughter approached, and putting her knee to the ground, rested, to enjoy a drink of the cool water. The group of rustics denied it to her. The goddess, denied, spoke. �Why do you forbid me your waters? The use of water is everyone�s right. Nature has not made the sun, or the air, or the clear waves, private things. I come for a public gift, and yet I beg you to grant it to me as a suppliant. I was not preparing to bathe my limbs and my weary body here, only to quench my thirst. My mouth lacks moisture from speaking, my throat is dry, and there�s scarcely a path here for speech. A drink of water would be nectar to me, and I would bear witness to accepting life from it, as well: you will be giving life from your waves. Let these children move you, also, who stretch their little arms out from my breast.�
And it chanced that they did stretch out their arms. Who would not have been moved by the goddess�s winning words? Yet, despite her prayers they persisted in denying her, with threats, if she did not take herself off, and added insults besides. Not content with that, they also stirred the pool with their hands and feet, and churned up the soft mud from the depths, by leaping about, maliciously. Anger forgot thirst, for now the daughter of Coeus could not bear to beg from the unworthy, nor speak in words inferior to those of a goddess, and stretching her palms to the heavens, she said �Live in that swamp for ever!� It happened as the goddess wished: It is their delight to be under the water, now to submerge their bodies completely in the deep pool, now to show their heads, now to swim on the surface. Often they squat on the edges of the marsh, often retreat to the cool lake, but now as before they employ their ugly voices in quarrelling, and shamefully, even though they are under the water, from under the water they try out their abuse. Now their voices are also hoarse, their inflated throats are swollen, and their croaking distends their wide mouths. Their shoulders and heads meet, and their necks appear to have vanished. Their backs are green; their bellies, the largest part of their body, are white, and, as newly made frogs, they leap in their muddy pool.
περ ή Νιόβη, ώστε τέχνα, ώστε φίλοι, ώστε θησαυροί, ώστε δύσχετα δες ίσχυσαν τίποτε πρός τήν Θείαν Δίκην, ή οποία διέλυσε εις μίαν στιγμήν τα τον συρηφόν από όλα τούτα τα καλά, διά τα ο- ποία ύπερηφανεύετο. Αφ' ού στερηθή από τα πλούτη, τότε δέν έχει πλέον συγγενείς, ώ οι φίλοι την άληςμονούσιν, ώ ή εύγέ- νεια τα γυμνή από πλούτη, είναι ώς φύσιμα, φόβερον τοις πάσι. Η Νιόβη μετεβλήθη εις λίθον, ίσως διά τήν παν- τοτινήν της σκληρότητα εις τήν Θεών δόξαν. Άν αύτη, λέγει ό Κικέρων εις το Βιβλίον τής Τουσκουλάνων, άν αύτη δέν ύπερη- φανεύετο τόσον, ή δέν ετυφλώνετο από τήν εύγένειαν έπι- πτεν εις εκείνην τήν συμφοράν· ή άν ώ έπεσεν έν δόξη είς εις τήν εαυτής τύχην, καί έγνώριζεν ότι δέν είχε τέκνα άθάνατα άλλα θνητά, ώστε έδύναντο νά χωρίζωσι κατά τήν θέλησιν τού Θεού, ήθελε μετριάζει· ώ ή Θεία Δίκη δέν τήν άπολλύει έ- πειδή, ώς είπεν εις τά Παλαιόν, ούδεις δύναται νά είναι ευτυχής άκοντος τού Θεού.
Φέρεται δὲ ὡς ἄλλο αἴτιον τῆς ἀποστάσεως της, καὶ εἶναι τοῦτο, ὅτι ἀφ' οὗ ἐστερήθη τῆς θυγατρὸς της, ἐκήρυξε νὰ τὴν εἰκόνισεν εἰς μαρ- μάρειον ἄγαλμα, ἐκθλίβον αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν πάντα εἰς τὸν τάφον της. Εἰμὲ γνωστὸς, κατὰ τὸν Ἀγαθίαν Ἀνθολόγον, ὁ τύμβος οὗτος ἐχθρὸς μοι εἶχε νεκρόν· ὁ νεκρὸς εἰμὲ ἐκτὸς ἐκ ἔχει τάφον· ἀλλ' αὐ- τὸς ὅδε αὐτὸς νεκρός εἰμι, ὡς τάφος. Ὁ Παυσανίας, καὶ τινὲς τῶν εἰς τὸν Ὅμηρον Σχολιαστῶν λέγουσιν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ Σίπυλον ὄρος, ἀνέπεμψε μία πέτρα, ἔχουσα σχῆμα ἀνθρώπου κλαίον- τος ἐκ τοῦ Βορέου, καὶ σχεδόν ἀπὸ τὰς σταλαγμά- τας ὑδάτων, τὰ ἔρρεεν ἐν εἴδει δακρύων, ὡς τὸ εἶδε ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον.
Ἄλλοι τινὲς, παράγοντες τὸν Μῦθον ἀπὸ τῆς Ἱστορίας, λέγουσιν ὅτι συνέβη ποτὲ μέγας λοιμὸς εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν, ὁ τις ἐπεκράτ- ησε δέκα ἡμέρας, ὡς ὅλα τὰ τέκνα τῆς Νιόβης ἀπέθανον εἰς μίαν ὡς τὴν αὐτὴν ἡμέραν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Ἥλιος ὡς ἡ Σελήνη εἶναι αἴ- τιοι τοῦ λοιμοῦ, διότι γεννᾶται ἀπὸ τὴν θερμότητα, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς εὐωδιμίας, ὡς δὴ μιαίνεται ὁ ἀὴρ, ἐπλάσθη ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὡς ἡ Ἄρτεμις τὰ ἐθανάτωσαν μὲ τὰ βέλη των, διὰ νὰ γίνωνται οἱ αἰφνίδιοι θάνατοι.
ἔπρεπε νὰ διορθώνωνται, ἢ νὰ μετανοῶσι. Τέλος, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς δὲν εἰσακούει τὰς ἀδίκους ἢ ἐξ ὀργῆς γεννημένας προσευχάς.
Περὶ τῆς εἰς βατράχους μεταμορφώσεως ἀγροίκων.
Ἀφῆ Ἀπόλλω ἐπεριώδευσεν ὅλον τὸν κόσμον διὰ νὰ ἀποφύγῃ τὴν ὀργὴν τῆς Ἥρας, ἐφθάσεν εἰς τὴν Λυκίαν. Ἀγροῖκοί τι- νές, ἀκολουθοῦντες εἰς καταστορίαν λίμνης τινός, δὲν ἠθέλησαν νὰ ἀφήσουν νὰ πλησιάσῃ ἐκεῖσε διὰ νὰ δροσίσῃ. Ὑστερον ὠργίσθη ἡ Θεά, ἐζήτησεν ἐκδίκησιν παρὰ τοῦ Διός, ὅστις τοὺς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς βατράχους.
Πόσον ὅλοι ἐθαύμασαν τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ ἐκδίκησιν τῆς Θεᾶς, καὶ καθεὶς μὲ περισσότερον ζῆλον ἐλάτρευσε τὴν θεότητα τῆς. Καθὼς δὲ συμβαίνει πολλάκις τὸ ὑ- στερινὸν ἔργον νὰ ἐνθυμίζῃ τὰ πρῶτα, εἰς τῆς πολλῶν λαλιᾶς τῆς ἐνημερώθη καὶ τὸ ἐφεξῆς περάσιον. Οἱ πα- λαιοὶ κάτοικοι τῆς Λυκίας, ἔλεγον ἐκεῖνοι, ἐγνώρι- σαν καὶ αὐτοὶ μίαν φορὰν ὅτι οὐδεὶς δύναται νὰ κατα- φρονήσῃ ἀτιμώρητι τὴν μεγαλειότητα τῆς Θεᾶς ταύτης. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τὸ σύμβαν δὲν εἶναι πόσον γνωστόν διὰ τὴν ἀστελείαν ἐκείνων, οἵτινες ὑπέφερον τὰ ἀποτελέσ- ματα τῆς ὀργῆς της, ὅμως εἶναι καταπολλὰ θαυμάσιον.
Ἰδοὺ ἐγώ τῶν λίμνων, ἃ τὸν τόπον, ὁ ὁποῖος ἔγινεν ὀνομαστὸς διὰ αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμα· ἐπειδὴ ὁ πατήρ μου γηραλέος ὢν, τῇ μὴ δυνάμενος πλέον ὑποδιοικεῖ τὰ, μὲ ἔστειλε μίαν φοράν εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον διὰ νὰ τὸ ἀγοράσω βόας ἐκλεκτούς, καὶ μοι ἔδωκεν ὁδηγόν ἀπὸ τὴ ἐντοπίαν. Ὡς δὴ περιεγχάζομεν μὲ τὸν ὁδηγόν μας τὶς ἀγρούς, τῇ πᾶσαν νομάς, ὅπου ἐδυνάμην νὰ εὕρω τὸ ζητήμενον, κὰὶ διέβαινον πλησίον λίμνης τινὸς, ἐπαρατήρησα ὅτι εἰς τὸ μέσον τῆς ὕδατος ἔκειτο παλαιὸν Θυσιαστήριον περιφραγμένον ἀπὸ καλάμια, ἃ μαῦρον ἀπὸ τῶν φλόγα τῆς Θυσίας. Ὁ ὁδηγός μου βλέπων αὐτὸ, ἐστάθη ἀυθὲς, καὶ προσεκύνησε καθὼς καὶ ἐγὼ τὸν βωμόν· ἐκεῖνος μὲ ἀληλαγὴν καὶ ζέουσαν φωνὴν παρεκάλεσε τὴν Θεότητα τοῦ τόπου νὰ τοῦ φανῇ Βοηθὸς, τὸ δ' αὐτὸ ἔκαμα καὶ ἐγώ. Ἀφ' οὑ διέβημεν, τὸν ἠρώτησα ἂν ὁ βωμὸς ἐκεῖνος ὑπὸ ἀφιερωμένος εἰς τὰς Νηϊάδες, ἢ εἰς τοὺς Φαύνους, ἢ εἰς τινὰ αὐτόχθονα Θεόν· ὁ δέ μοι ἀπεκρίθη ὅτι τὸ Θυσιαστήριον ταῦτο δὲν ἔναι ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὰς Θεότητας τῆς θερῶν, ἀλλ' ὠκοδομήθη εἰς τιμὴν μιᾶς Θείας, τὴν ὁποίαν πάλαι ἡ Ἥρα ἠθέλησε νὰ ἐξορίσῃ ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, καὶ μόλις τὴν ὑπεδέχθη ἡ Δῆλος Νῆσος, ὅτις τότε ἐπλεον ὥσπερ μέγα πλοῖον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. Ἡ ἴδια Νῆσος ἐκείνη ὑπεδέχθη τὴν Λητὼ ὑπὸ μίαν ἐλαίαν, ἢ εἴτε φοίνικα, ἢ εἰς τὸ πεῖσμα τῆς Ἥρας, ἐγέννησεν ἐκεῖ δύω παιδία· Λέγεται δὲ ὅτι μόλις τὰ ἐγέννησεν, ἤρχισε νὰ φύγῃ, φέρουσα εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της τὰς ἀρτιγενεῖς Θεότητες, δηλαδὴ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, καὶ τὴν Ἄρτεμιν. Ἀφ' οὑ ἐδιάστασε πολὺν δρόμον, εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τῆς μεγάλης καύσεως,
When whoever it was had finished relating the ruin of the men of Lycia, another storyteller remembered the satyr, Marsyas, whom Apollo, Latona�s son, had defeated, playing on the flute, that Tritonian Minerva invented. He had exacted punishment. Marsyas cried �Why do you peel me out of myself? �Aah! I repent�, he screamed in agony. �Aah! Music is not worth this pain!� As he screams, the skin is flayed from the surface of his body, no part is untouched. Blood flows everywhere, the exposed sinews are visible, and the trembling veins quiver, without skin to hide them: you can number the internal organs, and the fibres of the lungs, clearly visible in his chest. The woodland gods, and the fauns of the countryside, wept, and his brother satyrs, Olympus his friend and pupil, still dear to him then, and the nymphs, and all who pastured their fleecy sheep and horned cattle on those mountains. The fertile soil was drenched, and the drenched earth caught the falling tears, and absorbed them into its deep veins. It formed a stream then, and sent it into the clear air. From there it ran within sloping banks, quickly, to the sea, the clearest river of Phrygia, taking Marsyas�s name.
ποιὸ ἀπὸ τὸν δρόμον, καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν μεγάλην ζέσεως, ὸ μάλιστα ἐπειδὴ ἐβύζαρεν ἀκατεπάστως τὰ δύο βρέφη. Ἐπ ᾧ διέκειτο οὕτως, σχεδὸν ἀπελπισμένη, εἶδε κατὰ τύχην εἰς τὸ βάθος τινῶν κοιλάδων μίαν λίμνην, τῆς ὁποίας τὸ ὕδωρ ἦτον κατακολλὰ χαμηλόν, καὶ τινας ἀροϊκὲς, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἔκοπτον τὰς χοίνας, ἢ τ᾿ ἄλλα χόρτα, ὅσα φύονται εἰς τὰς λιμνώδες τόπους. Ἐπλησίασεν ἐκεῖ διὰ νὰ πίῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕδωρ, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκεῖνοι τῆς ἐμποδίσαν· δι᾿ ὃ ἡ Θεὰ τοὺς ὡμίλησεν οὕτω· ,, διὰ ,, τί δὲν με ἀφήνετε νὰ πίω; ἡ φύσις τὰ ὕδατα εἶναι ,, εἰς ὅλους κοινὴ, καὶ ἡ φύσις δὲν τὸ ἔκαμε διὰ μερικὲς μόνον, ἀλλὰ δι᾿ ὅλους, καθὼς καὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἢ τὸ ,, φῶς. Ζητῶ μέρος εἰς τὸ κοινὸ ἀγαθὸ, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔγινε δι᾿ ἐμέ, καθὼς καὶ διὰ τοὺς ἄλλους· ὅμως σᾶς παρακαλῶ νὰ μὲ δώσητε ἐξ αὐτό· δὲν θέλω νὰ λούσω ,, εἰς τὴν λίμνην, ἀλλὰ μόνον νὰ ἀναψύξω τὴν δίψαν ,, μου. Ὁ καῦμος καὶ τὸ δρόμος μὲ ἔχουν ἐξαντλήσει, ,, ὥστε μόλις δύναμαι νὰ λαλήσω, καὶ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλέσω· μία ῥανὶς ὕδατος, μὲ εἶναι ὡς τὸ νέκταρ, ,, ἢ θέλω ὁμολογήσει ὅτι μοι ἐχαρίσατε τὴν ζωήν· καὶ ,, ἂν ἡ ἀνάγκη, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν κατὰ τὸ παρὸν εὑρίσκομαι δὲν εἶναι ἱκανὴ νὰ σᾶς συγκινήσῃ, ἐλεήσατε ,, κὰν τὰ δύο ταῦτα βρέφη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἀπλώνουσι τὰς ,, χείρας, ὡσὰν διὰ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλέσουν νὰ κάμετε ,, τὴν χάριν ταύτην εἰς τὴν μητέρα των ·· καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐκεῖνα ἀπλώναν τότε τὰς χείρας των·· Ποῖος δὲν ἤθελε σπλαγχνισθῆ τοὺς ἐλεεινοὺς λόγους τῆς λυπημένης Θεᾶς; Ἀλλ᾿ οἱ ἀγροῖκοι ἐκεῖνοι χωρικοὶ δὲν ἐπερακινήθησαν παντελῶς, καὶ μὲ ὅλας τὰς δεήσεις δὲν ἐπέτυχε τὸ ποθητόν· μάλιστα ἄρχισαν
ΤΟΥ. Δι' ὃς ἐφύσασε πῶπο, ἀλλ' ἐθόλωσαν ἡ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς λίμνης μὲ τὰς πόδας ἡ μὲ τὰς χεῖρας τῶν, ἡ μὲ ἀξιοτιμώρητον κακίαν ἀνέβασαν τὴν λάσπην εἰς τὴν ἐπιφανείαν τῆ ὕδατος. Ἠγανάχτησε ποτε ἡ Θεὸ, ἡ ἀ- πὸ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀληθμόρησε τὴν δίψαν, καὶ χωρεὶς νὰ χάσῃ πλέον καιρὸν εἰς τὸ νὰ παρακαλῇ ἀναξίους ἀν- θρώπες, ἐνθυμμένη ὅτι ἦτον Θεὸ, ὕψωσε πρὸς Οὐ- ρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας της, ἡ, μείναιτε ὦ ἀχρεῖοι, τοὺς λέ- γει, μείναιτε αἰωνίως μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα, ἡ εἰς τὴν λάσπην. Εἶπε, καὶ ὁ λόγος της ἔγινεν ἔργον. Ἐ- πήδησαν αὐθὶς οἱ χωρεῖται εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ, δεῖχνοντες ἔφε- σιν ποτὲ μὲν νὰ κρύπτωνται παντελῶς, ποτὲ δὲ νὰ ἐ- πιπλέωσι, προβαίνοντες μὲ μόνον τὴν κεφαλήν. Ἐ- νίοτε μὲν ἔβαινον ἔξω, ἐνίοτε δὲ πάλιν ἐπήδησαν μέ- σα, ἡ δὴ ἔπαυον νὰ ἀξιωθῶσι τῆς γλώσσης τῶν· ἡ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἦσαν εἰς τὸ βάθος τῆς λίμνης, ἡγωνίζου- ντο νὰ ὑβρίζωσι μὲ τὰς φωνάς τὴν Θεὸν, ἡ ὁποία δικαίως τὰς ἐπαίδευσαν. Ἀλλ' ἔξαιφνης ἡ φωνή τῶν ἔ- γινε βραχχώδης, ὁ λαρμὸς τῶν ἐχόνδινε ἡ ἐφρύπωσε, καὶ τὸ στόμα τῶν ἐπλατύνθη ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἔλεγον βλασφημίας. Τέλος οἱ ὦμοι τῶν ἡνωίδησαν μὲ τὴν κε- φαλήν, ἡ ἔλαβον πράσινον χροιάν. Ἡ ῥοικίλια τῶν, ἥ- τις εἶναι τὸ μεγαλήτερον μέρος τῆ σώματός τῶν, ἔγινε λάβη, καὶ ἀντὶ χωρεῖται ἐφάνησαν βάτραχοι εἰς τὴν λάσπην τῆς λίμνης.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Rustica progenies nescit habere modum, Οὐκ οἶδεν ἀγροῖκος ῥοπὴν ἢ χάριν ἔχειν.
Ἰδοὺ, ὡς δοκεῖ μοι, ἡ ὀξυγνωσία ὅλη τῆ Μύθου εἰς δύο λόγια. Ἐδῶ ζωγραφίζονται τὰ ἤθη τῆς χωρείτης, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον εἶναι ποικιλοὶ ἢ κακόστομοι. Αὐτοὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ἔχουσι πυκνὸν ἰδίωμα, ὅσῳ τῆς παρακλήσης, ποσῶτω δὲ αὐθαδιάζουσιν, ἢ νὰ ἱλαρυνωμένοι.
Ὁ Ὀβίδιος λοιπὸν δὲν χρῆται ἀφυνδέως τὸν χαρακτῆρα τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν Μῦθον τῆς Λυκίας χωρείτης, οἱ ὁποῖοι δὲν σπλαγχνίζονται οὔτε τὸν δεῖσιν τῆς λυπημένης μητρὸς, οὔτε τὰ βρέφη, τὰ ὁποῖα ἁπλώνω πρὸς αὐτὴν τὰς χειρίας των. Λέγει ὅτι μετεβλήθησαν εἰς βατράχους, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς οἱ βάτραχοι βλέπει τὸ ἑλῶδης τόπους, οὕτω καὶ οἱ χωρεῖται δὲν ἔχει οὐδὲν ἐπιθυμητέρον ἀπὸ τὰ οἰνοπωλεῖα, ὅ- που διὰ βίου φωνάζοντες ἢ γαργαρίζοντες, καὶ νομίζοντες ὅτι ἡ θέλου ἁποδιδῇ ἀπὸ τῶν διψάδας ἃς δὲν διὰ ῥίψιον συνέχως, ἵνα οὕτως εἰ- πῶ μετέσχον τῆς παιδείας τὸ ὄνομα.
Πρὸ τοίνυν, ἡ παραχις ἑξημιούσας πεῖσας, ἡ ὁποία ἀκολουθεῖ τῷ τε Νιόβης ἀρχέται, ἃς νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Ὀβίδιος δεῖξ ὡς τῆς μεγάλης ἢ τῆς μικρᾶς, καὶ μᾶλλον δὲ τὰς τῶν θεῶν γίνομενη κατὰ τινας δύστυχὴς ἢ σεβλημένας ἀνθρώπης, ὡς ὑπερ- οπτίας, ἥτις πολεμεῖ αὐτὸν τὸν Θεὸν, ἢ ἐγείρεται κατ' αὐτοῦ.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ζ'. ΚΑΙ Η'.
Τῶν Σατύρων, τῶν Νυμφῶν, ἢ ἄλλων ἀ- προσίκων τὰ δάκρυα μεταμορφώνονται εἰς ποταμόν. Ὁ ὦμος τῆ Πέλοπος ἐκ σαρ- κίνης γίνεται ἐλεφάντινος.
From such tales as these the company turns immediately to the present, and mourns the loss of Amphion and his children. The mother was blamed, though even then one man, her brother Pelops, is said to have wept for her and, after taking off his tunic, to have shown the ivory, of his left shoulder. This was of flesh, and the same colour as his right shoulder, at the time of his birth. Later, when he had been cut in pieces, by his father, it is said that the gods fitted his limbs together again. They found the pieces, but one was lost, between the upper arm and the neck. Ivory was used in place of the missing part, and by means of that Pelops was made whole.
The princes, of countries to the southwest, near neighbours of Thebes, gathered, and the cities related to Thebes urged their kings to go and offer sympathy. Argos and Sparta, and Peloponnesian Mycenae, Calydon not yet cursed for rejecting Diana, fertile Orchomenos, and Corinth famous for bronze; warlike Messene, Patrae, and low-lying Cleonae, Nelean Pylos, and Troezen not yet ruled by Pittheus; and whichever of the other cities were southwest of the Isthmus, lying between its two seas, or seen to the northeast of the Isthmus, lying between its two seas. But who can believe this? Athens, alone, did nothing. War prevented them doing so. A Barbarian army had crossed the sea and brought terror to the walls of the city of Mopsopius.
Tereus of Thrace routed these Barbarians, with his army of auxiliaries, and won a great name by his victory. Since Tereus was a master of men and riches, and happened to trace his descent from mighty Mars himself, Pandion, king of Athens, made them allies, by giving him his daughter Procne in marriage. Neither Juno, who attends on brides, nor Hymen, nor the three Graces, was there. The Eumenides, the Furies, held torches snatched from a funeral. The Eumenides, the Furies, prepared their marriage bed, and the unholy screech owl brooded over their house, and sat on the roof of their chamber. By this bird-omen, Procne and Tereus were joined. By this bird-omen, they were made parents. Thrace of course rejoiced with them, and they themselves gave thanks to the gods, and the day when Pandion�s daughter married her illustrious king, and the day on which Itys their son was born, they commanded to be celebrated as festivals: so, always, our real advantages escape us.
Ὁ Σάτυρος Μαρσύας ἐκδέρεται παρὰ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐπειδὴ ἐτόλμησε νὰ φιλονεικήσῃ μετ' αὐτοῦ τὸν Θεὸν εἰς τὴν τέχνην τῆς μουσικῆς τῆς αὐλῆς· Ὁ Τάνταλος, βουλόμενος νὰ δοκιμάσῃ τοὺς Θεούς, τοὺς προσέφερε εἰς βρῶσιν Πέλοπα τὸν υἱόν του· ἀλλ' οἱ Θεοὶ ἐκείνου μὲν ἐτιμώρησαν, τὸν δὲ Πέλοπα ἀνεκάλεσαν εἰς τὴν ζωήν.
Τοιαῦτα ὅπως διηγεῖτο εἰς ἕνα τῶν ἐξ Ἕβρου τῆς Λυδίας· ἁρμὸς δέ τις ἐνεθυμήθη τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Σατύρου Μαρσύου, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐνίκησεν ὁ Ἀπόλλων, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Λητοῦς, παίζων μετ' αὐτοῦ τὰς αὐλᾶς, ἃς ἐπαίνεσε διὰ τὴν αὐθάδειάν του. Διὰ τί, ἔλεγεν ὁ Σάτυρος πρὸς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, διὰ τί με ξεσχίζεις τοιουτοτρόπως; Μετανοῶ, ἐφώναξε, γνωρίζω τὸ σφάλμα μου. Ἀπαιτεῖ ἄλλο τι περισσότερον μία ἁμαρτία; ἄχ! δὲν ἀξίζει τόσον μία αὐλός. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἅπως ἐφώνει καὶ ἐξεσχίζετο, ἐξεσύρθη ὅλον τὸ δέρμα ἀπὸ τὰ μέλη του. Ὁ Σάτυρος ἔγινεν ὅλος μία πληγή, τὸ αἷμα του τρέχει πανταχόθεν· φαίνονται γυμναὶ αἱ φλέβες, ἃ τὰ νεῦρά του· ἤθελες μετρήσει ἐν εὐκολίᾳ καὶ τὰ παλλόμενα σπλάγχνα του, καὶ ὅλας τὰς διαφανεῖς ἶνας τοῦ σώματός του. Ἔκλαυσαν αὐτὸν οἱ Φαῦνοι, οἱ Σάτυροι, αἱ Νύμφαι, ἃ ὅλοι οἱ Θεοὶ τῶν δρυμῶν, τῶν πεδιάδων, καὶ τῶν ὀρέων. Ὅλοι οἱ βοσκοί, ἃ ὅσοι ἄλλοι εἶχον ποίμνια εἰς τὰ μέρη ἐκείνα, ἐδάκρυσαν διὰ τὸν θάνατόν του. Οὗτοι ἐχύθησαν τόσα δάκρυα διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν τοῦ Μαρσύου, ὥστε ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔγινε μέγας ποταμός, φέρων τὸ ὄνομά του, καὶ τρέχει διὰ τὸν πεδίον τῶν ποταμῶν ὅλης Φρυγίας.
Ἀπὸ τὰ παλαιὰ ταῦτα παραδείγματα, τὸ πλῆθος στρέφει πάλιν τὸν νοῦν εἰς τὰ παρόντα. Κλαίουσι τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Ἀμφίονος, καὶ τῶν τέκνων του ὀδελύττονται ὅμως τὴν ὑπερηφάνειαν τῆς Νιόβης. Λέγεται δὲ ὅτι μόνος ὁ Πέλοψ ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῆς ἐκλαυσε τὴν δυστυχίαν τῆς, διὰ ἀφαιρῶντας ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην τὰ ἱμάτιά του, ἐφανέρωσεν ὅτι ὁ εἷς τῶν ὤμων του ἦτον ἐλεφάντινος, ὄχι ἐκ γενέτης, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὅτου ἐφονεύθη παρὰ τοῦ Τανταλου τοῦ ἰδίου του πατρὸς, διὰ νὰ τὸν προσφέρῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τῶν Θεῶν, συνηθροίσαν οὗτοι ὅλα τὰ μέλη, διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀνακαλέσωσιν εἰς τὴν ζωήν, καὶ εὑρόντες αὐτὰ ὅλα, πλὴν τοῦ δεξιοῦ ὤμου, αὐτοῦ τοῦ σαρκίνου, κατεσκεύασαν νέον ὦμον ἐλεφάντινον, καὶ ἔτσι ὁ Πέλοψ δὲν ἐφαίνετο πλέον ἐλλειπής.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ τῆς Ζ'. καὶ Η'. ΒΑΣΟΥ.
Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Μαρσύας ἦτον φαῦλος Ποιητὴς, καὶ κακὸς Μουσικὸς, καὶ παρεσκήνετο ὑπὸ τὴν μορφὴν τοῦ Σατύρου, ἐπειδὴ ἐκτὸς ἀπὸ τοὺς στίχους τοῦ κακοὺς λόγους, ἔλεγον καὶ ἀπὸ αἰσχρολογίας. Συμπεραίνεται λοιπὸν ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μαρσύου εἰκονίζονται ὅλοι οἱ ἀπαίδευτοι Ποιηταὶ, καὶ οἱ γελοιότητες στιχηγοὶ, ὧν τοιοῦτον πᾶς ἄξιος ἐπαίνου, οἱ ὁποῖοι διὰ ὀλίγης στίχης των, μεστῆς κακολογίας, ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς ἐξ χείρονος κακοῦ, νομίζουσι νὰ εἶναι ἄξιοι μεγάλων ἐπαίνων· ὅθεν ὀφείλουσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι νὰ παρασυγκρίνωνται, ὡς ὁ Μαρσύας, μὲ ποὺς τῶν Νυμφῶν, δηλαδὴ μὲ τοὺς σοφοὺς Ποιητάς· ἢ ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἀμαθὴς βούλεται νὰ κολασθῇ τὸν ἄδικον, φθονοῦντας τὰ καλὰ ἔργα οἱ ὁποῖοι εἶναι ἄξιοι εὐφημίας, καὶ τοιοῦτοι λοιποὶ στιχηγοὶ ἐμπαίζονται, καὶ ἐκδέρονται ὡς ὁ Μαρσύας· ἐπειδὴ καὶ νὰ ὑστερηθῶσι τὴν δόξαν, τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον ἐνδυθῇ, εἶναι ὡσὰν νὰ ἐκδέρονται.
Ἀλλ' ὢν ὁ ἄβολιος Μαρσύας εἶναι ἡ εἰκών τῦ ἀπαιδεύτου ἀλαζόνος, διὰ τί νὰ χυθῇ τόσα δάκρυα διὰ ἕνα ἀμαθῆ ἀποδερματισμένον; καὶ διὰ τί πλήττουσιν ὅτι ἀπὸ αὐτῶν τῶν δακρύων ἐγίνε μέγας ποταμός; Ἐβούλατο ἄραγε νὰ μυθολογήσῃ ἀπὸ τὸ μεγαλείτερον διὰ τὸν Σάτυρον ἐκεῖνον ἔμψυχον ἢ πεπαιδευμένον; Νομίζω ὅτι ὄντες ὠφέλιμον εἰς τοὺς ἀμαθεῖς νὰ ζῶσιν οἱ ὅμοιοί των, διὰ νὰ βηθῶνται μετ' ἀλλήλων, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι οἱ ὅμοιοί του ἔκλαυσαν τὸν Μαρσύαν· καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀποδειχθῇ πόσον μέγα ἢ φοβερὸν εἶναι τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἀπαιδεύτων, μυθολόγησαν ὅτι ὁ μέγας ἐκεῖνος ποταμὸς ἐγίνεν ἀπὸ τὰ δάκρυά των, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι φανερὸν ὅτι ἀνείζοντα πολλ
PELOPS
Now, Titan, the sun, had guided the turning year through five autumns when Procne said, coaxingly to her husband, �If any thanks are due me, either send me to see my sister, or let my sister come here. You can promise my father she will return after a brief stay. It would be worth a great deal to me, if you allowed me to see Philomela.� Tereus ordered his ship to sea, and with sail and oar reached the harbour of Cecrops, and landed on the shore of Piraeus.
As soon as he gained access to his father-in-law, right hand was joined to right hand, and they began by wishing each other favourable omens. Tereus had started to tell of the reason for his visit, his wife�s request, and promise a speedy return if she were sent back with him, when, see, Philomela entered, dressed in rich robes, and richer beauty, walking as we are used to being told the naiads and dryads of the deep woods do, if only one were to give them like her culture and dress. Seeing the girl, Tereus took fire, just as if someone touched a flame to corn stubble, or burned the leaves, or hay stored in a loft. Her beauty was worthy of it, but he was driven by his natural passion, and the inclination of the people of his region is towards lust: he burnt with his own vice and his nation�s. His impulse was to erode her attendants care, and her nurse�s loyalty, even seduce the girl herself with rich gifts, to the extent of his kingdom, or rape her and defend the rape in savage war. There was nothing he would not dare, possessed by unbridled desire, nor could he contain the flame in his heart.
Now he suffered from impatience, and eagerly returned to Procne�s request, pursuing his own wishes as hers. Desire made him eloquent, and whenever he petitioned more strongly than was seemly, he would make out that Procne wished it so. He even embellished his speeches with tears, as though she had commissioned him to do that too. You gods, what secret darknesses human hearts hide! Due to his efforts, Tereus is viewed as faithful, in his deceit, and is praised for his crime. Moreover Philomela wishes his request granted, and resting her forearms on her father�s shoulders, coaxing him to let her go to visit her sister, she urges it, in her own interest, and against it. Tereus gazes at her, and imagining her as already his, watching her kisses, and her arms encircling her father�s neck, it all spurs him on, food and fuel to his frenzy. Whenever she embraces her father, he wishes he were that father: though of course his intentions would be no less wicked. The father is won over by the twin entreaties. The girl is overjoyed, and thanks her father, and thinks, poor wretch, that what will bring sorrow to both sisters is actually a success for both.
θεὸς τῷ Πέλοπος, ἢ φανέται ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος αὐτὸς τοῦ κατακρινίζει, ἢ ἀληθῆ νὰ τοῦ ἀποδείξῃ μισθόν· μὲ ὅλον τε τὸ δύναται τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι τὰ κατ᾽ αὐτὰ λεγόμενα εἶναι μάλιστα ἡ ὑποληψία του. Δὲν ἀμ- φιβάλλω ὅτι ὁ λόγος μου θέλει φανῇ παράξενος, ἐπειδὴ ἴδαμεν τὸν Πλάτανον φυτεύοντα τοῦ μόντα, διὰ νὰ τοῦ προσφέρῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τὰ φύλλα· καὶ πολὺ θέλει νὰ τοῦ κινοῦσεν κατὰ τὰ φαινόμενα, ἢ ὡς ἄλλο τι ἀσφαλέστερον· Ὁ γὰρ Ὅμηρος ἤρεσε τὸν Τάνταλον, τὸ τὸ τὸν εἰς τὰ φυσικὰ, ὅσον ἢ εἰς τὰ θεῖα. Θὰ ἀποδείξῃ εἰς ἄλλο μέρος ὅτι τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ μυθολογούμενα, εἶναι ὅλα σύμφωνά του. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴν φύγω ἀπὸ τὰ θεῖα τῆς παρούσης Μύθου, λέγω ὅτι ἔχων ἐκεῖνος περὶ τῶν Θεῶν ὑπόληψιν τόσον ψηλήν, ὥστε ἐσκάνδαλετο νὰ μὴν ἦτον καμμία θυσία ἀρκετὴ διὰ τοὺς Θεούς· ἢ ἐνόμισεν ὅτι ὁ ἄνθρωπος μόνον ἦτον ἡ ἐφάμιλλός των θυσία· ἐπει- δὴ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον δὲν εὑρίσκετο ἄλλο τι τιμιώτερον ἀπὸ τὸν ἀν- θρωπον. Τῇ ἀληθείᾳ αὐτὴ ἡ θεοσέβεια εἶναι σκληρά, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἰδέαν μαρτυρεῖ τὴν εὐλάβειάν του περὶ τῶν Θεῶν δυὸ θέσεις του.
Ἱ. Ἐπὶ συνόδμευ ἀνθρώπου τὴν ψυχῆς, καρδία, ἦ θέλησις, ἐπειδὴ δύο τὰ ἐξόχωτα, τὰ νεῦρα, τὸ ἡ σάρξ, ὧς ὧν συντίθεται ὁ Τάνταλος δὲ εἶμεν μακάριον, διότι ἡ ψυχὴ ἀνθρώπου ἴσως θέλουσεν συμπεράναι ὅτι ἀνθρώπου, ἦ δὲδ διὰ τὰ σωμάτουν, διότι ἡ ψυχὴ κυρίως εἶναι ὁ πρὸς τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄλλω συντεταιαν ἀναρεσθέρῃ ἀπὸ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς, κρᾶσίας κατὰ σκληρότητα. Καθὼς δὲ ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἶναι υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐφαίνη ὅτι Τάνταλος ἦ θέλησε νὰ θυσίασῃ τὸν υἱόν του,
ἐπὶ γνώσιν τε Θεῖς, καὶ πᾶν λαξεύει κατ ἀξίαν, θώσαται νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι ἔχει τὸν Θεόν εἰς τὴν αἰχίαν του. Μυθαύσιον ὅτι ἔδωκε τὸν υἱόν του εἰς βρώσιν τοῖς Θεοῖς, ἐπειδὴ τὸν ἀφιέρωσεν εἰς τὴν θρησκείαν τῶν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐλεφάντινον ὦμον, τὸν ὁποῖον τὰ ἐδῶκα εἶχει εἰς τόπον τὰ ἐδῆ τὸ, ἀνώνιται διὰ διωδμείος, ἱ οἱ αὐτοί ται, δι ὧν οἱ Θεοὶ αἰσθάνονταν μισῆσαν καὶ δυσέβειαν τὰ πάρος εἰς παραποίησαι τὸ μὴν ἐξ Ἑλφας, εἰκονίζει τὰ πλούτη, καθὼς φησὶ καὶ Ὅμηρος ὅτι ὅλα τὰ πολύτιμα χρήματα εἶναι ἢ ἐλεφαντίνα, ἢ χρυσᾶ οἱ δὲ ὦμοι, δηλόσι τὸ κράτος, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν.
Περὶ Πρόκνης, Φιλομέλης, Τηρέως, ἰ Ἴτυος καὶ μεταμορφώσεων εἰς ὄρνεα.
Τηραῖ, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Θράκης, γίνεται ἐραστὴς τῆς Φιλομή- λης, ἡ ὁποία ἦτον ἀδελφὴ Πρόκνης τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ αὐτοῦ, δὲ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν ἄνδρα τῆς, δίδει αὐτῷ εἰς βρῶσιν τὸν υἱὸν του. Μαθὼν ὁ Τηραῖ τοιαύτην ἀπηνείαν, θέλει νὰ θανατώσῃ τὴν Πρό- κνην καὶ τὴν Φιλομήλαν, ἀλλ' ὁ θεὸς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς ὄρ- νιθα· ὁ μὲν Τηραῖ εἰς ἔποπα, ἡ Πρόκνη εἰς ἀηδόνα, ἡ δὲ Φιλο- μήλα εἰς χελιδόνα.
Ὅλοι οἱ πλησιόχωροι Ἡγεμόνες ἦλθαν νὰ ἐπι- σκεφθῶσι τὸν Πέλοπα, διὰ νὰ συλλυπηθῶσι με- τ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὅλαι αἱ πέριξ πόλεις παρεκάλεσαν τοὺς Βασιλεῖς των νὰ ὑπάγωσι προσωπικῶς νὰ τὸν παρηγο-
Now little was left of Phoebus�s daily labour, and his horses were treading the spaces of the western sky. A royal feast was served at Pandion�s table, with wine in golden goblets. Then their bodies sated, they gave themselves to quiet sleep. But though the Thracian king retired to bed, he was disturbed by thoughts of her, and remembering her features, her gestures, her hands, he imagined the rest that he had not yet seen, as he would wish, and fuelled his own fires, in sleepless restlessness. Day broke, and Pandion, clasping his son-in-law�s right hand, in parting, with tears welling in his eyes, entrusted his daughter to him. �Dear son, since affectionate reasons compel it, and both of them desire it (you too have desired it, Tereus), I give her over to you, and by your honour, by the entreaty of a heart joined to yours, and by the gods above, I beg you, protect her with a father�s love, and send back to me, as soon as is possible (it will be all too long a wait for me), this sweet comfort of my old age.� You too, as soon as is possible (it is enough that your sister is so far away), if you are at all dutiful, Philomela, return to me!�
So he commanded his daughter and kissed her, and soft tears mingled with his commands. As a token of their promise he took their two right hands and linked them together, and asked them, with a prayer, to remember to greet his absent daughter, and grandson, for him. His mouth sobbing, he could barely say a last farewell, and he feared the forebodings in his mind.
As soon as Philomela was on board the brightly painted ship, and the sea was churned by the oars, and the land left behind them, the barbarian king cried �I have won! I carry with me what I wished for! He exults, and his passion can scarcely wait for its satisfaction. He never turns his eyes away from her, no differently than when Jupiter�s eagle deposits a hare, caught by the curved talons, in its high eyrie: there is no escape for the captive, and the raptor gazes at its prize.
Now they had completed their journey, and disembarked from the wave-worn ship, on the shores of his country. The king took her to a high-walled building, hidden in an ancient forest, and there he locked her away, she, pale and trembling, fearing everything, in tears now, begging to know where her sister was. Then, confessing his evil intent, he overcame her by force, she a virgin and alone, as she called out, again and again, in vain, to her father, her sister, and most of all to the great gods. She quivered like a frightened lamb, that fails to realise it is free, wounded and discarded by a grey wolf, or like a dove trembling, its feathers stained with its blood, still fearing the rapacious claws that gripped it. After a brief while, when she had come to her senses, she dragged at her dishevelled hair, and like a mourner, clawed at her arms, beating them against her breasts. Hands outstretched, she shouted �Oh, you savage. Oh, what an evil, cruel, thing you have done. Did you care nothing for my father�s trust, sealed with holy tears, my sister�s affection, my own virginity, your marriage vows? You have confounded everything. I have been forced to become my sister�s rival. You are joined to both. Now Procne will be my enemy! Why not rob me of life as well, you traitor, so that no crime escapes you? If only you had done it before that impious act. Then my shade would have been free of guilt. Yet, if the gods above witness such things, if the powers of heaven mean anything, if all is not lost, as I am, then one day you will pay me for this! I, without shame, will tell what you have done. If I get the chance it will be in front of everyone. If I am kept imprisoned in these woods, I will fill the woods with it, and move the stones, that know of my guilt, to pity. The skies will hear of it, and any god that may be there!�
ρήσασι. Τὸ Ἄργος, ἢ Σπάρτη, αἱ Μυκῆναι, καὶ ἡ Καλυδών, ἥτις δὲν ἦτον ὅτι μισητὴ εἰς τὴν Ἄρτεμιν, ἔστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν τὰς πρεσβεῖς των. Οὕτως ἐποίησαν καὶ ἡ Ὀρχομενός, ἡ Κόρινθος, ἡ Μεσσηνή, αἱ Πάτραι, ἢ Κλεωναί, ἢ Πύλος, ἢ ἡ Τροιζήν, ἢ ὅλαι αἱ ἄλλαι Πόλεις, αἱ κείμεναι ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ. Τί ἠθέλει τὸ πιστεύσῃ; Μόναι αἱ Ἀθῆναι ἔλειψαν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ τὸ χρέος, ἀλλὰ τὰς ἐμπόδισεν ὁ πόλεμος· διότι πλῆθη μεγάλα βαρβάρων καὶ διὰ ξηρᾶς ἢ διὰ θαλάσσης, ἐφόβιζον τότε καὶ ἐπολιόρκησαν ἐκείνην τὴν Πόλιν. Μετὰ πολὺν κόπον, τέλος ὁ Τηρεὺς, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Θρᾴκης, ἐδίωκε τοὺς ἐχθρούς της, καὶ μὲ τὴν νίκην αὐτῶν ἀπέκτησεν ἔνδοξον φήμην· ὅθεν βλέπων ὁ Πανδίων, ὁ ἦν Ἀθηνῶν βασιλεύς, ὅτι ἦτον μέγας καὶ δυνατὸς ὁ Τηρεὺς διὰ τὰ πλούτη του, ἢ διὰ τὰ ὑπὸ τὴν ἐξουσίαν του ἔθνη, ἢ ὅτι ἐκατήγετο ἀπὸ τὴν γενεὰν τοῦ Ἄρεως, τοῦ ἔδωκεν εἰς νυμφείαν μίαν τῶν θυγατέρων, Πρόκνην καλουμένην.
Ἀλλὰ οὔτε ἡ Ἥρα, οὔτε ὁ Ὑμέναιος, οὔτε αἱ Χάριτες δὲν ἐπαρευρέθησαν εἰς τὸν δυστυχῆ γάμον. Αἱ Εὐμενίδες ἐκράτησαν τὴν οἰνίαν, καὶ δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς ἡμέρας, καθ᾽ ἣν ἐτελεσθῆ αἱ γαμιαὶ τὰ ποιῆτα πεσφήμιον συνοικεσίου, ἐκάθητο σύαξ νυκτικόραξ ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ τεῖχος τοῦ παλατίου τῶν νεονύμφων. Μὲ τὸν σκυθρωπὸν τοῦτον οἰωνὸν ἐτέλεσαν τὸν γάμον των ὁ Τηρεὺς ἢ ἡ Πρόκνη, ἢ μὲ τὸν αὐτὸν οἰωνὸν ἐγεννήθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἕνα βρέφος.
Ὕλη ἡ Θράκη ἔχαρη χαρὰν μεγάλην, καὶ ἀπέδωκαν παντοχῇ τοῖς Θεοῖς τὰ δυκαεσθέλια· προσετάχθη δὲ νὰ παννηγυρίσεται κατ' ἔτος λαμπρῶς ἢ δημοσίας ἢ ἡμέρα τῶν γενεθλίων τῆς τε Προκνῆς, ἢ πρὸ Ἵστ
λάκις ἀγάλλονται διὰ ἐκείνα, διὰ τὰ ὁποῖα ἔπρεπε μᾶλλον νὰ λυπεῦνται. Ἤσαν πέντε χρόνοι ἀφ' ὃ ὑστω- ράθη ἡ Πρόκνη, καὶ εἰς ὅλον αὐτὸ τὸ διάστημα δὲν εἶχον ἰδῆ τὴς ἀδελφῆς της· Ὅθεν παρεκάλεσε τὸν ἄν- δρα της νὰ τῆς ἀφήση νὰ ὑπάγῃ νὰ τὴν ἐπισκεφθῆ ἔ- τι μίαν φοράν. „ Ἂν ἀληθῶς, τῇ ἔλεγε, κολακεύ- „ σα αὐτόν, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι με ἀγαπᾶς, ἄφες με νὰ „ ὑπάγω νὰ ἴδω τὴς ἀδελφῆς μου, ἢ κάμε ἔστω νὰ „ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖ ὁποῦδα, ὑποσχόμενος εἰς τὸν πατέρα „ μὲ τὸν βασιλέα νὰ τὴν τὴν ἐπιστρέψῃς ἐντὸς ὀλίγου· „ Δὲν δύνασαι νὰ μὲ κάμῃς μεγαλυτέραν χάριν, καὶ „ τὸ μεγαλύτερον τεκμήριον τῆς ἀγάπης σου εἶναι τοῦτο, „ νὰ μὲ ἀφήσῃς νὰ ἴδω τὴς ἀδελφῆς μου ". Εὐθὺς ὁ Τηρεὺς προστάξει νὰ ἑτοιμάσῃ πλοῖα, καὶ ἐντὸς ὀλί- γου, ἔφθασον εὐτυχῶς εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ. Ἐμβαίνει ἀπὸ τὸ πλοῖον, ἀναζητεῖ τὸν πενθερόν του, ᾧ καὶ ἀναγγέλ- λει τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς του. Ἐπ' ᾧ δὲ τῷ ὑπέσχετο ὅτι ἡ Φιλομήλη ἐντὸς ὀλίγου ἤθελεν ἐπιστρέψῃ, ἰδοὺ ἐμ- βαίνει καὶ αὕτη εἰς τὸν οἰκίσκον, ὅπου ἦσαν ἐκεῖνοι. Ἔλαμπε τῇ ἀληθείᾳ διὰ τὴν μεγαλοπρέπειαν τῶν φο- ρεμάτων της, ἀλλὰ πολὺ περισσότερον διὰ τὴν ὡραιότη- τά της, παρομοιάζουσα τὰς Νηίδας ἢ Δρυάδας, αἱ ὁποῖαι πεπληροφόρηντο πόσον εὐμορφοι, ἐὰν ὅμως ἐπεσκευ- άζοντο μὲ τὰ αὐτὰ μεγαλοπρεπῆ στολίσματα. Μό- λις τὴν ἴδῃ ὁ Τηρεὺς ᾖ κατεπλάγη ὥσει χόρτος ἢ καλάμια ὅπου, ἢ ὥσπερ τὰ ξηρὰ φύλλα ῥιπτόμενα εἰς τὸ πῦρ. Ἤτον ἡ Φιλομήλη ἀξιέραστος, ᾧ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἤτον γεννημένος εἰς μίαν πόλιν, ὅπου οἱ ἄνθρωποι ῥέπουσιν ἐκ φύσεως εἰς τὰ ἀφροδίσια·
πέλος ὁ Πανδίων ἀπὸ τῆς θέσμιν καὶ τῆν δυῶ· χαίρει ἡ Φιλομήλη καὶ τὸν ἀγκαλιοῖ διὰ μίαν χάριν, ἡ ὁ- ποία ἤμελλε νὰ ἀφανίσῃ αὐτόν τε καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· ἀλλ' αὐτὴ τῆν ἐνόμιζεν ὠφέλιμον καὶ εἰς τὰς δυῶ. Ὅ- ταν ἐπλίσιον αἱ ἡμέραι, ἐκάθισαν εἰς τῆν τράπεζαν, καὶ μετὰ τῆν δείπνησιν, ἕκαστος ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνά του διὰ νὰ κοιμηθῇ. Ἀλλ' ὁ Τηρεύς, καὶ ἂν ἀνεχώρησεν ὥσπερ οἱ ἄλλοι, ὅμως εἶναι πάντοτε μὲ τῆν Φιλομή- λην, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ τῆν βλέπῃ μὲ τὰς σωματικὰς τὰς ὀφθαλμούς, τῆν βλέπει νοερῶς, καὶ ἀνακαλῶν εἰς τὴν τῆν μνήμην του τὸ πρόσωπόν της, τὰς χεῖράς της, καὶ τὰ σχήματά της, πλάττει κατὰ τῆν γνώμην του τὰ ὅσα ἀ- κόμη δὲν εἶδε, καὶ ἔτσι ζέφει ὁ ἄσωτος τῆν κακήνε- σταν αὐτοῦ φλόγα.
The king�s anger was stirred by these words, and his fear also. Goaded by both, he freed the sword from its sheath by his side, and seizing her hair gathered it together, to use as a tie, to tether her arms behind her back. Philomela, seeing the sword, and hoping only for death, offered up her throat. But he severed her tongue with his savage blade, holding it with pincers, as she struggled to speak in her indignation, calling out her father�s name repeatedly. Her tongue�s root was left quivering, while the rest of it lay on the dark soil, vibrating and trembling, and, as though it were the tail of a mutilated snake moving, it writhed, as if, in dying, it was searching for some sign of her. They say (though I scarcely dare credit it) that even after this crime, he still assailed her wounded body, repeatedly, in his lust.��
He controlled himself sufficiently to return to Procne, who, seeing him returned, asked where her sister was. He, with false mourning, told of a fictitious funeral, and tears gave it credence. Procne tore her glistening clothes, with their gold hems, from her shoulders, and put on black robes, and built an empty tomb, and mistakenly brought offerings, and lamented the fate of a sister, not yet due to be lamented in that way.
Με τὸν ἐρχομόν τῆς ἡμέρας, ἤσαν ἤδη ἕτοιμοι νὰ ἀναχωρήσουν, καὶ ὁ Πανδίων ἀναγκαλίζεται τὸν γαμ- βρόν του, καὶ κλαίων τὰ ἀσπάζεται τὴν Φιλομήλαν. "Ἐ- πειδὴ αἱ δύο ἀδελφαὶ οὕτως ἐπεθύμησαν, τῆ εἶπεν, ἐπειδὴ ἔτσι θέλεις καὶ σὺ ὦ Τηρεῦ, καὶ μόνη ἡ φι- λία εἶναι τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ὁδοιπορίας σας, παραδίδω εἰς χεῖράς σας τὴν Φιλομήλαν, καὶ εἰς τὴν φύλαξίν σας. Σὲ παρακαλῶ διὰ τὴν συγγένειάν μας, καὶ διὰ τοὺς Θεούς, οἱ ὁποῖοι μᾶς ἀκούουσι, νὰ τῆ δείξῃς πατρι- κὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ νὰ μὲ τὴν στείλῃς πάλιν τὸ ταχύ- τερον, ἐπειδὴ εἶναι ἡ μόνη παρηγορία τοῦ γήρατός μου· ἡ παραμονὴ ἀργότερα θέλει μὲ φανῆ με- γαλωτάτη. Καὶ σὺ θύγατερ, διχαιῶσαι νὰ ἐπισκε- φθῆς τὴν ἀδελφήν σου, καὶ ἂν ἀγαπᾷς τὸν πατέρα σου, ἀφόνειψον τὸν πόθον του ἀπὸ τὸν ἐδικόν σου, καὶ γύρισαι ἐμπροῦθα τὸ ταχύτερον, καθὼς εὔχομαι καὶ ἐπιθυμῶ."
Ἐν τῷ παραγγέλλειν ταῦτα εἰς τὴν θυγατέρα του, ἠσπάζετο αὐτὴν θερμῶς, μιγνύων καὶ τὰ δάκρυα μὲ τὰς ἀσπασμάς. Τέλος ἐζήτησε τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ ἑνὸς καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ὡς ἀρραβῶνα τῆς ὑποσχέσεως των, καὶ ἀποχαιρετίσας αὐτούς, τοὺς ἐπαρακάλεσε νὰ ἀσπασθῶσιν ἐκ μέ- ρους του τὴν ἄλλην θυγατέρα του, καὶ τοὺς ἐγγόνους του. Με- τὰ βίας ἠδυνήθη νὰ τοὺς εἴπῃ τὸν τελευταῖον χαιρετισ- μόν, ἐπειδὴ ἐμποδίζετο ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀναστεναγμούς, καὶ ἀ- πὸ τὰ δάκρυα· ὅθεν ἐφοβήθη μήπως ἡ σύγχυσις καὶ λύπη τῆς ψυχῆς του ἦσαν προοιώνισμα τινὸς ἀτυχήματος.
Ἀφ᾽ ἃ ἡ Φιλομήλη ἐμβήκει ἐς τὸ πλοῖον, κ ἀπεμακρύνθησαν ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ἐγέλασεν, ἐφανέρωσεν ὁ Τιρεὺς, δείχνων ἐς τὸ πρόσωπόν του ὑπέρμετρον χαράν· ἐγέλασεν· ἔχω ἐς τὰς χεῖρας μου τὸ ποθούμενον. Μόλις ἠδύνατο νὰ ἀναβάλῃ τὴν ἐλπιζομένην ἀπόλαυσιν κοιτάζων ἀσκαρδαμύκτι τὴν Φιλομήλην, δὲν ἐσήκωνε ποτὲ τὰ ὄμματά του ἀπὸ αὐτῆς, παρομοιάζων τοῦ ἀετοῦ, ὅστις ἔχων τὸ κυνήγιον ἐς τὰς ὄνυχας, μὴ δυνάμενον νὰ τὸ φύγῃ, λαμβάνει ἡδονήν νὰ τὸ κοιτάζῃ, κ ἀρχίνει νὰ τὸ κατατρώγῃ πρῶτον μὲ τὰ ὄμματα. Ὅταν ἔφθασαν ἐς τὴν Θρᾴκην, δὲν ἔφερεν ὁ Τιρεὺς τὴν Φιλομήλην ἐς τὸ βασιλικόν του παλάτιον, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐφυλάκωσεν ἐς ἓν σκοτεινὸν ἐπαύλιον παλαιοῦ τινὸς δρυμοῦ. Τότε ἤρχισεν ἡ παλαίτωρος νὰ φοβῆται κ νὰ ὑποπτεύῃ, κ ἠρώτα πῆ εἶναι ἡ ἀδελφή της, ἀλλ᾽ ἠρώτα ἐς μάτην. Τέλος ὁ βάρβαρος Τιρεὺς τῆς ἐφανέρωνε τὸν ἔρωτά του· ἡ δὲ, ἀντιώνεται ὅσον δύναται μία παρθένος· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον μόνη, κ χωρὶς καμμίαν βοήθειαν, τὴν ἐβίασε βιαίως, ἐν ᾧ ἐπεκαλεῖτο ἐς μάτην τὴν βοή-
πῆς, ἢ πῆς ἀδελφῆς πῆς, ἢ πλῶ ὑπεράσσισιν ἦῆ Θεῶν. Σποχαθῆτε πλῶ σύγχυσιν καὶ λύπλῳ πῆς παλαιτώρου κόρης, ἢ ὀποῖα παρωμοιαζε μῖαν ξομασμένῳ ἀμνάδα, πληφθείσαν ἀπὸ τὸν λύπον, ἥτις μὲ ὄλον ὅτι ἡλάθερώθῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα τῆς, δεὶ νομίζες ἀκόμη νὰ εἶναι φυλαγμένη ἀπὸ τὸν κῖνδυνον· ἢ μίαν περιστερόν, ἢ ὀποῖα βλέψεσα αἱματωμένα τὰ πτερώτης, φοβεῖται ἀκόμη τὸν ἱέρακα, ὅς τις τὴν ἔσφιγξε μὲ τὰς ὄνυχάς τε. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἡ δυστυχῆς Φιλομήλη ἤλθεν ὀλίγον τι εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῆς τῆς· ,,ὦ βάρβαρε, ἄρχισε νὰ λέγη, τιλλήσασα τὰ μαλλία τῆς, καὶ τλήττεσα τὸ στῆθος τῆς, ὦ ,,παηραμένε Τηρεῦ, πῶς δεὶ ἐδωνήθησαν νὰ σε ἐμποδίσωσι νὰ φράξης ἐνὸ ποιοῦν ἀσέβημα αἱ δείσσες ,,μῆ τὰ δάκρυα τὸ παθός μῆ, καὶ τὸ φέος σε πρὸς τὴν ,,σύζυγόν σε ἢ ἀδελφήν μῆ. ἢ ἡ τιμή μῆ, τὴν ὀποῖαν ,,ἔφερε μάλιστα νὰ διαφυλάξης; ὦ κακόβουλε, σύ ,,κατεπάτησες τὰ πάντα με ἔκαμες ἀντίζηλον τῆς ἀδελφῆς μῆ, ἢ ἔγινες σύνδουνος δύω ἀθλίων ἀδελφῶν. ,,Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ περιποίησις, τὴν ὀποῖαν ἐνκώσεις νὰ ,,κάμης εἰς τὸ γένος μου· δεὶ μὲ ἔφερεν αὕτη ἡ τιμωρεία. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σοῦ μείνη ἀπαράκτος ἡ μῆ ,,παρανομία, διὰ τί δεὶ μοῦ ἀρπάζεις καὶ τὴν ,,ζωῆς; Ἄμποτε νὰ με ἤθελες θανατώσῃ, πρῦν μοῦ ,,ἀφαιρέσης τὴν τιμὴν μῆ! καὶ ἡ ἀθλία ψυχή μῆ δεὶ ,,ἤθελε φέρῃ εἰς τὸν ἀδῶν τὰ ὁλέθεια σημεῖα τὸ ἐγκλήματος. Ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῶς ἔχουσι δύναμιν τινὰ οἱ Θεοί, ,,νὰ βλέψωσι τὴν κακέργίαν ταύτῳ, ἢ δεὶ ἔγκαθῆναν σὺν ἐμοῦ ταῦτα, ἢ ὀλίγαρα ἢ ἀργὰ θέλουν ,,με ἐνδικήσεις· καὶ ἀπορρίψασα ἢ ἐγὼ τὴν
The sun-god has circled the twelve signs, and a year is past. What can Philomela do? A guard prevents her escape; the thick walls of the building are made of solid stone; her mute mouth can yield no token of the facts. Great trouble is inventive, and ingenuity arises in difficult times. Cleverly, she fastens her thread to a barbarian�s loom, and weaves purple designs on a white background, revealing the crime. She entrusts it, when complete, to a servant, and asks her, by means of gestures, to take it to her mistress. She, as she is asked, takes it to Procne, not knowing what it carries inside. The wife of the savage king unrolls the cloth, and reads her sister�s terrible fate, and by a miracle keeps silent. Grief restrains her lips, her tongue seeking to form words adequate to her indignation, fails. She has no time for tears, but rushes off, in a confusion of right and wrong, her mind filled with thoughts of vengeance.
It was the time when the young Thracian women used to celebrate the triennial festival of Bacchus. (Night knew their holy rites: by night, Mount Rhodope rang with the high-pitched clashing of bronze). By night the queen left her palace, prepared herself for the rites of the god, and took up the weapons of that frenzied religion. Tendrils of vine wreathed her head; a deerskin was draped over her left side; a light javelin rested on her shoulder. Hurtling through the woods with a crowd of her companions, terrifying, driven by maddening grief, Procne embodies you, Bacchus. She comes at last to the building in the wilderness, and howls out loud, giving the ecstatic cry of Euhoe, breaks the door down, seizes her sister, disguises her with the tokens of a wild Bacchante, hides her face with ivy leaves, and dragging her along with her, frightened out of her wits, leads her inside the palace walls.
When Philomela realised that she had reached that accursed house, the wretched girl shuddered in horror, and her whole face grew deathly pale. Procne, once there, took off the religious trappings; uncovered the downcast face of her unhappy sister, and clutched her in her arms. But Philomela could not bear to lift her eyes, seeing herself as her sister�s betrayer. With her face turned towards the ground, wanting to swear by the gods, and call them to witness, that her shame had been visited on her by force, she made signs with her hands in place of speech. Procne burned, and could not control her anger, reproaching her sister for weeping, saying �Now is not the time for tears, but for the sword, or for what overcomes the sword, if you know of such a thing. I am prepared for any wickedness, sister; to set the palace alight with a torch, and throw Tereus, the author of this, into the midst of the flames; or to cut out his eyes and tongue, and the parts which brought shame to you; or to force out his guilty spirit through a thousand wounds! I am ready for any enormity: but what it should be, I still do not know yet.�
δέ πάλιν μέσον πεπλεισμένη εἰς τὰ δέσμα, Θέλω νὰ γεγίσει ἀπὸ τὸν ἦχον τῆς ἐγκλήματός σου, ἀφοῦ Θέλω μνήσει κατὰ σὲ πᾶς πέτρας παρὸς ἐνδύνισιν. Ὁ οὐ- ρανὸς Θέλει ἀκούσει τὸ ἀδόκημά σου ἀπὸ τῆς φωνᾶς μου, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰ παράπονά μου, καὶ ἂν εἶναι Θεὸς εἰς τὰς ἐρανυες, ἴσως Θέλει με ἀσπαγχνιᾷ, ἢ δὲν Θέ- λες ῥίψει ἀπλᾶς τῆς κεραυνὲς του παρὰ εἰς τὴν κε- φαλὴν σου". Τὰ λόγια αὐτὰ παρώξυναν τὸν τύραν- νον, ἀλλ' ὁ φόβος ποὺ δὲν ἦταν κατώτερος ἀπὸ τὸν θυ- μόν του, ἄθελεν φερόμενος ἀπὸ τὰ δύο ταῦτα πάθη, ἀ- πὸ τὸν θυμὸν διηλαδὴ καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν φόβον, διέγραζε τὸν ἑαυτόν του, καὶ ἁρπάζων τὴν Φιλομήλην ἀπὸ τὰ μαλλιὰ τῆς δούει της τὰς χεῖρας ὀπίσω εἰς τὴν πλάτυν. Ἡ δυστυχὴς ἔκλινεν εὐθὺς τὸν λαιμὸν τῆς, ἐπειδὴ βλέπου- σα γυμνὸν τὸ ἀσπάθι εἰς χέρας τὸ δημίου τῆς, ἤλπιζεν ὅτι ἤθελε τὴν θανατώσῃ. Ἀλλ' ὁ Τήρευς δὲν εἶχε τοιοῦτον σκοπόν. Ἤθελε μόνον νὰ τῆς ἀφαιρέσῃ τὰ μέ- σα νὰ μὴ διαπνεύη νὰ τὸν θεανίσῃ, εἴτε νὰ καλέσῃ τὸν πατέρα τῆς εἰς βοήθειαν τῆς· καὶ διὰ νὰ τὴν βιάσῃ εἰς παντοτινὸν σιώπην, ἁρβήσας τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ τὸ στόματος, τὴν κόπτει με τὸ ἀσπάθι του. Ἡ γλῶσσαν πέπτουσα κατὰ γῆς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι γογγύζει ἀνόμως· πάλ- λεται, ἢ πηδᾷ ὡς ἡ οὐρὰ ὄφεως τινὸς ἡμιθανατισμένου, ἢ ἀποθνήσκουσα ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἐζήτει νὰ ὑπάγῃ πάλιν εἰς τὴν κυρίαν τῆς. Λέγεται (μόλις ἀποτολμῶ νὰ τὸ πιστεύσω) ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀπάνθρωπον ἔργον, νὰ ἐξεδίδεινε πολλάκις τὴν ἀσέλγειάν του εἰς τὸ διεσ- παραγμένον σῶμα. Ὡς πόσον δὲν εὐσκολύνθη πάν- τελῶς, ἔτι βεβρεγμένος ὢν ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα τῆς Φιλομή- λης, νὰ παρασταθῇ εἰς τὴν Πρόκνιν, ἡ ὁποία ἀμέ- σως τὸν ἠρώτησε
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. ς'. 341
περδῇ, ἀρχίσε νὰ ἀναστακῇ, τὸ ἔπεστα τῆ εἶπεν ὅτι ἔ- χει ἀπόθανε, καὶ μὲ τὰ δάκρυα του ἐβεβαίωσε τὸ ψεῦδος. Ἡ Πρόκνη διδὺς ἀνεδύθη μὲ πενθήμα, ἔ- κτησαν ἓν κενοτάφιον εἰς μνημεῖον τῆς ἀδελφῆς της, τὸ ἐ- τέλεσαν ὅλας τὰς συνήθεις θυσίας, ὡς νὰ ἦτον ἀληθὴς ὁ θάνατος της, καὶ μετεχειρίσθη κάθε ἄλλο μέσον διὰ νὰ κλαύση μεγαλοπρεπῶς τὴν ἀδελφήν της, τὴν ὁποίαν δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ θρηνῇ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον. Οὕτως ἐπέρασον ὁλόκληρος χρόνος, χωρὶς νὰ δυνηθῇ ἡ Φιλομήλη νὰ φανερώσῃ τὴν δυστυχίας της. Τὸ νὰ φύγῃ ἦταν ἀδύνατον, ἐπειδὴ ἦτου ἐσφαλισμένη εἰς φυ- λακὴν μὲ τείχη ἰσχυρὰ, καὶ δὲν εἶχε γλῶσσαν διὰ νὰ ἀπαγγείλῃ τὴν κατάστασιν τῆς. Ἀλλὰ πολλάκις ἡ λύ- πη διεγείρει τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ ἡ δυστυχία ποιεῖ ἐπιτήδειον τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Οὕτω καὶ αὐτὴ ὕφανεν εἰς πάνον πάντα τὰ ἀξιοθρήνητα τύχης της, τὸ πα- ρέδωκεν αὐτὸ εἰς μίαν γυναῖκα, παραγγείλασα αὐτῇ μὲ σχήματα νὰ τὸ φέρῃ εἰς τὴν βασιλίσσαν. Ἐκείνη ἀγνοοῦσα ὅτι τὸ πάνιον περιέχε τὴν πανουργίαν τοῦ βασιλέως, τὸ ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Πρόκνην, ἡ ὁποία μα- θοῦσα τὴν ἀπανθρωπίαν καὶ σκληρότητα τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἔμεινεν ἀπὸ τὴν θλῖψιν πολλὰς ὥρας ἄφωνος, μὴ δυ- ναμένη νὰ εὕρῃ λόγια ἀξία τῆς ἀγανακτήσεώς της· ἀλλὰ καθ'ἑαυτὴν ἐσκέπτετο νὰ σπάσῃ κάθε φραγμὸν τοῦ δικαίου διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, τὸ ἡ πεφορτωμένη ψυχή της ἐφρόντιζε τὰς ἡδονὰς τῆς ἐκδικήσεως.
Ἦτον ποτὲ ὁ καιρὸς, καθ'ὃν αἱ τῆς Θράκης γυναῖκες ἑώρταζον τὰ Τριετῆ Ὄργια τοῦ Βάκχου. Τὴν νύκτα τῆς ἑορτῆς ἐκείνης τὸ ὄρος τῆς Ῥοδόπης ἀντήχει ἀπὸ τὰς φωνὰς τῶν Βακχῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν πάταγον τοῦ χαλκοῦ. Κατ'αὐτὴν τὴν νύκτα ἡ Εὐρυδίκη ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ τὸ παλάτιόν της, διὰ νὰ συνευρεθῇ μὲ τὰς ἄλλας, ἐνδεδυμένη τὰ συνηθισμένα τῆς ἑορτῆς ἐκείνης φορέματα. Ἦτον ἐστεφανωμένη μὲ ἀμπελόφυλλα, ἐφόρει νεβρίδα, ἤτοι δέρμα ἐλάφου, κρεμάμενον ἀπὸ τὸν ἀριστερὸν ὦμον της, καὶ ἔβαστα εἰς τὴν χεῖρα θύρσον μεστόν.
Οὕτω συμφορισμένη ἀπὸ πλῆθος γυναικῶν, ἔρχει εἰς τὰ δάση, καὶ φερομένη ἀπὸ τὴν μανίαν τῆς λύσσης της, προσεποιεῖτο ὅτι ἐκμεσώσετο ἀπὸ τὸ ἐνθουσιῶδες τοῦ Βάκχου. Τέλος ἡ φοβερὰ Πρόκνη ἔρχεται πλησίον τῆς στάθμης, ὅπου ἦτον κεκλεισμένη ἡ ἀδελφή της· καὶ φωνάξασα το, ὀδοί ὀδοί, ἔσπασε τὴν θύραν τῆς φυλακῆς, καὶ ἐκβαλοῦσα τὴν ἀδελφήν της ἀπὸ τὸν ὀλέθριον ἐκεῖνον τόπον, ἐνέδυσεν αὐτὴν τὰ ἱμάτια τῆς ἑορτῆς, καὶ κακαλύψασα τὸ πρόσωπόν της μὲ φύλλα κισσοῦ, τὴν ἔφερεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν της. Ὅταν ἡ Φιλομήλη κατελάβεν ὅτι ἦτον εἰς τὸν οἶκον τῆς ἐχθρᾶς της, ἔτρεξεν ἡ ἀθλία, καὶ ἔκρυψεν ὅλον της τὸ πρόσωπον· ἀλλ' ἡ Πρόκνη ὥρισε ταύτην ἀσφαλῆ, τῆς ἐπέβαλε τὴν Βακχικὴν στολήν, καὶ ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν ἀγκαλιάζῃ· ἡ δέ, ὡς νὰ ἦτον συμμέτοχος τῆς μοιχείας τοῦ Τηρέως, δὲν ἐτόλμα νὰ σηκώσῃ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς νὰ ἴδῃ τὴν ἀδελφήν της, ὡσοῦ νὰ ἐξέσπετο διὰ τὸ ἔγκλημα, τοῦ ὁποίου δὲν ἦτον ἔνοχος. Ἤθελε νὰ πράξῃ τοὺς Θεοὺς πρὸς μαρτυρίαν τῆς δυναστείας τοῦ Τηρέως, ἀλλ' ἀστερημένη τῆς λαλίας, μετεχειρίσθη τὰ χείρας, ἢ μὲ τὰ σχήματα, ἐξήγησε τὴν ἔννοιάν της. Ἡ ἄλαλος ὁμιλία τῆς Φιλομήλης παρώξυνε περισσότερον τὴν Πρόκνην, καὶ μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ χαλινώσῃ τὸν θυμόν της διὰ τὰ δάκρυα τῆς ἀδελφῆς της· „ὄχι ὄχι, τῆς λέγει, δὲν „χρειάζονται τώρα δάκρυα, ἀλλὰ ὅπλα θέ, καὶ ἂν εἶναι „ἄλλο τι φοβερώτερον τοῦ ὅπλου, πρέπει νὰ
While Procne was going over these things, Itys came to his mother. His arrival suggested what she might do, and regarding him with a cold gaze, she said �Ah! How like your father you are!� Without speaking further, seething in silent indignation, she began to conceive her tragic plan. Yet, when the boy approached, and greeted his mother, and put his little arms round her neck, and kissed her with childish endearments, she was moved, her anger was checked, and her eyes were wet with the tears that gathered against her will. But, realising that her mind was wavering through excess affection, she turned away from him, and turned to look at her sister�s face again, till, gazing at both in turn, she said �Why should the one be able to speak his endearments, while the other is silent, her tongue torn out?�
Though he calls me mother, why can she not call me sister? Look at the husband you are bride to, Pandion�s daughter! This is unworthy of you! Affection is criminal in a wife of Tereus�
Without delay, she dragged Itys off, as a tigress does an unweaned fawn, in the dark forests of the Ganges. As they reached a remote part of the great palace, Procne, with an unchanging expression, struck him with a knife, in the side close to the heart, while he stretched out his hands, knowing his fate at the last, crying out �Mother! Mother!�, and reaching out for her neck.� That one wound was probably enough to seal his fate, but Philomela opened his throat with the knife. While the limbs were still warm, and retained some life, they tore them to pieces. Part bubble in bronze cauldrons, part hiss on the spit: and the distant rooms drip with grease.
The wife invites the unsuspecting Tereus to the feast, and giving out that it is a sacred rite, practised in her country, where it is only lawful for the husband to be present, she sends away their followers and servants. Tereus eats by himself, seated in his tall ancestral chair, and fills his belly with his own child. And in the darkness of his understanding cries �Fetch Ithys here�.
„μεγ. Ὅσον τὸ κατʹ ἐμὲ εἶμαι ἕτοιμος νὰ φράξω ὁποιου- „δήποτε τόλμημα· ἢ θέλω καύσει τὸ παλάτιον ἢ ῥί- „ψω τὸν τύραννον εἰς τὸ μέσον τᾶ πυρός, ἢ θέλω κό- „ψει τὴν γλῶσσαν τς, ἢ ὀξορύξει τὰς ὀφθαλμοὺς τς, ἢ „σφαράξω τὰ μέλη ἐκεῖνα, τὰ ὁποῖα σοι ἀφαίρεσαν τὴν „παρθενίαν σε, ἢ θέλω ἐκβάλη μὲ ἀναρίθμητες πλη- „γὰς τὸν ἐπάρατον ψυχήν τς· μεγάλα εἶναι ἢ φοβε- „ρὰ ὅσα ἐμελέτησα, ὅμως ἔτι ἀμφιβάλλω τί μέλλει „νὰ φράξω". Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Πρόκνη ἔλεγε ταῦτα, ἰδὲ ἔρ- χεται πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ μικρὸς Ἴτυς ὁ υἱός της, ἰθὺς μόλις τὸν εἶδεν, ἐσκοπῆθη τί νὰ κάμῃ διὰ νὰ ἐνδυναμωθῇ σκληρό- τερα, ἢ κατεφίλησε αὐτὸν ἀγρίως „ἄχ, λέγει, πό- „σον ὁμοιάζεις τὸν πατέρα σε". Ἰθὺς χωρὶς νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερον, ὥρμησε νὰ φράξῃ τὸ πλέον σκληρόν ἔργον, οἷον δύναταί ποτε νὰ σκοπῆθῃ μήτηρ· ἀλλʹ ἀφʹ ὅτι ὁ Ἴτυς ἐπλησίασεν εἰς αὐτὸν, ἢ ἀγκαλιάζουσα τὸν μὲ τὰ μικρὰ τς χέρια, τὸν κατεφίλει, ἢ τὸν ἐκολά- κευε παιδαριώδης, ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ὡς μήτηρ, ἢ παύων- τας ὁ θυμός της, ἄρχισε στανιῶς νὰ κλαίῃ. Ὡς δὲ ἐπαρετήρησεν ὅτι ἡ καρδία της ἐκατακαίνετο ἀπὸ τὴν μητρικὴν ἀγάπην, ἔστρεψε τὰς ὀφθαλμούς της πρὸς τὴν ἀδελφήν της, ἢ κοιτάζουσα ἀμοιβαίως ἢ τὰς δύω „διὰ „τί, εἶπεν, ὁ εἷς νὰ με παρακινῇ μὲ τὰ λόγια τς „ἰθὺς ἡ ἄλλη νὰ εἶναι ἄφωνος; διὰ τί νὰ μὴ δύναται „ἡ μία νὰ ὀνομάσῃ ἀδελφήν της ἐκείνην, τὴν ὁποίαν „ὁ ἄλλος κράζει μητέρα; Πῶς; Πρόκνη; ἐνικήθης; „ὄχι ὄχι, μὴ βλέπε πλέον τὸν υἱόν, ἀλλὰ στοχάσου „μόνον τὸν κακόν τὸ ἔπαθες· ἐδῶ ἡ διασπλαγχνία „εἶναι ἔγκλημα, ἰθὺς ἀρετὴ εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία εἰς ἀσε- „βέστατον γεννήτορα· ἰθὺς οὕτως ὥσπερ τίγρις ἁρπάξα- σα νεβρόν, ἢ φ
ἔτως ἀρπάζει ἢ ἐκείνην τοῦ Ἴτυν, ἢ ἀναχωρήσασα μὲ τῷ ἀδελφῷ της εἰς τὸ ἐσώτερον μέρος τοῦ παλατίου, μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ὁ Ἴτυς ἁπλῶνες εἰς τῇ Πρόκνῃ τὰς ἀγκάλας τω, ἔχων ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τὸν Θάνατον, μὲ ὅ- λον ὅτι ἐφώναζε τὸ, μήτερ, μήτερ, ἢ τῇ ἔβρεχε μὲ τὰ δάκρυά τω, ἢ ἤθελε νὰ τῇ ἀγκαλιάση, ἐκείνη τό- σον ἠγρίωσε, ὥστε τὸν ἐπλήγωσε μὲ μάχαιραν, χω- ρὶς νὰ δειλιάση ποσῶς, ἢ χωρὶς νὰ στρέψη τὰ ὀμμά- τιά της. Βέβαια τὸ μόνον ἔτραῦμα ἦταν ἱκανὸν διὰ νὰ θανατώση τὸ παιδίον· ὅμως ἡ Φιλομήλη τῶ ἔκοψε καὶ τῇ κεφαλῆ, ἢ ἔκαμεν εἰς λεπτὰ ὅλον τὸ τὸ σῶμα.
Ἔπειτα μέρος μὲν αὐτοῦ ἔβρασαν, μέρος δὲ ἔψησαν, καὶ ὑπὸ φαντασσεῶς ὅτι κατὰ τὸ παλαιὸν ἔθος, ὁ ἀνὴρ τῆς ἔσωρεπε νὰ γαλθῇ μόνος του κατ᾽ ἐκείνῃ τῇ ξορτῇ, ἡ Πρόκνη ἐφορέστατε νὰ ἀναχωρήσῃ ὅλα, ἢ ἀφοσέφερον εἰς τὸν Τηρέα τὴ βρώσιμα. Οὗτος λοιπὸν ἔφαγεν ὁ Ἴτυλις τὴ σάρκα του, καὶ τὸ αἷμά του, καὶ ἀφ᾽ ὃ ἔφαγον ὀλίγον, εἴπε νὰ φράξῃ τὸν υἱόν του τὸν Ἴτυον. Τότε ἡ Πρόκνη, μὴ δυναμένη πλέον νὰ ὑποκρύπτῃ τὴν χαλεπὴν χαράν της, ἢ ποθέσσα νὰ φανερώση μὲ τὸ στῶμα της τὴν συμφοράν· „μέσα σου ἔχεις, „ „τοῦ εἶπε, τὸ ζητούμενον". Ἐκεῖνος κοιτάζει ὀλόγυρά του, ἢ ἐρωτᾶ ποῦ εἶναι ὁ Ἴτυς, ἢ πάλιν τὸν κράζει, ἢ πάλιν τὸν ἀναζητεῖ. Τῶρα ἔρχεται ἢ ἡ Φιλομήλη αἱματωμένη ὅλη, ἢ πεφορυγμένη σὰν ξίγας, ἢ ῥίπτει τὴ κεφαλὴν τοῦ Ἴτυος εἰς τὰς πόδας τοῦ Τηρέως. Ποτὲ δὲν ἐπεθύμησε τόσον νὰ λαλήσῃ ἢ νὰ δείξῃ ἢ μὲ τοὺς λόγους τῇ χαρὰν τῆς καρδίας της, ὅσον εἰς τῇ φοβερὰν ταύτην περιλασίαν. Ὁ Τηρεὺς μετὰ κραυγῆς μεγάλης
ρυγάδας. Θέλει νὰ αἰώξῃ τὸν σύμαχόν της, διὰ νὰ δύ- γάλῃ τὸν υἱόν της, κλαίει & ὀδύρεται, φωνάζων καὶ λέ- γων ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς ἦταν ὁ ἐλεινὸς πάθος τῆς ὕβης της. Τρέχει μὲ τὸ σπαθὶ εἰς τὸ χέρι κατὰ τῆς Φιλομήλης & Πρόκνης, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἔφυγον μὲ τόσον ταχύτητα, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἦσαν ὄρνεα· καὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ εἶχον πτερὰ, διότι ἡ μὲν Πρόκνη, μετεμορφώθείσα εἰς ἀ- ηδόνα, ἔφυγεν εἰς τὰ δάση· ἡ δὲ Φιλομήλη, γινομένη χελιδών, ἐπέταξεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ σπήτια· ἔμειναν δὲ & σημεῖα αἵματος εἰς τὰ πτερὰ & τῶν δύω, εἰς ἀνάμ- νησιν τῆς φονοκτονίας. Ὁμοίως & ὁ Τηρεὺς, ὠθούμε- νος ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην, καὶ ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἐκδικήσεως, μετεβλήθη εἰς πτηνόν, ἔχων λόφον ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς του, & μακρὰν ῥύτιδα ἀντὶ κοντακίου· ὠνομάσθη δὲ 'Έ- ποψ, & θλιβερὸν φαίνεται τὸ ἀρδόπρόσωπόν του. Ὁ πόνος & ἡ ἔκδηξις τῆς συμφορᾶς ταύτης ἔφθασε & εἰς τὰς Ἀ- θήνας, καὶ ἡ λύπη ἐθανάτωσε πρὸ καιροῦ τὸν ἀθλιον Πανδίονα, ὄντα ἀκόμη εἰς τὸ παχύστατον γῆρας.
Procne cannot hide her cruel exultation, and now, eager to be, herself, the messenger of destruction, she cries �You have him there, inside, the one you ask for.� He looks around and questions where the boy is. And then while he is calling out and seeking him, Philomela, springs forward, her hair wet with the dew of that frenzied murder, and hurls the bloodstained head of Itys in his father�s face. Nor was there a time when she wished more strongly to have the power of speech, and to declare her exultation in fitting words.
The Thracian king pushed back the table with a great cry, calling on the Furies, the snake-haired sisters of the vale of Styx. Now if he could, he would tear open his body, and reveal the dreadful substance of the feast, and his half-consumed child. Then he weeps, and calls himself the sepulchre of his unhappy son, and now pursues, with naked sword, the daughters of Pandion.
You might think the Athenian women have taken wing: they have taken wings. One of them, a nightingale, Procne, makes for the woods. The other, a swallow, Philomela, flies to the eaves of the palace, and even now her throat has not lost the stain of that murder, and the soft down bears witness to the blood. Tereus swift in his grief and desire for revenge, is himself changed to a bird, with a feathered crest on its head. An immoderate, elongated, beak juts out, like a long spear. The name of the bird is the hoopoe, and it looks as though it is armed.
Τὰ τῆ παρόντος Μύθε εἶναι ὅλα πιθανὰ, πλὴν ὡς εἰς ὄρνεα μεταμορφώσεως. Πιθανόν εἶναι βέβαια γαμβρὸς νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ τὴν γυναικαδέλφην της, ὁμοίως & γυναῖκα, σκοτωμένη ἀπὸ τὴν λύπην & ὀργήν, νὰ φονεύσῃ τὸν υἱόν της, διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ, & νὰ τὸν δώσῃ εἰς βρῶσιν τοῦ ἀνδρός της. Ἱστορία παραδείγματα διδάσκει τὰ δυνατεύει νὰ κάμῃ μία λυπημένη καὶ μανιώδης γυναίκα. Δὲν εἶναι τὶ ἀπίθανον ὡς ἀλήθειας εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον' ἕνα μόνον εἶναι μυθῶδες, δηλαδὴ τὸ νὰ μεταβληθῶσαν εἰς πτηνὸν ὁ Τηρεύς, ἡ Πρόκνη, & ἡ Φιλομήλη. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ, μετὰ τὴν βίαν τῆ Τηρέως, ἡ
γυμνακαδέψη τε, καὶ ἡ συμβία τε ἐπίστρεψε εἰς τὰς Ἄσίας με παραδόξου ταχύτητα, διὰ τὸ μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἐγένετο πουλιά. Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Τηρεὺς μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἔποπα, ἐπειδὴ τότε ἐφόρει τοῦ Δαυϊδικὰ ἐφ' ἡ κεφαλὴ εἶδος πτηνοῦ, καὶ ἤθελον τινὲς ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἦν αἰσχρὸς, καὶ ἀσεβὴς τύραννος διὰ τὸ μετεβλήθη εἰς ἔποπα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ζῶον τοῦτο εἰς τὴν κόπρον ἡ ἀκαθαρσίαν, καὶ μὲ τὴν ῥύγχος μακρὰν καὶ ὀξείαν, τυραννικῶς πολεμεῖ τὰ ἄλλα ὄρνεα. Μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἡ συμβία του μετεβλήθησαν ἡ μὲν εἰς χελιδόνα, ἡ δὲ εἰς ἀηδόνα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ λάλημα τῶν πτηνῶν εἶναι κλαυθμερὸν, καὶ γοῶδες. Ἴσως διὰ τοῦτο ἀναφέρουσι τινὲς τὸν Μῦθον καὶ εἰς τὴν Μουσικήν, καθότι ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἁρμονίας εἶναι τόσον μεγάλη, ὥστε κινεῖ τὴν ψυχὴν πότε μὲν εἰς χαρὰν, πότε δὲ εἰς λύπην· καὶ ὥσαν ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ψυχὴ, κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγόρειους, συντεθειμένη ἀπὸ ἀριθμοὺς, κινεῖται ὁμοίως, ὥσπερ ἐκ συμπαθείας, ἀπὸ τὴν ἁρμονίαν, καθὼς καὶ ἀπὸ ᾠσμόν τινα ἤχων.
Ὅ δὲ ἱστόρησε οἱ Παλαιοὶ διὰ τὸ Μῦθον νὰ ἀφηγίζουν ὅτι Ἥδῃ ἐθέληϲ τὴς ἀνθρώπης, μάλιστα κ̃ τῆς εὐαρεστήτερης πσελοσχέμον ἀπὸ τὰ ὁπλα ἦ ἐχώραν τῶν. Δῷ εἶναι βέβαια Ἡσιόδατος ποσῦ αὐτυκης ἐκ κρατύμα, ὅπε συμμαχία πῶσον ἐξεμήμιον ἔνθα ψυχῆ, ἢ ἀπὸ τῆν φιλίαν, νὰ μὴ διώδατα νὰ ἀλαμερῆι δύσλῶς ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος ἦ αἰχρῶν ἥδονω. Ἡμεῖς βέβαια διωόμεδα νὰ φυλαχθῶμεν μὲ τὰ ὁπλα μας ἀπὸ τὰ ὁπλα ἦ ἐνδρῶν μας, ἀλλ' ἐδῶ γε ἐναντίας διόμεν ἡμεῖς τὰ ὁπλα τὰ ἐνδρα μας, διὰ νὰ μας ὑπῆσῃ. Λοιπὸν ὁ σκοπὸς τὲ Μῦθε εἶναι νὰ μ
This tragedy sent Pandion down to the shadows of Tartarus before his time, before the last years of old age. His rule over the kingdom, and his wealth passed to Erectheus, whose ability for sound government, and superiority in warfare, was never in doubt. He had four sons and the same number of daughters, and two of the daughters were rivals in beauty. Of these two, Procris made you happy in marriage, Cephalus, grandson of Aeolus. But you, Boreas, god of the north wind, were long denied your beloved, Orithyia, harmed by your origins, with Tereus, among the Thracians.
This was so while Boreas wooed her, and preferred prayers to force. But when charm got him nowhere, he bristled with anger, which is his usual mood for too much of the time, and said �I deserve it! Why have I relinquished my own weapons, force and ferocity, and anger and menacing moods, and turned to prayers, that are unbecoming for me to use? Force is fitting for me. By force, I drive forward the mists, by force move the sea. I overturn knotted oaks, harden the snow, and strike earth with hail. And, when I meet my brothers under the open sky (since that is my battleground) I struggle so fiercely with them that the midst of the heavens echoes with our collisions, and lightnings leap, hurled from the vaulted clouds. So, when I penetrate the hollow openings of the earth, and apply my proud back to the deepest cave roofs, I trouble the shades, and the whole world with the tremors. That is how I should have sought a wife, and not become Erectheus�s son-in-law by prayer but by action.�
With these, or other equally forceful words, Boreas unfurled his wings, by whose beating the whole world is stirred, and made the wide ocean tremble. Trailing his cloak of dust over the mountain summits, he swept the land, and, shrouded in darkness, the lover embraced his Orythia, with his dusky wings, as she shivered with fear. As he flew, his own flames of passion were fanned, and burned fiercer. Nor did the thief halt in his flight through the air, till he reached the walls of the city and people of Thrace, the Cicones.
There the girl from Attica married the chilly tyrant, and became a mother, giving birth to twin brothers, who took after their mother, in everything else but their father�s wings. Yet they say the wings were not present, on their bodies, when they were born, but while they still were lacking beards, to match their red hair, Calais, and Zetes, as boys, were wingless. But both alike, soon after, began to sprout the pinions of birds on their shoulders, and both their jaws and cheeks grew tawny. And, when their boyhood was over, the youths sailed, as Argonauts, with the Minyans, in that first ship, through unknown seas, to seek the glittering wool of a golden fleece.
Περὶ Ὠρειθύας, τῆς ἁρπαγείσης παρὰ τῷ Βορέᾳ.
Ὁ Βορέας ἄνεμος ἁρπάζει Ὠρείθυαν τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ Ἐρεχθέως, μὴ δυνηθεὶς κατὰ ἄλλον τρόπον ἵνα τὴν κατακτήσῃ· ἔλαβε δὲ ἀπὸ αὐτὴν δύο υἱοὺς διδύμους, τὸν Κάλαϊν καὶ τὸν Ζήτην, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὀλίγον καιρὸν μετὰ τὴν γέννησιν των πτερωθέντες, ἔγινον ὅμοιοι μὲ τὸν πατέρα των.
Ἀποθανόντος τοῦ Πανδίωνος, διεδέχθη τὴν βασιλείαν Ἐρεχθεὺς, ὁ υἱὸς του, αὐτὸς στολισμένος μὲ ἀρετὲς ἀμφιβάλλετο δὲ ἂν ἦτον ἐπισημότερος διὰ τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ἢ διὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν του, ἢ διὰ τὰ ὅπλα του· Ἔλαβε τέσσαρας υἱεῖς, καὶ τέσσαρας θυγατέρας, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας δύο ἦσαν κατάκοπα ὡραῖαι. Κέφαλος, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Αἰόλου, ἐνυμφεύθη τὴν μίαν, Πρόκριν καλουμένην, καθὼς ὁ γάμος ἔτσι τὸν ἔκαμεν εὐτυχῆ· ἡ δὲ ἄλλη Ὠρείθυα ὀνομαζομένη, ἠγαπήθη πολὺν καιρὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ Βορέα ἀνέμου· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἦτον ἀπὸ τὴν Θρᾴκην, καὶ ἐνθυμοῦντο ἔτι τὰ ἀπαιδευσίαν τοῦ Τηρέως, ἡ παῖς του, καὶ ὁ Τηρεὺς ἦσαν τὰ ἐμπόδια, τὰ ἐναντιούμενα εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά του. Οὕτως ἠγάπησεν εἰς μάτην τὴν Ὠρείθυαν τόσον καιρόν, ὥστε ἔφαι-
φαίνετο ότι ἐξαποστίμα νὰ τὴν ἀποκλαύση μᾶλλον μὲ τὰς δεήσεις του, παρὰ μὲ τὴν βίαν· ἀλλὰ βλέπων ὅτι ἡ μακροθυμία του ἦτον ἀνωφελής, νικημένος ἀπὸ τὸν φυσικόν Θυμόν του „ δικαίως, εἶπε, μὲ μεταχειρίζεται „ μὲ τόσην ἀχαριστίαν, δικαίως μὲ κατεφρόνησε. Διὰ τί νὰ ἀφήσω τὰ συνήθη μου ὅπλα, τὴν βίαν μου, κ' „ τὰ ἀπειλητικά μου φυσήματα; Διὰ τί νὰ μεταχειρι-„ζωμαι δεήσεις καὶ κολακείας ἀσυμβίβαστας εἰς ἐμέ, αἱ „ ὁποῖαι μοῦ παρέχουσι καὶ ἀτιμίαν; Ἡ βία εἶναι πρέ-„πουσα εἰς ἐμέ, αὕτη μόνη μοῦ εἶναι σύμφυλος· μὲ „ αὐτὴν διασκορπίζω τὰ σύννεφα, παραταῶ τὴν θά-„λασσαν, κατεδαφίζω τὰς μεγάλας δρῦς, παγαίνω τὴν „ χιόνα, κ' πλήττω τὴν γῆν μὲ τὴν χάλαζαν. Ὅταν „ συναντήσω τὰς ἄλλας ἀνέμους τὰς ἀδελφάς μου εἰς τὸν „ ἀέρα, ὅστις εἶναι ἡ πεδιὰς τῶν πολέμων μας, τὰς κτυ-„πῶ τόσον δυνατά, ὥστε ἀηδιάζει ὅλος ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ „ τὰ σύννεφα ῥίπτουσι πῦρ καὶ φλόγας. Ὅταν δὲ πά-„λιν περιέρχομαι τὰ ἀσήλια τῆς γῆς, σκυβάλω τοὺς „ ὥμους, κ' ἀλλοιῶ τὴν οἰκουμένην. Αὕτη εἶναι ἡ δύ-„ναμις, τὴν ὁποίαν ἔπρεπε νὰ μεταχειρισθῶ, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσω τὴν Ὠρείθυιαν. Δὲν ἔπρεπε νὰ παρακα-„λέσσω τὸν Ἐρεχθέα νὰ μοῦ γίνη προξενητής, ἀλλ' ἔ-„πρεπε μᾶλλον νὰ τὸν ἀναγκάσω μὲ τὴν βίαν. Ταῦ-τα λέγων παρώξυνε τὸν Θυμόν του, κ' ἄρχισε νὰ πτυ-πᾶ τὰς πτέρυγας του, κ' μὲ τὸ φοβερὸν αὐτὸ πτύσημα, ἐτάραξεν ὅλος τὴν γῆν, κ' εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν διέγει-ρε κύματα ὥσπερ βουνά, καὶ σκεπασμένος μὲ μαῦρον σύννεφον, καὶ σύρων ὀπίσω του φορέματα του, μὲ τὸ ὁ-ποῖον σκεπάζει τὴν γῆν, κ' σηκώνει τὸν κονιορτόν ἅρπαξε τὴν Ὠρείθυιαν, κ' τὴν ἐσκέπασε μὲ τὰ πτε-ρά του. Ηὔξησαν αἱ φλόγες του μὲ τὸ πέτασμα, κ' ἀπὸ τὴν
ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 549
τῶν ὁποίων παρακύψας ἐκφορέσησεν εἰς τὴν ψυχήν της ἡ ὄψις τῆς ὡμορφίας της, ὦ χωρεῖς νὰ ἀργοπορήση ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Θράκην, ὅπου τὴν κατέστησε βασίλισσαν τῶν ψυχῶν ἐκείνων τόπων, καὶ μετ' οὐ πολὺ ἐγέννησε δύο παιδία δίδυμα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἰς μὲν τὴν χάριν καὶ ὡραιότητα ὡμοίαζαν τὴν μητέρα των, εἰς δὲ τὰς πτέρυγας τὸν πατέρα των. Ἄξιαι ὅμως ὅτι δὲν ἐγκαλήθησαν μὲ τὰ πτερά, ἀλλ' ὅτι τὰ ἀπέκτησαν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ γένεια, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Καλαΐς καὶ ὁ Ζήτης ἦσαν ἄπτεροι, ἕως ἐνδράθησαν, καὶ ὅταν ἤρχησαν νὰ ἀποκτῶσι γένεια, τότε ἤρχησαν νὰ φαίνωνται καὶ τὰ πτερύγια· ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἦλθεν εἰς ἡλικίαν, ἐνώθησαν μὲ τοὺς γενναίους ἐκείνους ὁπαδοὺς τοῦ περιφήμου Ἰάσονος, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσουν τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, ἐπιβάντες εἰς τὸ πλοῖον, ὅπερ ἔπλεεν τὸ πρῶτον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.
Δὲν δύναμαι νὰ περιλαμβάνῃ ὁ Μῦθος οὗτος ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ ἁπλῆν ἱστορίαν· ἰδὰ δὲ περιέχῃ καὶ μυστικόν τι, ἀφίνω νὰ τὸ διερμηνεύσωσιν ἄλλοι ἐπιστημόνες ἐμοῦ. Λέγεται ὅτι ἡ Ὠρείθυια δὲν ἡρπάγη ὑπὸ τοῦ Βορέου, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τινα νέον ὀνομαζόμενον Βορέαν, ὁ ὁποῖος μὴ δυνάμενος διὰ τῶν λόγων νὰ τῆς ἄλλαξῃ τὴν διάθεσιν τὴν ἔφερεν εἰς τὴν Θράκην. Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι δὲν ἡρπάγη ἀπὸ τὸν Βορέαν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοὺς κατοίκους τῆς Θράκης, τοὺς ἔχοντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Βορέου. Ὁ Σωκράτης εἰς τὸν τοῦ Πλάτωνος Φαῖδρον διηγεῖται ὅτι ἡ Ὠρείθυια, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἐρεχθέως ἔπαιζεν ἀπὸ τὸν ἄνεμον εἰς τὸν Ἰλισσὸν ποταμὸν, καὶ ἐπέσῃ εἰς αὐτὸν. Ὡς ἐπειδὴ ἦτον εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπέσῃ, ἦτον ἥρπασεν αὐτὴν ὁ ἄνεμος ἐκεῖνος ὀνομαζόμενος Βορέας, οἱ Ποιηταὶ ἔλαβον ἀφορμὴν αὐτὴν νὰ κατασκευάσουσι τὸν Μῦθον.
Ταῦτα εἰσὶ σχεδὸν ὅσα φέρονται διὰ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν τῆς Ὠρειθύας, ἄλλα δὲ ἄλλοι τινὲς διηγοῦνται ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Μύθου τούτου δεικνύεται ὅτι ὁ πόλεμος δὲν εἶναι ἀκοινώνητος μὲ τὸ πολιτικὸν καὶ εὐγενὲς ἦθος. Οὕτω διὰ τοῦ Θρακὸς ἐκείνου, ὡς τὸν νυμφολήπτην τῆς Ὠρειθύας σημαίνεται ὁ πολεμικὸς ἀνήρ· διότι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ὁ Ἄρης ἦτον τὸ πάλαι ὁ Θεὸς τῶν Θρακῶν, καθότι αὐτοὶ πάντες ἦσαν πολεμικοί· ἐξ δὲ διὰ τῆς Ὠρειθύας, ἥτις ἦτον Ἀθηναία, δηλοῦται τὸ πολιτικὸν ἢ εὐγενὲς ἦθος· ἐπειδὴ εἶναι πρὸς πᾶσι γνωστὸν ὅτι αἱ Ἀθῆναι ἦσαν ἡ πηγὴ τῆς σοφίας, καὶ ὅτι ἤρχοντο εἰς αὐτὰς πανταχόθεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ νὰ παιδεύωνται, καὶ νὰ μανθάνωσι τὰς ἐπιστήμας.
Ὅσον δὲ διὰ τὸν Ζήτην ἢ Κάλαϊν, τῆς δίδυμας υἱὸς τῆς Ὠρειθυίας, δί᾿ αὐτῆς ὑφίσταντο οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ δείξουν τὴν εὐσχημοσύνην τῆς γυναικείου τῆς Θράκης· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ χρυσμὸς εἶναι ἐλαφρὸς, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ δηλοῦσι τὴν ταχύτητα ἢ ἐλαφρότητα, διὰ τοῦ πλάσματος ὅτι τὰ δύο αὐτὰ παιδία τοῦ Βορέα ἐπτερώθησαν, διὰ νὰ ἀποδείξουν ὅτι τὰ τέκνα ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον ὁμοιάζουσιν εἰς τοὺς γονέας των.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ Θεσσαλοὶ ὡς ἀγαπῶντες τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ἔφερον κάποια φορέματα μὲ μανίκια μεγάλα, τὰ ὁποῖα ὠνομάτισαν, ὡς ἐν παρομοίᾳ, τὰ πτερὰ τῶν Θεσσαλῶν, καὶ ὅτι μετεχειρίζοντο πάλιν καὶ ἐνδύματα ὁμοίως πτερωτά, ἐπειδὴ ἦσαν πολύβαθα, ὡς τὰ πτερὰ τῶν λαμπρῶν περιστερῶν, καὶ ἐκ τότε ἐπλάσθη ὅτι ὁ Ζήτης καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς ἦσαν πτερωτοί. Ἄλλος δὲ τις πρὸ τούτων ἔλεγεν ὅτι εἶχαν ταχυτάτα παιδία νὰ μαθαίνουν εἰς ὅλους τῶν ἃ ἐσκεπτάζοντο.
Book VII
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
And now the Argonauts were ploughing through the sea in their ship, built in Thessalian Pagasae. They had visited Phineus, king of Thracian Salmydessus, living out a useless old age in perpetual blindness, and the winged sons of Boreas had driven the birdlike Harpies from the presence of the unhappy, aged man. At last, after enduring many trials, under their famous leader, Jason, they reached the turbulent river-waters of the muddy Phasis, in the land of Colchis. While they were standing before King Aeetes, of Aea, requesting the return of the Golden Fleece, taken from the divine ram that carried Phrixus, and while extreme terms were being imposed, involving daunting tasks, Medea, the daughter of the king, conceived an overwhelming passion for Jason. She fought against it for a time, but when reason could not overcome desire, she debated with herself.
�Medea, you struggle in vain: some god, I do not know which, opposes you. I wonder if this, or something, like this, is what people indeed call love? Or why would the tasks my father demands of Jason seem so hard? They are more than hard! Why am I afraid of his death, when I have scarcely seen him? What is the cause of all this fear? Quench, if you can, unhappy girl, these flames that you feel in your virgin heart! If I could, I would be wiser! But a strange power draws me to him against my will. Love urges one thing: reason another. I see, and I desire the better: I follow the worse. Why do you burn for a stranger, royal virgin, and dream of marriage in an alien land? This earth can also give you what you can love. Whether he lives or dies, is in the hands of the gods. Let him live! I can pray for this even if I may not love him: what is Jason guilty of? Who, but the heartless, would not be touched by Jason�s youth, and birth, and courage? Who, though the other qualities were absent, could not be stirred by his beauty?
He has stirred my heart, indeed. And unless I offer my help, he will feel the fiery breath of the bronze-footed bulls; have to meet that enemy, sprung from the soil, born of his own sowing; or be given as captured prey to the dragon�s greed. If I allow this, then I am born of the tigress: then I show I have a heart of stone and iron! Why can I not watch him die, and shame my eyes by seeing? Why do I not urge the bulls on, to meet him, and the wild earth-born warriors, and the unsleeping dragon? Let the gods also desire the better! Though it is not for me to pray for, but to bring about.
Shall I betray my father�s country? Shall some unknown be saved by my powers, and unhurt because of me, without me, set his sails to the wind, and be husband to another, leaving Medea to be punished? If he could do that, if he could set another woman above me, let him die, the ungrateful man! But his look, his nobility of spirit, and his graceful form, do not make me fear deceit or forgetfulness of my kindness. And he will give me his word beforehand, and I will gather the gods to witness our pledge. Why fear when it is certain? Prepare yourself, and dispel all delay: Jason will be for ever in your debt, take you to himself in sacred marriage, and through the cities of Pelasgian Greece, the crowds of women will glorify you as his saviour.
Carried by the winds, shall I leave my native country, my sister, my brother, my father, and my gods? Well then, my father is barbarous, and my country is savage, and my brother is still a child: my sister�s prayers are for me, and the greatest god is within! I will not be leaving greatness behind, but pursuing greatness: honour as a saviour of these Achaean people, familiarity with a better land and with cities whose fame is flourishing even here, the culture and arts of those places, and the man, the son of Aeson, for whom I would barter those things that the wide world owns, joined to whom I will be called fortunate, dear to the gods, and my head will be crowned with the stars.
What of the stories of mountains that clash together in mid-ocean, and Charybdis the bane of sailors, now sucking in, now spewing out the sea, and rapacious dog-headed Scylla, yelping over the Sicilian deeps? Well, holding what I love, clinging to Jason�s breast, I shall be carried over the wide seas: in his arms, I will fear nothing, or if I am afraid, I will only be afraid for him.
But do you call that marriage, Medea, and clothe your fault with fair names? Consider instead, how great a sin you are near to, and while you can, shun the crime!� She spoke, and in front of her eyes, were rectitude, piety, modesty: and now, Cupid, defeated, was turning away.
Περὶ τοῦ Φίνεως, καὶ τῶν Ἀρπύων, καὶ περὶ ταξιδίου τοῦ Ἰάσσονος, καὶ τῆ λευσομάλλου Δέρατος.
Ὁ Ἴασων ὑπάγει εἰς τὴν Κολχίδα, διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ τὸ λευσόμαλλον Δέρας. Ἡ Μήδεια πράττῃ τὸ Ἰάσονος, ἢ μὲ τῆς βοήθειας τῆς, ἐκεῖνος ἀποκτᾶ τὸ λευσοῦν Δέρας, φονεύσας τὸν φυλάττοντα αὐτὸ Δράκοντα. Μετὰ ταῦτα ἀναχωρεῖ ὁμῆ μὲ τὴν Μήδειαν.
Ἦν πολύς καιρός ἀφ᾽ ὧ οἱ ἀνδρειότεροι τῆς Θεσσαλίας ἐπλανῶντο τῇ δὲ κακείῳ εἰς τὴν Θάλασσαν. Εἶχον ἐπισκεψθῇ τὸν ἄθλιον Φινέα, τῷ ὁποίῳ ἦτον βαρύτερον τὸ λυπηρότερο τὸ γῆρας, διὰ τὴν τυφλότητα τα, τὸ οἱ δύο τᾶ Βορέες μοι, ὁ Κάλαις καί ὁ Ζήτης, εἶχον διάξῃ τὰς Ἀρπύας, αἳ ὁποῖαι ἥρπαζον πᾶ ξορᾶ ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα τᾶ δυσυχές ἐκείνης γέροντος, ὸ ὅτως οἱ γυναῖοι ἔτει Θεσσαλοί, ἀφ᾽ ὧ ὑπέφερον πολλοὺς πόπους ὑπὸ τὴν ὁδηγίαν τοῦ Ἱάσονος, ὑφάσαν εἰς τὸ χεῖλος τᾶ Φάσιδος ποταμᾶ, καὶ ὑπήγαν δύστις νὰ φροσκυνήσουν τὸν Βασιλέα, τῆς ὁποίῳ ἐφανέρωσαν τᾶ αἶτιον τοῦ παξίδις των. Ἔμαθον δὲ παρ αὐτὰ ὅλας τὰς κινδύνας καὶ πᾶς δυσκολίας, ὅσας ἄφεπε νὰ ὑπερέβασι διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσωσι τὸ χρυσοῦν Δέρας· ἀλλὰ δὸρ ἐφοβήθησαν παντελῶς, ὐ ἐν τῷ μεπαξῦ ἡ Μήδεια ἦράδη τᾶ Ἱάσονος. Τῇ ἁληθείᾳ αὐτη ἀντισχάδη πολὺν καιρὸν εἰς τὸν ἔρωτα μέ ὅλας πᾶς δυνάμες τᾶ λόγῳ, ἀλλά βλέψασα ὅτι εἰς μάτην ἠγωνίζετο· ἀνωφελῶς ἀγωνίζομαι, λέγει· Θεός τις μέ ἀντιπολεμεῖ. Ἄγνοῶ τί εἶναι ἐκείνο, τὸ ὁποῖον μέ πληγώνει, ἀλλὰ φαίνεται μοι ὅτι εἶναι ὁ ὀνοματόμενος ἔρως. Διὰ τί ἀρᾶγε αἱ πρὸς τὸν Ἱάσονα προσταγαί τᾶ παξὸς με, μέ φαίνονται πόσον σχληραί; καὶ τῇ ἁληθείᾳ εἶναι αὔστηραί, καὶ βλέπω ὅτι σχληρός εἶναι ὁ πατὴρ με. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί φοβοῦμαι πόσον μὴ καθῆ ὕνας ξένος, τὸν ὁποῖον δὲ εἶδα εἰμι μῖον μόνον φοράν· πόθον ὁ πόσος φόβος; Ἔμβαλε, Μήδεια,
χορπάσω τὰ ὁμμάτια μέ μέ τὸ θέαμα τὸ θαυμάσιον· Διατί νὰ μιλῶ ἔχω τοσαύτην αὐτολμίαν, ὥστε νὰ παροξύνω κατ' αὐτοῦ ἢ τοὺς ἀγρίους ταύρους, καὶ τοὺς ἀγηγενεῖς στρατιώτας, καὶ τὸν ἄγριον δράκοντα; Ὄχι, ὄχι, μὴ γένοιτο δίκαιοι Θεοί· καὶ ἀνκαλὰ, ἀντὶ νὰ σᾶς παρακαλῶ, δύναμαι ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς μου νὰ πάρνω τὰ ὅσα σᾶς ζητῶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς, μὲ ὅλον τῶν εἰσακούσατε πᾶ δίχως μέ. Ἀλλὰ νὰ προδώσω τὸν πατέρα μου, ἢ νὰ λυτρώσω ἕνα ξένον μέ τὴν βοηθείαν μου, ὁ ὁ- ποῖος δύναται ἔπειτα νὰ μὲ ἀφήσῃ, ἢ νὰ ὑπάγῃ ἀλλαχοῦ νὰ ἐρασθῇ ἄλλης τινός; Ἂν μέλλῃ νὰ φανῇ τόσον ἀχάριστος, ἂς χαθῇ ὁ ἀχάδειστος· Ἄξιος εἶναι θανάτου. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἔχει ἕνα τοιοῦτον ἀφρόσωπον, ὥστε νὰ φοβῆμαι τοσαύτην ἀπιστίαν· ἡ δυχεία τοῦ δὲν μοῦ συγχωρεῖ νὰ τὸ ὑποπτεύσω, καὶ ἡ γυναιότης του μὲ βεβαιοῖ ὅτι δὲν θέλει ἀλησμονήσει τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀ- γάπης μου εὐεργεσίαι. Πρῶτον θέλω τὸν ὑποσχεθῇ σει νὰ ὁρκισθῇ, καὶ οἱ Θεοὶ θέλουσιν εἶναι μάρτυρες τῶν ὅρκων του, καὶ τῶν ὑποσχέσεών του. Τί πλέον νὰ φοβηθῶ μετὰ ταῦτα; Ἑτοιμάσου λοιπὸν, ὦ Μήδεια, εἰς τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν, καὶ μὴ ἀργοπορήσῃς περισσότε- ρον. Ὁ Ἰάσων πληροφορημένος διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην σου, θέλει σε χρεώσῃ ἢ τὴν ζωήν του, ἢ σωτηρίαν· θέλει σε νυμφεύσῃ χαρμοσύνως, ἢ σώτειραν θέλει σε ὀ- νομάσῃ εἰς ὅλας τὰς πόλεις τῆς Ἑλλάδος. Ἀλλὰ πῶς δύναμαι νὰ ἀφήσω τὸν ἀδελφόν μου, καὶ τὴν ἀ- δελφήν μου, τὴν πατρίδα, τὸν πατέρα, καὶ τὰς θεάς μου, ἢ νὰ παραδώσω εἰς τὰς ἀνέμους τὴν ζωήν μου, καὶ τὰς ἐλπίδας μου; Καὶ διατί ὄχι· ὁ πατήρ μου εἶναι σκληρὸς, ἡ πατρὶς μου βάρβαρος ἢ ἀπαίδευτος, ὁ ἀδελφός μου ἔτι βρέφος, καὶ ὁ πόθος τῆς ἀδελφῆς
She went to the ancient altars of Hecate, daughter of the Titan Perses, that the shadowy grove conceals, in the remote forest. And now she was strong and her passion, now conquered, had ebbed, when she saw the son of Aeson and the flame, that was dead, relit. Her cheeks flushed, and then her whole face became pallid. Just as a tiny spark that lies buried under the ashes, takes life from a breath of air, and grows and, living, regains its previous strength, so now her calmed passion, that you would have thought had dulled, when she saw the young hero, flared up at his visible presence.
It chanced that Aeson�s son was more than usually handsome that day: you could forgive her for loving him. She gazed at him, and fixed her eyes on him as if she had never looked at him before, and in her infatuation, seeing his face, could not believe him mortal, nor could she turn away. So that when, indeed, the stranger grasped her right hand, and began to speak, and in a submissive voice asked for her help, promising marriage, she replied in a flood of tears. �I see what I am doing: it is not ignorance of the truth that ensnares me, but love. Your salvation is in my gift, but being saved, remember your promise!�
He swore by the sacred rites of the Triple Goddess, by the divine presence of the grove, by the all-seeing Sun, who was the father of King Aeetes, his father-in-law to be, and by his own good fortune, and by his great danger. Immediately, as he was now trusted, he accepted the magic herbs from her, and learnt their use, and returned to the palace, joyfully.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 355
„ μὰ συμφωνεῖ με τὸν ἐδικόν μου. Εἷς Θεὸς ἰσχυρότερος „ πάντων με παρακινεῖ, καὶ παροξύνει με. Δῶ „ Θέλω ἀφήσει μεγάλα φράγματα, καὶ Θέλω ἀπολαύ- „ σει μεγάλα. Θέλω δοξασθῆ ότι ἐφύλαξα τοὺς ἀν- „ δρειοτέρους νέους τῆ Ἑλλάδος· Θέλω κατοικήσει εἰς „ τόπον ὡραῖστον· Θέλω ἰδῆ Πόλεις, τῆ ὁποίων ἡ „ φήμη ἔφθασεν ὥς ἐδῶ, καὶ ὄχι ὀλιγώτερον περιβό- „ λητες διὰ τὰς ἐπιστήμας καὶ τέχνας, ἤ διὰ τὸ μέγα „ πλῆθος τῆ ἐγκατοίκων των. Πρὸ παύτων δὲ Θέλω „ ἀκολουθήσει τὸν Ἰάσονα, τὸν ὁποίον προτιμῶ ἀπὸ „ ὅλα τὰ κάλλα τῆ κόσμου. Ὅλοι Θέλεν με μακαρί- „ ζει, καὶ Θέλεν κλίνη ότι ἀπέλαυσα τῆς δόξης αὐτῆ „ τῆ Θεῶν, ἐὰν ἀγαπηθῶ ἀπὸ τὸν Ἰάσονα. Ἤξεύρω „ ότι ἡ Θάλασσα τόσους ἔχει κινδύνους ὅσα εἶναι τὰ „ κύματα τῆς· ότι ἡ Χάρυβδις, πάντοτε πολεμία τῆ „ πλεόντων, ποτὲ μὲν κατακπίνει τῆν Θάλασσαν, ποτὲ „ δὲ τῆν ξερνᾶ πάλιν· ότι ἡ Σκύλλα εἶναι περιε- „ κλωμένη ἀπὸ ἀγρίους κύνας, οἱ ὁποίοι φοβίζουσι καὶ „ τὰς γοργοτέρας· ἀλλ' ὅταν ἀπολαύσω τὸ ποθητόν „ μου εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ Ἰάσονος, Θέλω περάσει ἀφό- „ βως ὅλα αὐτὰ τὰ πελάγη. Δὲν Θέλω φοβηθῆ τί- „ ποτε ἐναγκαλιζόμενη τὸν Ἰάσονα, ἤ ἄν φοβηθῶ τι, „ Θέλω φοβοῦμαι μόνον διὰ τὸν σύζυγόν μου. Ἀλλὰ „ πῶς ὀνομάζω γάμον τῆν φυγήν; Ὦ ἀθλία Μή- „ δεια, τὸ πάθος σε τυφλώνει, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀπατή- „ σῆς τῆν ἑαυτήν σου, δίδεις τιαῦτα ὡραῖα ὀνόματα „ εἰς τὸ σφάλμα σου. Στοχάσου μάλλον τῆν ἀτιμίαν τῆς „ ἐπιχειρήσεώς σου, καὶ ἔως ἔτι ἔχεις καιρόν, καὶ δύνα- „ σαι, φύλαξε τῆν προτέραν τιμήν σου, καὶ ἀγωνίσου „ νὰ ἀποφύγης τὸ ἔγκλημα".
Ἀφ' ὧ καθ' ἑαυτῆν εὐελέησε πάντα, ἐπαρασκέυασαν
„ Θέλεις εἶσαι πάντοτε ἐδικός μέ; " Ὁ Ἴάσων τῇ ὑποσχέσῃ προθύμως πᾶ ὅσα ἐζήτει, ὀμνύων εἰς τὸν Ἄρτεμιν, τῇ ὁποίᾳ ἦτον ἀφιερωμένος ὁ βωμός, ἀφῇ προσκαλεσάμενος μάρτυρα τὸν Ἥλιον, τὸν πάππον τῆς Μηδείας, τὸν παντεπόπτην, ἴ φρονοῦντα τὰ μεθόντα, ὅτι θέλει εἶναι πάντοτε ἐδικός της. Τότε ἐκείνη καταπεισθεῖσα, τοῦ ἔδωκεν αὖθις κάποια μαγικὰ χόρτα, ἴ ἀφ' ὧ τὸν ἐδίδαξε ἴ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν, τὸν ἄφησε νὰ ὑπάγῃ ὅλον περιχαρῆ διὰ τῆς ἐλπίδα τῆς νίκης.
Τῇ ἐπαύριον, ἀνατείλαντος τοῦ Ἡλίου, συνηθροίσθη το πλῆθος εἰς μίαν πεδιάδα ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὸν Ἄ- ρειν, καὶ ἐκάθισον εἰς τὰς πέριξ λόφους· ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐκάθισεν εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ λαοῦ, μὲ ὅλα τὰ βασιλικὰ παράσημα, μὲ τὸν στέφανον εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ μὲ ἐλεφάντινον σκῆπτρον εἰς τὴν χείρα, περικυκλωμέ- νος ἀπὸ ὅλες τὰς ἀξιωματικοὺς του. Τότε παρ' εὐθὺς ἐ- φάνησαν οἱ χαλκόποδες ταῦροι, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἔρριπταν φλόγας καὶ πῦρ ἀπὸ τὰ ῥουθούνια των, καὶ μὲ τὴν ἀνα- πνοὴν των ἐξήραναν καὶ ἔκαυσαν τὰ χόρτα. Ἂς στοχασθῇ πᾶς τις τὸν ἦχον περικλεισμένης τινὸς καμίνης, ἢ τοῦ τῆ ἀσβέστου, ὅταν τὴν σβύνουσι, καὶ ἔτσι θέλει συμπεράνῃ ὁμοῦ τῆς βουῆς τοῦ εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν τῶν ταύρων ἐκείνων ἐκκλεισμένου πυρός· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἰάσων, χωρὶς τὴν παρα- μικρὰν δειλίαν ἐπλησίασεν εἰς αὐτούς· οἱ δὲ βλέποντε- ς τον, ἔκλιναν τὰς φοβερὰς κεφαλάς των, καὶ τὰ σεσι- δηρωμένα κέρατα των, καὶ τυπῶντες τὴν γῆν μὲ τοὺς πόδας, ἐσήκωσαν σύννεφα ἀπὸ κονιορτοῦ, καὶ ἐγέμισαν ὅλον τὸν ἀέρα ἀπὸ τὰ καπνώδη μυκήματα των. Ἐφο- βήθησαν οἱ συντρόφοι τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τὰ φάρμακα τῆς Μηδείας, ὑπῆγεν ἀφόβως ἐναν- τίον των, καὶ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ σώματός των ἐξερχόμενον πῦρ δὲν
τοῦ
τοῦ ἔλαβε παντελῶς· μάλιστα κολακεύων αὐτὸν μὲ πολυμήραν χεῖρα, ἤρχισε νὰ τὴν ἡμερώνῃ, κἰ ἔπελος τὴν ὑπάγνασε νὰ δεχθῶσι τὸν ζυγὸν, νὰ σύρουν τὸ ἄροτρον, καὶ νὰ ὀργώσουν τόπον τινά, ὁ ὁποῖος ποτὲ δὲν ἐγεωργήθη. Ὅλοι οἱ Κόλχοι ἐθαύμασαν τὸ παράδοξον ἔργον, καὶ οἱ Ἀργοναῦται ἐχάρησαν διὰ τῆς τύχης τοῦ ἡγῆτος των, αὐξάνοντες τὴν ὑπολμίαν μὲ τὰς χαρμοσύνας φωνὰς των. Ἔλαβον ἔπειτα τὰ δρακόντεια ὀδόντια, τὰ φυλαττόμενα εἰς χαλκὴν περικεφαλαίαν, κἰ τὰ ἔσπειρον εἰς τὸν ὀργωμένον τόπον. Μόλις ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὴν γῆν ὁ φαρμακωμένος ἐκεῖνος σπόρος, ἤρχισε νὰ μαλακύνεται, κἰ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ὀδόντια ἐγεννήθησαν ἄνθρωποι. Καὶ καθὼς τὸ εἰς τὴν φυτελίαν κοιλίαν φερόμενον βρέφος, δὲν προβαίνει εἰς φῶς, ἂν δὲν γίνῃ τέλειον καθ' ὅλα τὰ μέλη του· Ἔτσι κἰ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι, οἱ γεννηθέντες εἰς τὰ σπλάγχνα τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τὰ ἐσπαρμένα ὀδόντια, δὲν ἐξέβησαν ἔξω πρὶν λάβωσιν ἐντελῶς τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην μορφήν· καὶ, ὅπερ παραδοξότερον, ἐγεννήθησαν ὡπλοι, κἰ ὡρμήσαν εὐθὺς κατὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος. Τότε βλέποντες οἱ ὁπαδοὶ τῶν στρέφοντας κατ' αὐτοῦ τὰ φοβερὰ των κοντάρια, ἀπελπίσθησαν διὰ τὴν σωτηρίαν του. Ὡς κἰ αὐτὴ ἡ Μήδεια, ἡ ὁποῖα τὸν εἶχεν ἀσφαλίσει, δὲν ἠδυνήθη νὰ μὴ φοβηθῇ, κἰ βλέψασα ὅτι ἦταν μόνος, κἰ πολεμούμενος ἀπὸ τόσους ἐχθρούς, μετέβαλε τὸ πρόσωπόν της, καὶ ἔμεινε ψυχρά, κἰ ἄχρωμος· φοβηθεῖσα δὲ μήπως τὰ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἔδωκε χόρτα δὲν εἶχον ἀρκετὴν δύναμιν, ἐψιθύρισε καὶ μαγικά τινα λόγια, διὰ νὰ τὸν βοηθήσῃ περισσότερον, κἰ μετεχειρίσθη ὅλα τὰ μυστικὰ τῆς τέχνης της. Ἐν τούτῳ ὁ Ἴασων ῥίψας μίαν μεγάλην πέτραν ἀναμένον τῶν ἐχθρῶν του, κἰ
The next day�s dawn dispelled the glittering stars. Then the people gathered on the sacred field of Mars and took up their position on the ridge. The king was seated in the middle, clothed in purple, and distinguished by his ivory sceptre. Behold, the bronze-footed bulls, breathing Vulcan�s fire from nostrils of steel. At the touch of their heat the grass shrivels, and as stoked fires roar, or as broken limestone, that has absorbed the heat inside an earthen furnace, hisses explosively, when cool water is scattered over it, so the flames sounded, pent up in their heaving chests and burning throats. Still the son of Aeson went out to meet them.
As he came to them, the fierce creatures, with their iron-tipped horns, turned their terrible gaze towards him, pawed the dusty ground with their cloven feet, and filled the air with the steam of their bellowing. The Minyans were frozen in fear. He went up to the bulls, not feeling their fiery breath (so great is the power of magic drugs!), and stroking their hanging dewlaps, with a bold hand, yoked them together, and forced them to pull the heavy blade, and till the virgin field with the iron plough. The Colchians were stunned, but the Argonauts increased their shouting, and heightened his courage.
Then he took the dragon�s teeth from the bronze helmet, and scattered them over the turned earth. The soil softened the seeds that had been steeped in virulent poison, and they sprouted, and the teeth, freshly sown, produced new bodies. As an embryo takes on human form in the mother�s womb, and is fully developed there in every aspect, not emerging to the living air until it is complete, so when those shapes of men had been made in the bowels of the pregnant earth, they surged from the teeming soil, and, what is even more wonderful, clashed weapons, created with them. The Pelasgians� faces fell in fear, and their courage failed them, when they saw these warriors preparing to hurl their sharp spears, at the head of the Haemonian hero. She also, who had rendered him safe, was afraid. When she saw the solitary youth attacked by so many enemies, she grew pale, and sat there, suddenly cold and bloodless. And in case the herbs she had given him had not been potent enough, she chanted a spell to support them, and called on her secret arts.
He threw a boulder into the midst of his enemies, and this turned their attack, on him, against themselves. The earth-born brothers died at each other�s hands, and fell as in civil war. The Achaeans cheered, and clung to the victor, and hugged him in eager embraces. You also, princess among the Barbarians, longed to hold the victorious man: but modesty prevented it. Still, you might have held him, but concern for your reputation stopped you from doing so. What you might fittingly do you did, rejoicing silently, giving thanks, for your incantations, and the gods who inspired them.
The final task was to put the dragon to sleep with the magic drugs. Known for its crest, its triple tongues and curved fangs, it was the dread guardian of the tree�s gold. But when Jason had sprinkled it with the Lethean juice of a certain herb, and three times repeated the words that bring tranquil sleep, that calm the rough seas and turbulent rivers, sleep came to those sleepless eyes, and the heroic son of Aeson gained the Golden Fleece. Proud of his prize, and taking with him a further prize, the one who had helped him gain it, the hero, and his wife Medea, returned to the harbour at Iolchos.
τ' ἀλλήλων τὰ ὅπλα των, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι αὐτοὶ οἱ γη- γενεῖς ἀδελφοὶ, ἐθανατώθησαν ἀμοιβαίως ὥστε μὲ ἐμφύλιον πόλεμον. Εὐφήμησαν τὴν νίκην αὐτῶν οἱ Ἕλληνες μὲ κάθε δυνατὸν τρόπον, καὶ ἤδραμον νὰ ἐναγ- καλισθῶσι τὸν νικητήν. Ἐπεθύμεσε καὶ σὺ Μήδεια νὰ τὸν ἐναγκαλισθῇς, ἀλλὰ δὲ σὲ ἐμπόδιζεν ἡ ἐντροπία, καὶ ἡ φροντὶς τῆς τιμῆς σε δὲν ἐπάντινε εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά σου. Ἔκαμες ὅμως ὅ,τι ἐδυνήθης, καὶ ἔχαιρες κρυ- φίως, ἀποδιδοῦσα τὰ εὐχαριστήρια τῆς Θεοῖς, οἱ ὁ- ποῖοι ἦσαν αἴτιοι ταύτης τῆς θαυμασίας τύχης. Δὲ τὸν ἔμενεν ἄλλο τι, εἰμὴ νὰ ἀποκοιμήσῃ τὸν ἄυπνον δρά- κοντα, τὸν φοβερώτατον διὰ τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχε ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς φρικτὸν λόφον, διὰ τὰς τρεῖς γλώσσας, τὰς ἐξερχομένας ἐκ τοῦ σώματος του, καὶ διὰ τὰ ὀξύτατα ὀ- δόντια του, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐφαίνοντο ὥστε τοσαῦτα κοπτερὰ μαχαίρια. Ὁ δράκων αὐτὸς ἐφύλαττε τὸ δένδρον, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκρέματο τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ διὰ νὰ ἀποκτήσῃ ὁ Ἰάσων τοιοῦτον Θησαυρόν, ἦτο ἀνάγκη νὰ νική- σῃ τὸ θηρίον τοῦτο ῥίπτων ἐπάνω του τὸν χυμὸν χόρ- των τινῶν, καὶ προφέρων τινὰ λόγια τινὰ ἔχοντα δύναμιν ὑπνωτικήν, καὶ νὰ σταματήσῃ ποταμούς, καὶ νὰ κατακραύ- γωσι φωνάς, ἐκοίμισε καὶ τοῦτον· ἐπειδὴ ὁ ὕπνος, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν εἶχε κυριεύσῃ ποτὲ τὸν δράκοντα, ὀλίγον κατ' ὀλίγον ἐνέβηκεν εἰς τὰ ὄμματα του. Τότε ὁ Ἰά- σων ἥρπασεν εὐθὺς τὸ χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ ὅλος γεγηθὼς καὶ ἔνδοξος διὰ τὸ λάφυρον, ἔλαβε μεθ' ἑαυ- τοῦ ὡς ἄλλο λάφυρον καὶ ἐκείνην, ἥτις ἔγινεν αἰτία τῆς νίκης του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Α'. διαφθόμενο ὀλίγον εἰς τὰς οἰκίας τοῦ Φινέως, περιεργαζό- μενος τὰς Ἁρπύιας, ὡς ἠκολούθησαν τὸν πλοῦν τῆς Ἰάσο- νος. Δεῖ νὰ σπλαγχνίζεσθε αὐτὸν τὸν ἄθλιον τυφλὸν, τὸν πολεμούμενον ἀπὸ τὰς Ἁρπύιας, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶναι πάντοτε πλησίον ὡς τραπέζης του, διαφθείρουσιν ὅλα τὰ παρατιθέμενα, ἢ τοῦ ἁρπάζουσιν ὅ,τι ἢ χὼρ πάχει νὰ βάλῃ εἰς τὸ στόμα του. Ἂν ἀληθῆ τὰ λεγόμενα, ἐκεῖνος εἶναι τῇ ὄντι ἀξιοδάκρυτος· ἀλλ' ὡς εἶναι Μῦθος, ἂς ἰδοῦμεν τί σημαίνει, ἢ ὁποίαν ὠφέλειαν δυνάμεθα νὰ ἀπολαύσωμεν ἀπὸ αὐτόν. Λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Φινεὺς ἐβασίλευσε τῆς Θράκης, ἢ τῆς Ἀρ- καδίας, ἢ τῆς Παφλαγονίας, καὶ ὅτι εἰς τὸ γῆρας του ἐτυφλώ- θη, ἢ μὴ δυνάμενος νὰ κατεργίνηται πλέον εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις τοῦ βασιλείου του, κατέλειπε τὴν φροντίδα τῆς διοικήσεως εἰς τὰς θυ- γατέρας του, αἱ ἐπειδὴ ἔκαμναν αὐτὸ ἐφρόντιζαν μόνον διὰ τὸ συμφέ- ρον των, καὶ ἔκαμναν τὰ κατὰ διεύθυνσιν διὰ νὰ ἰδιοποιήσωσιν ὅλην τὴν οὐσίαν, ἔπλασαν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι αἱ Ἅρπυιαι ἥρπαζον τὴν πε- ρουσίαν τοῦ Φινέως. Προστάσσεται ὅτι δεῖ νὰ ζῶσι μὲ τὴν πρέπουσαν σεμνότητα, ἀλλὰ μὲ τὰ αἰσχρὰ των ἔργα ἤτοι μαθοῦσαι τὸν πατρικὸν των οἶκον. Διὰ τοῦτο εἶπον οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι ἐκεῖναι ἔφθειρον ἢ ἐμόλυνον ὅλα τὰ παρατιθέμενα φαγητὰ τοῦ πατρὸς των. Καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια ὁ- ποῖα τὰ τέκνα, ἢ μάλιστα τὰ θηλικὰ, ἔχωσι κακὰς, δύναται νὰ ἀπολαύσῃ τὴν φύσιμον παρὰ τὴν ἀσώτου καὶ δυναμώσῃ, τὸν δημιουργῆ δ' ἀπολυμβάνουσιν οἱ γονεῖς των τῆς ἀσκευασίας τὴν καὶ παιδοῦ, τὰ εὐφορώτερα φαγητά, καὶ διαφθείρουσι τὴν οἰκίαν των· ἐπειδὴ εἶναι ἄρα γε δυνατὸν νὰ εὑρεθῇ τις μεγαλειτέραν φθο- ράν ἀπὸ τὴν ἀτιμίαν; Λοιπὸν ὁ Ζήτης καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς, οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Βορέου, δι
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.
γύρος περιστατεῖ ἀφ' ἑαυτὴ τὴ ἤδη φορὸ ζωὴν ἀναγκαίων, κ ἀφοτιμᾶ νὰ ἀποθάνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖναν, παρὰ νὰ ξοδάλιση καὶ εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα. Μυθολται ὅτι αἱ Ἅρπυιαι διαφθείρει κ μιαίνσι τὰ φαγητὰ τοῦ Φινέω, ἐπειδὴ ἡ ζωὴ τῆ φιλαργύρη, ἡ τοκιστὴ, εἶναι ἄκρα, κ ἄτιμος. Ὁ Ζῆτος καὶ ὁ Κάλαϊς (διότι ὁ Ὑψηλῆ Θεῖος ἐγνόει τὴν καλοκαγαθίαν, παράγων τὰ δύο ταῦτα ὀνόματα παρὰ τῆ, ζητεῖν τὸ καλόν·) διώχνυσι τὰς Ἁρπυίας, ἐπειδὴ λέγεται δὶς ἀνάγκης νὰ φωτιδῇ ὁ ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς ἀπὸ τὴν καλοκαγαθίαν, διὰ νὰ μισήσῃ τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, ἡ ὁποία κατοικεῖ εἰς τὰς χειμαζείλης ψυχάς.
Ἔτι μυθολται ὅτι ὁ Ζῆτος κ Κάλαϊς ὤσαν περεωποὶ, ἐπειδὴ πρέπῃ τις νὰ σηκωθῇ εἰς ὕψος, διὰ νὰ ἐπιτύχῃ τὴν ἀληθῆ εὐτυχίαν καὶ δόξαν, αἱ ὁποῖαι δὲν εὑρίσκονται μεταξὺ τῶν γῆινων ἀναγμάτων. Πλαττάωνται δὲ υἱοὶ τοῦ Βορέα, ἵνα ἀποδείξῃ ὅτι ἡ ἐρευνία κ ζῆλος τοῦ ὄγκου ἀγαθοῦ, εἶναι πνευματικόν τι, μὴ πρεμχέμενον ἀπὸ τὴν σάρκα καὶ ὅπως εὕρῃ τις τὸ ἀληθὲς ἀγαθόν, τὸ ὁποῖον ὑφίσταται εἰς τὴν ἀρετὴν κ καθαρὰ συνείδησιν, διάχνει διαφόρως τῶν ἀναγκαίων, δηλαδὴ τὴν φιλαργυρίαν, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πάνυ συνφοράζουσαν τήν.
Αλλοι λέγουσιν ότι διά τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν εἰκονίζονται τρεῖς τάξεις ἀνθρώπων, οἵ ὁποῖοι συνήθως πλησιάζουσιν εἰς τοὺς βασιλεῖς καὶ ἀνακαπαύουσι τοὺς πολέμους. Πρῶτοι εἶναι οἱ κόλακες, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐπεισερχόμενοι εἰς τὴν ψυχήν των τοὺς τυφλώνουσι μὲ ἀρεστὰ ψέμματα. Δεύτεροι, οἱ συκοφάνται, ἤ οἱ ψεύστεροι, οἵ ὁποῖοι παρακινοῦσι τοὺς βασιλεῖς νὰ ὑποπτεύωνται τοὺς φρονιμωτέρους ὑπηκόους των, καὶ τοὺς πιστοτέρους ἀξιωματικούς των. Καὶ τρίτοι, οἱ φέροντες τὰ πάντα εἰς διχόνοιαν καὶ ἀποστασίαν διὰ τὸ ἴδιον συμφέρον αὐτῶν, καὶ ὄχι διὰ τὸ συμφέρον τῶν βασιλέων. Οὗτοι τὰ τρία εἴδη μιαίνουσι κατὰ τὸν τρόπον τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν τὰς τραπέζας τῶν Μεγιστάνων, ἀτιμάζουσι τοὺς Βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἄρχοντες, καὶ ἀφοῦ τοὺς τυφλώσωσιν, ὡς ἔκαμον αἱ Ἅρπυιαι, τοὺς ἁρπάζουσι τὰς στέγας των, καὶ τὴν φορὰν των.
Ἄλλοι δέ τινες ἐρμηνεύουσι κατ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον, λέγοντες ὅτι διὰ τῶν Ἁρπυιῶν (αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐμυθολογήθησαν παρθένοι, καὶ ἐπομένως ἄτεκνοι) εἰκονίζονται αἱ κλοπαί, καὶ τὰ ἀδίκως ἀποκτηθέντα χρήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν φέρουσι κανένα καρπόν, μάλιστα διασκορπίζονται εἰς ὀλίγον καιρόν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αἱ Ἅρπυιαι πάλιν ἀρπάζουσιν αὐτά. Καὶ ὁ Φινεὺς πληρώνει ἀρκετὰ τὰς κλοπάς του, ἀφοῦ διὰ μίαν τοιαύτην κλοπὴν δὲν εὑρίσκει ἄνεσιν ἀπὸ τὰς τιμωρίας του, μήτε ἀπόλαυσιν. Οὕτως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Φινεὺς ἦτον τυφλός, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἐστοχάζετο ὅτι ἡ ζωὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ὀλιγοχρόνιος, καὶ ὀλιγαρκής· ἀλλ᾽ ἐβασανίζετο ἀπὸ παντοίαν πείναν, καθότι ὁ πόθος τοῦ θησαυρίζειν, δὲν τὸν ἀφῆνε νὰ μεταχειρίζεται αὐτά, ἀλλὰ μόνον διὰ νὰ εἶναι πλουσιώτερος. Δὲν εἶναι ἄρα γε αὕτη ἡ μεγαλυτέρα ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς τιμωρίας;
The elderly Haemonian mothers and fathers bring offerings to mark their sons� return, and melt incense heaped in the flames. The sacrifice, with gilded horns, that they have dedicated, is led in and killed. But Aeson is absent from the rejoicing, now near death, and weary with the long years. Then Jason, his son, said �O my wife, to whom I confess I owe my life, though you have already given me everything, and the total of all your kindnesses is beyond any promises we made, let your incantations, if they can (what indeed can they not do?) reduce my own years and add them to my father�s!� He could not restrain his tears. Medea was moved by the loving request, and the contrast with Aeetes, abandoned by her, came to mind. Yet, not allowing herself to be affected by such thoughts, she answered �Husband, what dreadful words have escaped your lips? Do you think I can transfer any part of your life to another? Hecate would not allow it: nor is yours a just request. But I will try to grant a greater gift than the one you ask for, Jason. If only the Triple Goddess will aid me, and give her assent in person to this great act of daring, I will attempt to renew your father�s length of years, without need for yours.�
Ὁ Μῦθος τῆς Ἀρπυιῶν ἀναφέρει καὶ εἰς τὴν φύσιν τῶν ἀνέμων. Καθὼς εἰκονίζεται ἡ φύσις τῶν ποταμῶν, πηγῶν τε, καὶ βροχῶν διὰ τῶν Νηϊάδων, καὶ ἄλλων Νυμφῶν, καὶ ὁ μὲν ὑψηλότερος ἀήρ, καὶ ἡ διοίκησις τοῦ πυρὸς διὰ τοῦ Διὸς, ὁ δὲ κατώτερος διὰ τῆς Ἥρας, τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, καὶ ἡ γῆ διὰ τῆς Ἑστίας· οὕτως εἰκονίζεται διὰ τῶν Ἀρπυιῶν ἡ διοίκησις καὶ φύσις τῶν ἀνέμων. Διότι (ὡς εἰρήκαμεν καὶ εἰς ἄλλο μέρος τῶν Ἐξηγήσεων τούτων) οἱ Παλαιοὶ ἔκρυψαν ὑπὸ τὸ κάλυμμα τῶν Μύθων τὰς διδασκαλίας τῆς φυσικῆς καὶ ἠθικῆς Φιλοσοφίας, καὶ διὰ νὰ διδάσκωσιν εὐκολώτερα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐμίξαν τὸ ὠφέλιμον μὲ τὸ τερπνόν. Ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ γένησις τῶν Ἀρπυιῶν ὑποδηλοῖ ὅτι παράγονται τοὺς ἀνέμους, ἐπειδὴ μυθολογούμεναι θυγατέρες τοῦ Θαύμαντος, καὶ τῆς Ἠλέκτρας, δὲν σημαίνουσιν ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ τὸν δυσμασμόν εἰσὶν τῶν ἀνέμων, οἱ ὁποῖοι διεγείρονται ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ Ἡλίου ἀπὸ πλέον ἐπηρεασθὲν καὶ ἀπὸ πλέον καθαρώτατον ὕδωρ τῆς θαλάσσης. Τοῦτο ἀποδέχεται καὶ ἡ Ἶρις (ἥτοι τὸ καλούμενον Ὁμηρικὸν) ἡ νομιζομένη ἀδελφὴ τῶν ἀνέμων, ἐπειδὴ φοιτᾷ ἑξ ἴσου ἐπ' ἀναφορᾷ τῶν δυσμασμιῶν ἀπ' αὐτῶν εἰσκομένη εἰς τινας ἀφωρισμένας θέσεις, ἐπειδὴ μετὰ τούτων δὲν σχηματίζεται, καὶ ἵσταται ὑγιὴς ἀήρ, ἢ πρότερον ἠχλυωθὴ.
Πρὸς τάδε ἴδε καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν τριῶν Ἀρπυιῶν σ.
γει σφελειες συναλφοσιν του Ισσοιος. Διασχυειζονται τινες οτι ο Μυθος ειναι εν μαθημα Χημικης, συμπεραινοντες απο τα ιδια εκαμεν εις το πεδιδιον της, οτι δι αυτη της εργων του εικονιζονται αι μεταβολαι της χημικης σωματων, η δια το χρευσομαλλες Δερα- τος, το οποιον εκεινος απεκτησε μετα απειρης και το δυσκολιας, γινονται οι φιλοδοξοι Δι του Σχυνλιαου οτι το κλειμενα Δι πρω Βιβλιον κατακολασμενον ε δερματος χαγε εποιησε τον ευσον το ποιειν το λευσοντ, και οτι ο Ιασσων το αφαιρεσε του Αιητα, με τλω ημεθεια Μηδειας, ως Δυγατρος αυτο τα βασιλεως. Ειναι βεβαια γελοιωδης το να πισθυ- σιμ τις οτι συρεδησαν ταυρι, βι ποντες πυρ απο τα ομματα, η θαυδιωνια των, η οτι α επι τα εσαρμενα οδσης οχι μονον εγχνη- Σησαν απλως ανδρωποι, αλλα η οπλα επιπηδεια προς χρησιν αυ- την, η οτι εγχνη Φροβαντι, το οποιον κερθομενον ειδε χρευσα- δι αυτη εξεια. Καλεαος φρονιμος δεν πισταει αυτος πους Μυθους, αλλ επειδη οι πεισοοτεροι της ανθρωπων δεν τιμωσι πασια τα ω- φαματερα φραγματα, οτων ειναι ευκολες η αποκησης των, και δεν Σαυμαζεσιν ειμι μονον εκεινα, οσα δε διωνται να αποκτησωσι παρα με απειρες μογδες η δυσκαλιας. δια τε το οι Παλαιοι ε- καλυψαν τες φιλοσοφιες των υπο τας δυσεχεας της Μυθος, κα- θως οι Αιγυπτιοι της επισηματος των υπο τα Ιερογλυφικα.
Κατά τίνας οι Αργοναύται επεχείρησαν εκείνον τον πλουν διά να υπάγωσι να χρησιάζωνται υπό του Αισώρου καί διά του Χρυσομάλλου Αίγειου προς λόγον θυσίας. Είναι βέβαια ότι ό πόλεμος ακολουθεί το πλούτον ώσπερ η σκιά το σώμα, καί ότι οι πλείστοι παλαιοί πόλεμοι γίνονται ώς αρπαγήν καί λείαν, αι καί η εκδίκησις ύβρεως τινός είναι πολλάκις η αιτία αυτών. Επειδή λοιπόν ήτον φήμη ότι εις το Καύκασον όρος εύρίσκοντο χείμαρροι, φέροντες χρυσόν με τα ύδατά των, καί τον εσώριζον οι Σκύθαι με σανίδια ευτρημένα ώσαν κόσκινα, καί με πιττάκια δέρματος κριών, επεχειρήθηκαν τινές να επιχειρήσωσιν αυτόν τον πλουν, του οποίου η αντιμισθία ήτον ό χρυσός, όν ήλπιζον να αποκτήσωσι, καί καθώς εν τή υπαγωγή από των Θεσσαλιών εις εκείνας τάς τοποθεσίας, συνήντησαν πλήθος σκοπέλων, καί άλλας πολλάς δυσκολίας, αι οποίαι διά τον τόνε
τῷ Μύθῳ. Λέγεται ὅτι ἐδίδαχθη τὸν Ἰατρικὴν παρὰ τῷ Χείρωνος, ἐξ ἧς ἐκ τῆς ὀνομάσῃ Ἰάσων, ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰάσθω· ὅμως δέ εἶναι γνώσει ὡς ἰάσθη ποτὲ τινὰ ἔδει δὲ φησιτα νὰ πείσωμεν ὅτι ὁ Χείρων νὰ ἐθεράπευσεν ταῦρος μᾶλλον ἢ σωμάτων, ἢ τῆς Ψυχῆς, ἀλλ'ὅτι ἐδίδαξε τὸν Ἰάσονα ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα εἶναι ἐπιστάμενα εἰς τὸν ἄνδρειον, δηλαδὴ τῆς σώσειν ἢ φρόνησιν. Νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Ἰάσων ἐδίδαχθη παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ σταρὸ Διδασκάλῳ τὶ χρέιμα νὰ κυβερνᾶται ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς τῆς δύσκολας ἢ θεσμίχας πόσοι εἶναι τῆ αὐτῷ, αὐτοιναίων τῶν ἀκαθάρτων φύσιν με ποῖα μέσα διαφέρειν τὸ πέπληρωσιν τῆν ὀργὴν· με ποῖες διανάμεις τὰ ἀποδώσκῃ τὸ πάθος τῆς φιλοδοξίας· καὶ με ποῖα βότανα ἰᾶται ἡ φιλαργυρία, τὸ χρέλιον ἢ κακῶν. Οὕτως ὁ Ἰάσων, βοηθόμενος ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἰκυρότατα ὅπλα, ἐπίησε μεγάλα ἐμπόδια, ἢ ὑποδαίωντες εἰς τῆν Κολχίδα, ἐδάμασε ταῦρος, βάλλοντες φλόγας, διὰ τῶν ὁποίων σημαίνεται ἡ ὀργῆ, ἡ ἰκυροθυμία, ἢ τ' ἄλλα πάθη. Προσέτι διδασκόμεθα ἀπὸ τῆν Μύθον ὅτι τὸ αὐτὸν εἶναι νὰ καταδαμάζων τῆς ἀγρίους ταῦρος, ἢ ἄλλα θηρία, ἢ νὰ ὑποτάξῃ εἰς τὸν εὐθὺν λόγον πῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἢ σαρκὸς, ἢ πῆς ψυχῆς τὰ πάθη. Δὲν λέγω τίποτε περὶ τῶν ὀδόντων τοῦ ὄφεως, ἀπὸ τῶν ὁποίων ἐγένησαν πολεμάρχοι, ἀποστέλλων τῆς ἀναγνώστης εἰς τῆν Ἐξήγησιν τοῦ Μύθου τοῦ Κάδμου, ὁ ὁποῖος εἶναι ὁ Α'. τῆ Τετάρτη Βιβλίῳ.
Three nights were lacking before the moon�s horns met, to make their complete orb. When it was shining at its fullest, and gazed on the earth, with perfect form, Medea left the palace, dressed in unclasped robes. Her feet were bare, her unbound hair streamed down, over her shoulders, and she wandered, companionless, through midnight�s still silence. Men, beasts, and birds were freed in deep sleep. There were no murmurs in the hedgerows: the still leaves were silent, in silent, dew-filled, air. Only the flickering stars moved. Stretching her arms to them she three times turned herself about, three times sprinkled her head, with water from the running stream, three times let out a wailing cry, then knelt on the hard earth, and prayed:
�Night, most faithful keeper of our secret rites;
Stars, that, with the golden moon, succeed the fires of light;
Triple Hecate, you who know all our undertakings,
and come, to aid the witches� art, and all our incantations:
You, Earth, who yield the sorceress herbs of magic force:
You, airs and breezes, pools and hills, and every watercourse;
Be here; all you Gods of Night, and Gods of Groves endorse.
Streams, at will, by banks amazed, turn backwards to their source.
I calm rough seas, and stir the calm by my magic spells:
bring clouds, disperse the clouds, raise storms and storms dispel;
and, with my incantations, I break the serpent�s teeth;
and root up nature�s oaks, and rocks, from their native heath;
and move the forests, and command the mountain tops to shake,
earth to groan, and from their tombs the sleeping dead to wake.
You also, Luna, I draw down, eclipsed, from heaven�s stain,
though bronzes of Temese clash, to take away your pains;
and at my chant, the chariot of the Sun-god, my grandsire,
grows pale: Aurora, at my poisons, dims her morning fire.
You quench the bulls� hot flame for me: force their necks to bow,
beneath the heavy yoke, that never pulled the curving plough:
You turn the savage warfare, born of the serpent�s teeth,
against itself, and lull the watcher, innocent of sleep;
that guard deceived, bring golden spoil, to the towns of Greece.
Now I need the juice by which old age may be renewed,
that can regain the prime of years, return the flower of youth,
and You will grant it. Not in vain, stars glittered in reply:
not in vain, winged dragons bring my chariot, through the sky.�
There, sent from the sky, was her chariot. When she had mounted, stroked the dragons� bridled necks, and shaken the light reins in her hands, she was snatched up on high. She looked down on Thessalian Tempe far below, and sent the dragons to certain places that she knew. She considered those herbs that grow on Mount Ossa, those of Mount Pelion, Othrys and Pindus, and higher Olympus, and of those that pleased her, plucked some by the roots, and cut others, with a curved pruning-knife of bronze. Many she chose, as well, from the banks of the Apidanus. Many she chose, as well, from the Amphrysus. Nor did she omit the Enipeus. Peneus, and Spercheus�s waters gave something, and the reedy shores of Boebe. And at Anthedon, by Euboea, she picked a plant of long life, not yet famous for the change it made in Glaucus�s body.
Περὶ δὲ τοῦ Δράκοντος, ὅν τινα ἀπέκτεινε ὁ Ἴάσων καθ' ὅν τρόπον ἐδιδάχθη ἀπὸ τῆς Μηδείας, λέγω ὅτι μᾶς ἱστορεῖ τὴν φύσιν, τὴν ὁποίαν δέεται καθεὶς νὰ δαμάσῃ μὲ τὴς φρόνησιν, καὶ θέλω, διότι ἡ Μήδεια γίνεται παρὰ τῷ Μήδῳ λαῷ, καὶ νὰ γλυφέζῃ διάφορα ἔργα καὶ γνώμας, ὡς τὸ ἀποδείχνει ὁ Ὀβίδιος εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ πλάγχθη... Πολλῶν δ' ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω· ἢ ὀφείλει νὰ γίνῃ γνώστης μὲ τὰ κα- λὰ τὰ ἀναστρέμματα, διὰ νὰ τὸν φοβῶνται, καὶ νὰ τὸν τιμῶσιν ὅταν προβιβασθῇ εἰς ἀξίωμα.
Τέλος πάντως ὅταν κατεργάζωμαι τὴν Μήδειαν, ἥτις ἐρᾷ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ τὸν συμπλέκει, δὲν δυσκολεύομαι νὰ πιστεύσω ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος θέλει νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ τὸ ἑξῆς, ὅτι ἡ Ἀρετὴ δὲν κινδυνεύει ποτέ, ἀλλ' εὑρίσκει πανταχῇ φίλους ἢ βοηθούς.
Περὶ Αἴσονος, πατρὸς τοῦ Ἰάσονος, τοῦ παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας ἀνανεωθέντος.
Ἡ Μηδέα, δεήσει τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ἀνενέωσεν Αἴσονα τὸν πατέρα του, ὃς τὴν ἐφύλαξεν ὅμως ἀπὸ μνήμην τῶν περασμένων πραγ- μάτων, ἢ τὰ γήρατος τὴν ἐμπειρίαν.
Ὅλοι κοινῶς ἑώρτασαν τὸν ἐρχομὸν τοῦ Ἰάσονος εἰς τὰς πατρίδας του, καὶ ἄνδρες καὶ γυναῖκες ἔφερον μὲ δῶρα εἰς τοὺς Ναούς. Παντὰ θυμίαν οἱ Βωμοὶ ἀπὸ τὰ Θυμιάματα, ἢ ἀπὸ τὰς Θυσίας τῶν χρυσοκε- ράτων ζώων, δι' ὧν ηὐχαρίστουν τὰς Θεὰς διὰ τὰ πέν- θη, ἅ τινα ἐπέστρεψαν σῶα καὶ ὑγιῆ ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν Ἰά- σονα. Ἀλλ' ὁ Αἴσων, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, δὲν ἐφαίνε- το μέτοχος τῆς χαρᾶς τῆς πανηγύρεως, ἡ ὁποία κατὰ τινα
ῥόπτον ἐτελεῖτο εἰς ὁδείαν τοῦ θείου της· ἐπειδὴ ἔκειτο εἰς τὴν κλίνην του κατατετρυμένος ἀπὸ τὸ γῆρας, καὶ πλη- σίον τοῦ Θανάτου. Τότε ὁ Ἰάσων ὡμίλησεν οὕτω πρὸς τὴν Μήδειαν· „Φιλτάτη μοι συμβία, ἥτις μέ ἔσωσας „ἀπὸ τῶν ζώων, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ὅλα, ἅ τινα ὑπερβαί- „νουσι πᾶσαν πίστιν, ἐπειδὴ δὲν ἀδυνατεῖ εἰς τὴν τέ- „χνην σου τίποτε, ἀφαίρεσον κάμποσους χρόνους ἀπὸ „τῆς ζωῆς μου, καὶ χάρισαί τους εἰς τὸν πατέρα μου, ἵνα „αὐξηθῶσιν αἱ ἡμέραι του"· καὶ ταῦτα λέγων, ἐδά- κρυσε θερμῶς. Ἡ Μήδεια ἐπαρεκινήθη ἀπὸ τὴν ὁρμητικὴν δέησίν του, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι αὕτη ἐγκατέλειψε τὸν πατέρα της προσεφάνερωσεν ὅτι δὲν ὡμοίαζε τοῦ Ἰάσονος, ὅμως ἡ ἐνθύμησις τοῦ ἰδίου της πατρὸς τὴν ἔπληξε περισσότερον· πλὴν ὑπερέκρυψε, καὶ ἔκρυψε τὸ πάθος της· „Ὁποῖον ἀσέβημα ἐζήτησας ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα „σου, ταλαίπωρε, καὶ ὁποίαν γνώμην ἔχεις τῆς ἀ- „γάπης μου· πῶς δύνασαι νὰ πιστεύσῃς ὅτι θέλω ἀπὸ „τῆς ζωῆς μου, διὰ νὰ αὐξήσω ἄλλου τινὸς τὴν ζωήν; „Ὁ Θεός, ἥτις δύνασαι νὰ με βοηθήσῃς, ἰσχυρὰ καὶ „θεία Ἑκάτη, ἄρνησόν με τὴν βοήθειάν σου, ἐὰν ἐπι- „χειρήσω ποτὲ τοιοῦτον ἔργον. Ὦ Ἰάσον Ἰάσον, δὲν „εἶναι δίκαιον τὸ ζήτημά σου." Ὅμως θέλω προσπαθήσει „νὰ σοῦ χαρίσω πολὺ περισσότερον ἀπ᾽ ὅ,τι ζητεῖς, „καὶ διὰ νὰ σὲ εὐχαριστήσω ( καὶ μὲ βοηθήσῃ ἡ Ἑκάτη „καὶ συγκατανεύσῃ εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον ὑψηλὸν ἐπιχείρημα ) „θέλω αὐξήσει τὰς ἡμέρας τοῦ πατρός σου, χωρὶς νὰ „ἀφαιρέσω κἂν μίαν στιγμὴν τῆς ἰδικῶν σου". Ἐλεί- ποντο τότε τρεῖς νύκτες διὰ νὰ πληρωθῇ ὁ κύκλος τῆς Σελήνης, καὶ ὅταν ἔγινε τὸ Πανσέληνον, ἐξῆλθεν ἡ Μήδεια μοναχὴ τὴν νύκτα, ἐσκορπισμένα ἄγνωστα τὸ στό- λισμά της, γυμνὲς τὰς πόδας
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 367
μετα εις τας ώμας της, & όπως ήρχε μεταξύ της σι- γής, & τήν σκιών της νυκτός. Οἱ ἄνθρωποι, τα πη- νά, τα θηρία, & ο κόσμος όλος ήσύχαζον εις βαθύ- τατον ύπνον. Ο άήρ άφωνος κείται· σιγώσιν ακίνητα και τα φύλλα τών δένδρων, και πόσσον γαλήνιός είναι ό άήρ, ώστε φαίνεται ότι κοιμάται και αυτός· μόνα τα άστρα είναι έξυπνα, και φωτίζει τόν ουρανόν και τήν γήν· προς τα οποία ύψώσασα τάς χείρας ή Μήδεια, έκαμε πρώτον τρείς γύρους, έβρεξε τρείς φοράς τα μαλ- λία της με το ύδωρ τού ποταμού, και άφού τρείς φοράς εφώναξε μεγάλως, κλίνασα τα γόνατα, ήρχισε να λέγη έπως· „ώ νύξ, ή φυλάττεισα πώς και μυστικώς „ όσα σοι έμπιστεύονται· άστρα, τα οποία όμού με „ τήν Σελήνην διαδέχεσθε το φώς τού ήλίου· και σύ „ώ τρικέφαλος Εκάτη, ή οποία οίδας τα κρύφια μου, „& τούς σκασμούς μου, & πάντοτε με εβοήθησες· ψδαί „και γέλγαι μαγικαί· γή ή χορηγούσα τοίς μάγοις „πόσσα θαυμάσια και ίσχυρα βότανα· άνεμοι, βουνά, „ποταμοί, λίμναι, και θεοί πάντες τών δασών, και „τής νυκτός, όσοι με βοηθείτε όπου θέλωμαι να ανα- „χαιτίσω τούς ποταμούς, με έκπληξιν μεγάλην τών „ίχθύων των, μέσα εις τας πηγάς των, δεύτε εις βοή- „θειαν μου. Με τήν δύναμιν, τήν οποίαν σείς δίδετε εις „τας μαγείας μου, παράττω τήν θάλασσαν, ή ανα- „καλώ τήν γαλήνην· αποδιώκω, ή εισάγω τα σύνε- „φα, λύω, ή δεσμεύω τούς ανέμους· κόπτω εις λεπτα „τούς δράκας με τήν οποίαν δύναμιν σείς δίδετε εις „τήν φωνήν μου· κινώ τας πέτρας, και τούς δρυμούς, „σείω τα όρη, κελεύω τήν γήν να μυκάται, και τούς „γενάρχας να εξέρχωνται από τας τάφας των· σύρω και „τήν Σελήνην αυτήν, ώς και ο ήχος τών χαλκών α- „γω-
Then she returned, after nine days and nine nights surveying all the lands she had crossed, from her chariot, drawn by the winged dragons. The dragons had only smelt the herbs, yet they shed their skins of many years. Reaching her door and threshold, she stopped on the outside, and under the open sky, avoiding contact with any man, she set up two altars of turf, one on the right to Hecate, one on the left to Youth. She wreathed them with sacred boughs from the wildwood, then dug two trenches near by in the earth, and performed the sacrifice, plunging her knife into the throat of a black-fleeced sheep, and drenching the wide ditches with blood. She poured over it cups of pure honey, and again she poured over it cups of warm milk, uttering words as she did so, calling on the spirits of the earth, and begging the shadowy king and his stolen bride, not to be too quick to steal life from the old man�s limbs.
When she had appeased the gods by prayer and murmured a while, she ordered Aeson�s exhausted body to be carried into the air, and freeing him to deep sleep with her spells, she stretched him out like a corpse on a bed of herbs. She ordered Jason, his son, to go far off, and the attendants to go far off, and warned them to keep profane eyes away from the mysteries. They went as she had ordered. Medea, with streaming hair, circled the burning altars, like a Bacchante, and dipping many-branched torches into the black ditches filled with blood, she lit them, once they were darkened, at the twin altars. Three times with fire, three times with water, three times with sulphur, she purified the old man.
Meanwhile a potent mixture is heating in a bronze cauldron set on the flames, bubbling, and seething, white with turbulent froth. She boils there, roots dug from a Thessalian valley, seeds, flowerheads, and dark juices. She throws in precious stones searched for in the distant east, and sands that the ebbing tide of ocean washes. She adds hoar-frost collected by night under the moon, the wings and flesh of a vile screech-owl, and the slavering foam of a sacrificed were-wolf, that can change its savage features to those of a man. She does not forget the scaly skin of a thin Cinyphian water-snake, the liver of a long-lived stag, the eggs and the head of a crow that has lived for nine human life-times.
With these, and a thousand other nameless things, the barbarian witch pursued her greater than mortal purpose. She stirred it all with a long-dry branch of a fruitful olive, mixing the depths with the surface. Look! The ancient staff turned in the hot cauldron, first grew green again, then in a short time sprouted leaves, and was, suddenly, heavily loaded with olives. And whenever the flames caused froth to spatter from the hollow bronze, and warm drops to fall on the earth, the soil blossomed, and flowers and soft grasses grew.
As soon as she saw this, Medea unsheathed a knife, and cut the old man�s throat, and letting the old blood out, filled the dry veins with the juice. When Aeson had absorbed it, part through his mouth, and part through the wound, the white of his hair and beard quickly vanished, and a dark colour took its place. At a stroke his leanness went, and his pallor and dullness of mind. The deep hollows were filled with rounded flesh, and his limbs expanded. Aeson marvelled, recalling that this was his self of forty years ago.
368 ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
„ γωνίζεται νὰ ἐλαττώση τὸς πόνους τῆς· ἢ μὲ τὴν μα- „ γικὴν δυναμίν μου ὡραίνω τὸ ἀμάξιόν τῆς, καθὼς „ πάλι τὸ τῆς Ἠοῦς. Ὑμεῖς ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἰσχυρὰ Θεότητες, „ ἐσβέσατε τὰς φλόγας, τὰς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ φοβε- „ ροῦ ἐκείνων ταύρων, καὶ τοὺς ἠναγκάσατε νὰ ὑποφέ- „ ρωσι τὸν ζυγόν, κι νὰ σύρωσι τὸ ἄροτρον· ὑμεῖς διε- „ γείρατε τὴν μάχην, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους „ πολεμήσαντες, ἐθανατώθησαν οἱ ὀφιογενεῖς ἄνδρες, καὶ „ ἀπεκοίμησατε τὸν δράκοντα, τὸν φυλάττοντα τὸ χρυ- „ σόμαλλον Δέρας, καὶ ἐπέμψατε εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα τὸν „ πολύτιμον Θησαυρόν· χρείαν ἔχω πάρα νὰ μοι δώ- „ σητε βότανα, διὰ νὰ ἀνανεώσω τοῦ ζωῆς ἑνὸς ἀν- „ θρώπου, κι ἀπὸ τὸ βαθύτατον γῆρας νὰ αὐτὸν μεταφέ- „ ρω εἰς τὸ ἄνθος τῆς νεότητος· Ἀναμφιβόλως ἀπὸ λόγου „ σας τὴν χάριν αὐτὴν, μάλιστα ἄρχισα νὰ γνωρίζω „ ὅτι εἰσηκούσατε τὴν παράκλησίν μου. Τὰ ἄστρα ἐκεῖ- „ να δοῦ ἐστροβολοῦσιν εἰς μάτην ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς „ μου, οὔτε βλέπω εἰς μάτην ἀμάξαν συρομένην ὑπὸ „ δύο δρακόντων". Ἐν ᾧ ἡ Μήδεια ἔλεγε ταῦτα, κα- τέβη ἀληθῶς οὐρανόθεν ἡ ἀμάξα, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἀνα- βαίνουσα εὐθὺς, καὶ κολακεύσασα τὰς σύρουσας αὐτὴν δράκοντας, ἔλαβεν εἰς χεῖρας τὰς χαλινούς, κι ὑψώθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα. Οὕτω φερομένη, ἴδου ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας τῆς ὅλας τὰς Πόλεις τῆς Θεσσαλίας· ἀλλὰ δὲν κατέβαινεν εἰ μὴ μόνον εἰς τὰς τόπους ἐκείνους, ὅπου ἐνόμευε νὰ εὕρῃ τίποτα ἀπὸ τὰ ζητούμενα χόρτα. Εὗρε μερικὰ εἰς τὴν Ὄσσαν, εἰς τὸ Πήλιον, καὶ τὸν Πίνδον, εἰς τὴν Ὄθρυν, κι εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον· καὶ ἄλλα μὲν ἔκοψε μὲ ὅλας τὰς ῥίζας, ἄλλων δὲ ἔκοψε μόνον τὰ φύλλα. Εἰσμάξεν ἱκανὰ καὶ ε
τὰ νερὰ τῶ Σπερχειῶ, καὶ εἰς τὰς χοινώδεις ὄχθας τῆς Βοιβηΐδος λίμνης· ὑπῆγε νὰ ζητήσῃ καὶ εἰς τὴν ὄχθην τοῦ Ἀνθηδῶνος, ἡ ὁποία δὲν εἶχε γίνῃ ἔτι ὀνομαστὴ διὰ τὴν μεταβολὴν τοῦ Γλαύκου, ὅστις, ὢν πρότερον ἁλιεὺς, ἔγινε θαλάττιος Θεός. Ἐδαπάνησεν ἐν ἐννέα ἡμέρας, καὶ ἐννέα νύκτας διὰ νὰ συνάξῃ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα βότανα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχον τοσαύτην δύναμιν, ὥστε μὲ μόνην τὴν μυρωδίαν τῶν, οἱ δράκοντες αὐτοί, οἱ σύροντες τὸ ἁμάξιόν της, ἤλλαξαν τὸ παλαιὸν δέρματων. Ἐπανελθοῦσα δὲ οἴκαδε, ἐστάθη εἰς τὴν θύραν τοῦ Παλατίου της, σκεπασμένη μόνον ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, χωρὶς νὰ ἀφήσῃ νὰ πλησιάσῃ ἀνὴρ εἰς αὐτήν, καὶ ἐκεῖ ἔστησε δύω βολακίνες βωμούς, καὶ τὸν μὲν δεξιὸν ἀφιέρωσε τῇ Ἑκάτῃ, τὸν δὲ ἀριστερὸν τῇ Νεότητι. Ἀφ' οὗ δὲ τὰς ἐπεριεκύκλωσεν ἀπὸ χόρτα, καὶ κλάδους δενδρῶν, ὄχι πολὺ μακραὶ ἔσκαψε δύω μικρὲς λάκκες, τὰς ὁποίας ἐγέμισε μὲ τὸ αἷμα ἑνὸς μαύρου προβάτου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔσφαξε πρὸς θυσίαν. Ἔπειτα εἰς μὲν τὸν ἕνα λάκκον ἔχυσεν οἶνον, εἰς δὲ τὸν ἄλλον γάλα· καὶ ταῦτα ποιοῦσα, ἐπρόφερε καί τινας λόγους, δι' ὧν ἐπεκαλεῖτο τὰς καταχθονίας δυνάμεις, δεομένη τοῦ Πλούτωνος καὶ τῆς Περσεφόνης νὰ μὴ βιασθῶσι νὰ λάβουν τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ γέροντος Αἴσονος. Τοὺς ὁποίας ἀφ' ἧ κατεφράϋνε μὲ μακρᾶς δεήσεις, ἐπρόσταξε νὰ φερθῇ ὁ Αἴσων ἔμπροσθεν τῶν βωμῶν, καὶ ἀποκοιμίσασα αὐτὸν ὕπνον βαθύτατον, τὸν ἐξάπλωσεν ὡς νεκρὸν ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ χόρτα, μὲ τὰ ὁποῖα εἶχε σκεπάσῃ τὴν γῆν. Ἐπρόσταξεν ἔπειτα τὸν Ἰάσονα καὶ τὰς ἄλλους νὰ ἀναχωρήσωσι, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἀποτολμήσητις νὰ περιεργασθῇ τὰς τελετάς της, διὰ νὰ μὴ β
δέα, ἔχουσα βακχικὸς διασμορφισμένα τὰ μάλια της, καὶ περιήγυρίσσα τὰς βωμὰς, εἰς τὰς ὁποίους ἔχει ἀναμμένον τὸ πῦρ, ἔβαλε πολλὰς λαμπάδας εἰς τὰς λάμπακας, τὰς γέμοντας αἵματος, ἢ πάλιν ἀναλαμβάνων ὑπὸς αἱματωμένας ἐπάνω εἰς τοὺς δύο βωμοὺς· ἔπλυσεν ἔπειτα τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Αἴσονος ἑξεῖς φοραῖς μὲ νερόν, ἑξεῖς μὲ θειάδι, ἢ πάλιν ἑξεῖς τὸ ἐκαθάρισε διὰ τοῦ πυρός. Ὡσποῦ ἔβραλαν εἰς μέγα χαλκεῖον τὰ χόρτα, ἢ τὰ εἰς αὐτὸ ἄλλα φάρμακα, δηλαδὴ αἱ ῥίζαι, ὅσας εἶχε συναγμένας εἰς τὰς κοιλάδας τῆς Θεσσαλίας, οἱ σπόροι, τὰ ἄνθη, καὶ τινες μαῦροι χυμοὶ, ἢ οἱ λίθοι, ὅσους μετεκόμισαν ἀπὸ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἀνατολῆς, καὶ ἡ ἄμμος, ἡ παρὰ τῆς θαλάσσης ῥιπτομένη εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν. Ἐπροσθήκασαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὰς πάχνας, τὰς χειρωμένας πλέον νύκτε εἰς τὸ φῶς τῆς Σελήνης, καὶ τὸ κρέας ἢ τὰ ἐντόσθια τοῦ Στρύγος, τὸ δέρμα ὄφεως τινός, τὸ ἥπαρ εἴδους ἐλάφης, ἢ τὴν κεφαλὴν κοράκης ἐννεακοσίων ἐτῶν. Τέλος, ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἔρριξαν εἰς τὸ χαλκεῖον πλῆθος ἄλλων εἰδῶν, τῶν ὁποίων ἀγνοοῦνται τὰ ὀνόματα, τὰ ἀναμέτησαν ὅλα μὲ ξηρὸν κλάδον ἐλαίας. Μόλις τὰ ἀναχέτησε δύο ἑξεῖς φοραῖς, ἢ αὐθις ἐκεῖνος ὁ κλάδος ἔγεινε φράσινος, ἢ ἔπειτα ἤρχισε νὰ βλαστᾷ, ἐνδυόμενος φύλλα καὶ ἐλαίας, καὶ ὅπου ἢ αὐτὸ ἔπεσον εἰς τὸν γῆν ἀπὸ τὸν ζωμὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸν βράζοντα εἰς τὸ χαλκεῖον, αὐθις ἐβλάστησαν χόρτα, καὶ ἄνθη. Ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια ἔκαμεν αὐτὸ τὸ δοκίμιον, ἤνοιξε μὲ μαχαίρας τὸν λαιμὸν τοῦ Αἴσονος, ἢ ἐξαντλήσασα ὅλον τὸ παλαιὸν αἷμά του, τοῦ ἐγέμισεν ἔπειτα τὰ ἀργεῖα ἀπὸ τὸν βρασμένον ζωμόν. Μόλις ὁ Αἴσων ἐδέχθη τὸν
ποιαῦ τῆς νεότητος ἀνέλαβε τὴν προτέραν διέξοδόν του, ἡ ὡραιότης ἔφυγεν ἀπὸ τὸ πρόσωπόν του, αἱ ῥυτίδες ἐγέμισαν, καὶ ὅλον ἐνεδυσαμώθη τὸ σῶμά του, καὶ οὕτως ἀναφεωθεὶς ὁ γέρων, ἐθαύμασε βλέπων τὸν ἑαυτόν του εἰς ἣν κατάστασιν ἦτον πρὸ τεσσαράκοντα χρόνων, χωρὶς νὰ ἀλησμονήσῃ τὸ παραμικρὸν ἀπὸ τὰ ὅσα ἡ ἐμπειρία τῆς γηρατείας τὸν εἶχε διδάξῃ.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Γ΄. ἢ Δ΄.
Περὶ ἀναφεώσεως τῶν τροφῶν τοῦ Βάκχου, ἢ περὶ Πελίου τοῦ φονευθέντος παρὰ τῶν ἰδίων αὐτοῦ Θυγατέρων.
Ἡ Μήδεια, δῆθεν τοῦ Βάκχου, ἀναφεοῖ τὰς Νύμφας, αἱ ὁποῖαι τὸν ἔθρεψαν· καὶ διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὸν Ἰάσονα ἀπὸ τοῦ Θείου του Πελίου, τεχνάζεται νὰ φονεύσουν αὐτὸν αἱ Θυγατέρες του, ἐν ᾧ ἤλπιζον νὰ τοῦ ἀναπλάσουν.
Ἀπὸ τὰ θαυμάσια τῆς Μηδείας βλέπων ὁ Βάκχος ἀπὸ τὸν Οὐρανὸν, παρεκάλεσε τὴν Μήδειαν νὰ ἀναφεώσῃ καὶ τὰς Νύμφας, τὰς τροφοὺς του, ἡ δὲ ἐπρώτευσε κατὰ τὴν θέλησίν του. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ ἐξακολουθήσῃ τὰς τέχνας της, ὑπεκρίθη ὀργισμένη κατὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Πελίου· τῆς δὲ αἱ Θυ-
Bacchus saw this wondrous miracle from heaven�s heights, and realising from it, that the Nymphs of Mount Nysa, who had nursed him, could have their youth restored, he secured that gift from the witch of Colchis. There was no end to her magic. Phasian Medea, pretending to a sham quarrel with her husband, fled as a suppliant to Pelias�s threshold, he who had usurped Aeson�s throne. There, the king�s daughters received her, since he himself was weighed down by the years. The lying Colchian soon won them over by a skilful show of friendship, and when she told them of one of her greatest gifts, the removal of Aeson�s many years, and lingered over it, hope was aroused in Pelias�s daughters that similar magic arts might rejuvenate their father.
They begged her, and told her to set a price however great. She was silent for a moment, and appeared to hesitate, keeping the minds of her petitioners in suspense by a show of solemn pretence. When, eventually, she promised to do it, she said �To give you greater confidence in my gift, your oldest ram, the leader of your flocks, will by turned into a young lamb again, by my magic drugs.� Straight away the woolly creature, worn out by innumerable years, was dragged forward, his horns curving round his hollow temples. When the witch had cut his wizened throat with her Thessalian knife, hardly staining the blade with blood, she immersed the sheep�s carcass in the bronze cauldron, along with her powerful magic herbs. These shrank its limbs, melted away its horns, and, with its horns, the years. A high-pitched bleating came from inside the vessel, and while they were wondering at the bleating, a lamb leapt out, and frisked away, seeking the udder and milk.
Pelias�s daughters were stunned, and now the truth of her promise had been displayed, they insisted even more eagerly. Three times Phoebus had unyoked his horses, after their plunge into the western ocean, and on the fourth night the stars were glittering in all their radiance, when the deceitful daughter of Aeetes set clear water, and herbs, but ineffectual ones, over a blazing fire. And now the king and his guards also were deep in death-like sleep, achieved by her incantations and the power of her magic spells. The king�s daughters, at her command, crossed the threshold, with the Colchian witch, and stood around his bed. �Why do you hesitate, so timidly?� she said. �Un-sheath your blades, and let out the old blood, so that I can fill the empty veins with new! You father�s life and youth are in your hands. If you have any filial affection, if those are not vain hopes that stir you, render your father this service, banish old age with your weapons, and drive out his poisoned blood with a stroke of the iron blade!�
Urged on by these words, the more love each had for him, the quicker she was to act without love, and did evil, to avoid greater evil. Nevertheless they could not bear to see their own blows, and turned their eyes away, and with averted faces, wounded him blindly with cruel hands. Streaming blood, the old man still raised himself on his elbow, and, though mutilated, tried to rise from his bed. Stretching his pallid hands out among the many weapons, he cried �Daughters, why are you doing this? What has made you take up weapons against your father�s life?� Their strength and courage vanished. But as he was about to utter more words, the Colchian witch cut his throat, and plunged his torn body into the seething water.
γατέρες τὴς ὑπεδέχθησαν φιλοφρόνως, καὶ ἐκείνη μὲ τὴς ἁπατηλῆς ὄψης της, ἀπέκτησεν δύο τῶν ἀγαπητῶν των. Διηγουμένη δὲ τὴς μεγάλας ἐργασίας, ὅσας παρ' αὐτῆς εἶχε λάβει ὁ Ἰάσων, καὶ μάλιστα τὴν ἀνατέωσιν τοῦ πατρὸς του, ταῖς ἔκαμε νὰ ἐλπίζουν τῶν αὐτῶν χάριν διὰ τὸν πατέρα των, ὅστις ἦτον ὑπέργηρος. Τὼ παρεκάλεσαν λοιπὸν νὰ ἀνανεώσῃ ἢ αὐτόν, ὑποσχόμεναι ὅτι τῇ ἤθελον εἶναι ἀπείρως ὑπόχρεοι, καθὼς ἄπειρος ἦτον ἡ ἐλπιζομένη χάρις. Ἡ Μήδεια ἐστάθη ὀλίγην ὥραν χωρὶς νὰ ἀποκριθῇ, καὶ ἐφαίνετο διστάζουσα εἰς τὸ ἔργον, καὶ μὲ προσποίησιν σεμνότητα, ἔτρεφε τὴν ἐξημμένην αἰών κηλῶν τῶν δεομένων. Τέλος πάντων ταῖς ὑπέσχεθη τὴς χάριν, ἢ διὰ νὰ τὰς βεβαιώσῃ περισσότερον, φέρτε μοι, εἶπε, τὸν „γερόντοτερον κριὸν τῆς ποίμνης σας, καὶ θέλω τὸν „ἀποκαταστήσει ἀμνὸν μὲ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς βότανής μου". Τῇ ἔφεραν ἕνα τὸν κριόν, καὶ αὐτὴ πιάσασα τὸν ἀπὸ τὰ κέρατα, τοῦ ἔκοψε τὴν κεφαλήν, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἦτον πολλὰ γέρων ἦλθεν ὀλίγον αἷμα. Ἔπειτα ἔβαλλεν αὐτὸν εἰς χαλκεῖον, μὲ τὸν ζωμὸν χόρτων τινῶν, τὰ ὁποῖα χόρτα ἔλαβον δύναμιν νὰ σμικρώσουσι τὸ κορμί της, καὶ νὰ τῇ ἀφαιρέσουν ὅλην μὲ τὰ κέρατα καὶ τὴς χρόνος. Ἤκουσαν ἐν ταυτῷ καὶ τὸ βλήχημα τοῦ ἀρνίου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐξῆρχεν δῆθεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἀγγεῖον, ἢ ἐζήτει τὴν μαστοὺς τῆς μάννης. Κατεπλάγησαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ παράδοξον αἱ θυγατέρες τῆς Πελίας, ἢ μετὰ τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν τῆς Μηδείας, τὴς παρεκάλουν θερμότερον, ἔτι μᾶλλον καταπεισθεῖσαι εἰς τὴν δύναμιν τῆς μαγείας της.
Είχαν περάσει ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι καὶ ἑπτὰ νύκτες μετὰ τὸ ἀνανεώσιμον τῆς φορᾶς· κατὰ δὲ τὴν τετάρτην νύκτα ἐλάμ- πον οἱ ἀστέρες, ὅτε ἔβαλεν ἡ Μήδεια εἰς τὸ πῦρ κα-
Σαρὸν ὕδωρ, μὲ χόρτα μὴ ἔχοντα καμμίαν δύναμιν, καὶ ἀποκοιμίσαντα τὸν βασιλέα, ἢ πᾶς φύλακάς του ὕπνον ὁμοῖον μὲ τὸν Θάνατον· „ τί διστάξετε, εἴπε πρὸς „ τὰς Θυγατέρας του, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐμβῆκαν τότε εἰς τὸν „ οἶκόν του, ἢ ἔστερον ὁλόγυρα εἰς τὴν ἁλίνην του, τί „ διστάξετε, ὦ μικρόψυχοι; λάβετε μαχαίρας, καὶ χύσατε τὸ γεγηρακὸς αἷμα, διὰ νὰ γεμίσω τὰς φλέβας του ἀπὸ νεαρόν. Ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ πατρὸς σας εἶναι τώρα εἰς τὰς χεῖρας σας· ἂν τὸν ἀγαπᾶτε, ἂν θέλετε „ νὰ μὴ ματαιωθῶσιν αἱ ἐλπίδες σας, παρέχετέ του αὐτὴν τὴν εὐεργεσίαν, ὁπλισθῆτε κατὰ τοῦ γήρατός του, „ ἢ διώξετέ το μὲ τὴν μάχαιραν ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα του, διὰ „ νὰ τὸ διαδεχθῇ ἡ νεότης"· Εἰς αὐτὰς τὰς παραινέσεις, πρώτη ἐπλήγωσε τὸν πατέρα της ἡ ἔχουσα περισσότερον ἀγάπην πρὸς αὐτὸν, καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ φανῇ ἀσεβὴς πρὸς τὸν πατέρα της, ἔπραξε πρώτη τὸ ἀσέβημα· πλὴν δὲν ἐτόλμησαν νὰ στρέψωσι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς των εἰς τὰς ὁποίας πληγὰς τοῦ ἔκαναν μὲ τὰς χεῖρας των· Ἐξυπνᾷ γίνεται ὁ ἴσθλιος γέρων, ἂν ἡ πνιγμένος ὀλίγον εἰς τὸ αἷμα του, ἢ παρχει νὰ σηκωθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν ἁλίνην, ἀλλὰ δὲν δύναται νὰ κάμῃ ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ νὰ ἁπλώσῃ μεταξὺ τῶν μαχαιρῶν τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς τὰς Θυγατέρας του, λέγων· „ τί κάμνετε Θυγατέρες μου; ποία Ἐριννύς σας παρώξυνε κατὰ τοῦ πατρὸς σας"· Ἐκεῖναι ἔχασαν παρευθὺς τὴν ἀνδρείαν, καὶ ἔπεσαν τὰ μαχαίρια ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας των· ἀλλ' ἐνῷ ὁ Πελίας ἤθελε νὰ λαλήσῃ περισσότερα, ἡ Μήδεια, κόψασα ὁμοῦ μὲ τὴν λαλίαν τὸν τράχηλόν του, τὸν ἔρριψεν εἰς τὸ θερμὸν ὕδωρ.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ τῆ Β΄. Γ΄. τῆ Δ΄. Μύθ.
Ἐπεὶ δὴ τοῦ Μύθου τούτου μὲν εἶναι ψυχικός, ἄλλοι δὲ πολιτικοί, καὶ τὸ ἄλλοι φυσικοί, ἡ δὲ ἀλήθεια εἶναι πολυσχιδὴς ἀπεῤῥύτου τι ἀδιάστου, καὶ οἱ Παλαιοί ὕστερον τὸν μυθοποιὸν αἷμᾶς ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐκ τῆς σεριώσεως, κατὰ τῆς Φιλοσόφης ἐνταῦτα πᾶλιν εἰς τὸ εἶναι, δήλαδὴ ἐκ τῆ Σκαπτῆ εἰς τὴν ζωὴν. Ἀεὶ ἀφέπει λοιπὸν νὰ πισθώσουμε ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἀνέῤῥησε τὸν Αἴσονα, ἐπειδὴ τῶν ὑπερβαίνει τῆς ὅρης τῆς φύσεως, καὶ εἶναι ἴδιον τῆς Θεῦ.
Τί δὲ μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ Μῦθος τῆ Αἴσονος; Λέγεται ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἐσύστησε τινὰς ἀσκήσεως, δι' ὧν ἡδέλζοντο ἡαῦ ἐνδυναμῦντο οἱ ἀδένες ἢ γυμνασίες, καὶ ἐκ τῆτυ ἐμψύσολογήσῃ ὅτι ἀναψύχης τῆς γεροντας. Καὶ ἄλλως ἔχμαα ἡ Μήδεια μεγάλω ἐμπαείας εἰς τὰ βόταῆνα, ἢ εἰς τίμ ἱατρικίω, πιθανὸν νὰ ἐμάχρησε μὲ ἐνέργῃ ἱξανα τῆ ζωῆ ἦ γερόντηυ, ἢ ἀδήον.
She would not have escaped punishment had she not taken to the air, with her winged dragons. Through the high sky, clockwise, she fled, over the shadowy slopes of Pelion, Chiron�s home; over Othrys and the places made famous by the ancient fate of Cerambus, who, aided by the nymphs and changed to a winged scarab beetle, lifted into the air, when the all-powerful sea drowned the solid earth, and so escaped un-drowned from Deucalion�s flood. She passed Aeolian Pitane on the left, with its huge stone serpent image, and Ida�s grove where Liber concealed, in the deceptive shape of a stag, the bullock stolen by his son. She passed the place where the father of Corythus, Paris, lay, buried under a little sand; and where Hecuba, changed to a black bitch of Hecate, Maera, spread terror through the fields with her strange barking.
She flew over Astypalaea, the city of Eurypylus, where the women of the island, of Cos, acquired horns when they abused Hercules, as he and his company departed: over Rhodes, beloved of Phoebus: and the Telchines of the city of Ialysos on Rhodes, whose eyes corrupted everything they looked on, so that Jupiter, disgusted with them, sank them under his brother�s ocean waves. She passed the walls of ancient Carthaea, on the island of Ceos, where Alcidamas, as a father, would marvel, one day, that a peace-loving dove could spring from the body of his daughter, Ctesylla.
Then she saw Lake Hyrie, and Cycnean Tempe, made famous suddenly by a swan. There Phylius, at the boy Cycnus�s command, brought him birds and a fierce lion he had tamed. Ordered to overcome a wild bull as well, he did overcome him, but angry that his love was rejected so often, he refused to grant this last gift of a bull, when asked. Cycnus, angered, said �You will wish you had� and leapt from a high cliff. All thought he had fallen, but changed to a swan he beat through the air on white wings, though his mother, Hyrie, not knowing he was safe, pined away with weeping, and became the lake that carries her name.
Near there was the city of Pleuron, where Combe the daughter of Ophius, on flickering wings, escaped death at the hands of her sons, the Aetolian Curetes. And then Medea looked down at the fields of Calaurea�s isle, sacred to Leto, whose king and queen were also changed to birds. On her right was Cyllene, where Menephron lay with his mother, as though he were a wild beast. Further on she sees the Cephisus, the river-god lamenting his grandson�s fate, changed by Apollo into a lumbering seal, and the home of Eumelus, mourning his son Botres, reborn as a bird, the bee-eater, in the air.
At last, the dragon�s wings brought her to Corinth, the ancient Ephyre, and its Pirenian spring. Here, tradition says, that in earliest times, human bodies sprang from fungi, swollen by rain. After Jason�s new bride Glauce had been consumed by the fires of vengeful Colchian witchcraft and both the Isthmus�s gulfs had witnessed flame consuming the king�s palace, Medea impiously bathed her sword in the blood of their sons. Then, after performing this evil act, she fled from Jason�s wrath. Carried by her dragons that are born of the Titans, she reached Pallas�s citadel of Athens. This once knew you Phene, the most righteous, and you old Periphas, both flying in the air, as birds, the eagle and the osprey: and Alcyone, granddaughter of Polypemon, resting on strange new wings. It was Aegeus who gave Medea sanctuary there, damned thereafter by that one action: and not content with taking her in, he even entered into a contract of marriage with her.
Λέγει ὁ Εὐστάθιος ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ παρασκ. ὅτι αὕτη ἦτον σύνοδος, τῷ ὁποίῳ ὁ χυμὸς εἶχε πλέον διάθεσιν νὰ μαλακίζῃ τὰ ἄρθρα μᾶς, ἢ μὲ αὐτὸ μαλαύνωσι τὰ φύτη τοῦ γέροντος, ὅσοι ἐπίστευον τὰ φάρμακα. Πρῶτον δὲ ἔπρεπε νὰ ἐμπιστευθῶσιν αὐτὸ μὲ ὅρκον τινὰ εἰς ὅποιον εἴθιζον ὅσοι ἤθελαν νὰ τὸ μεταχειρίζωνται· δεν τὸ εἴθιζον ὅμως πάντοτε ἀλλὰ ποτὲ κατ' ἀνάγκην καὶ κρυφίως, διὰ νὰ μὴ μάθωσιν οἱ ἰατροὶ τὸ μυστικόν. Τὸ λακωνικὸν αὐτὸ ὠνομάζετο Παλαιόθερμον, καὶ ὅσοι τὸ μεταχειρίζοντο, ἐγίνοντο ὑγιέστεροι, καὶ εὐσθενέστεροι· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ διὰ νὰ ἑτοιμασθῇ καὶ νὰ θερμανθῇ τὸ βαλανεῖον μεταχειρίζετο χαλκεία, πῦρ, καὶ ξύλα, ἔλαβον ἐμπρόσθεν ἀφορμὴν οἱ Ποιηταὶ νὰ ποιήσωσιν ἐνέργειαν εἰς τὰ σώματα κατὰ τὴν ὁποίαν διάθεσιν ἀμελόκαυσι εἰς αὐτά.
Ἄλλοι ἄλλως διαλαμβάνουσι περὶ τῆς ἀναπτύξεως τοῦτης τῶ γε- ρόντων, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια τοὺς ἀνανέωσε μὲ χόρτα ἠδὲ μὲ πῦρ, ἐπειδὴ μὲ τὰς τέχνας της ἔσυρεν εἰς τὸν ἔρωτά της τὸν γέρον- τα εἰς τόσον, ὥστε ἐγένοντο μωρὸς, καὶ ἄφρων, ὥσπερ οἱ ἔρωτες νέοι. Ἐν ἀληθείᾳ, τί δὲν κάμνει ὁ ἔρως τῶν γυναικῶν; Τάχα δὲν εἶναι σὺ ἀπὸ τὰ πολλὰ θαύματα τὸ τὸ ἀνανεώσεως τῶ γερόν- των; Ἄλλοι πάλιν ἄλλως ἐξηγοῦσι τὴν ἀνανέωσιν τῶν τροφῶν τοῦ Βάκχου, λέγοντες ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἐφεῦρε τὴν τέχνην τοῦ κλαδεύειν, καὶ παραφυτεύειν τὰ κλήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα διανέεται τις νὰ ὀνομάσῃ τροφὰς τοῦ Βάκχου· ἢ ἐπειδὴ μὲ αὐτὸν τὸν τρόπον ἀνακαινίζονται, ἢ ὑγιαίνονται, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια ἀνανέωσεν τοὺς τρό- φους τοῦ Διονύσου.
Ἀλλ' ἴσως μὲ ἐρώτησῃ τις διὰ τί ὁ Ἰάσων ἐπῆρε μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ τὴν Μήδειαν, καὶ τί ἔργον ἔστι μὲ τὸν Αἰσων, ὅπου οὐ δὲν ὡμίλησα εἰς τὸν ἄλλον Μῦθον. Εὐκολον εἶναι νὰ ἀποκριθῶμεν ὅτι τὸ ἔργον τοῦ Ἰάσονος δὲν εἶναι παράξενον, ἐπειδὴ βλέπομεν καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ὅτι ὁ ἔρως ἀπατᾶ τὰ κοράσια, διαχάζων αὐτὰ νὰ ἀφήσουν τοὺς γονεῖς των, καὶ τὰ πλούτη τῆς οἴκου των, ἀναγνωρίζοντα εἰς γῆν ξένην, καὶ τὴν τύχην των. Ἀλλ' ἂς ζητήσωμεν ἄλλην ἀπόκρισιν πρὸς ἔχομεν εἰς ὄψιν, τὸ διαφέρον εἰς κάθε φρόνιμον ἀναγνώστην.
Ὁ Ἰάσων διανοεῖται νὰ σημαίνῃ τὸν ἰατρόν, ἢ τὴν ἰατρικήν, ὡς ὠφέληκαν εἰς τὴν ἐξήγησιν τοῦ ἄλλου Μύθου· φέρει μεθ' ἑαυτῆς τὴν Μήδειαν, ἥτις σημαίνει, ὡς ὠφέληται, τὴν φρόνησιν ἢ διαβουλίαν, ἵνα δῆλον γένῃ ὅτι ὁ ἰατρὸς ὀφείλει νὰ φέρῃ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ τὴν συνέ- σιν, δηλαδὴ ὀφείλει νὰ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ ἀντισταθῇ εἰς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας του, καὶ νὰ φυλάξῃ τῆς οἰκείας τύπους ἐκ Δρυὸς, διὰ νὰ ἠμπορέσῃ νὰ κάμῃ ποτὲ κακείαν μεγά- λην, ἢ εὔδοξον ἔργον.
Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί ἐμυθολόγησαν ὅτι ἡ Μήδεια, ἡ εἰκονίζουσα τὸ ὡραῖον, τὴν φρόνησιν, σύρει τὴν Σελήνην ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐρανοῦ, καὶ μεταβάλλει τὰ ἀέρα; Μὲ τὸ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτο πλάσμα διδάσκουσιν ὅλοι ἁπλῶς οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ὅτι ὁ φρόνιμος εἶναι δεσπότης τοῦ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀέρος, δηλαδὴ ἂν τὰ ἀέρα τὸν παρορμῶσιν εἰς φιλοδοξίαν, ἢ εἰς ἔρωτα, ἢ εἰς ὀργήν, ἢ εἰς ἄλλα πάθη, αὐτὸς δύναται νὰ ἐμποδίσῃ μὲ τὸν ὀρθὸν τοῦ λόγον τὴν κακίαν τοῦ ἀέρος του. Διὸ εἶναι ἕνα καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ὡσὰν νὰ μεταθέσῃ τις τὴν Ἀφροδίτην εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ Κρόνου, τὸ νὰ δώσῃ ψυχρότητα μεταξὺ τῆς φλογὸς καὶ ἱερότητος, ἢ νὰ ἱκανοποιήσῃ τὴν ἰδίαν κρᾶσιν του, τὴν παρωξύνουσαν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὴν ἡδονήν.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. Ϛ'. Ζ'. Η'. Θ'. Ι'. ΙΑ'. ΙΒ'. ΙΓ'. ΙΔ'. ΙΕ'. ΙϚ'. ΙΖ'. ΙΗ'. ΙΘ'.
Περιγραφὴ τοῦ δρόμου τῆς Μηδείας, ἡ ὁποία ἔφυγεν εἰς Κόρινθον.
Ὁ Κέραμβος μεταβάλλεται εἰς ὄρνεον, αἱ τῆς Κῶ γυναῖκες μεταβάλλονται εἰς βόες, οἱ Ἰάλυσιοι εἰς σκοπέλους, ἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Ἀλκιδάμου εἰς περιστεράν, ὁ Κύκνος εἰς ὄρνεον, ἡ Τέλα εἰς λίμνην, ἡ Κόμβη εἰς ὄρνεον, ὁ Μενέφρων εἰς ἱερεῖον.
Ἀ'' Ἡ Μήδεια δὴ ἔφυγεν αἴθος με τὸ πτερωτὸν ἅμαξιόν της, δὴ ἤθελε μείνῃ ἀτιμώρητον τὸ ἔγκλημά της. Ὑψώθη λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ἐπέρασεν
MEDEA AND AEGEUS
Now Theseus came to Athens, Aegeus�s son, but as yet unknown to him. He, by his courage, had brought peace to the Isthmus between the two gulfs. Medea, seeking his destruction, prepared a mixture of poisonous aconite, she had brought with her from the coast of Scythia. This poison is said to have dripped from the teeth of Cerberus, the Echidnean dog. There is a dark cavern with a gaping mouth, and a path into the depths, up which Hercules, hero of Tiryns, dragged the dog, tied with steel chains, resisting and twisting its eyes away from the daylight and the shining rays. Cerberus, provoked to a rabid frenzy, filled all the air with his simultaneous three-headed howling, and spattered the green fields with white flecks of foam. These are supposed to have congealed and found food to multiply, gaining harmful strength from the rich soil. Because they are long-lived, springing from the hard rock, the country people call these shoots, of wolf-bane, �soil-less� aconites. Through his wife�s cunning Aegeus, the father, himself offered the poison to his son, as if he were a stranger. Theseus, unwittingly, had taken the cup he was given in his right hand, when his father recognised the emblems of his own house, on the ivory hilt of his son�s sword, and knocked the evil drink away from his mouth. But she escaped death, in a dark mist, raised by her incantations.
ὑπερώωθεν τὰ Πηλίᾶ ὄρη, ἃ τῆς οἰκίας τῶ Χείρωνος, ὑπερώωθεν τῆς Ὄσρυος, ἃ τῆ τόπων ἐκείνων, οἱ οποῖοι ἔγιναν ὀνομαστοὶ διὰ τὸ συμβᾶν τοῦ γέροντος Κεράμβου, ὁ ὁποῖος ἀνυψώθη μὲ πτερὰ εἰς τὸν ἀέρα διὰ βοηθείας τῶν Νυμφῶν, καθ'ὃν καιρὸν ὅλη ἡ γῆ ἐσκεπάσθη ἀπὸ τὰ ὕδατα τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ. Αὕτη κατέλειπεν ἐπ' ἀριστερᾶς τὴν Πιτάνην πόλιν τῆς Αἰολίδος, ἃ τὴν πέτραν, ἡ ὁποία ἄλλοτε ἦτον δράκων, καὶ διεφύλαττεν ἀκόμη τὴν μορφὴν της. Ἴδε ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας της ἃ τὸ Ἴδαῖον δάσος, ὅθεν ὁ Διόνυσος, διὰ νὰ σκεπάσῃ τὴν πλάνην τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἔκρυψεν ὑπὸ τὸ σχῆμα ἐλάφου τὸν παρ'ἐκείνῳ πλανηθέντα μόσχον. Διέβη καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν γῆν, ὅπου ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Κορύθου ἐπάγη εἰς ὀλίγην ἄμμον, ἃ τοὺ πεδιάδας, ὅθεν ἔφανον ὑλάκτησαν ἡ Μαῖρα μεταμορφωθεῖσα εἰς σκύλαν. Ἴδε ἃ τὴν Πόλιν τοῦ Εὐρυπύλου, ὅπου γυναῖκες τινες μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς δαμάλας, ὅταν ἀνεχώρησαν τὰ ποίμνια τοῦ Ἡρακλέους. Διέβη ἃ ὑπερώωθεν τῆς Ῥόδου, ἥτις εἶναι ἀφιερωμένη εἰς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, καὶ τῆς Ἰαλυσίων Τελχίνων, οἱ τινες ἐμόλυνον τὰ πάντα μὲ μόνην τὴν ὅρασίν των· ἀλλὰ τὸ μῖσος τοῦ Διὸς τοὺς μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς πέτρας, καλυπτομένας ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων τῆς Θαλάσσης. Ἐπέρασε ἃ ἀπὸ τὴν παλαιὰν πόλιν τῆς Κέας, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Ἀλκιδάμας ἔμελλε μίαν ἡμέραν νὰ θαυμάσῃ, βλέπων νὰ γεννηθῇ μία περιστερὰ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα τῆς Θυγατρός του. Μετὰ ταῦτα ἴδε τὴν Λίμνην τῆς Κέας, ὅπου ἀκούεται τὸ λάλημα ἑνὸς κύκνου, ὅστις ἔξαφνα ἐγεννήθη, ἀφ' οὗ ὁ Φύλλιος ἔκαμε πόσα παράδοξα ἔργα διὰ προσταγῆς τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς Κέας, τὸν ὁποῖον ἠγάπα περισσότερον
σε λέοντας, ἤτοι κατὰ τῆς ἐκείνου προσταγῆς ἐπήγησε καὶ ὁ ταῦρος· ἀλλὰ βλέπων ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Τελείας τὸν ἐπεπαίζεν, ὀργισθεὶς κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ, δὲν ἠθέλησε νὰ τοῦ δώσῃ τὸν παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ ζητούμενον ταῦρον· ὅθεν ἀγανακτήσας ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Τελείας, θέλεις μεταπαῦσαι, τῷ εἶπεν, διὰ τί δὲν μὲ ἔδωκες τὸν πλύρον, καὶ αὐθὸς ἐῤῥίμνησθη ἀπὸ ὑψηλῶν πέραν. Καθὼς ἐνόμισε νὰ ἐπέσῃ, ἀλλ᾿ ἔμεινεν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα μετέωρος μὲ λευκὰς πτέρυγας, μεταμορφωθεὶς εἰς κύκνον. Ὡς τοσοῦτον ἡ Τελεία νομίζουσα νὰ ἀπέθανεν ὁ υἱὸς της, αὐτελύθη ὅλη εἰς δάκρυα, καὶ ἐκ τῆς πλήθους τῶν δακρύων τῆς λυπημένης μητρὸς, ἔχυσε λίμνη φέρουσα τὸ ὄνομά της. Ἔπει πλησίον φαίνεται καὶ ἡ Πλουρανὴ πόλις, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν Κόρνη ἡ Συγάτηρ τοῦ Ὀρίου, μεταμορφωθεῖσα εἰς ὄρνεον, ἀπέφυγε τὴν ὀργὴν τῆς πένης της, τὰ ὁποῖα ἤθελον νὰ τὴν Φαγατώσωσι. Ἡ Μήδεια εἶδε προσέτι ἤ τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Νήσου Καλαυρείας, ὅπου ἐσέβετο ἡ Ἄρτεμις, τῆς ὁποίας Νῆσος ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τῆς συζύγου του μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνά. Κατέλιπε δεξιόθεν της Κυλλήνιον τὸ ὄρος, ὅπου ὁ ἀθελυκτὸς Μενέφρων ὡς ἄλογον ζῷον ἤθελε νὰ συγγίνῃ μὲ τὴν μητέρα του. Εἶδε μακρόθεν ἤ τὸν Κήρισσον, κλαίοντα τὴν δυστυχίαν του ἐγγόνου του, τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ἀπόλλων μετεμόρφωσεν εἰς θαλάσσιον τέρας· ἔτι δὲ ἤ τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Εὐμήλου, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐσθρήνει τὴν εἰς πτηνὸν μεταβληθεῖσαν θυγατέρα του.
ΜΥΘΟΣ Κ'. ΚΑ'. ΚΒ'. ΚΓ'. ⊕ ΚΔ'.
Περὶ τῆς Μηδέας, ἥτις κατακαίει τὴν Κρέουσαν, καὶ τοῦ ταύτης πατέρα, καὶ φονεύει τὰ ἴδια τῆς τέκνα. Περὶ τοῦ ἀφροῦ τοῦ Κερβέρου τῆς μεταβ. αὐτοῦ εἰς Φαρμάκι, δι᾽ οὗ ἡ Μήδεα θέλει νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν Θησέα. Περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀνδραγαθημάτων, καὶ τῶν ὀστέων τοῦ Σκείρωνος τῆς μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς σκοπέλους, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἄρνης, εἰς κολοιόν.
Μετὰ τοῦ εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον ἐρχομοῦ της, μαθοῦσα ἡ Μήδεια ὅτι ὁ Ἰάσων ἐνυμφεύθη τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ Κρέοντος, ἐνδικεῖται μὲ φρικτὸν τρόπον· τὸ ἔπειτα ἀπεχώρησεν ὀπίσω τοῦ Αἰγέως, ὁ ὁποῖος τὴν ἔλαμβεν. Τελεῖται δημόσια χαρὰ διὰ τὸν ἐρχομὸν τοῦ Θησέως, τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Μήδεα θέλει νὰ φαρμακώσῃ, ἰδιὰ ἐγκωμιάζονται εἰς τὴν πανήγυσιν τὰ λαμπρὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ, ἡ ὄλεθρος ἢ λύσις τῶν κατὰ τὸν Σκείρωνα, τὸν φημισμένον ἐκεῖνον ληστήν, τοῦ ὁποίου τὰ ὀστᾶ μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς τοὺς σκοπέλους, τοὺς φέροντας τὸ ὄνομά του. Περιγράφεται δὲ ἡ τῆς Ἄρνης ἡ μεταβολὴ εἰς κολοιόν.
Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια περιῆλθεν ἱκανὸν χρόνον τὰς πλατείας νάπας τοῦ ἀέρος, κατέβη πέλος πάντων εἰς τὴν Κόρινθον, ὅπου ᾄδεται ὅτι εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κόσμου, ἐγεννήθησαν ἄνθρωποι ἀπὸ τὰς ὄμβρους μετὰ
χυθας μαθουσα δε οτι ο Ἰάσων, αμνημών οτι αυτη τω ειχε φυλάξη την ζωην, ενυμφευθη την θυγατέρα του Κρέοντος, εθυμώθη κατ ακρον δια την απιστιαν του και δια να ενδικηθη, εβαλε πυρ εις το παλατιον του Κρεοντος, και τον κατεκαυσε μετα της θυγατρος του Κρεουσης. Δια να γινη δε φερικοτερα η ενδικησις της, λησμονησασα οτι ητον μητηρ, εθανατωσεν εκ τα δυο εκ του Ιασονος ιδια της τεκνα· επειτα ανεβη παλιν εις το αμαξιον της, και εφυλαχθη με την φυγην απο τον θυμον του Ιασονος. Επειθεν οι δρακοντες της την ωφερον εις τας Αθηνας, οπου ειδε τον δικαιον Πιτθεα, τον γεροντα Πελιον, και τας εγγονας του Πολυφημονος, τας πρω ολιγης πτερωθεντας, η πετωμενας ως ορνεα. Αιγευς, ο των Αθηνων βασιλευς, οχι μονον την υπερεδεχθη μεγαλοφρονως εις το παλατιον του, αλλα και την ενυμφευθη. Ως ποσον ο Θησευς ο υιος του, ( αν και δεν τον εγνωριζε γνησιον του υιον, ) ηλθε να τον επισκεφθη, αφου εκαθαρισε απο τους ληστας τον Ισθμον, η εισηγαγε την ειρηνην η ασφαλειαν εις την θαλασσαν. Ευθυς η Μηδεια εβουληθη να θανατωση και τουτον, και δια να κατορθωση το απανθρωπον εργον, κατεσκευασεν ευ ποτον με το ακονιτον, το οποιον ειχε φερει απο την Σκυθιαν, οπερ λεγεται να εφυτρωσε το χορτον αυτο απο τον αφρον του Κερβερου. Κειται εις εκεινον τον τοπον ο σωτηριον σπηλαιον, της οποιας ειναι κατακολα δυσβατος η καταβασις, και εκειθεν ο Ηρακλης επηρεν εξω σιδηροδεσμιον τον Κερβερον, η εναντιωνετο με ολας τας δυναμιν, δια να μη ιδη το φως του Ηλιου, και αφου ηναγκασθη να ιδη την ημεραν, εγεμισεν απο υλαγμους τον αερα, η την γην με τον αφρον του, απο τον οποιον ο τοπος
THE MYRMIDONS
Though the father was overjoyed that his son was unharmed, he was still horrified that so great a crime could have come so close to success. He lit fires on the altars, and heaped gifts for the gods. His axes struck the mountainous necks of oxen, their horns tied with the sacrificial ribbons. They say that was the happiest day that dawned in the city of Erectheus. The statesmen celebrated among the people, and they sang verses, made even more inspired by the wine.
�Great Theseus, admired in Marathon, for the blood of the Cretan bull, your act and gift made Cromyon�s fields safe for the farmers plough. Epidaurus�s land saw you defeat Vulcan�s club-wielding son, and the banks of the River Cephisus saw evil Procrustes brought down. Eleusis, sacred to Ceres the Mother, witnessed Cercyon�s fall: Sinis, you killed, a man of great strength twisted to evil art, who could bend pine-tree trunks to the earth, and tear men�s bodies apart: and Sciron is done for, and safe paths reach Megara�s Lelege�an wall: though the ocean denied his bones a grave, and the land denied the same, till, long-time hurled, they hardened to cliffs, and the cliffs bear Sciron�s name. If we wanted to count your years and your honours, the deeds would exceed the years: to you, the bravest, we empty our wine-cups, and offer our public prayers.�
The palace echoed to the people�s applause and the prayers of friends, and there was no sad place in the whole city.
ἔγλυσε σύφερος ἀπὸ φαρμάκια, ἢ ἀπὸ πᾶσαν εἶδος ἰοβόλων χόρτων, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐπειδὴ φύονσιν εἰς τὰς ἀκόνας, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὀνομάζονται ἀκόνιτα. Ἡ Μήδεια λοιπὸν ἡτοίμασε ποτὸν μὲ αὐτὰ τὰ χόρτα, καὶ εὗρε τρόπον νὰ καταπείσῃ τὸν πατέρα νὰ τὸ προσφέρῃ εἰς τὸν υἱόν του, ὥσαν νὰ ἦτον ἐχθρὸς του. Ἐν ᾧ ὁ Θησεὺς ἐλάμβανε τὸ ποτήριον εἰς χέρας, τὸν ἐγνώρισεν ὁ πατήρ του ἀπὸ τὴν λαβὴν τῆς σπάθης του, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἦσαν ἐγκεχαραγμένα τινὰ σημεῖα τῆς γενεᾶς του, καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦ ἥρπασε τὸ φάρμακον ἀπὸ τὸ στόμα. Τότε ἡ Μήδεια, βλέπουσα ὅτι ἡ συμφορὰ ἤθελε πέσει εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν της, ὑψωθεῖσα ἀνώθεν τῶν νεφελῶν, μὲ τὰς μαγικὰς τέχνας της, πάλιν ἀπέφυγε τὸν Θάνατον, γενομένη ἀφανὴς εἰς τὰ Αἰγέως τὰ ὄμματα.
Ἂν καὶ ὁ Αἰγεὺς ἐνομίζετο τότε κατὰ πάντα εὐτυχὴς πατὴρ διὰ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἔμεινεν ὅμως ἐκπεπληγμένος διὰ τὸ φοβερὸν συμβεβηκὸς, τὸ ὁποῖον παρ᾿ ὀλίγον ἤθελε τὸν κάμει φονέα τοῦ υἱοῦ του.
Ἀπέδωσε λοιπὸν εἰς Θεοῖς τὰ εὐχαριστήρια, μὲ Θυ- σίας ἢ προσφορὰς, ὥστε δὲν ἦτον ποτὲ εἰς τὰς Ἀθή- νας ἡμέρα πλέον χαρμόσυνος ἀπ᾿ αὐτήν. Ἐποίησε συμπόσια εἰς μικροὺς τε μεγάλους, τε ἐπειδὴ ὁ οἶνος εὐφραίνει τὴν καρδίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἤρχισεν ἕκαστος νὰ ἐξαγωδῇ τοὺς ἐπαίνους τοῦ Θησέως. ˏˏ σύ εἶσαι ἐκεῖ- ˏˏ νος, ἔλεγον, γενναῖστατε Θησεῦ, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐθαύ- ˏˏ μασαν οἱ κάμποι τῆς Μαραθῶνος διὰ τὴν σιδηρᾶν ˏˏ νίκην σε κατὰ τοῦ ἀγρίου ταύρου. Διὰ σοῦ οἱ Κο- ˏˏ ρίνθιοι γεωργοῦσι σήμερον ἐλευθέρως τὰ χωράφια ˏˏ τῆς Κρομμύονος˙ διὰ σὲ
Πρὶν ἀρχίση ὅμως τὸν πόλεμον, ἐνεδυναμώθη ἡ μὲ τὴν συμμαχίαν ὅλων τῶν φίλων του βασιλέων· ὑπῆγε προσωπικῶς διὰ Ἑλλάδος εἰς ὅλους τοὺς τόπους, ὅπου εἶχε συμμάχους· ἡ τὴν μὲν Ἀναφῶν Νῆσον ὑπέταξε μὲ ὑποσχέσεις, τὰ δὲ Ἀστυπάλαια βασίλεια μὲ τὴν δύναμιν. Οὕτως ἤλθον εἰς τὴν συμμαχίαν του τὴν Καρπαθίαν, τὴν Κάσον, τὴν Σκῦρον, καὶ τὴν Σέ- ριφον. Ἔλαβε δὲ βοήθειαν ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν Πάρον τὴν πε- ρίφημον διὰ τὰ μάρμαρά της, ἢ ἀπὸ τὴν Κύθνον, τὴν ὁποίαν προέδωκεν ἡ φιλάργυρος Ἄρνη διὰ χρήματα, ἃ ἔλαβε παρὰ Μίνωος, μολονότι ἦτον πατρίς της· ἀλλὰ πρὸς τιμωρίαν της μετεμορφώ- θη εἰς κολοιόν, ὄρνεον ἔχον μέλανας τὰς πόδας, ἢ τὰ πτερὰ, ἢ μέχρι τὰ νῦν φιλόχρυσον.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ Γ΄. ΚΒ'. ΚΓ'. ἃ ΚΔ'. ΜῦΘος.
Ἐπειδὴ ὡμίλησα εἰς τὸν Μῦθον τοῦτον περὶ τῶν παλαιῶν κατοί- κων τῆς Κρήτης, πρέπει νὰ εἴπω ὀλίγα τινα καὶ δι' αὐτούς.
Δείται ότι οἱ Μυσῆτες, ἵποι τὰ μαχητεία, ἧσαν οἱ Πρόγονοι των, δι'ότι οἱ κατοικήσαντες πρῶτοι αὐτὴν τὴν Νῆσον ἧσαν ἄνθρωποι ἀγνεῖς, οἱ δὲ πτωχοὶ, καὶ οἱ μωροὶ ὀνομάζοντο ὡς ἐν παροιμία Μυσῆτες.
Ὁ χρησμὸς τοῦ Ἰάσονος ἢ τῆς Μηδείας, ἢ αἱ σκληρότητες αὐ- της κατὰ τῆς τέκνων της, ἢ τῶν λοιπῶν, ἀποδείχνουσιν ὅτι ὅσαι συν- οικεσίαι γίνονται παρὰ γνώμην τῶν Γονέων, καὶ παρὰ νόμον, εἶναι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον δυστυχισμέναι· ἐπειδὴ ὅταν σβύσωσιν αἱ πρῶται φλόγες τοῦ ἔρωτος, ἢ ὁ λόγος αὐξεῖ τὰ ὁρμητία μας, τότε γνωρί- ζομεν τὸ σφάλμα μας, καὶ ὁ ἔρως μετατρέπεται εἰς μῖσος, πηγὴν συμφορῶν, ἢ δυστυχίας των.
Δὲν ἐδύνατο ἡ Μηδεία νὰ φανῇ καλὴ μητέρα, ὅσα καλὴ μήτηρ ἤσθεν.
ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ
χωρὶς νὰ φείδωνται τοῦ ἀδύσου των, δὲ σπλαγ- χνίζεται ποτὲ οὔτε τὴς ἄλλης ἢ ὅτι εἶναι σκληρὸ εὐμενὴς μήποτε τὸ μικρὸν νὰ μισθῇ τὰ τέκνα τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἢ νὰ τὰ ἐγκληρώ- ση παντοτε.
Ὅπως καὶ ἂν ἦν τὸ περὶ τούτα, μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἀφ' ἧς ἔδειξεν ἡ Μήδεια τόσον εἶδος ἀπανθρώπικον, ἢ ἐκατέργησε τὴν τιμωρίαν ἢ σφαγὴν τῶν τέκνων της, ἐμισήθη ἀπὸ ὅλον τὸν Κόσμον, ἢ ἔπεσε μετὰ ταῦτα εἰς μεγάλα δυστυχήματα. Μανθάνομεν ἀπὸ τὸ παράδειγμά της ὅτι οἱ κακοῦργοι δὲν εὐτυχοῦσι ποτὲ πολὺν καιρὸν, ἢ ὅτι αἱ δυστυχίαι καὶ συμφοραὶ συνοδεύουσι πάντοτε τὴν διεφθαρμένην πολιτείαν· καὶ μόνη ἡ ἀρετὴ γεννᾷ μόνιμον εὐτυχίαν.
Περὶ δὲ τῷ ἀφρῷ τῦ Κερβέρου, τὸ μεταβληθέντος εἷς φαρμακόν, ἴστορεῖ παρεν ὅτι ὁ Κέρβερος εἰκονίζει τὸν χάον, καὶ κατὰ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην συνέβη εἶναι νὰ κατακάβῃ τὰς φρένας ὅτι διὰ τοῦ ἀφροῦ τοῦ Κερβέρου ἐνοσήθη ὁ ἄπορος τοῦ ἐκ τῆς γῆς φαρμακίων, ἢ ἰοθέλων χρότων.
Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Θησεὺς ὡς Ὀρφεύς, ὅτι Ἑλλὰς ἀνήρχετο ἀπὸ Λησαὶ Ἁδρωπίτης ἐκ Κρήτης διέπαρε τὸν Ὑποχθόνιον δόμον καὶ ἀσήλατε τὰς πεδιάδας τῆς Μαραθῶνος· πλησίον δὲ τῆς Κρεοῦσας γυνή τις ὀνόματι Φάα, τὴν ὁποίαν τὸ πλῆθος ὠνόμαζε Σύα ἢ τοι Σκρόφαν, διὰ ἀντίας τὰ αἰσχρὰ ἔργα τῆς, ἐστρόξευσε μεγάλον βλάβην· Ὥσαν ἢ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ ἀκέστοι εἰς ἀποσώμους τόπους, ὡσὰν ὁ Πρωτάρας, ὁ Προμηθεὺς, ὁ Κερκύων, ἢ ὁ Σίνις, τοὺς ὁποίους ὁ Θησεὺς κατέστρεψε ὅλους, ἢ ἐπειδὴ ἐκάθαρε τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ τὸ ποιῆτες ἢ τῦρας τὰ ἀνθρώπινα γένεα, ἠξίωσε μεγάλον ἐπαίνον, ἢ ἀξίαν ἀθανασίαν.
Ὁ Σκειρὼν ἦτον ἢ αὐτὸς φημισμένος κλέπτης, πλησίον τῶν Ἀθηνῶν,
ἀλείπον μᾶς διέδειξεν ὅτι ἡ φιλαργυρία εἶναι πάθος τριχυστρόφως κρατοῦν τὴν ψυχήν, ὥστε ἀφ' ἧς τὴν ὑποτάξη μία φορά, ἀδύνατον εἶναι πλέον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ, καὶ ὥστε αὐτὸς ὁ θάνατος δὲν δύναται νὰ τὴν ἀπαλλάξῃ ὑπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν ὀλέθριον τύραννον. Τοῦτο μᾶς παραστήνει ἢ ὁ κολιός, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡ Ἄρνη μετεμορφώθη, καὶ ἔμεινεν ἐξ αὐτῆς, ἀφ' οὗ ἐκείνη ἀπέθανεν.
Nevertheless Aegeus�s pleasure in receiving his son was not carefree (indeed, joy is never complete, and some trouble always comes to spoil our delight). Minos, of Crete, was preparing for war. Powerful in men and ships, his anger as a father was more powerful still, and by right of arms he was seeking to avenge the death of Androgeos, his son. But first he acquired allies for his war, crossing the sea in the swift fleet that was his strength. The island of Anaphe joined with him, and that of Astypalaea (Anaphe by promises, Astypalaea by Cretan supremacy in war); low-lying Myconos, and chalky-soiled Cimolos; Syros flowering with thyme, flat Seriphos, marble-cliffed Paros, and Siphnos, betrayed to him by that disloyal princess, Arne, whom, when she had taken the gold her greed demanded, the gods changed into a bird, the black-footed, black-winged jackdaw, that still delights in gold.
But Oliaros gave no aid to the Cretan ships; nor Didyme, Tenos, Andros, Gyaros; nor Peparethos rich in bright olives. Sailing northwest Minos sought Oenopia, the kingdom of the Aeacidae. They called it Oenopia in ancient times, but Aeacus himself named it Aegina after his mother. The crowd rushed down, to meet Minos, wanting to see so famous a man. Telamon went to him, and Peleus, junior to Telamon, and Phocus, the third child, their half-brother. Aeacus himself came, also, slow with the burden of years, and asked the cause of his visit. The ruler of a hundred cities sighed, reminded of his grief for his son, and replied �I beg your aid in a war, waged for my son�s sake; to be part of a just fight: I ask the comfort of marking out his tomb.� The grandson of Asopus said �You ask in vain what my city cannot give. No city is more closely linked to Athens, city of Cecrops, than this; we and they are bound by treaty.�
Minos turned away, sadly, saying �Your treaty will cost you dear�, since he thought it more useful to threaten war than to fight, and consume his strength too soon. The Cretan fleet could still be seen from Aegina�s walls, when a ship from Athens arrived, under full sail, and entered the allied port, bearing Cephalus, and likewise greetings from his country. Though they had not seen him for a long time, the sons of Aeacus still knew him, and clasped his right hand, and led him to their father�s house. The hero went forward, observed on all sides, even now retaining traces of his former beauty, carrying a branch of his country�s olive. And to right and left, he, the elder, had two younger men, Clytos and Butes, the sons of Pallas.
Αλλος λέγουσιν ότι μετεβλήθη εις όρνεον, επειδή, αφ' ού εφαιρέθη ή χρυσοδία της, έφυγε με τόσον ταχύτητα υπο την πατρίδα της, ώστε οι πτεροί δεν πέτα τόσον ογλί γιώρα ότι μετεμορφώθη εις κολοιόν, επειδή μετα την φυγήν της δεν έπαυσε να αγαπά το χρήμα της αντηθείσι ότι ή φιλαργυρία, ή υποσκομένη παίδης τα κτήματα εις τον όρνιθον, δεν την αφίνει ώστε μετα των επιφράσεων της τιμωρείας της δημώδης πίστεως κ της δεν κτησφαλλη του Μυθέιττα ότι η "Άρνη αφοδίασκε την πατρίδα της επειδή λάργυρος δύναται να φράξη παν έγκλημα, όσον και αν είναι δεινότατον.
Δεν είναι δε πανσα μεγαλήτερον υπο το να γήτη τις προδόσης της πατρίδας της.
Δέται ότι εις την Κρήτην δεν φαίνονται ποσε κολοίοι, και αν φέρη τις εκεί τας υπ' αυτά πά ψυλία, τιθος υποθήγασκον, ώσαν να υποδήχνετο εκ τετής ότι ή Άρνη μετα την αποδοσίας της δεν ήθέλησε να καταφύγη έας εις αυτον την πόλιν του Μίνωος, εις βηθείεν τε οποίος παρέδωκε την πατρίδα της, επειδή οι κακέργοι και αποδοτι είναι μισητοί ως δ εις εκείνους, τας οποίας αυτοί ωφέλησαν.
Περί τής Μυρμήκων ή εις ανθρώπους μεταμορφώσεων τών.
Αϊακες, ό τής Διός μ ής Αίγίνης υός, διηγείται ώ Κέφαλω, ότι αφ' ής ή πόλις τα έρημώδη ύπο θανέρον λειμόν, οι Μυρμήκες μετεμορφώδησαν εις ανθρώπους, κ δία τούτο έκλήδησαν Μυρμίδονες.
Ἀλλὰ Ὠλιαρὸς, ἡ Διδύμη, ἡ Τῆνος, ἡ Ἄνδρος, ἡ Γύαρος, κι ὁ ἐλασσόβαρος Πετάρηθος, δὲν ἠ- θέλησαν νὰ βοηθήσωσι τὸν Μίνωα· ὥστε ἀφήνων ἀ- πὸ τὸ ἀριστερὸν μέρος πάσας Νήσους αὐτὰς, ὑπῆγε πρὸς τὰς Οἰνοπίαν, ὅπου ἐβασίλευε ποτὲ ὁ Αἴακος, ὁ με- τονομάσας αὐτὴν Αἴγιναν, ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς μητρὸς του, ἐπειδὴ προτέρον ἐκαλεῖτο Οἰνοπία, ἢ Οἰνώνη. Συνέδραμεν εἰς τὸν ἐρχομόν του ὅλον τὸ πλῆθος, πο- θοῦντες ὅλοι νὰ ἰδῶσιν αὐτὸν τὸν βασιλέα, τοῦ ὁποίου ἡ φήμη ἦτον τόσον περιβόητος. Οἱ θεῖοι υἱοὶ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ, ὁ Τελαμών, ὁ Πηλεύς, κι ὁ Φῶκος ὑπῆγαν κι αὐτοὶ ν᾽ἀπαντάνησωσιν. Ἐμπίστω δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς, βρα- δέως ὅμως κι μὲ γερατικὴν σεμνότητα, κι τὸν ἠρώτησεν ὁποῖον ἦτον τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἐρχομῆς του. Αὕτη ἡ ἐρώτησις, ὡς ἀνακαινίσασα τὴν λύπην τοῦ Μίνωος, τὸν ἔκαμε νὰ ἀναστενάξῃ, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτω πρὸς τὸν Αἴακόν· « ἔλαβον τὰ ὅπλα διὰ νὰ ἐνδικήσω τὸν θάνατον τοῦ « υἱοῦ μου· δέομαί σου νὰ βοηθήσῃς μὲ τὰ ὅπλα με μὲ τὰς « δυνάμεις σου, κι νὰ γίνῃς συμμέτοχος τῆς λύπης μου, « κι τὰ δίκαια τοῦτα πολέμου· ἐγὼ μὲν παρηγοριὰν ζη- « τῶ τοῦ ἀξιοδακρύτου θανάτου, σὺ δὲ λαμβάνων τὰ ὅ- « πλα εἰς βοήθειάν μου, δίκαιον ἔργον θέλεις πράξει. « Ἀδύνατα ζητεῖς, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Αἴακος, καὶ δὲν « δύναται ὁ λαός μου νὰ κάμῃ τὸ θέλημά σου, διὰ τὴν « παλαιὰν φιλίαν, τὴν ἡμεῖς πάντοτε διατηροῦμεν μὲ « τοὺς Ἀθηναίους». Αὕτη ἡ ἀπόκρισις ἐσύγχησε τὸν Μίνωα, ὥστε ἀναχωρῶν λυπημένος, εἶπε πρὸς τὸν
Αἴαντον ὅτι ἡ μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηναίων συμμαχία του ἤθελε τὸν ζημιώσει κατὰ πολλά, νομίζων ὠφελιμώτερον νὰ φοβεῖται μόνον τὸν Αἴαντα, παρὰ πολεμῶντας τὸν νὰ ἀποκαταναλώσῃ κατ᾽ αὐτὸ πάσας δυνάμεις του. (α)
Μόλις ἀνεχώρησεν ὁ Μίνως ἀπὸ τῆς Οἰνοπίας, ἐφάνη μακρόθεν εἰς πλοῖον ἀπὸ τὰς Ἀθήνας, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐνέβαινεν αὖθις εἰς τὸν λιμένα. Ὁ Κέφαλος ἦτον εἰς αὐτό, ἀπεσταλμένος ἀπὸ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους πρὸς τὸν Αἴαντα, διὰ νὰ τοῦ ζητήσῃ βοήθειαν κατὰ τοῦ Μίνωος. Οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ ἐπεισπάτουν κατὰ τύχην εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν, ὅταν ἔφθασεν ὁ Κέφαλος, καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν τὸν εἶχον ἰδεῖ ἀπὸ πολλοῦ, ὅμως τὸν ἐγνώρισαν, καὶ ἀσπασάμενοι αὐτόν, τὸν ὡδήγησαν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Αἰακοῦ. Οὕτως οὖν ὁ Κέφαλος, ὅστις ἐφύλαττέ τι ἀκόμη σημεῖα τινὰ τῆς παλαιᾶς τοῦ νεότητός του, βαστῶν εἰς τὴν χείρα του ῥάβδον ἐλαίας, ἐνέβαινεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ βασιλέως ἐν μέσῳ τῶν δύω υἱῶν του Πελέως, τοῦ Κλύτου δηλαδὴ καὶ τοῦ Βούτου, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐλάλησαν πρῶτοι, ὅταν ἐπαρουσιάσθησαν εἰς τὸν Βασιλέα. Ἔπειτα ἐφανέρωσεν ὁ Κέφαλος τὰς παραγγελίας του, ζητῶν τὴν βοήθειαν μὲ εὐγλωττίαν καὶ ἀφράδειαν μεγαλοπρεπῆ· προβάλλων δὲ καὶ τὰς τῶν προγόνων των παλαιὰς συμμαχίας, διὰ νὰ τὸν κατὰπείσῃ περισσότερον, προσέθεσεν εἰς τὸ πέρας τοῦ λόγου ὅτι ὁ Μίνως δὲν
After meeting and exchanging a few words, Cephalus described his mandate from Athens, asking for help and quoting the treaty sworn to by their ancestors, adding that Minos was out to control all Achaia. When he had invoked the treaty, in this way, to aid his cause, Aeacus, resting his left hand on the handle of his sceptre, replied �Don�t ask for our help, assume it. Don�t hesitate to reckon the forces of this island your own, and (let this state of my fortunes last!) energy is not lacking. I have men enough, and thank the gods, the moment is auspicious and there will be no excuses.� �I wish it may always be so,� Cephalus said, �and may your city swell its numbers. Indeed, as I came I felt happy: so many equally youthful, handsome people, meeting me on the way. Yet there were many I missed, that I saw before, when I visited the city.� Aeacus sighed, and spoke sadly. �From a bad beginning, better fortune follows. I wish I could recall the one for you without the other! I�ll take them in order, now, and not stall you with irrelevances. Those your mind, remembering, misses are only bones and ashes, and how great a part of my wealth perished with them!
�A terrible plague afflicted the people through the unjust anger of Juno, detesting us because our island had been named after my mother, her rival. While it looked like a human disease, and the cause of the disastrous epidemic was hidden, we fought it with medical skill. But the destruction cancelled out our efforts, which waned as we were conquered. At the outset the sky shrouded the earth in a thick fog, and held the sultry heat under clouds. While Luna filled her horns four times to make her disc complete, and four times thinned her full disc away, hot southerly winds breathed their deadly air on us. We know the pestilence reached our lakes and streams. Thousands of snakes slithered through the empty fields, and fouled the waters with their slime. The unexpected power of the disease surprised us, at the first, with its destruction of dogs, sheep and cattle, wild animals and birds. The wretched ploughman watches in dismay as sturdy oxen stumble in their task, and sink down onto the furrows. The flocks of sheep give out a sickly bleating, while the wool falls away of itself, and their bodies waste. The spirited horse, once famous on the track, loses his glory, and forgetting past honour, whinnies in his stall, dying a slow death. The wild boar no longer remembers his fury; the deer cannot trust to speed; the bears cannot match the strength of the herds. Lethargy grips them all. Decaying carcasses lie in the roadways, fields and woods, and the air is fouled with the stench. Strangely, dogs, carrion birds, and grey wolves, will not touch them. They rot on the ground, pollute the air with their dying breath, and spread contagion far and wide.
�Increasing in virulence the pestilence spreads to the luckless farmers themselves, and takes lordship inside the city walls. Firstly the inner organs grow hot, and a flushed skin and feverish breath are symptoms of hidden warmth. The tongue is rough and swollen with heat: the lips are parted, parched with dry breath, and gasping suck in the heavy air. The sick cannot tolerate a bed or any kind of covering, but lie face down on the bare ground, though the earth does not cool their bodies, their bodies heat the earth.
�No one can control it, and it breaks out fiercely among the doctors themselves, and the practice of their skill condemns the practitioners. The nearer people are to the sick, and the more selflessly they attend them, the more swiftly they meet their fate, and as the hope of recovery deserts them, and they see the end of their illness only in death, they give way to their desires, and ignore what is good for them, since nothing is any good. Everywhere they cling to the fountains and runnels and deep wells, and drinking, thirst is not quenched sooner than life. Many of them are too weak to stand, and even die in the water, yet others still draw it. Others loathe their hateful beds so much they leave them, and if they lack the strength to stand, they roll out onto the ground. They quit their household gods since their house seems fatal to them, and, because the cause is unknown, the building itself is blamed. You see them, half-dead, wandering the streets, while they can still stay on their feet, others lying on the ground weeping, turning their exhausted gaze upwards in their dying efforts, and stretching their arms out to the stars in the overhanging sky, breathing their last, here or there, wherever death has overtaken them.
�What were my feelings then? What could they be, but to hate life, and to wish to be with my people? Wherever I looked as I turned my gaze, there were layers of dead, like rotten apples fallen from shaken branches, or acorns from a windblown ilex. See that temple opposite on the hill with a flight of steps up to it? It is Jupiter�s. Who among us did not bring useless offerings to those shrines? How often a husband while still praying for his wife, or a father still praying for his son, ended his life in front of those implacable altars, part of the unused incense found in their hands! How often the sacrificial bulls fell down, without waiting for the blow, while the priest was praying and pouring unmixed wine between the horns. Even when I was sacrificing to Jove, for myself my country and my three sons, the victim let out a dreadful moan, and suddenly collapsed without a stroke from my blade, barely staining the knives below with its blood. The diseased entrails showed no marks, from which to read the prophetic truths, and warnings, of the gods. That offensive morbidity penetrated to their vital organs. I have seen corpses thrown down in front of the temple doors, in front of the altars, to make their deaths even more of a reproach. Some cut off their breath with a noose, and banished, by death, their fear of death, summoning their approaching fate from the beyond.
�The bodies of the dead were not given the usual rites (the exit gates from the city could not cope with so many funerals). They either lay on the ground unburied, or were given to the heaped pyres without ceremony. And now there was no reverence left: the people struggled to the pyres, and were consumed by others� flames. There was no one left to mourn, and the spirits of parents and children, of young and old were left to wander, unwept. There was no space in the burial mounds, and not enough wood for the fires.
�Stunned by such a storm of dark events, I said �O Jupiter, if they do not lie when they say that you were held in Aegina�s embrace, she, the daughter of Asopus, and if you are not ashamed, mighty father, to have fathered me, give me back my people or bury me too in their tomb.� He gave me a flash of lightning as a sign, and thunder followed. I said �I interpret this to be an omen, and that you give me it as a pledge, and may these accordingly be auspicious tokens of your purpose.�
�There happened to be an oak-tree nearby, with open spreading branches, seeded from Dodona, and sacred to Jove. I noticed a long train of food-gathering ants, carrying vast loads in their tiny mouths, and forging their own way over its corrugated bark. Admiring their numbers, I said �Best of fathers, give me as many citizens as this and fill the city�s empty walls.� The tall oak-tree quivered, and its branches filled with sound, without a wind. I shivered, my limbs quaking with fear, and my hair stood on end. Though I kissed the oak-tree and the earth, not acknowledging my hopes, yet I did hope, and cherished my longings in my heart. Night fell, and sleep claimed my care-worn body.
�The same oak-tree was there before my eyes, with the same branches, and the same insects on its branches, and it shook with a similar motion, and seemed to scatter its column of grain-bearers onto the ground below. Suddenly they seemed to grow larger and larger, and raise themselves from the soil, and stand erect, they lost their leanness, many feet, and their black coloration, and their limbs took on human form. Sleep vanished. Awake again, I dismissed my dream, bemoaning the lack of help from the gods. But there was a great murmuring in the palace, and I thought I heard human voices, those I was now unaccustomed to. While I suspected that it was an effect of sleep, Telamon came running and throwing open the door, shouted �Father, come out and see, something greater than you could hope or believe. Come now!�
�I went, and saw such men as I had seen in sleep�s imagining, in ranks such as I recognised and knew. They approached and saluted me as king. I fulfilled my prayer to Jove, and divided the city amongst this new people, along with the lost farmers� empty fields. I called them Myrmidons, a name that did not belie each one�s origin as an ant, . You have seen their bodies: they still retain the habits they had before, a thrifty, hard-working people, tenacious of achievement, and keeping what they achieve. These men fresh in years and spirit, will follow you to war, as soon as that favourable east wind that brought you here� (it was indeed an easterly that had brought him) �has swung round to the south.�
(α) Ὁ Γάλος Δευμῦ ξκηγησας, στoyant qu'il luy etoit plus avantageux de faire la guerre, que de faire des menaces, & de consumer ses forces, en cherchant de nouvelles forces, sed ἐκαπλαβε ὠσῶς, ὠς μοί φαίνεται, τὴν σύναιν τῆ Ποιητοῦ, ἰς σιχηρχέ ἰ̓ψω . . . . . . & utilius bellum putat esse minari, Quam gerere, atque suas ibi praeconsumere vires.
φύ μόνον ἦ θέλε νὰ ὑποτάξῃ τῆς Ἀθηναίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς Ἄλλας ἄλλου. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ λοιπὸν μὲ τὴ δεξιότητάν τα ἐσήμειξε τὰ δίκαια τὰ αἰτήματός τε, ἔλαβον ἀπὸ τὸν Αἰακὸν τὴν ἀπόκρισιν ταύτην· „ αἱ Ἀθῆναι δὲν πρέπει νὰ μοῦ ζητήσι βοήθειαν, ἀλλὰ νὰ λαμβάνουσιν ἐλευθέρως ἀπὸ πᾶσαν πόλιν τῆς ἐπικρατείας μου. Μὴ ἔχετε κάμμιαν ἀμφιβολίαν· θέλω σᾶς βοηθήσει μὲ τὰς δυνάμεις μου, αἱ ὁποῖαι εἶναι ἀρκεταὶ καὶ διὰ λόγον μου, καὶ διὰ σᾶς, ὥστε ἀφ᾽ οὗ βοηθήσω τοὺς συμμάχους μου, δύναμαι ἔτι νὰ ἀντιπολεμήσω καὶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς μου. Εὐχαριστῶ τοὺς Θεοὺς ὅτι ζητεῖτε βοήθειαν εἰς καιρὸν εὔτυχῆ, ἐν ᾧ δὲν ἔχω κάμμιαν αἰτίαν νὰ φροντισθῶ „ „ Ἄφησε, τὸ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Κέφαλος, νὰ ἀκμάῃ πάντοτε τὸ κράτος σας, καὶ νὰ πληθύνωνται οἱ ὑπήκοοί σου μὲ κάθε λογῆς εὐτυχίαν. Ἐχάρην κατάπολὰ βλέπων ἐδῶ τόσους ἀνδρειομένους νέους, καὶ ὅλους σχεδὸν ὁμήλικας· πλὴν θαυμάζω πῶς δὲν βλέπω πλέον τοὺς περισσοτέρους ἐκείνους, τοὺς ὁποίους ἐγνώρισα εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν ὁπότε μὲ ὑπεδέχθητε „ Ἀνεστέναξε ὁ Αἰακὸς ἀκούων αὐτοὺς τοὺς λόγους, οἱ ὁποῖοι τὸν ἐνεθύμησαν τὰς δυστυχίας του, καὶ ἀπεκρίθη οὕτω πρὸς τὸν Κέφαλον· „ ἡμεῖς κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς ἐστερήθημεν πικρῶς, ἀλλ᾽ ἔπειτα ἡ τύχη πάλιν μᾶς ἐχαροποίησεν. Ἤθελα νὰ σοῦ διηγηθῶ κατάλεπτα τὰ συμβάντα μας, ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ μὴ σὲ παραβαρύνω, θέλω σοῦ εἰπῆ ἐν συντομίᾳ, καὶ χωρὶς κάμμιαν τάξιν, τὴν ἱστορίαν τῆ δυστυχημάτων μας. Ἐκεῖνοι, τοὺς ὁποίους ζητεῖς, τὸ σήμερον δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰμὴ κονιορτὸς, καὶ ἐγὼ ἔχασα μὲ αὐτοὺς τὸ περισσότερον μέρος τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων μου. Λοιμὸς φοβερώτατος διεδόθη μεταξὺ τῶν λαῶν μου, „διὰ
„διὰ τὸ μῖσος τῆς Ἥρας, ἡ ὁποία δὲν ἤθελε νὰ ὑ- „ποφέρῃ νὰ ὀνομάζεται αὕτη· ἡ πόλις μὲ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς „γυναικὸς, ἥτις ἐχρημάτισε παλλακὴ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τῆς „Διὸς. Ἕως οὗ ἡ νόσος ἐφαίνετο δυσθεράπευτος, ἡ δὶ „ἀνθρωπίνη, ἦτον ἔτι ἀγνώστον τὸ αἴτιόν της, ἀντι- „πολεμήθη πολὺν καιρὸν μὲ ὅλας τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς „Ἰατρείας· ἀλλ᾿ ἡ συμφορὰ ὑπερέβαινε πάσης λογῆς „βοηθείας, καὶ ὅλα τὰ ἰατρικὰ ἦσαν μάταια κι ἀνώ- „φελῆ. Κατ᾿ ἀρχᾶς ὅλη ἡ πόλις ἐγέμισεν ἀπὸ πυ- „κνῶν ἀέρα θερμότατον. Ὁ μεσημβρινὸς ἄνεμος, ὥς „ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον θανατηφόρος, ἐφύσησε τέσσαρας ὅλο- „κλήρους μῆνας. Ἡ φθορὰ τῆ ἀέρος διεδόθη καὶ εἰς „τὰς βρύσεις ἰ λίμνας, καὶ ἐφάνησαν εἰς τὰ ἀγεώρ- „γητα χωράφια ἀναρίθμητοι ὄφεις, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐφαρμά- „κευσαν τὰς ποταμούς. Ἐγνωρίσθη πρῶτον ἡ βία τῆς „αἰφνιδίου νόσου ἀπὸ τὸν θάνατον τῶν παιδῶν, τῶν ὀρ- „νέων, τῶν ζώων, ἰ τῶν φυσβάτων, καὶ αὐτῇ τῆ θη- „λείων. Ἀπορήσαν ὁ γεωργὸς βλέπων νὰ πίπτουν ἰ „νὰ σοφθῆν οἱ βόες εἰς τὴν δουλείαν, ἀναμέσον τῶν αὐ- „λάκων. Τὰ πρόβατα γοερὰ βληχόμενα, δὲν ἠδύ- „ναντο πλέον νὰ σταθῶσι εἰς τὰς πόδας των, καὶ τὸ μα- „λλὶ των ἐπίπτει αὐτομάτως, καὶ ἐξέμραίνοντο ἀπὸ τὴν „ἐνδόσθεν φλόγα. Οἱ γενναιότεροι ἵπποι δὲν ἀρειδόν- „το πλέον μὲ τὸν ἦχον τῆς σάλπιγγος, ἀλλὰ στενά- „ζοντες ὠλιγόψυχον εἰς τὰ στάβλα. Ὁ ἀγριόχοιρος „εἶχε χάσει τὴν δύναμιν, ἰ δὲν ἐνεδύετο πλέον τῶ „ὀργῆ του. Δὲν εὕρισκε πλέον βοήθειαν ἡ ἔλαφος εἰς „τὰς παχύτατα τῶν ποδῶν της, καὶ αἱ ἄρκτοι ἐξαπλώ- „μεναι εἰς τὴν γῆν, δὲν ἠδύναντο πλέον νὰ ὁρμήσουν „κατὰ τῶν ποιμνίων. Τὰ πάντα ἦ
ὅτι δὲν ἐξέβλεπες εἰμὴ σώματα ἢ ἀποθαμένα ἀποθνήσκοντα, καὶ μολύνοντα τὸν ἀέρα μὲ τῆς δυσωδίας των. Ἦταν παράδοξον πρᾶγμα, ὅπου οὔτε οἱ σκύλοι, οὔτε οἱ κόρακες, οὔτε αὐτοὶ οἱ λύκοι δὲν ἤθελον νὰ πλησιάσουν εἰς ἐκεῖνα τὰ σώματα. Ἀπεσήπιοντο λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ὕπιπτον, καὶ ἡ θανατηφόρος δυσωδία των ἐδίδε νέας δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν νόσον. Ἐμόλυνεν αὐτὴν πρῶτον μὲν τὰς κώμας, ἔπειτα δὲ μετεδόθη καὶ εἰς τὰς πόλεις. Κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς οἱ ἄρρωστοι ᾐσθάνοντο μίαν φλόγα εἰς τὰ ἐντόσθια των, καὶ ἡ ἐρύθειασις τῆς προσώπου των ἦτον τὸ σημεῖον τοῦ πυρὸς, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔσωθεν τὰς διέφθειρε, καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα των ξηρὰ καὶ τραχεῖα, ἐπείσκνετο καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν.
Εἶχον τὸ σῶμα πάντοτε ἀνοικτόν, διὰ νὰ δροσίζωνται ἀναπνέοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ ἀήρ, ὃν ἀνέπνεον, διέφθειρεν ἔτι μᾶλλον τὸ σῶμα των. Μὴ δυνάμενοι δὲ νὰ πίπτωνται εἰς τὴν κλίνην, ἐπίπτον χαμαὶ μὲ τὸ στῆθος, διὰ νὰ λάβωσιν ὀλίγην ἄεσιν· ἀλλ᾽ ἀντὶ νὰ δροσίζωνται ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἔκαιον αὐτὴν ἐγγίζοντές την. Τοὺς ἐγκατέλειπτον ἢ οἱ ἰατροί, εἰς τοὺς ὁποίους ἦταν βλαβερὰ ἡ ἐπίσκεψις των, ἐπειδὴ ἥρπασε ἢ ταύτας τὸ θανατικόν, ὥστε διὰ νὰ ἀφαιρέσῃ τὴν ἐλπίδα παντὸς βοηθήματος. Ὅσον πλησιάζει τις εἰς τὸν ἀσθενῆ καὶ τὸν ἐπισκέπτεται ἐπιμελέστερον, τόσον ἁρπάζεται ταχυτερα ἀπὸ τὸν θάνατον· καὶ ὅστις ἠρώστει, ἔχανεν εὐθὺς τὴν ἐλπίδα νὰ ἰαθῇ, καὶ δὲν ἐπροσμένετο εἰμὴ μὲ τὸν θάνατον τὸ τέλος τῆς ἀρρωστίας του. Δὲν φροντίζουσιν οἱ ἀσθενεῖς νὰ φυλαχθῶσιν ἀπὸ κανένα πρᾶγμα, καὶ δὲν τοὺς μέλει νὰ ἐξετάσουν τί δύναται νὰ τοὺς ὠφελήσῃ, κα
„ εἰς τὰ πηγάδια, ἢ εἰς τὰς ποταμούς, διὰ νὰ σβέσουν „ τὴν δίψαν των· ἀλλὰ πρὶν σβεσθῇ ἡ φλόγα των, ἐσ- „ φυλεύετο ἡ ζωή των, ὄντες δὲ οἱ περισσότεροι κατακτο- „ ρευμένοι ἀπὸ τὸ πάθος, δὲν ἐδυνάμωτο πλέον νὰ ἐπι- „ βῇ ἔξω, καὶ ἀπέθνησκον μέσα εἰς τὰ νερά· ἄλλοι „ ὅμως ἔπινον καὶ ἀπὸ αὐτὰ, ἂν καὶ δυσώδη. Εἶχαν „ τόσον μῖσος πρὸς τὸ κραββάτιον, ὥστε ἐσηκώνοντο με- „ βορμὴν ἀπὸ αὐτὸ, καὶ ὅσοι δὲν εἶχον δύναμιν νὰ ση- „ κωθῶσιν, ἔπιπτον χαμαὶ, καὶ ἐσύροντο ἔξω ἀπὸ τὰ „ οἰκήματά των, ἐπειδὴ τὰ ἐφαίνοντο θανατηφόρα, νο- „ μίζοντές τα αἴτια τῆς συμφορᾶς των. Ἔβλεπες μερι- „ κούς, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἂν καὶ ἡμιθανεῖς, μὲ ὅλην τὴν τῆν „ ἀσθένειαν ἠγωνίζοντο νὰ περιπατήσωσιν, ὡς ἂν ἐδύνω- „ το νὰ σταθῶσιν εἰς τοὺς πόδας των· ἄλλους δὲ νὰ „ κλαίωσιν ἐξαπλωμένοι ἐλεεινῶς εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἢ ὁ- „ ποίων τὰ κατακοπωμένα ὄμματα ἔδειχναν σαφῶς, ὅ- „ τι ὁ θάνατος ἦτον ἑτοίμα νὰ τὰ κλείσῃ. Πλῆθος „ ἀναρίθμητον ἀθλίων ὑψώνοντες πρὸς τὸν Οὐρανὸν „ τὰς χεῖρας, ἀπέθνησκον ἢ δὲ κάνεις τε ὅπου ἢ νόσος „ τὰ ἐφορόθανε. Τί τι ἔπρεπε νὰ κάμω ἐγώ; ὄχι „ ἄλλο τι βέβαια, εἰμὴ νὰ μισήσω τὴν ζωήν· καὶ τί „ νὰ ἐπιθυμήσω, εἰ μὴ νὰ συμφορέσω τοὺς ἰδικούς „ μου, ἢ νὰ γίνω καὶ ἐγὼ μέρος τῆς συμφορᾶς; Ὅπου „ γὰρ ἂν ἔστρεφον τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, δὲν ἔβλεπον εἰμὴ νά- „ φες, ἢ δὲν ρίπτει ὁ ἄνεμος τόσα φύλλα, ὅσοι ἦσαν „ οἱ νεκροί, οἱ στεπάζοντες τὴν γῆν. Βλέπεις αὐτι- „ κρύμας τὸν Ναὸν ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὸν „ Δία; Οὐδεὶς ἔλειπε τοῦ νὰ μὴ τοῦ προσφέρῃ „ θυσίας· πλὴν εἰς
ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'.
γλαυκοί. Τόπος δεν έμενε πλέον διά πυρός, κι δεν ἔφθανον πλέον τὰ ξύλα, διὰ νὰ καίωνται ὅλοι οἱ νεκροί. Ἔμφοβος καὶ κατεσπληγμένος ἀπὸ μίαν τοιαύτην ἐλεεινὴν συμφοράν, ὦ μέγα Ζεῦ, ἀνεβόησα, ἂν ἀληθῶς ὅτι πράξης ποτὲ τῆς μητρός με, καὶ δὲν ἐντρέπεσαι νὰ μὲ ὁμολογήσης υἱόν σε, ἐπίστρεφον μὲ τῆς ἰδικῆς με, ἢ ῥίψον κι ἐμὲ εἰς τὸν τάφον. Τότε ὁ Ζεύς, δι᾿ ἀστραπῶν, καὶ αἰσθῆς βροντῆς, ἔδωνε σημεῖον ὅτι εἰσήκουσε τὴν δέησίν με· ὑπολαμβάνων δ᾿ ἐγὼ τὸ τοιοῦτον ὡς καλὸν οἰωνόν, τοῦ παρεκάλεσα νὰ εἶναι καὶ ἡ ἔκβασις κατὰ τὰς ἐλπίδας με. Ἦτον ἐκεῖ πλησίον μεγάλη δρῦς, ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος τοῦ Δωδωναίου, ἀφιερωμένη εἰς τὸν Δία. Ἰδοὺ εἶδον μέγα πλῆθος μυρμήκων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐβάσταζον βαρὺ φόρτωμα μὲ τὸ μικρὸν σῶμα τους, καὶ θαυμάζων τὸν ζῆλόν των, ὦ Ζεῦ πατέρ μου, εἴπον, γέμισον τὰς ἐρημωθείσας πόλεις μὲ ἀπὸ τόσους πολίτας, ὅσοι εἶναι οἱ ἐδῶ μύρμηκες. Παράξης τὸ δένδρον ἰσχυρῶς, κι μ᾿ ὅλον ὅτι ἦτον γαλήνη, καὶ δὲν ἔπνεεν ἄνεμος, ἐπαράξησαν ὅλοι του οἱ κλάδοι, καὶ ἤχησεν εἰς σόφον, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἔμελλε νὰ ἐπέσωθῇ. Δῶσαι νὰ συμπεράνῃς πόσον ἐφόβαξα βλέπων τὸ τεράστιον. Πλὴν ἐφίλησα τὴν γῆν, κι τὸ δένδρον, κι μ᾿ ὅλον ὅτι δὲν ἐτόλμων νὰ ὁμολογήσω ὅτι ἤλπιζα, εἶχον ὅμως κάποιαν ἐλπίδα, ἐνδυνάμουσαν τὸ πνεῦμά με. Ὡς τόσον ἔρχεται ἡ νύξ, ἐγὼ δὲ πέπτομαι εἰς ὕπνον μὲ ὅλας τὰς φροντίδας, ἀπὸ τὰς ὁποίας ἤμην τεθορυβημένος. Τότε ἐφάνη μοι ὅτι ἔβλεπον εἰς τὸν ὕπνον μου τὴν δρῦν ἐκείνην μὲ τοὺς κλάδας της, καὶ μὲ τὰ ζῶα, ὅσα εἶδον πρότερον ἐξυπνος, ἡ ὁποία ἐσείετο κι ἤρεμε, κι μὲ τὴν κίνησιν
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 397
„ λέγω σέ ἀπολούσθησες εἰς τὸν πόλεμον διὰ ὅτε ὁ „ Εὖρος ἄνεμος, ὁ ὁποῖος σέ ὡδήγησεν ἐδῶ ἀντυχῶς, „ θέλει μετάξει ἀπ᾽ εἰς Νόστον ".
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Λέγουσιν οἱ Ποιηταὶ ὅτι τὸν λοιμὸν ὑποστέλλει ὁ Θεὸς, διὰ νὰ παύση τὸν ὅσῳ χρειὰ πὶ δύω ταῦτα ἁμαρτήματα· πλὴ κατάροίησιν ἀπὸ Θρησκείας, ἢ τῆς ἀσελγείας. Ὅθεν ἐγίνει ἡ ἔμφρον ὅτι ὠργίσθη ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τὴν ἀποκίαν τῆς γῆς Ἐμπέδης καὶ τῶν ἰῶ καὶ στερεὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐνίως Ἡερμολοῖος ὁ Ὀβίδιος εἰς τὸν παρόντα Μύθον πλάττει ὅτι λοιμὸς εἶναι ἡ τιμωρία τῆς Αἰγίνης, διὰ τὴν μοιχείαν τῆς Αἴγων ὅτι διὰ τὸ νὰ ἐξάγη ἀργότερον, διὰ ἰδιαίτερο νὰ θεραπεύση μὲ θερμίαν ἀνθρωπίνην βοήθειαν.
Καὶ ἐπειδὴ διὰ ἀπὶ τῆς Ἥρας ἐννοεῖται ὁ ἀήρ, ἀλόγως πλάττει ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ Θεὰ στέλλει τὸν λοιμὸν καθὰ παρὰ τῆς Φυσιολογίας ἡ φθορὰ τῆς ἀέρος εἶναι ἡ αἰτία τοῦ λοιμοῦ, ὁ δὲ ἀήρ φθείρεται ὑπὸ τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις τῆς γῆς, ἢ ὑπὸ τῶν δυσσωδιῶν ἢ σαρότητα τῶν νεκρῶν σωμάτων. Λέγουσι ὡσαύτως ὅτι γίγνεται ὁ λοιμὸς ὑπὸ τινα δύναμιν, ἥτις μετεκδύσει εἰς τὰ ὕδατα ἀλλὰ περιττὸν εἶναι νὰ ἐπηριθμήσωμεν ἐδῶ ὅλα τὰ φυσικὰ αἴτια αὐτοῦ τοῦ πάθους, ἐπειδὴ Ὀβίδιος φιλοσοφικῶς τε ἅμα καὶ ποιητικῶς εἰς τὸν Μύθον τοῦτον τὰ περιγράφει.
They filled a long day with this and other talk: the last of the light was given over to feasting, and night to sleep. The sun shone gold again, but an east wind was still blowing, and kept the sails from the homeward voyage. The sons of Pallas joined Cephalus, their senior, and Cephalus and the princes then went to the king: but the king was still in a deep sleep. Phocus, Aeacus�s son, received them at the threshold, since Telamon and his brother were selecting men for the war. Phocus led the Athenians into an inner walk, beautiful and secluded, where they sat down together, and noticed that the grandson of Aeolus carried a spear in his hand, tipped with gold, and made of an unknown wood. In the midst of their first short conversation, he said �I am knowledgeable about woodland, and hunting wild animals, but I have been wondering for a while what tree that shaft was cut from. If it were ash it would be deep yellow, and if it were cornelian cherry it would be knotted. What it is I am ignorant of, but my eyes have never seen one more beautifully formed for throwing.� One of the Athenian brothers replied �You will marvel at its usefulness more than at its looks. It hits whatever it is aimed at: there is no chance involved, and then it flies back, bloodied, without needing to be retrieved.� Then truly the son of the Nereid wanted to know everything: why this was so, where it came from, and who gave such a wondrous gift. What he wanted to know, Cephalus told him, but was still ashamed to say what a high price it had cost him. He was silent, and touched with sadness for his lost wife, tears welling in his eyes, he uttered these words.
�Son of the goddess, this weapon makes me weep (who would believe that?) and it will for many years if the fates grant me them. This weapon did for my dear wife and me. I wish that I had always been without it! She was Procris, or if Orithyia�s name has chanced to fill your ears more loudly, the sister of that Orithyia whom Boreas stole, though if you were to compare the two in looks and manner, Procris was more worth stealing! Her father Erechtheus brought us together in marriage, and love brought us together too. I was called happy, and I was. But the gods� vision of the future was otherwise, or perhaps things would still be so.
�The second month after our marriage, I was setting out nets to trap antlered deer, when golden Aurora, chasing away the shadows, saw me from the summit of Mount Hymettus, that is always bright with flowers, and took me away against my will. By the grace of the goddess I can repeat the truth: though her face has the blush of roses, though she keeps the borderland of light and night, though she drinks the dewy nectar, I was in love with Procris. Procris was in my heart: Procris was always on my lips. I kept talking about the sacred marriage bed, and the newness of our union, the recent wedding, and the prior claim of our deserted couch. The goddess was angered and said �Stop complaining, ungrateful man: have your Procris! But if my vision is far-sighted, you will wish you had never had her.� In a fury, she sent me back to her.
�As I was returning, reconsidering the goddess�s words, I began to fear lest my wife had not been faithful to our marriage vows. Her youth and beauty prompted thoughts of adultery, but her character forbade those thoughts. But I had been away a while, and she from whom I was returning was herself an example of the fault, and lovers fear the worst. I decided to try what might grieve me, testing her chaste loyalty with gifts. Aurora supported my fears, and she changed my appearance (I felt it happening).
�Unrecognisable, I went back to Athens, city of Pallas, and entered my house. The house itself was irreproachable, gave every sign of innocence, and was only anxious for its vanished master. With difficulty, by a thousand stratagems, I gained access to Erechtheus�s daughter. When I saw her I was rooted to the spot, and almost relinquished my thoughts of testing her loyalty. Indeed I could hardly keep from confessing the truth, and hardly keep from kissing her, as I ought. She was sad (but no one could be more lovely than her in her sadness). She grieved with longing for the husband who had been snatched away. Phocus, she was Beauty, whom Grief itself so befits! Why should I tell how many times her chaste nature repelled my advances? All those many times she said �I hold myself, in trust, for one man only: wherever he is, I keep what I can give, in trust, for that one man.� For whom, in his senses, was that not a great enough trial of loyalty? But I was not satisfied, and struggled on, wounding myself, until by promising to give a fortune for just one night with her, and then increasing the offer, I forced her to hesitate. Wrongly victorious, I cried out �I am no adulterer, wicked one! I am your true husband! You have me for a witness, you traitress!�
�She said not a word. Silent with overwhelming shame, she fled from the treacherous threshold, and her evil husband. Deeply hurt by me, and hating the whole race of men, she wandered the mountains, following the ways of Diana. Then, deserted, a more violent flame burned in my bones. I begged her forgiveness, and confessed I had sinned, and that I too might have succumbed to the same fault, given the offer, if such gifts were offered to me. When I had owned to this, and after she had first taken revenge for her wounded honour, she returned to me, and we lived out sweet years in harmony. Moreover, as though she in yielding herself gave only a small prize, she gave me a hound as a gift, that her own goddess Cynthia had entrusted to her, saying, �He will surpass all other dogs for speed.� She gave me a spear, likewise, the one, you see, I have in my hands. Do you want to know the fate of the other gift? Listen to something marvellous: you will be stirred by the strangeness of the thing!
Περὶ δὲ τῆς διὰ ἀπὸ ἀρρωστίαν τῇ Αἰακῇ εἰς ἀνδράπας μεταμορφωσέντων μυρμήκων, λέγομεν ὅτι εἰς τὴν Αἴγιναν ἄλλοτε κατώκουν πολλὰ ὀλίγοι ἄνθρωποι, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς πληγῆς, οἱ τινες ἐπολέμουν τὴν Νῆσον, ἢ μὴ δυνάμενοι οἱ ἐγκάτοικοι νὰ ἀντιστῶσιν εἰς αὐτούς, ἐκρύπτοντο ὡς οἱ μύρμηκες ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, δηλαδὴ εἰς τὰ σπήλαια.
Οἱ Μυρμιδόνες γελῶς φιλόσοφον, ἦτον τόσον φειδωλοί, ὥστε ὅλως διὰ μὴ ἐξωδεύσωσιν εἰς οἰκοδομὰς οἴκου, κατώκουν ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν, τὸ εἰς τὰ σπήλαια ὡς μύρμηκες· συμφέροντες τὰ καλάσκιδα τὰ ὄψρα δώρα διὰ τὸν χειμῶνα. Ἡ δὲ ἀναλογία τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ τὰ ἤθη τοῦ ἔθνους, ἔδωκεν αἰτίαν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ἐγεννήθησαν ὑπὸ τὰς μυρμήκας.
Λέγεται παρὰ τισὶν ὅτι οἱ Μυρμιδόνες ἦσαν ἁπλοῖ μυρμήκων μὲ τὸ διὰ συμφροῦντες εἰς τὰ σπήλαιά των. Μὴ ἔχοντες καμμίαν εἰδημοσύνην τοῦ χρυσοῦ, οὔτε ναυτικήν, οὔτε ἤθη ἄλλων τεχνῶν, ἦν περίσσιον εἰς τὴν Κρήτην ὁ βία Μίνωα περὶ τῶν παίδων παρὰ τοῦ Αἰακοῦ, ἴσως ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἐκ μυρμήκων μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ἄνδρας.
Δύναται δέ τις νὰ εἴπῃ καὶ τοῦτο, ὅτι κατὰ τὸ ἀλληγορικὸν τοῦ Μύθου οἱ πλέον ἐπίδηλοι λαοὶ γίνονται ὁρμητικὰ μεγάλοι ἢ ἐπί- σημοι μὲ τὴν καλὴν κυβέρνησιν φρονίμου Δικαστοῦ, ἢ τὰ ὑπὸ τὴν κακὴν διοίκησιν πρότερον καταφρονημένα ἢ διεφθαρμένα βασί- λεια, γίνονται ἐντὸς ὀλίγου φοβερὰ· ἀναλαμβάνοντα τὴν πρότερον δόξαν των, ἂν ἀξιωθῇ φρονίμου ἢ σοφοῦ βασιλέως, ὁ ὁποῖος μετα- χειρίζεται ὀρθῶς τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ δικαιοσύνην. Ὁ Αἰακὸς ἦτον τό- σον πιστός, ἢ τόσον δίκαιος, ὥστε ὅλαι αἱ ἀρεταί του ἔδωκαν αἰτίαν τοῖς Ποιηταῖς νὰ τοῦ ἐπαινέσωσι μεταξὺ τῶν τοῦ Ἅδου κριτῶν.
Ὁ αὐτὸς μὲ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Μίνωα ἀπόκρισίν του, ὅταν τοῦ ἠρνήθη βοήθειαν κατὰ τῆς Ἀθήνας, ἀποδεικνύει ὅτι οἱ βασιλεῖς ὀφείλουσιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδίων μὴ ἐπαγόμενοι ἢ τῶν ἄλλων Ἐπικρατειῶν συμφορὰς καὶ φι- λονεικίας. Ὁ Μίνως ἦτον διάστροφος, καὶ ἐζήτει ἄδικον πρόσθεσιν μὲ μὲ ὅλον τὸ ἔχειν ὁ Αἰακὸς συμμαχίαν μὲ τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀ- ποκρίνεται ἄρα τον
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 399
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΚϚ'. & ΚΖ'.
Περὶ τοῦ Κεφάλου καὶ τῆς Προκρίδος, & ἀπολιθώσεως Θηβῶν, & κτίσμου.
Ο Κέφαλος δὲ στέργει νὰ συζήσῃ μὲ τὴν Ἥω, ἡ ὁποία ποῦ εἶχε ἁρπάξει· ἀλλ' ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς τὴν ἀγαπημένην γυναί- κα του τὴν Πρόκριδα. Διαμάσας δὲ τὴν πίστιν της μὲ ἐπίπλαστον μῦθον, παρακινῶν αὐτὴν μὲ τὰς δεήσεις του, διὰ τὸ νὰ μὴ εἰ- κατάλαβεν ὅτι ἦτον ὁ Κέφαλος· Ἔπειτα ἀπὸ τὴν εὐτροπίην της ἀπαγορεύει ἀπὸ αὐτήν· ἀλλ' ὁ Κέφαλος, μὴ ἀναμένας νὰ φύγῃ ἀπὸ αὐτὴν τὴν ἐπιείκειαν, ὁμαλᾷ· ἡ δὲ ἐπιστρέ- ψασα, τοῦ χαρίζει ἀκόντιον καὶ κύνα· ὁ κύων μετεμορφώ- θη εἰς πέτρον ἐν ᾧ ἐδίωκε Θηρίον ὑποσταχθὲν καὶ φθορεὺς τῆς Θήβης εἰς τὰς ποίας ἦτον ὁ Ὄφιων, ὅπως τοιμήσῃ τὸν τόπον.
Μ' αὐτὰς ἤθη ἄλλας συμφορικίας ἐδαπάνησαν τὸ μέρος τῆς ἡμέρας, τὸ δὲ ἐπίλοιπον εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, ἢ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς τὸν ὕπνον. Τῇ ἐφεξῆς ἡμέρᾳ μόλις ἔλαμψεν ὁ Ἥλιος, ἔπνεαν ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς ἄνεμος, ἐπράτες εἰς τὸν λιμένα τὸ πλοῖα· ὅθεν δὲ τὰ Πάλλαντος υἱοὶ ὡς νεώτεροι, ἦλθον καὶ ἐπισκέφ- θῆσι τὸν Κέφαλον, καὶ ὅλοι ὁμοῦ ὑπῆγαν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὁ μὲν ἔτι ἐκοίματο, ὁ δὲ Τε- λαμών, καὶ ὁ ἀδελφός του ἦσαν ἔξω, διὰ νὰ συναθροίσουν στράτευμα, ὁ Φῶκος ὁ νεώτερος τῶν τοῦ Αἰακοῦ υἱῶν, ὑ- ποδέχθη τὸν Κέφαλον, καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἕως νὰ
Ὡς νὰ φοβῶμαι, καὶ νὰ ὑποστῶ ἀπιστίαν εἰς τὴν Πρόχριν. Ἡ ἡλικία μας, ἡ ὡραιότης πάθανον τῆς ὑ- ποστῶν μας, ἀλλὰ πάλιν ἡ ἀρετή της μοὶ ἔδιδε καλὰς ἐλπίδας. Ὅμως ἡ ἀπουσία μου, καὶ τὸ παράδειγμα τῆς Θεᾶς, ἀπὸ τῆς ὁποίαν ἀνεχώρουν· με ἐτρό- μαζαν. Τί δὲν φοβεῖται ὁποῖος ἀγαπᾷ· Ἀποφασίζω λοιπὸν νὰ ἐρεύνησω ὅπερ ἔμελλε νὰ με λυπήσῃ, ἢ νὰ δοκιμάσω με δῶρα τὴν πίστιν τῆς Πρόχριδος. Ἡ Ἠὼς ἐβοήθησε τὴν ἐπιχείρησίν μου, ἐπειδὴ με ἤλ- λαξε τὴν μορφὴν εἰς ξένον, ὥστε ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας χωρὶς νὰ με γνωρίσῃ τίνες· ἀλλ' εὗρον εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅλα τὰ σημεῖα, τὰ μαρτύρευτα τὴν ἀ- ρετήαν καὶ σωφροσύνην τῆς γυναικός μας. Ὅλοι ἦσαν λυπημένοι, ὅλοι κατὰ μίμησιν τῆς κυρίας τῆς στέ- ρησιν τὰ οἰκοδεσπότου, καὶ τὰ δάκρυά ἐπαρηίνουν ἢ τὰς ἄλλας νὰ κλαίωσι. Μετὰ βίας ἐδυνήθων νὰ ἔμβω εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα της ὑπὸ μυρίων προφάσεων, ἢ τεχνημάτων· ἀλλὰ μόλις τὴν ἴδον, με ἤλεγξεν ἡ συνείδησίς μου διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν ἀπόφασιν ἔκαμνα νὰ τὴν περάσω, καὶ ὀλίγον ἔλειψε νὰ ἀφήσω τὴν κα- κόμοιρον ἐπιχείρησίν μου. Ἤθελον πολλάκις νὰ φα- νερώσω, ἀλλ' ἡ κακή μου τύχη δὲν με ἄφησε νὰ τὴν ἐναγκαλίσω καθὼς ἔσπευον. Ἦταν περίλυπος, ἀλ- λὰ καμμία ἄλλη δὲν εἶναι ὡραία, ὅσον ἦταν ἐκείνη με ὅλης της τὴν λύπην. Συμπέρανε, ὦ Φώκε, πό- σον ἦταν ὡραία, ἀφ' οὗ σοὶ εἶπον ὅτι τὴν ἐκάλυπτε καὶ αὐτή ἡ λύπη. Περιττὸν εἶναι νὰ σοὶ διηγήσθω ποσάκις ἡ ἀρετή της ἀπέκλινε τὰς προσμάς μας, ἢ τὰ τεχνάσματα, ὅσα ἐμεταχειρίσθην διὰ νὰ ἀπολαύ- σω ὅπερ ἐφοβούμην νὰ ἀπολαύσω· ποσάκις μοὶ εἴ- πε, δι' ἕνα μόνον ἀναπνέω,
�Oedipus, son of La�us, had solved with his genius the riddles whose meaning was previously not understood, and the Sphinx, dark prophetess, had hurtled headlong from the cliff, her enigmatic words forgotten. Immediately Aonian Thebes was plagued again (since righteous Themis does not leave such things unpunished!) and many country people feared that the Teumessian vixen would destroy their flocks and themselves. The young men of the neighbourhood came, and we beat over the wide fields. That swift creature leapt lightly over the nets, and cleared the tops of the traps we had set. Then we slipped our hounds from the tether, but she escaped their pursuit, and, travelling no slower than a bird flies, mocked the pack. With one great shout the hunters called on me to loose Laelaps, �Hurricane� (the name of my wife�s gift). He had long been struggling to free himself from his leash, and straining his neck against the restraint. He had scarcely been released properly before we lost sight of him.
�The hot dust showed the print of his paws, but he had vanished from sight. No javelin was quicker than him, no lead shot from a whirled sling, no light arrow shot from a Cretan bow. There was an intervening hill whose summit overlooked the surrounding fields. I climbed it, and watched the spectacle of this strange race, where the quarry seemed to be caught, and then to escape its fate. Nor does the cunning animal run in a straight course in the open, but it eludes the pursuing muzzle and swings back in a circle, so its enemy cannot charge. The hound presses hard, and matches its pace, seems to grip it, and does not grip it, and worries at the air with its empty snapping.
�I turned to my spear for help. While I was balancing it in my right hand, while I was trying to fit my fingers into the throwing strap, I turned my eyes away. When I turned them back to the same place, I saw (a marvel) two shapes of marble in the middle of the plain. One you would think to be fleeing, the other pursuing. Assuredly, if a god was with them, that god must have willed that both should be unconquered in the race,� He got so far in his story, and was silent. �What crime has the spear committed?� said Phocus. And Cephalus recounted its crime.
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 403
„χαρά με εἰς ὅποιον μέρος τῆς γῆς ἤ αὖ διείσχεται. „Ποῖος φρονιμώτερός μου δέν ἤϊθελον ὑπερόψει ἤδη „εἰς ποιαύτην ἀπώλειαν· ἐγὼ ὅμως δέν ἠσύχασα, „ἀλλὰ πολεμώντας την πρὸς ἀφανισμόν με, τῇ πράξει „μεγάλης Θησαυρές, καὶ με τοὺς λόγους με, ἢ με τὰς „ὑποσχέσεις με, την ὑπάγκασα πέλος να διςάξῃ, καὶ „να σκοτάξεται τί ἔπρεπε να πάμῃ. Τότε φωνάζω δύ- „τῃς, μέμφομαι την ἀπιστίαν τῆς, τῇ φανερώνω ὅτι „δέν ἤμουν παντὸς μοιχὸς, ἀλλ' ὁ χρήσιος ἀνήρ τῆς, „καὶ μάρτυρ τῆς ἀναιδείας της. Ἐπειδὴ δέν ἀπεκρίθην „τίποτε εἰς τοὺς ὀνειδισμούς με, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ την ἐντρο- „πήν, ἔφυγον ἀπὸ την οἰκίαν της, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ἀμόρα „της, καὶ ἀπεχώρησον εἰς τὰ δάση. ὅπου ὅλη ἀφιε- „ρώθη εἰς την Ἄρτεμιν, καὶ διὰ την ὕβριν, την ὁ- „ποῖαν παρ' ἐμοῦ ἔλαβον, ὅλης ἐμίσησε τοὺς ἄνδρας. „Μόλις την ἔχασα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά με, ἡ καρ- „δία μου κατεπήκετο σφοδρότερον ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, ὥ- „στε ἐμπαιλαβα ὅτι ἡ ὀργὴ τῇ ἐρασταῶν εἶναι φλὸξ, „ἡ ὁποῖα πολλὰ ὀλιγώτερα σβύνεται. Τῇ ἐξήτησα „συγχώμην, ἢ ὁμολογῶν τὸ σφάλμα με, διὰ νὰ την „παρηγορήσω τῇ εἶπον, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ τὰ δῶρα ἤϊθελον „ἀπατήσει ἢ ἐμὲ τὸν ἴδιον. Τέλος ἐκαταπείσθην, ἢ ἡ „μεταβολή με ἔκινεν ἐνδίκησις τῆς τιμῆς ἢ σωφροσύ- „νης τῆς, την ὁποῖαν ἐγὼ ἀδίκως ἤϊθελησα νὰ βάλλω „εἰς κίνδυνον. Ἐπέστρεψε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν οἶκόν με, ἢ „ἐσυζήσαμεν πολὺ καιρὸν ἐν εἰρήνῃ καὶ ὁμονοίᾳ. „Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ νὰ ἦτον μικρὸν τὸ δῶρον τῆς ἀγάπης της, „μοὶ ἐχάρισε ἢ ἕνα κύνα, τὸν ὁποῖον εἶχε λάβῃ ἀ- „πὸ την Ἄρτεμιν, ὡς καλλίτερον ὅλων τῇ ἄλλων „κυνῶν, ἅμα δὲ ἢ τὸ ἀκόντιον τοῦτο, τὸ ὁποῖον, ὡς „βλέπεις, βαστῶ εἰς τὰς χεῖράς με.
„Έμαθες πόθεν τὸ ἀκόντιον, ἄκουσον τώρα καὶ πῶς „ ἔπεσε τὸ κυνός· ἄκουσον θαυμάσιον ἢ καινόν τι πρᾶγ- „ μα. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἤρχισαν αἱ Νηΐδες νὰ ἐξηγῶσι τὰς χρησμο- „ λογίας, μὲ βεβαιότητα καὶ σαφήνειαν μεγαλοπρεπῆ, οὐ- „ δεὶς περιεποιεῖτο πλέον τὴν Θέμιδα, οὔτε ἐφρόντιζε „ διὰ τὰς σκοτεινὰς ἀποκρίσεις της· ὅθεν ἀγανακτήσα- „ σα ἡ Θεὰ δι᾽ αὐτῶν τὴν καταφρόνησιν, ὁπόθεν τὴν ἔ- „ πασχεν ἀτιμώρητον· ἀλλ᾽ ἔστειλε μύσος εἰς τὰς ἀγροὺς „ τῆς Θήβης ἓν Σμῆνον, πρόξενον μεγαλοπρεποῦς φθο- „ ρᾶς, ἢ φοβερὸν εἰς τοὺς γεωργούς, ἢ εἰς τὰ ἁρμάτα „ των. Ὅλοι λοιπὸν οἱ νέοι διηνθήκαμεν πρὸς ἐλαφοθή- „ ρασιν τοῦ τύπου, περισκυλώσαντες πάντα τὰς ὁδοὺς με „ τὰ δίκτυα μας, διὰ νὰ πιάσωμεν τὸ Σμῆνον· ἀλλ᾽ αὐ- „ τὸ ὑπερέβαινε μὲ τὴν ταχύτητα τὸ ὅ,τι ἢ αὐτὴ δύνα- „ ται νὰ συλλαβῆ τις ἐλαφρότατον, καὶ ἐπήδησε εὐκό- „ λως ἄνωθεν ἤδη διχτύων μας. Εἰς μάτην ἐλύσαμεν „ μας ὅλοι τοὺς σκύλους, ὅτι τῆς ὑμᾶ καὶ ἐμφύσει, καὶ „ παρομοιάζον τὰ πετεινὰ μὲ τὴν ταχύτητά του, ἐμ- „ παίζει τὸ πλῆθος των. Τέλος πάντων ὅλοι μὲ πα- „ ρεκάλεσαν νὰ λύσω ἢ τὸν ἐδικόν μας Λαίλαπα (οὔ- „ τως ὠνομάζετο ὁ κύων, ὃν ἔλαβα δῶρον παρὰ τῆς „ Προκρίδος.) ὁ ὁποῖος ἤδη ἐκ πολλοῦ ἐβιάζετο νὰ λύ- „ σῃ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τὸν δεσμόν, ἢ νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ. Μό- „ λις τον ἔλυσα, ἢ ἄφαντος ἔγινε, καὶ δὲν ἠξεύρομεν „ πλέον ποῦ ἐδείχθη. Λίθος ῥιπτόμενος μὲ τὴν σφενδόνην ἀπὸ δυνατὴν χεῖρα, ἢ βέλος φεύγον ἀπὸ τὸ „ τόξον, δὲν πετοῦσι τόσον ὀλιγώτερα, ὅσον ἔτρεχεν ὁ „ σκύλος μου. Ἀνέβην εἰς λόφον, κείμενον εἰς τὸ μέ- „ σον τῆς πεδιάδος, ἢ ἐκεῖθεν ἔβλεπον νὰ ξεσχοῦσι ἢ „ τὸ Σμῆνον ἢ τὸν σκύλον μου, ἢ ἐθαύμαζον
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Ζ'. 405
„ λήφθη, ἐκεῖνο ἐφύλαξεν ἀπὸ τὰς ὀδόντας τοῦ σκύλλου, „ ὁ ὁποῖος ἔτσι μοὶ ἐφαίνετο πλησίον του, ἔβλεπα πολ- „ λὰ ἀπομακρυσμένον τὸ Θηρίον. Δὲν ἔσχεν αὐτὸ ἱ- „ σχύν, ἀλλὰ τῇ δὲ κάμῃ σὲ φερόμενον, μὲ πολλὰς ἐλ- „ πας πάντοτε ἀπαῖσε τὸν σκύλλον μου, ὁ ὁποῖος δὲν „ ἔπαυε νὰ τὸ κυνηγῇ μὲ τὴν αὐτὴν ταχύτητα, κα- „ θὼς ἐκεῖνο ἔφευγε, καὶ ἤθελες εἰπῆ πολλάκις ὅτι „ βέβαια τὸ ἐπίασεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλοτε δὲν ἔκαμεν παρὰ „ νὰ ὀξέασκη μάταιος εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὴν ὀδηκτικὴν δύ- „ ναμίν του. Ἀπεφάσισα λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν βοηθήσω μὲ „ τὸ ἀκόντιόν μου, ἀλλὰ μόλις ἔστρεψα ὁλίγον τὰ ὄμ- „ ματά μου ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, διὰ νὰ τὸ σηκώσω, κα- „ τευθύνων αὐτὰ πάλιν πρὸς τὸν τόπον, ( ὦ τί θαύ- „ ματος ! ) βλέπω εἰς τὰ μέσον τῆς πεδιάδος αὐτῆς τοῦ „ Θησέως καὶ τοῦ λιμοῦ, δύω μάρμαρα, τῶν ὁποίων τὸ „ μὲν ἐφαίνετο ὅτι φεύγει, τὸ δὲ ὅτι ὑλακτεῖ. Ἴσως „ τις ἦν Θεῶν ( ἂν ὅμως κάμμία Θεότης ἦτον παρού- „ σα εἰς τὸ κυνήγιον ) βλέπων αὐτοὺς ἀμφοτέρους ἐξ ἴ- „ σου ταχεῖς καὶ δυνατούς, δὲν ἤθέλησε νὰ παραχωρήσῃ „ ὁ εἷς νὰ νικήσῃ τὸν ἄλλον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ δύω νὰ μείν- „ ωσιν αἰώνιοι εἰς τὸν ἀγῶνα „.
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ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Α°. ἔχω συγνώμην ὑπὸ πάς γυναῖκας, ἔσω ὑποψίαν εἴπερ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲ συντείνει μηδέ ζῆν εἰς τιμήν των, ἢ ἔπαινον· πιθανὸν καὶ ὁ Ποιητὴς μας (ὡς τῆς καὶ ὑπερβολῆς τῆς ἀγάπας) νὰ ἀδίκησε ὑπὸ κάμμιαν, ἐπειδὴ ἤθέλησε νὰ δείξη μὲ τὸ παράδειγ- μα τῆς Προκρίδος, ὅτι ἄν-πιρα νὰ ἀπίστη τῆς εἰς τὴν φρονιμωτά- την. Ἀλλὰ τί δηλοῖ ὁ ἔρως ἡμῆς Ἠοῦς, ἢ Αὐγῆς, ἡ ὁποία θε- λοῦσε νὰ χωρίση τὸν Κέφαλον ἀπὸ τῆς Προκρίδος, καὶ διότι ἐκεί- νη ἀγάπα τῆς ἴδιας αὐτῆς τὸν ἄνδρα, καθὼς εἶναι Νυμ- φίον, ὡς ἀδιάκριτος τύχης ὅτι Κέφαλος κυνηγὸς ἦτον ἡ τὰ σηκώνεται πολλὰ πρωῒ· ἀλλ᾽ ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐνυμφώθη τῇ Προκρίδι τὴν ὁποίαν ὑπερηγάπα, ἔγινεν ἔννυχος, ἢ κλισιχώρης, ἢ διότι τοιοῦτο ἐνοφιλοῦταν ὅτι κατέλιπε τὴν Αὐγήν, διὰ νὰ διατρίβῃ μὲ τὴ Προκρίδα. Δείκνυται δ᾽ ἐπὶ ὅτι δὲν ἀρκεῖ οὔτε πλοῦτος, οὔτε εὐ- τυχία, οὔτε κάτι Θεῖος ἔρως νὰ παρακινήσῃ ποτε ἄνδρα νὰ ἀθε- τήσῃ τὴν πίστιν πρὸς τὴν συμβίαν του· καὶ ἂν ἦτον δυνατὸν ἡ Θεὸς τῆς νὰ μᾶς προστάζη νὰ παραβῶμεν τὴν γαμηλίαν πίστιν, ἦ θέλει μᾶς εἶναι συγχωρημένον νὰ μὴ τὸν ὑπακούσωμεν.
�Phocus, my happiness was the beginning of my sorrow, and I will speak of happiness first. Son of Aeacus, what a joy it is to remember that blessed time, when, in those early years, I was delighted, and rightly so, with my wife, and she was delighted with her husband. We two had mutual cares, and a shared love. She would not have preferred Jupiter�s bed to my love, and no woman could have captured me, not if Venus herself had come there. An equal flame burnt in our hearts.
�Just after dawn, when the first rays struck the hilltops, full of youthfulness, I used to go hunting in the woods. I used to take no servants, or horses, or keen-scented hounds, or knotted snares. I trusted in my spear. But when my right hand was sated with the slaughter of wild creatures, I would return to the cool of the shade, and the breeze, aura, out of the chill valleys. I courted the breeze, gentle to me, in the midst of the heat: I waited for aura: she was rest for my labour. �Aura� (Indeed, I remember) I used to call �Come to me, delight me, enter my breast, most pleasing one, and, as you do, be willing to ease this heat I burn with!� Perhaps I did add more endearments (so my fate led me on). �You are my greatest pleasure� I used to say. �You revive me, and cherish me. You make me love the woods and lonely places. It is always your breath I try to catch with my lips.�
�Someone, I don�t know who, hearing the ambiguous words, represented my speech as a betrayal, and thought the word aura I called so often, was the name of a nymph, a nymph he believed I loved. Immediately the unthinking witness went to Procris with the tale of my imagined disloyalty, and whispered what he had heard. Love is a credulous thing. Overcome with sudden pain, they tell me that she fainted. After a long time she revived, weeping for herself, calling her fate evil. She complained of my faithlessness, and troubled by an imaginary crime, she feared what was nothing, feared a name without substance, and grieved, the unhappy woman, as though aura were a real rival.
�Yet she often doubted, and hoped, in her misery, that she was wrong, declaring she would not believe it, and unless she witnessed it herself, would not condemn her husband as guilty of any crime. Next morning, when Dawn�s light had dispelled the night I left to seek the woods, and, victorious from the hunt, lying on the grass, I said �Aura, come and relieve my suffering!� and suddenly, amongst my words, I thought I heard someone�s moan. �Come, dearest!� I still said, and as the fallen leaves made a rustling sound in reply, I thought it was a wild creature, and threw my spear quickly. It was Procris. Clasping the wound in her breast she cried out �Ah, me!�
�Recognising it as the voice of my faithful wife, I ran headlong and frantic towards that voice. I found her half-alive, her clothes sprinkled with drops of blood, and (what misery!) trying to pull this spear, her gift to me, from the wound. I lifted her body, dearer to me than my own, with gentle arms, tore the fabric from her breast, and bound up the cruel wound, trying to stem the blood, begging her not to leave me, guilty of her death. Though her strength was failing, and even though she was dying, she forced herself to speak a little. �By the bed we swore to share, by the gods that I entreat, those that are above, and those that are of my house, by any good I have deserved of you, and by the abiding love, that still, while I die, remains, that is itself the cause of my death, do not allow this Aura to marry you in my place!� She spoke, and then I knew at last the error of the name, and told her. But what was the use of telling? She wavered, and the little strength she had ebbed away with her blood. While she could still gaze at anything, she gazed at me; and to me, and on my lips, breathed out her unfortunate spirit. And her look seemed easier then, untroubled by death.�
The hero, weeping, had told this sorrowful tale, when, behold, Aeacus entered with his two sons, and their newly enlisted men, whom Cephalus then accepted, with all their heavy armour.
Ἀλλ' ἐπειδή συμβαίνει πολλάκις ὅτι οἱ ψευδεῖς ἔρωτες δὲν εἴναι ἐλεύθεροι ὑπὸ ὑποψίας, οὕτω μυθολογοῦσιν ὅτι μεταμορφωθεὶς ὁ Κέφαλος, ἠθέλησε νὰ δοκιμάσῃ μὲ δῶρα τὴν Πρόκριν καὶ καθὼς διὰ τῆς γαμετικῆς συγχωρίας νικῶνται μὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέσον, οὕτω μυθολογεῖται ὅτι ἡ Πρόκρις, ἀφ' οὗ ἀντέστη πολὺν καιρόν, ὕστερον ἐκατανίκηθη εἰς τὸν χρυσὸν, ἢ τὰς ἄλλας δωρεάς· ἴσως δὲ ὁ Κέφαλος τὸν τρόπον τῆς ἰδίας βουλῆς ἐπαιδεύθη ὅτι ἐπικίνδυνόν ἐστιν εἰς ἄνδρα νὰ δοκιμάσῃ τὴν γυναῖκά του ἀφοῦ θέλει νὰ ψυχάγῃ εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῆς καλὴν ποιὰν ὑπόληψιν, διὰ νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσῃ νὰ παιδευθῇ ἀπ' ἐξαυτῆς διὰ τὴν ἀκαίρεαν του περιέργειαν, ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, ὁποῖος ἐπιχειρεῖ νὰ λάβῃ πεῖραν τῆς ἀρετῆς οὐχὶ μόνον τῆς ἰδίας του γυναικὸς, ἀλλὰ καὶ παντὸς ἄλλου, θωρεῖ βέβαια ἄχρηστον φράγμα, ἐπειδὴ αἱ ὑποψίαι ὀλιγοστεύουσι τὴν φιλίαν.
Ἐὰν μὲ ἐρωτήσητε διὰ τί ἡ Πρόκρις ἐχάρισεν ἀκόντιον, ὡς σκῦλον εἰς τὸν Κέφαλον ὅταν ἐφιλιώθησαν, ἀποκρίνομαι ὅτι, καθὼς διὰ τὰ ἀκόντια σημαίνεται ὁ πόλεμος (διότι οἱ στρατιῶται χρῶνται εἰς αὐτά) οὕτως ἡ Πρόκρις ἐσήμανεν ὅτι παρέδωκεν εἰς τὸ ἐξῆς αὐτῷ τὸν Κῶα, ἤτοι τὸν στρατιώτην ἴδου ὁ Μῦθος τὰ ἀκοντίου καὶ τοῦ σκύλου, διότι τὸ Κῶα, σημαίνει τὸν σκῦλον, ἢ τὸ ἀκόντιον τοῦ στρατιώτου, τὰ ὁποῖα ὁ Κέφαλος μεταχειρίζεται ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν Κῶα ἦσαν Ἀρκάδικα, διὰ νὰ νικήσῃ τοὺς Ἀλώπεκας, περὶ τὰ ὁποῖα μετ' ὀλίγον θέλομεν ὁμιλήσει.
Διὰ τῆς Ὀφέλπης λαόμενον εἰναγόμενα τὰ σῦμα ἀμβέλα ἐπαιδί ὁ Οἴτης, δ' ἐν γεμματίζει εἰμὶ τὸ Θέμιτον, δηλα δὴ δίκαιον, εἶναι ἡ Θεὰ ἥς κακῶν συμβεβλῶν, ᾧ δὲ ἐναντίας αἱ συμβολαὶ ἥς Νηιάδων ἀλλο τι δεῖ εἰκονίζουσιν εἰ μὴ τὰ μάταις βουλήματα ἥς ἀνδρώπου. Ὅσοι φορτιμίσαντες ἐκείνας οἱ Θηβαῖοι ὕπο τὰ μαντεῖα ἦς Θέμιδος, διὰ τὸ ὀργίδῖσα, ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸν τόπον τῆς ἀλώσκα, ἢ ὁποῖα ἕκαμε μεγάλω φόραι. Τέσο λιπόλυχι ὅτι ἀκόμεται ἡ Ὕυρα διὰ νὰ ἔμβαν εἰς μίαν πόλιν ὅλε τὰ κακὰ, ὁ ἦν εἰς αὐτὸν κατακατήται ἡ Δικαοσυνή, ἡ τῆς διὰ τῆς Θέμιδος εἰκονίζεται, καὶ ὅταν εἰς πῶν Διοίκησιν ἥς Πελιπέων ἀορτίμουντα οἱ μορφί καὶ φύλοι ὑπο τῆς φρονέμοης ἄσωτης, τοῦτε ἀφέεται ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν πανέταν ἀφηισμένον ὅλων ἥς φραγμάταν.
Διὰ τῆς Ἀλώσκεκας παειςᾶται ἀνδρείος τῆς καὶ πανέργος στρατηγὸς, Ἀλώσκης καλέμενος, ὁ ὁποῖος, ὡς λέγει ὁ Παλαίφατος, ἡ τοῦ ἀδιμάκτης ἐχδρὸς ἥς Οὐθαίων. Κατέφυγεν εἰς τὰ πέλεις τῆι Τελμησσοῦ ἔφυγε, ὅπως ἡ πῶν ἀδιμάταν νὰ νικηθῆ, ἀλλὰ λας, ὡς φαίνεται καὶ ἐπιστήμων δρατηγὸς, (τῆς ὕλας ἐν τελμησσαίος εὑμῆσας τοῦ ἀκοντίου τοῦ) ὁ ὁμώμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Σίοας μὲ δρατῆμα σέξαιν τοῦ ἐγκήχους, ᾧ παλήθέρωσε τῆς Θηβαίας ὑπο αὐτὸν τὸν ἄνδρεα, ὅς τῆς δὲ τῆς ἄφης νὰ ποσχάσσοι.
Λέγεται ἀφὸς τῆιος ὅτι διὰ τὸ σκ
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΚΗ'.
Περὶ τῆς Προκείδος, ἥτις ἐφοράθη ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐδρα τῆς, ἐ τῷ ἀκοντίῳ, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε δῶρον παρ αὐτῆς.
Η Πρόκρις, ἥτις τινὸς ἰσχάζουσα ἀγγέλου, λαμβάνει ὑπόλας μετὰ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς της, τὸ ὑπάγει νὰ ποῦ παρατηρήσου εἰς ἐκ δά- σους, ὅτου ἀκουσίως ὁ Κέφαλος τὰ ἔτινιά, φθάνει αὐτῇ ἀφελο- κατά ἐπης μὲ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἀκόντιον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκείνη τὸν εἶχε χαρίσει.
Ἀφοῦ ἐσιώπησεν ὁ Κέφαλος, τί ἀράγε ἔπταισα τὸ ἀκόντιόν σου, λέγει τὸ Φῶκος, ἐπειδὴ παρά- τηρον τὸ ἀνυμάζες αἴτιον τῆς δακρύων σου· Τότε ὁ Κέφαλος ἀρχίσεν αὐθὸς νὰ διηγῆται τὸ σφάλμα του ἀκοντίας της, λέγων ἔπως. Ἡ λύπη διεδέχθη τὴν χα- ράν μας, ἐ ταύτης ἀρξάμενος, ὦ Φῶκε, θέλω σὲ διη- γηθῆ· ἐπειδὴ τὸ νὰ ἐνθυμῆται τις τὴν εὐτυχίαν του, εἶναι παρηγορεία. Ναί, μεγάλως παραμυθοῦμαι ἐν- θυμούμενος τὸν ὁποῖον καιρόν ἔζησα μὲ τὴν Πρόκρι- δα, ἐ ὁποίαν εὐτυχίαν ἐγὼ μὲν ἔχαιρον δι' αὐτῆς· αὐτὴ δὲ δι' ἐμέ. Μίαν ἐ τὴν αὐτὴν παραίρεσιν εἴ- χομεν ἀμφότεροι, καθὼς ἄν μίαν φρόνησιν ἀγάπης· ἐκείνη δὲν ἤδυνατο νὰ φροντίσῃ εἰ μὴ δι' ἐμὲ μόνον, καὶ ἐγὼ ὁμοίως δι' αὐτήν μόνον. Ἐκείνη μὲ ἐφορο-
„ πείθευ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν Δία, ὃ ποῦ ἤθελε νὰ πάξει „ ὅλον τὸν οὐρανόν ὅλων πλῶ γλῦκύ, κ' ἐγὼ τὸ εἰσέφορ- „ τώμην ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, ὃ ποῦ ἤθελε θέλει νὰ „ με ἑλκύσῃ μὲ ὅλα της τὰ πάθη· κ' εἰ λόγῳ ἡμεῖς „ εἴχαμεν γεννηθῇ ὁ εἷς διὰ τὸν ἄλλον, κ' δὲν ἐδιώ- „ χθημεν νὰ ἀγαπήσωμεν ἀλλότι, ὃ ἤτον δύνατον νὰ „ μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους. Μόλις αἱ πρῶσται ἀκτῖνες „ τῆς Ἡλίας ἐλάμψαντον τὴν κορυφὴν τῶν βουνῶν, ἀγ- „ κῶν ἐγὼ ὡς νέος τὸ κυνήγιον, ὑπήγαινα μόνος μου „ εἰς τὰ δάση, χωρὶς παντὸς δούλου, χωρὶς ἵππους, „ χωρὶς σκύλας, κ' δίκτυα. Τὸ ὁπλιστόν μου ἤτον ἡ „ σοφία μου, τὰ ὅπλα μου, κ' ἡ δύναμίς μου. Κα- „ ποπιανὸς ἀπὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, ἐξ ὅτεν κατέλυχον σκιάν, „ κ' τὴν αὔραν ἐκήντουν, τὴν ἐρχομένην ἀπὸ τὰς „ κρυεραῖς κοιλάδας, κ' ἡ αὔρα ἤτον ἡ παραμύθιά μου „ ἀνέμιξε τὲ κόπε μου, καὶ ἵνα εἰπῶ ἔτσι ἀνεπαυό- „ μην εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της. Ἐπιθυμοῦμαι ὅτι εἰ ἀγκά- „ λουν πολλάκις, λέγων· δεῦρο ὦ γλυκυτάτη αὔρα, „ δεῦρο νὰ μὲ παρηγορήσῃς, κ' νὰ σβέσῃς τὴν καύ- „ σαν μὲ φλόγα, ἐπειδὴ μὲ μόνην τῆς πνοῆς σου δύ- „ νασαι νὰ τὴν σβέσῃς· ἴσως ἐπρόσθεσα εἰς αὐτὰ ( ἔστω „ μὲ ψάγκαξον αἱ τύχαι μου ) κ' ἄλλας χρησολογίας, „ συνήθεις τοῖς ἐρασταῖς, λέγων κ' ταῦτα· σὺ εἶσαι „ ἡ χαρά μου, ἡ ζωή μου, ἡ ἀνάπαυσίς μου· σὺ εἶσαι „ ἡ αἰτία, δι' ἣν ἀγαπῶ τὰς ἐρημίας κ' τὰ δάση, κ' „ νὰ δέχωμαι πάντοτε εἰς τὸ σῶμα μου τὴν γλυκυτάτην „ σου πνοήν. Κάποιος βέβαια ἤκουσεν αὐτὰ τὰ λόγια, „ κ' νομίζων ὅτι τὰ ἔλεγα πρὸς κάμμίαν Νύμφην, „ διθύς τὰ ἀνήγγειλεν εἰς τὴν Πρόκριδα. Εὔπιστον „ πράγμα εἶναι ὁ
ΤΟΤ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΑ. Ζ'. 411
ηγα λόγια· ὁρκίζωσε μὰ τῆς πίστιν τοῦ γάμε μας, μὰ τῆς Θεῖς τῶ Οὐρανῆ, ἱ τῆ ζόῆ, μὰ τῆς αἴτιαν τῆ Δαυότης με, τῆς ἀγάπης, τῆς ἔτι ἐπιμούσαν ἱ πώρα ἐν ᾗ ἀποθήσκω, νὰ μὴ εἰσχορήση ποτὲ εἰς τῆς παρίαν σε ἡ νύμφη, πρὸς τὴν ὁποίαν ἔλεγες ἐ πεῖνα πᾶ λόγια, ἱ νὰ μὴ λάβη τὸν τύπον, ὃν ἐγὼ πώρα σερέμαι. Δεῦ εἶπε πρεσβασέρα, ἱ ἐγὼ ὁ δυ σχυνῆς ἐπαπέλαβα πότε τῆς πλανῆς τῶ ὀνόματος, πᾶ τῆ ἐφανέρωσα πάσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Ἀλλὰ τί τὸ ὦ φέλος· ἐκεῖνη ἔπεσεν εἰς πᾶς ἀγκάλας με, πᾶ ὅμου με τὸ αἷμα ἔνασε πᾶ τῆς ὀλίγης τῆς δυνάμης, πᾶ ἕως ἐἠδώματο νὰ βλέπη, ἔβλεπον ἐμὲ τὸν δυσυχῆ, ἱ παρέδωσε τῆς τελευταίαν πνοῆν εἰς τὸ σῶμα μοῦ· πλῆς ἀποτραπεῖσα τῆς πλανῆς, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ἀπε θήσκε μὲ ἱλαρώτερον πρόσωπον. Ταῦτα μὲ πολ λῶν δακρύων λέγοντος τὰ Κεφάλε, ἔκλαιον οἱ ἀκούο ντες ὅλοι· ἀλλὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἐνέβῆκεν ὁ Αἰακὸς μὲ τῆς ἄλ λες δύω υἱῆς τοῦ, πᾶ δείξαν αὐτῷ τὸ συναθροισθέν τόον στράτευμα, παρέδωσεν αὐτὸ εἰς χείρας τῶ, διὰ νὰ ὑπάγη πρὸς βοήθειαν τῆν Ἀθηνῶν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Διαμφίβολον εἶναι ὅτι αἱ ὑποψίαι, καὶ ζηλοτυπίαι φέρουσι πολλάκις μεγάλας δυστυχίας εἰς τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' οὗ λάβη ἡ ὑποψία, δυσκόλως ξεριζόνεται, καὶ μένουσα πληγωμένη ἡ ψυχὴ, ἐπιμένει εἰς τὸ νὰ ζέση τὸ πάθος της. Ἂν δὲ ἡ ζηλοτυπία εἶναι σημεῖον ἀγάπης, αὐτὸ ὅμως ὕστερον ὑποκτείνει τῆς ἀγάπης, καὶ ὁμοιάζει μὲ τὸν πυρετὸν, τὸν ὄντα σημεῖον ζωῆς, καὶ γίνεται τέλος τῆς ζωῆς.
Μανθάνεται ὅτι ἡ Πρόκρις ἐφονεύθη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρός της, ἐπειδὴ ἀπατήθη ὑπὸ τῶν διʼ αὐτὸν ζηλοτυπίαν, θʼ ἀπιστίας, ἀφʼ ὃ προτέρον καὶ ἔδωκε κατʼ ἀφορμὸν νὰ ἀπιστήσῃ ἐκεῖνος ὥστε δύναταί τις ἐντεῦθεν νὰ μὴν ἀντέξῃ εἰς τὰ ἔπη ἐκεῖνα εἰ ὕστερον ἐξ ἀσθενείας τῆς Ἱούδης ἀπέθανε διὰ τὸ μοιραῖον αἰτίαν ἀπιστίας. Ἂς μάθωμεν λοιπὸν ὑπὸ τὸ παράδειγμα τοῦτο νὰ μὴ δίδωμεν ποτὲ ἀφορμὴν ἀπιστίας, ἢ ζηλοτυπίας.
Τέλος τῆς Ἑβδόμης Βίβλου.
Book VIII
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Now Lucifer dispelling night, and unveiling shining day, the east wind dropped, and rain clouds gathered. The mild south wind, gave Cephalus and the Aeacides safe return, bringing them, more quickly than they expected, to the harbour they steered for, by its favourable action. Meanwhile Minos was laying waste the coast of Megara, and testing his military strength against the city of Alcatho�s, where Nisus ruled, who had a bright lock of purple hair, on the crown of his head, amongst his distinguished grey tresses, that guaranteed the safety of his kingdom.
The horns of a new moon had risen six times and the fortunes of war still hung in the balance, so protractedly did Victory hover between the two, on hesitant wings. There was a tower of the king, added to walls of singing stone, where Apollo, Latona�s son, once rested his golden lyre, and the sound resonated in the rock. In days of peace, Scylla, the daughter of King Nisus, often used to climb up there, and make the stones ring using small pebbles. In wartime also she would often watch the unyielding armed conflicts from there, and now, as the war dragged on, she had come to know the names of the hostile princes, their weapons, horses, armour and Cretan quivers. Above all she came to know the face of their leader, Europa�s son, more than was fitting.
If he covered his head with a plumed helmet, she thought him handsome in a helmet. If he carried his shining bronze shield, a shield became him well. When he hurled his heavy spear, with taut limbs, the girl admired his strength combined with skill. When he bent the broad arc of his bow, with a flight notched in it, she swore that it was Phoebus Apollo, standing there, with his arrow ready. But when he exposed his face, free of the bronze, and when, clothed in purple, he took to horseback, his white horse conspicuous with its embroidered trappings, and he controlled its foaming bit, Nisus�s daughter was scarcely in control of herself, scarcely in a rational frame of mind. Happy the spear he held, she said, and happy the reins he lifted in his hand. Her impulse was to run, though only a girl, and if it had been allowed, through the enemy lines; her impulse was to throw herself from the top of the tower into the Cretan camp, to open the bronze gates to their army, or anything else Minos might wish.
As she sat gazing at the white tents of the Dictaean king, she said �I am not sure whether I should show joy or grief at this miserable war. I grieve because Minos is the enemy of one who loves him, but if there had been no war, he would never have been known to me! If he accepted me as a hostage he could abandon the war: he would have me as his companion, me as a pledge of peace. If she, who gave birth to you, most handsome of kings, was as beautiful as you are, no wonder the god was on fire for her. O I would be three times happy if I could take wing, through the air, and stand in the camp of the Cretan king, and reveal myself, and my love, and ask what dowry he would need to win me: so long as he does not demand my country�s stronghold! Rather let my hopes of marriage die, than that I be capable of betrayal! - Though often many have found it better to be defeated, if a peace-loving conqueror showed clemency. Indeed he wages a just war because of his murdered son: his cause is powerful, and the arms that support his cause. Then, I think we will be conquered. And if that is the end that awaits the city, why should his strength breach these walls of mine, rather than my love?
It would be better for him to win, without slaughter, or delay, and without the shedding of his own blood. At least I would not be afraid lest someone inadvertently wound your breast, Minos: for who would be so cruel as to venture to aim his throw at you, unless he was careless? The idea pleases me, and I am firm in my decision to deliver myself to you, with my country as my dowry, and so put an end to war. But, it is not enough merely to want it! There is a guard watching the entrance, and my father holds the keys of the gate. I only fear through him I might be unlucky: only he hinders my wishes. Would that the gods had devised things so that I had no father! Surely everyone is their own god: Fortune rejects idle wishes. Another girl, fired with as great a passion as mine, would, long ago, have destroyed anything that stood in the way of her love. And why should another be braver than I am? I would dare to go through fire and sword: but there is no need here to brave fire or sword: I need one lock of my father�s hair. That is more precious than gold to me, that purple lock of hair will bless me, and let me achieve my desire.
Περὶ τῆς ἀποκοπείσης κόμης τοῦ Νίσου, παρὰ τῆς Σκύλλης τῆς ἰδίας αὐ- τοῦ Θυγατρός.
Ἀφοῦ πολεμήσῃ τὰς Ἀσίας, ὁ Μῖνος πολιορκεῖ τὰ Μέγαρα, καὶ κυριεύθη αὐτὰ διὰ ἐπιβουλῆς τῆς Σκύλλης, ἡ ὁποία ἠράσθη αὐτοῦ, ἐλπίζει νὰ ἀνταμειφθῇ· ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον, ἐκεῖνος τὸν κα- ταφρονήσας, ἐμίσησε τὸ ἔγκλημα, διʼ ὃ ἔλαβε τὴν νίκην. Ἰδοῦ- σα ἡ Σκύλλα ὅτι ἐφεύγεν ὁ ἐρώμενός της, ἐρρίφθη εἰς τὴν Θάλασ- σαν διὰ νὰ τὸν ἀκολουθήσῃ· ἀλλʼ αὐτὴ μὲν μετεμορφώθη εἰς Κίρις, ὁ δὲ πατήρ της εἰς Ἁλιάετον, ὃς τὴν πάντοτε τὴν καταδιώκει διὰ νὰ τὴν τιμωρήσῃ.
Τῇ ἐπαύριον βλέπων ὁ Κέφαλος τὸν αὔριον ἐπι- πήδειον, ἐπέβη εἰς τὸ πλοῖον ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ στρατεύ- ματα, τὰ ὁποῖα τοῦ ἔδωκεν ὁ Αἴακος, καὶ πλεύσας εὐ- τυχῶς, ἔφθασαν εἰς τὸν λιμένα τῆς Ἀθηνῶν ὀλιγώ- τερα ἀπ᾽ ὃ, τι ἤλπιζον. Ὡς πρὸς τὸν Μίνω, ληϊλα- τῶν τὰ παραθαλάσσια τῆς Μεγάρου, ἐφαίνετο ὅτι προσε- δοκίμαζε τὰς δυνάμεις του κατ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς πόλεως, καθ᾽ ἣν ἐνόμιζεν ὠφέλιμον νὰ τὴν κυριεύσῃ, φ᾽ ἵνα πολιορκήσῃ τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Νῖσος, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Μεγά- ρου, τὴν ἐδιαφύλαττεν ἀνδρείως, ἀφ᾽ ἡ βασιλέως τοῦ ἡ ἀσφάλεια ἐξηρτᾶτο ἀπὸ μίαν κόκκινην τρίχα, τὴν ὁ- ποίαν εἶχε μεταξὺ τῶν ἄλλων μαλλίων τῆς κεφαλῆς του, εἰς τρόπον ὅτι εἶχαν περάσει ἓξ μῆνες, καὶ ἡ τύχη τοῦ πολέμου ἦτον ἔτι ἀμφίβολος, καὶ ἡ νίκη ἄλλοτε μὲν ἐ- φαίνετο ὅτι ἤρχετο πρὸς τὸν Μίνω, ἄλλοτε δὲ πρὸς τὸν Νῖσον. Εἰς τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεως ἦτον πύργος, ὅπου λέγεται ὅτι ὁ Ἀπόλλων νὰ ἔθεσε μίαν φορὰν τὴν κιθάραν του, τῆς ὁποίας τὸν ἦχον ἐφύλαξαν αἱ πέτραι, καὶ ὁ πύργος αὐτὸς κατὰ τινα τρόπον ἔγινεν αἴτιος τοῦ νὰ ληφθῇ ἡ πόλις ἐπειδή. Ἡ τοῦ Νίσου Σκύλλα ἀ- νέβαινε συχνάκις εἰς καιρὸν εἰρήνης εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν πύργον, καὶ πλήττουσα αὐτὸν μὲ ἕνα μικρὸν λιθάρειον, ἀπετέλει ἦχον παρόμοιον μὲ τὸν τῆς κιθάρας, καὶ ἐπει- δὴν ἐξεράγη τοῦ πολέμου, ἐθεώρει τὸ στράτευμα τῶν ἐχθρῶν, καὶ τὰς πολεμικὰς ἁρμονίας. Ἡ ἐν διαμο- νὴ τοῦ πολέμου τῆς ἔδωκε καιρὸν νὰ γνωρίσῃ κατ᾽ ὄνομα τοὺς στρατηγοὺς καὶ πρωτεύοντας τῶν ἐχθρῶν, διακρίνουσα
καὶ ὅσέτι ἡ τὰ ὅπλα τῶν, τὰς ἵππους, ἢ τὰ φορέματά του· οἴχως δὲ ἠγάπησε καὶ τὸν Μίνω, τὸν ὁποῖον πε- ριεργάσθη καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸ πρέπον. Κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τῆς Μίνως ἦτον ἀξιέραστος διὰ πολλὰ προτερήματα. Ὅταν ἐφόρει τὴν περικεφαλαίαν, καὶ τὰ πτερὰ τῆς πε- ρικεσκέπαζον τὸ πρόσωπόν του, τῆς ἐφαίνετο μὲ ὅλης τῆς τοῦ περικεφαλαίας ὁ ὡραιότερος τῶν ἀνδρῶν· ἂν ἐλάμβανεν εἰς χεῖρας τὴν τοῦ ἀσπίδα, τῆς ἐφαίνετο ὅτι τὰ ἁρμόζει καλλιώτερα ἀπὸ τοὺς ἄλλους· ἂν ἐμετακίνει ἐντόνως τὰ ἀκόντια, αὐτὴ ἐθαύμαζε καὶ ἐσθάμβαζε τὴν τέχνην, καὶ δύναμιν του· ἂν ἔρριπτε βέλος, ὡρμίζετο ὅτι εἶχε τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τὴν ἐπιδεξιότητα· ὅταν δὲ, ἀφήνων τὴν περικεφαλαίαν, ἐξεσκέπαζε τὸ πρόσωπόν του, καὶ τὸν ἔβλεπεν ἐπάνω εἰς τὸ ἄλογόν του, τότε ἡ νύμφη ἔχανε σχεδὸν τὰς φρένας της, καὶ μόλις ἐδύνατο νὰ χαλινώσῃ τὴν ὁρμὴν τοῦ πάθους της. Ἐμακάριζε τὸ δόρυ, ὅπερ ἐβάστα ὁ Μίνως, ἐμακάριζε τὰς χαλίνας τοῦ ἀλόγου του, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα ἤγγιζε μὲ τὰς χεῖρας του. Ἐπόθει νὰ ὁρμήσῃ, ἂν τῆς ἦτον συγχωρημένον, μεταξὺ τοῦ πλή- θους τῶν πολεμίων, ἢ νὰ ῥίψῃ ἀπὸ τὸ ὕψος τοῦ πύρ- γου εἰς τὸ μέσον τοῦ στρατεύματος, ἢ νὰ ἀνοίξῃ τῷ Μί- νωι τὰς θύρας τῆς πόλεως, ἢ νὰ κάμῃ ὅ,τι ἄλλο ἢ ἂν ἤθελε τῆς ζητήσῃ. Ὡς δὲ ἐκάθητο εἰς τὸν πύργον περιεργαζομένη τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ Κρήτης Βασιλέως, „ἐγὼ „οὐκ οἶδα, ἔλεγε καθ' ἑαυτήν, ἂν πρέπει νὰ χαίρω, ἢ νὰ „λυπῶμαι διὰ τὸν ἀξιοθάμβωτον τοῦτον πόλεμον. Λυπῶ- „μαι βέβαια ὅτι ὁ Μίνως εἶναι ἐχθρὸς τῆς ἐρωμένης „μου· πλὴν ἂν δὲν συνέβαινεν ὁ πόλεμος, ἐγὼ δὲν „ἤθελα γνωρίσει τὸν
As she was speaking, Night, most powerful healer of our cares, darkened, and, with the shadows, her boldness grew. The first hours of quiet had come, when sleep soothes hearts that the day�s anxieties have wearied: the daughter steals silently into her father�s room, and (alas, the evil!) robs him of the fateful lock of hair. Through the middle of the enemy camp she goes (so certain of her worth to them) with the impious prize she has gained, straight to the king: who is startled by her speech to him. �Love drove me to crime! I, Scylla, daughter of King Nisus, deliver, to you, the gods of my house, and my country. I ask no gift but yourself. Take this purple lock of hair as the pledge of my love, and know that I do not deliver merely a lock of his hair to you, but his head!� And she held out her gift in her sinful hand. Minos recoiled from what she offered him, and shaken by the thought of this unnatural act, answered �May the gods banish you from their world, O you who disgrace this age, and may land and sea be denied you! Be certain I will never allow Crete, which is my world, and the cradle of Jove, to give sanctuary to such a monstrous child.�
He spoke: and after establishing laws for his defeated enemies, this most just of legislators, ordered the cables to be loosed from his fleet, and the oars of the bronze-beaked ships to be set in motion. When Scylla saw that the ships were drawing away over the sea, and that their master had refused her the reward for her wickedness, exhausting prayer, she succumbed to violent anger, and, her hair streaming, shouted in her fury, stretching our her hands. �Where are you running to, deserting the creator of your success, O you whom I have set above my father, set above my country? Where are you running to, cruel one, whose victory was my crime, and my kindness? Does neither the gift I gave, nor my love, move you, nor the knowledge that all my hopes are contained in you alone? Where shall I go, deserted like this? To my country? It is defeated! Even if it were not, it is closed to me through my treachery! To my father�s presence? Whom I betrayed to you? The citizens hate me, with reason, and their neighbours fear my example. I am exposed to the world, so that Crete alone might be open to me. If you deny me Crete, also, and leave me here, in your ingratitude, your mother was not Europa, but the sandbanks of hostile Syrtis, or the Armenian tigress, or Charybdis�s whirlpool, stirred by the south wind. Nor are you Jupiter�s son, nor was your mother deceived by the image of a bull. That tale of your birth is a lie! Truly a bull begot you: a wild one, never captive of a heifer�s love.
Nisus, father, punish me! Joy in my pain, walls, that I have betrayed! Now, I confess it, I deserve to be hated, and to die. But let one of those whom I have impiously wounded destroy me! Why should you attack me for my crime, who gained victory through that crime? My sin against my father, and my country, was a kindness to you! Pasipha� is truly a fit mate for you: that adulteress who fooled the fierce bull with that wooden frame, and carried a hybrid foetus in her womb. Does my speech penetrate your ears, monster of ingratitude, or do the same winds that blow your ships on, blow my words away to nothingness? Now, Now, it is no wonder to me, that Pasipha� preferred that bull to you, you have more savagery in you than he had. Oh, he is ordering them to run! And the waves resound to the beat of the oars, and I and my land recede. No matter. Oh, in vain, you forget my kindnesses: I shall follow you against your will, clinging to the curved sternpost, dragged over the wide ocean.�
She had scarcely finished speaking when she leapt into the sea, and swam after the fleet, her passion lending her strength, and clung to the Cretan boat. Her father, who had been newly changed into a sea eagle, soaring through the air on tawny wings, saw her, and dived towards her, as she clung there, to tear at her with his hooked beak. In fear she let go of the sternpost, but as she fell the light breeze seemed to hold her, not letting her touch the water. Feathers spring from her arms: changed into a bird, the rock dove, with its red legs and purple throat, she is called Ciris, �Cutter�, and acquired that name from her cutting of the lock of hair.
„ήτον ὡραία ὥσπερ σύ, δικαίως ἠράσθη αὐτῆς ὁ Ζεύς. „Ἄχ πόσον δυστυχὴς ἤθελα εἶμαι ὦ ἐδυνάμην νὰ „πετάξω εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδόν σας ! ἤθελα σὲ φανερώσω „τῆς ἀγάπης μου, ἤθελα σὲ ἐρωτήσω τί πρέπει νὰ „κάμω διὰ νὰ μὲ ἀγαπήσῃς, ἤθελα σὲ παρακαλέσω „νὰ μοῦ εἴπῃς μὲ ποίαν τιμὴν δύναμαι νὰ σὲ ἀπο- „λαύσω. Ναί, Μίνως, ἤθελα σὲ παραδώσω κάθε „ἄλλο τι, πλὴν τὰ πατρὸς μου, ᾗ τῆς πατρίδος μου· ἐ- „πειδὴ κάλλιον ἂς χαθῇ ἡ ἀγάπη μας, ᾗ ἡ ἐλπίς μας, „παρὰ νὰ γίνω δυστυχὴς μὲ ποιήσω ἀπροδοσίαν, ὦ „ᾗ συχνάκις ἡ ἐπιείκεια τὰ δυσμῶν γίνεται, ἐποίησαν „ὠφέλιμον εἰς πολλοὺς τὸ γίνεσθαι. Δίκαιος βέβαια „εἶναι ὁ πόλεμος, τὸν ὁποῖον μᾶς φέρνει ὁ Μίνως, „διὰ νὰ ἐνδικήσῃ τὸν θάνατον τὸν υἱοῦ του, τὸν φόνον υἱοῦ τοῦ „πατρὸς παρὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων. Βοηθούμενος ἀπὸ τὸ δί- „καιόν του, ἠθὲ ἀπὸ τὰ ὅπλα του, δὲν ἀμφιβάλλω ὅτι „θέλει μᾶς νικήσει. Ἐπειδὴ λοιπὸν τοιαύτη μέλλει „νὰ εἶναι βεβαίως ἡ τύχη μας, ἂς λάβῃ πόλιν δι' ἐμοῦ „μᾶλλον διὰ τὰ ἔρωτός μου, ᾗ διὰ τὴν ὅπλων του · εἶναι „συμφερώτερον νὰ νικήσῃ χωρὶς ἀγῶνα, ἠθὲ σφαγήν, „ᾗ χωρὶς νὰ κινδυνεύσῃ νὰ χύσῃ τὸ αἷμα του. Τοῦτο „φοβοῦμαι, ὦ Μίνως, μή σὲ πληγώσῃ τις μὴ γνω- „ρίζοντάς σε, ἐπειδὴ ποῖος εἶναι τόσον σκληρὸς, ὥστε „νὰ τολμήσῃ, γνωρίζοντάς σε, νὰ στρέψῃ κατὰ σοῦ τὸ „δόρυ του; πρέπει λοιπὸν νὰ σὲ φυλάξω, ᾗ νὰ πλέξω „σω μίαν ἐπιχείρησιν, ἡ ὁποία ἀρέσκει μοι, καὶ εὐ- „χαριστεῖ με. Ἀπεφάσισα νὰ σοὶ παραδώσω τὴν ἐμαυ- „τήν μου, καὶ τῆς πατρίδα μου ὡς προῖκα, καὶ οὕτω νὰ „λάβῃ πέρας ἡ μάχη. Πλὴν δὲν ἀρκεῖ μόνον νὰ θέ- „λω, πρέπει νὰ εὕρω ᾗ ὅποια μέσα · ἀλλ' αἱ θύραι τῆς „πόλεως εἶναι περικυκλωμέναι ἀπὸ φύλακας, καὶ ὁ
„ πατήρ μας κρατά τὰ κλείδια. Αὐτὸν μόνον φοβοῦμαι, „ μόνος αὐτὸς ἐμποδίζει τὸν πόθον με. Ὦ Θεοί, εἴ- „ θε νὰ μὴ εἶχον πατέρα! ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νὰ ἐπικαλοῦ- „ μαι τοὺς Θεούς; Ἕκαστος εἶναι αὐτὸς Θεὸς, ὅ- „ σον ἔχῃ δυστολμίαν πρὸς τὰ μεγάλα ἐπιχειρήματα, „ καὶ ἡ τύχη εἶναι πάντοτε ἐναντία εἰς τὰς δεήσεις τῶν „ δειλῶν ἢ ῥαθύμων. Ἂν κάμμια ἄλλη ἐπιάστη ἀπὸ „ τοιοῦτον ἔρωτα, ἤθελεν ἀπορρίψει ἕως καὶ παρὰ ὅλα τῆς „ πόθου της τὰ ἐμπόδια. Διὰ τί λοιπὸν νὰ ὑποφέρω „ νὰ εἶναι κάμμια ἄλλη γενναιοτέρα, καὶ πλέον μεγα- „ λόψυχος ἀπὸ ἐμέ, ἥτις τολμᾷ νὰ περάσῃ μετα- „ ξὺ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ πυρὸς καὶ τῶν σιδήρων· ἀλλ' εἰς τὸν „ ἐπιχείρησόν με οὔτε σίδηρα χρειάζονται, οὔτε πῦρ· „ ἄλλο τι δὲ με χρειάζεται εἰμὴ μία θρὶξ τῆς παρθέ- „ νου της· τὸ πᾶθος με εἶναι πολυτιμιώτερον ἀ- „ πὸ τὸν χρυσόν, αὐτὴ μόνη δύναται νὰ με κάμῃ εὐ- „ τυχῆ, καὶ δι' αὐτῆς μόνης θέλω ἐπιτύχει τοῦ ποθη- „ μένου μου".
Ὥς πόσον ἡ ῥύς, ἡ ὀποῖα δὲν ἔχεται ποτὲ χωρεῖς νὰ φέρη ξοφὸν εἰς τὰ πάθη τῆς ψυχῆς, κατακάνυσα τὴν παρθένον ἀναγολεμένην εἰς τοιαύτας στοχασμὲς, τῶν ἐστέρεωσεν εἰς τῶν γνώμην τῆς, καὶ ηὔξησε τῶν πόλμον τῆς. Ἐν ᾧ λοιπὸν ἐκοιμᾶτο ὑπὸν βάθως ὁ πατήρ τῆς, ἐμβαίνει σιγὰ εἰς τὸν κοιτῶνα τῆς, κ (φεῦ τὸ κακούργημα !) ἔκοψεν ἡ Θυγάτηρ τῶν ἱερῶν τῆς κεφαλῆς του τὸ ξανθὸν τρίχα τὰ πάξος, ἡ ὀποῖα ἦταν ἡ δύναμις τῆς, καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἡ σωτηρία. Ἀφ' οὗ ἔλαβεν εἰς χεῖρας τὸ πολύτιμον λάφυρον, ἐκβήκει ἀπὸ τὴν πόλιν, κ διαβαίνουσα ἀναμέσον τῆς ἐχθρῶν, ὑπῆγεν εἰς τὸν Μίνω, εὐέλπις οὖσα ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον αὐτὸ ἦθελε κερδήση βέβαια τὴν ἀγάπην του. Πρὸς τὸν ὀποῖον
μέ; πῶς φύγεις, σκληρέ, τὸ ὁποῖος ἡ νίκη εἶναι ὅμως ἔγκλημά με πρὸς ἀβεργοσίαν με; Δὲν σὲ δυσωπῶσιν οὔτε παῦ δῶρά με, οὔτε ἡ ἀγάπη με; δὲν σοῦ δοκιάζεσαι ὅτι εἰς σὲ μόνον ἔχω ὅλας μου τὰς ἐλπίδας; ποῦ νὰ εὕρω ἡ ἀπεγνωσμένη κατάφυγή; εἰς τὴν πατρίδα με, ἀλλ' ἠρανίδη ἐξ αἰτίας με; ἀλλ' ἂν ἦτον ὅτι σῶα, διὰ τὴν προδοσίαν με, εἶναι κλεισμένη εἰς ἐμέ. Ἆρά γε εἰς τὸν πατέρα με, τὸν ὁποῖον παρέδωκα εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν σε; Οἱ συμπολῖται με δικαίως με μισῶσιν· οἱ γείτονες φοβῶνται τὸ κακόν με παράδειγμα. Ἀπέκλεισα ἐμαυτήν ὅλως τῶν οἰκουμένων, διὰ νὰ μοῦ ἀποκῇ ἡ Κρήτη μόνη· ἢ μὲ ἐμποδίσης νὰ κατάφυγω κἂν εἰς αὐτήν, ἢ μὲ ἀφήσης, ἀχάριστε. Θέλω νὰ πῶ ὅτι δὲν εἶσαι βέβαιος υἱός τῆς Εὐρώπης, ἀλλὰ γέννημα Ἀρμενίας Τίγρειος. Ὄχι, ὄχι, δὲν εἶσαι σὺ υἱός τοῦ Διός, ἢ δὲν ὑπῆρξε ποτὲ ὁ Ζεὺς πὴν μητέρα σε εἰς Ταύρου μορφῇ· ψευδῶδης εἶναι ἡ ἀληθορφέα γενεαλογία σε· ἀλλὰ εἶσαι ὅμως Ταῦρος ἢ ἀπὸ πατέρα ἀγριώτατος. Ἆχ πάτερ με, σὺ ἄρμεγα ἐνδικίνδυνος βλέπων ἐγκαταλελειμμένην τὴν Θυγατέρα σε ἀπὸ τὸν ἀπανδράποντον ἐκεῖνον; δι' ὃν ἐγὼ σὲ ἐγκατέλειπον. Ὦ τείχη, ὦ λαέ, ὃν ἐπροδώσασα, χαίρετε εἰς τὰ παιδιά με· ὁμολογῶ ὅτι μοῦ ἔπρεπε, καὶ εἴμαι ἄξια πάσης τιμωρίας. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τί δὲν ἔρχεται τις ἀπὸ ἐκείνους, τοὺς ὁποίους ἐπροδώσασα νὰ με θανατώση; ἢ διὰ τί σὺ μόνος, ὁ διὰ τὸ ἔγκλημά μου γενόμενος νικητής, τιμωρεῖς τὸ ἔγκλημά με; Πρὸς μὲν τὸν λαόν με, καὶ τὸν πατέρα με, ὃ ἐποίησα εἶναι βέβαιον ἁμάρτημα, ὡς δὲ πρὸς ἐσέ εἶναι εὐεργέσημα. Ἀλλὰ σὺ ἄξιος ἤσουν νὰ ἦσαι ἀνὴρ τῆς μοιχαλίδος ἐκείνης γυναικός σε, ἡ
When Minos reached Cretan soil he paid his dues to Jove, with the sacrifice of a hundred bulls, and hung up his war trophies to adorn the palace. The scandal concerning his family grew, and the queen�s unnatural adultery was evident from the birth of a strange hybrid monster. Minos resolved to remove this shame, the Minotaur, from his house, and hide it away in a labyrinth with blind passageways. Daedalus, celebrated for his skill in architecture, laid out the design, and confused the clues to direction, and led the eye into a tortuous maze, by the windings of alternating paths. No differently from the way in which the watery Maeander deludes the sight, flowing backwards and forwards in its changeable course, through the meadows of Phrygia, facing the running waves advancing to meet it, now directing its uncertain waters towards its source, now towards the open sea: so Daedalus made the endless pathways of the maze, and was scarcely able to recover the entrance himself: the building was as deceptive as that.
In there, Minos walled up the twin form of bull and man, and twice nourished it on Athenian blood, but the third repetition of the nine-year tribute by lot, caused the monster�s downfall. When, through the help of the virgin princess, Ariadne, by rewinding the thread, Theseus, son of Aegeus, won his way back to the elusive threshold, that no one had previously regained, he immediately set sail for Dia, stealing the daughter of Minos away with him, then cruelly abandoned his companion on that shore. Deserted and weeping bitterly, as she was, Bacchus-Liber brought her help and comfort. So that she might shine among the eternal stars, he took the crown from her forehead, and set it in the sky. It soared through the rarified air, and as it soared its jewels changed to bright fires, and took their place, retaining the appearance of a crown, as the Corona Borealis, between the kneeling Hercules and the head of the serpent that Ophiuchus holds.
ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 421
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ὅστις σκοπάδῃ τὸ ἐλύσειον παράδειγμα τῆς Μύθης ταύτης, βέβαιος θέλει ᾖναι ὅτι ἀφήκει νὰ φοβώμεθα κάθε κακὸν ἀπὸ τὸν ἔρωτα, καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς. Ἡ Σκύλλα ἐρᾷ τὸν ἐχθρὸν τοῦ πατρός της, καὶ ἀποφασίζει νὰ ἀποδώσῃ τὸν πατέρα της, διὰ νὰ κάμῃ γνωστὸν τὸν ἐχθρόν του. Δύναται νὰ δοθῇ χειρότερον παράδειγμα; Ἆρα γε δὲν ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο διὰ νὰ μᾶς παρακινήσῃ νὰ φύγωμεν ἢ νὰ φοβώμεθα τὸν ἔρωτα, ἢ τὰς γυναῖκας;
Ἀλλ᾿ ἐπειδὴ ὄχι μόνον αἱ γυναῖκες, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες ὑπόκεινται εἰς παρόμοια σφάλματα, δὲν πρέπει νὰ καταδικάσωμεν οὔτε τὸ ἕν, οὔτε τὸ ἄλλο γένος, διὰ τὸ πταῖσμα ὀλίγων τινῶν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ εὑρίσκονται γυναῖκες πόσον ἐνάρετοι, ὥστε ὑπερβαίνουσι τοὺς ἄνδρας· διὰ τί νὰ μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν μᾶς ὅλος τὸ γένος διὰ τοὺς ἄνδρας· διὰ τί τῶν πολλῶν ἀρετῶν μας νὰ τὸ μισῶμεν διὰ αἰτίας ὀλίγων κακοθέτρων; Διὰ γὰρ ὁ Μῦθος ταύτην σκοπὸν, ἀλλὰ θέλει νὰ μᾶς διδάξῃ ἄλλο τι γενικώτερον.
Ὁ Μῖνως, βδελυττόμενος τὴν Σκύλλαν, ἐνῷ διὰ ὅπως ἀποδώσῃ τὸν πατέρα της ἔγινε νικητὴς, μᾶς ἐνδεικνύει ὅτι ἐξ αὐτοῦ οἱ παρὰ ἡμῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων ἢ κακοποιοῦντων εἴργομεν τὰς μισοῦμεν καὶ ἀποστρεφόμεθα, ὅσον κι᾿ ἂν ᾖ ἤτοι μεγάλη ἡ ὠφέλεια, τὴν ὁποίαν παρ᾿ αὐτῶν λαμβάνομεν, καὶ ἡ ἀπάμοιβη τῆς κακίας των ἄλλο τι δὲν εἶναι παρὰ τὸ κοινὸν μῖσος.
Διὰ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θριχὸς τῆς Νίσης, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν ἐστέκετο ὅλη τῆς ἡ δύναμις, εἰκονίζεται ἀπόκρυφος ἡ βουλὴ τοῦ βασιλέως του, ἡ ὁποία δὲν τὴν ἐφανέρωσεν εἰς τὴν ἐχθρόν του, τὸν εὐνίκησαν δι᾿ αὐτῆς, ἢ ἐπέρασαν τὴν πόλιν. Διδάσκει λοιπὸν ἐκ τούτου ὅτι ὁ βασι- λεὺς ὀφείλει νὰ φυλάττῃ ἐπιμελῶς τὰ μυστικά του, ἢ νὰ κρατῇ κε- κρυμμένους τοὺς σκοποὺς του εἰς τόπον, ὥστε νὰ μὴ τοὺς φανερώ- σῃ, νὰ μὴ κοινοποιῇ εἰς τὸ ἀγαπημένον του ὑποκείμενον ὅλα τὰ μυστι- κά του· Πρέπει λοιπὸν οἱ Ἄρχοντες νὰ ἐκλέγωσι φρόνιμες καὶ συνετ- ὰς ὑπηρέτας, δίχα νὰ τὰς συμβουλεύωνται· μάλιστα, ὡς λέγει ὁ Πολύβιος, δὲν ἁρμόζει ὁ Ἄρχων νὰ ἀποκαλύπτῃ τὰ μυστικά του οὔτε εἰς αὐτὸς τὰς φρόνιμες, ἐκτὸς ἐπὶ πολλοῦ ἀποβῇ εἰς τὴν διεξα- γωγὴν τῶν σκοπῶν των, ἢ βοηθῇ μὲν εἰς τὰς ὑποθέσεις του.
Περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, τοῦ Μινωταύρου, τοῦ Λαβυρίνθου, τῆς Ἀριάδνης, καὶ τοῦ Θη- σέως καὶ περὶ τοῦ κατασταρωθέντος στε- φάνου τῆς Ἀριάδνης.
Ν κῆ ἴσας ὁ Μῖνος τῆ Ἀςυάας, τὰ ὑποχέσωσε νά στέλλωσιν εἰς τῆν Κρήτην χὰ δε ἐργα πρᾶσμε ἔπὶ νέες, ἤ ἔπὶ κο- ρασια ὑπὸ τῆς αὐχνοστήρας οἰκογενείας ἤ Ἀθλέων, διά νά ῥί- πωνται εἰς τὸν καθύειςον ἀφὸ γραφῆν τοῦ Μινώταυρου. Μετάξὺ τῆς ἄλλης, ἔτυχεν αὕτη ἡ δυσυχία καὶ εἰς τὸν Θησέα · ἀλλὰ μὲ τῆς ἐρωμένης τε Ἀριάδης τὴ βοήθειαν, θανατώσας τοῦ Μινώταυρου, ἐλευθερώθη ἀπὸ τὸν Λαβύερύθον. Μετὰ ταῦτα μενούσησε νὰ μὲ τὴν Ἀριάδίαν, ἤ ὕστερον αὐτὴ νυμφοδόθη ἀλλ' ἀγαπεί- ησ Θησεὺς ἐπὶ τῆν νῆσον Νάξον, ὅτε ἰδών αὐτήν Βάκχος, τὴν παρηγόρησε, καὶ τήν ἐνυμφώθη, καὶ ἐς τεκνήτειον τε ἀγάπης του, ἔθηςε μετάξὺ τῆς ἀέρων τὸ στέφανον αὐτῆς.
Ἐπανανάμφας ὁ Μῖνος εἰς τῆν Κρήτην, ἐθυσίασ- εν εἰς τὸν Δία ἑκατὸν βόας, πρὸς εὐχαριςίαν
τῆς νύμφης, καὶ ἐκρέμασεν εἰς τὸ παλάτιόν του τὰ λάφυρα τῆς ἐχθρῷ. Ὡς πόσον εἶχεν αὐξηθῆναι τὸ ὄνειδος τῆς γυναικὸς του, καὶ ἦτον γνωστὴ ποῖς πᾶσιν ἡ μιαρὰ μοιχεία τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ Πασιφάης, ὅτις ἐρασθεῖσα εἰς Ταῦρον, ἐγέννησε τέρας τι, ὃν ἐξ ἡμισείας μὲν ἄνθρωπος, ἐξ ἡμισείας δὲ ταῦρος. Ὁ Μίνως λοιπὸν ἐσκοπήθη νὰ κρύψῃ τὸ καταισχυντηρὸν θάλαμόν του, καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς, πλέον τὸ τέρας ἐκεῖνο εἰς τόπον, ὅπως νὰ μὴ δυνάσται νὰ τὸ ἰδῇ τις. Δαίδαλος, ὁ περιβόητος καὶ θαυμάσιος ἀρχιτέκτων, κατεσκεύασεν ἕν μεγαλόπρεπον λαβύρινθον μὲ μυρίας ἐμπεπλεγμένας δρόμους, καὶ τόσας περιστροφὰς, ὥστε ὅποιος ἐμβαίνων εἰς αὐτὸ, δυσκόλως ἐπλανᾶτο τῇ ἀπωλείᾳ. Καθὼς ὁ Μαίανδρος, ὁ τῆς Φρυγίας ποταμὸς, τῇ δὲ ἱκανῶς περιστρεφόμενος παίζει μὲ τὰ κύματα του, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὑπάγει πρὸς τὴν πηγὴν του, διὰ νὰ ἰδῇ ἂν τὰ ὕδατα του τὸν ἀκολουθοῦσι, ποτὲ δὲ ῥέει πρὸς τῇ θαλάσσῃ, ἢ διὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς γύρους του, δὲν δυνάσαι τις νὰ κατακόψῃ ἂν ἀναβαίνει, ἢ καταβαίνει· ἔτσι ὁ Δαίδαλος κατεσκεύασε τὸν λαβύρινθον μὲ μυρίας δρόμους, καὶ ἀπείρους ἑλίξεις ἢ περιστροφὰς, ἢ μὲ τοιαύτην θαυμασίαν τέχνην, ὥστε καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ τέκτων ἐκινδύνευσε νὰ πλανηθῇ, καὶ μὲ δυσκολίαν μεγάλην εὗρε τὴν θύραν διὰ νὰ ἐκβῇ ἔξω. Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν λαβύρινθον ἔπλασαν τὸν Μινώταυρον, πρὸς τροφὴν τοῦ ὁποίου εἶχον καταδικασθῇ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι νὰ στέλλωσι κάθ᾽ ἐννέα χρόνους ἑπτὰ νέους, καὶ ἑπτὰ νέας ἐκ τῶν εὐγενεστέρων τῆς πόλεως. Ὁ ὁρισμένος ἕτος δασμὸς εἶχε σταλῆ ἕξ φοράς, καὶ τῇ ἑβδόμῃ φορᾷ ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος ἐπὶ τὸν Θησέα, ὅς τις ἀφιχθεὶς εἰς τὴν Κρήτην, ἠξιώθη
τον κατακοιλὰ ὡραῖος, ἢ διασλαγχνία της διόλως με- περάπη εις ἔρωτα, ἢ τὸν ἐδίδαξε τὸν κόσμον να νικη- σῃ τὸν Μινώταυρον. Ἔμβαινον λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν λαβύ- ρινθον, ἐπολέμησεν ανδρείως, ἢ ἐθανάτωσε τὸ τέρας, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκβηκὲ ἀπὸ ἐκείνου τῶν φυλακῶν με τὸ αὐτὸ μέσον, δί ἃ καὶ ἐμβηκε, δηλαδὴ δώσαντας εἰς τῶ Θύρας τὸ λαβυερίνθῳ τῆς μιᾶς ἀκραν τὸ ῥήματος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε παρὰ τῆς Ἀριάδνης, ἢ ἔπως ἐδυναίψη να ἄρῃ ὑπόλας τῶν ἐξόδον. Τοιαύτόροπας ἡλευθέρω- σσε τὸν ἑαυτόν τα, ἢ τῶ παβίδα τα ἀπὸ τὸ σκληρὸν ἐ- χεῖνο χρέος, καὶ αὖθις μετὰ τῶν ῥήλων ἀμεταγώνησε με τῆς Ἀριάδνης, φέρων αὐτὸν εἰς τῆς Δίας Νήσον· ἀλλ εἰς ἀντεμοιβήν τῆς εὐεργεσίας τῆς, τῆς ἄφησον ὁ ἀχθεσ- σος εἰς τὸ ἔρημον παραθαλάσσιον τῆς Νήσος, εἰς τῆς ὀξεσίαν τῆ Θυέλων, τῆς λύπης, ἢ ἀπελπισίας· Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐπείνη ὀλοφυρομένη ἢ ἀλαῖσα, ἐμέμφετο τὸ Θησέως τῆς ἀχαρεστίας, κατὰ συμβεβηκός διέβη ἐπείεθον ὁ Διόνυσος καὶ ἀφλαγχνίόμενος τῆς δυστυχίας τῆς, ἢ διμοφείας, αὐ ἔλαβεν εἰς γυναῖκά τα, ἢ διὰ να τῶν δοξάση αἰδίως, ἀφαιρέ- σας τὸν σέφανον, τὸν ὁποῖον ἐκείνη ἔφερεν ἐπὶ τῆς παραλῆς, τὸν ἔρριψε πρὸς τὸν εἰρανὸν. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἐφέρετο εἰς τὸ ὕψος, πὰ μαργαριταῖα, με πὰ ὁποῖα ἦτον κατακπλουτισμένος, μετε- βλήθησαν εἰς ἄστρα, πὰ ἄρκι τὸ νῦν φυλάττοντα χήματα σεφαῦς, ἢ λάμποντα μεταξὺ τὸ ἀξέρος ἐκείνης, τὸ εἱκονίζοντας ἄνθρωπον ἀκουμβισμένον εἰς τὸ γόνατον, ἢ τὸ ἄλλε τὸ κρατῦντος τὸν ὄφιν.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΛ.
Meanwhile Daedalus, hating Crete, and his long exile, and filled with a desire to stand on his native soil, was imprisoned by the waves. �He may thwart our escape by land or sea� he said �but the sky is surely open to us: we will go that way: Minos rules everything but he does not rule the heavens�. So saying he applied his thought to new invention and altered the natural order of things. He laid down lines of feathers, beginning with the smallest, following the shorter with longer ones, so that you might think they had grown like that, on a slant. In that way, long ago, the rustic pan-pipes were graduated, with lengthening reeds. Then he fastened them together with thread at the middle, and bees�-wax at the base, and, when he had arranged them, he flexed each one into a gentle curve, so that they imitated real bird�s wings. His son, Icarus, stood next to him, and, not realising that he was handling things that would endanger him, caught laughingly at the down that blew in the passing breeze, and softened the yellow bees�-wax with his thumb, and, in his play, hindered his father�s marvellous work.
When he had put the last touches to what he had begun, the artificer balanced his own body between the two wings and hovered in the moving air. He instructed the boy as well, saying �Let me warn you, Icarus, to take the middle way, in case the moisture weighs down your wings, if you fly too low, or if you go too high, the sun scorches them. Travel between the extremes. And I order you not to aim towards Bootes, the Herdsman, or Helice, the Great Bear, or towards the drawn sword of Orion: take the course I show you!� At the same time as he laid down the rules of flight, he fitted the newly created wings on the boy�s shoulders. While he worked and issued his warnings the ageing man�s cheeks were wet with tears: the father�s hands trembled.
He gave a never to be repeated kiss to his son, and lifting upwards on his wings, flew ahead, anxious for his companion, like a bird, leading her fledglings out of a nest above, into the empty air. He urged the boy to follow, and showed him the dangerous art of flying, moving his own wings, and then looking back at his son. Some angler catching fish with a quivering rod, or a shepherd leaning on his crook, or a ploughman resting on the handles of his plough, saw them, perhaps, and stood there amazed, believing them to be gods able to travel the sky.
And now Samos, sacred to Juno, lay ahead to the left (Delos and Paros were behind them), Lebinthos, and Calymne, rich in honey, to the right, when the boy began to delight in his daring flight, and abandoning his guide, drawn by desire for the heavens, soared higher. His nearness to the devouring sun softened the fragrant wax that held the wings: and the wax melted: he flailed with bare arms, but losing his oar-like wings, could not ride the air. Even as his mouth was crying his father�s name, it vanished into the dark blue sea, the Icarian Sea, called after him. The unhappy father, now no longer a father, shouted �Icarus, Icarus where are you? Which way should I be looking, to see you?� �Icarus� he called again. Then he caught sight of the feathers on the waves, and cursed his inventions. He laid the body to rest, in a tomb, and the island was named Icaria after his buried child.
Ο, τι ἀ αἱ εἴ πυτις περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, δύσκολον εἶναι, ἀκολούθων τὴν κοινὴν ὑπόληψιν, νὰ κάμῃ ὀρθῶς τὴν περὶ αὐτῆς κρίσιν, καὶ νὰ φυλάξῃ τὸ τιμὴν της· ἐπειδὴ οἱ περισσότεροι ὑπολαμβάνουσι συμφώνως ὅτι αὐτὴ ἀληθῶς ἔπραξεν ὡς Ταῦρος, ἢ συνέλαβε τὸν Μινώταυρον ἔχοντα συνεργάτας τὰ Δαιδάλου. Ἰδοὺ τὸ ἀληθείᾳ, ἰδοὺ κακὸ πόσον καὶ μιαρὰ γίνον. Πλὴν λέγουσιν ἄλλοι ὅτι ὁ Ταῦρος ἦτον γραμματεὺς τοῦ Μίνωος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔπραξεν ἡ Πασιφάη, καθ' ὃν καιρὸν ἔτυχε νὰ ἦσει ἀρρώστος ὁ Μίνως, ἢ ὅτι μετ' αὐτοῦ ἐγέννησεν υἱόν, τοῦ ὁποῖον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ὠνόμασαν Μινώταυρον ἀπὸ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Μίνωος καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου, καὶ ὡς νὰ δυσφημήσουσι τὸν Μίνωα καὶ τὴν μητέρα τοῦ ἐφημέρου τοῦ Μίνωος, δι' αἰτίας τοῦ ἀδόμου ἔρωτος τῆς Πασιφάης· Ὦ πόσον εἶναι μῦθος ἐπιστήμονες ποὺ ἐρωτᾶν· ἀλλ' ἂν κι φυσικώτερος δὲ δόναμαι θέλω Παραδείγω. Ὡς πόσον εἶναι πιθανὸν νὰ ἀγαπήσῃ ἐκείνη ὡς χρῆμα τοῦτον ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς της, ἐπειδὴ ἢ δὲν ἔπαθες μόνος ὁ Μίνως παρόμοιον κακόν.
Ἰδοὺ δὲ δόσομεν πίστιν εἰς τὸν Λυκιάδην, ὄχι μόνον δὲ θέλομεν μέμψει τὴν Πασιφάην, ἀλλὰ μάλιστα θέλει μᾶς φανῇ ἀξιέπαινος. Λέγει λοιπὸν ἐκεῖνος ὅτι ὁ Δαίδαλος (τὸν ὁποῖον, κατὰ τὸν Μῦθον, αὐτὴ μετενέχθη βοηθοῦσα εἰς τὸν ἔρωτα της) ἦτον θαυμάσιος Ἀστρολόγος, καὶ ὅτι ἀνέστασε τὴν ἡ Πασιφάη ἀθλεγόμενον περὶ τοῦ ἔργου Ταύρου, ἢ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων, ἔπραξεν τῆς ἐπισημάντει τι. Τοῦτο ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν νὰ μυθολογηθῇ ὅτι ἔπραξεν τὸ Ταῦρος, ἢ ἐπληρώθη τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν της ὃξ μηχανῆς τοῦ Δαιδάλου.
Ἀλλὰ διότι ἄλλοτε τις ἀδείαν εἰς τὸν Μῦθον ἄλλοτι ὠφελιμώτερον καὶ σωτηριώδεστερον;
αὐτὴ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑπομακρυνθῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἢ παραδοθῇ εἰς τὴν κυριαρχίαν τῶν παθῶν, τὰ ὁποῖα πάθη εἶναι ὥσπερ πόσοι μάγοι, ἤ χρησίμου τύχῃ ἀπὸ τὴν ἄμετρον Νυμφολαγνίαν, ὑπέπεσεν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἄλλου τι δὲν εἶναι γνωστὰ εἰς ἡμᾶς καὶ Σημεῖα, ἢ Ἀγχίσης ἢ λοιπὰ κακόζηλος καὶ μικρὰ ἡ Πασιφάη, διὰ τὴν ἰσχύσιν πῶς νὰ μὴ κρίνωμεν τοὺς τόκους τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ μας ἢ ἡμεῖς οἱ ὑποκατακλυσμένοι δούλους εἰς πᾶν ἀτιμώτατον καὶ αἰσχρὸν πάθος;
Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὅπως λάβη ἕξιν εἰς τὴν κακίαν, θυλώνεται εἰς ζό- πον, ὥστε εἶναι ἀδύνατον ἀδιάπτωτον νὰ ἐλευθερωθῇ · ἔτσι διὰ τοῦ λα- βυρίνθου, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὅποιος ἔμβαινε δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ εὑρῇ τὴν ἔξοδον, εἰκονίζεται ἡ προειρημένη ἀλήθεια. Τὸ νῆμα τῆς Ἀ- ριάδνης, τὸ ὁποῖον μετεχειρίσθη ὁδηγὸν ὁ Θησεὺς, φανερώνει ὅτι δύναται ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τῆς φρονήσεως καὶ διὰ τοῦ λόγου νὰ ἐλευ- θερωθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν κακίαν, ἐπειδὴ καθὼς τὰ δύο ταῦτα, ἡ φρόνησις δηλαδὴ καὶ ὁ λόγος, ὁδηγοῦσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἔτσι καὶ τὸ νῆμα ἐκεῖνο ὡδήγησε τὸν Θησέα, καὶ καθὼς εὐκόλως εἶναι νὰ κοπῇ τὸ νῆμα, ἔτσι ῥᾳδίως δύναται ὁ ἄνθρωπος νὰ χάσῃ τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον, ὅταν κυριευθῇ κἂν ὀλίγον κατὰ πάθους. Προστίθημι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι ἐκεῖνο εἶναι δυσκολία νὰ μπῇ τις εἰς τὰ πάθη, παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα ἐμπόδια ὅσα συναντῶνται εἰς αὐτὰ, καὶ πολλοί, ἀφ' οὗ ὑπερέβησαν μεγάλους κινδύνους, παραδοθέντες εἰς τὰς ἡδονὰς τόσον ἀσώτως, ὥστε ἠναγκάσθησαν νὰ ἀφανισθῶσι κατὰ κράτος, ἔτσι ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Θησεὺς ἥρπαξε πολλὰς γυ- ναῖκας, ὡς φαίνεται καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ παρόντος Μύθου, καὶ κατήντησεν ἐκ μέσου τῆς γυναικῶν εἰς λυπηρὰς περιπέτειας.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσι
Δύναταί τις νὰ ἀναγνώσῃ ταῦτα εἰς τὸν παρὰ Πλουτάρχῳ βίον τοῦ Θησέως. Λέγω μόνον ὅτι ὁ λαβύρινθος ἦτο φυλακὴ ἔτσι τὴν Κρήτην, ἡ ὁποία δὲν παρέσχει ἄλλο τι μαῦρον, εἰμὴ τῷ μύ- θῳ ὅτι δὲν ἐδύνατό τις νὰ εὕρῃ ποτε ὑπ' αὐτῆς.
Ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὅ ὁ Θησεὺς ἐμάχησεν μὲ τὸν ἄγριον τὸν Μινώταυρον, διὰ τί μὴ ἀδιάλες ὅτι ἀτιμάζεται διὰ τὴν ἀποστασίαν τὴν ἀπὸ τὴν Ἀριάδνην, ἡ ὁποία τὸν ἐλευθέρωσεν ὑπὸ τὸν ἐπικείμενον κίνδυνον, ὁ δὲ ἐγκατέλειψεν αὐτὴν ἀρχοθέτως εἰς ἔρημον Νῆσον; Διὰ τί τὸν παραδειγματιώτερόν γὰ μᾶς παρέστησεν ὁ Μῦθος τίμιον ἢ ἄμεμ- πτον κατὰ πάντα τὸν Θησέα; Περιγράφων αὐτὸν μεταξὺ τῆς νεό- τητος ὡς γενναῖον Στρατιώτην τιμῆς ἢ ἐπαίνου, ἐπὶ σκοπὸν ὁ Μῦ- θος νὰ τὸν προβάλῃ ὡς περ παράδειγμα εἰς ἡγεμόνας καὶ ἄρχον- τας, ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς δόξης, εἶτα τί ἦν παρασταθῇ ἔπειτα ἄπιστον καὶ ἀχάριστον; Νομίζω ὅτι παρέστησεν ὁ Μῦθος εἰς τὸν Θησέα αὐτὰ τὰ ἐλαττώματα, θέλει νὰ δείξῃ ὅτι καὶ αὐτὰ εἶναι γεν- νήματα παρὰ τῆς ἐμφύτου τῆς δόξης, καὶ νὰ ἐπιτιμήσῃ ἡμᾶς τα, ὅτι αἱ πλέον ὑπηρεσίαι ἐσκεμμέναι ἔχουσιν ἢ ἀνταλλαγὰς ποτὲ στὰς καὶ εἰσὶν εἰς ὁμολογουμένην χαράκτῆρα μεγάλου καὶ ὑπέ- ρογκον λογισμοῦ, δυνατὰν νὰ γεννήσῃ ἢ μεγάλα ἀγαθώματα, καθὼς καὶ εὐεργεσίας ἢ ἄλλα μεγάλα καλά. Ἐν ἀληθείᾳ ὅταν σκεφθῶ- μεν ἐπιμελῶς τὰ συμβαίνοντα εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, εὑρίσκομεν ὅτι τὰ μεγαλύτερα κακά, καθὼς ἢ τὰ μεγαλύτερα καλά, εἶναι ἔργα με- γάλων ἀνθρώπων.
Ὥστε εἶναι ἡ ἀθλία Ἀριάδνη κεῖται ἐγκαταλελειμμένη εἰς ἔρημον Νῆσον εἰς παράδειγμα τῶν κορασίων νὰ μὴ πιστεύουσιν ἁπλῶς εἰς τὰ λόγια τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ἢ θεωρῶνται ἢς ἀγνώστου. Ἀλλ' ἵνα ἀπο- δείξω,
As he was consigning his unfortunate son to the grave, a noisy partridge poked its head out from a muddy ditch, and, called, cackling joyfully, with whirring wings. It was the only one of its kind, not seen in previous years, and only recently made a bird, as a lasting reproach to you, Daedalus. Your sister, Perdix, oblivious to the fates, sent you her son, Talus, to be taught: twelve years old, his mind ready for knowledge. Indeed, the child, studying the spine of a fish, took it as a model, and cut continuous teeth out of sharp metal, inventing the use of the saw. He was also the first to pivot two iron arms on a pin, so that, with the arms at a set distance, one part could be fixed, and the other sweep out a circle. Daedalus was jealous, and hurled the boy headlong from Minerva�s sacred citadel, claiming that he had fallen. But Pallas Minerva, who favours those with quick minds, caught him, and turned him into the partridge, masking him with feathers in mid-air. His inborn energy was transferred to swift wings and feet, and he kept his mother�s name, Perdix, from before. But the bird does not perch above the ground, and does not make its nest on branches or on high points, but flies low on whirring wings over the soil, and lays its eggs in a sheltered place.
παρὰς, δεικνύει ότι ὡς ἦ οἱ Παλαιοὶ Ἐθνικοὶ ἐνόμιζαν, ὡς ἡμεῖς οἱ Χριστιανοὶ, ότι διότι αὐτὰ τὰ σώματα ἦ θνητὰ εἶναι, χαρίζει ὁ Θεὸς ἀειδαλὴ ἦ ἀθάνατον στέφανον εἰς ἐκείνους, ὅσοι προσδράμωσιν εἰς τὸ Θεῖον τὰ ἔλεος, ἦ τὸν ἀπέραντον δῶρον ἀγκάλιασιν.
Περὶ Δαιδάλου, καὶ Ἰκάρου του υἱοῦ του, καὶ Πέρδικος του εἰς πτηνόν μεταμορφώθέντος.
Βαλόμενος ὁ Δαίδαλος νὰ φύγη ὑπὸ τῆς Κρήτης, κατασκεύάζει κηεῖνα πτερὰ διὰ λόγον τε καὶ διὰ τὸν υἱόν τε τὸν Ἰκάρον, καὶ πετώντες φεύγει ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιμελείας τοῦ Μίνωος· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν Ἰκάρος πέπτει εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἀμελήσας τῆς συμβουλῆς τοῦ πατρὸς τε, ὁ δὲ Δαίδαλος ἔρχεται εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν. Διήγησεν ὁ Ποιητὴς μετὰ τοῦ Μύθου τῶν ἤ τοῦ τῆς Πέρδικος, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐλεφθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, μετεβλήθη εἰς πέρδικα.
Ὡς πόσον ὁ Δαίδαλος, μισήσας τῆς Κρήτης, καὶ τῆς πολυχρόνιον ἐξορίας τε, ἐπόθει νὰ ἐπιστρέψη εἰς τὴν πατρίδα τε· ἀλλ᾽ ἦτον κλεισμένος εἰς φυλακὴν, καὶ ἡ θάλασσα τὸν ἐμπόδιζε νὰ φύγη. Εἶπεν ἂν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, δύνανται νὰ μᾶς σφαλίσσωσιν ὅλας τὰς δρόμους τῆς τε γῆς, καὶ θαλάσσης, ἀλλὰ δὲν θέλει δυνηθῆ νὰ μᾶς κλείσσωσι καὶ τὸν δρόμον τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ ἀπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἡμεῖς
ἡμεῖς θέλομεν περάσει. Ἂς ἔχῃ ὁ Μίνως εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν του ὅλα τὰ ἄλλα, πλὴν δὲν δύναται νὰ εἶναι κύριος ἢ τὸ ἀέρος. Ἐσκοχάθη λοιπὸν νέαν τινὰ ἐφύ- ρεσιν, μηχανόμενος πρᾶγμα παράξενον εἰς τὴν φύ- σιν· διότι βάνων εἰς τάξιν διάφορα πτερά, ἢ ἀρχινῶν ἀπὸ τὰ μικρὰ εἰς τὰ μεγαλήτερα, τὰ συνῆψε μὲ τόσω τέχνεω, ὥστε ἐφαίνετο ὅτι ὑψώνοντο ὥσπερ λό- φος, καθ' ὃν τρόπον ἔγινε τὸ πάλαι ἡ ἀρχαικὸς σύ- ριγξ μὲ ἄνισοια καλάμια. Ἔπειτα τὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ μέ- σῳ ἔδεσε μὲ λίνα, τὰ δὲ κατώτατα μὲ κηρόν, καμ- πῶν αὐτὰ εἰς τρόπον, ὥστε ἐφαίνοντο ὄντως φυσικαὶ πτέρυγες πτηνῶν.
Ἐπατάχθητο εἰς τὸ αὐτὸν ἔργον ὁ Ἴχαρος ὁ υἱός του, καθ' ἀγνοίαν ὅτι ἐμοστιάζε διὰ τὸν ἀφανισμὸν του, ποτὲ μὲν συνηθροίζε τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνέμων σκορπιζόμενα πτε- ρά, ποτὲ δὲ ἐμαλάκυνε κηρὸν, καθ' οἷον δὲ δοκιμάζων τὰς πτέρυγας του, διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν εἶχον αὐτοπροθυμίαν νὰ τὰς ποιῇ πετελεσμένας, ἐμπόδιζε τὸ θαυμάσιον ἔρ- γον τοῦ πατρὸς του. Οὗτος δέ, ἀφ' οὗ ἐπελέσθη τὸ ἐπιπί- δωμα, ἐστάθμησε τὸ σῶμα του εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἐπὶ τῆς δύω πτερύγων, καὶ βλέπων ὅτι εἶχον καλῶς, ἤρ- ξατο νὰ νουθετῇ τὸν υἱόν του, λέγων ταῦτα· „πρόσεχε, „Ἴχαρε, νὰ πετᾷς πάντοτε εἰς τὸν μεσαίτατον δρόμον „τοῦ ἀέρος· ἐπειδὴ ἐὰν ὑπάγῃς παρακάτω, οἱ ἐκ τῆς „θαλάσσης ἀτμοί, θέλει βαρύνῃ τὰς πτέρυγάς σου· ἐὰν „δὲ πάλιν ὑπάγῃς ὑψηλότερα, ἡ θερμότης θέλει χω- „νεύσῃ τὸν κηρόν. Πέτα λοιπὸν κατὰ τὸ μέσον διά- „στημα, καὶ φυλάξου νὰ μὴ ξέρῃς πρὸς τὰ βόρεια μέ- „ρη, ἀλλ' ἀκολουθήσῃς πάντοτε τὸν δρόμον μου". Μετὰ ταῦτα προσήρμοσε τὰς πτέρυγας εἰς τὰς ὤμας του, διδά- σκων αὐτὸν τὴν ὁδὸν, ὁπόθεν ἔπρεπε νὰ τὰς μεταχειρίζῃ·
ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ νουθετεῖν αὐτόν, ἐξ ὅτου τὰ δάκρυα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματά του, ἢ ἐν τῷ προσαρμόζειν αὐτῷ τὰ πτερά, ἔ- τρεμον αἱ πατρικαὶ χεῖρές του, ἢ φορὶν χρεσθῶσιν ἐδω- ρήσατο εἰς τὸν ἄθλιον υἱόν του τὸν τελευταῖον ἀσπασμόν.
Πρῶτος ὁ Δαίδαλος ὑψώθη εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ βλέπων συχνάκις πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν του, ἤρχισε νὰ φοβῆται δι' αὐ- τὸν, καθὼς τὰ πετεινὰ φοβοῦνται διὰ τῆς νεότητος των, ὅταν κατὰ πρώτην φορὰν τὰ ἐμβάλωσιν ἔξω εἰς τὸν ἀέ- ρα, διὰ νὰ πετάξει ὁμοῦ. Διὸ δὲν ἔπαυε νὰ τῷ παραγ- γέλῃ νὰ τὸν ἀκολουθῇ πάντοτε, καὶ πετώντας ἐποίει ἕν ἀνάκομα αὐτῶν τῶν Ἴκαρον, ἀναπαλῶν συνεχῶς εἰς τὴν μνήμην του τὰς ὁποίας τοῦ ἔδωκε προθέσεις, διὰ νὰ μὴ κινδυνεύσῃ εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν φοβερὸν δρόμον. Τούτους βλέ- ποντες εἰς τὸν ἀέρα ἁλιεῖς τινὲς ἢ γεωργοί, ἢ ποι- μένες, ἐθαύμασαν, καὶ τοὺς ὑπελάβον ὥσπερ Θεούς.
Ἐκεῖνοι ὥς ποσον πετῶντες κατέλιπον ἀριστερόθεν τὴν Δῆλον, Πάρον, καὶ Σάμον, τὴν ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὴν Ἥραν· δεξιόθεν δὲ εἶχον τὴν Λέβυνθον, καὶ τὴν εἰς μέλι ἀφθονοῦσαν Κάλυδναν· καὶ τότε λαβὸν πε- ρισσότερον θάρρος τὸ παιδίον, ἤρχισε νὰ ἀπομακρύνῃ ἀπὸ τὴν ὁδηγίαν του, καὶ θέλων νὰ πετέργασθῇ πλησιέ- στερα τὸν οὐρανὸν, ὑψώθη ὑπὲρ τὸ μέτρον· ὅθεν διὰ τοῦ- το διέλυσεν ὁ Ἥλιος τὸ κηρίον τῶν πτερύγων του, καὶ ἐνόησεν εὐθὺς ὅτι δὲν ἐδύνατο πλέον νὰ βασταχθῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος, καὶ κτυπῶν εἰς μάτην τὰς χεῖρας, κα- θὼς χωρὶς πλέον τὰ πτερὰ, καὶ ἐπικαλούμενος τὸν πατέρα του εἰς βοήθειαν, ἔπεσεν εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν θάλασσαν, ἡ ὁποία ἐν τῷ πεσίματός του μετωνομάσθη Ἰκάριος. Ὁ ἄθλιος πατήρ του, ὅστις δὲν ἦτον πλέον πατήρ, μὴ βλέπων αὐτὸν πλέον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, ἤρχισε νὰ φωνά- ζῃ· Ἴκαρε, φίλτατέ μου Ἴκαρε,
Now Sicily, the land of Mount Etna, held the weary Daedalus, and King Cocalus, regarded as peacable, had taken up arms, against Minos, in defence of the suppliant: and thanks to Theseus, Athens now had ceased to pay Crete the sorrowful levy.� The temple was wreathed with flowers, and the Athenians called out to warlike Minerva, to Jupiter and to the other gods, honouring them with gifts, and the blood of sacrificial offerings, and the contents of their incense-boxes. Far-wandering fame had spread the name of Theseus through all the cities of the Argolis, and the peoples inhabiting wealthy Achaia begged for his help in their great trouble, and Calydon, as a suppliant, despite having Meleager, asked his help, with anxious prayers.
The reason for their asking was a wild boar, servant and avenging power of Diana�s aggression. King Oeneus of Calydon, they say, made offerings, from the successful harvests of a full year, of the first fruits of the crops to Ceres, of wine to Bacchus, �the deliverer from care�, of libations of flowing oil, from the olives, to golden Minerva. The honour they desire was paid to all the gods, beginning with the rural deities: only the daughter of Latona�s altar was passed by: neglected, it is said, and left without its incense. Anger even touches the gods. �I shall not suffer this without exacting punishment� she cried �and, though not honoured, it will not be said that I was unavenged.� And the goddess, spurned, sent an avenging wild boar, over the Aetolian fields: grassy Epirus had none greater than it, and those of the island of Sicily were smaller. Its eyes glowed with bloodshot fire: its neck was stiff with bristles, and the hairs, on its hide, bristled stiffly like spear-shafts: just as a palisade stands, so the hairs stood like tall spears. Hot foam flecked the broad shoulders, from its hoarse grunting. Its tusks were the size of an Indian elephant�s: lightning came from its mouth: and the leaves were scorched, by its breath. Now it trampled the young shoots of the growing crops, now cut short the ripeness, longed-for by the mournful farmer, and scythed down the corn in ear. The granaries and threshing floors waited for the promised harvest in vain. Heavy clusters of grapes were brought down along with the trailing vines, and fruit and branch of the evergreen olives. It rages among the cattle too. Neither the herdsmen and dogs, nor their own fierce bulls can defend the herds. The people scatter, and only count themselves safe behind city walls.
At last Meleager and a handpicked group of men gather, longing for glory: Castor and Polydeuces, the Dioscuri, twin sons of Tyndareus and Leda, one son famous for boxing, the other for horsemanship: Jason who built the first ship: Theseus and Piritho�s, fortunate in friendship: Plexippus and Toxeus, the two sons of Thestius, uncles of Meleager: Lynceus and swift Idas, sons of Aphareus:� Caeneus, once a woman: warlike Leucippus: Acastus, famed for his javelin: Hippotho�s: Dryas: Phoenix, Amyntor�s son: Eurytus and Cleatus, the sons of Actor: and Phyleus, sent by Elis.
Telamon was there, and Peleus, father of the great Achilles: with Admetus, the son of Pheres, and Iola�s from Boeotia were Eurytion, energetic in action, and Echion unbeaten at running: and Lelex from Locria, Panopeus, Hyleus, and daring Hippasus: Nestor, still in the prime of life: and those that Hippoco�n sent, with Enaesimus, from ancient Amyclae: La�rtes, Penelope�s father-in-law with Ancaeus of Arcady: Mopsus, the shrewd son of Ampyx: and Amphiara�s, son of Oecleus, not yet betrayed by his wife, Eriphyle.
And Atalanta, the warrior girl of Tegea, the glory of Arcadia�s woods, with a polished brooch clasping the neck of her garment, and her hair simply done, caught in a single knot. An ivory quiver, holding her arrows, that rattled as she moved, hung from her left shoulder, and her left hand held the bow. So she was dressed: as for her face, you might truly say, the virgin was there, in a boy, and a boy, in the girl. The moment he saw her, that moment, Meleager, the hero of Calydon, desired her, though the gods might refuse it, devoured by secret fires. �O, happy the man, whom she might think worthy!� he said. Neither time nor honour allowed him further words: the greater task of the greater conflict urged him on.
ἀπὸ νὰ σὲ ζητητῶ, Ἰκαρέ. Ἐν ᾧ ἐλυπεῖτο, κἰ ἐποίπαξε παντάχόθεν, ἦθε τὰ πτερὰ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ κακεῖθεν ἐσκορπισμένα, κἰ τότε κατηράτο τῆς ἐφευρέσεώς του, δι᾽ ἧς ἐπετύχων τῆς ἐλευθερίας, ἐστερήθη τοῦ υἱοῦ του. Ἔπειτα, βλέπων ὅτι ἡ θάλασσα εἶχε ῥίψει εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλὸν τὸ σῶμά του, κατέβη εἰς τὴν γῆν διὰ νὰ τὸ ἐπιθάψῃ, κἰ ὁ τόπος ἐκεῖνος ἔλαβε τὸ ὄνομά του, ἐπικληθεὶς Ἰκάριος.
Ἐν ᾧ ἔθαπτον ὁ Δαίδαλος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ υἱοῦ του, ἦλθεν αὐτὸν ἡ Πέρδιξ, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἐκάθητο δένδρον, ἦ ἐπειδή τὸν ἐμίσει, ἤρχισε νὰ κτυπᾶ τὰς πτέρυγας ἀπὸ τῶν χαρῶν της, κἰ μὲ τὸ λάλημα της ἐφανέρωσεν ὅτι ἔχαιρε διὰ τὴν δυστυχίαν τοῦ Δαιδάλου. Τὸ ὄρνεον αὐτὸ ἦταν τὸ πρῶτον τῆς εἴδους του, ἐπειδή προτέρον δὲν εἶχε φανῆ ποτὲ εἰς τὸν Κόσμον, ἀλλ᾽ ἐγίνε νέως ἀπὸ τοῦ Δαιδάλου τὸ ἔγκλημα. Τούτου ἡ ἀδελφή εἶχον τὸν Πέρδικα καλούμενον, κἰ ἀγνοοῦσα τὰ μέλλοντα, παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν, ὅπως διδευθῇ καὶ ἀγχίνου, εἰς χεῖρας τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ της Δαιδάλου, διὰ νὰ τὸν διδάξῃ τὴν τεκτονικὴν τέχνην. Ὁ νέος, ὡς κατάπληκτος ἀγχίνους, παρατηρήσας τὴν ῥαχίδα τῶν ὀψάρεων, κἰ κατὰ μίμησιν αὐτῆς ἐγχαράξας μακρὰν σειρὰν ὀδόντων εἰς ὀξὺ σίδηρον, εὗρε τὸν πρίονα. Αὐτὸς πρῶτος εὗρε κἰ τὸν διαβήτην, δι᾽ οὗ περιγράφεται τέλειος ὁ κύκλος, μὲ τὴν ἐν ἐπιπέδῳ κάρωσιν τοῦ ἑνὸς τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐργαλείου, κἰ μὲ τὴν ὁλόγυρα περιστροφὴν τοῦ ἄλλου ποδὸς τοῦ εἰς ἴσον διάστημα. Φθονήσας ὁ Δαίδαλος τὴν ἀγχίνοιαν τοῦ παιδὸς, κἰ φοβηθεὶς μὴ τὸν ὑπερέβη εἰς τὴν τέχνην, ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, διαδώσας ἔπειτα ψευδῆ φήμην ὅτι ἔπεσε κ
ἵνδας, τὸν ἐσκέπασε μὲ πτερὰ ἔτι κρεμάμενον εἰς τὸν ἀέρα, κἰ δὲν τὸν ἀφῆσε νὰ πέση, μετάμορφώσασα αὐτὸν εἰς ὄρνεον. Ἡ διύμεσις καὶ αἰκνὴ τῶ νοὸς τᾶ, ὅπως δεξιοπότης κᾶ παγίση, μετέβη εἰς τὰς πόδας τᾶ καὶ εἰς τὰς πτέρυγας τᾶ, κἰ ἐφύλαξε τὸ πρώτον τᾶ ὄνομα. Ὅμως τὸ ὄρνεον αὐτὸ δὲν πετᾶ ποτὲ εἰς ὕψος, κἰ ἐνθυμέμενον τὸν ἁρμενισμόν τᾶ, φοβεῖται μήπως πέση, κἰ δὲν γενᾶ ἐπάνω εἰς τὰ δένδρα, ἀλλὰ μόνον κάτω εἰς τὰς φραγμὲς.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Οἱ συμφωνοῦσιν ὅτι τὰ πλειότερα τῆς, ὅσα περιελαμβάνει ὁ Μῦθος εἶναι Ἱστορικὰ. Φονεύσας ὁ Δαίδαλος τὸν υἱὸν τῶ ἀδελφῶ τᾶ, ἐξόδαι ποσων αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἠναγκάδη νὰ φύγη εἰς Κρήτην ὅπως νὰ μὴ τιμωρηθῇ. Ἐκεῖ ἐστημῆ παρὰ τῆς Πασιφάης διὰ τὴν ἁξύτητα τᾶ, κἰ αὐτὴ ἡ βασίλισσα, ἐραστεῖσα τᾶ Ταύρῳ, ὡς προείρηται, ἢ τᾶ στρατηγῶ τῶ καλουμένῳ Ταῦρε, ἀνεκάλυψεν εἰς τῷ Δαίδαλο τὸν ἔρωτα τῆς. ὁ δὲ ἐβοήθησεν αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸν πόθον τῆς. Διὰ τὰ ὁ Μίνως τὸν ἐφυλάκωσεν ὁμοῦ μὲ τὸν υἱόν τᾶ· ἀλλ' ὁ Δαίδαλος εὑρὼν τρόπον νὰ διαφύγῃ τὴν φυλακὴν, ἔφυγε μὲ τὸν Ἴκαρον εἰς τινα πλοῖα, θέσας εἰς αὐτὰ καὶ ἱστία, διὰ νὰ τρέχωσι ταχύτερον (ἐπειδὴ ἕως τότε ἦτον ἄγνωστος ἡ χρῆσις των, κἰ ἐμεταχειρίζοντο μόνον τὰ κωπία) κἰ ἔφθασεν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ὅπως ἐσκόπει· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἴκαρος, εἰς ἄλλο πλοῖον εἰσκέμενος, ναυαγίας, ἔπεσε διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶ ναυκλήρῳ. Ἰδὲ ἡ Ἱστορία τᾶ Δαίδαλε, ἡ ὁποία ἔδωκεν ἀφορμὴν τᾶ Μύθῳ.
Κατεσκεύασε πτέρυγας διά λόγου τά καί διά τόν υἱόν του, δηλαδή σύδε τήν κρῆσιν τῶν παιδίων, τά ὁποῖα εἶναι ὥσπερ αἱ πτέρυγες τῶν καραβίων· κἰ ὁ Ἴκαρος ἐπιγή
Τάλον του ἀκαμίου του, ἵνα καταδείξη ὅτι οἱ δύφυες ἄνδρες ὑποκεῖνται ὡς ἐπί τό πλῆδον εἰς τό πάθος τοῦ φθόνου, ἤ διά δυσαρεστέραν ὑπερφροσίν ἐκείνης, ὅσοι τούς ὑπερβαίνουσιν, ἤ ἐξισοῦνται μέ αὐτούς. Λέγω δ' ἐγώ ὅτι ὁ Πέρδιξ μετεβλήθη εἰς Πέρδικα, διά τήν τῶν ὀνομάτων ὁμοιότητα, καί ὅτι ἡ μεταμόρφωσις ποῦ ἔγινε κατά καλογίαν τῆς φύσεως τοῦ πτινοῦ.
Κατ' ἄλλες ὁ Μύθος ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ἡ ἀδικία εἶναι πηγή πασῶν τῆς δυστυχίας, ὡς δῆλον ὑπό τό παράδειγμα τοῦ Δαιδάλου, ὅστις ἔπαθε τόσα κακά ἀφ' οὗ ἐφόνευσε τόν Πέρδικα, καί συνήργησεν εἰς τήν μοιχείαν τῆς Πασιφάης. Ἐκ τούτου διδάσκονται οἱ ἐν ἀρχῇ νά μή δέχωνται εἰς τήν ἐπικράτειάν των ποιητάς κακεργοῦς, τῶν ὁποίων καί ἡ φύσις αὐτή ἀποστρέφεται, ἐπειδή αἱ τούτων ὑποδείξεις, βλάπτονται ἀπό αὐτούς, ὡς ὁ Μίνως ἀπό τόν Δαίδαλον, ἀφ' οὗ ἴσον τοῦ πνευσίου.
Ἄλλοι διηγοῦνται ὅτι ὁ Δαίδαλος ἦτον μέγας Ἀστρολόγος, καί ἐδίδαξε καί τόν υἱόν του τήν Ἀστρολογίαν· ἀλλά ὁ υἱός χειρόμενος ὑπό νεανικήν ματαιότητα, ἀπεμάκρυνε τῆς ἀληθοῦς διδασκαλίας, εἰς ἀμησιόν εἰς πλανάς. Ὑπό τήν ὁποίαν διά ἐδώπη ὁ πατήρ του νά τόν ἀπαλάξη. Τοῦτο σημαίνεται διά τοῦ Ἰκάρου, ὑπό τοῦ ὁποίου ὁ πατήρ νά ἐδώπη τῆς ἀθεσίου.
ATALANTA AND MELEAGER
A forest thick with trees, that had never been cut, at any time, began above the plain, and overlooked the sloping fields. When the heroes reached it, some spread out hunting nets, others loosed the dogs from their leashes, while others again followed the deeply-marked trail, keen to discover their quarry. There was a deep valley that collected streams of rainwater, falling near it: and it held, in its depths, pliant willows, smooth sedges, and marsh grasses, and osiers and tall bulrushes, above the lowly reeds. The boar was roused from there, and made a violent charge into the midst of its enemies, like lightning forced from colliding clouds. Trees were flattened by its impact, and the woods crashed as it drove into them. The warriors shouted, and held their spears spread outward, with firm hands, waving their broad blades. The boar rushed them, scattering the dogs, as they obstructed it in its fury, putting the baying pack to flight with sidelong swipes of its tusks. The first spear, delivered by Echion�s arm, was ineffectual, and gave the trunk of a maple a glancing blow. The next, if it had not been thrown with too great a force, aimed at the creature�s back, seemed certain to stick there, but the throw was too long. Jason of Pagasae hurled the spear.
Then Mopsus, son of Ampyx, cried out �Phoebus, if I have worshipped you, and do so now, grant what I ask, that my spear strikes surely!� The god did what he could, to fulfil the prayer: the boar was hit, but without being wounded. Diana had stolen the iron point of the javelin, in flight: what arrived was the wooden shaft without its tip. The wild beast�s anger was aroused, and blazed out no more gently than lightning. Flame burned in its eyes, and was breathed from its chest. With dangerous and unerring momentum, the boar hurtled towards the young men, as a stone flies from a taut catapult, aimed at walls or battlements full of soldiers. Hippalmus and Pelagon, holding the right flank, were knocked to the ground: their friends caught them up as they lay there. But Enaesimus, son of Hippoco�n, did not escape the fatal blow: about to turn his back, in alarm, he sank down, as the sinews of his knee gave way. And King Nestor of Pylos, might perhaps have perished before his time at Troy, but, using the leverage of his firmly planted spear, he vaulted into a tree, that stood close by, and looked down, from a place of safety, on the quarry he had escaped.
The fierce creature, sharpening its tusks on the trunk of an oak, threatened them with destruction, and confident in its freshly renewed weapons, ripped open mighty Hippasus�s thigh, with one curving edge. But now the Gemini, Castor and Pollux, not yet changed into stars in the sky, twin brothers, conspicuous among the rest, both rode up, on horses whiter than snow, and brandishing their javelins in the air as one, hurled them, the points quivering with the motion.
Εἰς δὲ νομίζει ὅτι τὸ πέδιμον τοῦ Ἰκάρου μᾶς διδάσκει νὰ μὴ ὑψετηλεῖ μὲ ψυσίας δύο Γοργῶν μας, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἐπαιδευέσθω ὑπὸ τὸ σφῆνον, ἀλλὰ νὰ φυλάττωμεν εἰς ὅλα τὴν μεσότητα. Ὅταν ὁ Δαίδαλος νουθετῇ τὸν υἱόν του νὰ μὴ πετᾷ πλησίον τοῦ Ἡλίου, ἤτε πλησίον τῆς θαλάσσης, μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι δέει νὰ ζήσωμεν μέτριος, καὶ εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ἀταραξίαν, τὴν ὁποίαν θηρεύονται οἱ Σοφοί, διὰ σφέπει νὰ πλησιάζωμεν ὑπὲρ τὸ δέον οὔτε εἰς τοὺς βασιλεῖς, οὔτε εἰς τὸν κοινὸν λαόν, ἐπειδὴ ἢ εἰς τὸ ἓν καὶ εἰς τὸ ἄλλο μέρος εὑρίσκονται συνεχεῖς φροντίδες ἢ παραχμή.
Περὶ τῆς Καλυδῶνος Ἀγριοχοίρου, καὶ τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἐξ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ ἀδελφαὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα.
Οἰνεὺς κατηρτόρησε ξέσπιδες ἐπὶ Ἀρτέμιν εἰς μίαν θυσίαν· δι᾽ ὃ ὀργίζεται ἡ Θεὰ & στέλλει ἀγριόχοιρον εἰς τὴν Καλυδῶνα, ὁ ὁποῖος ἐφονόκτησε μεγάλως φόρους. Ὁ Μελεάγρος προσκαλεῖ τοὺς ἐκλεκτοτέρους τῆς Ἑλλάδος, διὰ νὰ ἐλευθερώσωσι τὸν τόπον ἀπὸ τὸ Θηρίον. Συνέτρεξον λοιπὸν πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ μέρη εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ περίφημον κυνήγιον, καὶ μὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἦλθε ἡ Ἀταλάντη, ἡ Θυγάτηρ τοῦ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας βασιλέως. Αὐτὴ πρώτη ἠξίωσε ν᾽ ἀπληρώσῃ τὸν ἀγριόχοιρον. Ὁ δὲ ἀφ᾽ οὗ τὸν ἐθανάτωσαν, ὁ Μελεάγρος τῇ ἔδωκε τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὸ δέρμα τοῦ θηρίου εἰς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς ἀνδρείας της. Ἀλλ᾽ αἱ θεῖαι του ζηλότυπες τῆς δόξης της, τῇ ἥρπασαν τὰ ἀριστεῖα. Ὅμως ἡ ἀδικία αὐτῶν δὲν ἔμεινε ἀτιμώρητος. Διότι διαδικάζοντες ὁ Μελεάγρος, κ᾽ ἐξ ἐπιτέτο, ἡ κακομοίρα Ἀλθαία ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, πόσον τοὺς ἐλυπήθη, καὶ ἐθανάτωσε μὲ παράδοξον τρόπον αὐτὸν τὸν υἱόν της. Αἱ ἀδελφαὶ του, θυρόμεναι διὰ τὸν θάνατόν του, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα, μετονομασθέντες Μελεαγρίδες ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των τὸ ὄνομα.
Καταδιωγμένος ἤδη ὁ Δαίδαλος ἀπὸ τὸ πολὺ πέρασμα, κατέβη εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, καὶ παρακαλεσθεὶς ὑπὸ αὐτοῦ Κώκαλος ὁ Βασιλεύς, ἐκίνησε κ᾽ ἕνας τὸν ὄλεθρόν του κατὰ τοῦ Μίνωος. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι διὰ τῆς ἀνδρείας τοῦ Θησέως εἶχον ἐλευθερωθῆ ἀπὸ τὸν σκληρόν
Βρυγμός τε παρομοιάζει τον κεραυνόν. Με μόνην τὴν ἀναπνοὴν τὰ καλεῖ τὰ φύλλα ἢ ἀδηρὰ τῆς δένδρων· κα- ταπατεῖ τὰ σπάρματα ποτὲ μὲν ὅτι ἄωρα, ποτὲ δὲ ὡρει- μένα, ἀφανίζων πάντηχε πᾶς ἐλπίδας τῆς γεωργῶν· ὅ- θεν τὰ ἁλώνια, ἢ αἱ ἀποθῆναι εἰς μάτην παρουσμένν- σι τὸν ἐπαγγελθέντα θερισμόν. Ἐφορέζει τὴν αὐτὴν φθορὰν ἢ εἰς τὰ ἀμπέλια, κόπτων καὶ ἀφανίζων τοὺς κλάδας, τὰς φορτωμένας ἀπὸ φύλλα, καὶ σταφύλια· κατεδάρρηξε ἢ τὰς ἐλαίας, ἢ τὰ ἄλλα δένδρα, καὶ οὔτε βοσκοὶ, εἴτε σκύλοι, εἴτε ποιμένες ἠδυνήθησαν νὰ διαφυλά- ξωσι τὰ θρέμματα ἀπὸ τὴν ὁρμὴν τῆς φοβερᾶς θυέλλης.
Ἔφυγον τὰ πλήθη μακρὰν ἀπὸ τὰς ἀγρούς, καὶ μόλις ἐνομίζοντο φυλαγμένα μέσα εἰς τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεων.
Ἠθέλατα ξεκολοδράψουν τὰ πάντα, ἐὰν ὁ Μελέαγχος, καὶ μετ' αὐτοῦ οἱ πλέον ἐκλεκτοὶ νέοι τῆς πόλεως, ποθέντες νὰ ἀποκτήσωσιν ἔπαινον ἢ τιμὴν, δὲν ἀπεφάσιον νὰ ἀντισταθῶσιν εἰς τὴν ὁρμὴν τοῦ θηρίου. Κατὰ μίμησιν τούτων συνέβηξαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ἐπιχείρησιν καὶ πολλοὶ ἄλλοι εὐγενεῖς νέοι· οἱ δύω Τυνδαρεῖδαι, Κάστωρ ὁ ἱπποδάμος, καὶ Πολυδεύκης ὁ ἀνδρεῖος εἰς τὴν πυγμὴν, καὶ Ἴασων, ὁ κατασκευάσας τὸ πλοῖον, ποὺ πρῶτον πάντων ἐφάνη εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ἦλθαν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον. Σὺν τούτοις καὶ ὁ Θησεύς, μὲ τὸν φίλον του τὸν Πειρίθοον, καὶ οἱ δύω τοῦ Θεστίου παῖδες, ὁ Τοξεὺς, καὶ ὁ Πληξίππος, καὶ Λυγκεὺς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀφαρέως, ὁ εὔτολμος Ἴδας, καὶ Ἄκαστος, ὁ περίφημος ἀκοντιστὴς, ὁ ταχὺς Ἴδας, καὶ ὁ Καϊνεὺς, ὁ μὴ ὢν πλέον γυνὴ, καὶ ὁ Ἱππόθοος, καὶ ὁ Δρύας, καὶ Φοῖνιξ, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀμύντορος, οἱ τοῦ Πατρόκλου πατέρες, ὁ Φύλας, ὁ Τελαμὼν, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ περικλύτου Ἀχιλλέως, ὁ Ἄδμητος, ὁ Ἰόλαος, ὁ γοργὸς Εὐρύ-
τῶν, καθ' ὁ αἰχμητὸς εἰς τὸ ξέξιμον Ἔχιον· ὁ Λέ- λης, ὁ Πανοπεὺς, ὁ Ὕλας, καὶ ὁ ἄγριος Ἱππασος, καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ, ὅς τις ἦτον πότε εἰς νεαρὰν ἡλικίαν, οἱ ξεῖνοι ποὺ ὁ Ἱπποκόων, ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως, ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας Ἀγκαῖος, ὁ φρόνιμος Μόψος, εἶτα ποὺ Ἀμφύης, ἦ ὁ Ἀμφίαραος, τὸν ὁποῖον ἀκόμη δὲν εἶχε ξανδώσει ἡ γυνὴ τε. Συνέδραμε καὶ ἡ παρθένος Ἀτα- λάντη, ἡ τῆς Τεγέας καλλονὴ, διὰ νὰ γένῃ συμμέτο- χος τῆς δόξης τῆς αἰωνίου, καὶ ἔδειξε παράδοξον ὅτι ἡ ἀνδρολμία της δὲν ἦτον κατωτέρα τῆς ὡμορφίας της. Πε- ριεβεβλημένη χρυσόφαντον φόρεμα, εἶχε δεδεμένα με- ἁπλότητα τὰ μαλλία της, καὶ ἐβάσταζε εἰς μὲν τὸν ἀρισ- τερὸν ὦμον μίαν φαρέτραν, τόξον δὲ εἰς τὴν δεξτερὰν χεῖ- ρα. Ὁποῖος μίαν ἔβλεπον, ἤθελε τὴν νομίσῃ παιδίον μὲ κόρης πρόσωπον, ἢ παρθένον μὲ ἀρρενωπὸν κάλ- λος. Μόλις ἴδον αὐτὴν ὁ Μελέαγρος, ἤρχησε νὰ τὴν ἀγαπᾷ, ἦ εἶπε, μακάριος ὁποῖος ἀξιωθῇ νὰ γίνῃ ἀ- νὴρ της. Δὲν ἐλάλησε περισσότερα, ἐπειδὴ ὁ καιρὸς δὲν τὸ ἐσυγχώρει, καὶ ἐνόμιζε νὰ ἐμποδισθῇ ὑπὸ τὸ ἔρωτος ἀπὸ τὸν ἤδη ἐπικείμενον ἀγῶνα. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν οἱ ἀνδρειότατοι ἐκεῖνοι κυνηγοὶ συνεθροΐσθησαν εἰς πυ- κνὸν δάσος, τὸ ὁποῖον δὲν εἶχε κοπῇ ποτέ, καὶ ἀρχό- μενον ἀπό τινα πεδιάδα κατέβαινεν εἰς τερπνὸν λαγ- κάδι, ἄλλοι μὲν ἀπλώσασι τὰ δίκτυα, ἄλλοι δὲ λύσασι τὰς σηλύκας, ἄλλοι ἀκολουθοῦσι τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ ἐγκε- χαραγμένα σημεῖα τῶν ποδῶν τῆς θηρὸς, ποθοῦντες ὅ- λοι συμφώνως νὰ ἀπαντήσωσι τὸν κίνδυνον. Ἡ κατοι- κία τῆς ἀγροχοίρου ἦτον εἰς τὸ κατώτατον μέρος τῆς λαγ- κάδος, ὅπου συνεθροΐζοντο ὅλοι οἱ ἐκ τῆς βροχῆς γι-
They would have wounded the beast, had not the bristling creature retreated into the dense woods where no horse or spear could penetrate. Telamon did follow, and careless where he was placing his feet, in his enthusiasm, fell flat on the ground, tripping over the root of a tree. While Peleus was lifting him, the girl from Tegea strung a swift arrow, and sent it speeding from the curved bow. The shaft just grazed the top of the boar�s back, and fixing itself below one ear, reddened the bristles with a thin stream of blood. Nor did she praise her own successful shot more than Meleager did. He was supposed to have been the first to see the blood, and first, having seen it, to point it out to his friends, saying: �You will be honoured for the value of this service.� The warriors flushed with their shame, urged each other on, gaining courage from their clamour, hurling their spears without sense of order. The jostling spoilt their throw, and prevented the strike they intended. Then Ancaeus of Arcady, with his twin-headed axe, rushing to meet his fate, cried: �O warriors, learn how much better a man�s weapons are than a girl�s, and leave the work to me! Though Latona�s daughter herself protects this creature, in her own way, in spite of Diana, my right arm will destroy it.� Swollen with pride, like this, with boastful words, he spoke, and, lifting the double axe in both hands, he stood on tiptoe, poised for the downward blow. The boar anticipated this daring enemy, and struck at the upper groin, the quickest way to kill, with his twin tusks. Ancaeus collapsed, and the slippery mass of his inner organs fell away in a pool of blood: the ground was soaked with the red fluid.
Then Piritho�s, son of Ixion, went against the quarry, brandishing his hunting-spear in his strong right-hand. Theseus, Aegeus�s son, called out �Stay, farther away, my soul�s other half, O dearer to me than myself! It is fine to be brave at a distance, also: Ancaeus�s rash courage only did him harm.� He spoke, and threw his heavy spear, of cornelian cherry-wood, with its bronze blade. Though well aimed and capable of reaching its mark, it was deflected by the leafy branch of an oak. Jason, Aeson�s son, hurled his javelin, which swerved by accident, and the fatal throw transfixing the flanks of an innocent hound, pinned it to the ground.
But Meleager�s hand made the difference, and of the two spears he threw, though one stuck in the earth, the other fixed itself in the boar�s back. Now, while it raged, and twisted its body round, and spouted out hissing foam and fresh blood, the author of its wound came at it, pricked his quarry to fury, and buried his shining hunting-spear in his enemy�s shoulder. Then the companions give proof of their joy, shouting, and crowding around him to grasp his hand in theirs. They gaze, wonderingly, at the huge creature covering so much of the earth it lies on, and still think it unsafe to touch the beast, but nevertheless each wets his spear in its blood.
ὁ ἀρχίοχοιρος ἔπηξε μὲ τοὺς θανατηφόρες ὀδόντες τῆς ἰγνύαν του, δι' ὃ ἔκλιναν τὰ γόνατά του, καὶ ἔπεσον εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ἴσως καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ, ἀποθνήσκων εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ κυνήγιον, δὲν ἤθελεν ὑπάγῃ εἰς τὴν πολιορκίαν τῆς Τρωάδος, ἂν δὲν ἀνέβαινον εἰς δένδρον, ἀπὸ τὸ ὁ- ποῖον ἔβλεπεν ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ τὸν δίκοντα ἐχθρόν του, ὅς τις θήγων τοὺς ὀδόντας του εἰς τὴν ῥίζαν τοῦ δένδρου, ὡρμᾶ κατὰ τινὸς συμβρᾶν, καὶ θάρρων εἰς τὰ νεωστὶ ἀκονισμένα ὅπλα του, ἐχύθη κατὰ τοῦ Ὀρειγῆς, καὶ τοῦ ἐσπάραξε τὸν μηρόν. Ὡς πόσον οἱ δύω ἀδελφοί, οἱ τί- νες ἀκόμη δὲν εἶχον συναισθημηθῇ μὲ τὰ ἄρα τοῦ συ- ραμοῦ, ἀμφότεροι περίβλεπτοι, ἂν ἐφ' ἵππων ὑπὲρ τὴν χιόνα λευκῶν ἐποχούμενοι, ἔναισαν εἰς τὸν ἀέρα τὰ κραταιά ποντάρια των, καὶ βέβαια ἤθελαν πληγώσῃ τὸ θηρίον, ἂν δὲν ἐπήγαινε νὰ κρυφθῇ εἰς τὸ πυκνότερον μέρος τοῦ δάσους, ὅπου ἦταν ἀπρόσιτον καὶ εἰς τὰ ἄλογα κ' εἰς τὰ ποντάρια. Ἐπλημώνεν ὁ Τελαμῶν νὰ τὸ κα- ταδιώξῃ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν μεγάλην του βίαν, ἔπεσεν ἀπε- σκεπῶς εἰς τὴν ῥίζαν εἴδους δένδρου· ἐν ᾧ δὲ ὁ Πη- λείδης τὸν ἐβοήθει διὰ νὰ σηκώσῃ, ῥίψασα ἡ Ἀταλάν- τη ἕν βέλος, ἐπλήγωσεν ἐλαφρὰ τὸν ἀρχίοχοιρον ὑπὸ τὸ ὠτίον, καὶ αἱ τρίχες του ἐκοκκίνισαν ὀλίγον ἀπὸ τὸ αἷμα. Ἀλλὰ δὲν ἐχάρη αὐτὴ τόσον διὰ τὴν ἐπιτυχίαν τοῦ βέλους της, ὅσον ὁ Μελέαγρος, ὁ ὁποῖος καὶ πρῶτος νομίζεται νὰ ἐπαρατήρησεν ὅτι τὸ θηρίον ἐπληγώθη, καὶ πρῶτος ὑπέδειξε τὸ αἷμα εἰς τοὺς συμβράτας του, φωνά- ζων πρὸς τὴν Ἀταλάντην „ εὖγε εὖγε, ὦ γυναῖκα, „ θέλεις λάβῃ τὴν κατ' ἀξίαν ἔπαινον τοῦ κατορθώματα- „ τός σου ''. Ἐρυθρίασαν οἱ
καὶ τόσα βέλη, ὥστε τὸ πολὺ πλῆθος ἦτον βλαβερὸν, καὶ ἐμπόδιζε τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπιτάξειν ἕκαστος ἐπεθύμει. Τότε ὁ Ἀγκαῖος, ἔκ τις κάλλον μανιώδης, βαστῶν εἰς τὴν χείρά του ἀμφίτομον πέλεκιν, παραχωρήσατέ μοι, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἐφώναξε, ἴδε μάθετε παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ πόσον διαφέρει τῆς γυναικείας ἡ δυσμαρμία τῶν ἀνδρῶν· ἂν ἴδε νὰ ἐσκεπάζῃ ἡ Ἄρτεμις μέ τὰ ὅπλα της τὸν ἀρειόχοιρον, ἐν τούτῳ παρὰ εἰς τὸ πείσμα της θέλω τὸν θανατώσει.
Μόλις ἐπρόφερε τὰς ὀγκώδεις καὶ μεγαλαυχεῖς τούτους λόγους, σηκώνεται ἄκρος δακτύλοις ἢ ποδῶν του, καὶ ὑψώνων καὶ μὲ τὰς δύω χεῖρας του πέλεκυν, ἑτοιμά- ζετο νὰ κτυπήσῃ δυνατὰ· ἀλλὰ τὸ Σηϊεῖον, προφθάσαν αὐτὸν, τοῦ ἑδήγκασε θανατηφόρως εἰς τὸν βουβῶνα, ὥ- στε ἔπεσε χαμαί, κἀὶ ἐξέβλυσαν ἀπὸ τῆς πληγῆς του τὰ ἐντόσθια του, καὶ ὅλον του τὸ αἷμα. Παροξυσμόμενος ἀπὸ παρόμοιον ἐνθουσιασμόν, ἔτρεχε κἀὶ ὁ Πειθὼς διὰ νὰ πληγώσῃ τὸν ἀθεριόμορφον, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Θησεὺς κράξων αὐτὸν μακρόθεν ,, ὦ ποθεινοτατέ μοι φίλε, λέγει του, ἡσύ- ,, χασον, σὲ παρακαλῶ· εἶναι συγκεχωρημένον εἰς τοὺς ,, ἀνδρείους νὰ πολεμῶσι καὶ ἀπὸ μακράν· ἰδοὺ ἔχεις ,, ὑπ᾽ ὀφθαλμόν τοῦ Ἀφίδου τὸ παράδειγμα, τὸν ὁ- ,, ποῖον ἔβλαψεν ἡ ἀπερίσκεπτος καὶ πολλὴ του αὐ- ,, δεία᾽᾽. Εἶτα, κἀὶ στρέφων τὸ βαρὺ κοντάρι του ἐνσιά- δων κατὰ τὰ Σηϊεῖον, βέβαια ἤθελε τὸ πληγώσῃ, ἀλ- λὰ τοῦ ἐμπόδιζετο κἀὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ δένδρου. Ἔρριψε καὶ ὁ Ἴασων τὸ βέλος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐσφάλε, κἀὶ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς, ἀντὶ τὸ Σηϊεῖον ἐπλήγωσε Μιμᾶν, παρφώσας αὐτὸν βα- θέως εἰς τὴν γῆν. Ῥίπτει ἔπειτα κἀὶ ὁ Μελέαγρος δύω βέλη, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα τὸ τὸ
εἶον ἐδυνάμη περισσότερον, χύνων αἷμα ἀναμεμιγμένον μὲ ἀφρόν, καθὼς τῇ δὲ κεφαλῇ περιεστρέφετο, πλη- σιάζων ὁ Μελέαγρος, τῷ ἔχωσε τὸ κοντάρι μέσα εἰς τὸ σῶμα. Ὅλοι οἱ συγκυνηγοὶ ὑψώσαν τῶν χεῖρας μετὰ κραυγῆς μεγάλης, ὁμοθυμαδὸν σπεύδοντες νὰ ἀσπάσωσι τὸν νικητήν, καὶ μὲ ἔκπληξιν ἔβλεπον τὸ πελώριον ἐκεῖνο ζῶον, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐσκέπαζε πολλὴν γῆν μὲ τὸ σῶμά του· καὶ μὲ ὅλον ὅτι ἔκειτο νεκρόν, ἔτι ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ τὸ ἐγγίσωσιν, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἔβαλον ἕκα- στος εἰς τὸ αἷμα του τὸ βέλος, ἢ τὸ κοντάρι. Ὁ οὖν Μελέαγρος πατῶν μὲ τὰς πόδας του τὴν ὀλέθριον κε- φαλὴν "θέμιτον εἶναι, εἶπε πρὸς τὴν Ἀταλάντην, νὰ "λάβῃς μέρος τῆς δόξης μας, καὶ τῶν λαφύρων, σύ, ἡ "πληγώσασα πρώτη τὸ θηρίον". καὶ εὐθὺς ἔδωσεν αὐτῇ ὡς γέρας τῶν κεφαλῶν καὶ τὸ δέρμα τῆς ἀγριοχοί- ρου. Ἡ δὲ ἐχάρη πολλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸ δῶρον, καὶ διὰ τὸν δωρητήν· ἀλλ' οἱ ἐπίλοιποι φθονήσαντες, ἤρχισαν ό- λοι νὰ γογγύζωσιν, ὁ μάλιστα οἱ δύο τοῦ Θεστίου παῖ- δες ἠγανάκτησαν σφόδρα διὰ τὴν τιμὴν τῆς Ἀταλάντης, λέγοντες μεγαλοφώνως· "ἡμεῖς δὲν θέλομεν ὑποφέρει "ποτὲ τοσαύτην ὕβριν· γύναι, ἂς μὴ σὲ ἀπατᾷ, ἡ "ματαία γνώμη ὅτι νὰ ὑποκλιθῶμεν ὅλοι εἰς τὰ "κάλλη σου· δὲν σοῦ ἀφήνομεν ἡμεῖς τὴν δόξαν μας "πρέπει νὰ μᾶς ἀποδώσῃς τὸ θηρεῖον, ἢ νὰ ἴδῃς τὸν "θάνατον τοῦ ἐραστοῦ σου καὶ προστάτου". Ταῦτα λέγοντες ἥρπαξαν τὰ θηρεῖα τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἀφαιροῦντες τοῦ Με- λεάγρου τὴν δωρεάν. Ὁ δὲ, μὴ ὑποφέρων τοιαύτην ἀ- τιμίαν "μάθετε, εἶπον, ὦ ἅρπαγες τῆς ξένης δόξης "πόσον ἀφίστανται τὰ ἔργα αἱ ἀπειλαί μου". καὶ ἐν ταὐτῷ ἐθανάτωσε μὲ τὸ ἐσπάθι του τὸν Πληξίππον, ὃς οὔτε δὲν εἰχε
Meleager, himself, pressed his foot down on the head of the deadly creature, and said to Atalanta �Girl from Nonacria, take the prize that is mine by right, and let my glory be shared with you.� Then he gave her the spoils, the hide bristling with hair, and the head remarkable for its magnificent tusks. She delighted in the giver no less than the gift, but the others were envious, and a murmur ran through the whole company. Of these, Plexippus, and Toxeus, the sons of Thestius, Meleager�s uncles, stretching their arms out, shouted loudly: �Come on, girl, leave them alone: do not steal our titles to honour, and do not let too much faith in your beauty deceive you, lest your love-sick friend turns out to be no help to you.� And they took the gifts away from her, and denied him the right to give them. The descendant of Mars could not bear this, and bursting with anger, gnashing his teeth, he said: �Learn, you thieves of other men�s rights, the difference between threats and actions�, and plunged his iron point into Plexippus�s chest, he expecting nothing of that kind. Meleager gave Toxeus, who stood in doubt, wanting to avenge his brother, but fearing his brother�s fate, scant time for doubt, and while his spear was still warm from the first brother�s murder, he warmed it again with the second brother�s blood.
Althaea was carrying thanksgiving offerings, for her son�s victory, to the temple of the gods, when she saw them bringing back her dead brothers. She filled the city with the clamour of wailing, beat her breasts, and replaced her golden robes with black. But when she heard who the murderer was, she forgot her mourning, and her longing� changed from tears to revenge.
σημέραν. Βλέπων ὁ Τοξέδις πεπτωκώτα τὸν ἀδελφόν του, δεὶ μελλήρει τί νὰ κάμη, νὰ τοῦ ἐνδημήση, ἢ ὄχι, ἐπειδὴ φοβείται μὲ διὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ του· ἀλλὰ δεὶ τον ἀφήσει ὁ Μελέαγρος νὰ διςάξη πολλὴν ὥραν, φονδόσας κ' αὐτὸν μὲ τὸ ἴδιον σπαθί, ἔτι ζεσκόν ἀπὸ τὸ αἵμα τῆ Πληξίππης.
Ἐν τούτῳ ἡ Ἀλθαία ὑπήγαινεν εἰς τὸν Ναὸν διὰ νὰ εὐχαριστήση τὰς Θεὰς διὰ τὴν νίκην τοῦ υἱοῦ της, ἀλ- λὰ συναπαντήσασα καθ᾽ ὁδὸν τοὺς ἀδελφούς της, ἐνκοσμι- ζομένους νεκρούς, ἀπέβαλεν εὐθὺς τὴν χαρᾶν, ἄφησε τὰ λαμπρὰ φορέματα, κ᾽ ἐνεδύθη τὰ πένθιμα, γεμί- ζουσα ὅλην τὴν πόλιν ἀπὸ φωνῆς κ᾽ ὀδυρμοῦ. Ἀφ᾽ οὗ δὲ ἐμάθετο ὅτι ὁ φονεὺς τῶν ἀδελφῶν της ἦτον ὁ υἱός της, ἐπαύσαν εὐθὺς τὰ δάκρυά της, κ᾽ ἡ λύπη της μετεβά- λη εἰς πόθον ἐκδικήσεως. Ἐφύλαττε δαυλὸν ὡς δαυ- λὸν, τὸν ὁποῖον αἱ Μοῖραι ἔβαλαν εἰς τὴν ἑστίαν, ὅ- ταν ἐγέννησε τὸν Μελέαγρον, κ᾽ ἀπὸ αὐτὸν τὸν δαυ- λὸν ἐκρέματο ἡ ζωή του· ἐπειδὴ ὅταν αἱ Μοῖραι ἤρχισαν νὰ κλώθωσι τὰς ἡμέρας του, „ὦ ἀρτιγέννητοι παι- „δί, τὸ εἶπαν, σὺ θέλεις ζήσει ὅσον καιρὸν βαστά- „ζη ὁ δαυλὸς οὗτος" κ᾽ ταῦτα λέγουσαι ἔγιναν ἀφανεῖς· ἀλλ᾽ ἡ μήτηρ του Ἀλθαία ἥρπασεν εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τὴν ἑστίαν τὸν δαλὸν, τὸν ἔσβυσε μὲ ὕδωρ, κ᾽ ἐφύλαττουσα αὐτὸν ἐπιμελῶς, ὅπως ἐφύλαττεν ὡμοῦ τὴν ζωὴν τοῦ υἱοῦ της Μελεάγρου. Τότε λοιπὸν ἀπεφάσισε νὰ τὸν με- ταχειρισθῆ πρὸς ὄλεθρον τοῦ υἱοῦ της, κ᾽ ἐκδίκησιν τῶν ἀδελφῶν της, κ᾽ ἀνῆψε φωτιὰν, διὰ νὰ καύση τὸν μοι- ραῖον ἐκεῖνον δαλὸν· διεδίστασα ὅμως διὰ τὴν δεινότητα τοῦ κακουργήματός της, κ᾽
πω, ὥσπερ δύω αἰτήτει τύραννοι, διεσπάρατον τῆς καρδίαν τῆς. Πολλάκις ἀχνίζετο ἀπὸ τῆς φρίκης τῆ ἐγκλίματος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἐτοιμάζετο νὰ πράξῃ, καὶ πάλιν πολλάκις ἐδείχνεν ὁ θυμὸς τῆς φλόγας εἰς τὸς ὀφθαλμὰς τῆς. Ποτὲ μὲν τὸ ἀηδὲς πρόσωπόν τῆς ἐφαίνετο ἄγριον καὶ ἀπειλητικόν, ποτὲ δὲ εὔσπλαγχνον καὶ πρᾷον. Ὅταν ἐξέραινεν ἡ ὀργὴ ὅλα τὰ δάκρυά τῆς, τὸ τῆς μητρὸς ὄνομα μόνον, εὐγάζε νέα δάκρυα ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τῆς. Καθὼς οὖν πλοῖον πολεμούμενον ὑπὸ δύω ἐναντίων ἀνέμων, πάσχει διπλῆν τὴν βίαν, τῆ δὲ πανίσσαι σαλευόμενον, χωρεῖς νὰ γίνεται ὑπὸ ἀπὸ τὸν ἕνα ὑπὸ ἀπὸ τὸν ἄλλον· ἔτσι καὶ ἡ δυστυχὴς Ἀλθαία πλανᾶται ἀμφίβολος μεταξὺ τῆς βιαίων κι ἰσοδυνάμων παθῶν τῆς, ποτὲ μὲν καταπαυομένη, ποτὲ δὲ ἀνεγείρουσα τὴν ὀργήν τῆς. Ἀλλὰ τέλος πάντων ἤρχισε νὰ γίνεται πεφανερώτερον ἀπὸ τὴν ἀδελφικὴν, παρὰ ἀπὸ τὴν μητρικὴν, φιλίαν ἀγάπην, γιναμένη ἄσπλαγχνος πρὸς τὸν υἱόν τῆς, διὰ νὰ φανῇ δικαία πρὸς τὰς ἀδελφὰς τῆς, ἐπειδὴ ἀφ' ἧς ἀνάψε τὸ ὀλέθριον πῦρ, διὰ τὴν, ἔπειτα, νὰ ἀναστομώσῃ πῦσον κι ἂν νὰ διψάξῃ· ἂς μάθῃ τὸ πῦρ, ἂς καύσῃ τὰ σπλάγχνα μου. Τότε λαβοῦσα εἰς χεῖρας τὸν δαυλόν, ἐστάθη ὀλίγον ὀργῆς ἔμπροσθεν εἰς τὰς ἱερακείας βωμοὺς, ὅπως ἔμελλε νὰ καύσῃ τὸν υἱόν τῆς, προσφέρουσα τὴν φρικτὴν παύλων θυσίαν πρὸς τὰ τῆς ᾅδου Ἐρινύας· „Ὦ „τῆν τιμωριῶν καὶ ἐκδικήσεων Θεάδες, στρέψατε καὶ „σεῖς τὰ ὄμματα σας πρὸς τὴν φοβερὰν ταύτην „θυσίαν· ἐγὼ ἐκδικοῦμαι, καὶ πράττω ἀθέμιστον ἔργον· ἀλλὰ πρέπει νὰ καθαρισθῇ ὁ θάνατος μὲ τὸν „θάνατον, νὰ προστεθῇ τῷ ἐγκλήματι ἔγκλημα
„ γε νὰ χαίρῃ ὁ Οἰνεὺς διὰ τῶν νίκλων τῦ υἱξ τς, καὶ „ ὁ Θέστιος νὰ κλαίῃ τὺς ἐδικάς τς; ὄχι ὄχι, Θέλετε „ κλαίπ ὁμῦ καὶ οἱ δύο, ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶναι δίκαιον ὁ εἷς „ νὰ ὀπυχῇ, καὶ ὁ ἄλλος νὰ δύρεται. ὑμεῖς δὲ, ὦ τῶν „ ἀδελφῶν με ψυχαί, δεχθῆτε τὰ ἐναγίσματα ταῦτα, „ καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῦ αἵματός με προσφερομένην ὑμῖν θυσίαν. „ Ἀλλὰ τί λέγω ἡ δυστυχής; ποῦ ἀρπάζομαι; ἆχ ἀ- „ δελφοί με! δῶτε συγγνώμην εἰς μητέρα, ἡ ὁποία δὲν „ ἀποπολῦ νὰ φονεύσῃ τὸν υἱὸν της. Ὁμολογῶ ὅτι ὁ „ Μελέαγρος εἶναι ἄξιος θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ σκληρὸν φαίνε- „ ται μοι νὰ ζήσω ἐγὼ αἰτία τῆς φόρης τῆς. Μέλει μείνῃ „ λοιπὸν ἀτιμώρητος, ἐπειδὴ φοβοῦμαι νὰ τὸν τιμωρή- „ σω; αὐτὸς μὲν νὰ βασιλεύῃ εἰς τὴν Καλυδῶνα νί- „ κητής, καὶ εὐπαγοῦχος, ὑμεῖς δὲ νὰ μὴ εἶσθε ὅλο ὅτι „ εἶσθε ὀλίγη τέφρα καὶ ψυχραὶ ψυχοὶ σκιαί; Ὄχι ὄχι, „ θέλετε ἐκδικηθῆ· πρέπει νὰ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ μιαρὸς, καὶ „ νὰ χάσῃ μετ᾽ αὐτὸ καὶ αἱ ἐλπίδες τῆς πατρὸς τῦ, καὶ „ τὸ βασιλεῖον, καὶ ἡ πατρίς. Οἴμοι! ποῦ εἶναι ἡ μη- „ τερινὴ στοργὴ; ποῦ αἱ τῶν μητέρων συνήθεις εὐχαὶ ὑ- „ περ τῆς τῶν τέκνων σωτηρίας; ἐλησμόνησα λοιπὸν ἡ „ παλαίφατος ὅτι τὸν ἔφερα ἐννέα μῆνας εἰς τὴν κα- „ στέραν με, καὶ ὅτι εἶμαι μήτηρ τῦ; ἄμποτε νὰ ἤθελες „ ἀποθάνῃ ἔτι βρέφος, καὶ νὰ μὴ ἤθελα σὲ φυλάξῃ „ ἀπὸ τῆς φωτίαν φωτίαν! Διὰ ἐμὲ ἤξησας μέχρι τῆσ- „ δε, καὶ διὰ ἐμὲ σήμερον θέλεις ἀποθάνῃ. Λάβε τὴν „ ἀνταμοιβὴν τὰ ἀπάνθρωπα ἔργα σε. Δύο φοραῖες σε „ ἔδωκα τὴν ζωὴν, ὅταν πρῶτον σε ἐγέννησα, καὶ ὅταν „ ἀπεκρύμμα ἀπὸ τῆς φωτίαν τὸν εἱμαρμένον δαυ- „ λόν. Ἐπίστρεψόν μοι τήν
ALTHAEA AND THE DEATH OF MELEAGER
There was a piece of wood that the Three Sisters placed in the fire, when Althaea, the daughter of Thestius, was in the throes of childbirth. As they spun the threads of fate firmly under their thumbs, they said: �We assign an equal span of time to you, O new born child, and to this brand.� When the goddesses vanished, after speaking the prophecy, the mother snatched the burning branch from the fire, and doused it with water. It had long been hidden away in the depths of the inner rooms, and preserved, had preserved your years, youth. Your mother now brought it out, and called for pinewood and kindling: and, once that was in position, she lit the hostile flames. Then she tried, four times, to throw the brand in the fire, and four times, held back. The mother fought the sister in her, and the two tugged at the one heart. Often her cheeks grew pale at imminent wickedness. Often fierce anger filled her eyes with blood. One moment she seemed like someone threatening some cruelty: the next you would think her full of compassion. When her heart�s fierce passion dried up her tears, the tears welled up again. As a ship, that the wind, and the tide opposing the wind, both seize, feels the twin forces and obeys the two, uncertainly, so the daughter of Thestius, was swayed by her emotions, and her anger alternately calmed, and then flared again.
However, the sister in her begins to outweigh the mother, and to appease the shades of her own blood, with blood, she escapes guilt by incurring it. Now, as the baleful fire strengthens, she cries �Let this be the funeral pyre that cremates my child.� As she held the fatal brand in her deadly hand, and stood, wretched woman, in front of the funeral altars, she said �Eumenides, Triple Goddesses of Retribution, turn your faces towards these fearful rites! �I take revenge, and I do a wicked thing: death must be atoned for by death: crime must be heaped on crime, ruin on ruin. Let this impious house end in a flood of mourning! Shall, Oeneus, fortunate, rejoice in his victorious child, while Thestius is bereaved of his sons? Better for both to grieve. Only, my brother�s spirits, new-made ghosts, recognise my sense of duty to you, and accept the sacrifice I prepare, so great its cost to me, the evil child of my womb! Ah me! What conclusion do I rush towards? My brothers, forgive a mother! The hand is unequal to what it began: I acknowledge he deserves to die, but I do not desire to be the cause of his death. Shall he go unpunished? Shall he live, victorious, proud of his success, and be king in Calydon, while you lie there, the scant ashes of chill shadows? For my part I cannot suffer that to be: let the wicked die, and pull down his father�s hopes, his kingship, and the ruins of his country! Where are my maternal feelings? Where are the sacred allegiances of a parent? Where are the anxieties I suffered over those ten months? O, I wish, when you were an infant burning in those first flames, I had allowed it to be! By my gift, you lived: now for your own fault, you die! Suffer the consequences of what you have done, and give me back the life I twice gave you, once at your birth, once when I snatched at the brand, or let me join my brothers in the tomb!
I yearn to do it, and I cannot do it. What shall I do? Now my brothers� wounds are before my eyes and the image of all that blood: and now heart�s love, and the word mother move me. Woe to me! Evil is in your victory, my brothers: but victory you shall have: only let me follow you, and the comfort I bring you!� She spoke, and turning her face away, with trembling hands, threw the fatal brand, into the midst of the fire. The piece of wood itself gave, or seemed to give, a sigh, as it was attacked, and burned, by the reluctant flames.
ρον Θανατόν του · τόν κλαίουσι νέοι καὶ γέροντες, οἱ ἐν- δοξοι, καὶ ὅλον τὸ πλῆθος τῆς Καλυδώνος · ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες ἀπαρηγόρητοι τὸν θρηνοῦσιν · ἀλλ' ὁ Οἰ- νεὺς ὁ πατήρ του πίπτων εἰς τὴν γῆν κυλινδεῖται μὲ τὸν λιπαρὸν καὶ ἄσπρα μαλλία του, καὶ τὸ γερουτικόν του πρόσωπον · θέλει νὰ συναποθάνῃ μὲ τὸν υἱόν του, μεμ- φόμενος τὴν πολυχρόνιον ἡλικίαν του, ὅτι ἔφθασε νὰ ἰ- δῇ τοιαύτην συμφοράν. Ἡ Ἀλθαία ἐλεγχομένη ὑπὸ τῆς συνειδήσεως τοῦ ὠμοῦ ἔργου, ἀπεσφάγη ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς της, καὶ ὅπως ἐκδικήσῃ τὸν υἱόν της. Τώρα δὲ καὶ νὰ εἶχα ἑκατὸν στόματα, καὶ ὅλην τὴν τῆς Παρνασσοῦ δύνα- μιν καὶ γλωττίαν, δὲν ἠθέλα δυνηθῆ βέβαια νὰ πε- ριγράψω τὸν θρῆνον, καὶ τὰς λυπηρὰς ὀδύνας τῶν ἀδελ- φῶν τοῦ δυστυχοῦς Μελεάγρου. Δὲν ἔμελλον πλέον οὔτε τῆς εὐμορφίας των, οὔτε τινὸς εὐσχετείας, ἀλλ' ἐπει- δώσαντο τὴν κόμην των, καὶ πίπτουσαι κατὰ στῆθος των, ἕως καὶ ἐγίνετο ἐμπρός των τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, δὲν παύουσι νὰ τὸ ἐναγκαλίζωνται, καὶ νὰ τὸ φιλοῦσιν, ὡ- σὰν νὰ ἠλπιζον νὰ τὸ ἀναζωπυρώσουν διὰ τῆς συνεχοῦς περιπλακῆς των, καὶ φιλημάτων. Ἔτι κατεφίλουν αὐτὸ κακὶ ὅταν ἐτέθη ἐπάνω εἰς τὴν πυράν, καὶ ἀφ' οὗ κατε- κάη, ἐθήλουν κακὶ αὐτῶν τὴν σάρκα τους. Ἔμεναν δὲ κλαίουσαι ἐπάνω εἰς τὸν τάφον, καὶ μὴ δυνάμεναι πλέον νὰ ἀσπάζωνται τὰ λείψανα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ των, κατεφίλουν τὸ ὄνομά του, βρέχουσαι αὐτὸ ἀκαταπαύστως μὲ τὰ δάκ- ρυά των. Τότε ἡ Ἄρτεμις ὑπερχορτασθεῖσα ἀπὸ τὰ δυστυχήματα τῆς γενεᾶς τοῦ Οἰνέως, ἐπαρακινήθη τέλος εἰς συμπάθειαν, καὶ συνεπύκασε μὲ πτερὰ ὅλας τὰς θυγατέρας του, πλὴν τῆς Γόργης καὶ Δηϊανείρας, τὰς ἐξαπέστειλεν εἰς τὰς νή
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Ο εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ Μελεάγρου διαφέρας τῶν Αἰτωλίας ἀνεῖχε χώρος, ἦτον σῦας σπείραμος κλέπτης, υἱὸς τῆς Φασίδος, τὸν ὁποῖον ὠνόμασαν Καλυδώνιον Σῦν, ὡς ἐπειδὴ εἶχε πολλοὺς ἑταίρους, καὶ ἰσχὺν τῆς μεγάλης ἀδελφότητος, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφόρεσεν εἰς ἕνα τόπον, τὴν ἐφοβοῦντο καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι πόλεις, διὰ τὴν συνθροφὴν συναχθέντες τῶν Ἑλλήνων, καὶ πολεμήσαντες κατ' αὐτοῦ, ἐνίκησαν αὐτόν, καὶ ἐσκότωσαν.
Ἀλλ' ὁ Ποιητὴς ἐν τίνες ἐκ τῶν ἱστορησάντων τὸν Μῦθον, εἶπον ὅτι ἀνακαίσασα ἡ Ἄρτεμις ἐπειδὴ ἡμελήθη εἰς μίαν θυσίαν προσφερομένην εἰς τύμην τῆς Θεᾶς. Καὶ ἐβέβαιόν γε ὅτι χοῖρος εἰς τὸν Καλυδῶνα διὰ νὰ ἐκδικηθῇ τὴν τιμὴν τῆς ὁποίας ἐφοράσκηθη ἡ κακωμένη ὁ Οἰνεύς, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς πόλεως. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ εἶχε γίνει πόλεμος ἀπὸ τινα κλέπτην, ἢ ἐπαναστάτην, διεσκέδασε ἀπὸ τὸν ἐκεῖνον, ἢ ἔπλασαν μὲ τὸ νὰ δείξωσιν οἱ Παλαιοὶ ὅτι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δεῖ νὰ τρέμωσι προσέχοντες τὴν λατρείαν τῶν Θεῶν, καὶ ὅτι ὅλα τὰ κακὰ, ὅσα τοῖς συμβαίνουσιν, οἷον αἱ μάχαι, οἱ λοιμοὶ, αἱ ἀκαρπίαι, ἢ τόσα ἄλλα δυστυχήματα, εἶναι κατὰ Θεοῦ παραχώρησιν, ἐξ αἰτίας τῆς πονηρίας των, ἢ τῆς πρὸς τὰ Θεῖα ἀνευλαβείας. Οὕτω διὰ τῆς ἀσεβείας τοῦ Φαραὼ τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Αἰγύπτου, τόσα διάφορα ζῶα ἐρήμωσαν τὸ βασίλειόν του· ἡ δὲ τοῦ Δαβὶδ ἁμαρτία ἐπροξένησε τὸν λοιμὸν, ὅστις διεχύθη μεταξὺ τοῦ λαοῦ του.
Καὶ βέβαια, ὥ ἦ τα αἴτια τῆς τούτων κακῶν ἔνιοτε εἶναι τόσον ἀπόκρυφα, ὥστε φαίνεται ὅτι ἀφορέχουσα μᾶλλον ἀπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως τῆς πραγμάτων, ἢ ὑπὸ τῆς τῆς ἀστέρων ἐπιρροῆς, παρὰ ὑπὸ Θείαν παραχώρησιν, μὲ ὅλον τὸ τὰ ὅλα γίνονται ὑπὸ τὴν ἁγιωτάτην, ἢ
τῶ αἵματος τῶν φίλων των ἢ συγγενῶν, διὰ νὰ ἀκαταπαύσιν τὰ ὄρεξιν τῶν ἢ τὰ πάθη του.
Εἶναι δὲ εὔκολον νὰ κρίναμεν ὅτι διὰ τὸν φόνον τοῦτον ὑποδείκνυεται ὅτι μεταξὺ τῶν πλέον ἀγαπημένων φίλων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ὁμοῦ ἐκολούθησαν καὶ συνήθειαν ἢ παραμίκρον τι ὅλον κινεῖ πολλάκις μεγάλην μάχην καὶ διχοστασίαν καὶ ἀκολούθως ἀποβαίνει κακὰ εἰς τὰς πολιτείας ὅτι εἶναι πάντοτε ἐπικίνδυνον τὸ νὰ ἄρχωσιν εἰς τὰς μεγάλας ὑποθέσεις, ἢ μάλιστα εἰς τὸν πόλεμον, ἀνδρῶτεροι· ἐπειδὴ ὁ ἀναμεταξὺ τῶν διαγερόντων φθόνος, ἐμποδίζει πολλάκις τὴν νίκην, ἢ μετὰ τὴν ὑπάρξιν, τὴν κατασκευὴν, ἢ ὅτι δύσκολον νὰ μὴ ἀκολουθήσωσιν ἀπάτειαι ἐκεῖ ὅπου εἶναι πολλοὶ οἱ ἁμιλλώμενοι πρὸς ἓν ἢ τὸ αὐτὸ πρᾶγμα.
Περὶ δὲ τὰ μοιραίας ἐκείνης δαυλῆς, πρέπει βέβαια νὰ συμπεραίνῃς ἀπὸ τὰ ῥηθέντα ὅτι ἡ Ἄλθαια νὰ ἐμεταχειρίσθη μαγικόν τι ἔργον διὰ νὰ θανατώσῃ τὸν υἱόν της Μελέαγρον· ἐπειδὴ, τὸ ἀληθεύουσι τὰ ὅσα λέγονται περὶ τῆς Μαγείας, οἱ τοιοῦτοι μεταχειρίζονται διὰ νὰ βλάψωσιν, ἢ διὰ νὰ θανατώσωσι τινὰς ἀνθρώπους, λαμπάδας, ἢ εἰκόνας, ἢ τοιαῦτα τινὰ παρόμοια ὄντα τοῦ δαύλου.
Ὅσον δὲ διὰ τῆς τὰ Μελεάγρου ἀδελφάς, ἃς ὁποίας μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πτηνά, λέγω ὅτι καθὼς εἰς τὰ Βοσσοϊα, οὐ μακρὰν τῶν τῆς Ἱππολύτης ἴσχυσται καθὲ ἐννέα χρόνος· κάποια ξένα πτηνὰ ὀνομαζόμενα ἢ παραπλησίοις ὀνόμασι διοριζόμενα μαρνὲ ἔρχονται ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀρεκίν εἰς τὴν Βοσσοϊάν εἰσιν, αἱ ὁποῖαι ὑπὸ τῆς Ποντῆς ἀπάττουν ἀδελφαὶ τοῦ Μελεάγρου ἢ παιδὶ ἰὰς ἐπὶ τὸ πλέον συγκάζεσιν εἰς τὸν τόπον, ὅπου ἐπάφη ὁ Μελέαγρος, ἢ διὰ τοῦτο καλύνται καὶ Μελεαγρίδες. Λέγουσι δὲ ὅτι παρομοία ζῶα τῆς ὀρνίθας τῆς Ἰνδίας, ἢ φέρουσι
ΜΥΘΟΣ Ε'. ζ'. Τ'.
Περὶ τῆς Νηϊάδου τῆς μεταμορφώσεως εἰς τὰς Ἐχινάδας Νήσους, καὶ τῆς Περιμέλης παρομοίως εἰς Νῆσον.
Μετὰ τὴν δὲ ἀρχειχοίρου σφαγήν, ὑπεστρέψας ὁ Θησεὺς εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, διεπέρασε μερικὸν καιρὸν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ Ἀχελώου ποταμοῦ, ὁ ὁποῖος τῷ διηγεῖται τὴν εἰς νήσον μεταμόρφωσιν τῶν πέντε Νηϊάδων, ἐπειδὴ κατεφρόνησαν αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμοῦ θεόν· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὴν παρομοίως εἰς νῆσον μεταμόρφωσιν τῆς ἐρωμένης του Περιμέλης, ὅταν ὁ πατὴρ της τὴν ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ ὄχθα σύπτελι εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.
Ἄψ ὁ Θησεὺς ἡγανάκτη μὲ τὰς ἄλλας εἰς τὸ φοβερὸν ἐκεῖνο τοῦ ἀρχαιοτάτου χοίρου κυνήγιον, ἐπέστρεφον εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας· ἀλλ' ὁ Ἀχελῶος ποταμὸς ὑπέροχος ὢν ἀπὸ τὰς βροχὰς, τοῦ ἐμπόδισε τὸν δρόμον, ἀναγκάζοντάς τον νὰ διαβῇ ὀλίγον καιρὸν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν του, ὧδε, τοῦ εἶπε, μήπως κινδυνεύσῃς εἰς τὰ νερά μας, τὰ ὁποῖα πολλάκις μὲ τὰς πλημμύρας μετὰ βίαν ἁρπάζουσιν ἀπὸ τὰς ὄχθας ἢ τὰς σκοπέλους, ἴδον αὐτὰ ἔνιοτε ἁρπάζοντα μεγάλας σορούς μου μὲ τὰ ποίμνια, οὔτε δὲν ὠφελεῖ τίποτες ἡ δύναμις τῶν ταύρων, οὔτε τῶν ἵππων τὸ τάχος, ἢ ὁ χείμαρρος, ὁ καταβαίνων ἀπὸ τὰ βουνὰ, ἀφ' οὗ διαλύ-
Far off, and unaware, Meleager is alight with that fire, and feels his inner organs invisibly seared. He controls the fierce agonies, with courage. Nevertheless he is sad that he must die a bloodless, cowardly death, and calls Ancaeus fortunate in his wounds. At the last, groaning with pain, he names his aged father, his brothers, his loving sisters, the companion of his bed, and, it may be, his mother. The fire and the suffering flare up, and die away, again, and both are extinguished together. Gradually his breath vanishes into the light breeze: gradually white ashes veil the glowing embers.
Noble Calydon lies dead. Young men and old lament, people and princes moan, and the women of Calydon, by the River Euenus, tear at their hair, and beat their breasts. His father, prone on the ground, mars his aged features and white hair with dust, and rebukes himself for his long years. As for his mother, conscious of her dreadful action, she has exacted punishment on herself, with her own hand driving the weapon into her body. Not though the god had given me a hundred mouths speaking with tongues, the necessary genius, and all Helicon as my domain, could I describe the sad fate of his poor sisters. Forgetting what is seemly, they strike their bruised chests, and while there is something left of the body, the body is caressed again and again, as they kiss it and kiss the bier on which it lies.
Once he is ashes; the ashes are gathered, and they press them to their breasts, throw themselves down on his tomb, and clasping the stone carved with his name, they drown the name with tears. At last, Diana, satiated with her destruction of the house of Parthaon, lifted them up, all except Gorge, and Deianira, the daughter-in-law of noble Alcmena, and, making feathers spring from their bodies, and stretching long wings over their arms, she gave them beaks, and, changed to guinea-hens, the Meleagrides, launched them into the air.
Δῶσι τὰ χιόνια, κατέπιε πολλάκις ἐκεῖνος, ὅσοι ἐπέλμησαν νὰ τὸν διαπεράσωσιν, ὑπερθαρρούντες εἰς τὴν ἰσχὺ τῆς νεότητός των. Εἶναι λοιπὸν ἀσφαλέστερον νὰ ἰσχύσῃς ἐδῶ ὀλίγον καιρὸν, ἕως ὅτ' ἐπιστρέψωσιν εἰς τὸν συνήθη τόπον των τὰ νερά. Καταπεισθεῖς ἀπὸ τοὺς λόγους ταύτας ὁ Θησεὺς, ἀπεδέχετο μὲν τὸν ποταμὸν ὅτι ἐδέχετο ἀσμενέως ἢ τὴν συμβεβηκυῖαν νὰ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν του. Ἔμβηκε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον τοῦ Ἀχελώου, τὸ κατεσκευασμένον ἐκ κισσοειδοῦς, ἢ σπογγώδους πώρων, ἢ ἄνωθεν ἔχραντος στεφανομένον ἀπὸ ὑγρὰ βρύα, τὴν δὲ ὀροφὴν ἀπὸ ποικιλόχροες κόγχυλας. Ὅταν ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τοῦ γεύματος, ἔχαιρεν ὁ Ἀχελῶος, ὅτι ἠξιώθη ἕνὸς τοιούτου ξένου, τὸν παρεκάλεσε νὰ καθήσῃ εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, περιποιούμενος ὁμοίως καὶ τοὺς συντρόφους του. Ἐκάθισε λοιπὸν ὁ Θησεὺς πλησίον τοῦ Ἀχελώου, ἔνθεν ἀπὸ τὸ ἕν μέρος ὁ Πειρίθοος, κ' ἀπὸ τὸ ἄλλο ὁ Ληλεξ, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ τρίχες ἤρχιζαν νὰ λευκαίνονται. Ἄπειτα οἱ ἐπίλοιποι ἐκάθισαν εἰς τὸν τόπον των, ἕκαστος κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν του. Εὐθὺς αἱ Νύμφαι γυμναὶ τοὺς πόδας ἔφερον διάφορα φαγητὰ εἰς τὴν τράπεζαν, εἶτα οἶνον εἰς διάλιθα ποτήρια. Ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἐσήκωσαν τὰς τραπέζας, στρέψας ὁ Θησεὺς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν „τί εἶναι ἐκεῖνο ὅπερ βλέπω; λέγει πρὸς τὸν Ἀχελῶον ( δακτυλοδεικνύων τὸ ὁρώμενον ) πῶς ὀνομάζεται ἐκείνη ἡ Νῆσος, ἢ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν αἱ Νῆσοι ἐκεῖναι, ἐπειδὴ φαίνεταί μοι ὅτι βλέπω πολλάς; Δὲν εἶναι ἅπασαι, τοῦ ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Ἀχελῶος, διὰ εἶναι μία μόνη Νῆσος ἡ παρὰ σοῦ ὁρωμένη, ἀλλὰ πολ
μὲν ἡ Ἄρτεμις κατὰ τοῦ Οἰνέως, μᾶθε ὅτι αὐταί αἱ Νῆσοι ἦσαν ποτὲ Νησιάδες· καὶ τώρα θέλω σοῦ διηγηθῆ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς μεταμορφώσεως των. Ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐθυσίασαν δέκα μόσχας, καὶ προσκαλέσασαι ὅλες τὰς ἀρσένας Θεούς, ἐμὲ μόνον παρεῖδον εἰς τὴν μέραν τῆς θυσίας. Ἀγανακτήσας λοιπὸν ἐγὼ δι' αὐτῶν τὴν κατάφρονησιν, ὕψωσα τὰ ὕδατα με ὅσον ἠδύνασθε, πλημμυρίζων τόπος, ὅπου ποτὲ δὲν με εἴχον φοβηθῆ, καὶ ἐνδυναμωμένος ἀπὸ αὐτὰ τὰ ὕδατα με, καὶ ἀπὸ τὸν ζυμὸν με, ἐξερρίζωσα ὁλοκλήρους δρυμούς, ἢ ἀκροφέρες πεδιάδας, φέρων εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὁμοῦ με τὰς πόλεις, ὅπου ἐπλάκησαν, ἢ ἐμείωσας τὰς ὑπερφανεῖς Νύμφας, αἱ ὁποῖαι τὸ μόνον με ἐνδυμήνησαν. Οὕτως λοιπὸν ἀπὸ τὴν βίαν μου ἢ τὴν ὁρμὴν τῆς κυμάτων τῆς θαλάσσης, ἡ παρ' αὐτῆς κατοικημένη γῆ διεμερίσθη εἰς πολλὰ μέρη, τὰ ὁποῖα τὴν σήμερον σχηματίζει τὰς Ἐχινάδας Νήσους, ἢ κατά τινα τρόπον ἔχυσε ὁ πατέρας των. Ἀλλ' ὁρατικεῖ ἐκεῖ, ὡς βλέπεις, ἀλλὰ μία Νῆσος πεχωρισμένη ἀπὸ τὰς πέντε πρώτας, τῶν ὁποίων ἐτι ἀγαπῶ, ἢ καλεῖται Περιμέλη. Ἦτον ἢ αὕτη Νύμφη ποτὲ, ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπερφιλῶν αὐτήν, τῆς ἀφαιρέσα τὸ παρθενικὸν ἄνθος. Ὅθεν Ἱππόδαμος ὁ πατήρ της, ἀγανακτήσας κατάπολλὰ διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα με, τὴν ἐκρήμνισον ἀπὸ τινα σκόπελον, διὰ νὰ πνιγῇ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ἀλλ' ἐγὼ τὴν ὑπεδέχθηθω εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας με, εἶπον δεόμενος τὰ Ποσειδῶνος· ὦ τριαινοκράτωρ θεέ, ὅς τις ἐκληρώθης τὸ βασιλείον τῆς θαλάσσης· σύ, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ἡμεῖς οἱ ποταμοὶ προσφέρομεν ὥσπερ δῶρον τὰ ὕδατα μας, ἐξέχοντες ἀναπαύσεως εἰς τὸν κόλπον σε, εἰς τ
Here is the corrected text:
„ λειάνομεν, εἰσάκουστον, ὦ Ποσείδον, τῆς δικαίας „ προσευχῆς με· ἐγὼ εἶμαι ὁ αἴτιος τοῦ δυστυχήματος „ τῆς Νύμφης, τὴν ὁποίαν βαστάζω· αἱ δὲν ἦτον τό- „ σον σκληρὸς καὶ ἀπάνθρωπος ὁ πατήρ της, ἤθελε „ σπλαγχνισθῆ βέβαια τὴν θυγατέρα του ἡ συγχωρέ- „ σῃ καὶ ἐμέ. Σὺ λοιπὸν, ὅστις ἀδιάχυτος ποτὲ ἀπὸ „ ὅλης τῆς γῆς, διὰ τὴν σπληρότητα τοῦ πάθους σου, „ βοήθησον σήμερον τὴν ἀθλίαν ταύτην κόρην, ἡ ὁ- „ ποία ἐκρημνίσθη εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ πάθους „ της τὴν ὠμότητα. Δὸς αὐτῇ τόπον ἵνα ἡσυχάσῃ, ἢ „ ἂς μεταβῇ εἰς τόπον, τὸν ὁποῖον νὰ δύναμαι ἐγὼ „ πάντοτε νὰ ἐναγκαλίζωμαι πρὸς παρηγορείαν τῆς δυ- „ στυχίας της. Ὁ τῆς θαλάσσης βασιλεὺς ἔσεισε τὴν „ κεφαλήν της, μοὶ ἑβεβαίωσεν αὐθὸς ὅτι εἰσήκουσε τὴ „ δέησίν μου, καὶ διὰ νὰ με βεβαιώσῃ περισσότερον, „ ἐτάραξε καὶ ὅλα του τὰ ὕδατα. Ἡ Νύμφη ἐφοβήθη „ τὴν ταραχήν, τὴν παρομοιάζουσαν μέγαν χειμῶνα, „ ἀλλὰ δὲν ἔπαυσε νὰ κολυμβῆ, ἕως οὗ ἐβάστασεν αὐτὴν „ εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας μου, γιγνώσκων τὸν ἐκ τῆς φόβου παλ- „ μὸν τῆς καρδίας της. Ἐξαίφνης κατέλαβα ὅτι ἐσ- „ κληρύνετο τὸ σῶμα της, καὶ περιεβάλλετο χῶμα ὁ „ κόλπος της, καὶ μία νέα γῆ ἐσκέπασεν ὅλα της τὰ „ μέλη, ὥστε ἐντὸς ὀλίγου ἔγινεν ὅλη Νῆσος ἡ ἐραστή „ μου Νύμφη".
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Εἰσδολογήση ότι ὁ Ποσειδῶν, καὶ ὁ Ἀχελῶος ἐκάμνον ἐκείνας τὰς Νήσους, αἱ ὁποῖαι ἐγίναν ἀληθῶς ἀπὸ τὰς πλημμύρας τῆς Θαλάσσης, ἢ ἦν μεγάλων ποταμῶν ἐπειδὴ ἡ ὁρμὴ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὑποσκάψασα ἐπίστευε κάνσα μερμάτιον γῆς ὑπὸ τὴν ἤπειρον (ὡς φαίνεται νὰ ἐγίνε τῇ ἡ Σικελία) ἢ σαρώσασα γῆν ἐκ τῆς γῆς, κατασκευάζει Νήσους ἐκεῖ ὅπου πρότερον ἦτον ἀλμυρὸς Θάλασσα. Φαίνεται δὲ ὅτι αἰφνίδιον ἐξέρχῃ ἀπὸ τὴν Θάλασσαν, ὅταν εἰς μεσαίους τόπους ἀδιαχώρη τὸ ὕδωρ, ἢ ὅταν ὁ ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἢ που εἰς τοῦ πυθμένα τῆς Θαλάσσης, κλεισμένος ἀνέμος, θέλων νὰ ἐξέλθῃ ἔξω, καὶ μὴ δυνηθεὶς νὰ ἀποθλίψῃ τὴν γῆν, τὴν ὕψωσεν εἰς ἄνω τι κορον ἕως ὅπου ἔστερον ἔχει ὁ Ὀβίδιος ἔτι γυμνάσιον, Νήσου τῆς Πειμελῆς πλάττων ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν δὲν ἄφησε νὰ κατακλυσθῇ ἐκείνη ἡ Νύμφη. Τοιοῦτος Μῦθος ἀνακαλύπτει εὐθέως τὰ ἔργα τῆς φύσεως, ἐπειδὴ αἱ Ἐχινάδες Νῆσοι, αἱ κείμεναι πλησίον τῆς Ἀκαρνανίας ἀντικρὺ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Ἀχελώου ποταμοῦ, ἤγνων ὑπὸ τὴν γῆν ἡ ἄμμος, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐπισωρεύει αὐτὸς ὁ ποταμὸς ὁμοῦ μὲ τὰ ὕδατά του.
ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΝ Ζ'. Η'. Θ'.
Περὶ Φιλήμονος καὶ Βαυκίδος, ἢ εἰς δένδρα μεταμορφωθέντων, καὶ τῆς αὐτῶν οἰκίας εἰς Ναὸν καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολυμεταβλήτου Πρωτέως.
Meanwhile, Theseus, having played his part in the united effort, turned back towards Athens, Tritonia�s city, where Erectheus once ruled. But the River Achelo�s, swollen with rain, blocked his immediate path, and stalled his journey. �Come under my roof, famous scion of Cecrops,� the river-god said, �and do not commit yourself to my devouring waters. They are liable to carry solid tree-trunks along, in their roaring, and roll great boulders over on their sides. I have seen whole byres, near the bank, swept away, with all their livestock: and neither the cattle�s strength nor the horses� speed was of any use. Many a strong man has been lost in the whirling vortices, when the torrent was loosed, after mountain snows. You will be safer to stay till my river runs in its normal channel, when its bed holds only a slender stream.�
Aegeus�s son nodded, and replied: �I will make use of your house, and your counsel, Achelo�s.� And so he did. He entered the dark building, made of spongy pumice, and rough tufa. The floor was moist with soft moss, and the ceiling banded with freshwater mussel and oyster shells.
Now Hyperion, the sun, had measured out two thirds of his path of light, when Theseus and his companions of the hunt seated themselves on couches. Here was Piritho�s, Ixion�s son, and there, Lelex, Troezen�s hero, his temples already streaked with thinning grey hair, and there were others whom the Acarnanian river-god, greatly delighted to have such a guest, judged worthy of equal honour. Quickly the barefoot nymphs set out dishes of food on the nearby tables, and when they had been cleared again, poured wine in jewelled cups. Then the greatest of heroes looking out over the waters below, asked: �What is that place?� (He pointed with his finger.) �Tell me what name the island has, though it seems more than an island!�
The river-god replied �What you see is not one island: five pieces of land lie together, but the distance conceals their distinctiveness. This will make you less astonished at what Diana did to Calydon when she was slighted. Those islands were once nymphs, who, though they had slaughtered ten bullocks and invited the rural gods to the festival, forgot me as they led the festal dance. I swelled with anger, as fierce as when my flood is at its fullest, and terrible in wind and wave, I tore forest from forest and field from field, and swept the nymphs, who then, at last, remembered me, along with the place they trod, into the sea. There the ocean and my waters separated what had been continuous ground, and split it into as many parts as you see islands, the Echinades, there in the midst of the waves.
But as you can see for yourself, far off, far off one island vanishes, dear to me: the sailors call it Perimele. I loved her and stole her virginity. At which her father, unable to accept it, threw his daughter from the cliffs into the deep, intending to destroy her. I caught her, and holding her as she swam, I cried: �O God of the Trident, to whom rule over the restless waves, closest to earth, fell by lot, give your aid I beg, and grant a place to one whom a father�s anger drowns, or allow her to be that place herself!� While I spoke, new earth clasped her body, as she swam, and a solid island rose, round her changed limbs.
Ὁ Ζεὺς ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐν ἀνθρωπίνῃ μορφῇ ἔρχονται εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν, ὅπως ἴδῃς τῶν ἐγκατοίκων θέλει νὰ τῆς ὑποδοχῆ, πλὴν τῆ Φιλήμονος ἰξ ἁς συμβίας τῷ Βαυκίδης, οἱ ὁποῖοι τῆς ἔκλαμβα τὴν καταδημόλιν δέξιωσιν καὶ ὑποδοχή. Βελόμενοι οὖν οἱ Θεοὶ νὰ ἀντιμείβασι τὸν ζῆλον, καὶ τὴν φιλοξενίαν αὐτῆς, τὴν μὲν καλύβην μετεβολον εἰς Ναὸν, αὐτοὺς δὲ εἰς δύο δένδρα. Ἀλλ' ἡ πόλις, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν κατῴκων ἐκατεντίσθη μαζὶ μὲ ὅλους τοὺς ἄλλους ἐγκατοίκους, οἱ ὁποῖοι κατεφρόνησαν τοὺς Θεούς, ἀφ' ἔγινεν ὅλη μία λίμνη. Διηγεῖται ὁ Ἀχέλωος ἰξ τῆς ἰδρυδρῦς· τῆ Πρωτέως μεταβολῆς.
Τὰ τῆ Ἀχελῶς διήγησις παρελήνησεν ὅλους τοὺς ἄλλους νὰ θαυμάσῃ τὰ παράξενα συμβάντα· ἀλλ' ὁ Πειρίθος, ἀσεβὴς ὢν ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ τῆ Ἴξίου, ἐπείρασε τὸν νὰ ἀπιστήσωσι τῆ ἄλλον, λέγων πρὸς τὸν Ἀχέλωον· „σύ μᾶς διηγῇσαι μῦθον, καὶ πα„ρὰ πολλὰ δυνατὸς νομίζεις τοὺς Θεοὺς, ἂν αὐτοὶ μᾶς ἀ„φαιροῦσι τὴν φυσικὴν μορφὴν μας, μεταβάλλοντες μᾶς „εἰς ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα εἴδη κατὰ τὴν ἀρέσκειάν των„. Κατεπλάγησαν ὅλοι διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τοῦ Πειρίθου,
Θέαρέτως δὲ ὁ Λύλης, ὁ ὁποῖος ὡς γέρων τῷ συνέπτος, μεμφόμενος τῆς λογχε τῷ Πιελθᾷ, ἔπω τῇ ἀπέκελθη· „ἄπειρος εἶναι ἡ Θεία δύναμις, κι ἴχνει ὅσα „βούλεται. Ἀλλὰ διὰ νὰ κατἀπεισθῆς περισότερον, „θέλω σοῦ διηγησῶ τὴν ἱστορείαν τῆς ὄρους, καὶ τῆς „πλησίον φιλύρας, αἱ ὁποῖαι φαίνονται ἔτι εἰς τὰ „πεδία τῆς Φρυγίας, περικοκλωμένναι ἀπὸ μικρόν τινα „τεῖχον. Ἔγινα ἐν αὐτόπης ἐκείνης τῷ πῷ, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν ἤμουν ἔτι νέος, μὲ ἐστέλλερ ὁ πατήρ μου „νὰ ἀπισκεφθῶ τον τόπον αὐτὸν, ὅπου ἄλλο τε ἐβασιλόύσει ὁ πάππος μου. Οὐ μάραν τῆς δύω ἐνείνων δοξάρων, ἀμέσκετοι ἦ μεγάλη λίμνη, ἡ ὁποία „ωφότερον ἦτον ἣ ἡ κατοικημένη ἀπὸ ποδλοῦ ἐγκαρπίας, ἀλλὰ τλῶ σήμερον δεῖ ἔχες ἀλλοτι εἰμι ὕδωρ, „ὄπε συγχράγαιν ἀϊθέαι, κι ἀλλὰ λιμνάδη πέλλα·
Ὁ Ζεὺς πῇ ὁ Ἑρμῆς εἰς ἀνθρωπίνων μορφῷ κατέβησαν ποτὲ εἰς τήν χώραν ἐκείνην, διὰ νὰ λάβωσι „πείραν τῆ ἐκείςε ἀνθρώπων. ἀλλ᾽ αὐτί νὰ φιλοφρονησθοῦν ὡς ξένοι, ἀπεβλίθησαν ἀπὸ ὅλας τὰς οἰκίας, „τῷ ὁποίων ἐκήρξαν τὴν ξύραν. Εὖρον πέλος ὑποδοχὴν „εἰς μικράν τινα κακύβιον, σκεπασμένη ἀπὸ ἄχυρα κι „καλάμια, εἰς τῷ ὁποίαν ἡ ἀγάπη Βαυνίς, κι ὁ γέρων αὐήρ τῆς Φιλίμων, εἶχον γηράσκειν καὶ οἱ δύο ὁρμι.
Ὀλίγα ἦσαν τὰ ὑπάρχοντα των, ἀλλ' ὑποφέροντες μετὰ μεγαλοψυχίας τὴν πτωχείαν των, δὲν τοῖς ἐφαίνετο τόσον βαρεῖα, ὅτε εὐδυσχεραίνοντο εἰς αὐτούς. Δὲν ἦτον εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν των καμμία διαφορὰ μεταξὺ δεσπότου καὶ δούλου· αὐτοὶ οἱ δύω μόνοι ἦσαν τὰ πάντα, καὶ κύριοι καὶ δοῦλοι, αὐτοὶ μόνοι οἱ προστάζοντες, αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ ὑπακούοντες. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν ἐνέβησαν οἱ Θεοὶ εἰς τὴν μικρὰν καλύβην
το λαμπρόν, καὶ ὁποῦ ἐφόρεσέ τα αὐτὰ εἰς ὅλην ἁπλότητα, ὁποῦ ἐνέργασε τοὺς ξένους της μὲ νέον οἶνον, ὡς συνήθες εἰς τοὺς πτωχούς. Εἰς τὸ τέλος τὰ γάλματος ἔφερε κα- ρύδια, μῆλα, σταφύλια, καὶ μέλι· ἀλλὰ τὸ καλλιότερον ἀπὸ ὅλα ἦτον τὸ γαροποιὸν πρόσωπον, καὶ ἡ καλὴ προαίρεσις τὴν ὁποίαν ἔδειξαν πρὸς τὰ ξένους των. Ἐπὶ τοσούτω ἔβλεπον οἱ γέροντες ὅτι κάθε φορά, ὅπου ἀ- δειαζον ὁ κρατήρ, πάλιν ἐγέμιζε αὐτομάτως ἀπὸ οἶ- νον· ὅθεν κατέπλαγχθες διὰ αὐτὸ τὸ παράξενον συμ- βεβηκός, καὶ κατανοήσαντες ὅτι οἱ δύο ξένοι ἦσαν Θεοί, τοὺς ἐπαρακάλεσαν ὑπτίαις χερσί, καὶ παπενῇ τῇ παρ- δίᾳ νὰ τοὺς συμπαθήσουσιν εἰς ὅλην ἀπρεπῆ δέξιωσιν, καὶ ἀδαιμονίδα προετοιμασίαν. Ἄλλο τι δὲν εἶχον εἰ μὴ μίαν χῆνα, ἡ ὁποία ἐφύλαττε ὅλην μικρὰν καλύβην τῶν, καὶ ἤθελον νὰ ὅλην σφάξουν, διὰ νὰ φιλοτιμήσουν καλλιότερα πρὸς Θεούς· ἀλλ᾽ ὄκνοι ὄντες διὰ τὸ γῆρας, εἰς μάτην ἐποτρίασαν μὲ ὅλην πίστιν, ἐπειδὴ ἔφυγε πάντοτε ἀπὸ τὰς χεῖρας των, καὶ τέλος κατέφυγε πρὸς τοὺς Θεούς, ὥσαν νὰ τοῦ ἐζήτη βοήθειαν· οἱ ὁποῖοι ἐμποδίσαν τὰς γέροντας νὰ ὅλην σφάξουν, καὶ τότε φανε- ρώθησαν, ἡμεῖς Θεοί ἐσμεσθα, τοῖς εἶπον· καὶ οἱ γεί- τονές σας θέλουν μείνη ἀτιμώρητοι διὰ τὴν ὁποίαν μᾶς ἔναντι κατεφρόνησιν· ἀλλὰ σεῖς θέλετε εἶσθε ἀμέτοχοι τῆς συμφορᾶς των· πλὴν φύγετε ἀπὸ ὅλην οἰκίαν σας, καὶ ἀποσώθεῖτε μᾶς εἰς ὅλην κορυφὴν ἐκεί- νης τοῦ ὄρος. Ὑπήκοοσαν παρευθὺς εἰς ὅλην προστα- γήν, καὶ ἐπακλεμβίζοντες εἰς τὰς βακτηρίας των, ὡς ἀδύ- νατοι ἐκ τοῦ γήρατος, ἀνέβησαν εἰς τὸ ὄρος, προφθά- σαντες τὰς Θεὰς μὲ δυσκολίαν μεγάλην. Ὅταν ἐπλη- σίασαν εἰς ὅλην κορυφήν, στρέφοντες τὰς ὀφθαλμοὺς των πρὸς ὅλην χώραν, ἄλλο τι εἶδον εἰμὴ παρὰ ὕδατα, καὶ ὁποῖα
ὁποῖα τῶν ἐσκέπαζον ὅλω, ἔξω μόνον ἀπὸ τῶν κα- λύβων ποῦ. Τὸ ποίστρον θέαμα τῆς ἐξόμαξε, ἰ ἔκλαυ- σαν τῶ δυστυχίαν τῆ γειτόνων ποῦ· αἱ ἐν ᾧ ἐθρύψεν τῆς ἅλμες, ἔχασαν ἀπὸ τὰ ὄμματα τῶν ἰ τῶν καλύ- βων ποῦ, ἰ ὅμως ἔπαχον νὰ τὶς ἰδῆν μέσα εἰς τὰ ὕδατα. Ἡ καλύβη ὅμως δὲν ἠφανίσθη, ἀλλ' ἔσσα πρό- τερον στενόχωρος ἰ μόλις ἁρμέτη πρὸς κατοικίαν δύο ἀνδρῶν, μετεβλήθη ἀπὸ εἰς μεγαλοπρεπῆ ναόν, ἰ τὰ μὲν ξύλα, τὰ ὁποῖα τῶν ἐκράτουν ὀρθῶν, ἔγιναν στύ- λοι, τὰ δὲ ἄχυρα, ἐξ ὧν ἐσκεπάζετο, μετεβλήθησαν εἰς περυσόχρυσον στέγην. Αἱ θύραι ἐκείνης τῆς ναοῦ ἦ- σαν γλυπταί, ἰ τὸ ἔδαφος μαρμαρόστρωτον. Τότε ὁ Ζεὺς, θέλων νὰ ἀνταμείψη τὴν εὐσέβειαν, ἰ φιλοξε- νίαν αὐτῶν τῶν καλῶν γερόντων „ζητήσατε μοι, λέγει, „δίκαιε γέρον, ἰ σὺ ἰ γυναῖκα ἀξία τῆς ποιότητος ἐναρέ- „του ἀνδρός, ζητήσατέ μοι ὅ,τι θέλετε· θεὸς εἶναι ὁ „προσφέρων ὑμᾶς, δυνάμενος νὰ σᾶς ὠφηλήση περισσό- „τερον ἀπ' ὅ,τι δύνασθε νὰ ἐπιθυμήσητε". Ὁ δὲ Φι- λήμων συνομιλήσας πρῶτον ὀλίγα τινα μετὰ τῆς συμ- βίας του, ἐφανέρωσε τὴν κοινὴν γνώμην τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεούς, λέγων „ζητοῦμεν νὰ ἤμεθα ἱερεῖς, ἰ λειτουρ- „γοὶ τοῦ ναοῦ σας, ἰ ἐπειδὴ ἐζήσαμεν πάντοτε ἐν „εἰρήνῃ ἰ ὁμονοίᾳ, νὰ ἀποθάνωμεν ἰ οἱ δύο ὁμοῦ, „ὥστε νὰ μὴ ἴδω ἔνα τὸν θάνατον τῆς συμβίας μου, „μήτε αὕτη νὰ ὑποφέρῃ τοῦ ἐνταφιασμοῦ μου τὴν λύ- „πην". Εἰσηκούσθη ἡ δέησις τῶν, ἰ ἔλαβον μέχρι ζωῆς τῶν τὴν ἐπιστασίαν τοῦ ναοῦ· ὡς δὲ ἔφθασαν εἰς βαθύτατον γῆρας, ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐν ᾧ διε- λέγοντο ἀπὸ τῆς θύρας τοῦ ναοῦ περὶ τῶν συμβάντων τῆς χώρας τῶν, παρατ
At this, the river-god fell silent. The wonder of the thing had gripped them all. But that daring spirit, Piritho�s, son of Ixion, scornful of the gods, laughed at their credulity. �These are fictions you tell of, Achelo�s, and you credit the gods with too much power, if you think they can give and take away the forms of things.� The others were startled, and disapproved of his words, Lelex above all, experienced in mind and years, who said: �The power of the gods is great and knows no limit, and whatever heaven decrees comes to pass. To help convince you, in the hills of Phrygia, an oak and a lime tree stand side by side, surrounded by a low wall. I have seen the place, since Pittheus, king of Troezen, sent me into that country, where his father Pelops once ruled.
There is a swamp not far from there, once habitable land but now the haunt of diving-birds and marsh-loving coots. Jupiter went there, disguised as a mortal, and Mercury, the descendant of Atlas, setting aside his wings, went with his father, carrying the caduceus. A thousand houses they approached, looking for a place to rest: a thousand houses were locked and bolted. But one received them: it was humble it is true, roofed with reeds and stems from the marsh, but godly Baucis and the equally aged Philemon, had been wedded in that cottage in their younger years, and there had grown old together. They made light of poverty by acknowledging it, and bearing it without discontent of mind. It was no matter if you asked for owner or servant there: those two were the whole household: they gave orders and carried them out equally.
So when the gods from heaven met the humble household gods, and stooping down, passed the low doorway, the old man pulled out a bench, and requested them to rest their limbs, while over the bench Baucis threw a rough blanket. Then she raked over the warm ashes in the hearth, and brought yesterday�s fire to life, feeding it with leaves and dried bark, nursing the flames with her aged breath. She pulled down finely divided twigs and dry stems from the roof, and, breaking them further, pushed them under a small bronze pot. Next she stripped the leaves from vegetables that her husband had gathered from his well-watered garden. He used a two-pronged stick to lift down a wretched-looking chine of meat, hanging from a blackened beam, and, cutting a meagre piece from the carefully saved chine, put what had been cut, to seethe, in boiling water.
In the meantime they made conversation to pass the time, and prevent their guests being conscious of the delay. There was a beech wood tub, suspended by its handle from a crude peg: this had been filled with warm water, and allowed their visitors to refresh their limbs. In the middle of the floor there was a mattress of soft sedges. Placed on a frame and legs of willow it made a couch. They covered it with cloths, that they only used to bring out for the times of sacred festivals, but even these were old and worn, not unworthy of the couch. The gods were seated.
The old woman, her skirts tucked up, her hands trembling, placed a table there, but a table with one of the three legs unequal: a piece of broken pot made them equal. Pushed underneath, it countered the slope, and she wiped the level surface with fresh mint. On it she put the black and green olives that belong to pure Minerva, and the cornelian cherries of autumn, preserved in wine lees; radishes and endives; a lump of cheese; and lightly roasted eggs, untouched by the hot ashes; all in clay dishes. After this she set out a carved mixing bowl for wine, just as costly, with cups made of beech wood, hollowed out, and lined with yellow bees� wax. There was little delay, before the fire provided its hot food, and the wine, of no great age, circulated, and then, removed again, made a little room for the second course. There were nuts, and a mix of dried figs and wrinkled dates; plums, and sweet-smelling apples in open wicker baskets; and grapes gathered from the purple vines. In the centre was a gleaming honeycomb. Above all, there was the additional presence of well-meaning faces, and no unwillingness, or poverty of spirit.�
ΤΟΓ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΤ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 459
παρομοίως ότι τὰ μαλλία τῆς συμβίας της ἐμεταμορφώ- νοντο εἰς ἠλάδες. Συνωμίλουν ὅμως ἕως οὗ ἐδαυήθη- σαν, ἀλλ' αἰσθανόμενοι ότι ὁ φλοιὸς ἤρχιζε νὰ τὰς σκε- πάσῃ τὸ σῶμα, ἀποχαιρέτησαν ἀλλήλους, καὶ ἔπειτα μετεβλή- θησαν ἀμφότεροι εἰς δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα φαίνονται ἐκεῖ ἄχρι τῆς σήμερον τὸ ἓν πλησίον εἰς τὸ ἄλλο. Ταῦτα ἔμαθον ἐγὼ παρὰ τινων ἀξιοπίστων γερόντων, οἱ τινες δὲν εἶχον καμμίαν αἰτίαν νὰ μὲ ἀπατήσωσιν. Ἴδον δὲ κἀγὼ αὐτοὺς τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μὲ πολλὰ στεφάνια κρεμασ- μένα εἰς τοὺς κλάδους τῶν δύο ἐκείνων δένδρων· καὶ ἀφοῦ προσῆλθα κἀγὼ ἄλλα νέα, ἔλεγον λέγων, ,,οἱ τὰ ,, Θεῖα καὶ τοὺς Θεοὺς Θεραπεύοντες, Θεραπεύεσθωσαν ,, καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς Θεοί ''. Οὕτως ἔλεγεν ὁ Λέλεξ, καὶ οἱ λόγοι του, καὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα του κατέπλησαν ὅλας τὰς παρε- σούσας, ἐξαιρέτως δὲ τὸν Θησέα. Τότε καὶ ὁ Ἀχελῷος βλέπων ότι μεγάλην εὐχαρίστησιν ἐλάμβανεν ὁ Θη- σεὺς τὰ ἀκούῃ τὰ περὶ τῶν Θεῶν, ἐπανακουμβίζων εἰς τὸν ἀγκῶνα του, εἶπε τάδε· ,,ἄλλοι μὲν, ἀνδρειότα- ,,τε Θησεῦ, μετεμορφώθησαν μίαν μόνην φοράν· ἄλ- ,,λοι δὲ πολλάκις, καὶ εἰς διαφόρας μορφάς. Οὕτως ὁ ,, Πρωτεὺς ὁ τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ υἱὸς ποτὲ μὲν ἐφαίνετο νέος, ,, ποτὲ δὲ λέων, καὶ ἔπειτα μὲν ἀγριόχοιρος, ἔπειτα δὲ ,, ὄφις φοβερὸς, καὶ ἄλλοτε πάλιν κερατόφορος ταῦρος, ,, ἄλλοτε πέτρα, ἄλλοτε δένδρον, καὶ καθ' ἑξῆς ποτὲ ,, μὲν ὕδωρ, ποτὲ δὲ πῦρ ''.
Δεῖ εἶναι ἀπάγμα μεταδιδόμενον εἰς τὶς ἀϊδράτης διοικήτηρα, ὅσον ἡ Θέα χάεις, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς αὐτῆς ὁ παῖς, καὶ τὸ διδαχθὲν ἔκ τῆς σοφίας τῶν παρδία πω δσας αὐτῆς. Τοῦτο μᾶς διδάσκει ὁ πᾶρων Μῦθος, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον ὁ Ζεύς κρύει πύσας Θύρας, καὶ δὲ ἀϊσκετάι τις ἰδ τὰ ἄνοίξῃ. ἀλλ ἡ συμφρά τῆς χώρας, εἰς τἰω ὁποῖαι δεῦ εὕρευ ὑπέδγλῳ, ὑποδείχνει ὅτι ὁι πὰ Θεῖα καταφρονῦντες δεῦ μένασι ποσῦ ἀτιμώρητι.
Ὁ Ζεύς δὲ ἀϊσκετα καλῶς δείξωσιν παρα εἰς μέσαν καλύβίω πούτο δηλοῖ ότι εἰς πολλὰ ὀλίγους τοποὺς φυλάττεται ἀκεβῶς ἡ ὠφὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ λάβετα. Φιλοροεῦται δὲ ὕπο πένητον καὶ ἀπλῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἴνα ὑποδείχῃ ὅτι τὸ Θεῖον συνδιημερεύει μάλλον μέ τῆς ποιότης, παρὰ μὲ τῆς ἀπόρβῆς θ πλούσιας.
Ὁ οἶκος τῆς καλοῦ γέροντος μετἀμορφοῦται εἰς Νάόν, διὰ ἰὰ μάθοιμεν ότι ἡ οἰκία τὰ ἀγαθοφροσύνης ἡ θεσσεβοῦς ἀνθρώπου, ὑπάργει τοῦ ὀντι Νάός, εἰς τὸν ὀποῖον πέλειος εἶναι παρὼν ὁ Θεός. Ὁ Ζεύς τῆς ἀγνοστάζει ἱὰ ἐπίσωσιν ἀδαμοιβλῳ, εἰς πλῴ ὸ πείαι τα ἱκαρία δείξωσιν, ὁἰ δὲ τοῦ παραπλεύσει ἱὰ τᾶς τουήσῃ ὑπήρετις· ἡ λετοργία τῆς διὸς ἀνδέλει εἰς τό θεῖον ἀμάλωσει δοῦ διειδύται ἱὰ τὸ ἐπίσωσι ἱὰ τῆ ἀξίαν ἱὰ δεακαλήσωσι τἰω δύσδνῳ τᾶς, σεβάσμενοι αὐτὸ ἀξέπτος μέλει φύλης Ζωῆς τῶν.
Ἐμυθολογήθη, ὅτι οἱ δύο εὐσεβεῖς γέροντες μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς δένδρα, τὰ ὁποῖα ἐσώζοντο πολὺν καιρὸν μετὰ τὸν θάνατόν των, ἐπειδὴ ὥσπερ τὰ δένδρα σώζονται πολὺν καιρὸν μετὰ τὸν θάνατον ἐκείνων, οἱ ὁποῖοι τὰ ἐφύτευσαν, ὥστε ἡ φήμη τῆς εὐσεβείας τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι δένδρον ἀείζωον, ὑπὸ τὸ ὁποῖον ἕκαστα γένεα συνάζει καρπούς, δηλαδὴ καὶ
Ἁμὰ δὲ ἐγέρθη ἀφ᾽ οὗ διεπήδησεν ὁ κρατήσας τῶν σώματός του βλέπων ἡ ἀνάγκη Πρωτέως, μὴ μᾶς φύγῃ ἀπὸ τῆς χεῖρας, ἡ γοῦν δὴ ἐγέρθη ἀφ᾽ οὗ διεπήδησεν τὰ δεσμήσαντες τὸν εἶναι αὐτοῦ. ὁ Πάλλαντε ἀλλοιούμενος, ἢ μὴ ἔχων καμμίαν στερεὰν ἢ μίαν ἱερὰν φύσιν.
Διὰ τοῦ Πρωτέως νομίζει ὁ Ὀβίδιος ὅτι εἰκονίζεται ὁ Θεός, ὡς ἀρχὴ ἢ αἰτία ὅλων τῶν πραγμάτων, ὁ παλαιότερος τῶν Θεῶν· ὅτι ὡς ἀρχὴ τῶν πάντων εἰκονίζεται, ἔχει τὰ κλεῖδα τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα τῆς ὕλης, δίδει διάφορας μορφὰς εἰς τὴν ὕλην, καὶ ὡς πατέρας οἶδε τὰ παρόντα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα· ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ ὑποσυνομιλῶ παρὰ τοῦ Ὀρφέως, λέγων ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο δίδει τὴν δυνάμειν βλέπειν Πρωτέως ἐκλαμβάνει τὸ θεῖον, τὸ δὲ ἀΐδιον μόνιμον καὶ ἀμετάτρεπτον.
Κατ' ἄλλες ὁ Πρωτεὺς δηλοῖ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ ἀέρος τοῦ πανταχοῦ διαβαίνοντος, ἢ πανταχοῦ ἀλλεσκομένου, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος γινομένου, τὰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πῦρ χέον λεπτυνομένης. Παρομοίως φαίνεται ὅτι δοξάζει καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος, λέγων ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι ἢ τοῦ ἀέρος φύσις, ὑπὸ τὸν ὁποῖον γίνονται τὰ ζῶα καὶ τὰ φυτά, ἢ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ὅλα τὰ ὄντα· ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν Ἀναξαγόραν γίνονται ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος ἢ τῆς θερμότητος γίνονται ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ τὰ ζῶα καὶ τὰ φυτά· ἢ μεταβάλλεται ἢ ὕλη εἰς πῦρ χέον, καὶ ἀναπνέει τὰ πράγματα. Τοῦτο ἠθέλησαν νὰ δείξουν οἱ Ἀρχαῖοι διὰ τῶν περιπαθῶν μεταβολῶν τοῦ Πρωτέως, ἐτυμολογήσαντες τὸ ὄνομα· τὸ Πρωτεὺς σημαίνει πρῶτον ὄν, διότι ἡ ὕλη πρώτη τῆς γενέσεως τῶν πάντων.
Ὁ δὲ ἰδιαίτερος λόγος τοῦ ὕδατος εἶναι ὅτι τοῦτο εἶναι ἐκ φύσεως ἐλεύθερον ἀπὸ ἰδίαν μορφήν, ὥστε καθὼς ἡ ὕλη εἶναι ἐκ φύσεως ἐλεύθερον ἀπὸ ἰδίαν μορφήν.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσι μετὰ τῶν Σχολιασῶν, ὅτι ἀλληγορικῶς ἐμυθολογήθη ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἐξ αἰτίας τῶν ἐκ τῆς Παλλήνης πελασγικῆς τῆς καίας) ἐπειδὴ οἱ κάτοικοι αὐτῆς ἐσυνήθιζον νὰ μεταλλάττωσι συνεχῶς κατὰ ἀφορμὴν βορᾶς τὰ φερμάτια των. Λέγει δὲ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Εὐθυδήμῳ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος σημαίνει πᾶσαν ἀπάτην, ὁποίαν μεταχειρίζονται οἱ Σοφισταὶ εἰς τὰς δήλησεις των, καὶ ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον Αἰγύπτιος Σοφιστής.
�Meanwhile the old couple noticed that, as soon as the mixing bowl was empty, it refilled itself, unaided, and the wine appeared of its own accord. They were fearful at this strange and astonishing sight, and timidly Baucis and Philemon murmured a prayer, their palms upwards, and begged the gods� forgiveness for the meal, and their unpreparedness. They had a goose, the guard for their tiny cottage: as hosts they prepared to sacrifice it for their divine guests. But, quick-winged, it wore the old people out and, for a long time, escaped them, at last appearing to take refuge with the gods themselves. Then the heaven-born ones told them not to kill it. �We are gods,� they said, �and this neighbourhood will receive just punishment for its impiety, but to you we grant exemption from that evil. Just leave your house, and accompany our steps, as we climb that steep mountainside together.�
They both obeyed, and leaning on their sticks to ease their climb, they set foot on the long slope. When they were as far from the summit as a bowshot might carry, they looked back, and saw everywhere else vanished in the swamp: only their own roof was visible. And while they stood amazed at this, mourning their neighbours� fate, their old cottage, tiny even for the two of them, turned into a temple. Wooden poles became pillars, and the reed thatch grew yellow, until a golden roof appeared, richly carved doors, and a marble pavement covering the ground. Then the son of Saturn spoke, calmly, to them: �Ask of us, virtuous old man, and you, wife, worthy of a virtuous husband, what you wish.�
When he had spoken briefly with Baucis, Philemon revealed their joint request to the gods. �We ask to be priests and watch over your temple, and, since we have lived out harmonious years together, let the same hour take the two of us, so that I never have to see my wife�s grave, nor she have to bury me.� The gods� assurance followed the prayer. They had charge of the temple while they lived: and when they were released by old age, and by the years, as they chanced to be standing by the sacred steps, discussing the subject of their deaths, Baucis saw Philomen put out leaves, and old Philemon saw Baucis put out leaves, and as the tops of the trees grew over their two faces, they exchanged words, while they still could, saying, in the same breath: �Farewell, O dear companion�, as, in the same breath, the bark covered them, concealing their mouths.
The people of Bithynia still show the neighbouring trees, there, that sprang from their two bodies. Trustworthy old men related these things to me (there was no reason why they should wish to lie). For my part, I saw garlands hanging from the branches, and placing fresh ones there said: �Let those who love the gods become gods: let those who have honoured them, be honoured.� �
Σώζεται πρός τούτοις παρά Κελίῳ Καλκαγνίνῳ τῷ Συγγραφεῖ ἐξαίρετος ἀλληγορία τῆς παρούσης Μύθου. Οὗτος δὲ λέγει ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Πρωτέως εἰκονίζεται ἡ ἀλήθεια, ἡ ὁποία ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖστον οὖσα κεκρυμμένη, δὲν ἀνακαλύπτεται εὐκόλως. Διὰ τοῦτο, λέγει, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς κοιμᾶται εἰς ἀπήλαιον, καὶ ὅταν ληφθῇ, λύει τὰς προσερχομένων περὶ σποιείας· ὅτι μετεβάλλετο εἰς διαφόρας μορφὰς, ἐπειδὴ ὅταν ὁ ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς διὰ τοὺς συλλογισμοὺς κατατρυχήσει εἰς τὴν ἐρεύνην τῆς ἀληθείας, συναπτέται διὰ φάσματα φαντασιωματικὰ, παρομοιάζοντα τὴν ἀλήθειαν, δηλαδὴ πολλὰς γνώμας ψευδεῖς, αἱ ὁποῖαι μᾶς ἀπαντῶσι (διότι ὑποβρυχάδουσαν ὡς ἀληθῆ πολλὰ φράγματα, τὰ ὁποῖα εἶναι δὲν εἰ παιδία εἰς σφαίραν τῶν πνευμάτων) παιδία δὲ αἱ παιδίαι, πολλάκις εἶναι τέρατα τέρατα παν παράδεντα καπ σύτη, μὴ παύσαντες νὰ τὰ πολεμῶμεν, ἕως εὑρῶμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
Ἄλλοι ἀμαρτῶσι τὸν Μῦθον εἰς τὴν Φύσιν, ἡ ὁποία γεννᾷ τόσα εἴδη ζώων, ὥστε φαίνεται νὰ λαμβάνῃ τόσας μορφάς, ὅσα ἐκφύει σώματα. Ἄλλοι δὲ τινὲς τῶν πεπαιδευμένων λέγουσιν ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον Φιλόσοφος, καὶ ἔμαθε πολλὰ περὶ φυσικῆς Φιλοσοφίας, περὶ φυτῶν, ἢ λίθων, ἢ περὶ φύσεως ζώων, καὶ μεταβολῆς Στοιχείων, ἢ ὅτι τὰ Στοιχεῖα ὡς ἀρχαὶ πάντων τῶν πραγμάτων, μεταβάλλονται εἰς δένδρα, φυτά, ζῷα, καὶ ἄλλα· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ὁ Πρωτεὺς διελέγετο πολυσχόπως περὶ τούτων πάντων, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώνετο εἰς πᾶσαν μορφήν. Ἐπεκλήθη δὲ ἡ Θεῖος, ἐπειδὴ προέλεγε πολλάκις τὰ μέλλοντα διὰ τῆς γνώσεως τῆς ἀερίνου, ἢ τῆς ἀστρονομικῆς του παρατηρήσεως. Ἄλλοι δοξάζουσιν ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς μετεχειρίζετο τὴν μαγείαν, δι' ἧς ἐμφαινόταν εἰς διαφόρους μορφάς, καὶ ὅτ' αὐτὸς ἠδύνατο νὰ εἶναι ἄλλος διὰ τὴν γνῶσιν τῆς ἀρχαίας τῆς.
Ἐγὼ δὲ νομίζω ὅτι ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἦτον φρόνιμός τις Πολιτικός, ἐπιστήδειος εἰς τὸ νὰ ἀρκ
ὠφελιμώτερον εἰς τὴν διοίκησιν τῆς Ἐπικρατείας, ἢ εἰς αὐτοῦ τὸν ἰδιωτικὴν πολιτείαν, ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπιτήδευσιν ἢ ἀσφαλείαν τῶν νόμων· ἢ ὁποῖα χρησιμεύει κατὰ πολλὰ εἰς πάσας μετάστασις πρὸς ἐπιτυχίαν τῆς ὑποθέσεως. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀληθῶς ὅτι ὅλοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δὲν ἔχουσι μίαν ἢ τὴν αὐτὴν κλίσιν, μήτε πείθονται μὲ τὰ αὐτὰ μέσα, εἶναι ἀνάγκη ὅτι οἱ φρόνιμοι Πολιτικοὶ νὰ εἰσχωρῶσιν ὑπὸ διαφόρου μορφῆς εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν ἢ εὐσίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι ὁποῦ μεταχειρίζονται Ἀκαδημίας, ἢ νὰ σχηματίζωνται Μαγγανεῖα κατὰ τῆς κυβερνήσεως τῆς Πολιτείας· διὰ τοῦτο κατὰ τὰ πράγματα ποτὲ μὲν μεταλέστα ἢ ἐπίπεδα, ποτὲ δὲ ἢ αὐστηρά, καὶ ποὺ τὸ διηγεῖται ὁ Πρωτέας, ὅ τις μεταμορφώνεται ποτὲ μὲν εἰς πῦρ, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς ὕδωρ, καὶ ἄλλοτε μὲν εἰς δένδρον καρποφόρον, ἄλλοτε δὲ εἰς τρομακτικὸν θηρίον, ἵνα ὑποδειχθῇ ὅτι ὁ Ἄρχων, ἢ Διοικητὴς μιᾶς πολιτείας πρέπει νὰ εὑρίσκῃ κατὰ τὰς ἀφορμὰς καὶ περιστάσεις νὰ μεταχειρίζεται τὸ γλυκύ, ἢ τὸ αὐστηρόν, καὶ νὰ παρακινῇ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους νὰ κάμνειν τὸ χρέος των· ἢ νὰ ὑπομακρυνθῇ ἀπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν· δηλαδὴ νὰ διανέμῃ τὰς τιμωρίας, καὶ τὰς ἀντιμισθίας κατὰ Δικαιοσύνην. Πρὸς τὸ διασαφηθῇ τις νὰ εἴπῃ ὅτι ὁ Μῦθος δὲν ὑποβλέπει μόνον τὴν πολιτικὴν Διοίκησιν, ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς τὴν ζωὴν ὅλου τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Καὶ βέβαια δὲν πρέπει ὁ ἄνθρωπος νὰ ζῇ πάντοτε κατὰ τὴν γνώμην τε καὶ ἀρεσκείαν, ὥστε νὰ ἀκολουθῇ πάντοτε τοῦ αὐτοῦ δρόμον· δὲν πρέπει νὰ εἶναι πάντοτε εὔθυμος, οὔτε πάντοτε αὐστηρός, ἀλλὰ πρέπει νὰ διατηρῇ τὸν ἁρμόδιον καιρὸν διὰ τὸ ἕν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἄλλο. Τέλος νομίζω ὅτι μὲ τοιαῦτα πλάσματα ἄλλο τι δὲν ἦτον παρὰ μόνον ὅπως ἐν ἄλλῳ ὁ Πρόδικος λέγων τὸ ΜΗΔΕΝ ΑΓΑΝ ΑΓΑΝ διότι ἡ ὀξύτης ἐν διακρίσει τῶν πραγμάτων
ΜΥΘΟΣ ΙΑ'.
Περὶ τῶν διαφόρων μεταβολῶν τῆς Μήτρας, ἤ περὶ τῆς ποινῆς τοῦ Ἑρυσιχθῶνος.
Βλέπουσα ἡ Μήτρα τὸν πατέρα τῆς Ἑρυσιχθῶνα βασανιζόμενον ὑπὸ ἀχορτάστου πείνης, διὰ τὶ ἔκοψε δρῦν ἀφιερωμένην εἰς τὴν Δημήτραν, παρεκάλεσε τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, τὸν ποτὲ ἐρασθέντα, καὶ ἔλαβε παρ' αὐτοῦ τὴν χάριν νὰ μεταμορφώνεσθαι κατ' ἀρεσκείαν της. Οὕτως ὁ Ἑρυσιχθῶν τὴν ἐπώλησε πολλάκις. διὰ δὲ ἀγοράση τὰ ἀγοῦ του, ἤ τῶν ἐπανευρίσκη ἐν ἀναπολλοίοις προσέθει ἐπίλη λιμοφαγίη γ ὠδύσση δῶα τον δασκέλιυ της. ἄλλ' ὕστερον φυλροδέσης της ἀπάσης, ὁ ἄθλιος πατὴρ ἐναγκάσθη νὰ φάγη τὰ ἴδια μέλη, τροφοφόρων ἔτσι τὰς ἀσθενείας τὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν.
Ἡ δ' Μῆτρα ἡ τοῦ Ἑρυσιχθῶνος θυγάτηρ εἶχε παρ' αὐτῆς τῆς πολυμορφίας τὴν δύναμιν, ὡς ὁ Πρωτέας. Ὁ πατήρ της κατεφρόνουν πάντοτε τὴν θεὰν, ποτὲ δὲ τῆς ἐπροσέφερε θυσίαν· μάλιστα λέγεται νὰ ἔκοψε ἤ να δᾶσος, τὸ ὁποῖον ἦταν ἀφιερωμένον εἰς τὴν Δημήτραν, καὶ τὸ ὁυλαβοῦντο παλαιόθεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Εὑρίσκετο εἰς αὐτὸ καὶ παλαιὰ Δρῦς, ἡ ὁποία μόνη της ἐσχημάτιζεν ἄλλο δᾶσος, ἤ ἦταν πάντοτε φορτωμένη ἀπὸ στεφάνους, καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ ἀναθήματα, τὰ ὁποῖα σαφηδίως ἐμαρτύρουν ὅτι ὁ τόπος ἐκεῖνος ἦταν ἅγιος, καὶ ἱερός. Πολλάκις αἱ Δρυάδες Νύμφαι ἐνέπαιζον εἰς
τῶν σκιῶν τε δεσδρε, ἢ ἐμέξειν ποῦδάνιες τὸ μέγεϑός του, περιβάλλόμενα: αὐτὸ τῆ τῆς χερῶν συμπληῆ. Η περιφέρει τε ὕπον δεκαποῦτε ὀργῶν, κ εἶχε περισσότερα χόρτα, παρὰ ὅλον τὸ δάσος. Με ὅλον τοῦτο δεν ἀφλαβῆ τῶ δρύν ὁ Ἐρισύχθων περισσότερον ἀπὸ τὰ ἄλλα δεσδρε· ἀλλ ἐπρόσταξε τοὺς δούλες τε νὰ τῶν κατεδαρίσωσι, κἀϑ ὁρῶν ὅτι ἐφοβοῦντο νὰ τε ὑπακούσωσι, κ δεῖ ἐτόλμων νὰ ἐργήξουν τῶν δρύν, ἦ πασει αὐτὸς τὸν πέλεκον ἐκ τῆς δούλων τε, παροφέρων τὰς ἀσεβείας τέτες λόγες· „ἔστω ἡ δρῦς αὕτη ὄχι μόνον ἀγάπητὴ εἰς τῶ Δήμητραν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔξω κἂν ἡ Θεὰ αὑτη, δεῖ μέλιες μοι, Θέλω τὴν κάψω διόλου, ὥστε νὰ πέση εἰς τὸ γῆν". Εἴπε, καὶ ἐν ᾧ ἐσώπιανε τον πέλεκυν, τὸ δεσδρον ἄρχησε νὰ τρέμη, ἔσχεδίασε στεναγμόν, κ αἱ βάλανοι, οἱ κλάδοι, κἀϑ τὰ φύλλα του ἄχησαν. Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπαν ὁ ἀσεβὴς ἐπλήγωσε τὸ δεσδρον τον πέλεκον, ἐβγῆκεν ἀπὸ τὴν χισμημένην φλόδαν τόσσον αἵμα, ὅσον βγαίνει ἀπὸ τοῦ λαιμοῦ ἑνὸς θυσιαζομένου ταύρου. Ὅλοι ἔμειναν ἐκστατικοὶ ὅσοι εἶδον τὸ πράγμα, καί τις ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπλήμμησε νὰ κρατήση τῆς χείρα τοῦ Ἐρυσίχθωνος, διὰ νὰ τον ἐμποδίση ἀπὸ τὸ ἀνόσιον ἔργον· ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνος ἐστράφη ἀγρίως ἐναντίον τε, κ ἀφήνων τὸ δεσδρον „λάβε, λέγει τε, τῆς ἀσσεβείας σου τὴν ἀνταμοιβήν‟. Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸν ἀπεκεφάλισε, στρεφόμενος ἔπειτα κατὰ τῆς δρυὸς πάλιν. Ἐν ᾧ δὲ βιαίως τὴν ἐντύπα, ἀγωνιζόμενος νὰ τὴν κατεδαρίση, ἐξεβήκεν ἐξ αὐτῆς φωνὴ λέγεσσα· „δεῖ πλήττες ὄχι δέσδρον, ἀλλὰ Νύμφην ἀγαπητῶ τῆ Δημέτρα, τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφύλαττον ἡ Θεὰ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ δεσδρον· ἀλλ᾽
Lelex finished, and the tale and the teller of it had moved them all, Theseus particularly.� He wished to hear more of the marvellous acts of the gods. Achelo�s, the river-god of Calydon, leaning on his elbow, said: �Hero, there are those who, once changed in form, retain that transformation: there are others who are allowed to transmute into many shapes: you, for instance, Proteus, inhabitant of the earth-encircling sea. A moment ago they saw you as a young man, then as a lion: now as a raging boar, then as a serpent, they fear to touch: and, in a moment, horns revealed you as a bull. Often you might have appeared as a stone, often, also, as a tree: sometimes, you formed the likeness of running water, and became a river: sometimes fire, water�s opposite.�
Mestra, Erysichthon�s daughter, the wife of Autolycus, had no less power. Her father was a man scornful of the gods, who burnt no incense on their altars. Erysichthon, it is said, once violated the grove of Ceres with an axe, and desecrated the ancient woods with iron. Within them stood a great oak, massive with the years, a sacred grove in itself: strands of wool, wreaths of flowers and votive tablets surrounded it, evidence of prayers granted. Often beneath it the Dryads held their festive dances: often, also, linking hands, in line, they circled its trunk�s circumference, its massive girth measuring fifteen arm�s-lengths round. The other trees were not less far below it than the grass was far below all of them. Triopas�s son would not hold back the blade, even for those reasons, commanding his servants to fell the sacred oak.
When he saw them hesitating at the order, the wretched man snatched the axe from one of them, saying: �Though this be, itself, the goddess, not just what the goddess loves, now its leafy crown will meet the earth.� As he spoke, while he balanced the blade, for the slanting stroke, Ceres�s oak-tree trembled all over and gave a sigh, and at the same time its acorns and its leaves began to whiten, and its long branches grew pale. And, when his impious hand made a gash in the trunk, blood poured out of its damaged bark, like the crimson tide from its severed neck, when the mighty bull falls, in sacrifice, before the altar.
All stood astonished, and one of them tried bravely to prevent the evil, and hinder the barbarous double-edged weapon. But the Thessalian glared at him, saying: �Here�s the prize for your pious thought!� and swinging his blade at the man not the tree, struck his head from his trunk. He was hewing at the oak-tree repeatedly, when the sound of a voice came from inside the oak, chanting these words:
�I am a nymph, most dear to Ceres,
�under the surface of this wood,
�who prophesy to you, as I die,
�that punishment will follow blood:
�out of my ruin, the only good.�
But he pursued his course of evil, and at last, weakened by innumerable blows, and dragged down by ropes, the tree fell, its weight cutting a swathe through the wood.�
„καὶ παρηγόρησαν τοῦ Θανάτου μου". Δὲν ἐτρόμα- ξε μὲ ὅλον τοῦτο ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων, ἀλλὰ πολλαπλα- σιάζων τὰς πληγάς, καὶ δείνοντας καὶ χτυπία εἰς τὴν κορυφὴν τῆς δρυός, τέλος κατεδάφισεν αὐτὸ τὸ μεγαλώ- πρεπον δένδρον, τὸ ὁποῖον μὲ τὸ πέσιμόν του ἐπήρμησε καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ. Αἱ Δρυάδες διὰ τὸν Θάνατον τῆς ἀ- δελφῆς των, ἐνεδύθησαν μαῦρα τὰ ῥοῦχα, καὶ ὑπή- γαν πρὸς τὴν Δήμητρα νὰ τῇ ζητήσουν ἐκδίκησιν διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τοῦ Ἐρυσίχθωνος. Παρακινηθεῖσα λοι- πὸν ἡ Θεὰ ἀπὸ τὰ λύπη των, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς δεήσεις των, ὑπεχώρει νὰ τὰς δικαιώσῃ, καὶ διὰ νὰ δείξῃ τὴν αὐτὴν τὴν ἀγανάκτησίν της διὰ τὸν Θάνατον τῆς Νύ- μφης, ἔτιναξε μὲ σεισμὸν μεγάλον τὰ χωράφια, τὰ τό- τε σκεπασμένα ἀπὸ καρπούς, καὶ ἐσκοχάζετο μὲ ποίον σκληρότατον εἶδος ποινῆς νὰ παιδεύσῃ τὸν ἀσεβῆ· εὐ- ρίσκετο ὅμως ποιὰ ἀντάξιος πρὸς τιμωρίαν ἢ ἡ ἐκ Θεοῦ πλουτῆ καταφρονητή. Ἀπεφάσισε λοιπὸν νὰ τὸν θα- νατώσῃ, διὰ τῆς πείνας· ἐπειδὴ ἡ Δήμητρα, ἢ ἡ Πεί- να δὲν συμφωνοῦσι, δὲν ὑπῆγε προσωπικῶς νὰ εὕρῃ τὴν ἰσχνὸν ἐκείνην Θεάν, ἀλλὰ προσκαλέσασα μίαν τῶν Ὀρεάδων Νυμφῶν, τῇ ἐλάλησεν οὕτω· „Κεῖται „εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς Σκυθίας μία γῆ ἄκαρπος καὶ „λυπηρὰ, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν δὲν φαίνονται οὔτε δένδρα, „οὔτε καρποί, ἀλλ᾿ εἶναι ἐκεῖσε πανομοίως τὸ χρῦς, „ἡ τὸ κατοίκισιν ἡ ὠχρότης, ὁ τρόμος, ἡ ἡ πείνα. „Ὕπαγε εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν τόπον, ἢ πρόταξε ἐκ μέρους „μου τὴν Πείναν νὰ ἐμβῇ εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τοῦ ἱεροσύ- „λου Ἐρυσίχθωνος, καὶ νὰ τὸν κυνεύσῃ εἰς τρόπον, „ὥστε νὰ μὴ δυνηθῇ ποτὲ νὰ τὴν νικήσῃ, ἢ νὰ τὴν „ἀποδιώξῃ ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμά του· καὶ διὰ νὰ μὴ δειλιάσῃς „τὸ πολὺ διάστ
ΤΟΥ ΟΒΙΔΙΟΥ. ΒΙΒΛ. Η'. 467
,,καὶ οἱ δράκοντες μὲ θέλουσι σὲ φέρῃ ἐκεῖ ὄντος ὀλί- ,,γες''. Ἡ Νύμφη λοιπὸν ἀνέβη εὐθὺς εἰς ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἁμάξιον, ᾗ ἔφθασε ταχέως εἰς τὴν Σκυθίαν, καὶ ἔ- λυσαν ἀπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τοὺς δράκοντας εἰς τοῦ Καυ- κάσου κορυφήν. Ἔπειτα ὑπῆγε νὰ ζητήσῃ τὴν Πεῖναν, ᾗ εὗρεν αὐτὴν εἰς πετρώδῃ πεδιάδι, ὅπου ἔπασχε νὰ ξερίζῃσῃ μὲ τοὺς ὀδόντας καὶ μὲ τὰ ὀνύχια της ὀλίγον χορτάρι, τὸ ὁποῖον μόλις ἐφαίνετο εἰς κάμμιαν γω- νίαν. Αὕτη ἦτον δασύμαλλος, κοιλόφθαλμος, ᾗ ὠχρὸν τὸ πρόσωπον· τὰ χείλη της ἦσαν πελιδνὰ ᾗ πικρὰ, ᾗ τὰ ὀδόντια της μεγάλα ᾗ σκουριασμένα. Σκληρὸν ἦτον τὸ δέρμα της, δι' οὗ ἐφαίνοντο τὰ ἐντερά της, καὶ ἐπειδὴ δὲν εἶχε παντελῶς κρέας, ἠδύναντο νὰ με- τρῇ δώσῃν ἐξ ὀκολίας ὅλα της τὰ κοκκάλα, καὶ ἀντὶ κοιλίας, εἶχε μόνον τῆς κοιλίας τὸν τόπον. Ἐκρέμαν- το τὰ βυζιά της ὥσαν ξηρὸν δέρμα, καὶ ὅλον τὸ μέγε- θος τῆς λεπτῆς ῥάχεως της ἐφαίνετο ὅτι βαστᾶτο μόνον ἀπὸ τὴν ῥαχίαν. Ἡ ἰσχνότης ηὔξανε τὰ ἄρθρα τῶν με- λῶν της, ᾗ τὰ γονατά της πρὸς τοὺς μηροὺς ᾗ τὰ σκέλη ἐφαίνοντο φουσωμένα, καθὼς ᾗ οἱ ἀστράγαλοι τῶν πο- δῶν της. Δὲν ἐθάρρησεν ἡ Νύμφη νὰ πλησιάσῃ εἰς αὐτήν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἐφανέρωσε μακρόθεν τὴν θέλησίν ᾗ προσευχὴν τῆς Δημήτρας· ὅμως ἂν ᾗ τῇ ἐλάλησε μα- κρόθεν, ᾗ διέβη ἐκεῖ πολλὰ ὀλίγον, μὲ ὅλον ταῦτα ᾐσθάνθησεν ὅτι ἤρχισε νὰ πεινάσῃ ἀπὸ τὴν πεῖν- αν, ἔσπευσε μετὰ ἁσθενοῦς τῆς δράκοντας, κατευθύνασα αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὴν Θεσσαλίαν. Ἂν ᾗ ἡ Πεῖνα εἶναι φύ- σει ἐναντία τῇ Δημήτρᾳ, ὅμως ὑπήκουσεν εἰς τὴν προστα- γήν της, ᾗ εὐθὺς ἀνέβη
Ἐρυσίχθων, καὶ ἄρουσα αὐτὸν ἀποποιησιμένον (ἐπειδή ποτε ἦτον νύμφα) τοῦ περιέλαβεν εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας της, ἀνέβαλεν ἑαυτῆς εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα, διεχύθη ὅλη εἰς τὰς φλέβας της, κ᾽ ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἐπλήρωσε ποιοῦντος ὁπῶς τὴν παροσταγὴν τῆς Θεᾶς, κατέλιπε τὸν εὔκαρπον ἐκείνου τόπον, κ᾽ κατέφυγεν εἰς τὰς ἐρήμους της.
Ἐν τοσούτῳ ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων, ὅστις ἔτι ἐκοιμᾶτο, δυσπιάζεται ὅτι πεινᾶ, ζητεῖ βοφὴν, κινεῖ τὸ στόμα, ὡς νὰ ἔτρωγεν ἀληθῶς, ἀσκεῖ τοὺς ὀδόντας του, παροξύνει τὴν ὄρεξίν του μὲ φαντασιώδη φαγητὰ, κ᾽ κατεπίνει τὸν ἀέρα, νομίζων νὰ τρώγῃ τι.
Ὅταν δὲ ἐξύπνησε, δὲν ἐπαύσησες ὀλιγώτερον, καὶ κατέλαβον ὅτι τὸ ὄνειρόν του ἦτον ἀληθὲς, ἐπειδὴ μία ἄκρα ἐπιθυμία βορῆς διέφθειρε τὰ ἔντερά του.
Ἐπιθυμεῖ λοιπὸν ὅσα ὁ ἀήρ, ἡ θάλασσα, καὶ ἡ γῆ δύνανται νὰ δώσειν πρὸς βοφὴν, κ᾽ μὲ ὅλα τὰ πλουσιοπάροχα κ᾽ διάφορα φαγητὰ, ὅσα ἐφέρθησαν εἰς τὰς τραπέζας του, αὐτὸς πάντοτε παραπονεῖται ὅτι πεινᾶ.
Ἂν δὲ γεμίσωσιν αἱ τράπεζαι, πάλιν ζητεῖ περισσότερα, κ᾽ ὅσα ἤθελαν εἶναι ἀρκετὰ διὰ μίαν πόλιν, κ᾽ δι᾽ ἓν ὁλόκληρον βασίλειον, δὲν ἀρκοῦσιν εἰς ὅλως μόνον ἄνθρωπον.
Καθὼς κατεπίνει ἡ θάλασσα ὅλους τοὺς ποταμοὺς τῆς γῆς, χωρεῖς νὰ χορτάσῃ ποτὲ μὲ ὅλα τὰ ὕδατα, ὅσα δέχεται εἰς τοὺς κόλπους της· καθὼς τὸ πῦρ δὲν ἔχει ποτὲ ἀρκετὸν ὕλην, μάλιστα αὐξάνει περισσότερον μὲ τὴν περισσίαν, οὕτω καὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ ἱεροσύλου Ἐρυσίχθονος δέχεται τὴν βρῶσιν, κ᾽ ἐν ταὐτῇ ζητεῖ πάλιν ἄλλην βρῶσιν.
Ὅσα ξάγει δοὶ προξένησιν εἰς αὐτὸν ἄλλοτι ἀποτέλεσμα, εἰμὴ νέαν ὄρεξιν ξορῆς· κ' ὁ σόμαχος τῇ πσελσοίαν του, ἀλλὰ τῶ ἐδαπάνησε παντελῶς, χαρείς νὰ χορτάση τῶ πείναν τε, ἢ μάλλον εἰπεῖν τῶ ἀμειλικτον λύσαν τε, ἢ ὁποία πάντοτε τόν παροξύνει, ἤθ δεν δύναται νὰ τλῇ κατάπαυση. Ἀφ' οὗ λοιπὸν κατηνάλωσεν ὅλω τὰ πὺ ὑπάρχοντε, ἄλλο τι δεν τῷ ἤμενον εἰμὴ ἡ θυγάτηρ του, ἥτις ἦτον βέβαια ἀξία νὰ ἔχη ἄλλον πατέρα· ὅθεν ὁ ἄθλιος Ἐρυσίχθων ἠναγκάσθη νὰ πωλήση ϊθ αὐτήν διὰ νὰ τραφῇ· ἀλλ' ἡ κόρη ὡς ἔχουσα γενναῖα φρονήματα, δεν ἠδύνατο νὰ ὑποφέρη τῶ δουλείαν. Προσέδραμε λοιπὸν εἰς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα, ὅς τις ἦτον ποτὲ ἐραστὴς τῆς, ϊθ ἁπλώνησα πᾶς χεῖράς τῆς πρὸς τῶ θάλασσαν, τὰ ἐδέησθη ἕπως·,, ὦ Ποσείδων, Ποσείδων σὺ ὁ φέρων τὸ γέρας τῆς παρθενίας ,,μου, ἐλευθέρωσόν με ἀπὸ τῶ ἐκρυσίαν, τὰ δεσπότα ,,μου ''. Εἰσήκουσεν δι'ὑς ὁ Ποσειδῶν τῆς αἰτήσῆς τῆς, ϊ ἐν ὧ ξερείαν ὀλίγον ὁ κύριός τῆς αἰχμαλού τῆς ὀφθαλμοὺς του, αὕτη ἔξαφνα μετεβλήθη εἰς μορφήν ἁλιέως. Ὁ ἐν κύριός τῆς, ὁ ὁποῖος μὲ ὅλον ὅτι εἶχεν αὐτήν ὑπὸ ὀφθαλμόν, ἀπορήσε πῶς δεν τὴν ἔβλεπε πλέον, τῶ ζητᾶ εἰς καθὲ μέρος, ϊ εὑρίσκων καλῶ ἀφορίαν εἰς τὸν ἁλιέα, τὸν ἐρωτᾷ ἂν κατὰ τύχην εἶδε μίαν γυναῖκα μὲ ἀτελῆ φόρεμα·. ϊ μὲ ἀκαλλώπιστον κόμην ''. αὕτη ἦτον, λέγει, πρὸ ὀλίγου ἐδῶ ,,πλησίον τῷ αἰγιαλῷ· εἰπέ μοι, σὲ παρακαλῶ, ποῦ ,,εἶναι, δεν δύναται νὰ ὑπῆγε πολλὰ μακράν ''. Ἐνεπαῦσε ἡ κόρη ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρωτήσεων τὸ κύριός τῆς, ὅτι ὁ Ποσειδῶν τὴν ἐβοήθησε, ϊ χαίρουσα ὅτι ἐξηπάτησε ὡς ϊ παροῦσα ,, ὅς τις ϊ ἄν εἶσαι, ἀπευθύνθη πρὸς τὸν ,,δεσπότην τῆς, παρακαλῶσε νὰ μὲ συμπαθήσῃς· ἐγὼ εἶχον προσηλωμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου εἰς τῶ ,,θάλασσαν, ϊ δεν προσέχον εἰς ἄλλοτι εἰμὴ εἰς τὸ ,,ἔρ-
ERYSICHTHON AND MESTRA
�All her sister Dryads, mourning and dressed in black, horrified at the forest�s loss and their own, went to Ceres, and begged her to punish Erysichthon. She assented, and, with a motion of her head, that most beautiful of goddesses stirred the fields, heavy with ripened grain. She devised a punishment to rouse men�s pity, if his actions had deserved any pity: to torment him with baleful Hunger. But since the goddess herself could not approach her (for fate does not allow Famine and Ceres to meet) she called for one of the mountain spirits, an Oread of wild places, and said to her: �There is a place at the furthest bounds of icy Scythia, with sombre, sterile ground, a land without crops or trees. Torpid Cold inhabits it, Fear and Trembling and barren Hunger. Order Famine to immure herself in the belly of that sacrilegious wretch, and let no plenty oust her, and let her overcome me in any trial of strength. So that the length of the journey does not worry you, take my chariot, take my winged dragons, and govern their bridles on high.� And she gave her the reins. The nymph came to Scythia, carried through the air, in the chariot she was given. On the summit of a frozen mountain chain (they call the Caucasus) she loosed the dragons� necks, and, searching for Famine, saw her in a field of stones, picking at the sparse grass with her nails and teeth. Her hair was matted, her eyes sunken, her face pallid: her lips were grey with mould, her throat with scabrous sores: through the hardened skin, her inner organs could be seen: dry bones stuck out beneath her hollow loins: her belly was only the excuse for a belly: her breastbone seemed to hang loosely, only held by the frame of her spine. Emaciation made the joints look large: the curve of her knees seemed swollen: and the ankles appeared as extravagant lumps.
When the Oread saw her, she relayed the goddess�s command, from a distance (since she did not dare to approach her), and though she only delayed an instant, and stayed far off, though she had only arrived there a moment before, she still seemed to feel the hunger. Changing course, high in the air, she directed the dragons towards Haemonia.
Famine carried out Ceres�s orders, though their tasks are ever opposed, and flew down through the eye of the wind to the appointed house. Straight away she entered the bedroom of the sacrilegious man, who was sunk in profound sleep (since it was night), and breathed herself into him, covering his throat, and chest, and lips, with her exhalations, and causing a lack of nourishment in his hollow veins. Completing her mission, she left the fertile lands, returning to the houses of poverty, and her customary caves.
Gentle Sleep still lulls Erysichthon, with his peaceful wings. He, in sleep, in imagination, dreams of feasts, closes his mouth on vacancy, grinds tooth on tooth, exercises his gluttony on insubstantial food, and, instead of a banquet, fruitlessly eats the empty air. But when indeed peace departs, a desperate desire to eat possesses his famished jaws and burning belly. Without a moment�s delay he calls out for whatever earth, air and sea produce, and at table complains of hunger, and in the midst of eating demands to eat. What would feed a city, or satisfy a people, is not enough for one. The more he puts away inside, the greater his desire. As the ocean receives the rivers of all the earth, and unfilled by the waters, swallows every wandering stream: as the devouring flames never refuse more fuel, burn endless timber, and look for more, the greater the piles they are given, more voracious themselves by being fed: so Erysichthon�s profane lips accept and demand all foods, in the same breath. All nourishment in him is a reason for nourishment, and always by eating he creates an empty void.�
„ἔργον με· ἄς με ὑστερήσσουσιν οἱ θαλάσσιοι Θεοὶ τῆς „βοηθείας των, ἐὰν ἐγὼ ἴδω σήμερον παρὰ τὴν αἰγια- „λὸν εἴτε αἷμα, ἢ ἄλλου γυναῖκα, πλέον ἐμοῦ". Οὕτω λοιπὸν ἀπαπαθεὶς ὁ γέρος της, ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὰς λόχας της, καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν· αὐτὴ δὲ ἀναλαβοῦσα τὴν παλαιὰν μορφὴν της, ἐπέστρεψε πρὸς τὸν πατέρα της.
Βλέπων ὁ Ἑρυσίχθων ὅτι ἡ Θυγάτηρ του εἶχε τὴν δύναμιν νὰ μεταμορφῶνται εἰς διαφόρες μορφές, τὴν ἐπώλησε πολλάκις, καὶ εἰς πολλὰς θεσιότας, ἀπὸ τοὺς ὁποίους ἐλάμβανε· ἔφαγε πάντοτε, μεταμορφουμένη ποτὲ μὲν εἰς ἵππον, ποτὲ δὲ εἰς πτηνόν, καὶ ἄλλοτε μὲν εἰς βοῦν, ἄλλοτε δὲ εἰς ἔλαφον· καὶ μὲ τοιαύτην ἀπάτην ἔτρεφε τὸν πατέρα της, ὄχι ὅμως κατὰ τὴν ὄρεξίν του καὶ πείναν. Ἀλλ' ἀφοῦ ἡ δύναμις τῆς φοβερᾶς νόσου ἀφαίρεσεν ὅλα τὰ μέσα, δι' ὧν ἐπορίζετο τὰ πρὸς ζωὴν, ἢ ἐφανερώθη ἡ ἐπαίνετη αὐτῇ τῆς Θυγατρός της, τότε ὁ ἄθλιος Ἑρυσίχθων ἠναγκάσθη νὰ γίνῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ βρῶσις, καὶ κατατρώγων ἕνα πρὸς ἕνα τὰ μέλη του, ἔφαγε πᾶν τὸ σῶμα του . . . . ἀλλὰ διὰ τί νὰ διαλίβω τόσην ὥραν, διηγούμενος ξένα μεταμορφώσεων παραδείγματα; Ἔχω καὶ ἐγὼ ὁ ἴδιος τὴν αὐτὴν δύναμιν (ἂν καὶ περιωρισμένη) νὰ μεταμορφώνω πολλάκις τὸ σῶμα μου· ἐπειδὴ ποτὲ μὲν φαίνομαι καθὼς τώρα με βλέπετε, ποτὲ δὲ σέρπω εἰς ὄφεως μορφὴν, ἢ ἄλλοτε γίνομαι ταῦρος, καὶ ὅλη μου ἡ δύναμις ἦτον εἰς τὰ κέρατα, ἕως οὗ τὰ εἶχον ἀμφότερα· ἀλλὰ τώρα σήμερον, ὡς βλέπετε, δὲν ἔχω παρὰ ἓν μόνον κέρας. Ταῦτα λέγων ὁ Ἀχελῷος κατενίχη ἀπὸ τῆς ἀναμνήσεως του.
ΑΛΛΗΓΟΡΙΑ.
Εἴτε ὅτι ἡ Μῆδεια ὑπὸ φαρμακολογίας, ὑπὸ Μηχανίας, ἡ ὁποῖα ἤξει τῆς μαγείας ἐλάμβανε ὀξύμορος μορφή, διλαδὴ ἀπατοῦσε τὰ ὁμμάτια τῶν θεατῶν, ὡς ἐκάμνεν ὁ βοσκὸς ἐκεῖνος, περὶ τῆς ὁποίας λαλεῖ ὁ Οὐιργίλιος εἰς τὰς αὐτὰς Ἐκλογάς· ἐπεὶ δὲν ἀπρέπει νὰ πιστεύῃ τις ὅτι οἱ γόητες καὶ μάγοι μεταβάλλουσι ἀληθῶς τὴν μορφήν, ἢ ἀναλαμβάνουσι πάλιν τὴν φυσικήν των, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀπατῶσι τὰ ὁμμάτια τῶν κυκλοπέων μὲ ὁράσεις καὶ μὲ ψέλματα· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔπρεπε νὰ χωρῇ ἔξω ἡ ψυχὴ ὑπὸ τὸ σῶμα· ἢ νὰ ἐμβαίνῃ εἰς ἄλλο· πλὴν αὕτη ἡ μετεμψύχωσις δὲν γίνεται δὲν ἀνταρτᾶ τὸ σῶμα, ἢ ὁ θάνατος δὲν εἶναι ἄλλο τι εἰ μὴ ὁ χωρισμὸς τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ τὸ σῶμα. Ἂν ἦσαν ἀληθείας εἰκόνες τοῦτο τὸ περίεργον· Καὶ ὁ Διογένης ὑποτίθεται ὅτι τοὺς παρίσταντο ἀληθῆ ἀλλ᾿ ἄρα ὑπῆρχαν πολλαὶ μηχαναὶ, ὅπου ἐνέβλεπον τὰ πράγματα καθὼς ἦσαν τοῦ ὄντι, ὅταν οἱ ἐπιληπτοὶ ἄνθρωποι ἐφαντάζοντο νὰ τὰ βλέπωσι κατ᾿ ἄλλον τρόπον· πλὴν τὸ ἔχει ὑπάρχει ἀληθῶς, θεωρεῖται ὅτι ὑπάρχει ἰσοῦν ὑπὸ τῆς καλῆς, ὅσον καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς κακῆς.
Ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ἡ Μῆζα ἦτον φημισμένη πόρνη, καὶ ἐπειδὴ μετεχειρίζετο πολλὰ σχυλάσματα διὰ νὰ ἀπατᾶ τοὺς ἐραστάς της, ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ἐλάμβανε Θεῶν μορφή. Προσθέτουσι δὲ εἰς τοῦτο, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ἦλθεν εἰς ἕνα καιρόν, εἰς τὸν ὁποῖον δὲν ἦσαν ἔτι εἰς ἀρχαίαν τὰ ἀργύρεα, ἐλάμβανεν εἰς πληρωμὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐραστῶν της βόας, ἵππους, καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα· διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἐκεῖνα, ὅσα τῇ ἐδίδοντο εἰς πληρωμήν.
Ἀλλὰ τῶν μεταξὺ δύο ἑρμηνειῶν, δὲν ἐγκαταλείπει ποτὲ τὴν ἐπηκολουθημένην τὴν βούλευσίν της, καὶ ἔχουσα καλῶς φυλαγμένον.
Ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων ἦτον Ἀσώπου, καὶ ἄνθρωπος, ὁποῖος διεπανίας ὅλα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, καὶ μὴ ἔχων δύο πράγματα παρὰ μίαν Θυγατέρα, πολλάκις ἠθέλησε νὰ τὴν παραδειγματίση διὰ χρήματα· ἀλλ' αὕτη ὡς φρόνιμος ἠτιμωμένη, ὡς δὲν διεσθορᾶ μεταβολῆς της εἰκονίζει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, μὲ τὴν ὁποίαν ἐφύλαττε τὸν τιμὴν της μεταξὺ τῶν πονηρῶν ἔργων τοῦ πατρός της· ὥστε εἶναι σκοπὸς τοῦ Μύθου νὰ ὑποδείξη, ὅτι μία κόρη δύναται νὰ φυλαχθῆ φρόνιμος καὶ σώφρων μεταξὺ τῆς καταστάσεως καὶ ἐνδείας τοῦ οἴκου της, ἢ ὅτι μόνη ἡ καλὴ φρόνησις ἀρκεῖ πρὸς ἀσφάλειάν της.
Πρὸς τούτοις ἡ συμφορὰ τοῦ Ἑρμαφρωδίτου μᾶς διδάσκει ὅτι ἡ πολυτέλεια ἢ ἀσωτία καταφθείρουσιν ὅλα τὰ πλούτη, καὶ ὅτι ἀφ' οὗ ἀφαιρέθῃ τις ἀπὸ τὴν κακὴν ἁρμονίαν, ἄν καὶ νὰ ᾖ ἀναγκάζεται πολλά- κις νὰ χρησιμεύῃ πάλιν εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν κακίαν, μεταχειριζόμενος τὰ ἴδιον ἀτίμημα μέσα. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τὴν σήμερον δείχνονται πολλοὶ Ἑρμαφρώδιτοι, ἀφήνοντες τὸν μυθώδη, ὡς στοχάζομαι τῆς ἀληθι- νῆς, εὐλογισμένοι ὅτι ἡ ἀπόλαυστος πολιτεία ἀφαιρεῖ ἔνδοξ δύας εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, γίνωνται πολλάκις οἱ ἄν- θρωποι παραδόντες διὰ κόρας ἀπὸ ἔνδοξα δὴν τέσσαρα, ἀλλ' ὀνείδη- τα, παρὰ μὲ τὰς διδασκαλίας. Διὰ τοῦτο Μουσικὸς χορὸς παρὰ τὰ Παυσανίᾳ ἐμαστίγωσε τοὺς μαθητὰς ποὺ νὰ ἤκουσαν ἄμουσόν τινα κιθαρῳδόν, ἐπειδὴ ἀκούοντες τὸν ἐλάμβανον μίσος ὥσπερ τὰ φαῦλα τῶν μέτρων, καὶ οὕτως ἤθελον τὰ ἀποφεύγῃ πάν- τοτε.
Λέγουσιν ὅτι διὰ τῆς τῆς Ἑρμαφρωδίτου πείνας ἐννοεῖται νόσος τις καλουμένη ἰατρικὴ πείνα, ἡ ὁποία εἶναι ἀδιάρρηκτος· καὶ ὅτι διὰ τῶν πολλῶν μεταμορφώσεων τῆς Μήστρας, εἰκονίζεται τὸ πλῆθος τῶν
�Now hunger, and the deep pit of his gut had consumed his wealth, but even so, Famine worked unabated and his burning appetite was unappeased. Eventually, when all he owned was inside him, only his daughter, Mestra, was left, a girl whom the father was not worthy of. Having nothing, he tried to sell her too. The honourable child refused to accept a possessor, and stretching her hands out over the waves of the shore, she cried: �You god, who stole away the prize of my virginity�, for Neptune had stolen it, �save me from slavery.� He did not scorn her prayer. Although the buyer had been following her, and had seen her a moment ago, the god altered her shape, giving her a man�s features, and clothes appropriate to a fisherman.
Her purchaser looked at her, and said: �O, you who control the rod, and hide your bronze hook in a little bait, may you have calm sea, and gullible fish, that feel nothing of the hook until they bite. Tell me where she is, the girl with shabby clothes and straggling hair, who stood here on this beach a moment ago (since I saw her, standing on the beach): there are no footprints further on!� She sensed the god�s gift was working well for her, and delighted that he was asking her for news of herself, replied to his question: �Forgive me, whoever you are: I have had no eyes for anything except this pool: I have been occupied taking pains over my fishing. To convince you, and may the sea god help me in these arts of mine, no man has been on this beach, except myself, for a long time, and no woman either.�
He believed her, and turning round on the sand, having been outplayed, departed. Then her true shape was restored. When her father realised that she could change her shape, he often surrendered Mestra to others, so that she, escaping in the form of a mare, or a bird, or again as a heifer or a hind, repeatedly obtained her price, dishonestly, for her gluttonous father.
In the end when the evil had consumed everything they had, and his grave disease needed ever more food, Erysichthon began to tear at his limbs and gnaw them with his teeth, and the unhappy man fed, little by little, on his own body.�
�But why do I entertain you with stories of others?� said Achelo�s, �Indeed, young man, I have often changed shape myself, though the number of shapes I can achieve is limited. Sometimes I am seen as I am now: sometimes I become a snake: or, again, the lead bull of the herd, my power in my horns � horns, when I still had two. Now one side of my brow has lost its weapon, as you can see for yourself.� His words were followed by a sigh.
τοῦ Θεοῦ εἶναι τὸ αὐτὸ ὡς τὸ φαγεῖν ἑαυτόν. Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ὅλως εἰκονίσαντι τὸν ἀσεβῆ, ἐπαρόςτηνον ἕθε τυφλὸν φαγόντα ἑαυτόν· ὅτι μᾶλλον εἶναι εἰς ὅλους μισητοί, οἱ ὁμῶς τὸ πολύ, ἐστὶ μὲν ἀκατάσχετα ἔργα των, τὰ ὁποῖα διαστρέφουσι τὴν ὑποθάλασιν τέκνα των, τὴν Μίμησιν μεγίστου καιροῦ, ἀλλὰ τέλος ἀποθνήσκουσι πεινασμένοι, ὡς ὁ παλαίπυρος Ἐρυσίχθων· διότι καθὼς ἐλπίσασιν ἀλλοῦ ζωὴν εἰμὴ τὴν παροῦσαν, ὡς παντοτε πεινάσιν, ἤγουν ἐπιθυμοῦσιν αὐτὴν τὴν ζωήν, μὲ ἀποθνήσκουσι μὲ αὐτὴν ἐπὶ πείνειαν· καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ ἀσέβεια εἶναι τὸ χειρότερον ὑπὸ ὅλα τὰ ἐγκλήματα, διὰ τοῦτο ἐμυθολογήθη ὅτι ὁ Ἐρυσίχθων ἐπληρώθη ἐν τῷ μεγαλήτερον ὅλων τῶν ποινῶν, διότι καὶ διπλάσιος ἠφθείασε ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόδυσιν τῆς πείνας.
Τέλος τῆς Ὀγδόης Βιβλίου, καὶ τῆς πρώτης Τόμου.
Τῶν ἐν τῷ Πρώτῳ Τόμῳ τῶν Μεταμορφώσεων τοῦ Οὐϊδίου περιληφθέντων Μύθων.
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΩΤΟΝ.
Περὶ τῆς Χάος, ὁπὲ μετεβλήθη εἰς τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα. Περὶ τῆς πλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν αἰώνων. Περὶ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν τεσσάρων καιρῶν τοῦ χρόνου. Περὶ γενέσεως τῶν γιγάντων. Περὶ τῆς Λυκάονος τῆς τυραννίδος, ὅς τις μετεμορφώθη εἰς λύκον. Περὶ τοῦ Κατακλυσμοῦ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος, ἢ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους ἀνακαινίσεως. Περὶ τῆς ἀναπλάσεως τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου γένους ὑπὸ τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος ἢ τῆς τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Πύρρας. Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος, ὅς τις ἐφόνευσε τὸν ὄφιν τὸν καλούμενον Πύθωνα, ὅπου ἐγεννήθη ἀπὸ τῆς λάσπης. Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Δάφνης, ὁπὲ μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ δένδρον ἔτσι καλούμενον. Περὶ τῆς Ἰοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς δάμαλιν, τοῦ Σύριγγος εἰς αὐλόν, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τοῦ Ἄργου, τῶν πεσόντων εἰς τὴν οὐρὰν τοῦ παγωνιοῦ.
Περὶ τῆς Ἴδος, ἥ, ὁποία ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὴν προτέραν μορφὴν της. ΦΥΛ. 58
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ.
Περὶ τοῦ Φαέθοντος υἱοῦ τοῦ Ἡλίου, τοῦ κεραυνωθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός. 67
Περὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τοῦ Φαέθοντος τῶν μεταμορφωθεισῶν εἰς δένδρα. 87
Περὶ τοῦ Κύκνου Βασιλέως τῆς Λιγυρίας, ὅ τις μετεμορφώθη εἰς τὸ ἔτσι καλούμενον πτηνόν. 91
Περὶ τῆς Καλλιστοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς ἄρκτον, καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς τοῦ εἰς ἀρκτοφύλακα μεταμορφωθέντος. 93
Περὶ τοῦ Κόρακος, τῆς Κορώνης, καὶ Νυκτιμένης. 103
Περὶ τῆς Ὀκυρόης, τῆς εἰς ἵππον μετανμορφώ- θείσης. 110
Περὶ τοῦ Βάττου, τοῦ εἰς πέτραν μετανμορφωθέντος. 113
Περὶ τῆς Ἀγλαύρου, τῆς εἰς πέτραν μετανμορφώ- θείσης. 117
Περὶ Εὐρώπης τῆς ἀρπαχθείσης ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ εἰς ταῦρον μετανμορφωθέντος. 125
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΤΡΙΤΟΝ.
Περὶ τοῦ Κάδμου, καὶ τῶν γεννηθέντων ἀνδρώπων ἀπὸ τοὺς ὀδόντας τοῦ δράκοντος. 129
Περὶ τοῦ Ἀκταίωνος, ποῦ εἰς ἔλαφον μετανμορφώ- θέντος. 138
Περὶ τῆς πεπαιωθείσης Σεμέλης, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Βάκχου, τοῦ εἰς τὸ μηρεῖον τοῦ Διὸς περικλεισμένου. Φύλ. 145
Περὶ τοῦ γυναικωθέντος Τερεσίου, ὅς ὕστερον ἀναλαβόντος τὴν προτέραν μορφήν του.
Περὶ τῆς Νύμφης Ἠχοῦς, ἥτις μετεμορφώθη εἰς φωνήν, ἢ ἦχον, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ναρκίσσου τοῦ μετα- βληθέντος εἰς ἄνθος.
Τιμωρία τοῦ Πενθέως, διότι κατεφρόνησε τὰς νυ- θεσίας τοῦ Τερεσίου.
Οἱ Ναῦται μεταμορφωμένοι εἰς Δελφῖνας, ὁ δὲ Βάκχος διασωθεὶς ἀπὸ τὴν μητέρα του, καὶ ἀπὸ τὰς θείας του.
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΝ.
Περὶ τῆς Δερκετοῦς εἰς ἰχθύον, τῆς Σεμιράμιδος εἰς περιστερῶν, καὶ τῆς Νηϊάδος εἰς ἰχθύον μετα- βληθεισῶν.
Περὶ τοῦ ἔρωτος, καὶ θανάτου τοῦ Πυράμου, καὶ τῆς Θίσβης.
Περὶ τῆς Λευκοθόης, τῆς μεταμορφωθείσης εἰς λι- βανωτικὴν ῥάβδον, καὶ τῆς Κλυτίας εἰς τὸ καλούμενον Ἡλιοτρόπιον.
Περὶ τῆς Δαφνίδος, τῆς Σκύθανος, τῆς Κήλμυος, ἢ τῆς Σιήλακος, ἢ Σαλμακίδος.
Περὶ τῶν Μινυΐδων τῶν εἰς Νυκτερίδας μεταμορφωθεισῶν.
Περὶ τῆς Ἰνῆς, ἢ τῆς Μελικέρτῃ τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Θαλασσίας Θεότητας.
ΠΙΝΑΞ. 477
Περὶ τῆς συμφορᾶς τῆς Ἰοῦς, αἳ ὁποῖαι μετεμορφώθησαν εἰς πέτρας, & ὄρνεα. Φύλ. 219
Περὶ τῶ Κάδμῳ, & τῆς γυναικός τῶ Ἁρμονίας τῶ μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς Δράκοντας. 223
Περὶ τῶν ἀπὸ τὴν κεφαλὴν τῆς Μεδούσης γεννηθέντων δρακόντων, & τῆς μεταβολῆς τῶ Ἄτλαντος εἰς ὀρέον. 227
Περὶ τῆς Ἀνδρομέδης, τὴν ὁποίαν ὁ Περσῆς ἠλαθέρωσεν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς θαλασσίου πέρας, & περὶ τῶν κλάδων τῶν μεταβληθέντων εἰς κοράλια. 234
Περὶ τῶν τῆς Μεδούσης τριχῶν, αἳ τινὲς εἰς ὄφεις μεταμορφῶνται. 241
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΠΕΜΠΤΟΝ.
Περὶ τῆς μάχης τῶ Περσέως κατ᾽ ἐκείνων, οἳ τινες ἤθελεν νὰ τὸ ἁρπάξωσι τὴν Ἀνδρομέδαν, δι᾽ ὃ & μετεβλήθησαν εἰς πέτρας διὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τῆς Μεδούσης· & περὶ τῶ Προΐτῳ ὁμοίως μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς λίθον. 246
Περὶ μεταμορφώσεως τῶ Πολυδέκτη εἰς λίθον, & τῶν Μεσῶν εἰς ὄρνεα, & τοῦ κατακρημνισθέντος Πορσέως ἵνα ἀπολυθῶσι τὰς Μούσας. 261
Περὶ τῶν Πιερίδων τῶν εἰς κίσσας μεταμορφωθεισῶν. 266
Περὶ τῆς παρὰ τῶ Πλουτήνῳ ἁρπαχθείσης Περσεφόνης, καὶ Κυάνης Νύμφης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης. 270
Περὶ τῶ εἰς ἀσκάλαβον μεταμορφωθέντος παιδός. 278
Περὼ τῶ Ἀσκαλάφῳ τῶ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς βύαν. 281
Περὶ τῶν Σειρηνῶν. 287
Πεςὶ τῆς Ἀρεθούσης, τῆς εἰς πηγὴν μεταμορφωθείσης, ἃ πεςὶ τὰ Ἀλφειὰ ποταμῆ. Φύλ. 291 Πεςὶ Τριπτολέμε, ἃ Λύγκα τὰ μεταμορφωθέντος εἰς Λύγκα. 297
ΒΙΒΛΑΙΟΝ ΕΚΤΟΝ.
Ἅμιλα Ἀθηνᾶς, ἃ Ἀράχνης. 301 Πεςὶ Νιόβης τῆς εἰς μάρμαρον μεταμορφωθείσης. 313 Πεςὶ τῶν εἰς βατράχους μεταμορφωθέντων ἀγροίκων. 324 Τῶν Σατύρων, ἧς Νυμφῶν, ἃ ἄλλων ἀγροίκων τὰ δάκρυα μεταμορφώνονται εἰς ποταμὴν. Ὁ ὦμος τὸ Πέλοπος ἐκ σαρκίνης γίνεται ἐλεφάντινος. 329 Πεςὶ Πρόκνης, Φιλομήλης, Τηρέως, ἃ διʼ Ἴτυος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς ὄρνεα. 333 Πεςὶ Ὠρειθύας, τῆς ἁρπαγείσης παρὰ τὰ Βορέας. 347
ΒΙΒΛΑΙΟΝ ΕΒΔΟΜΟΝ.
Πεςὶ τῶν Φρίξου, καὶ τῆς Ἑλλης, ἃ πεςὶ τοῦ ταξιδίου τοῦ Ἰάσονος, καὶ τὰ Χρυσομάλλου Δέρατος. 351 Πεςὶ Αἴσονος, πατρὸς τὸ Ἰάσονος, τὰ παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας ἀνανεωθέντος. 365 Πεςὶ ἀνανεώσεως τῶν προβάτων τὸ Βάκχου, καὶ πεςὶ τὰ Πέλιος τὸ φονευθέντος παρὰ τῶν ἰδίων αὐτῆ θυγατέρων. 371
Περιγραφὴ τῶν δρόμων τῆς Μηδείας, ἡ ὁποία ἔφυγεν εἰς Κόρινθον. Φύλ. 376
Περὶ τῆς Μηδείας, ὅτις κατακαίει τὴν Κρέουσαν, καὶ τοῦ ταύτης πατέρα, καὶ φονεύει τὰ ἴδια τῆς τέκνα. Περὶ τῆς ἀφρῆς τῆς Κερβέρου τῆς μεταβληθείσης εἰς φαρμάκι, διʼ οὗ ἡ Μήδεια θέλει νὰ δηλητηριάση τὸν Θησέα. Περὶ τῶν ἀνδραγαθημάτων, ἃ τῶν ὀστῶν τῆ Σκείρωνος τῶν μεταμορφωθέντων εἰς σκοπέλους, καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἄρνης, εἰς κολοιόν. 381
Περὶ τῶν Μυρμήκων τῶν εἰς ἀνθρώπους μεταμορφωθέντων. 387
Περὶ τῆς Κεφάλου ἢ τῆς Πρόκριδος, ἢ ἀκοντίου θυοῦς, ἢ κυνός. 399
Περὶ τῆς Πρόκριδος, ὅτις ἐφονεύθη ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τῆς, ἢ τῆς ἀκοντίου, τὸ ὁποῖον ἔλαβε δῶρον παρ᾽ αὐτῆς. 408
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ ΟΓΔΟΟΝ.
Περὶ τῆς ἀποκοπείσης κοκκίνης θριχὸς τῆς Νήσου, παρὰ τῆς Σκύλλης τῆς ἰδίας αὐτῆς θυγατρός. 413
Περὶ τῆς Πασιφάης, τοῦ Μινωταύρου, τοῦ Λαβυρίνθου, τῆς Ἀριάδνης, ἢ τοῦ Θησέως· καὶ περὶ τοῦ καταστερωθέντος στεφάνου τῆς Ἀριάδνης. 422
Περὶ Δαιδάλου, ἢ Ἰκάρου τοῦ υἱοῦ, καὶ Πέρδικος τοῦ εἰς πτηνὸν μεταμορφωθέντος. 428
Περὶ τοῦ Καλυδωνίου Ἀγριοχοίρου, ἢ τῆς Ἀταλάντης, ἢ τοῦ Μελεάγρου, τοῦ ὁποίου αἱ ἀδελφαὶ μετεβλήθησαν εἰς ὄρνεα. 434
Book IX
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Theseus, the hero, reputed son of Neptune, asked Achelo�s why he had sighed, and the reason for his damaged forehead: to which the Calydonian river-god, his uncut hair wreathed with reeds, replied: �You ask something painful of me. Who wants to recall the battles he has lost? But, I will tell it as it happened: since the shame of being beaten is no less than the honour of having fought. It is a great consolation to me that the victor was so famous.
If her name has ever come to your notice, Deianira was once the most beautiful girl, and the jealous hope of many suitors. When, with them, I entered Oeneus�s house, her father, and the man I sought as my father-in-law, I said: �Accept me as your son-in-law, son of Parthaon.� Hercules, scion of Alceus, said the same. The others gave way before the two of us. Hercules declared that he could offer Jove as his bride�s father-in-law, spoke of his famous labours, and of how he had survived what his stepmother, Juno, had prescribed for him. On my side I said: �It would be shameful for a god to concede to a mortal� � He was not yet a god � �In me you see the lord of the waters, that flow in winding rivers, through your kingdom. As your son-in-law I would not be a stranger sent from a foreign shore, but a native, and wedded to your own interests. Only don�t let it harm my case that Queen Juno does not hate me, and all the punishment of the labours, she demanded, passed me by!�
�Now, listen, Hercules, you, son of Alcmena: Jupiter, whose child you boast of being, is either wrongly called your father, or is truly a wrongdoer. You seek your father in a mother�s adultery. Choose whether you prefer this fiction of Jove as a father, or to be born the son of shame.� As I spoke, he gazed at me fiercely, all the while, and unable to act like a man and control his blazing anger, he merely replied in these words: �My right hand is more powerful than my tongue. As long as I beat you at wrestling, you can win the talking�, and he came at me ferociously. I was ashamed to retreat, after my words: I took off my green robes; put up my arms; held my hands, fingers curved, in front of my chest in fighting stance; and readied my limbs for the match. He caught up dust in the hollow of his hands and threw it over me, and, in turn, was, himself, gilded by the yellow sand. Now he caught at my neck, or you might think he caught me, now at my legs, now at my loins: and attacked me from every side. My weight protected me, and his attempts were useless. I was like a massive pile that the roaring flood assaults with all its might: it remains, secure in its own bulk.
We pulled away for a moment, returned to the conflict, and stood firm, determined not to concede. Foot was set against foot, and I pushed at him, with my chest full forward, fingers locked with fingers, and head to head. I have seen two strong bulls come together like that, when they try for the sleekest heifer in the pasture as their prize in the contest. The herd watches in fear, not sure to which one victory will grant overriding supremacy. Three times without success Hercules tried to push my gleaming chest away from him. At the fourth attempt, he broke my grip, loosed himself from my constricting arms, and with a blow of his hand � Certainly, I myself confess it is the truth � he turned me about, and clung, with all his weight, to my back.
If you can believe it - I am not seeking to gain false credit by saying it � I seemed to have a mountain pressing on top of me. With difficulty I thrust my arms, pouring with sweat from the great effort it took, under him, and, with difficulty, freed his firm hold on my body. He pressed me hard, as I gasped for breath, prevented me from gathering my strength, and gripped my neck. Then, at last, my knee touched the ground, and my mouth tasted sand. Inferior to him in strength, I turned to my magic arts, and slipped from his grasp in the shape of a long snake. But when I had wound my body in sinuous coils, and, hissing fiercely, darted my forked tongue at him, Tiryns�s hero laughed, and mocking my magic arts, said: �My task in the cradle was to defeat snakes, and, though you are greater than other reptiles, Achelo�s, how big a slice of the Lernean Hydra would your one serpent be? It was made fecund by its wounds, and not one of its hundred heads was safely cut off without its neck generating two more. I overcame it, and having overcome it, disembowelled that monster, with branching snake-heads, that grew from their own destruction, thriving on evil. What do you think will happen to you, who are only a false snake, using unfamiliar weapons, whom a shifting form hides?�
He spoke and knotted his fingers round my throat. I was suffocating, as if my throat was gripped by a vice, and struggled to tear his thumbs away from my windpipe. Overpowered in this form, only my third, fierce, bull-shape remained. So I fought on, my limbs those of a bull. From the left he threw his arms round my bulging neck; and followed me as I charged off; dragging at me, my horns piercing the hard ground as he pulled me down; and toppling me into the deep sand. As if that was not enough, holding the tough horn in his cruel hand, he broke it and tore it away from my mutilated brow. The Naiades took it, filling it with fruit and scented flowers, and made it sacred: the Goddess of Abundance is rich now because of my horn of plenty.�
He spoke: and a nymph, one of his attendants, dressed like Diana, her hair streaming over her shoulders, came to them, bringing all of autumn�s harvest in an overflowing horn, and, for an aftertaste, delicious fruits. Light gathered, and as the first rays struck the mountain summits, the warriors left, not waiting for the river to flow calmly and placidly or for the falling waters to subside. Achelo�s hid his wild features and his head, marred by its broken horn, in the depths of the waves.
Nevertheless he only had the loss of that adornment, which had been taken from him, to lament: he was otherwise unhurt. Also he hid his loss with a wreath of willow leaves or reeds. But you, fierce Nessus, the centaur, a passion for that same virgin girl destroyed you, hit in the back by a flying arrow.
Hercules, son of Jupiter, on his way to his native city with Deianira, his new bride, came to the swift waters of the River Euenus. The flood was higher than normal, increased by winter rains, with frequent whirlpools, and impassable. He had no fear of going on himself, but was anxious for his bride, when Nessus approached, strong of limb, and knowing the fords. �With my help, Alcides,� he said, �she will be set down on the far bank. Use your strength to swim!� The Theban handed over the Calydonian girl, she, pale with fear, frightened of the river and of the centaur himself.
Straight away, weighed down as he was by his quiver and his lion�s skin - he had thrown his club and his curved bow across to the other bank � the hero said: �Let me endure the river since I have started to cross.� He did not hesitate, and did not search for where the river was calmest, scorning to claim the water�s allegiance. He had gained the bank, and was picking up the bow he had thrown, when he heard his wife�s voice, and shouted to Nessus, who was preparing to betray his trust: �Where are you carrying her off to, you rapist, trusting in vain to your swiftness of foot? I am speaking to you, Nessus, the twice-formed. Listen: do not steal what is mine. If you have no respect for me, the thought of your father, Ixion, on his whirling wheel might prevent this illicit union. However much you trust in your horse-craft, you will not escape. With wounds, not feet, I will follow you.� He made good his last words with his actions, shooting the arrow he fired, across, at the fleeing back. The barbed tip jutted from the centaur�s chest. When the shaft was pulled out, blood, mixed with the deadly arrow-poison of the Lernean Hydra, gushed out simultaneously from the entry and exit wounds. Nessus trapped this, and murmured, to himself of course: �I will not die without revenge� and gave his tunic soaked with warm blood to Deianira, whom he had abducted, presenting it to her as if it were a gift for reviving a waning love.
A long space of intervening time passed by, and the tales of mighty Hercules had filled the world, and overcome his stepmother�s hatred. As the victor at Oechalia, in Euboea (where he had avenged an insult offered him by King Eurytus) he was preparing to sacrifice to Jupiter at Cenaeum, when loquacious Rumour, who loves to add lies to fact, and expands from the tiniest truth by her falsehoods, brought her tale on ahead, to your ears, Deianira. She claimed that Hercules, reputed son of Amphitryon, was filled with passion for Iole, daughter of Eurytus.
The loving wife believes it, and terrified at first by the rumour of this new affair, she indulges in tears, and the poor girl vents her misery in weeping. But she soon says �Why do I weep? That adulteress will laugh at my tears. Since she is coming here, I must plan quickly, while I can, while another has not yet taken my place. Should I complain, or keep silent? Return to Calydon or stay? Should I leave my house? Or, if I can do nothing else, should I at least stand in their way? What if, remembering I am your sister, Meleager, I prepare, boldly, to commit a crime, and, by cutting that adulteress�s throat, show what revenge and a woman�s grief can do?�
Her thought traced various courses. Of all of them she preferred that of sending the shirt, imbued with Nessus�s blood, to restore her husband�s waning love. Unwittingly, she entrusted what became her future grief, to the servant, Lichas, he not knowing what he had been entrusted with: and the unfortunate woman, ordered him, with persuasive words, to give the present to her husband. Hercules, the hero, took it, without a thought, and put on the shirt of Nessus, soaked in the poison of the Lernean Hydra.
He was making offerings of incense and reciting prayers over the first flames, and pouring a libation bowl of wine on to the marble altar. The power of the venom, warmed and released by the flames, dissolved, dispersing widely through the limbs of Hercules. With his usual courage, he repressed his groans while he could. When his strength to endure the venom was exhausted, he overturned the altar, and filled woody Oeta with his shouts.
He tries at once to tear off the fatal clothing: where it is pulled away, it pulls skin away with it, and, revolting to tell, it either sticks to the limbs from which he tries in vain to remove it, or reveals the lacerated limbs and his massive bones. His blood itself hisses and boils, with the virulence of the poison, like incandescent metal, dipped in a cold pool. There is no end to it: the consuming fires suck at the air in his chest: dark sweat pours from his whole body: his scorched sinews crackle. His marrow liquefying with the secret corruption, he raises his hands to the heavens, crying: �Juno, Saturnia, feed on my ruin: feed, cruel one: gaze, from the heights, at this destruction, and sate your savage heart! Or if this suffering seems pitiable even to an enemy, even to you, take away this sorrowful and hateful life, with its fearful torments, that was only made for toil. Death would be a gift to me, a fitting offering from a stepmother.
Was it for this I overcame Busiris who defiled the temples with the blood of sacrificed strangers? For this that I lifted fierce Antaeus, robbing him of the strength of his mother Earth? For this, that I was unmoved, by Geryon�s triple form, the herdsman of Spain, or your triple form, Cerberus? For this, you hands of mine, that you dragged down the horns of the strong Cretan bull: that the stables of King Augeas of Elis know of your efforts: the Stymphalian Lake: and the woods of Mount Parthenius, with its golden-antlered stag? For this, that, by your virtue, the gold engraved girdle of Hippolyte of Thermodon was taken, and the apples of the Hesperides, guarded by the sleepless dragon?� Was it for this, that the Centaurs could not withstand me, nor the Erymanthian Boar that laid Arcady waste? For this, that it did not help the Hydra to thrive on destruction and gain redoubled strength? What of the time when I saw Thracian Diomede�s horses, fed on human blood, their stalls filled with broken bodies, and, seeing them, overthrew them, and finished off them, and their master? The Nemean Lion lies crushed by these massive arms: and for Atlas these shoulders of mine held up the sky. Jupiter�s cruel consort is tired of giving commands: I am not tired of performing them.
But now a strange disease affects me that I cannot withstand by courage, weapons or strength. Deep in my lungs a devouring fire wanders, feeding on my whole body. But Eurystheus, my enemy is well! Are there those then who can believe that the gods exist?� So saying he roamed, in his illness, over the heights of Oeta, as a bull carries around a hunting spear embedded in its body, though the hunter who threw it has long gone. Picture him there, in the mountains, in his anger, often groaning, often shouting out, often attempting, again and again, to rid himself of the last of the garment, overturning trees, or stretching his arms out to his native skies.
Then he caught sight of the terrified Lichas, cowering in a hollow of the cliff, and pain concentrated all his fury. �Was it not you, Lichas,� he said, �who gave me this fatal gift? Are you not the agent of my death?� The man trembled, grew pale with fear, and, timidly, made excuses. While he was speaking, and trying to clasp the hero�s knees, Alcides seized him, and, swinging him round three or four times, hurled him, more violently than a catapult bolt, into the Euboean waters. Hanging in the air, he hardened with the wind. As rain freezes in the icy blasts and becomes snow; whirling snowflakes bind together in a soft mass; and they, in turn, accumulate as a body of solid hailstones: so he, the ancient tradition says, flung by strong arms through the void, bloodless with fright, and devoid of moisture, turned to hard flint. Now, in the Euboean Gulf, a low rock rises out of the depths, and keeps the semblance of a human shape. This sailors are afraid to set foot on, as though it could sense them, and they call it, Lichas.�
But you, famous son of Jove, felled the trees that grew on steep Oeta, and made a funeral pyre, and commanded Philoctetes, son of Poeas, who supplied the flame that was plunged into it, to take your bow, your ample quiver, and the arrows, that were fated to see, once more, the kingdom of Troy (as they did when you rescued Hesione.) As the mass caught light from the eager fire, you spread the Nemean Lion�s pelt on the summit of the pile of logs, and lay down, your neck resting on your club, and with an aspect no different from that of a guest, reclining amongst the full wine cups, crowned with garlands.
Now the fierce flames, spreading on every side, were crackling loudly, and licking at his body, he unconcerned and scornful of them. The gods were fearful for earth�s champion. Saturnian Jupiter spoke to them, gladly, since he understood their feelings. �O divine beings, your fear for him delights me, and I willingly congratulate myself, with all my heart, that I am called father and ruler of a thoughtful race, and that my offspring is protected by your favour also. Though this tribute is paid to his great deeds, I am obliged to you, also. But do not allow your loyal hearts to feel groundless fears. Forget Oeta�s flames! He, who has defeated all things, will defeat the fires you see, nor will he feel Vulcan�s power, except in the mortal part that he owes to his mother, Alcmene. What he has from me is immortal, deathless and eternal: and that, no flame can destroy. When it is done with the earth, I will accept it into the celestial regions, and I trust my action will please all the gods. But if there is anyone, anyone at all, who is unhappy at Hercules�s deification, and would not wish to grant this gift, he or she should know that it was given for merit, and should approve it, though unwillingly.� The gods agreed. Juno, also, appeared to accept the rest of his words with compliance, but not the last ones, upset that she was being censored.
Meanwhile, Mulciber had consumed whatever the flames could destroy, and no recognisable form of Hercules remained, no semblance of what came to him from his mother: he only retained his inheritance from Jove. As a snake enjoys its newness, sloughing old age with its skin, gleaming with fresh scales; so, when the Tirynthian hero had shed his mortal body, he became his better part, beginning to appear greater, and more to be revered, in his high majesty. The all-powerful father of the gods carrying him upwards, in his four-horse chariot, through the substanceless clouds, set him among the shining stars.
Atlas felt the weight of the new constellation. But even now the anger of Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, was not appeased, and he pursued his unyielding hatred of the father through the children. Argive Alcmena, troubled by endless cares, had Iole, as one to whom she could confide an old woman�s miseries, to whom she could relate her son�s labours, known to all the world, and her own misfortunes. At Hercules request, Hyllus, his son by Deianira, had taken Iole to his marriage-bed, and his heart, and had planted a child of that noble race in her womb. Alcmena said to her: �Let the gods at least favour you, and shorten that time when, in childbirth, you call on Ilithyia, that Lucina who watches over frightened women, who, thanks to Juno�s influence, made things hard for me.
When the time for Hercules�s difficult birth came, and Capricorn, the tenth sign, was hidden by the sun, the weight of the child stretched my womb: what I carried was so great, you could tell that Jove was the father of my hidden burden. I could not bear my labour pains much longer. Even now, as I speak, a cold horror grips my body, and part of me remembers it with pain. Tortured for seven nights and as many days, worn out with agony, stretching my arms to heaven, with a great cry, I called out to Lucina, and her companion gods of birth, the Nixi.� Indeed, she came, but committed in advance, determined to surrender my life to unjust Juno. She sat on the altar, in front of the door, and listened to my groans. With her right knee crossed over her left, and clasped with interlocking fingers, she held back the birth, She murmured spells, too, in a low voice, and the spells halted the birth once it began. I laboured, and, maddened, made useless outcries against ungrateful Jove. I wanted to die, and my moans would have moved the flinty rocks. The Theban women who were there, took up my prayers, and gave me encouragement in my pain.
Tawny-haired, Galanthis, one of my servant-girls, was there, humbly born but faithful in carrying out orders, loved by me for the services she rendered. She sensed that unjust Juno was up to something, and, as she was often in and out of the house, she saw the goddess, Lucina, squatting on the altar, arms linked by her fingers, clasping her knees, and said �Whoever you are, congratulate the mistress. Alcmena of Argolis is eased, and the prayers to aid childbirth have been answered.�
The goddess with power over the womb leapt up in consternation, releasing her clasped hands: by releasing the bonds, herself, easing the birth. They say Galanthis laughed at the duped goddess. As she laughed, the heaven-born one, in her anger, caught her by the hair, and dragged her down, and as she tried to lift her body from the ground, she arched her over, and changed her arms into forelegs. Her old energy remained, and the hair on her back did not lose her hair�s previous colour: but her former shape was changed to that of a weasel. And because her lying mouth helped in childbirth, she gives birth through her mouth, and frequents my house, as before.�
She finished speaking, and sighed, her feelings stirred by the memory of her former servant. While she grieved, her daughter-in-law, Iole, said: �Mother, this is still the altered form of someone not of our blood that affects you. What if I were to relate to you my sister�s strange fate? Though sadness and tears hold me back, and hinder me from talking. Dryope was her mother�s only child � I was my father�s by another wife � and she was known as the most beautiful girl in Oechalia. Suffering the assault of Apollo, that god who holds Delphi and Delos; her virginity lost; Andraemon married her; and was considered fortunate to have her as his wife.
There is a lake, whose sloping shoreline is formed by steep banks, their summits crowned with myrtle. Dryope went there, unaware of any restrictions, and, to make what happened more unacceptable, bringing garlands for the nymphs. At her breast she carried a sweet burden, her son, not yet a year old, whom she was suckling with her warm milk. Not far away, a water-loving lotus tree flowered from the swamp, with the promise of fruits to come, its colours imitating Tyrian purples. Dryope picked some of these blossoms, to offer the child as playthings, and I was looking to do the same - I was with her - when I saw drops of blood fall from the flowers, and the branches move with a shiver of fear.� It appears, as the locals now tell us, at last, but too late, that Lotis, a nymph, running from obscene Priapus, turned into the tree, altering her features, keeping her name.
My sister had known nothing of this. When she wished to retreat, in fear, from the place, and escape by praying to the nymphs, her feet clung like roots. She struggled to tear them away, but nothing moved except her torso. Slowly, thick bark grew upward from her feet, hiding all her groin. When she saw this, and tried to tear at her hair, with her hands, her hands filled with leaves: leaves covered her whole head. But the child, Amphissos (so his grandfather, Eurytus, King of Oechalia, had named him) felt his mother�s breast harden, and the milky liquid failed when he sucked. I was there, a spectator of your cruel destiny, sister, and could bring you no help at all. Only, as far as I could, I held back the developing trunk and branches with my embrace, and I bear witness that I longed to be sheathed in that same bark.
Then her husband, Andraemon, and her luckless father, Eurytus, came, asking for Dryope: the Dryope they searched for I revealed as the lotus. They kissed the living wood, and prostrate on the ground clung to the roots of their tree. You, my dear sister, displayed nothing but your face that was not already tree. Your tears rained on the leaves of your poor body, and while your mouth left a path for your voice, while you still could, you poured out your lament like this into the air: �If there is truth in suffering, I swear by the gods I do not deserve this wrong. I am being punished without guilt. I lived in innocence. If I lie, let me lose the leaves I have through drought, be levelled with the axe, and burned. Take this child from these maternal branches, and find him a nurse, and have him often drink his milk under this tree of mine, and play under this tree. And when he learns to talk, have him greet his mother and say, sadly, �My mother is revealed in this tree.� Let him still fear lakes, and pick no flowers from the trees, and think all shrubs are the body of the goddess.
Dear husband, farewell, and you, sister; father! If you love me, defend me from the sharp knife, and my leaves from the browsing herd. And since I am not allowed to bend to you, reach up with your arms, and find my lips, while I can still feel, and lift my little son up to me! I can speak no more. Now the soft sapwood spreads slowly over my white neck: I am imprisoned in its highest reaches. Take your hands from my eyes. Without trying to help me, allow the enveloping bark to mask the fading light!� At the moment her mouth ceased speaking, at that moment it ceased to be. For a long time, the freshly created branches glowed with warmth, from her altered body.�
IOLAUS
While Eurytus�s daughter was relating this marvellous happening, and Alcmena was wiping away Iole�s tears (still weeping herself) a wonderful thing suspended all sadness. There, on the steep threshold, stood Iola�s, Hercules�s nephew and companion, alive again, with the look of his early years, a hint of down on his cheeks, almost, again, a child. Overwhelmed by the prayers of her husband, Hercules, Juno�s daughter, Hebe, had granted him this gift. When she was about to swear that, after this, she would never allow any further such favour, Themis would not allow it.
She prophesied. �Thebes is now moving towards civil war, and, of the Seven against her, Capaneus will not be overcome, except by Jupiter himself. Two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, will die of mutually inflicted wounds. Amphiara�s, the seer, swallowed by the earth, still living, will gaze on the ghosts of his own dead. His son, Alcmaeon, shall avenge him, with his mother Eriphyle�s death, filial and sinful in the same act. Terrified at his own evil, exiled from home and sanity, he will be pursued by the faces of the Eumenides, and by his mother�s shade, until his wife, Callirho� demands the fatal necklace, that Venus gave Harmonia, and until the sword, of his first father-in-law, Phegeus, in the hands of Phegeus�s sons, shall drain his son-in-law�s blood. Then at last, Callirho�, the daughter of Achelo�s, as a suppliant, will ask of mighty Jupiter, to add years to her infant sons, and not allow the avenger�s murder to be unavenged. In anticipation of being moved by her prayers, Jupiter claims for them this gift that you, his stepdaughter and daughter-in-law, possess, and will make them men, in their childhood years.�
When Themis spoke these words, out of her prophetic mouth, prescient of what was to come, the gods complained in various mutterings, and there was a murmur as to why they were not able to grant the same gift to other mortals. Aurora, daughter of the Titan Pallas, lamented the old age of her husband, Tithonus. Gentle Ceres lamented the greying hair of her former lover Iasion. Mulciber demanded another lifetime for his son, Erichthonius: and Venus, also, touched by fears for the future, wanted to bargain for the renewal of her lover Anchises�s years. Each god had someone whose cause they supported: and the troublesome mutiny, over their favourites, grew, until Jupiter opened his mouth and said: �O, if you have any respect for me, where do you think all this talk is heading? Do any of you think you can overcome fate as well? Through fate Iola�s�s past years were restored. Through fate Callirho��s children must prematurely become men, not through ambition or warfare. Even you, and I, too, fate rules, if that also makes you feel better. If I had power to alter fate, these late years would not bow down my pious Aeacus. Just Rhadamanthus would always possess youth�s flower, and my Minos, who is scorned because of the bitter weight of old age, and no longer orders the kingdom in the way he did before.�
Jupiter�s words swayed the gods: and no one could sustain their objection when they saw Rhadamanthos, Aeacus and Minos wearied with the years. When he was in his prime, Minos had made great nations tremble at his very name: now he was weak, and feared Miletus, who was proud of his strength and parentage, the son of Phoebus Apollo and the nymph Deione. Though Minos believed Miletus might plot an insurrection, he still did not dare to deny him his home. On your own initiative, Miletus, you left, cutting the waters of the Aegean in your swift ship, and built a city on the soil of Asia, that still carries its founder�s name.
There you knew Cyanee, the daughter of Maeander, whose stream so often curves back on itself, when she was following her father�s winding shores. Twin children were born to her, of outstanding beauty of body, Byblis and her brother Caunus.
Byblis, seized by a passion, for her brother, scion of Apollo; that Byblis serves for a warning to girls, against illicit love. She loved, not as a sister loves a brother, nor as she should. At first, it is true, she did not understand the fires of passion, or think it wrong, to kiss, together, often, or throw her arms round her brother�s neck. For a long time she was deceived by the misleading likeness to sisterly affection. Gradually the nature of her love went astray, and she came looking for her brother carefully dressed, and over-anxious to look beautiful. If anyone seemed more beautiful to him, she was jealous. But her own feelings were not clear to her, and though she had no inner longing for passion, nevertheless it burned. And now she called him her lord, now she hated the name that made them related, now she wrongly wished him to call her Byblis, rather than sister. While she is awake she still dare not allow her mind its illicit hope, but, deep in peaceful dreams, she often sees what she loves, and is also seen, held in her brother�s arms, and she blushes, though lost in sleep.
When sleep has vanished, she lies there for a long time, recalling, to herself, the imagery of her dream, and at last utters these inner doubts: �Alas for me! What does it mean, this vision out of the night�s silence? How I would hate it to be true! Why do I see these things in sleep? He is truly handsome, even to unfriendly eyes, and is pleasing, and if he were not my brother I could love him, and he would be worthy of me. Being his sister is the reality that harms me. Let sleep often return with similar visions, as long as I am not tempted to do any such thing while awake! A dream lacks witnesses, but does not lack pleasure�s counterpart. By winged Cupid, and Venus, his tender mother, how great the joy I had! How clearly passion touched me! How my whole heart melted where I lay! What joy in remembrance! Though its pleasure was short-lived, and night rushed onwards, envious of my imaginings.
O if I could have been joined to you, with another�s name, Caunus, how good a daughter-in-law I could have been to your father! O Caunus, how good a son-in-law you could have been to my father! We would have had everything shared between us, except our grandparents: I would have wanted you to be nobler than me! You, most beautiful one, will make someone else the mother of your children, but to me, whom evil luck has given the same parents, you will be nothing but a brother. What separates us: that we will share as one. What does my vision signify to me? What weight indeed do dreams have? Or perhaps - the gods forbid - dreams do have weight? Certainly, the gods have possessed their sisters. So, Saturn led Ops, his blood-kin, to join with him, and Oceanus, Tethys, and the ruler of Olympus, Juno. The gods have their own laws! Why try to relate human affairs to other, divine, behaviour? Either my forbidden passion will be driven from my heart, or if I cannot achieve that, I pray to be loved, before I am laid out on my deathbed, and my brother kisses me there. Yet that needs both our wills! Suppose it pleases me: it may seem a sin to him.
Still, the sons of Aeolus, god of the winds, were not afraid to marry their sisters! Where did I learn that? Why do I have such ready examples? Where is this leading? Vanish, far off, illicit flames, and let my brother not be loved, except as a sister may love him! Yet, if he himself were first captured by love of me, I might perhaps be able to indulge this madness. Then let me woo him, whom I would not reject, if he were wooing! - Can you say it? Can you acknowledge it? - Love compels me: I can! Or if shame closes my lips, a secret letter will confess my hidden passions.�
BYBLIS AND CAUNUS
This idea pleases her, and this decision overcomes the doubt in her mind. Turning on one side and leaning on her left elbow, she says to herself: �Let him know: let me acknowledge my insane desires! Alas, where am I heading? What fire has my heart conceived?� And, with a trembling hand, she begins to set down the words she has contemplated. She holds the pen in her right hand, and a blank wax tablet in her left. She begins, then hesitates; writes and condemns the writing; scribbles and smoothes it out; alters, blames and approves; in turn lays down what she has lifted, and lifts what she has laid down. She does not know what to do, displeased with whatever she is about to do. In her expression, shame is mixed with boldness.
She had written �sister�, but decided to efface the name of sister, and inscribed these words on the corrected tablet: �That wish, for long life, that she will not have, unless you grant it, one who loves you, sends to you. She is ashamed, oh, ashamed to tell her name. And if you ask what I desire, I would have wished to plead my cause, namelessly, and not to have been identified, until the expectation of what I desired was certain, as Byblis.
True, you might have seen signs of my wounded heart in my pallor, thinness, features, eyes full of tears, sighs with no apparent cause, frequent embraces, kisses, which, if you had chanced to notice, might not have felt like a sister�s. Yet, though my soul was deeply stricken, though the mad fire is in me, I have done everything I can (the gods are my witnesses) to become calmer. For a long time I have struggled, unhappily, to escape Cupid�s onslaught, and I have suffered more hardship than you would think a girl could suffer. I am compelled to confess, I have lost, and to beg your help, with humble prayers. You alone can save your lover, you alone destroy her. Choose what you will. It is not your enemy who prays to you, but one who, though closest to you, seeks to be closer still, and bound to you with a tighter bond.
Let old people know what is right, and what is allowed, and what is virtue and what is sin, and preserve the fine balance of the law. At our age Love is what is fitting, that takes no heed. We do not know yet what is permitted, and we consider all things permitted, and follow the example of the great gods. We have no harsh father, no regard for reputation, and no fear to impede us. Even if there were cause for fear, we can hide sweet theft under the names of brother and sister. I am free to speak to you in private, and we can embrace and kiss in front of others. How important is what is still lacking? Pity the one who confesses her love, and would not confess if extreme desire did not force her, and do not you be the reason for the writing on my tomb.�
Her handwriting filled the wax, with these fruitless words, the last line close to the edge. Immediately she put her seal on the sinful message, dampening it with her tears (moisture failed her tongue), stamping it with her signet ring. Shamefacedly, she called one of her servants, and shyly and coaxingly said: �You are most faithful. Take these to my..........brother� she added after a long silence. As she let them go, the tablets slipped and fell from her hand. She still sent the letter, troubled by the omen. Finding a suitable time, the messenger went, and delivered the hidden words. Horrified, Maeander�s grandson, suddenly enraged, hurled away the tablets, he had accepted, and partly read, and, scarcely able to keep his hands from the trembling servant�s throat, cried: �Run while you can, you rascally aide to forbidden lust! I would deal you death, as a punishment, if your fate would not also drag our honour down with it.� The servant fled in fear, and reported Caunus�s fierce words, to Byblis.
She grew pale, hearing that she had been rejected, and her body shook, gripped by an icy chill. But, when consciousness returned, so did the passion, and, she let out these words, her lips scarcely moving: �I deserve it! Well, why did I rashly reveal my wound?� Why was I in such a hurry to commit things, which were secret, to a hasty letter? I should have tested his mind�s judgment before by ambiguous words. I should have observed how the winds blew; used other lesser sails, in case those breezes were not to be followed; and crossed the sea in safety, not as now, under full canvas, caught by uncertain gusts. So I am carried onto the rocks, swamped, overwhelmed by the whole ocean, and my sails have no means of retreat.�
�Why, as far as that is concerned, everything, unerringly, warned me not to give way to my desire, at the moment when the tablets fell, as I was giving orders for them to be taken to him, meaning that my hopes would also fall away. Should not, perhaps, the day, or my whole intention, more so the day, have been altered? The god himself issued a warning, and gave a clear sign, if I had not been crazed with love. Also I should have told him myself, and revealed my passion to him in person, and not committed myself in writing. He would have seen the tears, and seen a lover�s face. I could have said more than any letter can contain. I could have thrown my arms around his unwilling neck, and if I had been rejected, I could have seemed on the point of dying, embraced his feet, and lying there begged for life. I should have done all those things that, if not singly, all together, might have persuaded his stubborn mind. Maybe the messenger who was sent was at fault: did not approach him properly, I think, or choose a suitable moment, or discover when he and the time were free.
It has all harmed me. Truly, my brother is not born of the tigress. He does not have a heart of unyielding flint, solid iron, or steel. He was not suckled on the milk of a lioness. He will be won! I will try again, and not suffer any weariness in my attempts, while breath is left to me. Since I cannot undo my actions, it would have been best not to begin: but, having begun, the next best is to win through. In fact if I relinquished my longing, he could still not fail to remember what I have dared, and by desisting I will be seen to have been shallow in my desires, or to have been trying to tempt and snare him. He will even believe, I am sure, that I have not been conquered by the god, who, above all, impels and inflames our hearts, but by lust. In short, I cannot but be guilty of impiety, of writing, of wooing: my wishes are revealed. Though I add nothing to them, I cannot be said to be innocent. There is little left to be accused of, but much to long for.�
So she argues, and (so great is the undecided conflict in her mind) while she repented of the attempt, she delights in attempting. Going beyond all moderation, and unsuccessful in what she tries, she is endlessly rejected. Finally, when there seems no end to it, he flees from this wickedness and from his home, and founds a new city in a foreign place: Caunus, in Caria.
Then, indeed, grief made Miletus�s daughter lose her mind completely. Then, indeed, she tore the clothes from her breast, and beat her arms in frenzy. Her madness was now public, and she confessed her hope of illicit union, by leaving the country she hated, and her household gods, and following the footsteps of her fleeing brother. The women of Bubasos saw Byblis, howling in the open fields, as your Thracians, son of Semele, pricked by your thyrsus, keep your triennial festival.
Leaving them behind she wandered through Caria, through the lands of the armed Leleges, and on through Lycia. Now she was beyond Lycian Cragus, and Limyre, and the waters of the Xanthian plain, and the ridge of Mount Chimaera near Phaleris, where the fire-breathing monster lived, joining a lion�s head and chest to a serpent�s tail. Above the woods, when, wearied, you were weak from following, you fell, Byblis, your hair spread on the hard earth, and your face pressing the fallen leaves.
The Lelegeian nymphs often try to lift her in their tender arms, and often they teach her how she might remedy her love, and they offer comfort to her silent heart. She lies there, mute, clutching at the green stems with her fingers, and watering the grass with her flowing tears. They say the naiads created a spring from them, beneath her, which could never run dry. Well, what more could they offer her? There and then, Byblis, Phoebus�s granddaughter, consumed by her own tears, is changed into a fountain: just as drops of resin ooze from a cut pine, or sticky bitumen from heavy soil, or as water, that has been frozen by the cold, melts in the sun, at the coming of the west wind�s gentle breath: and even now in those valleys it retains its mistress�s name, and flows from underneath a dark holm oak.
Perhaps, the story of this new marvel would have filled Crete�s hundred cities, if Crete had not recently known a miracle nearer home, in the metamorphosis of Iphis. In the Phaestos region, near royal Cnossos, there once lived a man named Ligdus, undistinguished, a native of the place, his wealth no greater than his fame, but living a blameless and honourable life. When his pregnant wife, Telethusa, was near to her time, he spoke these words of warning in her ear: �There are two things I wish for: that you are delivered with the least pain, and that you produce a male child. A girl is a heavier burden, and misfortune denies them strength. So, though I hate this, if, by chance, you give birth to a female infant, reluctantly, I order - let my impiety be forgiven! � that it be put to death.� He spoke, and tears flooded their cheeks, he who commanded, and she to whom the command was given. Nevertheless, Telethusa, urged her husband, with vain prayers, not to confine hope itself. Ligdus remained fixed in his determination.
Now, her pregnant belly could scarcely bear to carry her fully-grown burden, when Io, the daughter of Inachus, at midnight, in sleep�s imagining, stood, or seemed to stand, by her bed: Isis, accompanied by her holy procession. The moon�s crescent horns were on her forehead, and the shining gold of yellow ears of corn, and royal splendour belonged to her. With her were the jackal-headed Anubis, the hallowed cat-headed Bast, the dappled bull Apis, and Harpocrates, the god who holds his tongue, and urges silence, thumb in mouth. The sacred rattle, the sistrum, was there; and Osiris, for whom her search never ends; and the strange serpent she fashioned, swollen with sleep-inducing venom, that poisoned the sun-god Ra. Then, as if Telethusa had shaken off sleep, and was seeing clearly, the goddess spoke to her, saying: �O, you who belong to me, forget your heavy cares, and do not obey your husband. When Lucina has eased the birth, whatever sex the child has, do not hesitate to raise it. I am the goddess, who, when prevailed upon, brings help and strength: you will have no cause to complain, that the divinity, you worshipped, lacks gratitude.� Having given her command, she left the room. Joyfully, the Cretan woman rose, and, lifting her innocent hands to the stars, she prayed, in all humility, that her dream might prove true.
When the pains grew, and her burden pushed its own way into the world, and a girl was born, the mother ordered it to be reared, deceitfully, as a boy, without the father realising. She had all that she needed, and no one but the nurse knew of the fraud. The father made good his vows, and gave it the name of the grandfather: he was Iphis. The mother was delighted with the name, since it was appropriate for either gender, and no one was cheated by it. From that moment, the deception, begun with a sacred lie, went undetected. The child was dressed as a boy, and its features would have been beautiful whether they were given to a girl or a boy.
Thirteen years passed by, meanwhile, and then, Iphis, your father betrothed you to golden-haired Ianthe, whose dowry was her beauty, the girl most praised amongst the women of Phaestos, the daughter of Telestes of Dicte. The two were equal in age, and equal in looks, and had received their first instruction, in the knowledge of life, from the same teachers. From this beginning, love had touched both their innocent hearts, and wounded them equally, but with unequal expectations. Ianthe anticipated her wedding day, and the promised marriage, believing he, whom she thought to be a man, would be her man. Iphis loved one whom she despaired of being able to have, and this itself increased her passion, a girl on fire for a girl.
Hardly restraining her tears, she said �What way out is there left, for me, possessed by the pain of a strange and monstrous love, that no one ever knew before? If the gods wanted to spare me they should have spared me, but if they wanted to destroy me, they might at least have visited on me a natural, and normal, misfortune. Mares do not burn with love for mares, or heifers for heifers: the ram inflames the ewe: its hind follows the stag. So, birds mate, and among all animals, not one female is attacked by lust for a female. I wish I were not one! Yet that Crete might not fail to bear every monstrosity, Pasipha�, Sol�s daughter, loved a bull, though still that was a female and a male. My love, truth be told, is more extreme than that. She at least chased after the hope of fulfilment, though the bull had her because of her deceit, and in the likeness of a cow, and the one who was deceived was a male adulterer. Though all of the world�s cleverness were concentrated here, though Daedalus were to return on waxen wings, what use would it be? Surely even his cunning arts could not make a boy out of a girl? Surely even he could not transform you, Ianthe?
Rather be firm-minded, Iphis, and pull yourself together, and, with wisdom, shake off this foolish, useless passion. Look at what you have been, from birth, if you don�t want to cheat yourself, and seek out what is right for you, and love as a woman should! It is hope that creates love, and hope that nourishes it. Everything robs you of that. No guardian keeps you from her dear arms, no wary husband�s care, no cruel father, nor does she deny your wooing herself. Yet you can never have her, or be happy, whatever is accomplished, whatever men or gods attempt.
Even now, no part of my prayers has been denied. The gods have readily given whatever they were able, and my father, her father, and she herself, want what I want to happen. But Nature does not want it, the only one who harms me, more powerful than them all. See, the longed-for time has come, the wedding torch is at hand, and Ianthe will become mine � yet not be had by me. I will thirst in the midst of the waters. Juno, goddess of brides, and Hymen, why do you come to these marriage rites, where the bridegroom is absent, and both are brides?�
With these words, she stopped speaking. The other girl was no less on fire, and prayed, Hymen, that you would come quickly. Telethusa, afraid of what she sought, merely put off the day: now lengthening the delay through pretended illness, now, frequently, using omens and dreams as an excuse. But eventually every pretext was exhausted, the date for the delayed marriage ceremony was set, and only a day remained. Then Telethusa took the sacred ribbons from her own and her daughter Iphis�s head, so that their hair streamed down, and clinging to the altar, cried: �Isis, you who protect Paraetonium, Pharos, the Mareotic fields, and Nile, divided in its seven streams, I pray you, bring help, and relieve our fears! Goddess, I saw you once, you, and those symbols of you, and I knew them all, accompanied by the jingling bronze of the sistrum, and imprinted your commands on my remembering mind. That my daughter looks on the light, that I have not been punished, behold, it was your purpose, and your gift. Gladden us with your aid. Have pity on us both!�
Tears followed words. The goddess seemed to make the altar tremble (it did tremble), and the doors of the temple shook, her horns, shaped like the moon�s crescents, shone, and the sistrum rattled loudly. Not yet reassured, but gladdened by the auspicious omen, the mother left the temple. Iphis, her companion, followed, taking larger paces than before; with no whiteness left in her complexion; with additional strength, and sharper features, and shorter, less elegant hair; showing more vigour than women have. Take your gifts to the temple, Iphis: rejoice, with confidence, not fear! You, who were lately a girl, are now a boy!
They take their gifts to the temple, and add a votive tablet: the tablet has this brief line:
IPHIS PERFORMS AS A BOY, WHAT HE PROMISED, AS A GIRL.
The next day�s sun reveals the wide world in its rays, when Venus, and Juno, joined with Hymen, come, to the marriage torches, and Iphis, the boy, gains possession of his Ianthe.
Book X
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Hymen, called by the voice of Orpheus, departed, and, dressed in his saffron robes, made his way through the vast skies to the Ciconian coast: but in vain. He was present at Orpheus�s marriage, true, but he did not speak the usual words, display a joyful expression, or bring good luck. The torch, too, that he held, sputtered continually, with tear-provoking fumes, and no amount of shaking contrived to light it properly. The result was worse than any omens. While the newly wedded bride, Eurydice, was walking through the grass, with a crowd of naiads as her companions, she was killed, by a bite on her ankle, from a snake, sheltering there.� When Thracian Orpheus, the poet of Rhodope, had mourned for her, greatly, in the upper world, he dared to go down to Styx, through the gate of Taenarus, also, to see if he might not move the dead.
Through the weightless throng, and the ghosts that had received proper burial, he came to Persephone, and the lord of the shadows, he who rules the joyless kingdom. Then striking the lyre-strings to accompany his words, he sang: �O gods of this world, placed below the earth, to which, all, who are created mortal, descend; if you allow me, and it is lawful, to set aside the fictions of idle tongues, and speak the truth, I have not come here to see dark Tartarus, nor to bind Cerberus, Medusa�s child, with his three necks, and snaky hair. My wife is the cause of my journey. A viper, she trod on, diffused its venom into her body, and robbed her of her best years. I longed to be able to accept it, and I do not say I have not tried: Love won.
He is a god well known in the world above, though I do not know if that is so here: though I imagine him to be here, as well, and if the story of that rape in ancient times is not a lie, you also were wedded by Amor. I beg you, by these fearful places, by this immense abyss, and the silence of your vast realms, reverse Eurydice�s swift death. All things are destined to be yours, and though we delay a while, sooner or later, we hasten home. Here we are all bound, this is our final abode, and you hold the longest reign over the human race. Eurydice, too, will be yours to command, when she has lived out her fair span of years, to maturity. I ask this benefit as a gift; but, if the fates refuse my wife this kindness, I am determined not to return: you can delight in both our deaths.�
The bloodless spirits wept as he spoke, accompanying his words with the music. Tantalus did not reach for the ever-retreating water: Ixion�s wheel was stilled: the vultures did not pluck at Tityus�s liver: the Belides, the daughters of Dana�s, left their water jars: and you, Sisyphus, perched there, on your rock. Then they say, for the first time, the faces of the Furies were wet with tears, won over by his song: the king of the deep, and his royal bride, could not bear to refuse his prayer, and called for Eurydice.
She was among the recent ghosts, and walked haltingly from her wound. The poet of Rhodope received her, and, at the same time, accepted this condition, that he must not turn his eyes behind him, until he emerged from the vale of Avernus, or the gift would be null and void.
They took the upward path, through the still silence, steep and dark, shadowy with dense fog, drawing near to the threshold of the upper world. Afraid she was no longer there, and eager to see her, the lover turned his eyes. In an instant she dropped back, and he, unhappy man, stretching out his arms to hold her and be held, clutched at nothing but the receding air. Dying a second time, now, there was no complaint to her husband (what, then, could she complain of, except that she had been loved?). She spoke a last �farewell� that, now, scarcely reached his ears, and turned again towards that same place.
Stunned by the double loss of his wife, Orpheus was like that coward who saw Cerberus, the three-headed dog, chained by the central neck, and whose fear vanished with his nature, as stone transformed his body. Or like Olenos, and you, his Lethaea, too proud of your beauty: he wished to be charged with your crime, and seem guilty himself: once wedded hearts, you are now rocks set on moist Mount Ida.
Orpheus wished and prayed, in vain, to cross the Styx again, but the ferryman fended him off. Still, for seven days, he sat there by the shore, neglecting himself and not taking nourishment. Sorrow, troubled thought, and tears were his food. He took himself to lofty Mount Rhodope, and Haemus, swept by the winds, complaining that the gods of Erebus were cruel.
Three times the sun had ended the year, in watery Pisces, and Orpheus had abstained from the love of women, either because things ended badly for him, or because he had sworn to do so. Yet, many felt a desire to be joined with the poet, and many grieved at rejection. Indeed, he was the first of the Thracian people to transfer his love to young boys, and enjoy their brief springtime, and early flowering, this side of manhood.
There was a hill, and, on the hill, a wide area of level ground, turfed with fresh blades of grass: shade was absent there: but when the poet, born of the god, sounded the strings of his lyre, shade gathered there. Jupiter�s Chaonian oak-tree came; and Phaethon�s sisters, the Heliades, the poplars; the durmast oak with its deep foliage; the soft lime-tree; the beech; the virgin sweet-bay, laurel; the hazel, frail; the ash-tree, used for spears; the sweeping silver-fir: holm-oak, heavy with acorns; pleasant plane-tree; the many-coloured maple; with the river-haunting willow; lotus, water-lover; boxwood ever-verdant; the slender tamarisk; the myrtle, with, over and under its leaves, the two shades of green; and the blue-berried wild-bay, laurus tinus. You came, also, twining ivy, together with shooting vines; the vine-supporting elms; the flowering �manna� ash; the spruce; the strawberry tree, weighed down with its red fruit; the pliant palms, the winner�s prize; and you, the shaggy-topped pine tree, armed with needles, sacred to Cybele, mother of the gods, since Attis exchanged his human form for you, and hardened in your trunk.
CYPARISSUS
Among the crowd came the cypress, formed like the cone-shaped meta, that marks the turning point in the race-course: once a boy, but now a tree: loved by the god who tunes the lyre, and strings the bow.
There was a giant stag, sacred to the nymphs that haunt the Carthaean country, which cast deep shadows, around its head, from his wide-branching antlers. The antlers shone with gold, and the gems of a jewelled collar, around his polished neck, hung down onto his shoulders. A bulla, a silver charm, fastened with small strips of leather, quivered on his forehead, and on either side of his hollow temples matching pearls of bronze gleamed from both ears. Free from fear, and forgetting his natural shyness, he used to visit people�s houses, and offer his neck to be stroked by strangers� hands. Yet, above all others, he was dear to you, Cyparissus, loveliest of the Cean boys. You led the stag to fresh pastures, and the waters of the clear spring. Now you would weave diverse flowers through his horns, and then, astride his back like a horseman, delight in tugging his soft mouth one way or the other by means of a purple muzzle.
It was noon of a summer�s day, when the curving claws of shore-loving Cancer were burning in the hot sun. Tired, the stag had settled its body on the grassy turf and was enjoying the cool of the woodland shade. The boy, without intention, transfixed it with his sharp spear, and when he saw it dying from the cruel wound, he wished to die himself. What was there Phoebus did not say, in solace, advising a moderate grief matching the cause! He only sighed, and begged, as the last gift of the gods, that he might mourn forever. Then, his blood discharged among endless tears, his limbs began to turn to a shade of green, and his hair that a moment ago hung over his pale forehead, became a bristling crown, and he stiffened to a graceful point gazing at the starry heavens. The god sighed for him, and said, sadly: �I will mourn for you: you will mourn for others, and enter into sorrows�.
Such was the grove of trees the poet gathered round him, and he sat in the midst of a crowd, of animals and birds. When he had tried a few chords, stroking the lyre with his thumb, and felt that the various notes were in tune, regardless of their pitch, he raised his voice to sing: �Begin my song with Jupiter, Calliope, O Muse, my mother (all things bow to Jupiter�s might)! I have often sung the power of Jove before: I have sung of the Giants, in an epic strain, and the victorious lightning bolts, hurled at the Phlegraean field. Now there is gentler work for the lyre, and I sing of boys loved by the gods, and girls stricken with forbidden fires, deserving punishment for their lust.
�The king of the gods once burned with love for Phrygian Ganymede, and to win him Jupiter chose to be something other than he was. Yet he did not deign to transform himself into any other bird, than that eagle, that could carry his lightning bolts. Straightaway, he beat the air with deceitful wings, and stole the Trojan boy, who still handles the mixing cups, and against Juno�s will pours out Jove�s nectar.
�You too, Hyacinthus, of Amyclae, Phoebus would have placed in heaven, if sad fate had given him time to do so. Still, as it is, you are immortal, and whenever spring drives winter away, and Aries follows watery Pisces, you also rise, and flower in the green turf. My father, Phoebus, loved you above all others: and Delphi, at the centre of the world, lost its presiding deity, while the god frequented Eurotas, and Sparta without its walls, doing no honour to the zither or the bow. Forgetting his usual pursuits, he did not object to carrying the nets, handling the dogs, or travelling as a companion, over the rough mountain ridges, and by constant partnership feeding the flames.
�Now, the sun was midway between the vanished and the future night, equally far from either extreme: they stripped off their clothes, and gleaming with the rich olive oil, they had rubbed themselves with, they began a contest with the broad discus. Phoebus went first, balancing it, and hurling it high into the air, scattering the clouds with its weight. Its mass took a long time to fall back to the hard ground, showing strength and skill combined. Immediately the Taenarian boy, without thinking, ran forward to pick up the disc, prompted by his eagerness to throw, but the solid earth threw it back, hitting you in the face, with the rebound, Hyacinthus.
�The god is as white as the boy, and cradles the fallen body. Now he tries to revive you, now to staunch your dreadful wound, and now applies herbs to hold back your departing spirit. His arts are useless: the wound is incurable. Just as if, when someone, in a garden, breaks violets, stiff poppies, or the lilies, with their bristling yellow stamens, and, suddenly, they droop, bowing their weakened heads, unable to support themselves, and their tops gaze at the soil: so his dying head drops, and, with failing strength, the neck is overburdened, and sinks onto the shoulder.
�"You slip away, Spartan, robbed of the flower of youth,� Phoebus sighed, �and I see my guilt, in your wound. You are my grief and my reproach: your death must be ascribed to my hand. I am the agent of your destruction. Yet, how was it my fault, unless taking part in a game can be called a fault, unless it can be called a fault to have loved you? If only I might die with you, and pay with my life!� But since the laws of fate bind us, you shall always be with me, and cling to my remembering lips. My songs; the lyre my hand touches; will celebrate you. As a new-formed flower, you shall denote my woe, by your markings. And the time will come, when Ajax, bravest of heroes, will associate himself with this same flower, and be identified by its petals.�
�While the truthful mouth of Apollo uttered these words, look, the blood that had spilt on the ground staining the grass was no longer blood, and a flower sprang up, brighter than Tyrian dye, and took the shape of a lily, though it was purple in colour, where the other is silvery white. Not satisfied with this alone, Phoebus (he, indeed, was the giver of the honour) himself marked his grief on the petals, and the flower bore the letters AI AI, the letters of woe traced there.�� Nor was Sparta ashamed of producing Hyacinthus: his honour has lasted to this day, and by ancient custom the Hyacinthia is celebrated, at its annual return, by displaying the flower in procession.
HYACINTHUS
�But if you should ask the Cyprian city of Amathus, rich in mines, whether it would have wished to have produced those girls, the Propoetides, it would repudiate them, and equally those men, whose foreheads were once marred by two horns, from which they took their name, Cerastae. An altar, to Jove the Hospitable, used to stand in front of the gates: if any stranger, ignorant of their wickedness, had seen it, stained with blood, they would have thought that calves or sheep, from Amathus, were sacrificed there: it was their guests they killed! Kindly Venus was preparing to abandon her cities, and the Cyprian fields, outraged by their abominable rites, but �How,� she said, �have my cities, or this dear place, sinned? What is their crime? Instead, let this impious race pay the penalty of death or exile, or some punishment between execution and banishment, and what might that be but the penalty of being transformed?� While she is deciding how to alter them, she turns her eyes towards their horns, and this suggests that she might leave them those, and she changed them into wild bullocks.
�Nevertheless, the immoral Propoetides dared to deny that Venus was the goddess. For this, because of her divine anger, they are said to have been the first to prostitute their bodies and their reputations in public, and, losing all sense of shame, they lost the power to blush, as the blood hardened in their cheeks, and only a small change turned them into hard flints.
�Pygmalion had seen them, spending their lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill, he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of snow-white ivory, no mortal woman, and fell in love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think, lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory. he kisses it and thinks his kisses are returned; and speaks to it; and holds it, and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs, and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he addresses it with compliments, now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliades�s amber tears, that drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also, in clothing; places rings on the fingers; places a long necklace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears, and cinctures round the breasts. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on a bed on which cloths dyed with Tyrian murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.
�The day of Venus�s festival came, celebrated throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their snowy neck. The incense was smoking, when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by the altar, and said, shyly: �If you can grant all things, you gods, I wish as a bride to have...� and not daring to say �the girl of ivory� he said �one like my ivory girl.� Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods� fondness for him, the flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees� wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded, under the thumb, into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain, and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again, and again.
�It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon�s horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a son, Paphos, from whom the island takes its name.
�Cinyras was the son of Paphos, and he might have been counted amongst the fortunate, if he, in turn, had been childless. I speak of terrible things. Fathers and daughters, keep away: or if your mind takes pleasure in my song, put no faith in this story of mine, and imagine it did not happen. Or, if you do believe it, believe in the punishment also, that it brought. If nature, however, allows such crimes to be visible, then I give thanks that the people of Thrace, this city, and this land, are far from the regions where such sin is born. Let the land of Panchaia, beyond Araby, produce its balsam, cinnamon, costmary; its incense, exuded from the trees; its flowers different from ours; if it produces myrrh: a strange tree is not worth such a price.
�Cupid denies that his arrows hurt you, Myrrha, and clears his fires of blame for your crime. One of the three sisters, the Furies, with her swollen snakes, and firebrand from the Styx, breathed on you. It is wrong to hate your father, but that love was a greater wrong than hatred. The pick of the princes, from everywhere, desire you: young men, from the whole of the East, come to win you in marriage. Out of the many, choose one, for your husband, Myrrha, but let one man not be amongst the many.
�Indeed, she knows it, and fights against her disgraceful passion, and says, to herself: �Where is my thought leading? What am I creating? You gods, I pray, and the duty and sacred laws respecting parents, prevent this wickedness, and oppose my sin, indeed, if sin it is. But it can be said that duty declines to condemn such love. Other creatures mate indiscriminately: it is no disgrace for a heifer to have her sire mount her, for his filly to be a stallion�s mate: the goat goes with the flocks he has made, and the birds themselves conceive, by him whose seed conceived them. Happy the creatures who are allowed to do so! Human concern has made malign laws, and what nature allows, jealous duty forbids.
��Yet they say there are races where mother and son, and father and daughter, pair off, and affection is increased by a double bond. Alas for me, that I did not happen to be born there, and that I am made to suffer by an accident of place! � Why do I repeat these things? Forbidden hopes, vanish! He is worth loving, but only as a father. � I could lie with Cinyras, if I were not Cinyras�s already. Now, he is not mine, because he is already mine, and the nearness of our relationship damns me: I would be better off as a stranger. I would be happy to go far away, and leave the borders of my homeland behind me, if I might run from evil: but even if nothing more is permitted, a wicked desire to see Cinyras, touch him, speak to him, and kiss him, face to face, prevents my leaving. But then, what more might you look to have, impious girl? Do you realise how many names and ties you are throwing into confusion? Would you be, then, your mother�s rival, and your father�s mistress? Would you be known, then, as your son�s sister, your brother�s mother?� Do you not fear the three sisters, with black snaky hair, that those with guilty hearts see, their eyes and mouths attacked with cruel torches? Since you have still not committed sin in the flesh, do not conceive it in your mind, or disregard the prohibitions, of mighty nature, in vile congress! Grant that you want it: the reality itself forbids it. He is a good man, and mindful of the moral law � but, O, how I wish the same passion were in him!�
�She spoke: Cinyras, however, who was made doubtful of what to do, by the crowd of noble suitors, naming them, asked her whom she wanted, as a husband.
�At first she is silent, and staring at her father�s face, hesitates, her eyes filling with warm tears. Cinyras thinking this to be virgin shyness, forbids her to cry, dries her cheeks, and kisses her on the lips. Myrrha is overjoyed at this gift, and, being consulted as to what kind of husband she might choose, says: �Someone like you�. Not understanding this, however, he praises her, saying: �Always be so loving.� At the word �loving�, the girl, lowers her glance, conscious of her sin.
�It was midnight, and sleep had released mortal flesh from worldly cares, but Cinyras�s daughter, wakeful, stirring the embers, reawakens her ungovernable desires, one moment despairing, at another willing to try, ashamed and eager, not yet discovering what to do. As a tall tree, struck by the axe, the last blow remaining, uncertain how it will fall, causes fear on all sides, so her fickle mind, swayed this way and that, her thought taking both directions, seeing no rest for, or end to, her passion, but death.� She felt ready to die. She got up, determined, to fix a noose round her throat, and, fastening a cord to the doorway�s crossbeam, she said: �Goodbye, dear Cinyras, and realize the reason for my death!� And she tied the rope around her bloodless neck. They say that the murmured words came to the ears of her loyal nurse, who watched at her foster-child�s threshold.
�The old woman gets up, and opens the door, and, seeing the equipment of death, cries out, and in the same moment, strikes her breast, snatches at the folds of her robe, and tearing the noose from the girl�s neck, pulls it apart. Then, finally, she has time to cry, to embrace her, and demand the reason for the rope. The girl is mute and still, looking, fixedly, at the ground, and unhappy that her belated attempt at death has been discovered. The old woman insists on knowing, baring her white hair and withered breasts, and begs her to say what grieves her, invoking her infant cradle, and first nurturing.�
�The girl turns away from her pleading, with a sigh. The nurse is determined to know, and promises more than loyalty. �Tell me,� she says, �and let me bring you some help: age does not slow me. If it is some frenzy, I have herbs and charms that heal: if someone is seeking your harm, I will purify you with magic rites: if the gods are angry, anger is appeased by sacrifice. What else could it be? The destiny of your house is fortunate, and on course: they are well, your mother and father.�
�Hearing the word �father�, Myrrha sighed deeply. Even then the nurse had no idea of the sin in her mind, though she guessed it might be some love affair. She begged her, tenaciously, to tell her what it was, and took the weeping girl to her aged breast, and holding her with trembling arms she said: �I know, you are in love! And in this matter (have no fear) my diligence can serve you, your father will never know.� The frenzied girl leapt from her arms, and burying her face in the bed, said, urgently: �Go, I beg you, and forgo the knowledge of my wretched shame! Go, or stop asking why I am grieving. What you are striving to know, is wickedness.� The old woman shuddered, and stretching out her hands that trembled with age and fear, she fell at her foster-child�s feet, pleading, then coaxing, then frightening her, into making her party to it. She threatens her with the evidence of the noose, and the attempt on her life, and promises her help in her love affair. The girl raises her head, and her welling tears rain on her nurse�s breast. She often tries to confess, and often stops herself, and hides her face, in shame, in her clothing: then gets as far as �Mother, you are happy in your husband!� and sighs.
�A shudder of cold penetrated the nurse�s flesh and bone (now she understood) and her white hair stiffened all over her head. She told her at length, to banish, if she could,� this fatal passion. Though the girl knew she was being advised rightly, she was still determined to die, if she could not possess her love. �Live,� said the nurse, �possess your....� - and did not dare say: �father�. She was silent, and confirmed her promise in the sight of heaven.
�The married women were celebrating that annual festival of Ceres, when, with their bodies veiled in white robes, they offer the first fruits of the harvest, wreathes of corn, and, for nine nights, treat sexual union, and the touch of a man, as forbidden. Cenchreis, the king�s wife was among the crowd, frequenting the sacred rites. Finding Cinyras drunk with wine, the king�s bed empty of his lawful partner, the nurse, wrongly diligent, told him of one who truly loved him, giving him a fictitious name, and praised her beauty. He, asking the girl�s age, she said: �Myrrha�s is the same.� After she had been ordered to bring her, and had reached home, she said: �Be happy, my child, we have won!� The unhappy girl felt no joy at all in her heart, and her heart prophetically mourned, yet she was still glad: such was her confusion of mind.
�It was the hour, when all is silent, and Bo�tes, between the Bears, had turned his wagon, with downward-pointing shaft: She approached the sinful act. The golden moon fled the sky; black clouds covered the hidden stars; night lacked its fires. You, Icarius, and you, Erigone, his daughter, immortalised for your pious love of your father, hid your faces first. Myrrha was checked by an omen, three times, when her foot stumbled: three times, the gloomy screech owl gave her warning, with its fatal cry: she still went on, her shame made less by blindness and black night. With her left hand, she kept tight hold of her nurse, groping with the other she found a way through the dark.
�Now she reaches the threshold of the room, now she opens the door, now is led inside. But her trembling knees give way, her colour flees with her blood, and thought vanishes as she goes forward. The closer she is to her sin, the more she shudders at it, repents of her audacity, and wants to be able to turn back, unrecognised. When she hesitated, the old woman took her by the hand, and, leading her to the high bed, delivered her up, saying: �Take her Cinyras, she is yours�, uniting their accursed flesh. The father admitted his own child into the incestuous bed, calmed her virgin fears, and encouraged her timidity. Perhaps he also said the name, �daughter�, in accordance with her age, and she said, �father�, so that their names were not absent from their sin.
�She left the room impregnated by her father, bearing impious seed in her fatal womb, carrying the guilt she had conceived. The next night the crime was repeated: nor did it finish there. Eventually, Cinyras, eager to discover his lover after so many couplings, fetching a light, saw his daughter and his guilt, and speechless from grief, he snatched his bright sword out of the sheath it hung in. Myrrha ran, escaping death, by the gift of darkness and secret night. Wandering the wide fields, she left the land of Panchaea, and palm-bearing Arabia, behind, and after roaming through nine returns of the crescent moon, weary, she rested at last in the land of the Sabaeans.
�Now she could scarcely bear the weight of her womb. Tired of living, and scared of dying, not knowing what to pray for, she composed these words of entreaty: �O, if there are any gods who hear my prayer, I do not plead against my well deserved punishment, but lest, by being, I offend the living, or, by dying, offend the dead, banish me from both realms, and change me, and deny me life and death!� Some god listened to her prayer: certainly the last request found its path to the heavens. While she was still speaking, the soil covered her shins; roots, breaking from her toes, spread sideways, supporting a tall trunk; her bones strengthened, and in the midst of the remaining marrow, the blood became sap; her arms became long branches; her fingers, twigs; her skin, solid bark. And now the growing tree had drawn together over her ponderous belly, buried her breasts, and was beginning to encase her neck: she could not bear the wait, and she sank down against the wood, to meet it, and plunged her face into the bark.
�Though she has lost her former senses with her body, she still weeps, and the warm drops trickle down from the tree. There is merit, also, in the tears: and the myrrh that drips from the bark keeps its mistress�s name, and, about it, no age will be silent.
�The child, conceived in sin, had grown within the tree, and was now searching for a way to leave its mother, and reveal itself. The pregnant womb swells within the tree trunk, the burden stretching the mother. The pain cannot form words, nor can Lucina be called on, in the voice of a woman in labour. Nevertheless the tree bends, like one straining, and groans constantly, and is wet with falling tears. Gentle Lucina stood by the suffering branches, and laid her hands on them, speaking words that aid childbirth. At this the tree split open, and, from the torn bark, gave up its living burden, and the child cried. The naiads laid him on the soft grass, and anointed him with his mother�s tears. Even Envy would praise his beauty, being so like one of the torsos of naked Amor painted on boards. But to stop them differing in attributes, you must add a light quiver, for him, or take theirs away from them.
�Transient time slips by us unnoticed, betrays us, and nothing outpaces the years. That son of his grandfather, sister, now hid in a tree, and now born, then a most beautiful child, then a boy, now a man, now more beautiful than he was before, now interests Venus herself, and avenges his mother�s desire. For while the boy, Cupid, with quiver on shoulder, was kissing his mother, he innocently scratched her breast with a loose arrow. The injured goddess pushed her son away: but the wound he had given was deeper than it seemed, and deceived her at first. Now captured by mortal beauty, she cares no more for Cythera�s shores, nor revisits Paphos, surrounded by its deep waters, nor Cnidos, the haunt of fish, nor Amathus, rich in mines: she even forgoes the heavens: preferring Adonis to heaven.
�She holds him, and is his companion, and though she is used to always idling in the shade, and, by cultivating it, enhancing her beauty, she roams mountain ridges, and forests, and thorny cliff-sides, her clothing caught up to the knee, like Diana. And she cheers on the hounds, chasing things safe to hunt, hares flying headlong, stags with deep horns, or their hinds. She avoids the strong wild boars, the ravening wolves, and shuns the bears armed with claws, and the lions glutted with the slaughter of cattle. She warns you Adonis, as if it were ever effective to warn, to fear them too, saying: �Be bold when they run, but bravery is unsafe when faced with the brave. Do not be foolish, beware of endangering me, and do not provoke the creatures nature has armed, lest your glory is to my great cost. Neither youth nor beauty, nor the charms that affect Venus, affect lions or bristling boars or the eyes and minds of other wild creatures. Boars have the force of a fierce lightning bolt in their curving tusks, and so does the attack of tawny lions, in their huge anger: the whole tribe are hateful to me.�
�When he asks her why, she says: �I will tell, and you will wonder, at the monstrous result of an ancient crime. But now the unaccustomed effort tires me, and, look, a poplar tree entices us with its welcome shade, and the turf yields a bed. I should like to rest here on the ground,� (and she rested) �with you.� She hugged the grass, and him, and leaning her head against the breast of the reclining youth, she spoke these words, interspersing them with kisses:
ATALANTA
��Perhaps you have heard of a girl who beat the fastest men at running: that was no idle tale, she did win. Nor could you say whether her speed or her beauty was more deserving of high praise. Enquiring of the god, about a husband, the god replied: �You don�t need a husband, Atalanta: run from the necessity for a husband. Nevertheless, you will not escape, and, still living, you will not be yourself.� Afraid of the god�s oracle, she lived in the dark forests, unmarried, and fled from the crowd of insistent suitors, setting harsh conditions: �I will not be won, till I am beaten in running. Compete in the foot-race with me. Wife and bed will be given as prizes to the swift, death to the tardy: let those be the rules.�
��Truly she was pitiless, but (such was the power of her beauty) a rash crowd of suitors came, despite the rules. Hippomenes had taken his seat as a spectator at the unjust contest, and said �Who would try for a wife at such a risk?� condemning the young men for their excess of passion. But when he saw her face and her unclothed body, one like mine, Adonis, or like yours if you were a woman, he was stunned. Stretching out his hands, he said: �Forgive me, you, that I just blamed! I had not yet realised what the prize was you were after.� Praising her, he falls in love with her, and hopes none of the youths run faster, afraid, through jealousy. �But why, in this competition, is my luck left untested?� he says. The god himself favours the bold!�
��While Hippomenes was debating with himself like this, the virgin girl sped by on winged feet. To the Aonian youth she flew like a Scythian arrow, yet it made him admire her beauty all the more. The race gave her a beauty of its own. The breeze blew the streaming feathers on her speeding sandals behind her, and her hair was thrown back from her ivory shoulders. Ribbons with embroidered edges fluttered at her knees, and a blush spread over the girlish whiteness of her body, just as when a red awning over a white courtyard stains it with borrowed shadows. While the stranger was watching this, the last marker was passed, and the victorious Atalanta was crowned with a festive garland, while the losers, groaning, paid the penalty according to their bond.
��Undeterred by the youths� fate, Hippomenes stepped forward and, fixing his gaze on the girl, said �Why seek an easy win beating the lazy? Race me. If fortune makes me the master, it will be no shame for you to be outpaced by such a man as me, since Megareus of Onchestus is my father, and his grandfather was Neptune, so I am the great-grandson of the king of the ocean, and my courage is no less than my birth. Or if I am beaten, you will have a great and renowned name for defeating Hippomenes.� As he spoke Schoeneus�s daughter looked at him with a softening expression, uncertain whether she wanted to win or lose, and said to herself: �What god, envious of handsome youths, wants to destroy this one and send him in search of marriage, at the risk of his own dear life? I am not worth that much, I think. Nor is it his beauty that moves me (yet I could be touched by that too) but that he is still only a boy. He does not move me himself: it is his youth. What if he does have courage, and a spirit unafraid of dying? What if he is fourth in line from the ruler of the seas? What if he does love, and thinks so much of marriage with me, that he would die, if a harsh fate denies me to him? While you can, stranger, leave this blood-soaked marrying. Wedding me is a cruel thing. No one will refuse to have you, and you may be chosen by a wiser girl. � Yet why this concern when so many have already died before you?
���Let him look out for himself! Let him perish, since he has not been warned off by the death of so many suitors, and shows himself tired of life. � Should he die, then, because he wants to live with me, and suffer an unjust death as the penalty for loving? My victory would not avoid incurring hatred. But it is not my fault! I wish you would desist, or if you are set on it, I wish you might be the faster! How the virginal expression of a boy clings to his face! O! Poor Hippomenes, I wish you had never seen me! You were so fitted to live. But if I were luckier, if the harsh fates did not prevent my marriage, you would be the one I would want to share my bed with.� She spoke: and inexperienced, feeling the touch of desire for the first time, not knowing what she does, she loves and does not realise she loves.
��Now her father and the people were calling out for the usual foot-race, when Hippomenes, Neptune�s descendant invoked my aid, as a suppliant: �Cytherea, I beg you to assist my daring, and encourage the fire of love you lit.� A kindly breeze brought me the flattering prayer, and I confess it stirred me, though there was scant time to give him my help. There is a field, the people there call it the field of Tamasus, the richest earth in the island of Cyprus, which the men of old made sacred to me, and ordered it to be added to my temples, as a gift. A tree gleams in the middle of the field, with rustling golden leaves, and golden branches. Come from there, by chance, I was carrying three golden apples, I had picked, in my hands, and I approached Hippomenes, showing myself only to him, and told him how to use them.
��The trumpets gave the signal, and, leaning forward, they flashed from the starting line, and skimmed the surface of the sand, with flying feet. You would think them capable of running along the waves without wetting them, and passing over the ripened heads of the standing corn. The young man�s spirit was cheered by shouts and words of encouragement: �Run, Hippomenes! Now, now is the time to sprint! Use your full power, now! Don�t wait: you�ll win!�
��Who knows whether Megareus�s heroic son, or Schoeneus�s daughter, was more pleased with these words? O how often, when she could have overtaken him, she lingered, and watching his face for a while, left him behind against her will! Panting breath came from his weary throat, and the winning post was far off. Only then did Neptune�s scion throw away one of the fruits from the tree. The girl was astonished, and, eager for the shining apple, she ran off the course, and picked up the spinning gold. Hippomenes passed her: the stands resounded with the applause. She made up for the delay and the lost time by a burst of speed, and left the youth behind once more. Again she delayed when a second apple was thrown, followed, and passed the man. The last section of track was left. �Now,� he said, �be near me, goddess who made me this gift!� He threw the shining gold vigorously, sideways, into the deep field, from where she would take longer to get back. The girl seemed to hesitate as to whether she should chase it: I made her pick it up, and added weight to the fruit she held, and obstructed her equally with the heaviness of the burden and the delay. And lest my story be longer than the race itself, the virgin was overtaken: the winner led away his prize.
��Adonis, did I deserve to be thanked, to have incense brought me? Unthinking, he neither gave thanks, nor offered incense to me. I was provoked to sudden anger, and pained by his contempt, so as not to be slighted in future, I decreed an example would be made of them, and I roused myself against them both.
��They were passing a temple, hidden in the deep woods, of Cybele mother of the gods, that noble Echion had built in former times fulfilling a vow, and the length of their journey persuaded them to rest. There, stirred by my divine power, an untimely desire to make love seized Hippomenes. Near the temple was a poorly lit hollow, like a cave, roofed with the natural pumice-stone, sacred to the old religion, where the priests had gathered together wooden figures of the ancient gods. They entered it, and desecrated the sanctuary, with forbidden intercourse. The sacred images averted their gaze, and the Great Mother, with the turreted crown, hesitated as to whether to plunge the guilty pair beneath the waters of the Styx: but the punishment seemed too light. So tawny manes spread over their necks, that, a moment ago, were smooth; their fingers curved into claws; forelegs were formed from arms; all their weight was in their breast; and their tails swept the surface of the sand. They had a fierce expression, roared instead of speaking, and frequented the woods for a marriage-bed. As lions, fearful to others, they tamely bite on Cybele�s bit. You must avoid, them, my love, and with them all the species of wild creature, that do not turn and run, but offer their breasts to the fight, lest your courage be the ruin of us both!�
ADONIS TRANSFORMED
�She warned him, and made her way through the air, drawn by harnessed swans, but his courage defied the warning. By chance, his dogs, following a well-marked trail, roused a wild boar from its lair, and as it prepared to rush from the trees, Cinyras�s grandson caught it a glancing blow. Immediately the fierce boar dislodged the blood-stained spear, with its crooked snout, and chased the youth, who was scared and running hard. It sank its tusk into his groin, and flung him, dying, on the yellow sand.
�Cytherea, carried in her light chariot through the midst of the heavens, by her swans� swiftness, had not yet reached Cyprus: she heard from afar the groans of the dying boy, and turned the white birds towards him. When, from the heights, she saw the lifeless body, lying in its own blood, she leapt down, tearing her clothes, and tearing at her hair, as well, and beat at her breasts with fierce hands, complaining to the fates. �And yet not everything is in your power� she said. �Adonis, there shall be an everlasting token of my grief, and every year an imitation of your death will complete a re-enactment of my mourning. But your blood will be changed into a flower. Persephone, you were allowed to alter a woman�s body, Menthe�s, to fragrant mint: shall the transformation of my hero, of the blood of Cinyras, be grudged to me?� So saying, she sprinkled the blood with odorous nectar: and, at the touch, it swelled up, as bubbles emerge in yellow mud. In less than an hour, a flower, of the colour of blood, was created such as pomegranates carry, that hide their seeds under a tough rind. But enjoyment of it is brief; for, lightly clinging, and too easily fallen, the winds deflower it, which are likewise responsible for its name, windflower: anemone.�
Book XI
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
While the poet of Thrace, with songs like these, drew to himself the trees, the souls of wild beasts, and the stones that followed him, see, how the frenzied Ciconian women, their breasts covered with animal skins, spy Orpheus from a hilltop, as he matches songs to the sounding strings. One of them, her hair scattered to the light breeze, called: �Behold, behold, this is the one who scorns us!� and hurled her spear at the face of Apollo�s poet, as he was singing. Tipped with leaves, it marked him, without wounding. The next missile was a stone, that, thrown through the air, was itself overpowered by the harmony of voice and lyre, and fell at his feet, as though it were begging forgiveness for its mad audacity. But in fact the mindless attack mounted, without restraint, and mad fury ruled. All their missiles would have been frustrated by his song, but the huge clamour of the Berecyntian flutes of broken horn, the drums, and the breast-beating and howls of the Bacchantes, drowned the sound of the lyre. Then, finally, the stones grew red, with the blood of the poet, to whom they were deaf.
First, the innumerable birds, the snakes, and the procession of wild animals, still entranced by the voice of the singer, a mark of Orpheus�s triumph, were torn apart by the Maenads. Then they set their bloody hands on Orpheus, and gathered, like birds that spy the owl, the bird of night, wandering in the daylight, or as in the amphitheatre, on the morning of the staged events, on either side, a doomed stag, in the arena, is prey to the hounds. They rushed at the poet, and hurled their green-leaved thyrsi, made for a different use. Some threw clods of earth, some branches torn from the trees, and others flints. And so that their madness did not lack true weapons, by chance, oxen were turning the soil under the ploughshare, and, not far away from them, brawny farm workers were digging the solid earth, sweating hard to prepare it for use, who fled when they saw the throng, leaving their work tools behind. Hoes, heavy mattocks, and long rakes lay scattered through the empty fields. After catching these up, and ripping apart the oxen, that threatened them with their horns, the fierce women rushed back to kill the poet. As he stretched out his hands, speaking ineffectually for the first time ever, not affecting them in any way with his voice, the impious ones murdered him: and the spirit, breathed out through that mouth to which stones listened, and which was understood by the senses of wild creatures � O, God! � vanished down the wind.
The birds, lamenting, cried for you, Orpheus; the crowd of wild creatures; the hard flints; the trees that often gathered to your song, shedding their leaves, mourned you with bared crowns. They say the rivers, also, were swollen with their own tears, and the naiads and dryads, with dishevelled hair, put on sombre clothes. The poet�s limbs were strewn in different places: the head and the lyre you, Hebrus, received, and (a miracle!) floating in midstream, the lyre lamented mournfully; mournfully the lifeless tongue murmured; mournfully the banks echoed in reply. And now, carried onward to the sea, they left their native river-mouth and reached the shores of Lesbos, at Methymna. Here, as the head lay exposed on the alien sand, its moist hair dripping brine, a fierce snake attacked it. But at last Phoebus came, and prevented it, as it was about to bite, and turned the serpent�s gaping jaws to stone, and froze the mouth, wide open, as it was.
The ghost of Orpheus sank under the earth, and recognised all those places it had seen before; and, searching the fields of the Blessed, he found his wife again and held her eagerly in his arms. There they walk together side by side; now she goes in front, and he follows her; now he leads, and looks back as he can do, in safety now, at his Eurydice.�
However, the god, Lyaeus, did not allow such wickedness by his followers to go unpunished. Grieved by the loss of the poet of his sacred rites, he immediately fastened down, with twisted roots, all the Thracian women who had seen the sin, since the path, that each one was on, at that moment, gripped their toes and forced the tips into the solid ground. As a bird, when it is caught in a snare, set by a cunning wild-fowler, and feels itself held, tightens the knot by its movement, beating and flapping; so each of the women, planted, stuck fast, terrified, tried uselessly to run. But the pliant roots held her, and checked her, struggling. When she looked for where her toenails, toes and feet were, she saw the wood spreading over the curve of her leg, and, trying to strike her thighs with grieving hands, she beat on oak: her breasts turned to oak: her shoulders were oak. You would have thought the jointed arms were real branches, and your thought would not have been wrong.
This did not satisfy Bacchus. He left the fields themselves, and with a worthier band of followers sought out the vineyards of his own Mount Tmolus, and the River Pactolus, though at that time it was not a golden stream, nor envied for its valuable sands. His familiar cohorts, the satyrs and bacchantes accompanied him, but Silenus was absent. The Phrygian countrymen had taken him captive, stumbling with age and wine, bound him with garlands, and led him to King Midas, to whom, with Athenian Eumolpus, Orpheus of Thrace had taught the Bacchic rites.
When the king recognised him as a friend and companion of his worship, he joyfully led a celebration of the guest�s arrival, lasting ten days and nights on end. And now, on the eleventh day, Lucifer had seen off the train of distant stars, and the king with gladness came to the fields of Lydia, and restored Silenus to his young foster-child.
Then the god, happy at his foster-father�s return, gave Midas control over the choice of a gift, which was pleasing, but futile, since he was doomed to make poor use of his reward. �Make it so that whatever I touch with my body, turns to yellow gold.� he said. Bacchus accepted his choice, and gave him the harmful gift, sad that he had not asked for anything better. The Berecyntian king departed happily, rejoicing in his bane, and testing his faith in its powers by touching things, and scarcely believing it, when he broke off a green twig from the low foliage of the holm-oak: the twig was turned to gold. He picked up a stone from the ground: the stone also was pale gold. He touched a clod of earth, and by the power of touch, the clod became a nugget. He gathered the dry husks of corn: it was a golden harvest. He held an apple he had picked from a tree: you would think the Hesperides had given it to him. If he placed his fingers on the tall door-pillars, the pillars were seen to shine. When he washed his hands in clear water, the water flowing over his hands would have deceived Dana�.
His own mind could scarcely contain his expectations, dreaming of all things golden. As he was exulting, his servants set a table before him, heaped with cooked food, and loaves were not lacking. Then, indeed, if he touched the gift of Ceres with his hand, her gift hardened. If he tried, with eager bites, to tear the food, the food was covered with a yellow surface where his teeth touched. He mixed pure water with wine, the other gift of his benefactor, but molten gold could be seen trickling through his lips.
Dismayed by this strange misfortune, rich and unhappy, he tries to flee his riches, and hates what he wished for a moment ago. No abundance can relieve his famine: his throat is parched with burning thirst, and, justly, he is tortured by the hateful gold. Lifting his shining hands and arms to heaven, he cries out: �Father, Bacchus, forgive me! I have sinned. But have pity on me, I beg you, and save me from this costly evil!� The will of the gods is kindly. Bacchus, when he confessed his fault restored him, and took back what he had given in fulfilment of his promise. �So you do not remain coated with the gold you wished for so foolishly,� he said, �go to the river by great Sardis, make your way up the bright ridge against the falling waters, till you come to the source of the stream, and plunge your head and body at the same moment into the foaming fountain, where it gushes out, and at the same time wash away your sin.� The king went to the river as he was ordered: the golden virtue coloured the waters, and passed from his human body into the stream. Even now, gathering the grains of gold from the ancient vein, the fields harden, their soil soaked by the pale yellow waters.
Hating wealth, Midas lived among woods and fields, and the mountain caves Pan always inhabits. But he remained dull-witted, and, as before, his foolish mind was destined once again to hurt its owner. Mount Tmolus, stands steep and high, commanding a wide view of the distant sea, its sloping sides extending to Sardis on the one side, and as far as tiny Hypaepae on the other. While Pan was there, playing light airs on his reeds glued together with wax, he boasted of his pipings, to the gentle nymphs, and dared to speak slightingly of Apollo�s song compared with his own, and entered an unequal contest with Tmolus, the god of the mountain, as judge.
The aged judge was seated on his mountain-top and shook his ears free of the trees. Only an oak-wreath circled his dark hair, and acorns brushed against his hollow temples. Looking at the god of the flocks he said: �There is nothing to prevent my judging.� Pan sounded the rustic reeds, and entranced Midas (who chanced to be near the playing) with wild pipings. Following this, sacred Tmolus turned his face towards that of Phoebus: his forests followed.�
Phoebus�s golden hair was wreathed with laurel from Parnassus, and his robes dyed with Tyrian purple, swept the earth. He held his lyre, inlaid with gems and Indian ivory, in his left hand, and the plectrum in the other. His attitude was that of a true artist. Then with skilled fingers, he plucked the strings, and Tmolus, captivated by their sweetness, ordered Pan to lower his pipes in submission to the lyre.
The judgment of the sacred mountain-god satisfied all opinions, and yet Midas�s voice alone challenged it and called it unjust. The god of Delos did not allow such undiscriminating ears to keep their human form, but drew them out and covered them with shaggy grey hair, and made them flexible at the base, and gave them powers of movement. Though the rest was human, he was punished in that sole aspect: he wore the ears of a slow-moving ass. He was anxious to conceal them, and tried to detract from the shameful ugliness of his head with a purple turban. But the servant who used to trim his long hair with a blade, found it out, who, since he dare not reveal the disgrace he had seen, but eager to broadcast it to the four winds, and unable to keep it to himself, went off quietly and dug a hole in the soil. In a tiny voice, he whispered to the hollow earth, and buried his spoken evidence under the infill, and stole away having closed up the hidden trench. But a thick bed of quivering reeds began to shoot up there, and as soon as they had grown, at the end of the year, they gave the burrower away: stirred gently, then, by the wind they repeated the buried words, and testified against his master.
Having punished him, Latona�s son left Mount Tmolus and, flying through the clear air, he came to earth in the country of Laomedon, this side of the narrows of the Hellespont, named from Helle, daughter of Nephele. To the right of the deeps of Sigeum, and to the left of those of Rhoeteum, there was an ancient altar of Jupiter the Thunderer, �source of all oracles�. There, Apollo saw Laomedon building the foundations of the new city of Troy. The great undertaking prospering with difficulty, and demanding no little resources, he, and Neptune, trident-bearing father of the swelling sea, put on mortal form, and built the walls of the city for the Phrygian king for an agreed amount in gold. The edifice stood there.
But the king denied them payment, and as a crowning treachery, perjured himself by claiming they were lying. The ruler of the ocean said: �You will not go unpunished�, and he turned all his waters against the shores of tight-fisted Troy. He flooded the land to form a strait, swept away the farmers� crops, and buried the fields beneath the waves. Even this was insufficient punishment: He demanded also that Hesione, the king�s daughter, be given to a sea-monster, whom Hercules freed, as she was chained to the solid rock. Hercules demanded the payment promised, an agreed number of horses. But the reward for all his work being refused, he seized the twice-perjured walls of conquered Troy. Telamon, his companion, did not go without honour, and Hesione was given to him in marriage.
Peleus, Telamon�s brother, was already distinguished by having a goddess as his wife, and was not more proud of being Jupiter�s grandson (his father Aeacus being the son of Jove by Aegina) as his son-in-law (by marrying Thetis), since he was not the only brother to be Jove�s grandson, but he was the only one to marry a goddess.
For aged Proteus had said to Thetis: �Goddess of the waves, conceive: you will be the mother of a warrior who will surpass his father�s deeds when he reaches manhood, and will be more famous than him.� So Jupiter, lest earth produce someone greater than himself, fled from union with ocean-dwelling Thetis, though he had felt the hot fire of passion in his heart, and ordered his grandson, Peleus, son of Aeacus, to fulfil his promise, on his behalf, and enter the arms of the sea-maiden.
There is a bay, shaped like a scythe, in Haemonia, its arms projecting in a curved arc, which would provide a harbour, if the waves were deeper: the waters cover the surface of the sand: the shore is solid earth, that takes no footprints, does not hinder a passage, and has no seaweed covering it. A myrtle grove grows nearby, dense with its red and black berries. There is a cave in the centre, whether fashioned by art or nature is uncertain, but probably by art. Often, Thetis you used to come there, naked, seated on a bridled dolphin. There Peleus found you, as you lay, overcome by sleep, and when, though influenced by his entreaties, you refused him, he prepared to use force, winding both arms round your neck.
He would have taken you then, if you had not, by your well-known arts, frequently changed your form. But when you became a bird, he still held you as a bird; now as a tree, Peleus clung fast to the tree. Your third guise was a striped tigress: in fear of that the son of Aeacus loosed his arms from your body. Then he entreated the gods of the sea, with wine poured over the waters, with sheep�s entrails, and the smoke of incense, until Proteus, the Carpathian seer spoke from his deep gulfs: �Son of Aeacus, you will have the bride you desire, if you bind her, unawares, with nooses and tight cords, while she is lulled asleep in the rocky cave. Though she deceives you with a hundred counterfeit shapes, hold her to you, whatever she becomes, until she is again what she was before.� So he spoke, and hid his face below the waves, letting the waters flow in upon his final words.
Now Titan was low in the sky, and, his chariot pointed downwards, was close to the western ocean, when the lovely Nereid left the waves, and came to her accustomed bed. Peleus had scarcely taken a good grip of her virgin body, when she took on new forms, until she realised her limbs were tightly bound, and her arms spread wide apart. Then at length she sighed, saying: �Not without some god�s help have you won,� and she showed herself as Thetis. When she acknowledged herself, the hero embraced her, achieved his wish, and conceived with her the mighty Achilles.
Peleus was happy in his wife and son, and was a man for whom all things were successful, if you exclude the crime of killing his brother Phocus. Guilty of shedding his brother�s blood, exiled from his father�s country, the soil of Trachin gave him sanctuary. Here Ceyx, son of Lucifer, the morning star, ruled, without force or shedding blood, his face filled with his father�s radiance. At that time he was sad and unlike his normal self, mourning the loss of his brother, Daedalion. The son of Aeacus came to him, weary with cares and travel, and entered the city with a few companions. He left the flocks of sheep and cattle he had brought with him in a shady valley not far from the city walls. When he was first allowed to meet the king, he held out the draped olive branch of the suppliant, and told him whose son he was, concealed his crime, and lied about the cause of his flight. He begged to be allowed to support himself in the city or the fields. The king of Trachis replied with these kind words: �Peleus, the opportunities in our kingdom are open even to the lower ranks, and I do not rule an inhospitable realm. Add to this willingness, the powerful influence of a noble name, and your being the grandson of Jove. So waste no time in supplication! You will receive all that you wish. Take a share of everything you see, and call it yours! I wish what you see was better than it is!�
And he wept. Peleus and his companions asked what the cause was of so much grief, to which he replied: �Perhaps you think that bird, the hawk, that lives on prey, and terrifies other winged creatures, always had feathers. He was once a man (and � inner nature is so consistent � even then he was fierce, warlike and equipped for violence): his name, Daedalion. We were the sons of Lucifer, who summons the dawn, and is last to leave the sky. I care for peace; preserving peace, I care for; and my wife: savage warfare pleased my brother. His power subdued kings and nations, that now, transformed, flutters the doves of Boeotia. He had a daughter, Chione, endowed with great beauty, who at fourteen, and ready for marriage, had a thousand suitors. It chanced that Phoebus-Apollo, and Mercury, son of Maia, one returning from his sacred Delphi, the other from the summit of Cyllene, saw her at the same instant, and, at the same instant, flushed with desire. Apollo deferred his hope of union with her till the night, but Mercury could not wait, and touched the virgin�s face with his sleep-inducing wand. She lay beneath that potent touch, and suffered the assault of the god. Night scattered the heavens with stars: Phoebus, having gained access disguised as an old woman, enjoyed the delight that had been forestalled. When Chione came to full term she bore the wing-footed god a son, Autolycus, crafty, talented in all intrigue, who could make black seem white, and white black, not unworthy of his father; and to Phoebus (it was a twin birth) she bore Philammon, famous for tuneful song and the lyre.
But what is the benefit in having produced two sons, in having pleased two gods, in being the child of a powerful father, and grandchild of the shining one? Is glory not harmful also to many? It certainly harmed her! She set herself above Diana, and criticized the goddess�s beauty. But, the goddess, moved by violent anger, said to her: �Then I must satisfy you with action.� Without hesitating, she bent her bow, sent an arrow from the string, and pierced the tongue, that was at fault, with the shaft. The tongue was silent, neither sound nor attempts at words followed: and as she tried to speak, her life ended in blood.
I embraced her, in my misery, feeling a father�s grief in my heart, and spoke words of comfort to my dear brother. Her father heard them no more than the cliffs hear the murmuring of the sea, mourning his lost one, bitterly. But when he saw the burning of her body, four times he made as if to throw himself into the blazing pyre; four times was thrust back; fled madly; and ran where there were no tracks, like a bullock whose neck is tender from the yoke, tormented by hornets� stings. Even then to me he seemed to run faster than humanly possible, and you would have thought he had winged feet.
He escaped us all, swift with desire for death, and gained the summit of Parnassus. When Daedalion hurled himself from the high cliffs, Apollo, pitying him, turned him into a bird, and lifted him, pendent on suddenly-formed wings, giving him a hooked beak, and curved talons, his former courage, and greater strength of body. Now, as a hawk, he rages against all birds, is merciful to none, and, suffering, is a cause of suffering.�
PELEUS AND THE WOLF
While Lucifer�s son was telling the strange story of his brother, Peleus�s herdsman, Onetor the Phocian, came racing up, breathing hard with the pace, shouting: �Peleus! Peleus! I bring you news of grave trouble.� Peleus ordered him to tell it, whatever it was, the Trachinian king himself waiting with anxious face. The herdsman said: �When the sun was at the zenith, seeing as much of the track left as he had already run, I had driven the tired oxen down to the bay. Some of the bullocks were kneeling on the yellow sand, lying there gazing out at the wide expanse of ocean; some were wandering slowly here and there; while others had waded out and stood up their necks in the water. There is a temple near the sea, not gleaming with gold and marble, but made of heavy timber, and shaded by an ancient grove. Nereus and the Nereids haunt it (a sailor, drying his nets on the shore, told me they were the gods of those waters). Close to it, there is a swamp, choked with dense willows, which the salt flood has turned into marshland. From it, a wolf, a huge beast, terrifies the places round about with its heavy crashing noises. It came out of the marsh reeds, its deadly jaws smeared with foam and clots of blood, and its eyes filled with red flame. It was savage with rage and hunger, more with rage; since though hungry it did not bother with the dead cattle, or with satisfying its deadly appetite, but wounded the whole herd, slaughtering them all in its hostility. Some of our men were wounded by its fatal jaws while protecting them, and given up as dead. The shore and the shallows were red with blood, and the marshes full of bellowing. But delay is fatal: the thing allows no hesitation. While there are some of us left, let us encounter it in armour, and, seizing our weapons, meet with it carrying spears!�
So the countryman spoke: the losses did not stir Peleus: conscious of his guilt he concluded that Psamathe, the bereaved Nereid, was sending a funeral offering to her murdered son Phocus, by means of those same losses. Oetean King Ceyx ordered his men to put on their armour, and take their deadly spears, while he was himself preparing to go with them. But Alcyone, his wife, disturbed by the shouting, scattering her hair that she had not yet quite arranged, flung herself on her husband�s neck, begging him, with words and tears, to send help, but not to go himself, and protect both their lives, by protecting his own. Peleus, the son of Aeacus, said: �Queen Alcyone, forget these loving fears that so become you! I am grateful for your husband�s offer of help, but I have no wish for arms to be used against the creature on my behalf. I must pray, instead, to the goddess of the ocean!�
There was a high tower; a beacon on top of the citadel; a welcome sight for labouring vessels. They climbed up, and looked out, with murmuring sighs, at the cattle lying on the shore, seeing their rampaging killer with bloody jaws, its shaggy pelt dripping gore. There, stretching his hands out towards the shores of the open sea, Peleus prayed to sea-born Psamathe to forget her anger, and to aid him. She was unmoved by the prayers of the son of Aeacus, but Thetis, as a suppliant for her husband, obtained her forgiveness.
The wolf persisted even when ordered away from the savage slaughter, maddened by the taste of blood, until the goddess changed it to marble, as it was clinging to the wounded neck of a heifer. The body remained completely the same, except for its colour: the colour of the stone showed it no longer wolf, no longer to be feared. But the fates did not allow the exiled Peleus to remain in that country. The wandering fugitive reached Magnesia, and there was absolved of the murder by Haemonian King Acastus.
Meanwhile Ceyx, troubled by heart�s anxiety, concerning his brother, and what had followed his brother�s strange fate, was preparing to go and consult the sacred oracle of Apollo, at Claros, that reveals human affairs. The infamous Phorbas, leader of the Phlegyans, had made Delphi inaccessible. Nevertheless, before he set out, he discussed it with you, faithful Alcyone.
She felt a chill, immediately, deep in her marrow, her face grew boxwood-pale, and her cheeks were drenched in flowing tears. Three times she tried to speak, three times her face was wet with weeping, and sobs interrupting her loving reproaches, she said: �What sin of mine has turned your mind to this, dear one? Where is that care for me that used to come first? Can you now leave Alcyone behind, without a thought? Does it please you now to travel far? Am I dearer to you, away from you? But I suppose your way is overland, and I shall only grieve, not fear, for you. My anxieties will be free from terror.
The waters scare me, and the sombre face of the deep: and lately I saw wrecked timbers on the shore, and I have often read the names on empty tombs. Do not allow your mind to acquire false confidence, because Aeolus, son of Hippotas, is your father-in-law, who keeps the strong winds imprisoned, and, when he wishes, calms the sea. When once the winds are released and hold sway over the waters, nothing can oppose them: every country, every ocean is exposed to them. They vex the clouds in the sky, and create the red lightning-flashes from their fierce collisions. The more I know of them (I do know them, often seeing them as a child in my father�s house) the more I consider them to be feared. But if no prayers can alter your purpose, dear one, husband, if you are so fixed on going, take me with you, also! Then we shall be storm-tossed together, and at least I shall know what I fear, together we shall bear whatever comes, together we shall be borne over the waters.�
The star-born husband was moved by the daughter of Aeolus�s words and tears: there was no less love in himself. But he would not relinquish his planned sea-journey, nor did he want to put Alcyone in peril. His anxious heart tried to comfort her, with many words, yet, despite that, he could not win his case. He added this further solace, the only one that moved his lover: �Every delay will seem long to us indeed, but I swear to you by my father�s light, to return to you as long as the fates allow it, before the moon has twice completed her circle.�
When her hopes had been revived by these promises of return, he immediately ordered the ship to be dragged down the slipway, launched into the sea, and fitted out with her gear. Alcyone, seeing this, as if she foresaw what was to come, shuddered again, and she gave way to a flood of tears. She hugged him, and, in wretched misery, said a last �Farewell� and her whole body gave way beneath her. With Ceyx still seeking reasons for delay, the young crew, double-ranked, pulled on the oars, with deep-chested strokes, and cut the water with their rhythmic blows.
She raised her wet eyes, and leaning forward could see her husband standing on the curved afterdeck, waving his hand, and she returned the signal. When he was further from shore, and she could no longer recognise his features, she followed the fleeting ship with her gaze, while she could. When even that was too far off to be seen, she still could see the topsails unfurling from the masthead. When no sails could be seen, with heavy heart, she sought out the empty bedroom, and threw herself on the bed. The room and the bed provoked more tears and reminded her of her absent half.
They had left the harbour, and the breeze was stirring the rigging: the captain shipped the oars, ran the yard up to the top of the mast, and put on all sail to catch the freshening breeze. The ship was cutting through the waves, no more than mid-way across, maybe less, far from either shore, when, at nightfall, the sea began to whiten with swelling waves, and the east wind to blow with greater strength.
The captain shouts: �Lower the yards, now, and close reef all sails.� He shouts the order but the adverse wind drowns it, and his voice cannot be heard above the breaking seas. Yet, some of the crew, on their own initiative, remove the oars, some protect the bulwarks, some deny the wind canvas-room. Here one bails water back into the water, another secures the spars. While these things are being done, randomly, the storm increases its severity, and the roaring winds attack from every quarter, stirring the angry waves. The captain himself is fearful, and admits he does not know how things stand, what to order, what to prevent: such is the weight of destruction, so much more powerful than his skill.
There is uproar: men shouting, the rigging straining, the sound of the breaking sea from a weight of sea, and the crash of thunder. ������������ The waves rise up and seem to form the sky, and their spray touches the lowering clouds. Now the water is tainted yellow, with sand churned from the depths, now blacker than the Styx, while the waves break white with hissing foam. The Trachinian ship is driven in the grip of fate, now lifted on high, as if looking down on the valleys from a mountain summit, into the depths of Acheron: now sinking, caught in the trough of the wave, staring at heaven from the infernal pool. Again and again the force of the flood strikes the sides with a huge crash, sounding no lighter a blow than when, sometime, an iron ram, or a ballista, strikes a damaged fortress. As fierce lions, on the attack, drive themselves onto the armoured chests and extended spears of the hunters, so the waves drove forward in the rising winds, reaching the height of the ship, and higher, above it.
And now the wooden wedges give way, and, stripped of their wax covering, cracks appear, offering the lethal waves a passage. Look how the heavy rain falls from the melting clouds, and you would think the whole heaven was emptying into the sea, and the sea was filling the heavenly zones. The sails are soaked with spray, and the seawater mingles with water from the heavens. The sky is starless, and the murky night is full of its own and the storm�s gloom. Flashes of lightning cleave it, and give light: the rain is illuminated by the lightning flares.
Now the sea pours into the ship�s hollow hull, as well. As a soldier, more outstanding than the rest, who has often tried to scale the battlement of a besieged city, succeeds at last, and fired with a love of glory, takes the wall, one man in a thousand; so when the waves have battered nine times against the steep sides, the tenth wave surging with greater impetus rushes on, and does not cease its assault on the beleaguered craft, until it breaches the conquered vessel�s defences. So one part of the sea is still trying to take the ship, and part is already inside.
All is confusion, as a city is confused when some are undermining the walls from outside, while others hold them from within. Skill fails, and courage ebbs, and as may separate deaths as advancing waves seem to rush upon them and burst over them. One cannot hold his tears, another is stupefied, and one cries out that they are fortunate whom proper burial rites await. One worships the gods in prayer, and, lifting his arms in vain to the sky, he cannot see, begs for help. Some think of fathers and brothers, some of home and children, or whatever they have left behind. But Alcyone is what moves Ceyx: nothing but Alcyone is on Ceyx�s lips, and though he only longs for her, he rejoices that she is not there.
How he would like to see his native shores again, and turn his last gaze towards his home, but he knows not where it is: the sea swirls in such vortices, and the covering shadows of pitch-black clouds so hide the sky, that it mirrors the aspect of night. The mast is shattered by the onset of a storm-driven whirlwind, and the rudder is shattered. One ultimate wave, like a conqueror delighting in his spoils, rears up gazing down at the other waves, and, as if one tore Pindus, and Athos, from their base, and threw them utterly into the open sea, it fell headlong, and the weight and the impulse together, drove the ship to the bottom. The majority of the crew met their fate with the ship, driven down by the mass of water, never to return to the light. The rest clung to broken pieces of the vessel.
Ceyx himself, held on to a fragment of the wreck, with a hand more used to holding a sceptre, and called on his father, Lucifer, and his father-in-law, Aeolus, but alas, in vain. Mostly it is his wife�s, Alcyone�s, name on his lips.
He thinks of her, and speaks to her, and prays that the waves might carry his body to her sight, and that, lifeless, he might be entombed by her dear hands. While he can swim, and as often as the waves allow him to open his mouth, he speaks the name of Alcyone, far off, until the waves themselves murmur it, See, a black arc of water breaks over the heart of the sea, and the bursting wave buries his drowning head.
Lucifer was indistinct, and not to be known, that dawn, and since he was not allowed to leave the sky, he covered his face in dense cloud.
Meanwhile, Alcyone, Aeolus�s daughter, counts the nights, unaware of this great misfortune, quickly weaving clothes for him to wear, and for herself, for when he returns, and she promises herself the homecoming that will not be. She piously offers incense to all the gods, but worships mostly at Juno�s temple, coming to the altars for a man who is no more, hoping her husband is safe, and returning to her, preferring her above any other woman. Of all her prayers, only this could be granted.
The goddess could no longer bear these appeals for one who was dead, and, to free her altar from those inauspicious hands, she said: �Iris, most faithful carrier of my words, go quickly to the heavy halls of Sleep, and order him to send Alcyone a dream-figure in the shape of her dead Ceyx, to tell her his true fate.� As she spoke, Iris donned her thousand-coloured robe, and, tracing her watery bow on the sky, she searched out, as ordered, the palace of that king, hid under cloud.
There is a deeply cut cave, a hollow mountain, near the Cimmerian country, the house and sanctuary of drowsy Sleep. Phoebus can never reach it with his dawn, mid-day or sunset rays. Clouds mixed with fog, and shadows of the half-light, are exhaled from the ground. No waking cockerel summons Aurora with his crowing: no dog disturbs the silence with its anxious barking, or goose, cackling, more alert than a dog. No beasts, or cattle, or branches in the breeze, no clamour of human tongues. There still silence dwells. But out of the stony depths flows Lethe�s stream, whose waves, sliding over the loose pebbles, with their murmur, induce drowsiness. In front of the cave mouth a wealth of poppies flourish, and innumerable herbs, from whose juices dew-wet Night gathers sleep, and scatters it over the darkened earth. There are no doors in the palace, lest a turning hinge lets out a creak, and no guard at the threshold. But in the cave�s centre there is a tall bed made of ebony, downy, black-hued, spread with a dark-grey sheet, where the god himself lies, his limbs relaxed in slumber. Around him, here and there, lie uncertain dreams, taking different forms, as many as the ears of corn at harvest, as the trees bear leaves, or grains of sand are thrown onshore.
When the nymph entered and, with her hands, brushed aside the dreams in her way, the sacred place shone with the light of her robes. The god, hardly able to lift his eyes heavy with sleep, again and again, falling back, striking his nodding chin on his chest, at last shook himself free of his own influence, and resting on an elbow asked her (for he knew her) why she had come, and she replied:
�Sleep, all things� rest: Sleep, gentlest of the gods, the spirit�s peace, care flies from: who soothes the body wearied with toil, and readies it for fresh labours: Sleep, order a likeness, that mirrors his true form, and let it go, the image of King Ceyx, to Alcyone, in Trachin of Hercules, and depict a phantasm of the wreck. This, Juno commands.�
After she had completed her commission, Iris departed no longer able to withstand the power of sleep, and, feeling the drowsiness steal over her body, she fled, and recrossed the arch by which she had lately come.
From a throng of a thousand sons, his father roused Morpheus, a master craftsman and simulator of human forms. No one else is as clever at expressing the movement, the features, and the sound of speech. He depicts the clothes and the usual accents. He alone imitates human beings. A second son becomes beast, or bird, or long snake�s body. The gods call him Icelos, the mortal crowd Phobetor. The third, of diverse artistry, is Phantasos: he takes illusory shapes of all inanimate things, earth, stones, rivers, trees. These are the ones that show themselves by night to kings and generals, the rest wander among citizens and commoners. Old Somnus passed them by, choosing one of all these brothers, Morpheus, to carry out the command of Iris, daughter of Thaumas, and relaxing again into sweet drowsiness, his head drooped, and he settled into his deep bed.
Flying through the shadows on noiseless wings, Morpheus, after a short delay, comes to the Haemonian city. Shedding his wings, he takes the shape of Ceyx, pallid like the dead, and naked, and stands before his unfortunate wife�s bed. He appears with sodden beard, and seawater dripping from his matted hair. Then he bends over her pillow, with tears streaming down his face, and says: �My poor wife, do you know your Ceyx, or has my face altered in death? Look at me: you will recognise me, and find for a husband, a husband�s shade! Your prayers have brought me no help, Alcyone! I am dead! Do not hold out false hopes of my return! Storm-laden Auster, the south wind, caught the ship in Aegean waters, and tossed in tempestuous blasts, wrecked her there. My lips, calling helplessly on your name, drank the waves. No dubious author announces this news to you, nor do you hear it as a vague report: I myself, drowned, as you see me before you, tell my fate. Get up, act, shed tears, wear mourning: do not let me go down unwept to Tartarus�s void.�
Morpheus spoke these words in a voice she would believe to be her husband�s (the tears that he wept also seemed real tears) and his hands revealed Ceyx�s gestures. Alcyone groaned, tearfully, stirring her arms in sleep, and seeking his body, grasped only air, and cried out: �Wait for me! Where do you vanish? We will go together.� Roused by her own voice, and her husband�s image, she started up out of sleep. First she gazed round to see if he was still there, the one she had just seen. At the sound of her cry the servants had brought a lamp. Not finding him anywhere, she struck her face with her hands, tore her clothes from her breasts, and beat at the breasts themselves. She did not wait to loosen her hair, but tore at it, and shouted at her nurse, who asked the cause of her grief: �Alcyone is nothing, is nothing: she has died together with her Ceyx. Be done with soothing words! He is wrecked: I saw him, I knew him, I stretched out my hands towards him as he vanished, eager to hold him back. It was a shadow, yet it was my husband�s true shadow, made manifest. True, he did not have his accustomed features, if you ask me, nor did his face shine as before. But pallid and naked, with dripping hair, I, the unfortunate one, saw him.� Look, my poor husband stood on that very spot,� and she tried to find a trace of his footprints. �This is what I feared, with my divining mind, this: and I begged you not to leave me, chasing the winds. But, for certain, I should have desired you to take me with you, since you were going to your death. How good it would have been to have gone with you: then no part of my life would have lacked your presence, nor would we be separated by death. Now I have died absent from myself, and am thrown through the waves, absently, and the sea takes me, without me.
My mind would treat me more cruelly than the sea, if I should try to live on, and fight to overcome my sorrow! But I shall not fight, nor leave you, my poor husband, and at least now I shall come as your companion. If not the sepulchral urn the lettered stone will join us: if I shall not touch you, bone to my bone, still I will touch you, name to name.� Grief choked further words, and lamentation took their place wholly, and sighs drawn from a stricken heart.
Morning had broken. She went out of the house towards the shore, sadly seeking the place where she had watched him depart. And while she stayed there, and while she was saying: �Here he loosed the rope, on this strand he kissed me as he left,� and while she recalled the significant actions by their locations, and looked seawards, she saw in the flowing waves what looked like a body, unsure at first what it was: after the tide had brought it a little nearer, though it was some way off, it was clearly a body. She did not know whose it was, but was moved by the omen of this shipwrecked man, and as if she wept for the unknown dead, she cried out: �Alas for you, poor soul, whoever you may be, and your wife, if you have one!� The body had been washed nearer by the sea, and the more she gazed at it, the smaller and smaller shrank her courage: woe! Now it was close to land, now she could see who it was: it was her husband! She cried out: �It�s him!� and together tearing at cheeks, and hair, and clothes she stretched out her trembling hands to Ceyx, saying: �O, is it like this, dear husband, is it like this, wretched one, you return to me?
A breakwater built by the waves, broke the initial force of the sea, and weakened the onrush of the tide. Though it was amazing that she could do so, she leapt onto it: she flew, and, beating the soft air on new-found wings, a sorrowing bird, she skimmed the surface of the waves. As she flew, her plaintive voice came from a slender beak, like someone grieving and full of sorrows. When she reached the mute and bloodless corpse, she clasped the dear limbs with her new wings and kissed the cold lips in vain with her hard beak.
People doubted whether Ceyx felt this, or merely seemed to raise his face by a movement of the waves, but he did feel it: and at last through the gods� pity, both were changed to birds, the halcyons. Though they suffered the same fate, their love remained as well: and their bonds were not weakened, by their feathered form. They mate and rear their young, and Alcyone broods on her nest, for seven calm days in the wintertime, floating on the water�s surface. Then the waves are stilled: Aeolus imprisons the winds and forbids their roaming, and controls his grandsons� waves.
Seeing these birds flying together over the wide sea, some old man praised those affections maintained till the end. Someone near by, or the same man (pointing to a long-necked diving bird) said: �That bird also, skimming over the ocean, trailing his slender legs, is a descendant of kings. If you want to trace his ancestry in unbroken line to himself, its source was Ilus the younger, the son of Tros, and his brothers Assaracus, and Ganymede, whom Jove snatched, Ilus�s son, old Laomedon, and his son Priam, whom fate assigned to Troy�s last days. That bird was Hector�s brother, Aesacus, who, if he had not met his strange fate in youth, would perhaps have had no less a name than Hector, though Hecuba, daughter of Dymas, bore Priam the first, the other Aesacus, is said to have been born to Alexirrho�, daughter of two-horned Granicus, the river-god, in secret, under the shadow of Mount Ida.
He hated cities, and lived in the remote mountains, and insignificant country places, far away from the glittering court, and rarely visited crowded Ilium. Yet he did not have an uncultured heart, or one averse to love, and he often pursued Hesperie, the River Cebren�s daughter, through all the woodland glades, whom he had caught sight of, drying her flowing hair, in the sun, on her father�s shore. The nymph fled on sight, as a frightened hind flees the tawny wolf, or a wild duck, caught far from the pool she left, the hawk. But the Trojan hero, driven by swift love, followed her, driven by swift fear. Behold, a serpent, hidden in the grass, bit her foot with his curving fang, as she fled by, and left his poison in her body. Her flight ended with her life. The lover clasped her unbreathing body and cried: �I regret, I regret I followed you! But I did not expect this, and it was not worth this to attempt to win you. We two have destroyed you, poor girl: the wound given by a snake, the cause of it all myself! Let me be the more accursed, if I do not send you solace by my death.�
He spoke, and threw himself from a cliff, eroded below by the rough waves, into the sea. Tethys, pitying him, caught him gently as he fell, clothed him with feathers as he floated on the water, and denied him the opportunity to choose his death. The lover was angered, that he was forced to live, against his will, and that his spirit was thwarted, wishing to leave its unhappy residence. When he had gained the new wings on his shoulders, he flew up and threw his body again into the sea. His feathers broke his fall. In a rage, Aesacus dived headlong into the deep and tried endlessly to find a path to death. His love made him lean: his legs are long between the joints: his neck remained long: his head is far from his body. He loves seawater, and from diving there he takes his name, mergus, the diver.
Book XII
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
The father, Priam, mourned for the son, Aesacus, not knowing that he was still alive in winged form. Hector with his brothers had also, inappropriately, offered sacrifices at a tomb inscribed with his name. Paris was not present at this sad ritual, he, who presently brought extended war on his country because of the wife he had stolen. The whole Pelasgian race, joined together to pursue him, in a thousand ships, and vengeance would not have been long in coming had not fierce winds made the seas un-navigable, and the land of Boeotia detained the waiting ships in the fishing-grounds of Aulis. After they had prepared a sacrifice to Jupiter there, after the customs of their country, and when the ancient altar was alive with the kindled flames, The Greeks saw a dark-green snake sliding into a plane tree that stood near to where they had begun the sacrifice. There was a nest with eight young birds in the crown of the tree, and these the serpent seized and swallowed in its eager jaws, together with the mother bird, who circled her doomed fledglings.
They looked at it wonderingly, but Calchas, the seer, son of Thestor, interpreted the truth, saying: �We will conquer, Greeks, rejoice! Troy will fall, though our efforts will be of long duration,� and he divined nine years of war from the nine birds. The snake, was turned to stone, exactly as it was, twined around the green branches, and stamped in the stone its serpent shape.
Boreas, the north-wind, continued to stir the waves violently, and would not grant the warships a crossing, and some thought Neptune was sparing Troy, because he had built its walls. But not Calchas. He knew and did not withhold from them, that a virgin�s blood would appease the wrath of Diana, the virgin goddess. When consideration of the common cause had conquered affection, and the king had suppressed the father, and as Iphigenia stood, among her weeping attendants, before the altar, to surrender her innocent blood, the goddess was vanquished, and veiled their eyes in mist, and, in the midst of the rites and confusion of the sacrifice, and the cries of the suppliants, they say she substituted a hind for the Mycenean girl. When, therefore, Diana had been appeased, by the required victim, and the sea�s anger had subsided simultaneously with that of Phoebe, the thousand ships, driven by a tail wind, reached the shores of Phrygia, after many adventures.
THE HOUSE OF FAME AND THE TROJAN CYGNUS
There is a place at the centre of the World, between the zones of earth, sea, and sky, at the boundary of the three worlds.� From here, whatever exists is seen, however far away, and every voice reaches listening ears. Rumour lives there, choosing a house for herself on a high mountain summit, adding innumerable entrances, a thousand openings, and no doors to bar the threshold. It is open night and day: and is all of sounding bronze. All rustles with noise, echoes voices, and repeats what is heard. There is no peace within: no silence anywhere. Yet there is no clamour, only the subdued murmur of voices, like the waves of the sea, if you hear them far off, or like the sound of distant thunder when Jupiter makes the dark clouds rumble.
Crowds fill the hallways: a fickle populace comes and goes, and, mingling truth randomly with fiction, a thousand rumours wander, and confused words circulate. Of these, some fill idle ears with chatter, others carry tales, and the author adds something new to what is heard. Here is Credulity, here is rash Error, empty Delight, and alarming Fear, sudden Sedition, and Murmurings of doubtful origin. Rumour herself sees everything that happens in the heavens, throughout the ocean, and on land, and inquires about everything on earth.
She had spread the news that the Greek fleet was nearing, filled with brave warriors, and so the arrival of the armed host was no surprise. The Trojans opposed the landing, and defended their coast. You, Protesila�s, were the first to fall beneath Hector�s deadly spear, and joining in battle cost the Greeks dearly, and they knew mighty Hector�s spirit by the slaughter. The Phrygians learnt at no small expense of blood, the power of an Achaian hand. Now the Sigean shores ran red: now Cycnus, a son of Neptune, had consigned a thousand men to death: now Achilles pursued in his chariot, and laid whole columns of men low with a blow of his spear from Pelion. Searching the battlelines for Cycnus or for Hector, he came upon Cycnus (His meeting with Hector postponed till the tenth year of the war).
Then Achilles, urging on his horses, their snowy necks straining against the harness, he drove his chariot straight at the enemy, striking out, with the quivering spear, with all his strength, saying: �O youth, whoever you may be, take death�s comfort in being killed by Achilles of Haemonia!� So Aeacides spoke: His heavy spear followed the words, but although there was certainly no error in the flight of the spear, still the sharp point of the flying blade had no effect, and only bruised Cycnus�s chest, like a blunted weapon. �O son of the goddess,� Cycnus said, �fame has made you known to me, why are you amazed I have no wound? (He was indeed amazed) Neither this helmet you see, with its yellow horsehair crest, nor the hollow shield weighing down my left arm, is to protect me: they only look to serve as ornament. Mars too wears his armour for this reason! Take away the use of this protective covering: I will still escape unharmed. It is worth something to be the son, not of Nereus�s daughter, but of him who rules Nereus and his daughters, and the whole ocean as well.�
He spoke, and hurled his spear at Achilles, but it stuck fast in his round bronze shield. It tore through the bronze and nine layers of bull�s hide, but was stopped by a tenth. Shaking it off, the Greek hero once more threw a quivering spear from his mighty hand. Again his enemy�s body was whole and unharmed. A third spear could not even graze Cycnus though he laid himself open to it. Achilles flared up, like a bull in the arena, when it charges with its deadly horns at the Carthaginian cloak, and finds it escapes damage. He examined the spear to see if the iron point had been loosened: it was fixed to the shaft. �Is my hand enfeebled,� he said, �so that the power it had is lacking against this man?� Certainly it was strong enough when I led the overthrow of Lyrnessus�s walls, or when I drenched the island of Tenedos, and Mysian Thebes, Eetion�s city, in their own blood, when the River Ca�cus ran red with the slaughter of those around it, and Telephus twice felt the touch of my spear. Here also, my right hand has prevailed, and will prevail, striking so many, the heaps of corpses I made and see on the shore.�
He spoke, and as if not believing the results of his previous actions, he threw the spear straight at Menoetes, one of the Lycian men, simultaneously piercing his breastplate and the breast beneath. As the dying man beat his head against the solid earth, Achilles pulled the spear from the hot wound, and cried: �This is the hand, and this is the spear with which I have just been victorious: I shall use it on this enemy, and I pray his end may be the same.� Thus he pursued the death of Cycnus again, and the ashen shaft did not err, thudding unavoidably into the left shoulder, from which it recoiled as if from a wall or a solid rock. Achilles saw that Cycnus was stained with blood where it struck, and exulted, but in vain: there was no wound: it was Menoetes�s blood! Then truly maddened, he leapt headlong from his high chariot, and seeking out his charmed enemy, at close quarters, with glittering sword, saw shield and helmet carved through, but still the iron blunted on the impenetrable body. He could stand it no longer, and he beat at the face and hollow temples of his enemy three or four times with his raised shield and sword-hilt.
One presses as the other gives way: he rushes and harries him, allowing no respite from the shock. Fear grips Cycnus, shadows swim in front of his eyes, and, as he steps backwards, his retreating step is blocked, by a boulder, on the open ground. As he is trapped with his body bent against it, Achilles turns him over with great force, and dashes him to the ground. Then pressing his hard knees and shield into Cycnus�s chest, he pulls on the helmet straps, which, tightening under the chin, squeeze the throat and windpipe, and stop the passage of breath. He prepares to strip his defeated enemy: he sees empty armour: the god of the sea has changed the body into that of a white bird, whose name is the one he bore, but a moment ago.
This battle brought about that truce, of many days duration, when both sides grounded their weapons and rested. While alert sentries patrolled the Trojan walls and alert sentries patrolled the Greek trenches, a feast day arrived, on which Achilles, the victor over Cycnus, was propitiating Pallas with the blood of a sacrificial cow. When its entrails had been placed on the blazing altars, and the perfume the gods love had climbed to the heavens, part was put aside for their holy rites, and the rest set out on the tables. The leaders reclined on couches, and ate their fill of the roasted meat, while they quenched their thirst, and drowned their cares, with wine. The zither, the sound of singing, the long boxwood flute pierced with many holes, was not their entertainment, rather they lengthened the night with talk, and courage was their theme. They talked of their enemies� battles, and of their own, and delighted in recounting, in turn, the dangers they had encountered and survived. What else should Achilles speak of, and what else should be spoken of in great Achilles�s presence?
The foremost talk was of his latest victory, the overthrow of Cycnus. It seemed wondrous to all of them that a warrior should have a body no spear could penetrate, impervious to wounds, and that blunted iron swords. Achilles himself and the Greeks were marvelling at it, when Nestor said: �Cycnus has been the only one among your generation who ignored swords, and whom no blow could pierce. But, long ago, I myself saw one Caeneus of Thessaly, who could take a thousand strokes with unwounded body: Thessalian Caeneus, I say, who, famous for his exploits, lived on Mount Othrys, and what made it more remarkable in him, he had been born� a woman.� All who there were interested by this strange wonder, and asked him to tell the story.
Achilles, among the rest, said: �Say on, old one! O ancient eloquence, wisdom of our age, all of us equally desire to hear, who Caeneus was, why he was changed to his opposite, what campaign you met him in, fighting against whom, by whom he was overcome, if anyone overcame him.� Then the old warrior said: �Though the slowness of age hampers me, and many things I once saw have slipped from me, I can still remember many. Nothing sticks more firmly in my mind than this, amongst all those acts, in battle and at home, and if length of years alone enabled a man to report many deeds, I have lived two hundred years: now I live in my third century.
�Elatus�s daughter, Caenis, loveliest of the virgins of Thessaly, was famous for her beauty, a girl longed for in vain, the object of many suitors throughout the neighbouring cities and your own (since she was one of your people, Achilles). Perhaps Peleus also would have tried to wed her, but he had already taken your mother in marriage, or she was promised to your father. Caenis would not agree to any marriage, but (so rumour has it) she was walking along a lonely beach, and the god took her by force. When Neptune had enjoyed his new love he said: �Make your wish, without fear of refusal. Ask for what you most want!� (The same rumour mentioned this.)
��This injury evokes the great desire never to be able to suffer any such again. Grant I might not be a woman: you will have given me everything,� Caenis said. She spoke the last words in a deeper tone, that might have been the sound of a man�s voice. So it was: the god of the deep ocean had already accepted her wish, and had granted, over and above it, that as a man Caeneus would be protected from all wounds, and never fall to the sword. Caeneus, the Atracides, left, happy with his gifts, and spent his time in manly pastimes, roaming the Thessalian fields.
�Piritho�s, the daring son of Ixion, married Hippodame, and invited the cloud-born centaurs to take their place at tables, set in lines, in a tree-shaded cave. Caeneus, and the other Thessalian princes were there, and I was there myself. The festive palace echoed with the noisy crowd. See, they were singing the marriage song, and the great hall smoked with fires, and in came the virgin surrounded by a throng of young wives and mothers, conspicuous, in her beauty. We declared Piritho�s to be blessed in his bride, which almost betrayed his good fortune. For your heart was heated by the sight of the girl as much as by wine, Eurytus, most savage of the savage Centaurs: and drunkenness twinned with lust ruled it.
�At once the tables were overturned and the banquet in turmoil, and the new bride was grabbed by the hair and dragged off by force. Eurytus seized Hippodame: the others whosoever they wished to, or could, and it looked like the rape of a city. The palace sounded with women�s cries. We all leaped up quickly, and Theseus, first, shouted out: �What foolishness drives you to this, Eurytus, that you challenge Piritho�s in my presence, and unknowingly attack two in one? Lest his words were in vain, the brave hero pushed aside those threatening him, and rescued the girl from the madmen. The other made no reply (since he could not defend his actions with words) but attacked her champion, with violent hands, striking at his face and noble chest.
�There chanced to be an ancient mixing-bowl nearby, embossed with raised designs, and Theseus raised the huge thing, he himself being huger, and threw it straight at Eurytus�s face. He fell backwards, drumming his feet on the blood-soaked earth, gouts of blood spurting from mouth and wound equally, along with brain-matter and wine. His twin-natured brothers, taking fire at his death, emulated each other, in shouting: �To arms! To arms!� with a single voice. Wine gave them courage, and, in the first battle, cups, fragile jars, and round basins were sent flying, things intended for feasting, now used for fighting and killing.
�First, Amycus, son of Ophion, did not fear to despoil the inner shrine of its offerings, and snatched, first, from the sanctuary, a chandelier, thickly hung with gleaming lamps, and raising it on high, as one wields a sacrificial axe to break the bull�s snowy neck, he dashed it against the forehead of Celadon, the Lapith, leaving him with the bones of his face crushed past recognition. His eyes leapt from their sockets, and his nose, pushed in, as the bones of his face shattered, was driven into his palate. At this, Pelates of Pella, wrenching a leg from a maple-wood table, knocked Amycus to the ground, his chin driven into his chest: and his enemy sent him to the shadows of Tartarus with a second wound, as he spat out teeth, mixed with dark blood.
�Then Gryneus, standing near the smoking altar, gazing at it with wild eyes, shouted: �Why not put this to use?� and lifting the huge altar with its flames, he threw it into the midst of the crowd of Lapiths, crushing two of them, Broteas and Orios: Orios�s mother was Mycale, who was often known to draw down the horned moon by her incantations despite its struggles. �You will not escape with impunity, if I can find a weapon.� said Exadius, who found the equivalent of a spear in a stag�s antlers that hung on a tall pine tree, as a votive offering. Gryneus was pierced in the eyes by the twin branches, and his eyeballs gouged out, one of which stuck to the horn, and the other slipped down onto his beard, and hung there in a clot of blood.
�Then Rhoetus snatched up a burning brand from the altar, wood from a plum tree, and swinging it down from the right hand side, broke Charaxus�s temples protected by yellow hair. The hair flared like a dry cornfield, set alight by the quick flames, and the blood seared in the wound gave out a terrible sizzling noise, as a bar of iron is prone to do, when the smith takes it, red-hot, from the fire, with curved tongs, and plunges it into a bath of water: it whistles and hisses immersed in the bubbling liquid.
�The wounded man shook the rapacious flames from his shaggy hair, and tearing a stone sill from the ground lifted it on his shoulders, a load for oxen, its very weight preventing him from hurling it as far as his enemy: but the mass of stone crushed his friend Cometes, who was standing nearer. Rhoetus could not contain his delight, saying: �May the rest of the crowd on your side be as formidable as that!� and he renewed his attack with the half-burned branch, and with three or four heavy blows broke through the joints of his skull until the bones sank into the fluid brain.
�The victor turned his attention to Euagrus, Corythus and Dryas. When Corythus, one of these, fell, whose first downy hair covered his cheeks, Euagrus cried: �What glory is there on your part in shedding the blood of a boy?� Rhoetus stopped him from speaking, thrusting the fiery flames into the man�s open mouth, and down his throat. He pursued you, also, savage Dryas, whirling the branch round his head, but with a different result. As Rhoetus came on exulting in the succession of killings, you ran him through with a charred stake, where neck and shoulder meet. Rhoetus groaned and with an effort wrenched the stake out of the solid bone: then he ran, drenched in his own blood. Orneus and Lycabas, also ran; Medon, wounded in the right shoulder; Thaumas and Pisenor; and Mermeros who had recently overcome everyone by his fleetness of foot, and now ran more slowly from the wound he had suffered. Pholus, Melaneus, and Abas the boar-hunter also fled, and Asbolus, the augur, who had vainly tried to dissuade them from fighting. To Nessus, who also ran with him, fearful of being wounded, he said: �Do not flee! You are fated to be preserved for Hercules�s bow.� But Eurynomus, and Lycidas, Areos and Imbreus did not escape death: all these Dryas�s hand killed as they fronted him. You also received a wound in front, Crenaeus, though you had turned your back in flight: as you looked back the heavy blade took you between the eyes, where nose and forehead meet.
�Aphidas lay amongst the intense noise, without waking, all his strength sunk in endless sleep, still holding a cup of mixed wine, in his limp hand, stretched out on the shaggy skin of a bear from Mount Ossa. Phorbas caught sight of him at a distance, uselessly idle in the fight, and fitting his fingers into the strap of his javelin said: �Go drink your wine mixed with the waters of Styx.� Without hesitating he hurled his spear at the youth, and the ash shaft tipped with iron was driven through his neck, as he chanced to be lying with his head thrown back. He did not feel death, and the black blood flowed from his welling throat, onto the couch and into the wine-cup itself.�
�I saw Petraeus trying to tear an oak-tree full of acorns from the ground. While he had his arms round it, bending it this way and that, and shaking the loosened trunk, Piritho�s sent a lance through his ribs, and pinned his writhing body to the hard wood. They say that Lycus fell by Piritho�s�s might, and Chromis by Piritho�s�s might, but Dictys and Helops gave the victor a greater title to fame. Helops was transfixed by a javelin that passed through both temples; hurled from the right and piercing the left ear. Dictys, fleeing in desperate panic, pressed hard by Ixion�s son, stumbled on a mountain height, and fell headlong, breaking a huge flowering ash with the weight of his body, and entangling his entrails in the shattered tree.
�Aphareus was there, his avenger, who tried to hurl a rock torn from the mountainside: but as he tried Theseus, the son of Aegeus, caught him with his oaken club and broke the massive bones of his elbow. Having neither time nor desire to inflict further injury on his worthless body, he leaped onto tall Bienor�s back, unused to carrying anything but its owner, and, pressing his knees into the centaur�s flanks, and clutching the mane with his left hand, he shattered the face, the mouth uttering threats, and the solid temples, with his knotted club. With the club he overthrew Nedymnus, and Lycopes the javelin-thrower; Hippasos, his chest protected by a flowing beard, and Ripheus, who towered above the treetops; Thereus, also, who used to take bears on the mountain slopes of Thessaly, and carry them home angry and alive.
�Demoleon could no longer stand the success Theseus was enjoying: he had been trying, with great effort, to tear up the solid trunk of an ancient pine. Unable to do it, he broke it off and hurled it at the enemy. But Theseus drew well away from the oncoming missile, warned by Pallas, or so he would have us believe. The tree trunk did not fall without effect, since it severed tall Crantor�s chest and left shoulder from the neck. He was your father�s armour bearer, Achilles, whom Amyntor king of the Dolopians, having been defeated in battle, gave to Peleus, the Aeacides, as a true pledge of peace.
�When Peleus, some distance away, saw him torn apart by the frightful wound he shouted: �Accept this tribute to the dead, at least, Crantor, dearest of youths, � and with his powerful arm, he hurled his ash spear, at full strength, at Demoleon.� It ruptured the ribcage, and stuck quivering in the bone. The centaur pulled out the shaft minus its head (he tried with difficulty to reach that also) but the head was caught in his lung. The pain itself strengthened his will: wounded, he reared up at his enemy and beat the hero down with his hooves. Peleus received the resounding blows on helmet and shield, and defending his upper arms, and controlling the weapon he held out, with one blow through the arm he pierced the bi-formed breast.
�Peleus had already, before this, killed Phlegraeos and Hyles, from a distance, and Iphino�s and Clanis in close conflict. He added Dorylas to these, who wore a wolfskin cap on his head, and instead of a deadly spear, carried a magnificent pair of crooked bull�s horns, dyed red with copious blood.
�I shouted to him (my courage giving me strength) �See how your horns give way before my spear� and I threw my javelin. Since he could not evade it, he blocked a wound to his forehead with his right hand, and his hand was pinned to his forehead. He screamed, but Peleus (as he stood near him) struck him with his sword in mid-stomach, as he came to a halt there, overcome by the harsh wound. Dorylas leapt forward fiercely, dragging his guts on the ground, and as he dragged he trampled them, and as he trampled he tore them, entangled his legs in them, and fell, with emptied belly.
�Nor did your beauty, Cyllarus, if indeed we attribute beauty to your centaur race, save you in the fighting.
�His beard was beginning to show; a beard the colour of gold; and a golden mane fell from his shoulders half way down his flanks. He had a liveliness of expression that was pleasing; his neck and shoulders, chest and hands, and all his human parts, you would praise as almost sculpted by an artist. Nor was the equine part below marred, or inferior to the human: give him a horse�s head and neck and he would be worthy of a Castor, the back so fit for a rider, the deep chest so muscular. He was blacker than pitch all over, except for a white tail, and legs also snow-white.
�Many females of his race courted him, but one, Hylonome, won him, none lovelier, among the female centaurs, in the deep forests. She alone held Cyllarus�s affections, by endearments, by loving and admitting love; and by her appearance, as far as those limbs allow its cultivation: now she would smooth her mane with a comb, now entwine it with rosemary, now violets or roses: or else she wore bright lilies. She bathed her face twice a day in the spring that fell from the woods, on the heights near Pagasae, twice dipped her body in the stream. She would wear only selected skins of wild beasts that became her, over her shoulder or across her left flank. Their love was equally shared. They wandered the mountainsides together, rested at the same time in caves: and now they had both come to the palace of the Lapiths, and both fought fiercely.
�A javelin (who threw it is unknown) came from the left and took you, Cyllarus, below the place where the chest swells to the neck. When the weapon was withdrawn the heart, though only slightly pierced, grew cold with the whole body. Immediately Hylonome clasped the dying limbs, sealed the wound with her hand, placed her mouth on his, and tried to prevent the passage of his spirit. Seeing he was dead, with words that the noise prevented from reaching my ears, she threw herself onto the spear that had pierced him, embracing her husband in dying.�
�Still Phaeocomes stands before my eyes, he, who had tied six lion skins together with knotted cords, as a covering, protecting both man and horse. Hurling a log, that two teams of oxen could hardly move, he crushed the skull-bone of Tectaphos, son of Olenus. The broad dome of his head was shattered, and the soft brain matter oozed out through the hollow nostrils, eyes and ears, like curdled milk through the oak lattice, or as liquid trickles through a coarse sieve, under the weight, and squeezes thickly through the close mesh. But even as Phaecomes prepared to strip the arms from the fallen man (your father knows this), I thrust my sword deep into the despoiler�s thigh. Chthonius and Teleboas also fell to my sword: the first carried a forked branch, the other a spear: he gave me a wound with the spear - see, the scar! - the mark of the old wound is still visible. In those days I would have been sent to capture Troy�s citadel; then, I could have entertained Hector greatly with my weapons, if not overcome him. But Hector at that time was a child or not yet born, now my age has weakened me.
�What need to tell you how Periphas conquered dual-shaped Pyraethus? Why tell of Ampyx who drove his cornel-wood spear that had lost its tip into the opposing face of four-footed Echeclus? Macareus threw a crowbar at the chest of Pelethronian Erigdupus, killing him: and I remember how a hunting spear, from the hand of Nessus, buried itself in Cymelus�s groin. Nor would you have thought Mopsus, Ampycus�s son, only prophesied the future: bi-formed Hodites fell to Mopsus�s throw, trying in vain to speak, his tongue fixed to the floor of his mouth, the floor of his mouth to his throat.
�Caeneus had killed five: Styphelos, Bromus, Antimachus, Elymus; and Pyracmos, who was armed with a battle-axe. I do not recall their wounds, but I noted their number, and their names. Then Latreus rushed forward, massive in body and limbs, armed with the spoils of Emathian Halesus whom he had killed. He was between youth and age, but had the strength of youth, his hair greying on his temples. Prancing in a circle, turning to face each of the battle-lines in turn, and conspicuous for his Macedonian lance, helmet and shield, he clashed his weapons, pouring out many proud words, into the empty air. �Do I have to put up with you, Caenis? For you will always be a woman, Caenis, to me. Does your natal origin not remind you; does not the act you were rewarded for come to mind, at what cost you gained this false aspect of a man? Consider what you were born as, or what you experienced, go, pick up your distaff and basket of wool and twist the spun thread with your thumb: leave war to men.�
�At this Caeneus threw his spear, ploughing a� furrow in the centaur�s side, where man and horse joined, as he was stretched out in the act of galloping. Maddened with pain, Latreus struck the Phylleian youth in his unprotected face, with the lance: but it bounced off like a hailstone from a rooftop, or a small pebble from a hollow drum. Then he closed up on him, and tried to thrust his sword into his impenetrable side: the sword found no way in. The centaur shouted: �You will still not escape! I will kill you with the sword�s edge if the point is blunt.� Turning his blade sideways he reached out for his enemy�s loins with his long right arm. The blow resounded, as if it struck a body of marble, and the weapon fractured in pieces as it hit the firm flesh.
�When he had exposed his unwounded limbs for long enough to his wondering enemy, Caeneus said: �Now let me try your body with my blade!� and he drove his fatal weapon into the other�s side, turning and twisting his hand, buried in the guts, causing wound on wound. See, the centaurs maddened, rushed on him with a great shout, and all aimed and threw their spears at the one man. The spears fell, blunted: and Caeneus, son of Elatus, remained unpierced and unbloodied by all their efforts. This marvel astonished them.
��Oh, what overwhelming shame!� Monychus exclaimed. �A people defeated by one who is scarcely a man: yet he is the man, and we, with our half-hearted attempts are what he once was. What use are our huge limbs? What use our twin powers, and that double nature uniting the strongest living things in us? We are not sons of a divine mother: nor of Ixion who was such as aspired to captivate great Juno: we are overcome by an enemy, who is half a man! Roll down rocks and tree trunks on him, and whole mountainsides, and crush that stubborn spirit with the forests we hurl! Let their mass constrict his throat, and let weight work instead of wounds.�
�He spoke, and finding a chance tree-trunk toppled by a furious southerly wind, he threw it at his powerful enemy. He served as the example, and in a little while Mount Othrys was bare of trees, and Pelion had lost its shade. Buried under the huge pile, Caeneus strained against the weight of trees, and propped up the mass of oak on his strong shoulders, but as it mounted above his mouth and face, he had no breath of the air that he breathed, and lacking it, often, he tried in vain to raise himself into the air, and throw off the forest piled on him, and often heaved, as if steep Mount Ida, that we see there, look, was shaken by an earthquake.
�His fate is doubtful: some said his body was thrust down to empty Tartarus, by the mass of forest: but Mopsus, the son of Ampycus denied this. He saw a bird with tawny wings fly into the clear air from the midst of the pile, which I saw also, then, for the first and last time ever. As Mopsus watched him smoothly circling his camp in flight, making a great noise, he pursued him with mind and vision, saying �Hail to you, Caeneus, glory of the race of Lapiths, once a great hero, but now a bird alone!� The thing was believed because of its author: grief was added to anger, and we could barely accept one man being conquered by so many enemies. Nor did we cease to work off our pain with the sword until half were dead, and half, fleeing, were swallowed by the night.�
As the hero from Pylos told of this battle between the Lapiths and the half-human Centaurs, Tlepolemus, son of Hercules, leader of the Rhodians, could not keep his mouth silent in his indignation at Hercules, the descendant of Alceus, being overlooked. He said �Old man, it is amazing that your recital forgot to praise Hercules: certainly my father often used to tell me of the cloud-born centaurs he defeated.� Nestor answered him, sternly. �Why do you force me to remember wrongs, to re-open wounds healed by the years, and to reveal hatred for your father and the injuries he did me?� He has done deeds beyond belief, the gods know, and filled the earth with his praises: that, I wish I could deny. But we do not praise De�phobus, or Polydamas, or Hector: who praises an enemy indeed?
�That father of yours razed Messene�s walls; destroyed the innocent cities of Elis and Pylos, and overthrew my household gods with fire and sword. I say nothing of the others he killed: there were twelve of us, sons of Neleus, outstanding young men, all except myself fell to Hercules�s strength. We must accept that the others could be defeated: the death of Periclymenus was strange, whom Neptune, founder of Neleus�s bloodline, had granted the power to assume any form he wished and reverse that which he had assumed. Now, after he had changed to every form in turn, he reverted to the shape of a bird, the eagle that carries the lightning bolts in its curved talons, beloved by the king of the gods. He tore at the hero�s face with all the power of his wings, his hooked beak, and crooked claws. Then, as he soared among the clouds, and hung poised there, the Tirynthian fired his unerring bow at him, and pierced him where the wing meets the side.
�The wound was not fatal, but the sinews, severed by the wound, failed, devoid of movement or power of flight. He fell to earth, his weakened pinions not mastering the air, and the arrow, clinging lightly to the wing, was driven upwards with the body�s weight, and forced through the top of the breast into the left side of the throat.
�Now, O most glorious leader of the Rhodian fleet, do you think I should cry out your Hercules�s praises? Yet I look for no other revenge for my brothers than to be silent about his mighty deeds: there is unbroken friendship between you and me.�
When Nestor had told his tale in a pleasant voice, passing from the old man�s story to the gifts of Bacchus again, they rose from the couches: the rest of the night was given to sleep.
THE DEATH OF ACHILLES
But the god of the trident, who rules the ocean waters, grieved, with a father�s feelings, for the son changed into a swan, the bird of Phaethon, and, hating fierce Achilles, he nursed an excessive anger in his memory.
And now, when the war against Troy had lasted for almost ten years, he called to Sminthean Apollo, the unshorn, in these words: �O, by far the best loved of my brother�s sons, who built the walls of Troy with me, to no purpose, do you sigh at all to see these battlements at the moment of their destruction? Do you grieve at all that so many thousands died defending her walls? Not to name all of them, does not the shade come before you of Hector, dragged round his own citadel, Pergama? But savage Achilles, more cruel than war itself, is still alive, ravager of our creation. Let him be given up to me. I would let him feel what I can do with my three-pronged spear: but since I am not allowed to meet face to face with the enemy, destroy him unexpectedly with a hidden arrow!�
The Delian god nodded, and satisfying his own and his uncle�s desire, he came to the Trojan lines, wrapped in a cloud, and there, among human massacre, he saw Paris firing infrequent shafts at unknown Greeks. Showing himself as a god, he said: �Why waste your arrows on the blood of the rank and file?� If you care for your own, aim at Achilles, grandson of Aeacus, and avenge your dead brothers!� He spoke, and, pointing to Pelides, who, with his weapon, was strewing the ground with Trojan bodies, he turned Paris�s bow towards him, and guided the unerring shaft with deadly hand. This was the one thing that could delight old Priam since Hector�s death.
So, Achilles, conqueror of so much greatness, you are conquered, by the cowardly thief of the wife of a Greek! If your death had to be by a woman�s hand, in war, you would rather have fallen to an Amazon�s two-edged axe.
Now Achilles, grandson of Aeacus, the terror of the Phrygians, the glory and defence of the Pelasgian name, the invincible captain in battle, was burned: one god, Vulcan, armed him, and that same god consumed him. Now he is ash, and little if anything remains of Achilles, once so mighty, hardly enough to fill an urn. But his fame lives, enough to fill a world. That equals the measure of the man, and, in that, the son of Peleus is truly himself, and does not know the void of Tartarus.
So that you might know whose it was, even his shield makes war: and arms, for his arms, are raised. Diomede, son of Tydeus, and the lesser Ajax, Oileus�s son, dare not claim them, nor the younger son of Atreus, Menela�s, nor the elder, Agamemnon, greater in warfare, nor the rest. Only Ajax, the son of Telamon, and Ulysses, La�rtes�s son, were confident enough for such glory. Agamemnon, the descendant of Tantalus, in order to escape the invidious burden of choosing between them, ordered the leaders of the Greeks to meet in the middle of the camp, and he transferred judgment of the dispute to them all.
Book XIII
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
When the captains were seated, and the rank and file were standing, in a circle, around them, Ajax, master of the seven-layered shield, leapt up, and, fired with indignation, he looked back fiercely at the Sigean shore, and the ships beached on the shore, and, pointing to them, he said: �It is in front of these vessels I plead my cause, and Ulysses opposes me, by Jupiter! Yet he did not hesitate to give way before Hector�s blazing torches, which I resisted, which I drove away from the boats. But then, it is less risky to battle using lying words, than to fight with fists, and I am not prompt to speak, as he is not to act. I am as powerful in the fierce conflicts of the battle, as that man is in talk. I do not think however that I need to mention my deeds to you, Pelasgians, since you have seen them: let Ulysses tell you of his that are conducted without witness, in which night is the only sharer! I confess the prize I seek is great: but my rival detracts from the honour of it. There is nothing magnificent for Ajax in it, however great the thing is, if Ulysses has aspired to it. He has already won the prize in this contest, since when he is defeated he can say he fought it out with me.
�As for me, if my courage were in doubt, my noble birth is a powerful argument, a son of Telamon, he who, under brave Hercules, captured the walls of Troy, and sailed in the ship from Pagasae, with the Argonauts, to Colchis. Telamon�s father was Aeacus, who judges there, among the silent dead, where Sisyphus, son of Aeolus rolls his heavy stone. Lofty Jupiter acknowledges Aeacus and confesses him to be his son: so Ajax is third in descent from Jove. Yet even this ancestry would not further my cause, if I did not share it with great Achilles. Our fathers, Peleus and Aeacus, were brothers: Achilles was my cousin, I ask for my cousin�s weapons! Why are you, Ulysses, the son of Sisyphus, and similar to him in your capability for fraud and trickery, involving an alien race in the affairs of the Aeacidae?
�Are the arms denied me because I took up arms first, and without being rooted out, and shall he seem the better man who seized his weapons last, and shirked the fight with a pretence of madness, until Palamades, son of Nauplius, the shrewder man, uncovered this cowardly spirit�s deceit, and dragged him to the weapons he shunned? Shall he own all, who wanted none: shall I, who was the first to put myself at risk, be denied honour, and my cousin�s gifts? if only his madness had been real, or been believed, and this exhorter to crime had never been our companion against the Phrygian fortresses! Then Lemnos would not hold you, to our shame, Philoctetes, son of Poeas, of whom they say that, hidden in the woodland caves, you move the stones, now, with your laments, calling down on La�rtes�s son, the curses that he deserves, and, if there are gods, do not curse in vain! Now, alas, he who was sworn to the same conflict as ourselves, one of our captains, heir to Hercules�s arrows, weakened by sickness and hunger, clothed and fed by the birds, employs the arrows, that fate intended for Troy, in firing at birds! Still, he is alive, because he did not accompany Ulysses further: luckless Palamades would have preferred to be left behind also: he would have been alive, or at least have died an irreproachable death: that man there, remembering all too well the exposure of his own supposed madness, accused him of betraying the Greek cause, and uncovered gold, he had previously hidden, as evidence of the fabricated charge. So, by abandonment or death, he has drawn the strength of Achaea: that is how Ulysses fights, that is why he is to be feared!
�Though he be greater than Nestor, the true, in eloquence, I will never believe that his desertion of Nestor in battle was anything but a crime. When Nestor implored Ulysses�s help, weary as he was with old age, and slowed by a wound to his horse, he was abandoned by his companion. Diomede, son of Tydeus, is well aware that I am not inventing the charge: he called Ulysses repeatedly, by name, and reproached his cowardly friend for running away.
�The gods look down, with the eyes of the just, at human dealings! Look, he who gave no help needs it: and as he had abandoned Nestor, so he would have been abandoned: he himself had established his own precedent. He shouted to his companions. I approached, and saw him, trembling and pale, and shaking with fear of impending death. I thrust out the mass of my shield, and covered him as he lay there, and (small cause for praise in that) I saved his cowardly life. If you go through with this contest, let us revisit that spot: revisit the enemy, your wound, and your usual cowardice, hide behind my shield, and contend with me under it! Yet, after I had snatched him up, he who was granted no strength to stand, because of his wounds, ran for it, not slowed by his wounds at all.
�Hector approaches, and, with him, leads the gods to battle, and brave men as well as you are terrified, Ulysses, when he rushes onwards, such is the fear he brings. I felled him to the ground with a huge rock hurled from a distance, as he was exulting in the success of his bloodthirsty slaughter. When he challenged one warrior to meet him, I withstood him. You wished the lot would fall to me, Achaeans, and your prayers were answered. If you ask what the outcome of that conflict was I was not beaten by Hector. See, the Trojans bring fire and sword, and Jupiter himself, against the Greek ships: where now is the eloquent Ulysses? Surely I, with my own breast, shielded the thousand ships, your hope of return: grant me the arms for all that fleet.
�Yet, if I may speak the truth, the arms search for greater honour than I do, to be linked to my glory, and the arms seek out Ajax, not Ajax the arms. Let the Ithacan compare with these things his killing of Rhesus, and of cowardly Dolon, his taking captive Helenus, Priam�s son, and his theft of Pallas�s image, the Palladium: nothing performed in daylight, nothing without Diomede present. If ever you grant the armour for such worthless service, divide it, and let Diomede have the greater share of it.� Nevertheless why give them to the Ithacan, who carries things out secretly, and always unarmed, deceiving the unsuspecting enemy with his tricks? The gleam of the helmet, radiant with shining gold, will reveal his scheming, and show where he hides. The Dulichian�s head beneath Achilles�s helmet, will not bear so great a weight, and the spear-shaft, from Pelion, cannot be anything but heavy and burdensome for his arm, unsuited to war, and the shield, with its engraved design of the vast world, will not be fit for that cowardly left hand born for stealing. Perverse man, why do you go after a prize that will cripple you, one that, if it is given you in error by the Achaean people, will be a reason for being despoiled by the enemy, not feared by them? And running away, in which you surpass everyone, you master-coward, will turn out to be a slow game for you, if you are carrying such a weight. Add to that your shield that is rarely used in battle, and uninjured, and mine split in a thousand places from fending off spear-thrusts, that needs a new successor.
�Finally (what is the use of words?) let us be seen together in action!� Send out the brave hero�s arms into the middle of the enemy ranks: order them to be recovered from there, and let the retriever be equipped with what he retrieves.�
The son of Telamon finished, and the crowd�s applause followed his closing words. Until the hero, son of La�rtes, stood. He gazed at the ground for a while and then raised his eyes to look at the captains, and opened his lips for the speech they anticipated: his eloquent words did not lack grace in their delivery.
�If my wishes and yours, Pelasgians, had been worth anything, there would be no question as to who should inherit the arms in this great contest: you, Achilles, would have your armour, and we would have you. But since unequal fate has denied his presence to me and to you, (and he made as if to wipe a tear from his eye), who better to take Achilles�s place than the man through whom mighty Achilles took his place among the Greeks? Only do not let it help him that he is slow-witted, as he seems to be, nor harm my case that my ability has always profited you Greeks. And let this eloquence of mine, if it exists, that often spoke for you, and now speaks for its master, escape envy: no man should refuse to employ his talents.
�Now, as to race, and ancestry, and whatever we have not personally achieved; I hardly call those things ours. But since Ajax has recalled that he is Jove�s great grandson, Jupiter is the founder of my bloodline also, and I am the same distance from him. La�rtes is my father, Arcesius was La�rtes�s father, and he was the son of Jupiter: and there are no exiled criminals, like Peleus and Telamon, amongst them. Also there is the addition to my nobility of Cyllenian Mercury through my mother, Anticleia. The gods are in both my parents. But I do not claim the arms lying there, because I am nobler on my mother�s side, nor because my father is innocent of a brother�s blood. Judge the case on its merits. Provided that it is not regarded as Ajax�s merit that Telamon and Peleus were brothers, and that what is considered in this award is respect for ability not the claims of blood! Or, if you are asking who is the next of kin, and the lawful heir, well Peleus is Achilles�s father, and Pyrrhus is Achilles�s son: where is Ajax�s claim? Take the arms to Peleus�s Phthia, or Pyrrhus�s Scyros! Teucer is no less Achilles�s cousin than Ajax, yet does he ask for the arms, and if he did, would he gain them? So, since it is a contest about naked achievements, I have done more than I can recount in glib words, but I will take things in their proper order.
�Thetis, Achilles�s Nereid mother, foreseeing her son�s death, disguised his appearance, and wearing women�s clothes he deceived everyone, including Ajax. But, among the things women buy, I placed arms to stir a man�s spirit. Before the hero had abandoned the clothes of a girl, while he held the shield and spear, I said: �Pergama the citadel doomed to be destroyed, waits for you, son of the goddess! Why do you hesitate to overthrow mighty Troy?� And I took him in hand, and sent the brave out to do brave things. So his deeds are mine: I overcame warring Telephus with my spear, and healed him with it, when he was defeated and begging for help. It is down to me that Mysian Thebes fell: credit the capture of Lesbos to me, Tenedos to me, Chryse and Cilla the cities of Apollo, and Phrygian Scyros as well. Imagine that my right hand razed Lyrnesus�s walls to the ground. I gave you the man who could destroy fierce Hector, not to speak of those other Trojans: through me glorious Hector lies low! I seek these arms for the arms that revealed Achilles: I gave to the living, I claim from the dead.
�When one man�s sorrow fell on all the Greeks, and a thousand ships gathered at Euboean Aulis, though they waited for a long time, there were adverse winds or no wind. Then a cruel oracle ordered Agamemnon to sacrifice his innocent daughter, Iphigenia, to pitiless Diana. The father said no, angered with the gods themselves: and there is still a father even in a king. I with my skill in words turned him away from a parent�s fondness and towards the common good. I had a difficult case indeed to plead, before (I confess, and may Atrides pardon the confession) a prejudiced judge, but given the needs of his brother and the expedition, and the high command vested in him, he balanced glory against blood. Then I was sent to the mother, Clytaemnestra, who was not to be persuaded, but deceived by cunning. If Telamon�s son had gone, our sails would still be waiting for the winds.
�Also, as an ambassador, I was sent to Troy�s citadel, and saw and entered the senate house of lofty Ilium, still full of heroes. As I was charged to do by Greece, for the common good, undaunted, I accused Paris, demanded the return of Helen and what Paris had plundered, and stirred Priam, and Antenor, at one with Priam. But Paris, and his brothers, and those who plundered with him, could scarcely keep their sinful hands off me (you know it, Menela�s) and that first day of danger to me was shared with you.
�It would take a long time to tell what I have achieved that has been useful, by stratagem and deed, in the long space of this conflict. After the first onslaught the enemy kept inside the city walls for a long time, and there was no chance for open warfare. Finally in the tenth year we fought it out. What were you doing meanwhile, Ajax, you who only know about battles? What use were you then? If you ask what I was doing, I laid ambushes for the enemy; surrounded the defences with a ditch; encouraged our allies so that they might bear the weariness of a long campaign with patience of mind; advised on how we should be fed and armed; was sent wherever benefit required it.
�See, deceived by a dream in sleep, Agamemnon, the king, commanded by Jupiter, orders us to give up all concern with the war we have begun. He can justify his words by this dream�s authority. Let Ajax prevent it, and demand that the citadel, Pergama, be destroyed, let him do what he can do, fight! Why does he not restrain those who are for returning home? Why does he not take up arms, and give a lead for the fickle mob to follow?
�That was not too much to ask of one who never speaks without boasting: but what of the fact that he fled as well?
�I saw you, Ajax, and was ashamed to see it, when, turning your back, you readied your dishonourable sails. Instantly I shouted: �What are you doing? What madness is urging you to abandon captured Troy? What are you taking home with you, except disgrace? With these words, and others, in which my anguish made me eloquent, I turned men from their flight, and led them back.� Atrides assembled the allies who were quaking with fear: even then the son of Telamon did not dare utter a thing, but even Thersites dared to attack the kings with insolent words, though not without punishment from me! I rose to my feet and urged on my frightened countrymen against the enemy, and by my voice restored their lost courage. From that time on, whatever bravery this man can be seen to have shown, is mine, who dragged him back when he was given to flight.
�Next, which of the Greeks praises you or seeks you out, Ajax? Yet Diomede shares what he does with me, supports me, and always trusts Ulysses as his companion. That is something, to be singled out by Diomede from so many thousand Greeks! No drawing of lots forced me to go: yet, disregarding the dangers of night and the enemy, I killed Dolon, the Phrygian, out on the same errand as we were, but not before I had forced him to tell what he knew, and had learned what perfidious Troy was planning. I had discovered everything, and had no need to spy further, and could now return with the glory I sought: yet not content with that, I searched out Rhesus�s tents, and I killed him and his comrades in their camp. And so, a victor, with what I prayed for achieved, as if it were a triumph, I rode his captured chariot. Deny me the arms of Achilles, whose horses my enemy, Dolon, asked of Hector, for his night�s work, and let Ajax be more generous than you.
�Why should I have to mention the ranks of Sarpedon of Lycia cut to pieces by my sword? With bloody slaughter I killed Coeranos, Iphitus�s son; Alastor and Chromius; Alcander, Halius, No�mon and Prytanis; and I dealt destruction to Tho�n, Chersidamas, Charopes, and Ennomos driven by inexorable fate; and others less well known fell to my hand under the walls of the city. I have wounds, friends, honourable ones, as their position shows: do not believe empty words, look!� and he pulled his tunic open with his hand, �here is my breast that has always been employed in your actions! But the son of Telamon has shed no blood for his companions, in all these years, and his flesh is unwounded!
�What relevance is it that he declares he took up arms against the Trojans and against Jove? I agree, he did (since I do not maliciously disparage beneficial actions) but do not let him seize the honour that is shared, and let him grant you some respect also. It was Patroclus, son of Actor, protected by being disguised in Achilles�s armour, who pushed back the Trojans from the ships that would have gone up in flames, with Ajax, their defender. He thinks that he is the only one who dared to face Hector�s spear, forgetting the captains and the king, and myself: he was the ninth to volunteer, and selected by the luck of the draw. But what was the result of your struggle, strongest of men? Hector retreated without receiving a single wound.
�Alas, with what sadness I am forced to recall that time when Achilles, the defence of Achaia, fell! Yet tears, grief, fear did not prevent my lifting his body from the earth: I carried the body of Achilles over these shoulders, these very shoulders, along with the weapons, that now also I am anxious to carry. I have strength enough for such a burden, and a mind that can surely appreciate the honour. Was it for this that his mother, the sea-goddess, was so ambitious for her son, that the gifts of heaven, the works of such artistry, should adorn an ignorant and thoughtless soldier? He understands nothing of the shield�s engraving, Ocean, or earth, or high starry sky; the Pleiades and the Hyades, the Bear that is always clear of the waters, and opposite, beyond the Milky Way, Orion, with his glittering sword.� He demands to bear armour that he does not comprehend!
�What of the fact that he accuses me of shirking the harsh duties of war, and of coming late to a labour already begun? Does he not see that he is speaking ill of great Achilles? If you call it a crime to dissimulate, we both dissimulated: if delay is a fault, I was the earlier to arrive. A loving wife detained me, a loving mother Achilles. Our priority was given to them, the rest to you. I hardly fear an accusation, even if I cannot defend myself against it, shared with such a man: he was revealed by Ulysses�s cunning, but not Ulysses by Ajax�s.
�Let us not be astonished that he pours out against me the invective from his foolish tongue, since he reproaches you shamefully. Was it a disgrace for me to accuse Palamades on an erroneous charge, but proper for you to condemn him? But then the son of Nauplias could not defend himself against so great a crime, and one so clearly proven: nor did you merely hear of the crime: you saw it, revealed by the gold I exposed.
�Nor do I merit being called a criminal because Lemnos, Vulcan�s isle, holds the son of Poeas, Philoctetes, (defend your own actions, since you agreed to it!) but I will not deny that I persuaded him to withdraw from the hardships of war and the journey, and to try and relieve his terrible agonies in rest. He agreed � and he still lives! Not only was my opinion offered in good faith, though it is enough that it was in good faith, but it turned out well. Now since our seers demand his presence for the destruction of Troy, do not commission me! Telamon�s son, with his eloquence, had better go and soothe that man, maddened by pain and fury, or bring him by some cunning trick! If my mind were idle on your behalf, the River Simo�s would flow backwards, and Mount Ida stand there leafless, and Achaia help Pergama, before the skill, of foolish Ajax, would benefit the Greeks.
�I would go to you, harsh Philoctetes, and try to bring you back with me, though you are aggressive towards king and countrymen, and myself; though you execrate me, and pour curses endlessly on my head; and, in your pain, long for me to be given into your power, to drink my blood, and to have your chance at me, as I did at you. And I would gain possession of your arrows (by Fortune�s favour), as I took possession of the Dardanian seer, Helenus, whom I captured; as I revealed the gods� oracles and the fate of Troy; as I stole the image of Phrygian Minerva from the inner sanctuary, from the midst of the enemy. Does Ajax compare himself to me? The fates surely denied our capturing Troy without it.
�Where is brave Ajax now? Where are the great hero�s mighty words? What do you fear then? Why does Ulysses dare to go through the sentries and commit himself to night; to enter not only the walls of Troy but also the heights of the citadel, past the sharp swords; and to snatch the goddess from her temple, and carry her captive through the enemy ranks? If I had not done it, the son of Telamon would have carried the seven-layered bull�s-hide shield on his left arm in vain. That night the victory over Troy was established: I defeated Pergama then, when I secured the possibility of her defeat.
�You can stop pointing out with your murmurs and looks, Ajax, that Diomede was my partner: he has his share of praise in this! Nor were you alone, when you held your shield in defence of the allied ships: you had a crowd of companions: I had only one. If he did not know that a fighter is worth less than a thinker, and that the prize is not owed merely because of an indomitable right hand, he would also claim it; so would the lesser Ajax, fierce Eurypylus, and Thoas, the son of famous Andraemon, and no less surely would Idomeneus, and Meriones born of the same nation, and Menela�s, the brother of Agamemnon.
�In fact, they accept my counsel, these strong right hands, not second to me in battle. Your right hand, useful in war, needs the guidance of my intellect. You have power without mind, mine is the care for the future. You can fight, but Atrides, with me, chooses the time to fight. You only display the flesh, I the spirit. By as much as he who steers the ship is superior to him who rows, by as much as the general exceeds the soldier, by that much I surpass you. No less is the head more powerful than the hand, in our body: the energy of the whole is within it.
�O princes, grant the prize to your sentry, for the many years I have spent in anxious care, grant me the judgement, this honour for my services. Now my labour is done: I have removed fate�s obstacles, and by making it possible to take high Pergama, have taken her. Now, by our common expectation; by Troy�s doomed walls; by the gods I recently took from the enemy; by whatever else remains that needs to be done wisely; I pray, that if there is still some bold and dangerous thing to attempt, if you think that anything is yet in store involving Troy�s fate, remember me! And if you do not give me the arms, give them to her!� and he pointed towards Minerva�s fatal statue.
The council of princes was swayed, and it shows what eloquence can do: the gifted speaker carried away the arms of the brave hero. But Ajax, who had so often stood alone against Hector, against sword and flame, against Jove himself, could not stand against mere passion, and indignation conquered the unconquerable hero. Drawing his sword he shouted: �This is mine, at least! Or does Ulysses demand it for himself? This I will use myself, on myself, and the iron so often drenched in Phrygian blood, will now be drenched in its master�s, so that none can defeat Ajax but himself.� He spoke, and drove the lethal weapon to its full extent into his chest, that, till then, had never felt a wound. No hand was strong enough to draw out the implanted weapon: it was the blood itself expelled it, and the bloodstained ground bore a purple flower from the green turf, that had first sprung from the wound of the Spartan, Hyacinthus. In the centre of the petals letters are inscribed, shared by the hero and the boy, one reading of them being a name, , and the other one, , a cry of woe.
Ulysses, the winner, set sail for Lemnos, the island of Queen Hypsipyle and her father the famous Thoas, a country notorious in ancient times for the murder by its women of their men, to bring back the arrows of Tyrinthian Hercules. When he had brought them back to the Greeks, with Philoctetes their master, the last hand was dealt in the long drawn-out war. Troy fell, and Priam also. Hecuba, Priam�s unhappy wife, when all else was lost, lost her human form, and filled the air of an alien country, where the long Hellespont narrows to a strait, with strange barking.
Ilium burned; the flames had not yet died down; Jove�s altar was soaking up old Priam�s meagre stream of blood; and Cassandra, the head priestess of Apollo, dragged along by her hair, stretched out her arms uselessly to the heavens. The Dardanian women, embracing the statues of their nation�s gods while they still could, and thronging the burning temples, were snatched away by the victorious Greeks as enviable prizes. Astyanax, was thrown down from that tower, from which he used to see his father, Hector, whom Andromache his mother pointed out to him, as Hector fought for him, and protected the ancestral kingdom. Now Boreas, the north wind, urged the Greeks on their way, and the sails flapped in a favourable breeze.
The sailers are ordered to take advantage of the wind. The Trojan women wail, kissing their native earth, abandoning the burning houses: �Troy, farewell! We are taken against our will.�
The last to embark � pitiable sight! � was Hecuba, found among the tombs of her sons. There as she clung to their graves, trying to kiss their relics, the hands of Dulichian Ulysses dragged her away. Yet she emptied one sepulchre, and carried away with her, at her breast, Hector�s ashes from the emptied urn. And on Hector�s grave she left a scant offering to the dead, shreds of her grey hair, hair and tears.
There is a country opposite Phrygia, where Troy stood, that the Bistones inhabit: Polymestor�s wealthy court was there, to whom Priam your father secretly sent you, Polydorus, to be reared away from the Phrygian war: a wise plan if he had not sent great riches with you, a reward for the criminal, a temptation to the greedy spirit. When Phrygia�s fortunes waned, the impious king of Thrace took his sword and stabbed his young foster child in the throat, and threw the body from a cliff into the sea, as if murder could be eliminated with the corpse.
Agamemnon had moored his fleet on a Thracian beach until the sea calmed, and the winds were kinder. Here, suddenly the ghost of Achilles appeared from a broad fissure in the earth, as large as he used to be in life. He appeared as on the day when, with threatening face, and sword in hand, he fiercely challenged Agamemnon�s injustice. �You depart, then, Achaeans, forgetting me, and gratitude for my courage is buried with me!� he cried, �Do not let it be so! Let Polyxena be sacrificed, so that my tomb is not without its honours. Appease Achilles�s shade!�
He spoke, and, his countrymen obeyed the pitiless ghost. Now, she was torn from her mother�s arms, and the girl, almost Hecuba�s only comfort, ill-fated, but with more than a woman�s courage, was led to the burial mound and became a victim of the dread grave. She remembered who she was, set before the brutal altar, knowing the savage rite was readied for her, and when she saw Neoptolemus standing, gripping his sword, his eyes gazing at her face, she said: �Now, shed noble blood, nothing prevents you: but sheathe your sword in my throat or in my breast,� and she uncovered both her throat and her breast, �Polyxena, for certain, has no desire to be slave to any man! No god will be appeased by such a rite as this! I only wish my death could be unknown to my mother: my mother weakens and lessens my joy in death, though it is not my dying but her living that is terrible. Now, move away, you, so that if my request is lawful, I may not be hindered in going to the Stygian shades: and take the hands of man from virgin flesh! My free blood will be more acceptable to him, whoever he is, whom you are trying to appease with my murder. If my last words still move any of you (The daughter of Priam asks it, not a prisoner) return my body to my mother without ransom: let her pay for the sad privilege of burying me, not with gold, but with tears! When she could, then she paid in gold as well�
She spoke, and the crowd could not restrain its tears, that she restrained. Then the priest, also weeping, and against his will, driving his sword home, pierced the breast she offered up. Her knees gave way, and she sank to the ground, keeping her look of fearless courage to the end. Even then, as she fell, she was careful to hide the parts that should be hidden, and to protect the honour of her chaste modesty.
The Trojan women lift her body, counting over the lamented children of Priam, and recounting how much blood one house has surrendered. They weep for you, girl, and for you, Hecuba, who were lately called the royal wife, the royal parent, the image of bright Asia, now in evil circumstances, even for a prisoner, whom victorious Ulysses would not have wanted, except for the fact that you had given birth to Hector: a partner for his mother that Hector would scarcely have imagined!
Embracing the body of Polyxena, now empty of that brave spirit, she sheds the tears for her that she has shed so often for her husband, sons and country. She pours her tears over her daughter�s wound, covers her lips with kisses, and beats at her own bruised breast.
Then, tearing at her white hair caked with blood, and plucking at her breast, she said this amongst other things: �Child � since, what else is left me? � your mother�s last grief, Child, you lie there, and I see your wound, that is my wound. Look, you also have your wound, so that I might lose none of my children without bloodshed. Because you were a woman, I thought you safe from the sword: yet, a woman, you have died by the sword: and that same Achilles who has ruined Troy and made me childless, who has destroyed so many of your brothers, has killed you in the same way.
Yet when he fell to the arrow of Paris, and Phoebus, I said: �Now surely, Achilles is no longer to be feared.� Yet even then I still needed to fear him. His very ashes in the tomb are hostile to our race: even in the grave we feel his enmity: I gave birth for the Aeacidae! Mighty Ilium is in the dust, and, in a grievous outcome, our ruined State is ended. But still, it ended: in me, only, Pergama remains. My grief still takes it course. A moment ago I was endowed with the greatest things, so many sons and daughters, sons-in-law, and daughters-in-law, and my husband. Now, exiled, destitute, torn from the tombs of my loved ones, I am dragged off as a prize, to serve Penelope. She will point me out to the women of Ithaca, as I spin the wool she gives me, and say: �This is the famous mother of Hector, this is Priam�s queen.� Now you, Polyxena, after so many have been lost, you, who were the only one left to comfort your mother�s grief, have been sacrificed on an enemy tomb! I have borne offerings for the enemy dead!
Why do I remain, unyielding? Why do I linger here? Why do you preserve me, wrinkled old age? Why prolong an old woman�s life, cruel gods, unless it is for me to view more funerals? Who would have thought Priam could be happy when Pergama has fallen? Yet he is happy, in death! He did not see you killed, daughter, but left his kingdom and his life together. Do I imagine you will be endowed with funereal splendour, and your body laid to rest in the ancestral tomb? That is not our house�s fate! Your mother�s tears will be your funeral gift, and the wastes of foreign sand. I have lost everything: now an only child is left, once the youngest son of my family, his mother�s dearest, a reason to endure life for a brief space of time, Polydorus, sent to these shores, to the Ismarian king.
But why do I delay, meanwhile, the cleansing of your cruel wound with water, your face spattered with drops of blood?�
She spoke, and went to the shore, with the stumbling steps of an old woman, tearing at her white hair. �Give me an urn, women of Troy!� said the unhappy mother, wanting to draw water from the sea. There, she saw Polydorus�s body, thrown on the beach, covered with open wounds made by Thracian spears. The Trojan women cried out, but she was dumb with grief. The grief itself obliterated both her powers of speech and the tears welling inside, and she stood unmoving like solid rock, at one moment with her gaze fixed on the ground, the next lifting her face grimly towards the sky. Now she looked at her dead son�s face, now at his wounds, mostly at his wounds, awakening a growing anger in herself. Then it blazed out, and she, as if she were still a queen, determined on vengeance, her whole mind filled with thoughts of punishment.
Hecuba, her grief mixed with anger, forgetting her age, but not forgetting her rage, like a lioness maddened by the theft of her unweaned cub, that, though she cannot see her enemy, follows the traces she finds of his footsteps, found her way to the author of the dreadful crime, Polymestor. She made out that she wanted to show him a secret hoard of gold, to be given to her son. The Thracian believed her, and with his usual desire for gain, came with her secretly.� Then with smooth and cunning words, he said: �Do not delay, Hecuba: give me your gift to your son! It will all be for him, both what you give and what was given before, I swear by the gods.�
She gazed at him, grimly, as he spoke and swore his lying oath, until, her seething anger boiling over, she called on her train of captive women to attack the man, and drove her nails into his deceitful eyes, and (made strong by anger) tore the eyeballs from their sockets, and dipped her hand, and drank, stained with his sinful blood, not from his eyes (nothing of them remained) but from the holes that were his eyes.
The Thracians, enraged by the murder of their king, attacked the Trojan woman, hurling stones and missiles, but she chased the stones they threw, snapping at them with a harsh growling, and, readying her jaws for words, barked when she tried to speak. The place is still there, and takes its name, Cynossema, the Monument of the Bitch, from this, and she still howls mournfully amongst the Sithonian fields, remembering endlessly her ancient suffering.
Her fate moved the Trojans and her enemies the Greeks, and it moved all the gods as well, yes, all, so that even Juno, Jove�s sister-wife, said that Hecuba did not merit such misfortune.
But Aurora had no time for being moved by the fall and ruin of Hecuba and Troy, though she had aided its defence. A closer sorrow, and a private grief tormented her, the loss of her son Memnon, whom she, his bright mother, had seen wasted by Achilles�s spear on the Phrygian plain. She saw it, and that colour, that reddens the dawn, paled, and the sky was covered with cloud. His mother could not bear to look at his body laid on the summit of the funeral pyre, but with dishevelled hair, just as she was, she did not scorn to fall at the feet of mighty Jove, adding tears to these words: �I am the least of all, whom the golden heavens hold (since temples to me are the rarest in all the world), yet I come as a goddess: though not that you might give me sanctuaries, or sacred days, or altars to flame with sacrificial fires. Yet if you considered what I, as a woman, do for you, when each new dawn I keep the borders of night, you would think to give me some reward. But that is not my care, nor Aurora�s errand, to ask for well-merited honours.
I come bereft of my Memnon, who bore arms bravely, but in vain, for his uncle Priam, and in his youth has fallen to mighty Achilles (so you willed). I beg you to grant him some honour, as a solace for his death, great king of the gods, and lessen a mother�s wound!� Jupiter nodded, while Memnon�s steep pyre collapsed in leaping flames, and the daylight was stained with columns of black smoke, like the river-fog the naiad breathes out, that does not admit the light beneath it. Dark ashes flew upwards, and gathering into a ball and solidifying, they formed a shape, and it drew life and heat from the fire (its own lightness giving it wings). At first resembling a bird, then a true bird, it clapped its wings, and innumerable sisters, sprung from the same natal source, sounded too. Three times they circled the pyre, and three times their clamour rose in the air in consonance, on the fourth flight the flock divided. Then in two separate fierce bands they made war, wielding beaks and hooked talons in rage, wearying wing and breast in the struggle.
Remembering they were sprung from a brave hero, they fell as offerings to the buried ashes of their kinsman�s body. The source of these suddenly created birds gave them his name: from him they were called the Memnonides: and when the sun has transited his twelve signs, they war and die again in ritual festival.
And so, while others wept to witness Hecuba�s baying, Aurora was intent on her own grief, and even now she sheds tears, and wets the whole world with dew.
Yet the fates did not allow Troy�s destiny, also, to be overthrown with her walls. Aeneas, Cytherean Venus�s heroic son, carried away on his shoulders her sacred icons, and bore his father, another sacred and venerable burden. He dutifully chose that prize from all his riches, and his son Ascanius, and carried over the sea in his exiled fleet, he left Antandros�s harbour, and the sinful thresholds of Thrace, and the soil drenched in Polydorus�s blood, and riding the favourable winds and tides, he came with his company of friends, to the city of Apollo on Delos.
Anius, who ruled the people, and worshipped Phoebus, with the proper ritual, as high priest, received him in palace and temple. He showed him the city, the famous sanctuary, and the two trees to which Latona clung when she gave birth. They gave incense to the flames, poured wine onto the incense, and, in accord with custom, burned the entrails of slaughtered oxen, and then sought out the royal palace, where reclining on high couches, they ate the gifts of Ceres, and drank the wine of Bacchus.
Then virtuous Anchises said: �O chosen priest of Phoebus, am I wrong, or do I not remember that you had a son and four daughters, when I first saw your city?� Shaking his head, bound with its white sacrificial fillets, Anius replied sadly: �Mightiest of heroes, you are not wrong: you saw me the father of five children, whom now you see almost bereft. What is the use of my absent son, who holds the island of Andros, that takes its name from him, and rules it in his father�s place? Delian Apollo gave him the power of prophecy. Bacchus Liber gave my female offspring other gifts, greater than those they hoped or prayed for. All that my daughter�s touched turned into corn or wine or the grey-green olives of Minerva, and employing them was profitable.
When Agamemnon, son of Atreus, ravager of Troy, learned of this (so that you do not think we escaped all knowledge of your destructive storm) he used armed force to snatch my unwilling daughters from a father�s arms, and ordered them to feed the Greek fleet, using their gift from heaven. Each escaped where they could. Two made for Euboea, and two for their brother�s island of Andros. The army landed and threatened war unless they were given up. Fear overcame brotherly affection, and he surrendered his blood-kin. It is possible to forgive the cowardly brother, since Aeneas and Hector, thanks to whom you held out till the tenth year, were not here to defend Andros.
Now they were readying the chains for the prisoners� arms. They, while their arms were free, stretched them out to the sky, saying: �Bacchus, father, bring your aid!� and he, who granted their gifts, helped them � if you call it help for them to lose in some strange way their human form, for I could not discover by what process they lost it, nor can I describe it. The end of this misfortune I did observe: they took wing, and became snow-white doves, the birds of your goddess-wife Anchises, Venus.�
After they had filled the time with these and other matters, they left the table and retired to sleep, and rising with the dawn, they went to the oracle of Phoebus, who ordered them to seek their ancient mother, and their ancestral shores.
The king gave them parting gifts and escorted them on their way: a sceptre for Anchises, a cloak and quiver for his grandson, Ascanius, and a drinking-bowl for Aeneas, that Therses of Thebes, a friend, had sent, from the Aonian coast, to the king: Therses had given it, but it was made by Alcon of Hyle, who had engraved it with a complete story.
There was a city, and you could see its seven gates: these served to name it, and tell you that it was Thebes. In front of the city funeral rites, sepulchres, funeral pyres, and fires, and women with naked breasts and streaming hair, depicted mourning. Nymphs, also, appeared weeping, and lamenting their dried-up fountains: the trees stood bare and leafless: goats nibbled the dry gravel.
See here, in the midst of Thebes he portrays Orion�s daughters, the one, more than a woman, slashing her unprotected throat, the other stabbing a weapon into her valiant breast, falling on behalf of their people, then carried in glorious funeral procession through the city, and burned among crowds of mourners. Then two youths, famous as the Coroni, spring from the virgin ashes, so that the race will not die, and lead the cort�ge containing their mother�s remains.
Such was the ancient bronze with its gleaming designs: round the rim gilded acanthus leaves were embossed. The Trojans gave gifts in return, worth no less: an incense-box for the priest, a libation-saucer, and a crown shining with gold and jewels.
GALATEA AND POLYPHEMUS
From there, remembering that they, the Teucrians, came originally from the blood of Teucer, they made for his Crete. But, unable to endure Jove�s plague, they left Crete with its hundred cities, hoping to reach the harbours of Ausonian Italy. Tempests raged, and tossed the heroes on stormy seas, and taking refuge in the treacherous harbour of the Strophades, they were terrified by the harpy, A�llo.
Now they were carried past Dulichium�s anchorage; past Same, and the houses of Neritos; and Ithaca, cunning Ulysses�s kingdom. They saw Ambracia, famous now for its Apollo of Actium, once contended over by quarreling gods; and saw the image of the judge who was turned to stone; Dodona�s land with its oracular oaks; and Chaonia�s bay, where the sons of Munichus, the Molossian king, escaped the impious flames on new-found wings.
Next they headed for the country of the Phaeacians, set with rich orchards, and touched at Buthrotus in Epirus, a miniature Troy, ruled by Helenus, the Trojan seer. From there, certain of their future, all of which Helenus, Priam�s son predicted, with reliable warnings, they entered Sicilian waters.� Three tongues of this land run down into the sea. Of these Pachynos faces the rainy south, Lilybaeon fronts the soft western breeze, and Peloros looks to the northern Bears that never touch the waves. Here the Teucrians came, and rowing, with a favourable tide, their fleet reached the sandy beach of Zancle, as night fell.
Scylla attacks from the right-hand coast, restless Charybdis from the left. The latter sucks down and spits out ships she has caught: the former has a girdle of savage dogs round her dark belly. She has a girl�s face, and if the tales of poets are not all false, she was once a girl also. Many suitors wooed her, whom she rejected, and she would go and tell the ocean nymphs, being well loved by the ocean nymphs, of the thwarted desires of young men.
Once while Galatea let Scylla comb her hair, she addressed these words to her, sighing often: �At least, O virgin Scylla, you are not wooed by a relentless breed of men: and you can reject them without fear, as you do. But I, whose father is Nereus, and whose mother is sea-green Doris, I, though protected by a crowd of sisters, was not allowed to flee the love of Polyphemus, the Cyclops, except through sorrow�, and tears stopped the sound of her voice. When the girl had wiped away the tears with her white fingers, and the goddess was comforted, she said: �Tell me, O dearest one: do not hide the cause of your sadness (I can be so trusted)� The Nereid answered Crateis�s daughter in these words: �Acis was the son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, a great delight to his father and mother, but more so even to me, since he and I alone were united. He was handsome, and having marked his sixteenth birthday, a faint down covered his tender cheeks. I sought him, the Cyclops sought me, endlessly. If you asked, I could not say which was stronger in me, hatred of Cyclops, or love of Acis, both of them were equally strong.
Oh! Gentle Venus, how powerful your rule is over us! How that ruthless creature, terrifying even to the woods themselves, whom no stranger has ever seen with impunity, who scorns mighty Olympus and its gods, how he feels what love is, and, on fire, captured by powerful desire, forgets his flocks and caves. Now Polyphemus, you care for your appearance, and are anxious to please, now you comb your bristling hair with a rake, and are pleased to cut your shaggy beard with a reaping hook, and to gaze at your savage face in the water and compose its expression. Your love of killing, your fierceness, and your huge thirst for blood, end, and the ships come and go in safety.
Meanwhile, Telemus the augur, Telemus, the son of Eurymus, whom no flight of birds could deceive, came to Sicilian Mount Aetna, addressed grim Polyphemus, and said: �Ulysses will take from you, that single eye in the middle of your forehead.� He laughed, and answered: �O most foolish of seers, you are wrong, another, a girl, has already taken it.� So he scorned the true warning, given in vain, and weighed the coast down, walking with giant tread, or returned weary to his dark cave.
A wedge-shaped hillside, ending in a long spur, projects into the sea (the waves of the ocean wash round it on both sides). The fierce Cyclops climbed to it, and sat at its apex, and his woolly flocks, shepherd-less, followed. Then laying at his feet the pine trunk he used as a staff, fit to carry a ship�s rigging, he lifted his panpipes made of a hundred reeds. The whole mountain felt the pastoral notes, and the waves felt them too. Hidden by a rock, I was lying in my Acis�s arms, and my ears caught these words, and, having heard them, I remembered:�
�Galatea, whiter than the snowy privet petals, �taller than slim alder, more flowery than the meadows, �friskier than a tender kid, more radiant than crystal, �smoother than shells, polished, by the endless tides; �more welcome than the summer shade, or the sun in winter, �showier than the tall plane-tree, fleeter than the hind;� �more than ice sparkling, sweeter than grapes ripening, �softer than the swan�s-down, or the milk when curdled, �lovelier, if you did not flee, than a watered garden. Galatea, likewise, wilder than an untamed heifer, harder than an ancient oak, trickier than the sea; tougher than the willow-twigs, or the white vine branches, firmer than these cliffs, more turbulent than a river, vainer than the vaunted peacock, fiercer than the fire; more truculent than a pregnant bear, pricklier than thistles, deafer than the waters, crueller than a trodden snake; and, what I wish I could alter in you, most of all, is this: that you are swifter than the deer, driven by loud barking, swifter even than the winds, and the passing breeze.
But if you knew me well, you would regret your flight, and you would condemn your own efforts yourself, and hold to me: half of the mountain is mine, and the deep caves in the natural rock, where winter is not felt nor the midsummer sun. There are apples that weigh down the branches, golden and purple grapes on the trailing vines. Those, and these, I keep for you. You will pick ripe strawberries born in the woodland shadows, in autumn cherries and plums, not just the juicy blue-purples, but also the large yellow ones, the colour of fresh bees�-wax. There will be no lack of fruit from the wild strawberry trees, nor from the tall chestnuts: every tree will be there to serve you.
This whole flock is mine, and many are wandering the valleys as well, many hidden by the woods, many penned in the caves. If you asked me I could not tell you how many there are: a poor man counts his flocks. You can see, you need not merely believe me, how they can hardly move their legs with their full udders. There are newborn lambs in the warn sheepfolds, and kids too, of the same age, in other pens, and I always have snow-white milk: some of it kept for drinking, and some with rennet added to curdle it.
You will not have vulgar gifts or easily found pleasures, such as leverets, or does, or kids, or paired doves, or a nest from the treetops. I came upon twin cubs of a shaggy bear that you can play with: so alike you can hardly separate them. I came upon them and I said: �I shall keep these for my mistress.�
Now Galatea, only lift your shining head from the dark blue sea: come, do not scorn my gifts. Lately, I examined myself, it�s true, and looked at my reflection in the clear water, and, seeing my self, it pleased me. Look how large I am: Jupiter, in the sky, since you are accustomed to saying some Jove or other rules there, has no bigger a body. Luxuriant hair hangs over my face, and shades my shoulders like a grove. And do not consider it ugly for my whole body to be bristling with thick prickly hair. A tree is ugly without its leaves: a horse is ugly unless a golden mane covers its neck: feathers hide the birds: their wool becomes the sheep: a beard and shaggy hair befits a man�s body. I only have one eye in the middle of my forehead, but it is as big as a large shield. Well? Does great Sol not see all this from the sky? Yet Sol�s orb is unique.
Added to that my father, Neptune, rules over your waters: I give you him as a father-in-law. Only have pity, and listen to my humble prayers! I, who scorn Jove and his heaven and his piercing lightning bolt, submit to you alone: I fear you, Nereid: your anger is fiercer than lightning. And I could bear this contempt of yours more patiently, if you fled from everyone. But why, rejecting Cyclops, love Acis, and prefer Acis�s embrace to mine? Though he is pleased with himself, and, what I dislike, pleases you too, Galatea, let me just have a chance at him. Then he will know I am as strong as I am big! I�ll tear out his entrails while he lives, rend his limbs and scatter them over the fields, and over your ocean, (so he can join you!) For I am on fire, and, wounded, I burn with a fiercer flame, and I seem to bear Aetna with all his violent powers sunk in my breast, yet you, Galatea, are unmoved.�
�With such useless complaints he rose (for I saw it all) and as a bull that cannot stay still, furious when the cow is taken from it, he wanders through the woods and glades. Not anticipating such a thing, without my knowing, he saw me, and saw Acis. �I see you,� he cried, �and I�ll make this the last celebration of your love.� His voice was as loud as an angry Cyclops�s voice must be: Aetna shook with the noise. And I, terrified, plunged into the nearby waters. My hero, son of Symaethis, had turned his back, and ran, crying: �Help me, I beg you, Galatea! Forefathers, help me, admit me to your kingdom or I die!�
Cyclops followed him and hurled a rock wrenched from the mountain, and though only the farthest corner of the stone reached him, it still completely buried Acis. Then I, doing the only thing that fate allowed me, caused Acis to assume his ancestral powers. From the rock, crimson blood seeped out, and in a little while its redness began to fade, became the colour of a river at first swollen by rain, gradually clearing. Then the rock, that Polyphemus had hurled, cracked open, and a tall green reed sprang from the fissure, and the mouth of a chamber in the rock echoed with leaping waters, and (a marvel) suddenly a youth stood, waist-deep in the water, his fresh horns wreathed with rushes. It was Acis, except that he was larger, and his face dark blue: yet it was still Acis, changed to a river-god, and his waters still retain his former name.
Galatea finished speaking and the group of Nereids went away, swimming through the placid waves. Scylla returned to the beach, not daring to trust herself to mid-ocean, and either wandered naked along the parched sand, or, when she was tired, found a remote, sheltered pool, and cooled her limbs in its enclosed waters.
See, Glaucus comes, skimming the water, a new inhabitant of the sea, his form recently altered, at Anthedon opposite Euboea. Seeing the girl, he stood still, desiring her, and said whatever he thought might stop her running away. Nevertheless she ran, and, with the swiftness of fear, came to the top of a mountain standing near the shore. It faced the wide sea, rising to a single peak, its wooded summit leaning far out over the water.� Here she stopped, and from a place of safety, marvelled at his colour; the hair that hid his shoulders and covered his back; and his groin below that merged into a winding fish�s tail; she not knowing whether he was god or monster.
He saw her, and, leaning on a rock that stood nearby, he said: �Girl, I am no freak or wild creature, but a god of the sea. Proteus, Triton, or Palaemon son of Athamas, have no greater power in the ocean. Mortal once, but no doubt destined for the deep, even then I worked the waves: now drawing in the drag nets full of fish, now sitting on a rock, casting, with rod and line.
There is a beach, bounded by a green field, one side bordered by sea, the other by grass, that horned cattle have not damaged by grazing, that placid sheep or shaggy goats have not cropped. No bees intent on gathering pollen plundered the flowers there; no garlands came from there for the heads of revellers; no one had ever mown it, scythe in hand. I was the first to sit there on the turf, drying my sea-soaked lines, and laying out in order the fish I had caught, to count them, that either chance or innocence had brought to my curved hook. This will sound like a tale, but what would I get from lying? Touching the grass, my catch began to stir, and shift about, and swim over land as if they were in the sea. While I hesitated and wondered, the complete shoal fled into their native waters, leaving behind their new master, their new land.
I stood dumbfounded, for a while not believing it, searching for the cause. Had some god done it, or the juice of some herb? �Yet what herb has such power?� I asked, and gathering some herbage in my hand, I bit what I had gathered with my teeth. My throat had scarcely swallowed the strange juice, when suddenly I felt my heart trembling inside me, my breast seized with yearning for that other element. Unable to hold out for long, crying out: �Land, I will never return to, goodbye!� I immersed my body in the sea.
The gods of the sea received me, thinking me worth the honour of their company, and asked Oceanus and Tethys to purge what was mortal in me. I was purified by them, and, cleansed of sin by an incantation nine times repeated, they ordered me to bathe my body in a hundred rivers. Immediately streams from every side poured their waters over my head. So much I can tell of you of those marvellous things, so much of them I remember: then my mind knew no more. When later I came to, my whole body was altered from what I was before, and my mind was not the same.
Then I saw, for the first time, this dark green beard, my hair that sweeps the wide sea, these giant shoulders and dusky arms, these legs that curve below into a fish�s fins. Yet what use is this shape, or that I was pleasing to the ocean gods? What use is it to be a god, if these things do not move you?�
As the god spoke these words, looking to say more, Scylla abandoned him. Then Glaucus, maddened, and angered by her rejection, sought the wondrous halls of Circe, daughter of the Sun.
Book XIV
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Glaucus, the fisher of the swollen Euboean waters, soon left Aetna behind, that mountain piled on Typhoeus�s giant head, and the Cyclops�s fields, that know nothing of the plough�s use or the harrow, and owe nothing to the yoked oxen. Zancle was left behind as well, and the walls of Rhegium opposite, and the dangerous strait, hemmed in between twin coastlines, that marks the boundary between Sicily and Italian Ausonia. From there, swimming with mighty strokes, across the Tyrrhenian Sea, he came to the grassy hills and the halls of Circe, daughter of the Sun, filled with transformed beasts.
As soon as he saw her, and words of welcome had been exchanged, he said: �Goddess, I beg you, take pity on a god! You alone can help this love of mine, if I seem worthy of help. No one knows better than I, Titaness, what power herbs have, since I was transmuted by them. So that the cause of my passion is not unknown to you, I saw Scylla, on the Italian coast, opposite Messene�s walls. I am ashamed to tell of the prayers and promises, the blandishments I used, words that were scorned. If there is any power in charms, utter a charm from your sacred lips: or, if herbs are more potent, use the proven strength of active herbs. I trust you not to cure me, or heal me, of these wounds: my love cannot end: only let her feel this heat.
No one has a nature more susceptible to such fires than Circe, whether the root of it is in herself, or whether Venus, offended by Sol her father�s tale-bearing, made her that way, so she replied: �You would do better to chase after someone whose wishes and purposes were yours, and who was captured by equal desire. Besides, you were worth courting (and certainly could be courted), and if you offer any hope, believe me you will be too.� If you doubt it, and have no faith in your attractions, well, I, though I am a goddess, daughter of shining Sol, though I possess such powers of herbs and charms, I promise to be yours. Spurn the spurner, repay the admirer, and, in one act, be twice revenged.�
To such temptations as these Glaucus replied: �Sooner than my love will change, Scylla unchanged, leaves will grow on the waters, and sea-weed will grow on the hills.� The goddess was angered, and since she could not harm him (nor, loving him, wished to do so) she was furious with the girl, who was preferred to her. Offended at his rejection of her passion, she at once ground noxious herbs with foul juices, and joined the spells of Hecate to their grinding. Wrapping herself in a dusky cloak, she made her way from the palace, through the crowd of fawning beasts, and sought out Rhegium opposite Zancle�s cliffs, travelling over the seething tidal waters, as if she trod on solid ground, crossing dry-footed over the surface of the sea.
There was a little pool, curved in a smooth arc, dear to Scylla for its peacefulness. When the sun was strongest, at the zenith, and from its heights made shortest shadows, she retreated there from the heat of sky and sea. This, the goddess tainted in advance and contaminated with her monstrous poison. She sprinkled the liquid squeezed from harmful roots, and muttered a mysterious incantation, dark with strange words, thrice nine times, in magical utterance.
Scylla comes, wading waist deep into the pool, only to find the water around her groin erupt with yelping monsters. At first, not thinking them part of her own body, she retreats from their cruel muzzles, fears them, and pushes them away: but, what she flees from, she pulls along with her, and, seeking her thighs, her legs, her feet, in place of them finds jaws like Cerberus�s. She stands among raging dogs, and is encircled by beasts, below the surface, from which her truncated thighs and belly emerge.
Her lover Glaucus wept, and fled Circe�s embrace, she, who had made too hostile a use of her herbs� powers. Scylla remained where she was, and, at the first opportunity, in her hatred of Circe, robbed Ulysses of his companions. Later she would have overwhelmed the Trojan ships, if she had not previously been transformed into a rock, whose stone is visible even now: a rock that sailors still avoid.
When the oarsmen of the Trojan ships had escaped Scylla, and rapacious Charybdis, when they had almost reached the Ausonian shore, the wind carried them to the coast of Libya. There Sidonian Queen Dido took Aeneas into her heart and home, she, who was fated not to endure her Phrygian husband�s departure. She stabbed herself with his sword, on a blazing pyre, that was built as if it were intended for sacred rites, deceiving, as she had been deceived.
Fleeing from the new city, Carthage, and its sandy shores, and carried back to the home of his loyal half-brother Acestes, son of Venus of Eryx, Aeneas sacrificed there, and paid honours at his dead father�s, Anchises�s, tomb. Then he loosed the ships, that Iris almost destroyed by fire, at Juno�s command, and passed the Aeolian Islands, smoking with clouds of hot sulphur, the kingdom of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, and passed the rocky isle of the Sirens, the daughters of Achelo�s.
Bereft of its pilot, Palinurus, he follows the coast by Inarime, Prochyte, and Pithecusae, on its barren hill, named after its inhabitants, from pithecium, a little ape. For the father of the gods, Jupiter, hating the lying and deceit of the Cercopes, and the crimes of that treacherous people, changed them into disgraceful creatures, so that, though unlike men, they should seem like them. He contracted their limbs, turned up and blunted their noses, and furrowed their faces with the wrinkles of old age. Their bodies completely covered by yellow hair, he sent them, as monkeys, to this place, but not before he had robbed them of the power of speech, and those tongues born for dreadful deceit, leaving them only the power to complain in raucous shrieks.
When he had passed those islands, and left the walls of Parthenope behind him to starboard, the tomb of Misenus, the trumpeter, the son of Aeolus, was to larboard, and the shore of Cumae, a place filled with marshy sedges. He entered the cave of the Sibyl, and asked to go down to Avernus, to find his father�s ghost. Then the Sibyl after remaining, for a long time, with her eyes gazing at the earth, lifted them, at last, filled with the frenzy of the god, and cried: �You ask great things, man of great achievements, whose hand has been tested by the sword, whose faith has been tested by the fire. But have no fear, Trojan, you will have what you desire, and, with me as your guide, you will know the halls of Elysium, and earth�s strangest realm, and the likeness of your dear father. To virtue, no way is barred.�
She spoke, and pointed out to him a gleaming golden bough, in the woods of Proserpine, the Juno of Avernus, and ordered him to break it from the tree. Aeneas obeyed, and saw the power of dread Dis, and he saw his own ancestors, and the ancient shade of great-souled Anchises. He learned also the laws of those regions, and the trials he must undergo in fresh wars.
Then taking the return path, with weary paces, he eased the labour by talking with his Cumean guide. As he travelled the fearful road through the shadowy twilight, he said: �Whether you are truly a goddess, or only most beloved by the gods, you will always be like a goddess to me, and I will acknowledge myself in your debt, who have allowed me to enter the place of the dead, and having seen that place of the dead, escape it. When I reach the upper air, I will build a temple to you, for this service, and burn incense in your honour.�
The priestess gazed at him and with a deep sigh, said: �I am not a goddess: and do not assume any human being is worth the honour of holy incense, or err out of ignorance. I was offered eternal life without end, if I would surrender my virginity to Phoebus my lover. While he still hoped for it, while he desired to bribe me beforehand with gifts, he said: �Virgin of Cumae, choose what you wish, and what you wish you shall have.� Pointing to a pile of dust, that had collected, I foolishly begged to have as many anniversaries of my birth, as were represented by the dust. But I forgot to ask that the years should be accompanied by youth. He gave me the years, and lasting youth, as well, if I would surrender: I rejected Phoebus�s gift, and never married.
�But now my more fruitful time has turned its back on me, and old age comes, with tottering step, that must be long endured. Though I have now lived seven centuries, three hundred harvests, three hundred vintages, still remain to be seen, to equal the content of the dust. The time will come when the passage of days will render such body as I have tiny, and my limbs, consumed with age, will reduce to the slightest of burdens. I will be thought never to have loved, and never to have delighted a god. Phoebus too perhaps will either not know me, or will deny that he loved me. I will go as far as having to suffer transformation, and I will be viewed as non-existent, but still known as a voice: the fates will bequeath me a voice.�
As the Sibyl spoke these words, they emerged, by the rising path, from the Stygian regions, into the city of Cumae of the Euboeans. Trojan Aeneas came to the shore that was later named after his nurse Caieta, where he carried out her funeral rites, as accepted, according to custom. This was also the place where Macareus of Neritos, a companion of sorely tried Ulysses, had settled, after the interminable weariness of hardship.
Macareus now recognised Achaemenides, among the Trojans, he, who had been given up as lost, by Ulysses, long ago, among the rocks of Aetna. Astonished to discover him, unexpectedly, still alive, he asked: �What god or chance preserved you, Achaemenides? Why does a Trojan vessel now carry a Greek? What land is your ship bound for? Achaemenides, no longer clothed in rags, his shreds of clothing held together with thorns, but himself again, replied to his questions, in these words: �If this ship is not more to me than Ithaca and my home, if I revere Aeneas less than my father, let me gaze at Polyphemus once more, with his gaping mouth dripping human blood. I can never thank Aeneas enough, even if I offered my all. Could I forget, or be ungrateful for, the fact that I speak and breathe and see the sky and the sun�s glory? Aeneas granted that my life did not end in the monster�s jaws, and when I leave the light of day, now, I shall be buried in the tomb, not, indeed, in its belly.
�What were my feelings, then (if fear had not robbed me of all sense and feeling), abandoned, seeing you making for the open sea? I wanted to shout to you, but feared to reveal myself to the enemy. Indeed, Ulysses�s shout nearly wrecked your vessel. I watched as Cyclops tore an enormous boulder from the mountainside, and threw it into the midst of the waves. I watched again as he hurled huge stones, as if from a catapult, using the power of his gigantic arms, and, forgetting I was not on board the ship, I was terrified that the waves and air they displaced would sink her.
�When you escaped by flight from certain death, Polyphemus roamed over the whole of Aetna, groaning, and groping through the woods with his hands, stumbling, bereft of his sight, among the rocks. Stretching out his arms, spattered with blood, to the sea, he cursed the Greek race like the plague, saying: �O, if only chance would return Ulysses to me, or one of his companions, on whom I could vent my wrath, whose entrails I could eat, whose living body I could tear with my hands, whose blood could fill my gullet, and whose torn limbs could quiver between my teeth: the damage to me of my lost sight would count little or nothing then!�
�Fiercely he shouted, this and more. I was pale with fear, looking at his face still dripping with gore, his cruel hands, the empty eye-socket, his limbs and beard coated with human blood. Death was in front of my eyes, but that was still the least of evils. Now he�ll catch me, I thought, now he�ll merge my innards with his own, and the image stuck in my mind of the moment when I saw him hurl two of my friends against the ground, three, four times, and crouching over them like a shaggy lion, he filled his greedy jaws with flesh and entrails, bones full of white marrow, and warm limbs.
�Trembling seized me: I stood there, pale and downcast, watching him chew and spit out his bloody feast, vomiting up lumps of matter, mixed with wine. I imagined a like fate was being prepared for my wretched self. I hid for many days, trembling at every sound, scared of dying but longing to be dead, staving off hunger with acorns, and a mixture of leaves and grasses, alone, without help or hope, left to torture and death.
After a long stretch of time, I spied this ship far off, begging them by gestures to rescue me, and ran to the shore and moved their pity: a Trojan ship received a Greek!
Now, dearest of comrades, tell me of your fortunes too, and of your leader, and the company that has entrusted itself to the sea with you.�
Macareus spoke of how Aeolus ruled the Tuscan deep, Aeolus son of Hippotes, imprisoning the winds. Ulysses, the Dulichian leader, had received them from him, an amazing gift, fastened up, in a bull�s hide bag. Sailing for nine days, with a favourable wind, Ulysses and his crew spied the homelands they sought, but when the tenth morning came, his comrades were conquered by greed and desire for their share: thinking the bag contained gold, they loosened the strings that tied up the winds. The ship was blown back over the waters, through which they had come, and, once more, entered King Aeolus�s harbour.
�From there,� Macareus said, �we came to the ancient city of Lamus, of the Laestrygonians: Antiphates was now king in that land. I was sent to him with two companions. One of my friends and myself, fleeing, barely reached safety. The third reddened the Laestrygonians� evil mouths with his blood. Antiphates chased us as we ran for it, urging his men on. They rushed us, hurling rocks and tree-trunks, drowning the men, and sinking the ships. The one which Ulysses himself, and I sailed in, escaped.
�Mourning our lost companions, lamenting greatly, we came to that land you see, in the distance, (believe me the island I saw is best seen from a distance!) and I warn you, O most virtuous of Trojans, son of the goddess, (since the war is over now, I will not treat you as an enemy, Aeneas) shun the shores of Circe! We, likewise, beaching our vessel, refused to go on, remembering Antiphates, and savage Cyclops: but we were chosen by lot to explore the unknown place. I, and the loyal Polites, and also Eurylochus, and Elpenor, too fond of wine, and eighteen others of my comrades, were sent within Circe�s walls.
�We had no sooner arrived, and were standing on the threshold of her courts, when a thousand wolves, and. mixed with the wolves. she-bears and lionesses rushed at us, filling us with terror. But there was nothing to be afraid of: none of them gave our bodies a single scratch. Why they even wagged their tails in the air with affection, and fawned on us, as they followed our footsteps, until female servants received us, and led us, through halls covered with marble, to their mistress.
�She sat in a lovely inner room on her sacred throne, wearing a shining robe, covered over with a gold-embroidered veil. Nereids and nymphs were with her, who do not work wool with nimble fingers, nor, then, spin the thread: they arrange herbs, scattered without order, separating flowers and grasses of various colours, into baskets. She herself directs the work they do: she herself knows the use of each leaf, which kinds mix in harmony, examines them, and pays attention to the weighings of the herbs.
�When she saw us, and words of welcome had been received, she smiled at us, and seemed to give a blessing to our desires. Without delay she ordered a drink to be blended, of malted barley, honey, strong wine, and curdled milk, to which she secretly added juices, that its sweetness would hide. We took the cup offered by her sacred hand. As soon as we had drained it, thirstily, with parched lips, the dread goddess touched the top of our hair with her wand, and then (I am ashamed, but I will tell you) I began to bristle with hair, unable to speak now, giving out hoarse grunts instead of words, and to fall forward, completely facing the ground.
�I felt my mouth stiffening into a long snout, my neck swelling with brawn, and I made tracks on the ground, with the parts that had just now lifted the cup to my mouth. I was shut in a sty with the others in the same state (so much can magic drugs achieve!) We saw that only Eurylochus had escaped the transformation: the only one to avoid the proffered cup. If he had not refused, I would even now be one of the bristly herd, since Ulysses would not have heard of our plight from him, or come to Circe, as our avenger.
�Peace-loving Cyllenian Mercury had given him the white flower, the gods call moly, that springs from a black root. With this, and divine warnings, he entered Circe�s house in safety, and, when he was asked to drink from the fateful cup, he struck aside the wand, with which she tried to stroke his hair, and scared off the frightened goddess, with drawn sword. Then they gave their right hands to each other, as a pledge of good faith, and after being received into her bed as her husband, he asked for his friends true bodies to be restored, as a wedding gift.
�We were sprinkled with the more virtuous juices of unknown herbs, our heads were stroked with the wand reversed, and the words, she had said, were pronounced, with the words said backwards. The more words she spoke, the more we stood erect, lifted from the ground. Our bristles fell away, our cloven hoofs lost their cleft, our shoulders reappeared, and below them were our upper and lower arms. Weeping we embraced him, as he wept himself, and clung to our leader�s neck, and nothing was said until we had testified to our gratitude.
�We stayed there for a year, and, in that length of time, I saw and heard many things. Here is one told me, in secret, by one of the four female servants, dedicated to those earlier tasks. While Circe was tarrying alone with our leader, the girl showed me the statue of a young man, carved out of snow-white marble, with a woodpecker�s head on top. It stood in a holy temple, distinguished by many wreaths. I asked, as I wished to know, who it was, and why he was worshipped in a holy temple, and why he bore a bird�s head. She said �Listen, Macareus, and learn, as well, how great is my mistress�s power: keep your mind on my words!
PICUS AND CANENS
��Picus, the son of Saturn, was king in the land of Ausonia, and loved horses trained for war. The hero�s appearance was as you see it there. Though, if you looked at his beauty itself, you would approve the true and not the imaginary form. His spirit equalled his looks. In age, he had not yet seen four of the five-yearly Games at Elis in Greece. He had turned the heads of the dryads born on the hills of Latium: the nymphs of the fountains pursued him, and the naiads; those that live in the Tiber; and in the River Numicius; in Anio�s streams; and the brief course of the Almo; the rushing Nar; and Farfar of dense shadows; and those who haunt the wooded pool of Scythian Diana, and its neighbouring lakes.
��But, spurning them all, he loved one nymph alone, whom, it is said, Venilia once bore, on the Palatine hill, to two-faced Janus. She, when she had grown to marriageable age, was given to Picus of Laurentum, preferred of all her suitors. She was of rare beauty, but rarer her gift of song, so that she was called Canens. She could move the rocks and trees with her singing, make wild beasts gentle, halt wide rivers, and detain the wandering birds. One day when she was singing her song, with a girl�s expressiveness, Picus left home to hunt the native wild boar, in the Laurentian fields. Astride the back of an eager mount, he carried two hunting spears in his left hand, and wore a Greek military cloak, dyed crimson, fastened with a golden brooch.
��Sol�s daughter had come to those same woods, leaving the fields, called Circean from her name, to cull fresh herbs in the fertile hills. As soon as she saw the youth from the cover of a thicket, she was stunned: the herbs she had culled fell from her hand, and flames seemed to reach to her very marrow. As soon as she had recovered rational thought after the wave of passion, she wanted to own to her desires, but she could not reach him, because of his horse�s speed, and his crowd of companions. �Though the wind take you, you will not escape,� she cried, �if I know my skill, if the power of herbs has not completely vanished, and my incantations do not fail.� Saying this, she conjured up a bodiless phantom boar, and commanded it to cross under the king�s very eyes, and seem to enter a dense grove of trees, where the woods were thickest, and the place was impenetrable to horses. Instantly, and unwittingly, without a moment�s delay, Picus, followed his shadowy prey, and, quickly leaping from the back of his foaming mount, he roamed, on foot, through the deep wood, chasing an empty promise.
��Circe recited curses, and spoke magic words, worshipping unknown gods, with unknown incantations, by which she used to dim the face of the bright moon, and veil her father�s orb, with moisture-loving cloud.
��Now, also, by her song, the sky is darkened, and the earth breathes out fog, and his companions wander on blind trails, and the king�s protection is lost. Having made the time and place, she says: �O, by those eyes, that have captured mine, and by that beauty, most handsome of youths, that has made a goddess suppliant to you, think of my passion, and accept the sun, who sees all things, as your father-in-law. Do not, unfeelingly, despise Circe, daughter of Titan.�
��She spoke: he fiercely rejected her and her entreaties, and said: �Whoever you may be, I am not for you. Another has captured my love and holds me, and I hope she will hold me forever. While the fates guard Canens, Janus�s daughter, for me, I will not harm our bond of affection by an alien love. Repeating her entreaties, time and again, in vain, Circe cried: �You will not go unpunished, or return to your Canens, and you will learn the truth of what the wounded; a lover; a woman, can do: and Circe is a lover; is wounded; is a woman!�
��Then twice to the west, twice to the east, she turned; thrice touched the youth with her wand, thrice spoke an incantation. He ran, but was surprised to find himself running faster than before: he saw wings appear on his body. Angered at his sudden transformation to a strange bird in the woods of Latium, he pecked at the rough oak wood with his hard beak, and in fury wounded the long branches. The feathers of his crown and nape took on the colour of his crimson cloak, and what had been a golden brooch, pinning his clothes, became plumage, and his neck was surrounded behind by green-gold. Nothing was left to Picus of his former being, except his name.
��Meanwhile, his companions came upon Circe, after calling for Picus through the fields, often, and uselessly� (she had now thinned the mist, and dispersed the clouds with winds, and revealed the sun). They pressed true charges against her; demanded the king; showed force; and prepared to attack her with deadly spears. She sprinkled them with harmful drugs and poisonous juices, summoning Night and the gods of Night, from Erebus and Chaos, and calling on Hecate with long wailing cries.
��Marvellous to say, the trees tore from their roots, the earth rumbled, the surrounding woods turned white, and the grass she sprinkled was wet with drops of blood. And the stones seemed to emit harsh groans, and dogs to bark, and the ground to crawl with black snakes, and the ghostly shades of the dead to hover. The terrified band shuddered at these monstrosities. She touched the fearful, stunned, faces with her wand, and, at its contact, the monstrous forms of various wild beasts appeared, as the warriors were transformed: none of them retained his human form.
��Now Phoebus, setting, dyed the shores of Spain, and Canens was looking, in vain, for her husband, with her eyes and in her thoughts. Her servants, and her people, ran through the woods to meet him, carrying torches. The nymph was not satisfied with weeping, and tearing at her hair, and beating her breast (though she did all those things) and she rushed out herself, and roamed madly through the fields of Latium. Six nights, and as many returns of the sun�s light, found her wandering, without food or sleep, through valleys and hills, wherever chance lead her.
��Tiber was last to see her, as she lay down, weary with grief and journeying, on his wide banks. There, she poured out her words of grief, tearfully, in faint tones, in harmony with sadness, just as the swan sings once, in dying, its own funeral song.� At the last she melted away, wasted by grief, liquefied to the marrow, little by little vanishing into thin air. But her story is signified by the place, that the Muses of old, fittingly, called Canens, from the nymph�s name.�
�I heard many such stories, and saw many things throughout that long year. Sluggish and torpid, through inactivity, we were commanded to spread the sails and travel the seas again. Circe, the Titan�s daughter, had told us of the fierce dangers of the seas to come, the dangerous channels, and the vast reaches: I confess I was afraid, and finding this shore, I clung to it.� Macareus had done.
Aeneas�s nurse, Caieta, was interred in a marble urn, having a brief epitaph carved on her tomb:
HERE HE WHOM I, CAIETA, NURSED, WHO, NOTED FOR HIS PIETY, SAVED ME FROM ACHAEAN FIRE, AS IS RIGHT, CREMATED ME.
Freeing their cables from the grassy shore, and keeping far away from the treacherous island and the home of the infamous goddess, the Trojans sought the groves where dark-shadowed Tiber, rushes, yellow with sand, to the sea. There, Aeneas won the daughter, Lavinia, and the kingdom of Latinus, son of Faunus, but not without a battle.
Turnus fights with fury for his promised bride, and war is waged with a fierce people. All Etruria clashes with Latium, and for a long time, with anxious struggle, hard-fought victory is looked for. Both sides add to their strength with outside aid, and many support the Rutuli, many others the Trojan camp.
Aeneas did not seek help from Evander in vain, but Venulus, sent by Turnus, had no profit from the city of exiled Diomede. He had founded a major city, Arpi, in Daunus�s kingdom of Iapygia, and held the country given him as a dowry. When Venulus had done as Turnus commanded and asked for help, Diomede, Aetolia�s hero, pleaded lack of resources as an excuse: he did not wish to commit himself or his father-in-law�s people, nor had he any men of his own race he could arm. �So that you do not think that these are lies,� he said, �I will endure the telling of my story patiently, though its mention renews my bitter grief.�
When high Ilium had been burned, and Pergama had fed the Greek fires, and when Ajax, hero of Naryx, had brought down, on us all, the virgin goddess Minerva�s punishment, that he alone deserved, for the rape of virgin Cassandra, we Greeks were taken, and scattered by storms, over the hostile seas. We suffered lightning, darkness, and storms, the anger of sea and sky, and Cape Caphereus, the culminating disaster. Not to waste time by telling you our sad misfortunes one by one, the Greeks then might even have appeared to warrant Priam�s tears. Warrior Minerva�s saving care for me, however, rescued me from the waves. But I was driven from my native country again, for gentle Venus, remembering the wound I had once given her, exacted punishment. I suffered such great toils in the deep sea, such conflicts on land, that I often called those happy whom the storm, that we shared, and the troubled waters, of Caphereus, drowned, and I longed to have been one of them.�
�Now my friends lost heart, having endured ultimate misery in war and on the sea, and begged me to end our wanderings. But fiery-natured Acmon, truly exasperated by our disasters, said: �What is left, indeed, men, that your patience would not bear? What more could Cytherean Venus do, do you think, if she wished to? When we fear the worst there is a place for prayer, but when our lot is worst, fear is under our feet, and at the height of misfortune we are unconcerned. Though she herself should hear me, though she should hate, as she does, all those under Diomede�s command, yet we all scorn her hatred. Great powers hardly count as great to us.�
Acmon of Pleuron goaded Venus with these insulting words, and rekindled her former anger. Few of us approved of what he said: the majority of his friends reproved him, and when he tried to answer, his voice and throat grew attenuated; his hair turned to plumage; and plumage covered his newly formed neck, chest and back. His arms received large feathers, and his elbows twisted to form swift wings; his toes took up most of his feet, and his face hardened and stiffened like horn, and ended in a pointed beak. Lycus, and Idas, Rhexenor, Nycteus and Abas, marvelled at him, and while they marvelled, they took the same form. The larger number of the flock rose, and circled the oarsmen on beating wings. If you ask the shape of these suddenly created birds, they were like white swans, though they were not swans. Now I can scarcely hold this house, and its parched fields, as Daunus of Iapygia�s son-in-law, with this tiny remnant of my friends.�
METAMORPHOSES RELATED TO AENEAS
So said Diomede, grandson of Oeneus of Calydon. Venulus left that kingdom passing the Peucetian valleys, and the fields of Messapia. Here he came across a cave, dark with trees, and masked by slender reeds, that now is held by the goat-god Pan, but once was held by the nymphs. A shepherd from that region of Apulia scared them to flight, at first, suddenly inspiring terror in them. When they had collected their wits, scornful of their pursuer, they returned to their dancing, feet skipping to the measure.
The shepherd mocked them, leaping wildly in imitation, and adding foul language, with coarse abuse. Nor was his mouth silent till tree-bark imprisoned his throat: he is indeed a tree: you may know its character, by the taste of its fruit that bears the mark of his speech in the wild olives� bitterness. The sharpness of his words has entered them.
When the ambassadors returned, saying that Aetolia�s arms were denied them, the Rutuli pursued war without their help, and much blood was spilled on both sides. Turnus attacked the pinewood ships, with devouring fire, and the Trojans feared to lose by fire what the sea had spared. Now Mulciber�s flames burned the pitch and wax, and other fuel, and climbed the tall masts to the sails, and the thwarts across the curved hulls were smouldering, when Cybele, the sacred mother of the gods, remembering that these pines were felled on Mount Ida�s summit, filled the air with the clashing throb of bronze cymbals, and the shrilling of boxwood flutes. Carried through the clear air by tame lions, she cried out: �Turnus, you hurl those firebrands, with sacrilegious hands, in vain! I will save: I will not allow the devouring fire to burn what was part of my woods and belongs to me.�
As the goddess spoke it thundered, and, after the thunder, heavy rain, and leaping hail, fell, and the winds, the brothers, sons of Astraeus the Titan by Aurora, troubled the air and the sea, swollen by the sudden onrush, and joined the conflict. The all-sustaining mother goddess, used the force of one of them, and broke the hempen cables of the Trojan ships, drove them headlong, and sank them in the deep ocean.
Their rigidity softened, and their wood turned to flesh; the curved sternposts turned into heads; the oars into fingers and legs, swimming; the sides of each vessel became flanks, and the submerged keel down the ship�s middle turned into a spine; the cordage became soft hair, the yards were arms; and their dusky colour was as before. Naiads of the waters, they play, in the waves they used to fear, and born on the hills they frequent the gentle sea, and their origin does not affect them. Yet not forgetting how many dangers they have often endured on the ocean, they often place their hands beneath storm-tossed boats, unless they have carried Greeks. Remembering, as yet, the Trojan disaster, they hate the Pelasgians and with joyful faces they saw the wreckage of Ulysses�s ship, and with joyful faces they saw King Alcinous�s vessel become a rock, its wood turning to stone.
There was hope that the Rutuli, in awe of the wonder of the Trojan fleet being turned into sea-nymphs, would abandon the war. It continued, and both sides had gods to help them, and courage that is worth as much as the gods� assistance. Now they were not seeking a kingdom as a dowry, nor a father-in-law�s sceptre, nor you, virgin Lavinia, but to win: and they waged war because they were ashamed to surrender. At length Turnus fell, and Venus saw her son�s weapons victorious. Ardea fell, spoken of as a power while Turnus lived. After the savage fires had destroyed it, and warm ashes buried its houses, a bird flew from the ruins, one now seen for the first time, and beat at the embers with flapping wings. Its cry, its leanness, its pallor, everything that fitted the captured city, even its name, ardea, the heron, survived in the bird: and in the beating of its wings, Ardea mourns itself.
Aeneas�s virtues had compelled all the gods, even Juno herself, to bring to an end their ancient feud, and since his young son Julus�s fortunes were firmly founded, Cytherea�s heroic son was ripe for heaven. Venus had sought the opinion of the gods, and throwing her arms round her father�s neck, had said �You have never been harsh to me, father, now be kindest of all, I beg you. Grant my Aeneas, who claims you as his grandfather through my bloodline, some divinity, however little - you choose - so long as you grant him something! It is enough that he once gazed on the hateful kingdom, once crossed the steams of Styx.� The gods agreed, and Juno, the royal consort, did not display her severe expression, but consented peacefully. Then Jupiter said: �You are worthy of this divine gift, you who ask, as is he for whom you ask it: my daughter, possess what you desire!�
The word was spoken: with joy she thanked her father, and drawn by her team of doves through the clear air, she came to the coast of Laurentum, where the waters of the River Numicius, hidden by reeds, wind down to the neighbouring sea. She ordered the river-god to cleanse Aeneas, of whatever was subject to death, and bear it away, in his silent course, into the depths of the ocean. The horned god executed Venus�s orders, and purged Aeneas of whatever was mortal, and dispersed it on the water: what was best in him remained. Once purified, his mother anointed his body with divine perfume, touched his lips with a mixture of sweet nectar and ambrosia, and made him a god, whom the Romans named Indiges, admitting him to their temples and altars.
After that the Alban and Latin kingdom had both names under Ascanius. Silvius succeeded him, whose son claimed the name Latinus, with the sceptre. The famous Alba followed Latinus, and then Epytus inherited. After him came first Capys, and then Capetus. Tiberinus inherited the kingdom from them, who, drowning in the waters of that Tuscan stream, gave his name to the River Tiber. His sons were Acrota the warrior, and Remulus. The elder Remulus was killed by a lightning-bolt, when trying to portray the lightning. Acrota, more restrained than his brother, passed the sceptre to brave Aventinus, who lies buried on the very hill where he reigned, and has given his name to it, the Aventine hill. And then Proca had the rule of the Palatine people.
Pomona lived in this king�s reign. No other hamadryad, of the wood nymphs of Latium, tended the gardens more skilfully or was more devoted to the orchards� care, hence her name. She loved the fields and the branches loaded with ripe apples, not the woods and rivers. She carried a curved pruning knife, not a javelin, with which she cut back the luxuriant growth, and lopped the branches spreading out here and there, now splitting the bark and inserting a graft, providing sap from a different stock for the nursling. She would not allow them to suffer from being parched, watering, in trickling streams, the twining tendrils of thirsty root. This was her love, and her passion, and she had no longing for desire. Still fearing boorish aggression, she enclosed herself in an orchard, and denied an entrance, and shunned men.
What did the Satyrs, fitted by their youth for dancing, not do to possess her, and the Pans with pine-wreathed horns, and Silvanus, always younger than his years, and Priapus, the god who scares off thieves, with his pruning hook or his phallus? But Vertumnus surpassed them all, even, in his love, though he was no more fortunate than them. O how often, disguised as an uncouth reaper, he would bring her a basket filled with ears of barley, and he was the perfect image of a reaper! Often he would display his forehead bound with freshly cut hay, and might seem to have been tossing the new-mown grass. Often he would be carrying an ox-goad in his stiff hand, so that you would swear he had just unyoked his weary team. Given a knife he was a dresser and pruner of vines: he would carry a ladder: you would think he�d be picking apples. He was a soldier with a sword, or a fisherman taking up his rod.
In short, by his many disguises, he frequently gained admittance, and found joy, gazing at her beauty. Once, he even covered his head with a coloured scarf, and leaning on a staff, with a wig of grey hair, imitated an old woman. He entered the well-tended garden, and admiring the fruit, said: �You are so much more lovely�, and gave her a few congratulatory kisses, as no true old woman would have done. He sat on the flattened grass, looking at the branches bending, weighed down with autumn fruit. There was a specimen elm opposite, covered with gleaming bunches of grapes. After he had praised it, and its companion vine, he said: �But if that tree stood there, unmated, without its vine, it would not be sought after for more than its leaves, and the vine also, which is joined to and rests on the elm, would lie on the ground, if it were not married to it, and leaning on it.
But you are not moved by this tree�s example, and you shun marriage, and do not care to be wed. I wish that you did! Helen would not have had more suitors to trouble her, or Hippodamia, who caused the Lapithae problems, or Penelope, wife of that Ulysses, who was delayed too long at the war. Even now a thousand men want you, and the demi-gods and the gods, and the divinities that haunt the Alban hills, though you shun them and turn away from their wooing. But if you are wise, if you want to marry well, and listen to this old woman, that loves you more than you think, more than them all, reject their vulgar offers, and choose Vertumnus to share your bed! You have my assurance as well: he is not better known to himself than he is to me: he does not wander here and there in the wide world: he lives on his own in this place: and he does not love the latest girl he has seen, as most of your suitors do.
You will be his first love, and you will be his last, and he will devote his life only to you. And then he is young, is blessed with natural charm, can take on a fitting appearance, and whatever is ordered, though you ask all, he will do. Besides, that which you love the same, those apples you cherish, he is the first to have, and with joy holds your gifts in his hand! But he does not desire now the fruit of your trees, or the sweet juice of your herbs: he desires nothing but you. Take pity on his ardour, and believe that he, who seeks you, is begging you, in person, through my mouth. Fear the vengeful gods, and Idalian Venus, who hates the hard-hearted, and Rhamnusian Nemesis, her inexorable wrath! That you may fear them more (since my long life has given me knowledge of many tales) I will tell you a story, famous through all of Cyprus, by which you might easily be swayed and softened.�
ANAXARETE TRANSFORMED
�Once, Iphis, a youth, born of humble stock, saw noble Anaxarete, of the blood of Teucer, saw her, and felt the fire of passion in every bone. He fought it for a long time, but when he could not conquer his madness by reason, he came begging at her threshold. Now he would confess his sorry love to her nurse, asking her not to be hard on him, by the hopes she had for her darling. At other times he flattered each of her many attendants, with enticing words, seeking their favourable disposition. Often he gave them messages to carry to her, in the form of fawning letters. Sometimes he hung garlands on her doorpost wet with his tears, and lay with his soft flank on the hard threshold, complaining at the pitiless bolts barring the way.
But she spurned, and mocked, him, crueler than the surging sea, when the Kids set; harder than steel tempered in the fires of Noricum; or natural rock still rooted to its bed. And she added proud, insolent words to harsh actions, robbing her lover of hope, as well. Unable to endure the pain of his long torment, Iphis spoke these last words before her door. �You have conquered, Anaxarete, and you will not have to suffer any tedium on my account. Devise glad triumphs, and sing the Paean of victory, and wreathe your brow with shining laurel! You have conquered, and I die gladly: now, heart of steel, rejoice! Now you will have something to praise about my love, something that pleases you. Remember that my love for you did not end before life itself, and that I lose twin lights in one.
No mere rumour will come to you to announce my death: have no doubt, I myself will be there, visibly present, so you can feast your savage eyes on my lifeless corpse. Yet, if you, O gods, see what mortals do, let me be remembered (my tongue can bear to ask for nothing more), and suffer my tale to be told, in future ages, and grant, to my fame, the years, you have taken from my life.�
He spoke, and lifted his tear-filled eyes to the doorposts he had often crowned with flowery garlands, and, raising his pale arms to them, tied a rope to the cross-beam, saying: �This wreath will please you, cruel and wicked, as you are!� Then he thrust his head in the noose, though, as he hung there, a pitiful burden, his windpipe crushed, even then he turned towards her. The drumming of his feet seemed to sound a request to enter, and when the door was opened it revealed what he had done.
The servants shrieked, and lifted him down, but in vain. Then they carried his body to his mother�s house (since his father was dead). She took him to her breast, and embraced her son�s cold limbs, and when she had said all the words a distraught father could say, and done the things distraught mothers do, weeping, she led his funeral procession through the heart of the city, carrying the pallid corpse, on a bier, to the pyre.
The sound of mourning rose to the ears of stony-hearted Anaxarete, her house chancing to be near the street, where the sad procession passed. Now a vengeful god roused her. Still, she was roused, and said: �Let us see this miserable funeral� and went to a rooftop room with open windows. She had barely looked at Iphis, lying on the bier, when her eyes grew fixed, and the warm blood left her pallid body. Trying to step backwards she was rooted: trying to turn her face away, also, she could not. Gradually the stone that had long existed in her heart possessed her body. If you think this is only a tale, Salamis still preserves the image of the lady as a statue, and also possesses a temple of Gazing Venus.�
Remember all this, O nymph of mine: put aside, I beg you, reluctant pride, and yield to your lover. Then the frost will not sear your apples in the bud, nor the storm winds scatter them in flower.�
When Vertumnus, the god, disguised in the shape of the old woman, had spoken, but to no effect, he went back to being a youth, and threw off the dress of an old woman, and appeared to Pomona, in the glowing likeness of the sun, when it overcomes contending clouds, and shines out, unopposed. He was ready to force her: but no force was needed, and the nymph captivated by the form of the god, felt a mutual passion.
Now unjust Amulius rules Ausonia, by means of military power, and old Numitor, with his grandson Romulus�s help, captures the kingdom he has lost, and the city of Rome is founded, on the day of the Palilia.
The Sabine leaders, and their king Tatius, wage war, and Tarpeia who gives them access to the citadel, is punished as she deserves, stripped of her life, crushed by a heap of weapons.
Then the men of Cures, with hushed voices, silently, like wolves, overcome the Romans, whose bodies are lost in sleep, and attempt the gates that Romulus, son of Ilia, has closed, and firmly barred.
Saturnian Juno herself unbarred a gate, opening it silently on its hinges. Only Venus saw that the gate�s bars had dropped, and would have closed it, except that one god is never allowed to reverse the actions of another.
The Ausonian Naiads, owned a spot, adjoining the temple of Janus, moistened by a cold spring. Venus asked them for help: the nymphs did not refuse her just request, and elicited the aid of the streams, and watercourses, belonging to their fountain. But the pass of Janus was still not blocked, and the water did not bar the way: they placed yellow sulphur under their copious spring, and heated the hollow channels with burning pitch. By these and other means the vapour penetrated the depths of the spring, and you waters that a moment ago dared to compete with Alpine coldness, now did not concede to fire itself!
The twin gateposts smouldered under a fiery spray, and the gate, that vainly promised an entrance to the tough Sabines, was blocked by the new waters, while the Roman soldiers took up their weapons of war.
After this Romulus sallied out, and the Roman soil was strewn with the Sabine dead, and with Rome�s own, and the impious sword mixed the blood of son-in-law with the blood of father-in-law. Yet it was decided not to fight it out to the end, to let peace end war, and that Tatius should share the rule of Rome.
Tatius died, and you, Romulus, gave orders equally to both peoples. Mars, removing his helmet, addressed the father of gods and men in these words: �The time has come, lord, to grant the reward (that you promised to me and your deserving grandson), since the Roman state is strong, on firm foundations, and does not depend on a single champion: free his spirit, and raising him from earth set him in the heavens. You once said to me, in person, at a council of the gods (since I am mindful of the gracious words I noted in my retentive mind), �There will be one who you will raise to azure heaven.� Let your words be ratified in full!�
Omnipotent Jupiter nodded, and, veiling the sky with dark clouds, he terrified men on earth with thunder and lightning. Mars knew this as a sign that ratified the promised ascension, and leaning on his spear, he vaulted, fearlessly, into his chariot, the horses straining at the blood-wet pole, and cracked the loud whip. Dropping headlong through the air, he landed on the summit of the wooded Palatine. There he caught up Romulus, son of Ilia, as he was dealing royal justice to his people. The king�s mortal body dissolved in the clear atmosphere, like the lead bullet, that often melts in mid-air, hurled by the broad thong of a catapult. Now he has beauty of form, and he is Quirinus, clothed in ceremonial robes, such a form as is worthier of the sacred high seats of the gods.
His wife, Hersilia, was mourning him as lost, when royal Juno ordered Iris to descend to her, by her rainbow path, and carry these commands, to the widowed queen: �O lady, glory of the Latin and Sabine peoples, worthy before to have been the wife of so great a hero, and now of Quirinus, dry your tears, and if it is your desire to see your husband, follow me and seek the grove, that flourishes on the Quirinal hill and shades the temple of Rome�s king.�
Iris obeyed, and gliding to earth along her many-coloured arch addressed Hersilia as she had been ordered. She, hardly raising her eyes, replied, modestly: �O goddess (since it is not easy for me to say who you are, but it is clear you are a goddess), lead on: O, lead on, and show me my husband�s face. If only the fates allow me to see him once, I shall declare I have been received in heaven.�
Without delay, she climbed to Romulus�s hill, with Iris, the virgin daughter of Thaumas. There a star fell, gliding from sky to earth, and Hersilia, hair set alight by its fire, vanishes with the star in the air. The founder of the Roman city receives her in his familiar embrace, and alters her former body and her name, and calls her Hora, who, a goddess now, is one with her Quirinus.
Book XV
English: Brookes More, 1922 · Latin: Hugo Magnus, 1892
Meanwhile the Romans looked for a leader, to bear the weight of such responsibility, and follow so great a king: Fame, the true harbinger, determined on the illustrious Numa for the throne. Not content with knowing the rituals of the Sabine people, with his capable mind he conceived a wider project, and delved into the nature of things. His love of these enquiries led him to leave his native Cures, and visit the city of Crotona, to which Hercules was friendly. When Numa asked who was the founder of this Greek city on Italian soil, one of the older inhabitants, not ignorant of the past, replied: �They say that Hercules, Jupiter�s son, back from the sea with the rich herds of Spain, happily came to the shore of Lacinium, and while his cattle strayed through the tender grass, he entered the house of the great Croton, a not inhospitable roof, and refreshed himself with rest, after his long labours, and, in leaving, said: �At a future time, there will be a city here, of your descendants.�
And the promise proved true, since there was one Myscelus, the son of Alemon of Argos, dearest to the gods of all his generation. Hercules, the club-bearer, leaning over him, spoke to him as he lay in a deep sleep: �Rise now, leave your native country: go, find the pebble-filled waves of Aesar!� and he threatened him with many and fearful things if he did not obey. Then the god and sleep vanished together. Alemon�s son rose, and, in silence, thought over the vision, fresh in his mind. He struggled in himself for a long time over the decision: the god ordered him to go: the law prohibited his going. Death was the penalty for the man who wished to change his nationality.
Bright Sol had hidden his shining face in Ocean�s stream, and Night had lifted her starriest face: the same god seemed to appear to him, to admonish him in the same way, and warn of worse and greater punishment if he did not obey. He was afraid, and prepared, at once, to transfer the sanctuary of his ancestors to a new place. There was talk in the city, and he was brought to trial, for showing contempt for the law. When the case against him had been presented, and it was evident the charge was proven, without needing witnesses, the wretched defendant, lifting his face and hands to heaven, cried: �O you, whose twelve labours gave you the right to heaven, help me, I beg you! Since you are the reason for my crime.�
The ancient custom was to vote using black and white pebbles: the black to condemn: the white to absolve from punishment. Now, also, the harsh verdict was determined in this way, and every pebble dropped into the pitiless urn was black: but when the urn was tipped over and the pebbles poured out for the count, their colour had changed from black to white, and, acquitted through the divine power of Hercules, Alemon�s son was freed.
He first gave thanks to that son of Amphitryon, his patron, and with favouring winds set sail on the Ionian Sea. He sailed by Neretum, of the Sallentines, Sybaris, and the Spartan colony of Tarentum, the bay of Siris, Crimisa, and the Iapygian fields. He had barely passed the lands that overlook those seas, when he came, by destiny, to the mouth of the river Aesar, and near it the tumulus beneath which the earth covered the sacred bones of Croton. He founded the city of Crotona there, in the land commanded by the god, and derived the name of the city from him, whom the tumulus held. Such were the established beginnings, according to reliable tradition, of that place, and the cause of the city�s being sited on Italian soil.
There was a man here, Pythagoras, a Samian by birth, who had fled Samos and its rulers, and, hating their tyranny, was living in voluntary exile. Though the gods were far away, he visited their region of the sky, in his mind, and what nature denied to human vision he enjoyed with his inner eye. When he had considered every subject, through concentrated thought, he communicated it widely in public, teaching the silent crowds, who listened in wonder to his words, concerning the origin of the vast universe, and of the causes of things; and what the physical world is; what the gods are; where the snows arise; what the origin of lightning is; whether Jupiter, or the storm-winds, thunder from colliding clouds; what shakes the earth; by what laws the stars move; and whatever else is hidden; and he was the first to denounce the serving of animal flesh at table; the first voice, wise but not believed in, to say, for example, in words like these :
�Human beings, stop desecrating your bodies with impious foodstuffs. There are crops; there are apples weighing down the branches; and ripening grapes on the vines; there are flavoursome herbs; and those that can be rendered mild and gentle over the flames; and you do not lack flowing milk; or honey fragrant from the flowering thyme. The earth, prodigal of its wealth, supplies you with gentle sustenance, and offers you food without killing or shedding blood.
�Flesh satisfies the wild beast�s hunger, though not all of them, since horses, sheep and cattle live on grasses, but those that are wild and savage: Armenian tigers, raging lions, and wolves and bears, enjoy food wet with blood. Oh, how wrong it is for flesh to be made from flesh; for a greedy body to fatten, by swallowing another body; for one creature to live by the death of another creature! So amongst such riches, that earth, the greatest of mothers, yields, you are not happy unless you tear, with cruel teeth, at pitiful wounds, recalling Cyclops�s practice, and you cannot satisfy your voracious appetite, and your restless hunger, unless you destroy other life!
�But that former age, that we call golden, was happy with the fruit from the trees, and the herbs the earth produced, and did not defile its lips with blood. Then birds winged their way through the air in safety, and hares wandered, unafraid, among the fields, and its own gullibility did not hook the fish: all was free from trickery, and fearless of any guile, and filled with peace. But once someone, whoever he was, the author of something unfitting, envied the lion�s prey, and stuffed his greedy belly with fleshy food, he paved the way for crime. It may be that, from the first, weapons were warm and bloodstained from the killing of wild beasts, but that would have been enough: I admit that creatures that seek our destruction may be killed without it being a sin, but while they may be killed, they still should not be eaten.
�From that, the wickedness spread further, and it is thought that the pig was first considered to merit slaughter because it rooted up the seeds with its broad snout, and destroyed all hope of harvest. The goat was led to death, at the avenging altar, for browsing the vines of Bacchus. These two suffered for their crimes! What did you sheep do, tranquil flocks, born to serve man, who bring us sweet milk in full udders, who give us your wool to make soft clothing, who give us more by your life than you grant us by dying? What have the oxen done, without guile or deceit, harmless, simple, born to endure labour?
�He is truly thankless, and not worthy of the gift of corn, who could, in a moment, remove the weight of the curved plough, and kill his labourer, striking that work-worn neck with his axe, that has helped turn the hard earth as many times as the earth yielded harvest. It is not enough to have committed such wickedness: they involve the gods in crime, and believe that the gods above delight in the slaughter of suffering oxen! A victim of outstanding beauty, and without blemish (since to be pleasing is harmful), distinguished by sacrificial ribbons and gold, is positioned in front of the altar, and listens, unknowingly, to the prayers, and sees the corn it has laboured to produce, scattered between its horns, and, struck down, stains with blood those knives that it has already caught sight of, perhaps, reflected in the clear water.
�Immediately they inspect the lungs, ripped from the still-living chest, and from them find out the will of the gods. On this (so great is man�s hunger for forbidden food) you feed, O human race! Do not, I beg you, and concentrate your minds on my admonitions! When you place the flesh of slaughtered cattle in your mouths, know and feel, that you are devouring your fellow-creature.
�Now, since a god moves my lips, I will follow, with due rite, the god who moves those lips, and reveal my beloved Delphi and the heavens themselves, and unlock the oracles of that sublime mind. I will speak of mighty matters, not fathomed by earlier greatness, things long hidden. I delight in journeying among the distant stars: I delight in leaving earth and its dull spaces, to ride the clouds; to stand on the shoulders of mighty Atlas, looking down from far off on men, wandering here and there, devoid of knowledge, anxious, fearing death; to read the book of fate, and to give them this encouragement!
�O species, stunned by your terror of chill death, why fear the Styx, why fear the ghosts and empty names, the stuff of poets, the spectres of a phantom world? Do not imagine you can suffer any evil, whether your bodies are consumed by the flames of the funeral pyre, or by wasting age! Souls are free from death, and always, when they have left their previous being, they live in new dwelling-places, and inhabit what received them. I myself (for I remember) was Euphorbus, son of Pantho�s, at the time of the Trojan War, in whose chest was pinned the heavy spear of the lesser Atrides, Menela�s. I recognised the shield I used to carry on my left arm, recently, in the temple of Juno at Argos, city of Abas!
�Everything changes, nothing dies: the spirit wanders, arriving here or there, and occupying whatever body it pleases, passing from a wild beast into a human being, from our body into a beast, but is never destroyed. As pliable wax, stamped with new designs, is no longer what it was; does not keep the same form; but is still one and the same; I teach that the soul is always the same, but migrates into different forms. So, I say as a seer, cease to make kindred spirits homeless, by wicked slaughter: do not let blood be nourished by blood!
�Since I have embarked on the wide ocean, and given full sails to the wind, I say there is nothing in the whole universe that persists. Everything flows, and is formed as a fleeting image. Time itself, also, glides, in its continual motion, no differently than a river. For neither the river, nor the swift hour can stop: but as wave impels wave, and as the prior wave is chased by the coming wave, and chases the one before, so time flees equally, and, equally, follows, and is always new. For what was before is left behind: and what was not comes to be: and each moment is renewed.
�You see the nights� traverses tend towards day, and brilliant light follow the dark of night. The sky has a different colour when all weary things are at rest, at midnight, than when bright Lucifer appears on his white charger, and alters again when Aurora, herald of the dawn, stains the world she bequeaths to Phoebus. The shield of the god himself is red, when it rises from beneath the earth, and still red, when it is hidden below the earth, again: but is white at the zenith, because there the atmosphere is purer, and it escapes far from the contagion of earth. And Diana, the moon, can never have the same or similar form, and is always less today than tomorrow if her orb is waxing, greater if it is waning.
�Do you not see that the year displays four aspects, passing through them, in a semblance of our life? For spring, in its new life, is tender and sap-filled, and like a child: then the shoots are fresh and growing, delicate, without substance, quickening the farmer�s hopes. Then everything blossoms, the kindly land is a riot of brightly coloured flowers, but the leaves are still not strong. From spring, the year, grown stronger, moves to summer, and becomes a powerful man: no season is sturdier, or more expansive, than this, or shines more richly. Autumn comes, when the ardour of youth has gone, ripe and mellow, between youth and age, a scattering of grey on its forehead. Then trembling winter, with faltering steps, its hair despoiled, or, what it has, turned white.
�And our bodies themselves are always, restlessly, changing: we shall not be, tomorrow, what we were, or what we are. There was a time when we were hidden in our first mother�s womb, only the seed and promise of a human being: nature applied her skilful hands, and, unwilling for our bodies to be buried, cramped in our mother�s swollen belly, expelled us from our home, into the empty air. Born into the light, the infant lay there, powerless: but soon it scrambled on all fours like a wild creature, then, gradually, helped by a supporting harness, it stood, uncertainly, on shaky legs. From that point, it grew strong and swift, and passed through its span of youth.
�When the middle years are also done, life takes the downward path of declining age. Milon, the athlete, grown old, cries when he looks at those weak and flabby arms, that were once, like those of Hercules, a solid mass of muscle. Helen, the daughter of Tyndareus, also weeps, when she sees an old woman�s wrinkles in the glass, and asks why she has been twice ravaged.� Devouring Time, and you, jealous Age, consume everything, and slowly gnawing at them, with your teeth, little by little, consign all things to eternal death!
�Even the things we call elements do not persist. Apply your concentration, and I will teach the changes, they pass through. The everlasting universe contains four generative states of matter. Of these, two, earth and water, are heavy, and sink lower, under their own weight. The other two lack heaviness, and, if not held down, they seek height: that is air, and fire, purer than air. Though they are distinct in space, nevertheless they are all derived from one another, and resolve into one another. Earth, melting, is dilated to clear water: the moisture, rarified, changes to wind and air: then air, losing further weight, in the highest regions shines out as fire, the most rarified of all. Then they return, in reverse, revealing the same series of changes. Since fire, condenses, turns into denser air, and this to water, and water, contracted, solidifies as earth.
�Nothing keeps its own form, and Nature, the renewer of things, refreshes one shape from another. Believe me, nothing dies in the universe as a whole, but it varies and changes its aspect, and what we call �being born� is a beginning to be, of something other, than what was before, and �dying� is, likewise, ending a former state. Though, �that� perhaps is transferred here, and �this�, there, the total sum is constant.
�For my part, I would have thought that nothing lasts for long with the same appearance. So the ages changed from gold to iron, and so the fortunes of places have altered. I have seen myself what was once firm land, become the sea: I have seen earth made from the waters: and seashells lie far away from the ocean, and an ancient anchor has been found on a mountaintop. The down rush of waters has made what was once a plain into a valley, and hills, by the deluge have been washed to the sea. Marshy land has drained to parched sand, and what was once thirsty ground filled with a marshy pool.
�Here, Nature generates fresh springs, and there seals them up, and rivers, released by deep earthquakes, burst out or dry up, and sink. So when the Lycus is swallowed by a chasm in the earth, it emerges far off, reborn, from a different source. So, engulfed, flowing as a hidden stream, the mighty Erasinus emerges again, in the fields of Argos. And they say that Mysus, ashamed of its origin and its former banks, now flows elsewhere, as Caicus. Amenanus flows sometimes churning Sicilian sands, at other times dried up, its fountains blocked. Anigrus, once drinkable, now flows with water you would not wish to touch, since, unless we deny all credence to the poets, the bi-formed centaurs washed their wounds there, dealt by the bow of club-bearing Hercules. Is the Hypanis, born in the Scythian mountains, not ruined by bitter saltwater, that once was sweet?
�Antissa, and Pharos, and Phoenician Tyre, were surrounded by sea: of which not one, now, is an island. The former settlers of Leucas lived on a peninsula: now the waves encircle it. Zancle also is said to have been joined to Italy, till the waves washed away the boundary, and the deep sea pushed back the land. If you look for Helice and Buris, cities of Achaia, you will find them under the waters, and sailors are accustomed, even now, to point out the submerged towns with their sunken walls.
�There is a mound near Troezen, where Pittheus ruled, steep and treeless, that once was the flattest open space on the plain, and now is a mound. For (strange to relate) the wild strength of the winds, imprisoned in dark caves, longing for somewhere to breathe, and struggling in vain to enjoy the freer expanses of sky, since there was no gap at all in their prison, as an exit for their breath, extended and swelled the ground, just as a man inflates a bladder, or a goatskin taken from a twin-horned goat. The swelling remained there, and has the look of a high hill, solidified by long centuries.
�Though many instances, I have heard and known of, come to mind, I shall relate only a few more. Does not water, also, offer and receive new forms? Your stream, horned Ammon, is chill at mid-day, and warm in the morning and evening, and they tell of the Athamanians setting fire to wood, by pouring your waters over it, when the moon wanes to her smallest crescent.
�The Cicones have a river, whose waters when drunk turn the vital organs to stone, and that change things to marble when touched. The Crathis, and the Sybaris, here, near our own country, make hair like amber or gold: and what is more amazing, there are streams that have power to change not merely the body but the mind as well. Who has not heard of the disgusting waves of Salmacis, and the Aethiopian lakes? Whoever wets his throat with these, is either maddened, or falls into a strange, deep sleep.
�Whoever slakes his thirst at Clitor�s fountain, shuns wine, and only enjoys pure water, whether it is due to a power in the water that counteracts hot wine, or whether, as the natives claim, Melampus, Amythaon�s son, when he had saved the demented daughters of Proetus from madness, by herbs and incantations, threw the remnants, of what had purged their minds, into its springs, and the antipathy to wine was left behind in its waters. The flow of the River Lyncestius has the opposite effect, so that whoever drinks even moderately of it, stumbles about, as if they had drunk pure wine. There is a place in Arcadia, the ancients called Pheneus, mistrusted for its dual-natured waters: beware of them at night, drunk at night they are harmful: in the day they can be drunk without harm. So, rivers and lakes can harbour some power or other.
�There was a time when Ortygia floated on the waves, now it is fixed, and the Argo�s crew feared the Symphlegades� collisions, and the spray of their crashing waves, islands that now stand there motionless, and resist the winds.
�And Aetna that glows, with its sulphurous furnaces, was not always on fire, and will not always be on fire. For if the earth is a creature, that lives, and, in many places, has vents that breathe out flame, she can alter her air passages, and as frequently as she shifts, she can close these caverns and open others. Or, if swift winds are confined in the deep caves, and strike rock against rock, or against material containing the seeds of fire, and Aetna catches alight from the friction, the caves will be left cold when the wind dies. Or, if it is bituminous substances that take fire, and yellow sulphur, burning with little smoke, then, when the ground no longer provides rich fuel, or nourishment for the flames, and their strength fails after long centuries, earth herself will lack the support of devouring nature, and will not withstand that famine, and forsaken, will forsake her fires.
�There is a tale of men in Hyperborean Pallene, who are used to clothing their bodies in soft plumage, by plunging nine times in Minerva�s pool: for my part, I can scarcely believe it: also the women of Scythia are said to practise the same arts, sprinkling their bodies with magic liquids.
�However if trust is only placed in proven things, do you not see that whenever corpses putrefy, due to time or melting heat, they generate tiny creatures? Bury the carcases of sacrificed bulls (it is a known experiment) in the ditch where you have thrown them, and flower-sipping bees, will be born, here and there, from the putrid entrails. After the custom of their parent bodies, they frequent the fields, are devoted to work, and labour in hope of harvest.
�A war-horse dug into the earth is the source of hornets: If you remove the hollow claws of land-crabs, and put the rest under the soil, a scorpion, with its curved and threatening tail, will emerge from the parts interred: and the caterpillars that are accustomed to weave their white cocoons, on uncultivated leaves (a thing observed by farmers) change to a butterfly�s form, symbol of the soul.
�Mud contains the generative seeds of green frogs, and generates them without legs, soon giving them legs for swimming, and, at the same time, with hind legs longer than their forelegs, so that they are fit to take long leaps. The cub that a she-bear has just produced is not a cub but a scarcely living lump of flesh: the mother gives it a body, by licking it, and shapes it into a form like that she has herself. Do you not see how the larvae of the honey-carrying bees, protected by the hexagonal waxen cells, are born as limbless bodies, and later acquire legs, and later still wings?
�Who would believe, if he did not know, that Juno�s bird, the peacock, that bears eyes, like stars, on its tail; and Jupiter�s eagle, carrying his lightning-bolt; and Cytherea�s doves; all the bird species; are born from the inside of an egg? There are those who believe that when the spine decomposes, interred in the tomb, human marrow forms a snake.
�Yet these creatures receive their start in life from others: there is one, a bird, which renews itself, and reproduces from itself. The Assyrians call it the phoenix. It does not live on seeds and herbs, but on drops of incense, and the sap of the cardamom plant. When it has lived for five centuries, it then builds a nest for itself in the topmost branches of a swaying palm tree, using only its beak and talons. As soon as it has lined it with cassia bark, and smooth spikes of nard, cinnamon fragments and yellow myrrh, it settles on top, and ends its life among the perfumes.
�They say that, from the father�s body, a young phoenix is reborn, destined to live the same number of years. When age has given it strength, and it can carry burdens, it lightens the branches of the tall palm of the heavy nest, and piously carries its own cradle, that was its father�s tomb, and, reaching the city of Hyperion, the sun-god, through the clear air, lays it down in front of the sacred doors of Hyperion�s temple.
�If there is anything to marvel at, however, in these novelties, we might marvel at how the hyena changes function, and a moment ago a female, taken from behind by a male, is now a male. Also that animal, the chameleon, fed by wind and air, instantly adopts the colour of whatever it touches.
�Vanquished India gave lynxes to Bacchus of the clustered vines, and, they say that, whatever their bladder emits, changes to stone, and solidifies on contact with air. So coral, also, hardens the first time air touches it: it was a soft plant under the waves.
�The day will end, and Phoebus will bathe his weary horses in the deep, before my words can do justice to all that has been translated into new forms. So we see times change, and these nations acquiring power and those declining. So Troy, that was so great in men and riches, and for ten years of war could give so freely of her blood, is humbled, and only reveals ancient ruins now, and, for wealth, ancestral tombs. Sparta was famous, great Mycenae flourished, and Cecrops�s citadel of Athens, and Amphion�s Thebes. Sparta is worthless land, proud Mycenae is fallen, and what is the Thebes of Oedipus but a name, what is left of the Athens of Pandion, but a name?
�Even now, there is a rumour that Rome, of the Dardanians, is rising, by Tiber�s waters, born in the Apennines, and laying, beneath its mass, the foundation of great things. So, growing, it changes form, and one day will be the capital of a whole world! So, it is said, the seers predict, and the oracles that tell our fate. As I remember also, when the Trojan State was falling, Helenus, son of Priam, said to a weeping Aeneas, who was unsure of his future: �Son of the goddess, if you take careful heed, of what my mind prophesies, Troy will not wholly perish while you live! Fire and sword will give way before you: you will go, as one man, catching up, and bearing away Pergama, till you find a foreign land, kinder to you and Troy, than your fatherland. I see, even now, a city, destined for Phrygian descendants, than which none is greater, or shall be, or has been, in past ages.
�Other leaders will make her powerful, through the long centuries, but one, born of the blood of I�lus, will make her mistress of the world. When earth has benefited from him, the celestial regions will enjoy him, and heaven will be his goal.�
�These things, I remember well, Helenus prophesied for Aeneas, as Aeneas carried the ancestral gods, and I am glad that the walls, of his descendants, are rising, and that the Greeks conquered to a Trojan�s gain.
�Now (lest I stray too far off course, my horses forgetting to aim towards their goal), the heavens, and whatever is under them, change their form, and the earth, and whatever is within it. We, as well, who are a part of the universe, because we are not merely flesh, but in truth, winged spirits, and can enter into the family of wild creatures, and be imprisoned in the minds of animals.
�We should allow those beings to live in safety, and honour, that the spirits of our parents, or brothers, or those joined to us by some other bond, certainly human, might have inhabited: and not fill our bellies as if at a Thyestean feast! What evil they contrive, how impiously they prepare to shed human blood itself, who rip at a calf�s throat with the knife, and listen unmoved to its bleating, or can kill a kid to eat, that cries like a child, or feed on a bird, that they themselves have fed! How far does that fall short of actual murder? Where does the way lead on from there?
�Let the ox plough, or owe his death to old age: let the sheep yield wool, to protect against the chill north wind: let the she-goats give you full udders for milking! Have done with nets and traps, snares and the arts of deception! Do not trick the birds with limed twigs, or imprison the deer, scaring them with feathered ropes, or hide barbed hooks in treacherous bait. Kill them, if they harm you, but even then let killing be enough. Let your mouth be free of their blood, enjoy milder food!�
His mind versed in these and other teachings, it is said that Numa returned to his native country, and took control of Latium, at the people�s request. Blessed with a nymph, Egeria, for wife, and guided by the Muses, he taught the sacred rituals, and educated a savage, warlike, race in the arts of peace.
When, in old age, he relinquished his sceptre, with his life, the women of Latium, the populace, and the senators wept for the dead Numa: but Egeria, his wife, left the city, and lived in retirement, concealed by dense woods, in the valley of Aricia, and her sighs and lamentations prevented the worship of Oresteian Diana. O! How often the nymphs of the lakes and groves admonished her to stop, and spoke words of consolation to her!
How often Hippolytus, Theseus�s heroic son, said, to the weeping nymph: �Make an end to this, since yours is not the only fate to be lamented: think of others� like misfortunes: you will endure your own more calmly. I wish my own case had no power to lighten your sorrow! But even mine can. If your ears have heard anything of Hippolytus, of how, through his father�s credulity, and the deceits of his accursed stepmother, he met his death, though you will be amazed, and I will prove it with difficulty, nevertheless, I am he.
�Phaedra, Pasipha��s daughter, having tried, vainly, to tempt me to dishonour my father�s bed, deflected guilt, and, (more through fear than anger at being rejected?), made out I had wanted, what she wished, and so accused me. Not in the least deserving it, my father banished me from the city, and called down hostile curses on my head.
�Exiled, I headed my chariot towards Troezen, Pittheus�s city, and was travelling the Isthmus, near Corinth, when the sea rose, and a huge mass of water shaped itself into a mountain, and seemed to grow, and give out bellowings, splitting at the summit: from it, a horned bull, emerged, out of the bursting waters, standing up to his chest in the gentle breeze, expelling quantities of seawater from his nostrils and gaping mouth. My companions� hearts were troubled, but my mind stayed unshaken, preoccupied with thoughts of exile, when my fiery horses turned their necks towards the sea, and trembled, with ears pricked, disturbed by fear of the monster, and dragged the chariot, headlong, down the steep cliff.
�I struggled, in vain, to control them with the foam-flecked reins, and leaning backwards, strained at the resistant thongs. Even then, the horses� madness would not have exhausted my strength, if a wheel had not broken, and been wrenched off, as the axle hub, round which it revolves, struck a tree. I was thrown from the chariot, and, my body entangled in the reins, my sinews caught by the tree, you might have seen my living entrails dragged along, my limbs partly torn away, partly held fast, my bones snapped with a loud crack, and my weary spirit expiring: no part of my body recognisable: but all one wound. Now can you compare your tragedy, or dare you, nymph, with mine?
�I saw, also, the kingdom without light, and bathed my lacerated body in Phlegethon�s waves: there still, if Apollo�s son, Aesculapius, had not restored me to life with his powerful cures. When, despite Dis�s anger, I regained it, by the power of herbs and Paean�s help, Cynthia, created a dense mist round me, so that I might not be seen and increase envy at the gift. And she added a look of age, and left me unrecognisable, so that I would be safe, and might be seen with impunity. She considered, for a while, whether to give me Crete or Delos to live in: abandoning Delos and Crete, she set me down here, and ordered me to discard my name that might remind me of horses, and said: �You, who were Hippolytus, be also, now, Virbius!� Since then I have lived in this grove, one of the minor deities, and sheltering in the divinity of Diana, my mistress, I am coupled with her.�
Egeria�s grief could not be lessened, even by the sufferings of others: prostrate, at the foot of a mountain, she melted away in tears, till Phoebus�s sister, out of pity for her true sorrow, made a cool fountain from her body, and reduced her limbs to unfailing waters.
This strange event amazed the nymphs, and the Amazon�s son was no less astounded, than the Tyrrhenian ploughman when he saw a fateful clod of earth in the middle of his fields, first move by itself with no one touching it, then assume the form of a man, losing its earthy nature, and open its newly acquired mouth, to utter things to come. The native people called him Tages, he who first taught the Etruscan race to reveal future events.� No less astounded than Romulus, when he saw his spear, that had once grown on the Palatine Hill, suddenly put out leaves, and stand there, not with its point driven in, but with fresh roots: now not a weapon but a tough willow-tree, giving unexpected shade to those who wondered at it.
No less astounded than Cipus, the praetor, when he saw his horns in the river�s water (truly he saw them) and, thinking it a false likeness of his true form, lifting his hands repeatedly to his forehead, touched what he saw. Unable now to resist the evidence of his eyes, he raised his eyes and arms to the sky, like a victor returning from a beaten enemy, and cried: �You gods, whatever this unnatural thing portends, if it is happiness, let it be the happiness of my country, and the race of Quirinus: if it is a threat, let it be towards me.�
Making a grassy altar of green turf, he appeased the gods with burning incense, and made a libation of wine, and inspected the quivering entrails of sacrificed sheep, as to what they portended for him. As soon as the Tyrrhenian seer, there, saw them, he recognised the signs of great happenings, not yet manifest, and when indeed he raised his keen eyes from the sheep�s entrails to Cipus�s forehead, he cried: �Hail! O King! You, even you, Cipus, and your horns, this place, and Latium�s citadels, shall obey. Only no delay: hurry and enter the open gates! So fate commands: and received in the city, you will be king, and safely possess the eternal sceptre.�
Cipus drew back, and grimly turning his face away from the city�s walls, he said: �Oh, let the gods keep all such things, far, far away, from me! Far better for me to spend my life in exile, than for the Capitol to see me crowned! He spoke, and immediately called together the people and the grave senators. First however he hid his horns with the laurels of peace, then standing on a mound raised by resolute soldiers, and praying to the ancient gods as customary, he said: �There is a man here who shall be king, unless you drive him from the city. I will show you who he is, not by name, but by a sign: he wears horns on his forehead! The augur declares that if he enters Rome, he will grant you only the rights of slaves. He could have forced his way in, through the open gates, but I opposed it, though no one is more closely connected to him than me. Quirites, keep the man out of your city, and, if he deserves it, load him with heavy chains, or end all fear, with the death of this fated tyrant!�
There was a sound from the crowd, like the murmur from the pine-trees when the wild East wind whistles through them, or like the waves of the sea, heard from far off: but among the confused cries of the noisy throng, one rang out: �Who is he?� They looked at each other�s forehead looking for the horns foretold. Cipus spoke to them again: �You have here, whom you seek,� and, taking the wreath from his head, the people trying to prevent him, he showed them his temples, conspicuous by their twin horns. They all sighed, and lowered their eyes (who could believe it?) and were reluctant to look at that distinguished head. Not allowing him any longer to be dishonoured, they replaced the festal wreath.
But since you were forbidden to enter the city, Cipus, they gave you, as an honour, as much land as you could enclose, with a team of oxen, harnessed to the plough, between dawn and sunset. And they engraved horns on the bronze gateposts, recalling their marvellous nature, to remain there through the centuries.
You Muses, goddesses present to poets, reveal, now (since you know, and spacious time cannot betray you) where Aesculapius, son of Coronis, came from, to be joined to the gods of Romulus�s city, that the deep Tiber flows around.
Once, plague tainted the air of Latium, and people�s bodies were ravaged by disease, pallid and bloodless. When they saw that their efforts were useless, and medical skill was useless, wearied with funeral rites, they sought help from the heavens, and travelled to Delphi, set at the centre of the earth, to the oracle of Phoebus, and prayed that he would aid them, in their misery, by a health-giving prophecy, and end their great city�s evil. The ground, the laurel-tree, and the quiver he holds himself, trembled together, and the tripod responded with these words, from the innermost sanctuary, troubling their fearful minds: �You should have looked in a nearer place, Romans, for what you seek here: even now, look for it from that nearer place: your help is not from Apollo, to lessen your pain, but Apollo�s son. Go, with good omens, and fetch my child.�
When the senate, in its wisdom, heard the god�s command, it made enquiries as to the city where Phoebus�s son lived, and sent an embassy to sail to the coast of Epidaurus. As soon as the curved ship touched shore, the embassy went to the council of Greek elders, and begged them to give up the god, who, by his presence, might prevent the death of the Ausonian race: so the oracle truly commanded. They disagreed, and were of various minds: some thought that help could not be refused: the majority recommended the god should be kept, and their own wealth not released, or surrendered.
While they wavered, as dusk dispelled the lingering light, and darkness covered the countries of the earth with shadow, then, in your dreams, Aesculapius, god of healing, seemed to stand before your bed, Roman, just as he is seen in his temple, holding a rustic staff in his left hand, and stroking his long beard with his right, and with a calm voice, speaking these words: �Have no fear! I will come, and I will leave a statue of myself behind. Take a good look at this snake, that winds, in knots, round my staff, and keep it in your sight continually, until you know it! I will change into this, but greater in size, seeming as great as a celestial body should be when it changes.� The god vanished with the voice, at once: and sleep, with the voice, and the god: and as sleep fled, kind day dawned.
When morning had put the bright stars to flight, the leaders, still unsure what to do, gathered at the temple complex of that god whom the Romans sought, and begged him to show them by some divine token where he himself wanted to live. They had hardly ceased speaking, when the golden god, in the likeness of a serpent with a tall crest, gave out a hiss as a harbinger of his presence, and by his coming, rocked the statue, the doors, the marble pavement, and the gilded roof. Then he stopped, in the middle of the temple, raising himself breast-high, and gazed round, with eyes flashing fire.
The terrified crowd trembled, but the priest, his sacred locks tied with a white band, knew the divine one, and cried: �The god, behold, it is the god! Restrain your minds and tongues, whoever is here! Let the sight of you, O most beautiful one, work for us, and help the people worshipping at your shrine!� Whoever was there, worshipped the god, as they were told, and all re-echoed the priest�s words, and the Romans gave dutiful support, with mind and voice.
The god nodded, and shook his crest, confirming his favour, by hissing three times in succession, with his flickering tongue. Then he glided down the gleaming steps, and turning his head backwards, gazed at the ancient altars he was abandoning, and saluted his accustomed house, and the temple where he had lived. From there the vast serpent slid over the flower-strewn ground, flexing his body, and made his way through the city centre to the harbour, protected by its curved embankment. He halted there, and, appearing to dismiss the dutiful throng, with a calm expression, settled his body down in the Ausonian ship. It felt the divine burden, and the keel sank under the god�s weight. The Romans were joyful, and, sacrificing a bull on the shore, they loosed the twisted cables of their wreath-crowned ship. A gentle breeze drove the vessel: the god arching skyward, rested his neck heavily on the curving sternpost, and gazed at the dark blue waters.
With gentle breezes he reached Italy, over the Ionian Sea, on the sixth morning. He passed the shores of Lacinium, famous for Juno�s temple, and Scylaceum; he left Iapygia, and avoided the rocks of Amphrisia to larboard, the cliffs of Cocinthia to starboard; he coasted by Romethium, by Caulon and Narycia: he passed the narrow strait of Sicilian Pelorus, and the home of King Aeolus, and the mines of Temese, and headed for Leucosia and the rose-gardens of gentle Paestum.
From there he skirted Capri, and Minerva�s promontory, and Surrentum�s hills well-stocked with vines, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Parthenope, born for idleness, and headed for the temple of the Cumean Sibyl. By Baiae�s hot pools; and Liternum�s lentisk trees; and the River Volturnus, dragging quantities of sand along in its floodwaters; and Sinuessa, frequented by white doves; and unhealthy Minturnae; and Ca�eta, named after her whom Aeneas her foster-son buried; and the home of Antiphates; and marsh-surrounded Trachas; and Circe�s land; and Antium�s firm shore.
When the sailors steered their ship, under sail, to the place (since the sea was now rough) the god unwound his coils, and gliding along, fold after fold, in giant curves, entered his father Apollo�s temple, bordering the yellow strand. When the sea was calm, the Epidaurian left the paternal altars, and having enjoyed the hospitality of his divine father, furrowed the sandy shore as he dragged his rasping scales along, and climbing the rudder, rested his head on the ship�s high sternpost, until he came to Castrum, the sacred city of Lavinium, and the Tiber�s mouths.
All the people, men and women alike, had come thronging from every side, in a crowd, to meet him, along with those who serve your flames, Trojan Vesta, and they hailed the god with joyful cries. As the swift ship sailed up-stream, incense burned with a crackling sound on a series of altars on either bank, and the fumes perfumed the air, and the slaughtered victims bled heat on the sacrificial knives.
Now it entered Rome, the capital of the world. The snake stood erect, and resting his neck on the mast�s summit, turned, and looked for places fit for him to live. The river splits here into two branches, flowing round what is named the Island, stretching its two arms out equally on both sides, with the land between. There the serpent-child of Phoebus landed, and, resuming his divine form, made an end to grief, and came as a health-giver to the city.
Though Aesculapius came as a stranger to our temples, Caesar is a god in his own city. Outstanding in war or peace, it was not so much his wars that ended in great victories, or his actions at home, or his swiftly won fame, that set him among the stars, a fiery comet, as his descendant. There is no greater achievement among Caesar�s actions than that he stood father to our emperor. Is it a greater thing to have conquered the sea-going Britons; to have lead his victorious ships up the seven-mouthed flood of the papyrus-bearing Nile; to have brought the rebellious Numidians, under Juba of Cinyps, and Pontus, swollen with the name of Mithridates, under the people of Quirinus; to have earned many triumphs and celebrated few; than to have sponsored such a man, with whom, as ruler of all, you gods have richly favoured the human race? Therefore, in order for the emperor not to have been born of mortal seed, Caesar needed to be made a god.
When Venus, the golden mother of Aeneas, saw this, and also saw that a grim death was being readied for Caesar, her high-priest, and an armed conspiracy was under way, she grew pale and said to every god in turn: �See the nest of tricks being prepared against me, and with what treachery that life is being attacked, all that is left to me of Trojan I�lus. Will I be the only one always to be troubled by well-founded anxiety: now Diomede�s Calydonian spear wounds me: now the ill-defended walls of Troy confound me, seeing my son Aeneas driven to endless wandering, storm-tossed, entering the silent house of shadows, waging war against Turnus, or, if we speak the truth, with Juno, rather? Why do I recall, now, the ancient sufferings of my race? This present fear inhibits memory of the past: look at those evil knives being sharpened. Prevent them, I beg you, thwart this attempt, and do not allow Vesta�s flames to be quenched by the blood of her priest!�
Venus in her anxiety voiced her fears throughout the heavens, but in vain, troubling the gods, who though they could not break the iron rules of the ancient sisters, nevertheless gave no uncertain omens of imminent disaster. They say weapons, clashing among black clouds, and terrifying trumpets and horns, foretelling crime, were heard from the sky: and that the face of the sun, darkened, gave out a lurid light, over the troubled earth. Often, firebrands were seen, burning in the midst of the stars: often drops of blood rained from the clouds: Lucifer, the morning star, was dulled, with rust-black spots on his disc, and the moon�s chariot was spattered with blood.
The Stygian owl sounded its sad omens in a thousand�� places: in a thousand places ivory statues wept: and incantations, and warning words, were said to have been heard in the sacred groves. No sacrifice was favourable, and the livers were found with cleft lobes, among the entrails, warning of great and impending civil conflict. In the forum, and around men�s houses, and the temples of the gods, dogs howled at night, and they say the silent dead walked, and earthquakes shook the city. Still the gods� warnings could not prevent the conspiracy, or fate�s fulfillment.
Drawn swords were carried into the curia, the sacred senate house: no place in the city would satisfy them, as scene for the act of evil murder, but this. Then in truth Cytherean Venus struck her breast with both hands, and tried to hide Caesar in a cloud, as Paris was once snatched from the attack of Atrides, and Aeneas escaped Diomede�s sword.�
Then Jupiter, the father, spoke: �Alone, do you think you will move the immoveable fates, daughter? You are allowed yourself to enter the house of the three: there you will see all things written, a vast labour, in bronze and solid iron, that, eternal and secure, does not fear the clashing of the skies, the lightning�s anger, or any forces of destruction. There you will find the fate of your descendants cut in everlasting adamant. I have read them myself, and taken note of them in my mind, and I will tell you, so that you are no longer blind to the future.��������������
This descendant of yours you suffer over, Cytherean, has fulfilled his time, and the years he owes to earth are done. You, and Augustus, his �son�, will ensure that he ascends to heaven as a god, and is worshipped in the temples. Augustus, as heir to his name, will carry the burden placed upon him alone, and will have us with him, in battle, as the most courageous avenger of his father�s murder. Under his command, the conquered walls of besieged Mutina will sue for peace; Pharsalia will know him; Macedonian Philippi twice flow with blood; and the one who holds Pompey�s great name, will be defeated in Sicilian waters; and a Roman general�s Egyptian consort, trusting, to her cost, in their marriage, will fall, her threat that our Capitol would bow to her city of Canopus, proved vain.
Why enumerate foreign countries, for you, or the nations living on either ocean shore? Wherever earth contains habitable land, it will be his: and even the sea will serve him!
When the world is at peace, he will turn his mind to the civil code, and, as the most just of legislators, make law. He will direct morality by his own example, and, looking to the future ages and coming generations, he will order a son, Tiberius, born of his virtuous wife, to take his name, and his responsibilities. He will not attain his heavenly home, and the stars, his kindred, until he is old, and his years equal his merits. Meanwhile take up Caesar�s spirit from his murdered corpse, and change it into a star, so that the deified Julius may always look down from his high temple on our Capitol and forum.�
He had barely finished, when gentle Venus stood in the midst of the senate, seen by no one, and took up the newly freed spirit of her Caesar from his body, and preventing it from vanishing into the air, carried it towards the glorious stars. As she carried it, she felt it glow and take fire, and loosed it from her breast: it climbed higher than the moon, and drawing behind it a fiery tail, shone as a star.
Seeing his son�s good works, Caesar acknowledges they are greater than his own, and delights in being surpassed by him. Though the son forbids his own actions being honoured above his father�s, nevertheless fame, free and obedient to no one�s orders, exalts him, despite himself, and denies him in this one thing. So great Atreus cedes the title to Agamemnon: so Theseus outdoes Aegeus, and Achilles his father Peleus: and lastly, to quote an example worthy of these two, so Saturn is less than Jove.
Jupiter commands the heavenly citadels, and the kingdoms of the threefold universe. Earth is ruled by Augustus. Each is a father and a master. You gods, the friends of Aeneas, to whom fire and sword gave way; you deities of Italy; and Romulus, founder of our city; and Mars, father of Romulus; Vesta, Diana, sacred among Caesar�s ancestral gods, and you, Phoebus, sharing the temple with Caesar�s Vesta; you, Jupiter who hold the high Tarpeian citadel; and all you other gods, whom it is fitting and holy for a poet to invoke, I beg that the day be slow to arrive, and beyond our own lifetime, when Augustus shall rise to heaven, leaving the world he rules, and there, far off, shall listen, with favour, to our prayers!
And now the work is done, that Jupiter�s anger, fire or sword cannot erase, nor the gnawing tooth of time. Let that day, that only has power over my body, end, when it will, my uncertain span of years: yet the best part of me will be borne, immortal, beyond the distant stars. Wherever Rome�s influence extends, over the lands it has civilised, I will be spoken, on people�s lips: and, famous through all the ages, if there is truth in poet�s prophecies, �vivam - I shall live.
The End of Ovid's Metamorphoses // Back to the Beginning